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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No. 1.
+[New Series.], July 3, 1880, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880
+       A Weekly Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science,
+       Mechanics, Chemistry, And Manufactures
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: January 3, 2012 [EBook #38482]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+
+A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS,
+CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.
+
+
+NEW YORK, JULY 3, 1880.
+
+Vol. XLIII.--No. 1. [NEW SERIES.]
+
+[$3.20 per Annum [POSTAGE PREPAID.]]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)
+
+   1     Agricultural inventions              1
+  40     Aspirator and compressor*           11
+  38     Astronomical notes                  11
+  25     Baby elephant takes a bath           7
+  22     Bath, shower, portable, new*         6
+  11     Boiler explosions, prevention of*    4
+  38     Canal boat, improved                10
+  17     Carpetings, etc., printing gold on   5
+  30     Chloral hydrate, simple test for     7
+  13     Chloroforming during sleep           5
+  35     Corn magnets                        10
+  14     Dipper, watering, improved*          5
+  29     Drowned, perseverance with the       7
+  15     Electric lamp, improved*             5
+  25     Elephant, baby, takes a bath         7
+  37     Engineering inventions              10
+   6     Epidemic, strange, a                 2
+  33     Exhibition, internation., Sydney*    8
+  11     Explosions, boiler, prevention of*   4
+  39     Fires in New York                   11
+   8     Fogs, navigation in*                 3
+  16     Fruit, preserving app. for*          5
+   3     Gas machine, Maxim's*                1
+   3     Gas making, simple process*          1
+  20     Genessee Falls, utilization of       5
+  34     Horology, report of judges*          8
+  33     International exhibition, Sydney*    8
+   1     Inventions, agricultural             1
+  37     Inventions, engineering             10
+  24     Inventions, mechanical               7
+  12     Inventions, miscellaneous            4
+  42     Inventions, new                     11
+   9     Iron, effect of age on quality       3
+  15     Lamp, electric, improved*            5
+  23     Leadville mines and railroads*       6
+  35     Magnets, corn                       10
+  36     Materials, resistance of, exp. on   10
+   3     Maxim's gas machine*                 1
+  24     Mechanical inventions                7
+  31     Natural history notes                7
+   8     Navigation in fogs*                  3
+   7     Oil tanks, cannonading of            3
+  18     Ore separator, Edison                5
+  41     Photoglyptic process, new           11
+  26     Phyllirhoe Bucephala*                7
+  32     Ruggles, S. P                        7
+  22     Shower bath, portable, new*          6
+  19     Slate washer, novel*                 5
+   2     Specimen, rare, lost                 1
+   5     Steamer, little, remarkable          2
+  10     Steamers, large, collision between   3
+  21     Stevens Institute of Technology      5
+  33     Sydney Industrial Exhibition*        8
+  28     Tree growth, force of*               7
+  27     Trees and shrubs, care of            7
+  19     Washer, slate, novel*                5
+   4     Watches, Am., superiority of         2
+  14     Watering dipper, improved*           5
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.
+
+Mr. Sterling A. Millard, of Clayville, N. Y., has invented a scythe
+blade that contains much less weight of metal and possesses equal or
+greater strength than the ordinary scythe blades. It is made in the
+usual manner from what is termed by scythe makers a "scythe rod," and
+is wrought and shaped in such form that a proper thickness is left
+to serve as the back of the blade. A longitudinal auxiliary rib or
+supplementary back is formed on the blade, which stiffens the scythe
+without requiring the same weight of metal as those of the usual
+construction.
+
+Mr. George C. Winslow, of Kalamazoo, Mich., has patented an
+improvement in spring harrow teeth, which consists generally in
+hinging the harrow tooth in the forward end of a rectangular frame
+bolted to the harrow bar, and combining therewith a spring, which
+at its back end is clamped to the harrow bar by the same bolts which
+secure the rectangular frame, and which spring then curves upward and
+forward, and then down through the slot or opening of the rectangular
+frame, and is jointed at its extremity, near the bottom of the harrow
+tooth, so that its tension serves to throw the harrow tooth forward,
+but allows it to yield to obstruction.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A RARE SPECIMEN LOST.
+
+Captain Ingalls, of the schooner Chalcedony, has let slip an
+opportunity to make a small fortune and at the same time settle the
+long vexed question as to the reality of the elusive and possibly
+mythical sea serpent. His story, as told in the _Argus_, of Portland,
+Maine, June 8, runs as follows:
+
+"Last Saturday, about one o'clock in the afternoon, we were slowly
+sailing past Monhegan, there being very little wind, about twenty
+miles southwest of the island, when we caught sight of what looked
+like a large schooner floating bottom up. As the object lay almost
+dead ahead, we made directly for it, but before we got very close a
+Cape Ann schooner lay to and sent a boat's crew to inspect what now
+plainly appeared to be a monstrous carcass of some species or other.
+We finally hove to, about a ship's length off, and took a leisurely
+survey of the thing. It was dead, and floated on the water, with its
+belly, of a dirty brown color, up. It head was at least twenty feet
+long, and about ten feet through at the thickest point. About midway
+of the body, which was, I should guess, about forty feet long, were
+two fins, of a clear white, each about twelve feet in length. The body
+seemed to taper from the back of the head down to the size of a small
+log, distinct from the whale tribe, as the end had nothing that looked
+like a fluke. The shape of the creature's head was more like a tierce
+than anything I can liken it to. I have seen almost all kinds of
+shapes that can be found in these waters, but never saw the like of
+this before.
+
+Two years ago, off Seguin, I saw shooting through the water a thing
+which, I think, resembled this creature considerably, but I didn't
+get close enough to it to say for certain. The men from the Cape Ann
+schooner got on this dead creature, and one of the boys cut a double
+shuffle on its belly, which for all the world looked like the bottom
+of a schooner covered with barnacles and seaweed by the weather. We
+should have towed the thing to Portland had there been any wind,
+but as there wasn't, we steered away and left it. What sort of a sea
+monster this was I can't say for sure, but in my opinion it was the
+original 'sea serpent,' which has been seen once in a while for years
+past, and which, when alive, was too swift a swimmer for any sailing
+vessel to get alongside of."
+
+The report of the captain of the "Cape Ann schooner" will be in order
+now.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MAXIM'S NEW GAS MACHINE.]
+
+SIMPLE AND CHEAP PROCESS OF GAS MAKING.
+
+When a current of air is passed over the surface of gasoline it
+becomes carbureted or charged with its vapors to saturation. Air thus
+charged is somewhat heavier than pure air, and when passed through an
+Argand or bat's wing burner, it burns with a brilliant white flame.
+Nothing would seem easier than to make a machine that would force
+a current of air through, over, or on some material saturated with
+gasoline, and this apparently simple process has led many into
+attempts to make a successful gas machine. Many fortunes have been
+spent by the unscientific in the chase after this, to them, _ignis
+fatuus_. The stumbling block which has wrecked so many enterprises
+in this line has been the cold produced by the evaporation of the
+gasoline. One pound of gasoline, in passing from a liquid to a vapor,
+requires about as much heat as would be required to melt two pounds of
+cast iron. It is therefore obvious that where no heat is supplied,
+the gasoline, air, and machine must soon become very cold when any
+considerable quantity of gas is being made. The heat must come from
+somewhere, and as none is supplied, it is taken from the apparatus,
+air, and gasoline, making them very cold. A beautiful and simple
+experiment to illustrate this refrigeration can be made as follows:
+Place a gill of water in a common washbasin, then pour over it
+one pint of light gasoline; shake the basin, and blow the liquids
+vigorously, when very soon the basin will become intensely cold--the
+water will freeze, and may be taken out in the form of a snowball.
+If the water and basin are hot, and the experiment performed in a hot
+room or in the sun, it is much more striking.[1]
+
+This refrigeration operates upon the gas as follows: Air will take up
+and hold in suspension any volatile liquid in proportion to the square
+of its temperature, so that when the temperature of the gasoline and
+air have fallen off one half, the quantity of gasoline in the air has
+fallen off three quarters, and the light is destroyed. The quality of
+the gas in such machines varies from a rich smoky flame to a pale
+blue and blowing flame in a short time. Every change of quality in the
+liquid, temperature of the apparatus, or number of burners used causes
+a vexatious change in the quality of the gas. If heat is applied at
+the right time and in the right quantity it is not so bad, but too
+much heat, or neglecting to regulate it properly, converts the machine
+into a still, the condenser of which is the pipes of the building
+lighted, when danger is added to vexation. About ten years ago a
+machine was illustrated in these columns that obviated all these
+troubles; it was the invention of the well known mechanical engineer,
+Hiram S. Maxim, of this city. His machine was on an entirely new
+principle, and has since gone into general use. It was intricate and
+somewhat expensive, but it performed its work well. Messrs. A. T.
+Stewart & Co. use them largely in their mills and hotels. Mr. Maxim
+made one of six thousand burner capacity for the Grand Union Hotel,
+Saratoga Springs, it being the largest gas machine ever built. It has
+supplied gas of an unvarying quality for six years, and is as good as
+new to-day.
+
+To reduce the cost as far as possible, Mr. Maxim has designed a new
+machine on another principle, which we herewith illustrate. Fig. 1
+shows the machine in perspective, and Fig. 2 is a sectional view.
+The vertical cylinder is a common gas holder of sheet brass. It is 36
+inches in diameter for a thousand burner machine. The operative parts
+of the machine are best shown in the sectional view, which represents
+the portion of the machine called the injector. A is a steam chamber
+supplied with four or more pounds of steam through the pipe, K. B is
+the gasoline supply pipe, and C the air supply. D is an index valve.
+The operation is as follows: Steam being in the chamber, A, the
+descent of the holder opens the valve, M, and allows the steam to
+[_Continued on page 4._]
+
+[Footnote 1: This experiment should not be tried in the vicinity of
+a gaslight or fire.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+ESTABLISHED 1845
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS.
+
+PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
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+
+
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+
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+
+-->To Advertisers.--The regular circulation of the SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN is now FIFTY THOUSAND COPIES weekly. For 1880 the publishers
+anticipate a still larger circulation.
+
+THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+
+Is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT is
+issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform in size
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EXPORT EDITION.
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid
+periodical, issued once a month. Each number contains about one
+hundred large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.)
+Most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of
+the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, with its splendid engravings and valuable
+information; (2.) Commercial, trade, and manufacturing announcements
+of leading houses. Terms for Export Edition, $5.00 a year,
+sent prepaid to any part of the world. Single copies 50 cents.
+-->Manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may
+have large, and handsomely displayed announcements published in this
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+
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+circulation in all commercial places throughout the world. Address
+MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 3, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+
+No. 235,
+
+For the Week ending July 3, 1880.
+
+Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers.
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+I.  ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--The New Railway up Mount
+    Vesuvius. 6 illustrations. Plan of road.--General view of
+    mountain and railway.--Side view and end view of passenger
+    car.--Mount Vesuvius Railway.--Map showing railway,
+    mountain, crater, and surrounding country.--The carriage
+    road and railway                                              3735
+    The St. Gothard Tunnel--Notes on the junction of the two
+    galleries. By Dr. CALLADON                                    3736
+    The St. Gothard Tunnel.--Conditions and causes of air
+    currents in the tunnel                                        3736
+    Protection of Ships from Loss by Fire and from Loss by
+    Sinking. Recent improvements in the construction of ships
+    and steamers                                                  3738
+    Regenerative Stoves.--A Sketch of their History and Notes
+    on their Use. By JOHN N. HARTMAN. An important paper read
+    at the Pittsburg meeting of the American Institute of
+    Mining Engineers. 1 figure                                    3738
+    Cowper's Hot Blast Stoves. 2 full page illustrations of
+    hot blast stoves for a pair of furnaces.--Plan and cross
+    section of stove.--Plan and cross section of furnace.--Plan
+    and cross section of gas downcomer.--Sectional elevation of
+    stove and downcomer                                           3739
+    Wilson's Lock-up Safety Valve. An important improvement.
+    10 figures.                                                   3742
+    Working Low Grade Ores                                        3742
+    The Largest Concrete Tank in England                          3742
+
+II. ELECTRICITY, ETC.--Siemens' Improvements in Electric
+    Railways. 4 figures. Siemens' combined steam and electric
+    railway.--Siemens' electric mail railway                      3743
+    Difference in the Actions of Positive and Negative
+    Electricity                                                   3743
+    Forces Exciting Electricity                                   3743
+    The New Electrical Middlings Purifier. By THOS. B. OSBORNE.
+    5 figures                                                     3744
+    Physical Society, London. Photo--electricity.--Electrometer
+    key.--Air in water.--Steam thermometer                        3745
+    Atmospheric polarization. Influence of terrestrial magnetism  3745
+
+III. HYGIENE AND MEDICINE.--Lead Poisoning. Clinical lecture
+    by Dr. WM. PEPPER. Effects of a cosmetic of carbonate of
+    lead.--Symptoms of lead poisoning.--Affinity of lead for
+    nerves and muscles.--Treatment of lead poisoning              3745
+    Recent Investigations of the Blood                            3746
+    The Pulse. Lecture on the pulse in health and disease,
+    by Dr. T. A. McBRIDE                                          3746
+    Some Early Symptoms of Insanity                               3747
+    An Improved Method of Applying Antiseptic Vapors              3747
+    Treatment of Phthisis by Inhalation of Borax and Salicylic
+    Acid                                                          3747
+
+IV. CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY.--Detection of Starch in Cane
+    Sugar. By P. CASAMAJOR                                        3747
+    Double Lever Cement Testing Apparatus. 1 figure               3748
+    Prediction of Chemical Elements                               3748
+    Oil of Sage                                                   3748
+    Bronzing Iron                                                 3748
+    Rust Preventing Compound                                      3748
+    Argentine Sheep and Wool                                      3748
+
+V.  NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.--Brain of Limulus Polyphemus.
+    General anatomy of the brain.--Internal structure and
+    histology of the brain.--Comparison of the Limulus brain
+    with the brain of other arthropods                            3749
+    An Unfortunate White Whale. A live whale with a broken neck   3749
+    Ethereal Oil of California Bay Tree. By J. M. STILLMAN        3749
+    Forest Trees of North America. Prof. Sargent's catalogue
+    (continued from SUPPLEMENT No. 234). Cedars, Red Woods,
+    Firs, Spruces, etc.                                           3750
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SUPERIORITY OF AMERICAN WATCHES.
+
+The extract from the report of the judges in horology, at the Sydney
+International Exhibition, with the diagrams showing the comparative
+merit of the watches tested, given on other pages of the current issue
+of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, cannot fail to interest our readers. There
+were ten exhibitors, and the inherent and comparative merits of the
+various exhibits were rated under ten heads on the basis of 100 points
+"for the highest degree of excellence." There were British, German,
+French, Swiss, and American competitors; and while the scores of the
+nine European exhibitors footed up totals ranging from 76 to 686,
+their average being 389-1/3, the total of the Waltham Watch Company
+was 981. In detail this remarkable score stood thus: Originality,
+98; invention and discovery, 95; utility and quality of material,
+95; skill in workmanship, 93; fitness for purpose intended, 100;
+adaptation to public wants, 100; economy, 100; cost, 100; finish and
+elegance of cases, 100; timekeeping qualities, 100. Total, 981.
+
+The timekeeping tests were made, as the report points out, by Prof.
+H. C. Russell, Astronomer Royal at the Sydney Observatory; and it is
+especially noted that while the majority of the watches tested had
+been made for exhibition purposes, and specially prepared for that
+end, the exhibit of the American company was the ordinary and regular
+product of the factory, such as is finished every day. Another
+evidence of the superiority of the American system, as emphasized in
+the report, is the fact that a sixth grade Waltham watch, one of the
+cheapest tested, showed a better performance than many very expensive
+and otherwise first class watches of other makes.
+
+The moral of the victory is happily drawn in the following editorial
+review of the contest and its lessons, by the Sydney _Morning Herald_
+of April 14, last:
+
+"The report of the judges in horology, which we published on Saturday
+last, was a document of more than ordinary interest. The slightest
+glance at it will show that the judges brought no small amount of
+ability and industry to their task. In many other classes of exhibits
+judging must, to no small extent, be a matter of opinion. There is
+no absolute test by which one photograph, for example, or one oil
+painting can be decided to be superior to another. In exhibits of
+this kind much must be left to the taste of the critic. Watches and
+chronometers, on the other hand, can be submitted to the minutest
+tests. The care and trouble which these require are not small, but
+the issue is sufficiently important to warrant all the labor which
+the judges in horology brought to their work. Time-keepers that can be
+relied upon in all weathers and in all climates, and that are within
+reach of all classes, are a luxury of no common order, but to a large
+number of persons they are a necessity also. In these fast days, when
+everything must be done to time, it is for a variety of purposes
+found necessary to make accurate divisions, not merely of the days
+and hours, but of the minutes and seconds also. The verdict which the
+judges in our Exhibition have pronounced on the Waltham watches is
+one of which any company might be proud; but the facts on which the
+verdict is based are as interesting to the public at large as to the
+parties immediately concerned. One of the secrets of American progress
+lies first in the invention of machinery, and then in its application
+to almost all descriptions of industry. It is the bringing of
+machinery to every branch of watchmaking that is enabling Americans to
+beat the world in this as well as in many other things.
+
+"There has been a general belief that a machine-made watch is not to
+be compared to one that is hand-made, and that on this account the
+English watch must always hold its own against the American. This
+belief will have to be given up, if it is not given up already. It has
+now been established that machinery can be used for the purposes of
+watchmaking with quite as much success as for those of agriculture.
+The Americans are showing that they can make better watches than
+the Swiss or the English, but, what is of equal importance, they
+are showing that they can make them for less money. The boast of the
+Yankees is that they can turn out work cheaper and better than anybody
+else, and that for that reason the world must take their products.
+It would be difficult to prove that in some departments the boast is
+wholly without foundation. The American mechanic is paid better than
+the English mechanic, and yet the work which he turns out can, as a
+rule, be sold for less. The reason is, not only that he works harder,
+but that the assistance of machinery enables him to produce the
+largest result by the smallest amount of labor.
+
+"Mr. Brassey, who believes that the workmen of his own country are
+equal if not superior to any in the world, maintains that an English
+mechanic can do more work than an American mechanic. The American
+really does more, because the inducements to industry are greater, and
+because he has better machinery. The success of the Waltham Company
+has furnished a striking instance of this. This company has now not
+only well-nigh driven foreign watchmaking companies out of America,
+but it has shown that it can more than compete with them on their own
+ground. This arises partly from the fact that it can turn out the best
+work on a large scale, but also from the fact that the principle on
+which it operates enables it to do all this economically. The
+Waltham Company claims to have arrived at simplicity, uniformity, and
+precision in the manufacture of watches, and the report of our judges
+shows that its claim is well founded. One of its discoveries was that
+a simple instrument, where simplicity is possible, will cost less and
+be worth more than a complicated one. Another was that the making
+of all instruments of the same grade exactly alike, so that the part
+which belongs to one belongs to the whole, will not only facilitate
+manufacture, but will greatly economize it. A third was, that
+these properties of simplicity and interchangeability are the best
+guarantees of perfect exactitude. The success which the Americans have
+reached in this as well as in other branches of industry, ought
+to excite the gratitude rather than the jealousy of the world. Any
+company or nation that shows how a maximum of efficiency can be
+reached by a minimum of labor confers a benefit on mankind. This
+our American cousins have done in other spheres besides that of
+watchmaking. There are branches of the prosperity of the Americans
+that are traceable to the extent of their territory and the fertility
+of their soil; but the triumph of their machinery has been the result
+of their inventiveness and of their enterprise, and for that reason it
+points a moral that Australians might profitably observe."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A REMARKABLE LITTLE STEAMER.
+
+There is soon to set sail from London for New York a new and
+remarkable little steamer of 70 tons gross burden, named the
+Anthracite, designed to exhibit the advanced engineering ideas of
+Mr. Loftus Perkins, of England. The distinctive peculiarities of this
+steamer are the very high steam pressure that she carries--350 to 500
+lb. to the square inch, and the small consumption of fuel--one pound
+of coal per hour per horsepower. A trial trip of this new little boat
+was lately made of 46 miles, during which 350 lb. steam pressure was
+steadily maintained, 132 revolutions per minute of propeller, and a
+speed of eight knots per hour. Other vessels, some of larger size than
+the above, have been built on the Perkins system, and are running
+in England. One of them, the yacht Emily, carries 500 lb. boiler
+pressure. Most of our readers are familiar with Mr. Perkins' system,
+which has been fully described in our columns. Those who may wish to
+refer thereto are directed to an interesting article by Mr. Perkins,
+with engravings, published in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No.
+81, July 21, 1877; also to the description of the steam ferry boat,
+run on this principle, given with three pages of engravings in our
+SUPPLEMENT No. 217.
+
+Engineering theory and practice have for a long time plainly pointed
+to high steam pressures as one of the surest ways to economy of fuel.
+Twenty five years ago our ocean steamers carried only 16 lb. pressure
+to the inch, and burned 5 to 6 lb. of coal per hour per horse power.
+To-day they are carrying 75 lb. pressure, and burning 2½ to 3 lb. of
+coal per hour per horse power.
+
+In 1840 the Britannia, one of the finest steamers of the Cunard line
+plying between this country and England, burned 5,291 lb. of coal for
+each ton of paying freight she carried, her speed, then considered
+fast, being 8½ knots per hour. In 1877 the Britannic, speed 15.6 knots
+per hour, burned only 551 lb. of coal per ton of freight carried.
+
+Although our present steamers are making fast time and are very
+economical as compared with earlier vessels, still it is a lamentable
+fact that on the largest and finest of them, furnished with all the
+latest improvements and best appliances to secure economy, worked by
+the most careful and intelligent engineers, we succeed in putting
+into our steam only about one tenth of the heat realized in our
+boiler fire, the remaining nine-tenths of the heat being lost. Only in
+proportion as we make our steam hotter, and expanding it more, shall
+we economize in fuel. In this respect the voyage of the Anthracite is
+designed by her owners, we presume, to be an eye-opener for steamboat
+owners, not only in this country but throughout the world. If a little
+bit of a boat like this, 84 feet long, 16 feet beam, and 10 feet deep,
+can carry its own coal and water across the Atlantic, with a pressure
+of 350 to 500 lb. to the inch, and on one pound of coal per horse
+power, the natural inference is that our great steamers, when fitted
+with the same system, will realize far better results. The change from
+three pounds of coal to one pound per horse power means a shaving of
+two thirds in the coal bill, which is always an enormous item in the
+expenses of large boats. We ought to add that another peculiarity of
+the Anthracite is that she uses the same boiler water over and over,
+only a trifle of fresh water being supplied to make good the slight
+waste. Our New York steamboat men, who have to pay so dear for Croton
+water, will be likely to examine the water tank of the Anthracite with
+interest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A STRANGE EPIDEMIC.
+
+On the night of Tuesday, June 15, a remarkable epidemic fell upon
+several towns in western Massachusetts, the town of Adams
+suffering most severely. Out of a population of 6,000, several
+hundred--variously estimated from 600 to over 1,000--were prostrated
+by a disease resembling cholera morbus. The symptoms were first
+dizziness, then great nausea, followed by vomiting and prolonged
+purging, and in some cases delirium. A belt of country two or three
+miles in width and several miles long was thus afflicted, beginning at
+the west, the whole number of victims being estimated at from 1,200 to
+1,500. No deaths are reported.
+
+The cause of the epidemic is not known, but seems most likely to have
+been atmospheric. For some time the weather had been dry and hot.
+A heavy local rain fell during the evening, and was followed by or
+attended with a sudden and great lowering of the temperature. A chilly
+fog hung over the belt of country invaded by the disease, and a heavy
+"swampy" odor and taste were in the air.
+
+The malady reached its climax in about twenty-four hours. It was first
+suspected that the water supply had been somehow poisoned, but many
+people who had not used the water were prostrated, while others
+who used it freely escaped. Adams has hitherto been regarded as an
+exceptionally healthy town, and the surrounding country is high and
+wholesome.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CANNONADING OF OIL TANKS.
+
+On the morning of Friday, June 11, lightning struck an oil tank
+belonging to the Tidioute and Titusville Pipe Line, at Titusville,
+Pa. The fire thus kindled, raged until Sunday night, consuming 200,000
+barrels of oil, crude and refined, and destroying property to the
+amount of $1,500,000. The most appalling feature in this fire was the
+successive "boiling over" of oil from burning tanks of the liquid.
+To empty rapidly a tank containing 20,000 barrels of oil, while the
+latter is on fire, is no easy matter. The pipes connected with the
+tanks were utterly inadequate to remove the oil rapidly enough to rob
+the "boiling over" of its terrors. A happy thought suggested itself
+on Friday to Mr. D. R. Herron, of the Titusville Battery. Obtaining
+permission, Mr. Herron brought out one of the Parrott guns of the
+battery, loaded it with solid shot, and began firing against the
+three-eighths iron sheets of the distant blazing tank. The first
+shot glanced, but subsequent volleys pierced the shell of the tank,
+releasing a large quantity of oil that otherwise would have fed the
+flames. The battery then moved on to the Emery tank, also burning, and
+lastly to the Acme tank. Large rents were made in all these, and the
+liberated oil ran harmlessly down into a stream. This novel target
+practice greatly shortened the duration of the fire at these tanks,
+and so drained them that the flames died out for want of fuel, and no
+"boiling over" resulted.
+
+The peculiar attraction for lightning which these iron oil tanks
+appear to possess has been several times referred to in our columns.
+Whenever a thunderstorm passes fairly over one of them it seems to be
+devoted to destruction. Millions of dollars' worth of property have
+thus been destroyed. No practical safeguard has yet been suggested.
+
+Ordinary buildings, when properly provided with rods that are
+well grounded in the earth, are comparatively safe from lightning.
+Structures made of iron and simply resting upon the earth, without
+rods, are also exempt from electrical damage. Such structures always
+present a continuous body of conducting material for the free passage
+of electricity to earth. Why is it, then, that iron oil tanks form
+such conspicuous exceptions to our common experience with lightning?
+Rods put on other structures save them; but rods have been put on oil
+tanks, masts with rods have surrounded the tanks, but the tanks were
+exploded by lightning all the same.
+
+We will repeat a possible explanation which we have heretofore given.
+From every oil tank, according to our theory, there is a constant
+escape of light hydrocarbon vapor, which forms a permanent cloud or
+column, rising to a great height above the tanks, far above any
+rod that could be erected. This vapor rod is a conductor, which the
+lightning naturally follows, sets on fire the vapor, and explodes the
+tank.
+
+A column of heated air or vapor rising from a chimney is well known
+to be a conductor for lightning; the rise of hydrocarbon vapors is
+illustrated by the balloon.
+
+If the theory we have outlined is correct, the remedy for the
+electrical explosion of oil tanks is to be found in such a treatment
+of the oil, or such a construction of tank, as shall prevent any
+escape of the light vapors.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NAVIGATION IN FOGS.
+
+The disastrous collision of the Sound steamers Narragansett and
+Stonington was quickly followed by one at sea, by which two great
+passenger ships escaped instant destruction almost by a hair's
+breadth.
+
+Shortly after noon, Monday, June 12, the National Line steamship
+Queen, bound from London to New York, and within 300 miles of her
+journey's end, ran into the Anchor Line steamship Anchoria, on the way
+from New York to Glasgow. The bow of the Queen struck the Anchoria on
+the port side, about twenty feet abaft the foremast, smashing a great
+hole through the iron hull. Two compartments of the Anchoria filled
+immediately, but the partitions stood firm, and the other compartments
+sufficed to keep the vessel afloat. The bow of the Queen was badly
+crushed, and her forward compartment was flooded. Fortunately the
+bulkhead proved stanch, and the ship was saved. The fog was very
+thick, and both ships were going at full speed. It is said that the
+captain of the Anchoria mistook the whistle of the Queen for that of
+the Anchoria's companion vessel, the Victoria, which left New York at
+the same time, and was probably not far away, and before the error was
+discovered the ships were too close to avoid the catastrophe. Had the
+sea been rough or the partitions less stanch, both ships must have
+gone to the bottom almost instantly.
+
+The passengers of the Anchoria were transferred to the Queen, which
+was least hurt, and the two ships sailed together for New York,
+arriving Tuesday noon.
+
+These two collisions, coming in such quick succession and imperiling
+so many lives, give terrible emphasis to the dangers attending
+navigation in foggy weather. They make very pertinent also the query
+whether the means now employed for discovering the position
+and nearness of unseen vessels are at all commensurate with the
+necessities of the case, or with the means already known, and known
+to be well calculated to prevent such dangers. In a dense fog the
+ordinary ship's light is visible scarcely more than a ship's length;
+and as it proved in the case of the Narragansett and Stonington, the
+time between thus sighting an approaching vessel and the instant of
+collision is fatally brief. The recent test of electric headlights
+for ships in this harbor clearly demonstrated the possibility of
+projecting a beam of electric light through the densest fog for a
+thousand feet or more, and through ordinary fogs a distance several
+times as great.
+
+Except in very rough weather the steam whistle can be heard a long
+distance, but it is liable to be a treacherous guide. It is not always
+possible to determine by the ear alone the direction from which a
+sound comes; and it would seem that a mistake of this nature was made
+on the Stonington, since the order intended to change her course
+away from that of the Narragansett only served to precipitate the
+collision. Had the whistle of the Queen signaled her course it could
+not have been mistaken for that of a ship sailing in the opposite
+direction, and the safety of two great floating hotels and their
+occupants would not have been imperiled thereby.
+
+Means for the better penetration of fogs, for determining the
+direction of unseen sources of sounds, and for enabling steamers to
+announce to all within hearing the course they are pursuing, seem
+therefore to be imperative necessities on shipboard. The first is
+furnished by the electric headlight, with a system of projection
+similar to but more efficient than that used on locomotives. The last
+would be provided by an efficient code of whistle signals to indicate
+the several points of compass. The second need is supplied by the
+instrument figured in the accompanying illustration.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR MAYER'S TOPOPHONE.]
+
+The aim of the topophone, which was invented and patented by Professor
+A. M. Mayer, last winter, is to enable the user to determine quickly
+and surely the exact direction and position of any source of sound.
+Our figure shows a portable style of the instrument; for use
+on ship-board it would probably form one of the fixtures of the
+pilot-house or the "bridge," or both. In most cases arising in sailing
+through fogs, it would be enough for the captain or pilot to be
+sure of the exact direction of a fog horn, whistling buoy, or steam
+whistle; and for this a single aural observation suffices.
+
+Every one has twirled a tuning fork before the ear, and listened to
+the alternate swelling and sinking of the sound, as the sound waves
+from one tine re-enforce or counteract those from the other tine. The
+topophone is based upon the same fact, namely, the power of any sound
+to augment or destroy another of the same pitch, when ranged so that
+the sound waves of each act in unison with or in opposition to those
+of the other.
+
+Briefly described, the topophone consists of two resonators (or any
+other sound receivers) attached to a connecting bar or shoulder rest.
+The sound receivers are joined by flexible tubes, which unite for part
+of their length, and from which ear tubes proceed. One tube, it will
+be observed, carries a telescopic device by which its length can be
+varied. When the two resonators face the direction whence a sound
+comes, so as to receive simultaneously the same sonorous impulse, and
+are joined by tubes of equal length, the sound waves received from
+them will necessarily re-enforce each other and the sound will be
+augmented. If, on the contrary, the resonators being in the same
+position as regards the source of sound, the resonator tubes differ in
+length by half the wave length of the sound, the impulse from the one
+neutralizes that from the other, and the sound is obliterated.
+
+Accordingly, in determining the direction of the source of any sound
+with this instrument, the observer, guided by the varying intensity
+of the sound transmitted by the resonators, turns until their
+openings touch the same sound waves simultaneously, which position
+he recognizes either by the great augmentation of the sound (when the
+tube lengths are equal), or by the cessation of the sound, when the
+tubes vary so that the interference of the sound waves is perfect. In
+either case the determination of the direction of the source of the
+sound is almost instantaneous, and the two methods may be successively
+employed as checks upon each other's report.
+
+It is obvious that with such a help the pilot in a fog need never be
+long in doubt as to the direction of a warning signal; and if need
+be he can without much delay, by successive observations and a little
+calculation, determine, approximately at least, the distance of the
+sounding body.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+EFFECT OF AGE ON THE QUALITY OF IRON.
+
+Professor Bauschinger, in 1878, tested iron taken from a chain bridge
+built in 1829, and found that fifty years of use had not perceptibly
+altered its quality--either its strength or its elasticity--as
+reported at the time of its erection. He also examined metal from
+another bridge built in 1852, and found that the average quality
+remained as given by Von Pauli at the time of its erection.
+
+Professor Thurston, testing pieces of the wire cable of the Fairmount
+Suspension Bridge, recently taken down at Philadelphia, after about
+forty years' use, found the iron to have a tenacity and elasticity
+and a ductility fully equal to the best wire of same size found in the
+market to-day.
+
+He therefore concludes that iron subjected to strains such as are met
+with in properly designed bridges does not deteriorate with age.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A COLLISION BETWEEN LARGE PASSENGER STEAMERS.
+
+During a fog near midnight, June 11, two of the large passenger
+steamers plying on Long Island Sound, Stonington line, between New
+York and Boston, came in collision, while running at considerable
+speed. One of the boats, the Narragansett, was struck near the middle,
+her side cut open, and a smoke-pipe knocked over, which made a down
+draught through the furnace, driving out a great sheet of burning
+gas into the cabins and between decks, by which the vessel was set on
+fire, at the same time the opening in her side caused her to begin
+to sink. Some three hundred passengers were on board, and a frightful
+scene of confusion followed. Happily there was a plentiful supply
+of life-preservers, some life-rafts, and a few life-boats. There was
+delay in lowering the boats, but the rafts, life-preservers, chairs,
+and other floatables served to support most of the unfortunate people,
+who, to escape the flames, were obliged to leap quickly into the
+water. About fifty lives were lost; the remainder were rescued by
+boats from another steamer, the New York, also by help sent from the
+other damaged vessel, the Stonington.
+
+It seems remarkable that so many were saved. This calamity illustrates
+the necessity for further effort on the part of inventors to discover
+new and improved means for fog signaling, saving life, preventing the
+spread of fires, and keeping vessels afloat. Most of the large local
+steamers that communicate with New York are veritable palaces,
+built regardless of expense, and supplied with every known reliable
+appliance for safety; but the occurrence of accidents like this and
+their disastrous results show that much remains to be done before
+navigation, even upon smooth waters, can be considered secure.
+
+The life-rafts of the Narragansett seem to have proved more useful
+than the life-boats in rescuing the drowning people, the rafts being
+more quickly and easily launched, requiring less skill, etc.
+
+The upperworks of our river and Sound passenger steamers consist at
+present of a mass of light, dry woodwork, forming cabins that are very
+comfortable and commodious for travelers, but highly dangerous in case
+of fire.
+
+The collision of river steamers above described was followed a few
+hours later by a collision between two great ocean steamers, accounts
+of which we give in another column.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+HONORS TO AN AGED CHEMIST.
+
+The chemists of Germany are collecting money for the purpose of
+presenting a gold medal to Prof. Woehler on his eightieth birthday,
+which will be July 31, 1880. Prof. Woehler is one of the most
+distinguished as well as the oldest of living chemists. Himself
+a pupil of old Berzelius, a contemporary of Liebig, and the loved
+instructor of many of our best chemists, his name is equally respected
+on both sides of the Atlantic. Profs. Jay and Chandler, of Columbia
+College, New York city, two of his former pupils, are receiving
+contributions from those who wish to join in this well deserved
+memorial.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PERSEVERANCE UNDER DIFFICULTIES.
+
+A good lesson to young people inclined to exaggerate the hinderances
+to their success in life, and to think that their chances are too poor
+to justify honest exertion, is furnished by a young colored man of
+Columbus, Ohio, F. P. Williams by name, now serving in that city as
+census enumerator. Several years ago he was run over by a train of
+cars, his arms being so mutilated that both had to be taken off near
+the shoulder. Lacking hands he learned to write legibly by holding his
+pencil between his teeth. He writes quite rapidly, and in his work as
+enumerator takes an average of 200 names a day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MAXIM'S NEW GAS MACHINE
+
+[_Continued from first page._]
+
+
+escape through the jet, L. This produces a partial vacuum at L, and
+draws air in at C. The air and steam pass with great rapidity through
+the tube, G. The action of the air and steam produces another
+partial vacuum at N, which draws gasoline in through the pipe, B. The
+adjustment of the opening is such that one pound of steam draws in air
+sufficient for two pounds of gasoline. The heat of the steam is taken
+up by the refrigeration caused by the evaporation of the gasoline, so
+that at E the compound is carbureted air and cold water. The tube, F,
+presents the curious phenomenon of being hot at _a_ and cold at _b_.
+In one short piece of tube we have a hot retort and a cold condenser.
+The supply of gasoline is regulated by the valve, D. The dash pot,
+H, prevents a too rapid action of the valve, I. Gas of any desired
+density may be made, and when once adjusted the gas does not vary. The
+burner used with this machine is made to produce the very best results
+attainable, and then the gas is regulated to a density and pressure
+to suit the burner. The nuisance of an adjustable burner is thus
+obviated.
+
+The holder closes off the supply when full, and lets on a supply when
+nearly empty. Gasoline has been much improved within a few years. It
+is now so very cheap that the equivalent of one thousand feet of coal
+gas of standard quality may be equaled for sixty cents. Where no steam
+is at hand these machines are run with a small oil burner. They are
+being made by the Pennsylvania Globe Gas Light Co., 131 Arch St.,
+Philadelphia, Pa., of from 100 to 10,000 burner power.
+
+This machine was patented June 8, 1880.
+
+[Illustration: Fig 2.
+
+MAXIM'S GAS MACHINE--SECTION OF INJECTOR]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREVENTION OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS.
+
+This vexed problem has occupied the minds of engineers and inventors
+since the introduction of steam as a motive power, and there are
+several theories of boiler explosions, each having its adherents. Of
+course there are conditions under which a boiler explosion is involved
+in no mystery; as, for example, when the water is dangerously low,
+when the safety valve is of insufficient capacity, or when it is
+unduly loaded; but there are other cases where an explosion cannot be
+rationally explained in the light of the well known theories.
+
+Mr. Daniel T. Lawson, of Wellsville, Ohio, has recently patented,
+in this and several other countries, a device for preventing boiler
+explosions, which appears practical, and according to the testimony of
+scientific men the claims of the inventor are well founded.
+
+The inventor, in explaining his invention, says that when water
+is superheated it becomes as explosive as gunpowder, exploding by
+bursting into steam from a reduction of pressure. When the engineer
+opens the throttle valve the cylinder is instantly filled with steam,
+creating a vacuum to that extent in the boiler. The superheated water
+then immediately rises to fill the vacuum, and is met by the valve,
+instantly cutting off the escape into the cylinder; this causes a
+concussion on every square inch in the boiler much greater than the
+regular pressure of the steam. There is abundant reason to believe
+that it is this concussive action which causes the numerous and
+mysterious boiler explosions, and which cause is wholly independent of
+the amount of water in the boiler; in fact, the greater the amount of
+water in the boiler the more terrific the explosion.
+
+This invention, which is based upon this theory, consists in reducing
+the concussive strain produced by the impulsive and intermittent
+escape of steam to the cylinders to an approximately uniform pressure,
+by rendering the evolution or passage of steam from the water to the
+steam space approximately constant and independent of the intermittent
+discharges from the steam space to the cylinder. The means for
+accomplishing this consist in a boiler constructed with a partition,
+A, intervening between the water space and the space from which the
+steam is taken to supply the cylinder, and feeding the steam as it
+is generated through valves or orifices, B, in the partition, of a
+smaller size than the port or opening through which the steam passes
+into the cylinder. By this means the normal steam pressure or steam
+supply, when thus intermittently or alternately reduced, is restored
+gradually by reducing the flow from the water space to the steam
+space, so that the transformation of water into steam is made
+approximately uniform in spite of the intermittent escape of steam
+through the cylinders, and the boiler is thus relieved of the constant
+wear and strain of the concussion.
+
+[Illustration: LAWSON'S IMPROVED STEAM BOILER.]
+
+In supplying steam from the water compartment to the steam
+compartment, the inventor intends using a number of small
+perforations, not amounting in the aggregate to more than about one
+twentieth the size of the cylinder port, in connection with a number
+of small valves to be under control of the engineer, so that the
+amount of steam required can be readily regulated, yet carefully
+avoiding the possibility of all, when opened to their utmost capacity,
+forming as large an opening as the valve through which the cylinder is
+supplied. A number of small valves and perforations in the partition
+sheet between the water and steam compartments, will remedy that
+hitherto very general annoyance of water rising to and through the
+valves, which is occasioned by pressure of steam upon the surface
+of the water, and when _one large_ valve is opened, the pressure is
+partly removed from the water immediately under it, consequently the
+water rises through the valve. A number of small openings for the
+liberation of steam from the superheated water will remedy this
+difficulty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS.
+
+
+Mr. Niels C. Larsen, of Sacramento, Cal., has patented a purse or
+satchel fastening which can be securely locked and present a smooth
+and unbroken surface without projections.
+
+A combined dental speculum and shield has been patented by Mr. Alfred
+W. Edwards, of New York city. The object of this invention is to
+facilitate the performance of dental operations, such as the filling
+of teeth. It consists in a combined dental speculum, gag, and
+shield formed of a flaring or bonnet-shaped shell of metal, having
+a longitudinal slot in its lower side to receive the teeth, and an
+arched wire attached to its lower part, upon the opposite sides of
+the forward end of the slot, to rest upon the teeth and support the
+forward part of the shell.
+
+An improved coupling for the shafts of a wagon, which can be readily
+fastened to or unfastened from the axle, has been patented by Mr.
+William W. French, of Stockbridge, Mass. The invention consists in the
+combination with the axle clip and knuckle joint of a sliding
+bearer and spring catch to facilitate the opening and closing of the
+coupling.
+
+Mr. Joseph Kintz, of West Meriden, Conn., has patented an improved
+process for bronzing iron surfaces, which consists in cleaning and
+buffing the iron surfaces, then electroplating with copper, then
+dipping in acid solution, then again buffing, then boiling in a salt
+of tin solution, and then finishing by subjecting the article to heat
+until the copper and spelter coatings are fused into bronze.
+
+A simple device for extending the steps of passenger cars, for the
+convenience of passengers getting in and out of the car, and for
+protecting at the same time the treads of the permanent steps from
+sparks, cinders, snow, etc., during the passage of the car from one
+station to another, has been patented by Mr. Benjamin F. Shelabarger,
+of Hannibal, Mo.
+
+Mr. Luther C. Baldwin, of Manchester, N. H., has patented a new and
+improved automatic heat regulator, simple in construction and so
+arranged as to operate, under the smallest changes of temperature,
+upon the valves of the source of heat.
+
+An improved cigar lighting stand has been patented by Mr. Joseph
+Kintz, of West Meriden, Conn. This improvement relates to lamp stands
+for cigar lighting, and has for its object the production of a stand
+of ornamental character which may be packed closely for transportation
+and readily put together for use.
+
+A simple, safe, and efficient device in which light oils may be used
+as fuel for heating sad irons for domestic use, or for the use of
+tailors, dressmakers, etc., has been patented by Mr. Harvey L. Wells,
+of Evansville, Ind. It consists essentially of an iron box divided
+longitudinally into two chambers, the lower being the combustion
+chamber and the upper the heating chamber.
+
+An improvement in electric light has been patented by Mr. Charles
+J. Van Depoele, of Detroit, Mich. The object of this invention is
+to automatically regulate the feed of the carbon in electric lights
+according to the changes of resistance in the current caused by the
+consumption of the carbon points, so as to prevent flickering and
+variations in intensity of the light.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHLOROFORMING DURING SLEEP.
+
+The possibility of chloroforming a person in sleep, without waking
+him, having been disputed in a recent murder trial, Dr. J. V. Quimby,
+of Jersey City, was led to test the question experimentally. The
+results were presented in a paper before the section of medical
+jurisprudence at the meeting of the American Medical Association a few
+days ago. Dr. Quimby made arrangements with a gentleman to enter his
+room when he was asleep and apply chloroform to him. He did this with
+entire success, transferring the person from natural to artificial
+sleep without arousing him. He used about three drachms of Squibb's
+chloroform, and occupied about seven minutes in the operation. The
+second case was a boy of thirteen who had refused to take ether for a
+minor operation. Dr. Quimby advised the mother to give the boy a light
+supper and put him to bed. She did so, and Dr. Quimby, calling when
+the boy was asleep, administered the chloroform and performed the
+operation without awakening the boy. The third case was a boy of ten
+years suffering from an abscess, and the same course was pursued with
+equal success. Two important inferences may be drawn from these cases,
+Dr. Quimby said. Minor surgical operations may be done with perfect
+safety and much more pleasantly than in the ordinary way, and,
+secondly, a person somewhat skilled in the use of chloroform may enter
+a sleeping apartment and administer chloroform with evil intentions
+while a person is asleep. Hence the use of this drug in the hands of
+a criminal may become an effective instrument in the accomplishment of
+his nefarious designs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+IMPROVED WATERING DIPPER.
+
+A convenient vessel for watering plants, sprinkling floors, and for
+other similar purposes is shown in the annexed engraving. It is simply
+a dipper of the usual form, partly covered at the top by a shield, at
+the center of which is fixed a sprinkler spout. The utility of this
+improvement will be recognized without further description. It was
+recently patented by Mr. R. Harrison, of Columbus, Miss.
+
+[Illustration: HARRISON'S WATERING DIPPER]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP.
+
+The lamp shown in the engraving will be recognized as an Edison
+lamp, the vacuum globe and the carbon horseshoe being the principal
+elements. Mr. John H. Guest, a well known electrical inventor of
+Brooklyn, N. Y., judging from his own experience in fusing platinum
+with glass in the manufacture of thermostatic fire alarms, concluded
+that the principal trouble with the Edison lamp would be the entrance
+of air around the wires passing through the glass of the vacuum globe,
+devised a simple plan of sealing the joint between the wires and the
+glass by means of mercury, thus interposing an effectual barrier to
+the entrance of air at that point.
+
+[Illustration: GUEST'S IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP, Fig 1 and Fig 2]
+
+The invention is so clearly shown in the engraving that scarcely a
+word of explanation is necessary. In the lamp shown in Fig. 1, the
+wires that convey the current to the carbon horseshoe are sealed in
+the ends of curved glass tubes communicating with the globe, and these
+joints are inclosed in small globes formed on the ends of the glass
+tubes and filled with mercury.
+
+In this lamp Mr. Guest has made provision partially or wholly
+preventing the circulation of air, should any remain in the globe
+after exhaustion with the air pump. The device by which this is
+accomplished is simply a small globe connected with the lower portion
+of the lamp globe by a contracted passage, the theory being that the
+cooler and heavier portion of the air will be drawn into the auxiliary
+globe by its own gravity.
+
+Fig. 2 shows a lamp in which the tubes that support the wires extend
+downward into the lamp globe. These tubes at their junction with the
+vacuum globe are fused to the platinum conducting wires, and the tubes
+act simply as lateral supports to the wires inside the globe, allowing
+the wires to expand freely lengthwise. The tubes are sealed outside
+the globe in the manner shown in Fig. 1.
+
+Another improvement made by Mr. Guest consists in inclosing the ends
+of the platinum wire conductors in the ends of the material of the
+carbon before it is carbonized, the wire being formed into a loop to
+increase the conducting surface and to insure a good connection with
+the carbon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+APPARATUS FOR PRESERVING FRUIT.
+
+The annexed engraving represents a simple apparatus for preserving
+fruit in its natural state, by means of a partial vacuum. The vessel
+is especially designed for the purpose, and is provided with an
+absorbent which takes up whatever moisture may emanate from the fruit.
+The vessel is preferably made of glass or earthenware, and is provided
+with a cover having a packing ring and a device for receiving
+the stems of the fruit. The cover is secured to the vessel by an
+adjustable screw clamp. In the bottom of the vessel there is an
+absorbing ring made of burnt or dried clay, which absorbs the moisture
+escaping from the fruit. The air in the vessel is rarefied either
+by heat or by the application of an air pump to the opening in the
+bottom.
+
+This apparatus was recently patented by Mr. Carl J. Renz, of Hudson,
+N. Y.
+
+[Illustration: FRUIT-PRESERVING APPARATUS.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW PROCESS FOR PRINTING GOLD AND SILVER COLORS ON CARPETINGS AND
+OTHER TEXTILES.
+
+(TRANSLATED FOR THE _COMMERCIAL BULLETIN._)
+
+
+Gold and silver designs for carpeting and oilcloths have been hitherto
+prepared in the following manner: The gold or silver were put in
+leaves or bronze powder on the designs, which were printed with a
+varnish of linseed oil, or similar adhesive. The bronze thus attached
+did not possess much firmness, and the method was necessarily
+expensive. The method recently adopted by Wohlforth is as follows:
+The bronze powder is united at once to printing material. The liquid
+silicate of potash, or of oxide of sodium, answers this purpose. One
+part, by weight, of gold, silver, or bronze powder, along with two
+parts of the silicate, will give a print color, which is easily
+transferable by rollers to paper, oilcloth, and woods and metals. The
+bronze thus printed dries very rapidly, and cannot be taken off by
+oil or water, unless they are boiling. It bears light and heat
+equally well, and especially sulphureted hydrogen, which has such
+a destructive effect on bronzes put on in the form of powder. It is
+recommended to thin the mass by an addition of warm water, 10 to 20
+per cent, so as to keep it from becoming too hard during the process
+of printing. An addition of glycerine or sirup, of 5 to 10 per cent.,
+will be even preferable. The bronze color remaining on the printing
+forms can be taken off by warm water.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE EDISON ORE SEPARATOR NOT NEW
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+In your issue of June 19, 1880, I notice an illustration of an
+electro-magnetic ore separator invented by Mr. Edison, and patented
+June 1, 1880.
+
+A device absolutely identical with this has been in use for the past
+ten or fifteen years at the emery works at Chester, Hampden county,
+Mass. I there saw it in use myself in November, 1876, and was
+informed, I think by Mr. Ames, that it was not patented, and that no
+valid patent could be granted upon it by reason of its long continued
+public use.
+
+My uncle, John S. Williams, of this city, president of the Ore Knob
+Copper Company, had heard of the machine, and sent me to Chester with
+a view to purchasing the right to use it at the Ore Knob Copper Works,
+in Ashe county, North Carolina. On my return to Baltimore I had the
+magnets constructed by Watts & Co., electricians, on November 24,
+1876, for a large machine, similar to the one at Chester, which
+machine was completed about December 10, 1876, and practically tested
+at No. 52 Commerce St., Baltimore. It was sent to the Ore Knob Mine
+about Christmas, 1876, to be used in separating magnetic oxide of iron
+from the copper ore, and, for aught I know to the contrary, is in use
+there yet. This is a striking instance of how history repeats itself
+in inventions. Mr. Edison is doubtless an original inventor of the
+device, but he most certainly is not the first inventor.
+
+R. D. WILLIAMS.
+
+Baltimore, Md., June, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOVEL SLATE WASHER.
+
+Few articles meet with a readier sale or more promptly remunerate the
+inventor than the class of inventions adapted to the use of children
+either in their school life or in their amusements. One of these
+useful little novelties is shown in our engraving. It is a slate
+washer, consisting of two pieces of metal stamped up so as to form a
+holder for the sponge at the top and the cloth drier at the bottom.
+They also form a tubular receptacle containing a supply sponge, which
+is moistened by removing the corks at the ends.
+
+This invention was recently patented by Mr. Jacob A. Smith, of Salem,
+Ohio.
+
+[Illustration: SMITH'S SLATE WASHER.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE UTILIZATION OF GENESEE FALLS.
+
+The plan to furnish Rochester, N. Y., with power for manufacturing and
+for running street cars through the utilization of the falls of the
+Genesee in compressing air, was described in this paper some weeks
+ago. All the power of the lower falls, save what is needed to run two
+wheels for factories already in operation, has been purchased by
+the inventor of the system, and a promising beginning has been made.
+According to the Rochester _Union_, a large gang of men are at work
+building the crib just below the falls on the east side of the river
+in a cove which seems to have been made by nature for this purpose.
+This foundation is 100 feet long by 75 feet wide, and will have an
+average depth of 13 feet. It is being constructed of solid logs of oak
+timber bolted together, and the center will be filled with stone. On
+the top of the crib will be erected the derrick, 125 feet high, and
+the water will pour into it from the top of the falls through the
+bulkheads at one end of the dam. The stand pipes will run from the
+top of the derrick to the cylinders on the crib, which will be in the
+neighborhood of 500 feet long. The whole machinery will be roofed in.
+The difficulty in the way of getting the materials to the place,
+they all having to be lowered over the falls, makes the work of
+construction somewhat slow. It is expected, however, that the first
+application of the system to the propulsion of street cars will be
+possible in September next.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.
+
+The commencement exercises took place on June 16 and 17, and were of a
+very interesting nature. On the 16th President Henry Morton delivered
+an able address before the graduating class on "Popular Fallacies in
+Engineering." We intend to publish the address in full in our next
+week's SUPPLEMENT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW PORTABLE SHOWER BATH.
+
+We give herewith perspective and sectional views of an improved
+portable shower bath, recently patented by Mr. James E. Vansant, of
+Covington, Ky. It consists of a spherical vessel, having at the bottom
+a supporting rim which admits of setting it on the floor when occasion
+requires. The top is provided with a screw cap, perforated with
+numerous small holes for discharging water in fine streams. In the
+center of the cover there is a filling tube, which extends nearly to
+the bottom of the vessel. A float is provided to indicate when the
+vessel is filled, and shot contained in the two side tubes serves as
+ballast to keep the device either in an upright or inverted position.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.--VANSANT'S PORTABLE SHOWER BATH.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.--SECTION OF SHOWER BATH.]
+
+
+The vessel is pivoted in a light jointed frame that admits of hanging
+it up or setting it down. In use it is tipped by means of the cords
+attached.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MINES AND RAILROADS OF LEADVILLE.
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+Nearly every person interested in geology sets up a theory of his own
+with regard to the carbonate deposits of Leadville, immediately on
+arriving in this famous district. There is, however, but one theory
+which has been generally adopted by scientific men, formulated by
+W. S. Keyes, General Manager of the Chrysolite Iron and Little Chief
+Mines, and substantiated by the mute testimony of the fossil remains
+that fix the geologic data. The theory is substantially as follows:
+
+A shallow sea overspread this entire region. An even bed of limestone,
+dolomitic, was formed by the myriads of shell-fish that subsisted in
+this shallow sea. From some natural convulsion the waters flowed off,
+leaving the sedimentary deposits. Subsequently the porphyritic rock
+flowed over the surface in a pasty mass, covering the limestone. There
+then followed two processes of ore making. The first was through the
+mineralizing action of heated and ore depositing waters, coming up out
+of the depths, and impregnating and permeating the hanging and foot
+walls of the contact. No free oxygen was contained in these waters;
+neither did they carry any chlorides or chlorobromides, wherein
+consists the present richness of Leadville's ores; but in the first
+process the ore was entirely in the form of sulphurets.
+
+The second process was initiated by the uplifting of the mountain
+ranges to their present height, at which time the diorites, those ore
+indicators of the globe, uprose through the sedimentary strata.
+Thus was the original surface of deposit bent and folded, and not
+unfrequently entirely broken. The surface waters carrying free oxygen
+and free carbonic acid now penetrated along the contact, and oxidized
+the sulphurets, which formed free sulphuric acid, giving rise to
+the sulphates and sulpho-carbonates. The irresistible law of gravity
+distributed these sulphates, these oxides, and these carbonates in
+vast bonanzas, that have been the wonder of the world. The fossil
+trilobites of this region identify it with the silver lead districts
+of Nevada, Utah, and Mexico. It is not anomalous, but simply richer
+than its sister regions to the West and South.
+
+The output of ore from the Leadville mines last year (1879) aggregated
+122,483 tons, which represents a value of $11,477,046. That is to say,
+there was an average yield at $90 per ton, or just $31,443.96 each
+day. On the first day of May of the present year (1880), the returns
+from thirty-seven of the leading mines gave a total daily output
+of 899½ tons of ore, yielding, at the low average of $90 per ton,
+something like $80,955 per day. The world's history of silver mining
+in the past shows nothing like this for so young a camp. Scarcely a
+month passes without opening up some new and vast carbonate deposits.
+The territory has not even been thoroughly prospected; and the future
+yield of the royal metal will far eclipse its past production.
+
+It might not be uninteresting in this connection to give something
+regarding the sampling and milling of ores. One of the most complete
+concerns engaged in this business anywhere in the country is that of
+Augustus R. Meyer & Co. This establishment has grown with the growth
+and development of this carbonate district. The business was first
+established as long ago as the year 1877 (before Little Pittsburg was
+dreamed of). A little log house, a relic of seventeen years previous,
+was found sufficiently ample for the needs of the business of that
+period. However, it was not long before additions had to be made
+and new buildings erected. In the year 1879 the present company was
+incorporated with a capital stock of $50,000, and every preparation
+that money and business sagacity could effect was made to meet the
+demands of the prosperous era, that has built a mining metropolis
+10,240 feet above the sea level, at the base of the great continental
+divide. As at present constituted the premises of the company comprise
+seven and one-half acres of ground, upon which six buildings have been
+erected, including ore houses and crushing and sampling buildings.
+During the busy season of summer from thirty-five to forty men are
+employed, who alternate their work in two shifts, day and night. At
+this season it frequently happens that the ore houses, which hold
+1,500 tons, are insufficient for the accommodation of the mineral sent
+from the mines to be crushed, and large quantities have to be stored
+outside. In sampling ores from the various mines about Leadville this
+establishment pursues the most careful methods. The different ores are
+first deposited in large bins holding from 25 to 100 tons. One-tenth
+of each load is taken and run through a Dodge crusher, which well
+adapts it for the furnaces. A fifth of the tenth already indicated is
+put through heavy rollers, and one half of this finely crushed ore is
+subjected to the Bucking hammer and powdered to an eighty-sieve grade.
+One sample of this powder, consisting of a fourth, is given to the
+miner, two samples are kept for reference, and the other is sent to
+the assayer, who takes his "assay ton," upon which the company buys
+and sells. The capacity of the works are all the way from 80 to 150
+tons per day. For samples, $7.50 is charged for silver and lead per
+ton, and $10 per ton for gold; but in large quantities a less charge
+is made. In job crushing, the market value of silver is allowed, with
+from five to ten per cent. deducted. The Meyer works enjoy an excellent
+patronage from the best mines of the camp, including such as the
+Chrysolite, Carbonate, Vulture, Duncan, Matchless, Climax, Morning
+Star, Crescent, and J. D. Dana, some of which have all their crushing
+done at these sampling works.
+
+[Illustration: AUGUSTUS R. MEYER AND COMPANY'S ORE MILL.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RAILROADS.
+
+In order to furnish better transportation facilities for the mineral
+of this district, and to emancipate it from the freight embargo
+that has virtually fettered its commerce, citizens of Leadville have
+determined to construct a broad gauge railway down the Arkansas Valley
+to Pueblo. This will enable Leadville merchants to ship goods through
+from the East without breaking bulk, and lay them down in their
+warehouses as cheaply as the same commodities could be laid down in
+Denver. This will insure Leadville the control of the business of
+the Gunnison country, whose mineral developments are spoken of in the
+highest terms. Propositions from Eastern railroad contractors have
+already been received, preliminary surveys have been made, and
+$200,000 guaranteed to the stock subscription. It now seems to be only
+a question of what method to pursue in constructing the road.
+
+Growing out of the broad gauge movement, to some extent, two or three
+narrow gauge enterprises have been organized. One is projected from
+Leadville to Salt Lake City, following the carbonate belt, as shown in
+Hayden's Geological Map, around through the Eagle River, Roaring Fork,
+and White River Agency districts, into Utah. Such men as H. A. W.
+Tabor and C. B. Rustin stand at the head of this project. Another
+narrow gauge road is organized to be built into the "Ten-Mile" and
+Breckenridge districts, where the famous Robinson Mine is located.
+Should the broad gauge be built this summer to Pueblo, there is little
+doubt but that narrow gauges would ramify out from Leadville into
+every mineral bearing gulch that was found accessible.
+
+W.
+
+Leadville, May 6, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MECHANICAL INVENTIONS.
+
+Mr. William B. Hickman, of Sterling, Kan., has patented a swage to be
+used in welding the triangular bar which is to form the flange of a
+plow point or share to the body of the same.
+
+Mr. Lucius S. Edleblute, of Cincinnati, O., has recently patented what
+he calls the rubber cushioned spoke and hub. This is an improvement
+in the class of vehicle wheel hubs having an elastic band or annular
+portion which surrounds the journal box and on which the butts of the
+spokes rest, so that the wheel is rendered elastic and more durable,
+also comparatively noiseless when running on stony pavements, roads,
+or streets.
+
+Mr. George Richards, of Boxbury, Mass., has patented a steam muffler
+composed of two plates of a diameter very much greater than the
+diameter of the pipe through which the steam escapes from the boiler,
+so that the steam has room to expand before escaping to the outer air,
+its expansion effectually deadening the noise caused by the passage
+through the contracted escape pipe.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE BABY ELEPHANT TAKES A BATH.
+
+It is customary with traveling menageries in hot weather when
+convenient to a river to allow the elephants to take a bath. The
+London Circus passed through Woonsocket, R. I., the other day, when
+the keeper let loose all the elephants, including "Hebe" and her baby,
+for the above purpose. The mother and her offspring were permitted to
+approach a river for the first time since the baby was born, and they
+were, therefore, watched with great interest by their keeper. The
+mother cautiously approached the Blackstone River, which flows past
+the circus grounds, and waded in a short distance, carefully feeling
+her way; she then encouraged the baby to follow her, which the
+obedient little fellow did. When far enough in the mother caught the
+baby between her fore legs, and then lay down in the water and rolled
+over, giving the baby the first bath. The mother then felt perfectly
+satisfied with her job, and rising up approached the bank, bringing
+the little one with her. On reaching terra firma she drove the younger
+before her, and would not allow it to approach the water again, though
+it showed a disposition to do so.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA.
+
+This little animal belongs to the family of snails, class Heteropoda,
+is about an inch long, and is devoid of any shell or covering
+whatever. It is flat, and so absolutely transparent that a person
+can read through its body. It is provided with a pair of feelers. The
+little animal is very luminous if placed in fresh water or disturbed,
+but this phenomenon is most beautiful when an ammonia solution is
+poured over the animal. It will shine with a vivid blue light, which
+extinguishes with life. But even after death the nerve cells, which
+are directly below the skin and produce the light, can be irritated
+sufficiently to become luminous. It is a singular fact that
+electricity has no effect upon these nerve cells.
+
+[Illustration: PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA--AS SEEN IN THE LIGHT.
+
+_a b_, ganglion; _c_, intestines; _d_, liver; _f_, kidneys; _g_,
+generative organs.]
+
+[Illustration: PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA--SHOWING IN THE DARK THE LUMINOUS
+SPOTS.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CARE OF TREES AND SHRUBS.
+
+In view of the drought which prevails in many parts of the country and
+its unusual severity over extensive districts, the _Rural New Yorker_
+suggests to those who have planted trees or shrubs the past spring
+that there is one method, and so far as we know, says the writer, only
+one, by which they may be protected against injury or death from that
+cause. Surface watering has been shown to do more harm than good. The
+ground is made hard and compact, thus becoming a better conductor of
+heat while it becomes less pervious to air and moisture. A portion of
+the surface soil should be removed, and then pailful after pailful
+of water thrown in until the ground, to a depth of two feet and to
+a width about the stem of not less than three feet in diameter, has
+become saturated. Then, as soon as the water has disappeared from the
+surface, the removed soil should be well pulverized and returned. A
+covering of boards, straw, or hay, or even of sand or gravel, may then
+be applied, and the tree or shrub, thus treated, will pass through ten
+days of additional drought in safety.
+
+As soon as rain comes to wet the earth thoroughly, we think it is
+better to remove the mulch. Nothing is then gained by permitting it
+to remain. Mellowing the surface soil about the trees, thus keeping it
+free from grass and weeds, is then the most that is needed. We would
+repeat that the present is the season when the female borer deposits
+her eggs on the stems of fruit trees, and the wash of lime, potash,
+sulphur, etc. (darkened with lampblack), should now be applied and
+reapplied during June and July, as soon as washed off by rain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE FORCE OF TREE GROWTH.
+
+[Illustration: THE FORCE OF TREE GROWTH.]
+
+The disruptive power of tree roots, growing in the crevices of rocks,
+is well known. Masses of stone weighing many tons are often dislodged
+in this way from the faces of cliffs, and no one gives them more than
+a passing glance. When, however, the sanctity of the tomb is
+invaded, despite the graven warning of the occupant, the case is very
+different, and superstitious people are apt to think there must be
+something in it more than accident and the unconscious expression of
+the resistless force of growing vegetation.
+
+The engraving herewith is copied from a photograph sent to us by
+a European correspondent, of a grave in the Garten churchyard, in
+Hanover, Germany, the invasion of which by a birch tree has been the
+occasion of much wonderment by country people, who come from great
+distances to examine it.
+
+The monument, so unfeelingly disrupted, was erected in 1782, and bears
+on its base the following inscription: "This grave, which was bought
+for all eternity, must never be opened." A chance birch seed, lodging
+in a crevice of the monument, has displayed the irony of nature in
+slowly yet surely thwarting the desire of the person who designed it
+for a perpetual memorial. All the joints are separated, the strong
+iron clamps are broken, and the birch tree has embraced the upper
+large block, which weighs about one and a quarter tons, and the
+tree is driving its roots below, gradually but surely tilting the
+structure.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PERSEVERANCE WITH THE DROWNED.
+
+In a recent communication to the French Academy, Professor Fort
+asserts that he was enabled to restore to life a child three years
+old, by practicing artificial respiration on it four hours, commencing
+three hours and a half after apparent death. He mentions also a case
+in which Dr. Fournol, of Billancourt, reanimated, in July, 1878, an
+apparently drowned person by four hours of artificial respiration
+begun one hour after the patient was taken from the water. At this
+season, when cases of drowning are apt to be frequent, the possible
+benefit that may come from a persevering effort to revive victims
+of drowning, should encourage friends not to despair of their
+resuscitation, even after several hours of seemingly fruitless labor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SIMPLE TEST FOR CHLORAL HYDRATE.
+
+A new test for chloral hydrate has been devised by Frank Ogston,
+namely, yellow sulphide of ammonium. On adding this reagent to a
+solution of chloral of moderate strength there is at first no change
+noticed, but in a short time the colorless solution acquires an orange
+yellow color, and on longer standing turns brown and evolves a gas
+of very disagreeable odor. Ogston's experiments show that a solution
+containing ten milligrammes turns brown in six hours, and gives the
+peculiar odor. With one milligramme the orange-yellow color appears
+in twelve hours, but no odor. Croton chloral gives the same reactions,
+but chloroform, chloric ether, and formic acid do not.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NATURAL HISTORY NOTES.
+
+_The Propagation of Oysters._--At the recent meeting in this city
+of the American Fish Cultural Association, a paper was read on the
+propagation of the oyster, by Dr. W. J. Brook, of the Johns Hopkins
+University. The manner in which this propagation takes place had never
+before, he said, been thoroughly understood. Through studies made by
+him last summer, however, great light was thrown on the subject. He
+found that the American oysters do not breed their young in the
+shell, as had been supposed, and that consequently the eggs can be
+impregnated artificially. An average oyster contains from six to nine
+million eggs, and one of large size may contain fifty millions. The
+plan pursued by him in fertilizing these eggs was to chop the male
+and female oyster up together; thus the fluids are mixed and the
+impregnation is made complete. The process of development immediately
+begins, and goes on so rapidly that a change may be noted every
+fifteen seconds. In a very few hours the embryo is sufficiently formed
+to swim in the water. The shells at first are very small, and are not
+adjacent to each other. They grow very rapidly, closing down over the
+sides, and finally unite and form the hinge. In the short space of
+twenty-four hours the young oyster is able to take food, and from
+three days to a week it attains perfect form. During its early life it
+is a swimming animal. The oyster is able to reproduce its species at
+the end of a year's growth, and it is marketable at the age of three
+years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+S. P. RUGGLES.
+
+S. P. Ruggles died at Lisbon, N. H., May 28. He was principally known
+as the inventor of the Ruggles printing press, which was among the
+first of machine presses. His invention was what printers call an
+"upside-down press," the type being upside down when in the bed. About
+twenty-five years ago Mr. Ruggles sold out his interest for nearly
+$200,000, and since then has not been in active business. He was the
+inventor of the raised alphabet for the blind, and always showed great
+interest in the amelioration of the condition of the sightless. He was
+also a great friend of mechanical education, and has written much on
+the subject.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SYDNEY INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.--1879-1880.
+
+EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE JUDGES IN HOROLOGY.
+
+DEPARTMENT III.--EDUCATION AND SCIENCE.
+
+_Group_--_Scientific and Philosophical Instruments and Methods._
+
+Class 310.--Chronometric Apparatus, Chronometers, Astronomical Clocks,
+Watches, Chronographs, etc., etc.
+
+  _Judges_.--John McGarvie Smith, New South Wales.
+  P. E. Bound, Switzerland.
+  H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., Great Britain.
+  E. Beckmann, Germany.
+  Gregory P. Harte, United States.
+
+_To the Honorable Committee on Judging and Awards, Sydney
+International Exhibition._
+
+GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to hand you herewith the report of the
+judges of Class 310, as above,
+
+And remain, sirs, your obedient servant,
+
+GREGORY P. HARTE, Chairman.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The following exhibits were submitted for examination:
+
+U. S. Exhibit, 537, American Watch Company, Waltham, Mass., U. S.
+A.--Watches and Chronographs.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,048, Victor Kullberg, London, England--Watches and
+Chronographs.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,054, Nicole & Nielsen, London, England--Watches,
+Chronographs, etc.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,060, T. Russell & Sons, London, England--Watches,
+Chronographs, etc.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,041, Castleberg & Co., London, England--Watches,
+etc.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,060a, S. Backschmid, Switzerland--Watches.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+German Exhibit, 36, A. Lange & Sons, Dresden, Germany--Watches, etc.
+
+Swiss Exhibit, L. Audemars, Brassus, Switzerland--Watches, etc.
+
+French Exhibit, 146, A. H. Rodanet, Paris, France--Chronometers.
+
+French Exhibit, 177, G. Tribandeau, Besançon, France--Watches.
+
+Swiss Exhibit, 14a, International Watch Company--Watches.
+
+In presenting the following report, the judges desire to make some
+explanations, which, we trust, will excuse them in the minds of the
+impartial for any apparent neglect in the form of their report, and
+for the limited number of tests made of the horological exhibits.
+
+The judges were appointed too late to do the full amount required,
+inasmuch as the number of exhibits was so much in excess of any
+reasonable allotment for examination and report before the closing of
+the Exhibition.
+
+Commencing their labors, however, immediately after the first
+call, the examinations were not complete until March 3d, which only
+permitted a time test to be made of nine days in a single position.
+This single position was objected to by some of the exhibitors,
+but ill-advisedly, for the ratings observed in the watches of the
+objecting exhibitors were of such character as to establish in the
+minds of the judges the conclusion that their watches would not have
+made so good a comparative showing if there had been more time to
+observe the ratings in other positions.
+
+Great care was taken by the individual judges in making up their note
+books during the examination of the watches, and scrutinizing the
+inherent and comparative merits of exhibits under the ten different
+heads unanimously agreed upon, as follows:
+
+1. Originality.
+2. Invention and discovery.
+3. Utility and quality of material.
+4. Skill in workmanship.
+5. Fitness for purposes intended.
+6. Adaptation to public wants.
+7. Economy.
+8. Cost.
+9. Finish and elegance of cases.
+10. Time-keeping qualities.
+
+It was agreed the judges should use the number 100 as expressing the
+highest degree of excellence in each of these ten elements of inherent
+and comparative merit, and adjudge individually to each of the several
+exhibits such rating as their respective judgments would warrant after
+careful examination; each set of opinions being made a portion of
+this report, and in the _résumé_ the mean average being taken as the
+unanimous verdict of the judges.
+
+It was also decided we should take up each exhibit in the order
+originally examined, and, beginning with the first element of merit
+(originality), each judge should in numbers express his judgment of
+the inherent and comparative merit attaching to each exhibit in this
+one element; this being done, to proceed with each succeeding element
+in order and in the same manner. The five judgments being complete and
+in numbers, the aggregated verdict is arrived at simply by addition
+and division.
+
+This is not only a verdict as to the inherent and comparative merits
+of each exhibit, but also a full analysis of each order of merit in
+any exhibit as compared with all the others....
+
+In giving this verdict it was absolutely necessary to ascertain to the
+fullest extent the time-keeping qualities of the exhibits. The judges
+were led to this conclusion from the fact that in some of the
+exhibits we were shown watches of equal finish containing every
+known application of horological science in practically the same
+construction, which should, as far as they could determine by merely
+optical examination, keep quite as good time as watches of double and
+treble the costs in other exhibits, thus involving their judgment in
+doubt upon several elements of merit.
+
+In justice to themselves and to the exhibitors the judges determined
+to make the test in only one position, and give the whole of the time
+at their disposal to testing the watches in what might be considered
+their normal position, if such term is allowable--that is, "pendent
+up," or hanging.
+
+At the solicitations of the judges Prof. H. C. Russell, Astronomer
+Royal at the Sydney Observatory, kindly consented to make the tests,
+and each of the exhibitors was requested to send three watches of his
+own selection to the Observatory for this trial.
+
+As will be seen by the report of Professor Russell, eight of the
+ten exhibitors availed themselves of this opportunity. It is proper,
+however, to state here that none of the exhibitors apparently
+anticipated this test, and that it is possible some of the watches
+might have made a better record if they had been differently attended
+to since the opening of the Exhibition; but they were in this respect
+all upon a par.
+
+The majority of the watches had been made for exhibition purposes and
+specially prepared to that end; and some had been previously rated at
+observatories before sending.
+
+_Notably, however, to the contrary of the above, the exhibit of the
+American Watch Company was the ordinary and regular product of the
+factory, such as is finished every day._
+
+Notwithstanding the possibility that these exhibits might have been
+better prepared for observatory time tests, some of the exhibits, as
+will be seen by the rating, demonstrate the wonderful advances made in
+the application of horological sciences to the manufacture of watches,
+and that their rating is being made equal to that of the best marine
+chronometers.
+
+The following is the report of Professor Russell, and the accompanying
+diagram (see next page) will readily give an idea of the comparative
+performance of the different watches.
+
+"_Sydney Observatory, 26th February, 1880_.
+
+"GREGORY P. HARTE, ESQ.,
+
+"_Chairman of the Judges in Horology_.
+
+"SIR: I have the honor to report that, in response to your circular,
+inviting exhibitors of watches each to send three watches to the
+Observatory to be tested, I received on Monday, February 16th:
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 611, 669, 237, from Mr. Dolman, agent for Mr.
+Tribandeau, Besançon.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 987271, 670068, 1221336, from Mr. Manson, agent
+for Waltham Watch Company.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 3171, 1935, 2526, from Mr. Allerding, agent for
+Mr. Kullberg.
+
+"And on the forenoon of February 17th:
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 11527, 19967, 12629, from Mr. Hoffnung, agent for
+Lange & Sons.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 1004, 8632, 8370, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for
+Nicole & Nielsen.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 70690, 23496, 113516, from Mr. Jacob, as agent
+for Thomas Russell & Sons.
+
+"One watch, No. 47150, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for Castleberg.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 12731, 12483, 11680, from Mr. Wiesener, as agent
+for L. Audemars.
+
+"And on 18th February:
+
+"Two watches, Nos. 2724, 3528, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for
+Castleberg.
+
+"On the 17th I began rating these watches, keeping them all in one
+position (hanging), and subject to the same conditions of temperature;
+in fact, they were all hung on one board, and kept in a compartment
+locked up so as to avoid change of temperature, except such changes as
+were due to changes in the weather.
+
+"They were rated once a day by the standard clock, which affords
+special convenience for this work, and the error of which was found by
+daily astronomical observations giving the absolute time; great care
+was taken in rating so as to get the exact error of each watch every
+day, care being taken at the same time to avoid errors in the seconds
+dials, a fault sufficiently obvious in some of these exhibits.
+
+"In presenting the result of this test in the form of a diagram (see
+diagram on the opposite page), it is necessary to explain that the
+curves show only the change of rate in each case, and nothing is shown
+here of the actual rate, which was large in several instances.
+
+"In the diagram spaces between faint lines represent seconds; and the
+thicker faint lines represent the mean rate in each case: When the
+curve rises it shows that the watch was gaining on its previous rate,
+and when it falls the watch was losing on its previous rate. For
+example, in No. 4 curve the thicker line shows the position of a
+gaining rate of 3 sec. per day; on the 18th, watch No. 4 had a gaining
+rate of 2.7 sec., and is plotted below the thick line; on the 19th and
+20th it was less than 3 sec., but on the 21st the rate increased
+to 4.8 sec., and the curve rises above the line. The same rule is
+followed with losing rates; and, therefore, each curve shows whether
+the watch was gaining or losing on its own rate.
+
+"For convenient reference the barometer and temperature curves are
+plotted on the same sheet; although from the short time at command the
+watches could only be tested in one position, a glance at the diagram
+will show that in some degree at least the temperature adjustment and
+the isochronal properties of the balance springs were also tested; and
+I wish to call your attention to the fact that the whole of these
+show in a more or less degree a marked response to the change in
+temperature, some being over and others under corrected.
+
+"This fact is important, because it adds another proof that the old
+form of compensation balance--even when combined with chronometer
+spring and escapement and all the refinements which the best modern
+workman can add to it--fails to yield a complete correction for
+temperature; and I much regret that the American Watch Company, who
+claim to have overcome this fault by means of a balance involving a
+new arrangement of the metals, did not send to be tested any of their
+first-class watches containing this important improvement.
+
+"Several of the rate curves, especially Nos. 4, 10, 13, 16, 21, and
+24, respond to the change in the barometer in a way that shows the
+isochronal properties of their balance springs are not quite perfect.
+_Looking down the curves it becomes at once evident that watch No. 5,
+which is No. 670068, second grade of the American Watch Company, is
+remarkably free from these defects, and presents the best rate of
+all the watches tested._ No. 9, which is No. 2526, Kullberg, is the
+nearest approach to No. 5; indeed, the difference between its highest
+and lowest rates is 0.1 sec. less than No. 5, but it has not such a
+steady rate. The timekeeping of both these watches is remarkably good,
+and shows that we have entered upon a new era in the manufacture of
+pocket chronometers; _for these rates are better than the majority of
+marine chronometers._
+
+"_Among the cheaper watches tested, No. 6, which is No. 1221336, of
+the American Watch Company, is worthy of notice; it is a watch of the
+sixth grade, yet its performance has been better than that of many
+very expensive and otherwise first-class watches among those tested;
+such a watch speaks volumes in favor of the system under which it was
+made, and is the best comment upon the accuracy of the machines that
+produced it._
+
+"There are several watches among those tested which have kept
+wonderfully steady rates, but their comparative merit is shown in the
+diagrams much better than it could be by any description. The daily
+rate of each watch will be found in a table attached.
+
+"The changes in Nos. 1, 2, 3, 17, and 19 were too great to plot.
+
+"H. C. RUSSELL,
+
+"_Government Astronomer._"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONCLUSION OF THE REPORT.
+
+In consideration of the facts developed in this examination, and the
+preponderance of elements of inherent and comparative merit adjudged
+by the judges (each in independent judgment) being equal to nearly
+70 per cent. more than the next highest exhibit, they have found it
+exceedingly difficult to make such a classification in degree as will
+give even-handed justice to all.
+
+We adjudge to the
+
+AMERICAN WATCH COMPANY, OF WALTHAM, MASS., U. S. A.,
+
+a first-class award, and such other special distinction, diploma,
+medal, or award, as is consistent with the duties and obligations of
+the honorable Sydney International Commission, for the largest and
+most complete exhibit of horological instruments examined.
+
+They also propose, as the only means by which their appreciation of
+the merits of the production of this company can be adequately or
+equitably recognized by the Committee on Judging and Awards, that a
+separate first-class award be given for the timekeeping qualities of
+all grades of these watches.
+
+Also a separate first-class award for the perfection of this system of
+watchmaking and the improvements in the mechanical parts of the watch,
+being notably in the main spring and going barrel, the patent safety
+pinion, the perfect epicycloidal form of all the teeth of the train,
+in every grade of watch alike, and the isochronal adjustment of the
+balance spring.
+
+Also to Charles V. Woerd, mechanical superintendent of the American
+Watch Company, Waltham, Mass., U. S. A., a first-class award for his
+new mode of compensating balances.
+
+Also a separate first-class award for the improvements in cases, the
+number of artistic forms and designs used, the beauty and elegance
+of their finish, and for their new and indestructible method of
+enameling.
+
+VICTOR KULLBERG
+
+The display of marine chronometers by this maker, with the Observatory
+ratings, was of the very first order. Every part of those instruments
+was remarkably well made, and the modifications of some of the balance
+wheels worthy of special attention. Adjudged a first-class award.
+
+The display of watches by the same maker, although small, commanded
+attention from their very nice finish in all parts. As will be seen
+from the report and diagram of Professor Russell, they are good
+timekeepers, especially the one having the chronometer escapement.
+This style of watch, however, is of too delicate construction and too
+costly to fully meet the requirements of any considerable public want.
+The same objection will hold good as to the lever escapements as far
+as cost or economy is concerned, they being comparatively too high
+priced. Representing a certain class of manufacture, they are of the
+first order of merit, and adjudged a first-class award.
+
+The "gas governor" exhibited by the same maker, an instrument for
+regulating the amount of heat in the testing of chronometers, is
+commended as a useful invention.
+
+[Continued on page 10.]
+
+
+
+
+RESUME OF THE JURY'S EXAMINATION [page 9]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|              |AMERICAN|         |        |       |        |
+|   NAMES      | WATCH  |         |        |  Thos.| Castle-|
+|    OF        |COMPANY,| Victor  |Nicole &|Russell| berg & |
+| EXHIBITORS.  |WALTHAM.|Kullberg.|Nielsen.|& Sons.|Company.|
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Originality.  |   98   |    0    |   28   |   8   |    0   |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Invention &   |   95   |    0    |   22   |   0   |    0   |
+| discovery.   |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Utility and   |        |         |        |       |        |
+|quality of    |   95   |   73    |   47   |  25   |   29   |
+|material.     |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Skill in      |   93   |   80    |   58   |  30   |   30   |
+|workmanship.  |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Fitness for   |        |         |        |       |        |
+|purposes      |  100   |   89    |   70   |  36   |   36   |
+|intended.     |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Adaptation to |  100   |   53    |   60   |  34   |   41   |
+|public wants. |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Economy.      |  100   |   57    |   48   |  22   |   25   |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Cost.         |  100   |   65    |   38   |  26   |   32   |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Finish and    |        |         |        |       |        |
+|elegance      |  100   |   73    |   76   |  42   |   42   |
+|of cases.     |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Timekeeping   |  100   |   96    |   80   |  44   |   53   |
+|qualities.    |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|              |        |         |        |       |        |
+|Totals        | 981    |  586    |  527   |  267  |  288   |
+|              |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+
+[_Cont._]
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|              |        |       |         |        | Inter- |
+|   NAMES      |        |       |         |        |national|
+|    OF        |S. Back-|A Lange|  Louis  |G. Tri- | Watch  |
+| EXHIBITORS.  | schmid.|& Sons.|Audemars.|bandeau.|Company.|
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Originality.  |    0   |  45   |   98    |    0   |    0   |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Invention &   |    0   |  33   |   24    |    0   |    0   |
+| discovery.   |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Utility and   |        |       |         |        |        |
+|quality of    |   11   |  68   |   73    |   10   |   32   |
+|material.     |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Skill in      |   11   |  83   |   85    |   19   |   31   |
+|workmanship.  |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Fitness for   |        |       |         |        |        |
+|purposes      |    7   |  86   |   80    |   15   |   37   |
+|intended.     |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Adaptation to |   15   |  73   |   54    |   15   |   49   |
+|public wants. |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Economy.      |   12   |  59   |   44    |   18   |   41   |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Cost.         |   10   |  79   |   58    |   19   |   63   |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Finish and    |        |       |         |        |        |
+|elegance      |   10   |  71   |   76    |   20   |    0   |
+|of cases.     |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Timekeeping   |    0   |  89   |   79    |    0   |    0   |
+|qualities.    |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|              |        |       |         |        |        |
+|Totals        |   76   | 686   |  671    |  116   |   287  |
+|              |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE DIAGRAM SHOWING THE CHANGE IN RATE OF WATCHES
+TESTED AT THE OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY, FEBRUARY 17 TO 26, 1880.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SYDNEY INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. [page 10]
+
+[_Continued from page 8._]
+
+
+NICOLE & NIELSEN.
+
+This exhibit, made specially for the Exhibition, comprised a full line
+of plain levers, split seconds, chronographs, calendars, repeaters,
+etc., and was a representative display of their peculiar style of
+manufacture in all its details. The cost of these watches, compared
+with others of similar construction and finish, was excessive; and
+while they show good timekeeping qualities, they do not equal that of
+other exhibits.
+
+As representing their own methods of construction they are of the
+first order of merit, and are adjudged a first-class award.
+
+
+THOS. RUSSELL & SONS
+
+exhibit a full line of their manufacture, which, upon comparison with
+other exhibits of the same general character and construction, places
+them in the third order of merit, and they are adjudged a third-class
+award.
+
+
+S. BACKSCHMID
+
+exhibits a class of cheap watches of very inferior workmanship and
+finish, of the last order of merit, and adjudged a fourth-class award.
+
+
+N. CASTLEBERG & CO.
+
+exhibit a meritorious line of watches in many respects, of good
+finish, and not excessively high priced for their performances; of the
+second order of merit, and adjudged a second class award.
+
+
+A. LANGE & SONS
+
+exhibit a class of watches possessing many elements of merit, and
+of superior finish in many respects and at a cost which is quite
+reasonable. That the watches are constructed upon scientific
+principles and are intended as reliable timepieces, is shown from
+Observatory tests. The variations show that care has been taken to
+approximate a perfect adjustment, and that a partial success has
+been attained. A peculiarity in the construction of the balance
+wheel--having a horizontal split from the timing second holes each
+way--is noticeable, which we fail to understand. This exhibit was made
+expressly for this Exhibition, and Observatory rates sent with each
+watch, and, as a representative exhibit, although small, was the
+second best examined, and is, in its class, of the first order of
+merit, and adjudged a first-class award.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LOUIS AUDEMARS
+
+exhibits a wonderful class of complicated watches, calendars,
+repeaters, chronographs, etc., etc., combined in one watch, and
+elaborately cased and artistically finished. The great element of
+merit in this exhibit is in the combination of the great number
+of unusual functions for a watch, and by skill in workmanship and
+mechanical science securing a correct performance.
+
+The enormous cost of these watches is an effectual embargo on their
+use to any except the very few, and their utility is, therefore,
+very limited. In their class they are, however, of the first order of
+merit, and adjudged a first-class award.
+
+
+G. TRIBANDEAU
+
+exhibits a considerable collection of watches in a great variety of
+cases, of a class of workmanship, finish, and performance calling for
+the fourth order of merit, and are adjudged a fourth-class award.
+
+
+A. H. RODANET
+
+exhibits two marine chronometers only, one of which was broken and the
+other out of order; commended.
+
+
+INTERNATIONAL WATCH COMPANY
+
+exhibit a collection of watches of the third order of merit, and
+adjudged a third-class award.
+
+In concluding this report, the judges very much regret the limitation
+in time which has prevented them securing position tests of this very
+interesting exhibit in horology, as much on account of the exhibitors
+as on their own account. Such advances have in the last few years been
+made in this science that, in the interest of the public as well as of
+the manufacturers, a sufficiency of time is desirable to make tests
+in five or six positions, and fourteen days should be allowed to each
+position. Tests for heat and cold, and an opportunity to carefully
+note barometric and thermometric influences upon the various systems
+of adjustment, would be very valuable and interesting.
+
+Respectfully, etc.,
+
+GREGORY P. HARTE, _Chairman_, United States.
+H. C. RUSSELL, B.A., F.R.A.S., Great Britain.
+J. McGARVIE SMITH, New South Wales.
+P. E. BOUND, Switzerland.
+E. BECKMANN, Germany.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CORN MAGNETS.
+
+Every kind of salve or lotion that is supposed to remove or relieve
+corns meets with a large sale. Corn files and pencils are getting
+stale, and an enterprising inhabitant of Dresden has lately brought
+out what he calls a "corn magnet." It is evident that it is as unlike
+a magnet as possible, for an examination shows that it is made of
+sulphur colored with graphite. The directions are to set fire to
+one end, and let a drop of the melted sulphur fall upon the corn. A
+convenient and agreeable operation, especially if the corn is on
+the bottom of the foot. It is needless to say that the corn usually
+survives the slight burn and lives to torment the owner again. All
+burns, whether by caustic or otherwise, should be avoided.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+EXPERIMENTS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS.
+
+Prof. J. Burkitt Webb, C.E., now in Europe, writes as follows:
+
+On the invitation of Prof. Spangenberg we visited the
+"Versuchsstation," at the Gewerbe-Akademie, where the important
+experiments upon materials for engineering purposes are being made.
+These tests are of two kinds--trials of strength and trials of
+endurance. The first are made by means of very heavy and accurate
+machinery, mostly new within the last two or three years; the latter
+are the celebrated "Dauer-Versuche," a description of which we will
+reserve for another letter.
+
+The main machine, of which there are three or four duplicates at work
+at various points in Germany, is housed in a special building in the
+interior court of the academy. It consists of heavy iron "ways," some
+fifty feet long, accurately planed and secured to a stone foundation,
+with a hydraulic pump and scales at one end, and a number of massive
+attachments for subjecting the piece of iron or other material to
+various kinds of strains. There are also other instruments which
+belong to the machine as delicate as it is heavy, and which are used
+for adjusting the parts of the apparatus, reading the results of a
+test, or making calculations. This machine differs from others in the
+way of measuring the force used. It has been the custom to take
+the pressure on the liquid in the hydraulic cylinder, as shown by a
+manometer, as the basis of calculation. This introduces an inaccuracy,
+as part of this is due to the friction on the piston packing, and the
+true pressure is less than that shown by this irregular quantity.
+To avoid this difficulty a massive lever is introduced between the
+hydraulic press and the point where its pressure is applied. One arm
+of this lever is one-eighth inch long, and the other five hundred
+times as long, so that to measure a pressure of one hundred tons, four
+hundred pounds must be placed on the scale pan which hangs from
+the end of the long end of the lever. The fulcrum rests against the
+piston, and the short end of the lever is connected by heavy
+links with the apparatus by means of which the strain is applied.
+Technically speaking the fulcra of scales are "knife edges," but to
+convey a pressure of one hundred tons and remain free to move, these
+edges must be very obtuse, perhaps 160° to 170°; they must be as
+long as possible, some fifteen inches, of the best hardened steel,
+accurately ground, and must rest against a hardened plate of steel.
+Made with the greatest care the sharp edge under such a pressure will
+sometimes make a dent in the plate and the scales are clogged. As
+it is very difficult to measure the one-eighth inch with accuracy,
+another lever is provided with a ratio of one to ten, and with a
+short arm long enough to be made of a certain length with but a small
+percentage of error. To test the main lever this occupies essentially
+the same place as a sample of iron to be stretched; it is loaded with,
+say, two hundred pounds, which it multiplies to a ton; this pressure
+is then weighed by placing four pounds upon the main scale pan,
+and the fulcrum of the main lever is adjusted until the two weights
+balance.
+
+The attachments consist of: I. Jaws for holding round, square, and
+flat bars to be submitted to tension. II. Arrangements for holding
+beams and columns in various ways at their ends, and compressing them
+until they are crushed or "buckle." III. Two massive graduated iron
+beams, which are placed crosswise on the "ways," and used for twisting
+shafts, railroad axles, etc. IV. A face plate, about four feet square,
+for holding plates of boiler iron nearly as large by the perimeter,
+and crushing in the middle by forcing various shaped pieces against
+it. V. Apparatus for bending a beam by crushing an angular piece into
+it; and in the same connection, VI. Shears for cutting off bars of
+metal and measuring the force required.
+
+In connection with this main machine were some, quite old, which had
+been used in the infancy of the subject by a former professor, and a
+new special machine for the same purpose as attachment V., and which
+seemed to "kink" a piece of railroad iron as if it were only lead. In
+this the pressure was obtained by screws.
+
+Among the instruments used for the adjustment of the parts of the
+main machine we saw the finest cathetometer we had ever seen. This
+instrument, by Breithaupt, in Cassel, has two telescopes, with
+micrometer screws with more than one hundred and twenty-five threads
+per inch, and scales graduated on glass with more than six hundred and
+twenty five divisions to the inch. Another instrument for measuring
+the deflection, in two directions at once, of a column under pressure,
+has micrometer screws with more than two hundred and fifty threads per
+inch. We saw also a planimeter, which not only calculated mechanically
+the area of a figure, but gave also its center of gravity, moment
+of inertia, etc. We saw also a French calculating machine; the other
+apparatus is, we believe, all German. If one is, however, critical, it
+will be found in many lines of business that all the fine goods here
+are imported, though naturally the Germans are slow to acknowledge it.
+
+We witnessed the experiments on a sample of round iron over an inch
+in diameter, and on a piece of iron plate three inches wide by half an
+inch thick. It is perhaps needless to say that they seemed to stretch
+like putty and to break like thread. The pressure is put on a few
+hundred pounds at a time, and the elongation is read by two telescopes
+and a scale, which multiply the distance five hundred times. At the
+same time the first "elastic limit" is watched for. Before this is
+arrived at the piece will return to its original length when the
+tension is removed; after this the stretching is in part permanent.
+One of the facts brought out is that there are _several_ elastic
+limits, in copper seven or eight. The appearance of the surface after
+the elastic limit is passed and the iron stretches is peculiar. A wavy
+appearance is seen, and longitudinal ridges begin to form, due to the
+changes going on in the crystals, by which they adapt themselves to
+the increased length. After a further general adaptation of structure
+becomes impossible, these appearances culminate in the weakest part.
+The apparatus for measuring the increase in length has long since been
+removed, and the places where it was attached have been filed smooth
+to avoid introducing the weak point artificially. The diameter of this
+part now reduces rapidly, and the surface becomes rough and the iron
+hot--you can see it stretch. When it has reduced twenty-five or more
+per cent. it gives way suddenly with a sharp crack. The percentage of
+reduction before breaking is now recorded with the observations on the
+elasticity and the breaking strain, and the experiment is at an end.
+It suggested itself to see if the work done in pulling the iron
+apart was fully accounted for by the heat generated. We could easily
+calculate the work up to the point of maximum tension, but after this
+the force required was not measured; however, a rough calculation
+showed that the iron was as hot as required, or at least that the data
+would require to be quite complete if any residual was to be found.
+
+Berlin, May 13, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ENGINEERING INVENTIONS.
+
+An improved wheel guard, which will push any obstacles on the track
+aside, and which can be adjusted to a greater or less height above the
+rails, has been patented by Mr. Solomon Brisac, of New York city.
+It consists in a wheel guard formed of a metallic box with a beveled
+front side, which box is adjustably fastened to the front end of a
+recessed plate resting on and partially surrounding the grease box.
+The box is braced by means of a rod attached to its forward end and
+passing into a socket fastened to the bottom of the car.
+
+An improved water motor, constructed on the general principle of a
+rotary engine, in which two compartments are arranged side by side,
+with a partition intervening, and in which the sliding pistons in the
+piston wheels in the two compartments are arranged at right angles
+to each other, has been patented by Mr. William E. Seelye, of Anoka,
+Minn.
+
+Mr. Stephen Barnes, of New Haven, Conn., has invented a vibrating
+propeller, adapted to small boats and vessels to be operated by either
+hand or steam power. The floats are arranged so that they will offer
+no resistance on the return stroke.
+
+An improved device for removing snow from railway tracks, and
+especially from between the rails, has been patented by Mr. David M.
+Horton, of Fishkill Village, N. Y. It consists of a revolving brush, a
+mould board in juxtaposition thereto, and a fan blower, in combination
+with suitable driving gear for propelling the brush and fan.
+
+An improvement in steam traps, patented by Mr. Hugh O. Ames, of New
+Orleans, La., consists in combining with a vibratory arm carrying a
+water receiver, a side apertured hollow trunnion, a discharge pipe, a
+jacketed standard, and an outlet pipe.
+
+An improved cotton press has been patented by Mr. Alfred A. Janney, of
+Montgomery, Ala. This invention relates to an improvement in the class
+of cotton and hay presses in which the follower is worked by a screw
+that passes through a nut, to which the required rotary motion is
+imparted by means of lateral sweeps or levers. It consists in the
+means for supporting and securing the levers and forming a vertical
+guide for the screw, so that the levers are prevented from rocking or
+swaying as power is applied in the operation of packing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+IMPROVED STEAM CANAL BOAT.
+
+The late experiments in canal steamboats bid fair to be a complete
+success. The Baxter steamers were not sufficiently remunerative
+to continue the building of that kind of boat. They do not carry a
+sufficient load, owing to their build, and that is made necessary by
+the form and arrangement of the machinery and propelling power, the
+propeller being that form used by the tug in Buffalo. The new style,
+which bids to pay handsomely, is as full a bow and stern as the
+ordinary first-class canal boat. The propelling power is radically
+different from the tug propeller. The wheel is eight feet in diameter
+and placed close to the stern; the boiler is upright, with a single
+engine, very compact machinery, taking up no more room than the stable
+in many boats, and enabling the boat to carry 7,500 bushels of corn
+and coal for the trip. With this cargo they run from Buffalo to New
+York in seven days on five and a half gross tons of coal, saving river
+and harbor towing. One returned from New York to Buffalo in one hour
+less than seven days, bringing one hundred and thirty tons of freight.
+The outlook now promises to supersede mule and horse towing. The
+Belgian system of cable towing will take that large number of boats
+now relying on the mule, and deliver them promptly as consigned and in
+much less time and cost than can be done by the mule. Both systems are
+necessary for rapid movement on the canal, and to cheapen the transfer
+from the West to the seaboard. Steam is sure to supersede animal power
+on the canal, as everywhere else. The canal steamboats are at last so
+far perfected as to insure a handsome profit in running them, and
+a large number will soon be at work on the canal. Two are to be
+constructed in Lockport as speedily as possible by one of our most
+enterprising boat builders, and the machinery is contracted for,
+thus opening up a new industry for our numerous and worthy
+mechanics.--_Lockport_ (_N. Y._) _Journal_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ASTRONOMICAL NOTES.
+
+OBSERVATORY OF VASSAR COLLEGE.
+
+
+The computations in the following notes are by students of Vassar
+College. Although merely approximate, they are sufficiently accurate
+to enable the ordinary observer to find the planets.
+
+M. M.
+
+
+POSITIONS OF PLANETS FOR JULY, 1880.
+
+
+MERCURY.
+
+On July 1 Mercury sets a few minutes after 9 in the evening.
+
+Mercury can be readily found, early in July, a few degrees south of
+the point of sunset; the planet moves rapidly southward, but can be
+followed, and may be seen as late as the 20th. On July 18 Mercury has
+nearly the declination of Regulus.
+
+
+VENUS.
+
+Venus keeps nearly the path of the sun, setting after the sun late in
+July, but so nearly with it that the planet is not likely to be seen.
+
+
+MARS.
+
+Mars has moved from its position nearly in line with Castor and Pollux
+toward Leo. It sets on July 1 at 9h. 44m. P.M. On the 31st Mars sets
+at 8h. 32m.
+
+On the 31st, at meridian passage, Mars and Uranus are nearly together.
+Uranus is east of Mars and half a degree south.
+
+
+JUPITER.
+
+Jupiter is coming into the evening hours.
+
+On July 1 Jupiter rises a few minutes after midnight. On July 31
+Jupiter rises a few minutes after 10 P.M. It will be known at once by
+its brilliancy.
+
+Besides the ordinary belts of Jupiter the planet still shows at this
+time (June 10) the large ruddy spot spoken of by many persons some
+weeks since. This spot is elliptical in shape; its longest diameter is
+about one-fifth that of Jupiter. A small glass will show it, and the
+ordinary observer can, by watching its appearance and disappearance
+and reappearance, determine the time of rotation of Jupiter on its
+axis, or the length of the planet's day.
+
+The best evenings for looking at Jupiter are those of July 23, when
+the satellite nearest to Jupiter goes across its face, preceded by
+its shadow; July 28, when the first and second satellites will make
+similar transits; and July 29, when Jupiter will rise without the
+presence of its third satellite, which will be in eclipse, and will
+come out of the shadow after midnight.
+
+
+SATURN.
+
+Saturn follows close upon Jupiter, but keeps further north in
+declination by about 2½°.
+
+On July 1 Saturn rises 36m. after midnight. On the 31st Saturn rises
+at 10h. 38m. P.M.
+
+The waning moon will pass north of Jupiter and Saturn on the 27th to
+28th.
+
+Any one who has a glass sufficient to show the ring of Saturn and the
+largest satellite, Titan, will find this planet intensely interesting,
+and the movements of the satellite will show the time of its
+revolution in its orbit around Saturn.
+
+
+URANUS.
+
+Uranus rises after the sun, and sets too nearly with the sun to be
+seen.
+
+
+NEPTUNE.
+
+Neptune may be seen, with a good telescope, in the early morning hour.
+Neptune is 2¼° west of Alpha Ceti, and 11° north. It approaches Alpha
+Ceti during the month, and if it can be found, may be known to be a
+planet by that movement.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FIRES IN NEW YORK.
+
+The report of the Board of Fire Commissioners, just printed, shows
+that during the year 1879 there were in this city 1,551 fires, of
+which 1,029 were discovered by persons not connected with the Fire
+or Police Department. In 1,456 cases the fires were confined to the
+buildings in which they originated. Twenty-five buildings were totally
+destroyed, and 69 were greatly damaged. Of all the fires, 1,001 were
+extinguished by buckets of water and fire extinguishers. The total
+estimated loss by fire during the year was $900,280 on buildings
+and $4,771,300 on stock, making a total of $5,671,580. The
+estimated insurances on the buildings were $7,276,446, and on stock,
+$14,525,264, making a total of $21,801,710. The estimated uninsured
+loss was $180,060. In three cases the loss was between $100,000 and
+$115,000; in one case $168,908; in one case $352,185; in one case
+$333,900; and in one case $1,978,991. In 1,066 cases the loss was less
+than $100.
+
+Nearly a quarter of all the fires were caused by carelessness, and 100
+are attributed to children playing with matches and fire. Forty fires
+were caused by the spontaneous combustion of oily rags and other
+materials, and 93 by exploding kerosene lamps. Four members of the
+department and 12 citizens died of injuries received at fires during
+the year, and 139 firemen and 54 citizens were more or less injured.
+
+There are 729 uniformed members of the department The pay roll of the
+whole department for 1879 was $1,030,822.14, and the appropriation for
+all expenses was $1,254,970. The appropriation for the present year
+is $1,307,670. The department now possesses 233 horses, 1 marine steam
+fire engine, 58 steam fire engines, of which 5 are self propelling,
+10 chemical engines, 24 hook and ladder trucks, 108 chemical fire
+extinguishers, and 4 aerial ladders, together with other fire
+apparatus.
+
+The annual inspection of the department showed that the quickest
+average time in hitching a team was 3.17 seconds, and in hitching
+a single horse, 5.66 seconds. The general average in hitching all
+apparatus was, in 1879, 9.54 seconds; in 1878, 10.26 seconds; and in
+1877, 13.03 seconds.
+
+During the year, $30,300 was collected for licenses for the sale of
+kerosene oil, each license costing $10. The Fire Department Relief
+Fund now amounts to $422,569.07, and the insurance fund to $12,780.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ASPIRATOR AND COMPRESSOR.
+
+Professor Marangoni, of Pavia, has invented an aspirator for measuring
+gases which is much simpler than many now in use in laboratories,
+which latter have the defect that the air or gas ascends through
+the descending liquid and makes thus the measuring of the former
+uncertain. The improved apparatus is shown in our illustration. It
+consists of two vessels attached to a fixed horizontal shaft, FE,
+which is placed upon two upright supports. This shaft has several ways
+or passages made in it which performs the functions of the taps.
+The water of the upper receptacle passes into the lower one by the
+passage, A, and thence through the tube, BC, issuing at its lowest
+extremity at C. The air contained in the lower vessel is thus emitted
+by the channel DE, cut into the shaft, while the air or gas is
+aspirated in the same ratio by the passage and tube, FG. The apparatus
+acts thus at the same time as aspirator and compressor. It is simple,
+and will be a useful addition to the laboratory.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW PHOTOGLYPTIC PROCESS.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: A communication to the Photographic Society of France.]
+
+
+WALTER B. WOODBURY.
+
+It is now thirteen years since I had the honor of introducing in
+France my new photoglyptic process, which, up to the present time, has
+remained in the hands of very few, owing to the great expense hitherto
+necessary to start the working of it. For some time I have been
+engaged in making experiments with a view to discover a system which
+should be at the same time simple and inexpensive; and the process
+which I have this evening the honor to bring before your notice is the
+result of my researches.
+
+The summary of the new system is as follows:
+
+To obtain from negatives reliefs on glass similar to transparencies by
+the carbon process, but modified in the quantity of materials used.
+
+To attach, and keep in absolute contact with the relief so obtained, a
+sheet of tin foil.
+
+To solidify this sheet of tinfoil by coating it with copper; then
+backing it up with another sheet of plate glass covered with a
+composition; and then to detach the whole from the first relief--the
+result being a mould ready to place in the press and print one
+thousand or more proofs.
+
+I commence by showing you the relief made from the negative, and
+explaining how this is obtained.
+
+I take a sheet of plate glass of a convenient size, and place it in
+hot water, together with a sheet of paper a little smaller; then,
+having driven out the excess of water by means of a squeegee, I
+place it on a leveling stand. Having prepared a solution composed of
+gelatine 200 parts, water 1,000 parts, glycerine 20 parts, white sugar
+30 parts, with a little Indian ink, and filtered the same, I pour a
+sufficient quantity on the paper and spread it up to the corners with
+the finger. These plates are then dried in a dry place and can be kept
+until wanted.
+
+To sensitize the plates I employ a bath of bichromate of potash of
+six per cent., and again dry them. Without doubt this method is rather
+long; but one should consider that each proof made is capable of
+giving five or ten thousand prints if necessary, as the same relief
+will make many printing moulds. I tried, with the aid of the Autotype
+Company, of London, to get a suitable tissue; but as this requires
+a uniform thickness of half a millimeter the ordinary system did not
+succeed. When the sensitized plate is dry the edges are cut with a
+knife, the glasses serving over and over again. I show you a piece of
+this prepared paper.
+
+As in the carbon process, it is necessary to place a border of black
+paper at the back of the negative, and to cut the sensitized tissue a
+little larger than the opening.
+
+After the exposure the gelatine is fixed on a collodionized glass by
+placing them both in water and squeegeeing the surface; but in dry
+weather it is as well to use albumen in place of collodion, as used
+by M. Ferrier for his transparencies in carbon. The glass holding the
+gelatine is now placed in a hot water bath heated to 42° Centigrade,
+and left till the paper comes away from the gelatine, when it is
+placed in this apparatus by the frame holding the grooves.
+
+By means of this small gas regulator the temperature is kept always
+the same, namely, 50° Centigrade. The water should be now and then
+agitated by lifting up and down the frame holding the glasses.
+
+After a space of three or four hours the reliefs will be sufficiently
+washed, and can be taken out and placed in alcohol to dry quickly
+and sharp at the same time. In this stage of the process all spots or
+scratches that may have been on the negative can be removed (being in
+relief on the gelatine) by means of a piece of glass. The relief is
+now ready to be covered with the tin. You will observe that up to the
+present the operations have been almost the same as those necessary to
+produce a transparency in carbon.
+
+As it is of the first necessity that the tin should be kept in
+absolute contact with the gelatine relief, I prepare the latter by
+rubbing it over with a piece of flannel charged with a greasy matter
+(pomatum answers as well as anything). I then make a border of
+India-rubber in benzine round the glass. The effect of this is to
+prevent any air from returning between the tin and the relief when
+once it has been driven out.
+
+Taking care that the back of the glass is perfectly clean, it is now
+placed on the steel or glass bed of a rolling-press. A sheet of tin
+foil (without holes) that has been smoothed on a sheet of glass by a
+soft brush is now laid on it, and then three or four thicknesses of
+blotting paper. The whole is then passed under the cylinder several
+times, each time increasing the pressure. The surface of the tin
+is now ready to place in the electrotyping cell, but must first be
+cleaned with a solution of caustic potash to remove any grease, and
+bordered with shellac varnish to prevent the copper from depositing
+where not required.
+
+Electric contact is made by means of the small apparatus, on removing
+a small proportion of the lac varnish. After two or three hours
+sufficient copper will have been deposited, and after drying can be
+then attached to another glass, on which it will remain.
+
+This glass is covered while hot with a composition of shellac, resin,
+and Venice turpentine, and can be prepared in advance, using an iron
+plate heated direct by the gas flame. The same iron plate is employed
+to again soften the composition and attach it to the copper; but this
+time heated only by boiling water, this temperature being sufficient
+to soften it until it enters into all the hollows of the copper. On
+placing a weight on the two glasses the excess of the composition is
+forced out at the edges. When cold the glass plate on which the copper
+and tin are now attached can be separated from the relief, which can
+then be used over and over again to produce fresh matrices.
+
+The matrix or intaglio is now ready to place in the printing press,
+and the remaining operations of printing are exactly the same as those
+used in the old process of photoglyptic printing.
+
+In placing the mould in the press it is advisable to place one or
+two thicknesses of stout blotting paper, previously wetted, under the
+mould to give to it a slight amount of elasticity and, at the same
+time, to keep it in place.
+
+As in all other mechanical processes a reversed or pellicle negative
+is required; but it is very simple to print upon a specially prepared
+transfer paper, and, instead of mounting the print with the face
+uppermost, to attach it under water to the mount, and when dry to
+detach the paper on which the print has been made. By this means there
+remains only one thickness of paper instead of two, thus doing away
+with an objection which has often been found in mounted photographs
+for book illustration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW INVENTIONS.
+
+An improved combined cutting and clinching tool has been patented by
+Mr. Peter D. Graham, of Black Hawk, Col. The object of this invention
+is to provide a new, useful, and convenient tool for cutting and
+clinching horseshoe nails.
+
+Mr. John J. Berger, of Brooklyn, N. Y., has patented an improved
+hand perforating or check stamp of the class which are used to cut or
+perforate the paper with figures and letters as a safeguard against
+alterations of the check; and the object of this improvement is to
+perforate the check with needle points, and at the same time ink
+the perforations, whereby the numbers may be clearly marked without
+cutting large openings in the paper.
+
+An improved apparatus for the manufacture of nitric acid has been
+patented by Mr. Paul Marcelin, of Black Rock, Conn. The object of this
+invention is to furnish apparatus for manufacturing nitric acid so
+constructed that the stronger acid may be separated from the weaker
+acid as the acid passes from the retort to the receiving bottles,
+to obtain a strong acid suitable for use in manufacturing
+nitro-glycerine.
+
+Mr. Max Rubin, of New York city, has patented an improved shawl strap,
+so constructed that either strap may be wound up alone, or both may be
+wound up together, or one may be wound up tighter than the other, by
+adjusting the handle.
+
+Mr. Ambrose Madden, of Asbury Park, N. J., has patented an attachment
+for use with halters for preventing horses from cribbing and to
+cure them of that pernicious habit; and the invention consists in a
+combination of rigid arms and straps hung upon the halter and carrying
+a spiked plate, which is retained beneath the animal's under lip in
+such manner that the motions of the horse in the act of cribbing cause
+the spikes to prick.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+BUSINESS AND PERSONAL.
+
+_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a line for
+each insertion; about eight words to a line. Advertisements must be
+received at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear
+in next issue._
+
+-->_The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers a
+circulation of not less than 50,000 copies every weekly issue._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lubricene, Gear Grease, Cylinder and Machinery Oils. R. J. Chard, 6
+Burling Slip, New York.
+
+Telephones repaired, parts of same for sale. Send stamp for circulars.
+P.O. Box 205, Jersey City, N. J.
+
+The genuine Asbestos Liquid Paints are the purest, finest, richest,
+and most durable paints ever made for structural purposes. H. W. Johns
+M'f'g Co., 87 Maiden Lane, sole manufacturers.
+
+The Finger Annunciator, and all other electr. apparatus, by Finger
+Annunciator Co., 73 Cornhill, Boston.
+
+The most popular Pens in use are those of the Esterbrook Steel Pen
+Company. For sale everywhere. Everybody send Circular to R. K. Teller,
+Unadilla, N. Y.
+
+A few pat. Centering and Squaring Attachments for Lathes, made by R.
+E. State & Co., entirely new, for sale cheap. J. & W. State, Lock Box
+291, Springfield, Ohio.
+
+Soapstone and Empire Gum Core Packing, the best for Railroads. Greene,
+Tweed & Co., New York.
+
+Our new Stylographic Pen (just patented), having the duplex
+interchangeable point section, is the very latest improvement. The
+Stylographic Pen Co., Room 13, 169 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+Shaw's U. S. Standard of Pressure. Mercury Gauges, all pressures,
+Steam, Hydraulic, and Vacuum. Best for pumping stations and pipe
+lines. 915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+For Sale low--52 x 17 feet Sidewheel Boat, and one 23 x 5½ feet
+Launch; best condition. S. E. Harthan, Worcester, Mass.
+
+Wanted.--Farm Engine, with Steam Plow Attachment. Address P. O. Box
+18, Reinbeck, Iowa.
+
+Advertising of all kinds in all American Newspapers. Special lists
+free. Address E. N. Freshman & Bros., Cincinnati, O.
+
+Patent for Sale Cheap.--Entire Patent or State Rights. Just the thing
+for the summer. Money can be made out of it. Other business prevents
+owner from handling it. A. H. Watkins, 294 Harrison Ave., Boston,
+Mass.
+
+We keep a full assortment of Esterbrook's, Gillott's, Spencerian,
+Perry's, and Lamar's Pens. Send for price list to J. Leach, 86 Nassau
+St., New York.
+
+For Sale.--A Baltimore City Fire Department Steam Fire Engine, in
+complete working order. Address P.O. Box 676, Baltimore, Md.
+
+Metallic Piston Rod Packing Company, 773 Broad St., Newark, N. J.
+Agents wanted; terms liberal.
+
+Skinner & Wood, Erie, Pa., Portable and Stationary Engines, are full
+of orders, and withdraw their illustrated advertisement. Send for
+their new circulars.
+
+Asbestos Board on Chimneys prevents their heat from affecting the
+temperature of rooms through which they pass. Asbestos Pat. Fiber Co.,
+lim., 194 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+Sweetland & Co., 126 Union St., New Haven, Conn., manufacture the
+Sweetland Combination Chuck.
+
+Power, Foot, and Hand Presses for Metal Workers. Lowest prices.
+Peerless Punch & Shear Co., 52 Dey St., N. Y. The Brown Automatic
+Cut-off Engine; unexcelled for workmanship, economy, and durability.
+Write for information. C. H. Brown & Co., Fitchburg, Mass.
+
+Corrugated Traction Tire for Portable Engines, etc. Sole
+manufacturers, H. Lloyd, Son & Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
+
+For the best Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery, address H. A.
+Crossley, Cleveland, Ohio.
+
+Best Oak Tanned Leather Belting. Wm. F. Forepaugh, Jr., & Bros. 531
+Jefferson St., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+National Steel Tube Cleaner for boiler tubes. Adjustable, durable.
+Chalmers-Spence Co., 40 John St., N. Y.
+
+Split Pulleys at low prices, and of same strength and appearance
+as Whole Pulleys. Yocom & Son's Shafting Works, Drinker St.,
+Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery a specialty by E. & B.
+Holmes, Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels--The Solid Original Emery Wheel other
+kinds imitations and inferior. Caution.--Our name is stamped in full
+on all our best Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only.
+The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing Company, 37 and
+38 Park Bow. N. Y.
+
+For Separators, Farm & Vertical Engines, see adv. p. 382.
+
+Walrus Leather, Emery, and Polishing Goods. Greene, Tweed & Co., 118
+Chambers St., New York.
+
+Nickel Plating.--Sole manufacturers cast nickel anodes, pure nickel
+salts, importers Vienna lime, crocus, etc. Condit, Hanson & Van
+Winkle, Newark, N. J., and 92, and 94 Liberty St., New York.
+
+Presses, Dies, and Tools for working Sheet Metal, etc. Fruit & other
+can tools. Bliss & Williams, B'klyn, N. Y.
+
+Bradley's cushioned helve hammers. See illus. ad. p. 397.
+
+Instruction in Steam and Mechanical Engineering. A thorough practical
+education, and a desirable situation as soon as competent, can be
+obtained at the National Institute of Steam Engineering, Bridgeport,
+Conn. For particulars, send for pamphlet.
+
+Hydraulic Jacks, Presses and Pumps. Polishing and Buffing Machinery
+Patent Punches, Shears, etc. E. Lyon & Co., 470 Grand St., New York.
+
+Forsaith & Co., Manchester, N. H., & 207 Centre St., N. Y. Bolt
+Forging Machines, Power Hammers, Comb'd Hand Fire Eng. & Hose
+Carriages, New & 2d hand Machinery. Send stamp for illus. cat. State
+just what you want.
+
+For Mill Mach'y & Mill Furnishing, see illus. adv. p. 381.
+
+Air Compressors, Blowing Engines, Steam Pumping Machinery, Hydraulic
+Presses. Philadelphia Hydraulic Works, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+For Patent Shapers and Planers, see ills. adv. p. 380.
+
+For Pat. Safety Elevators, Hoisting Engines, Friction Clutch Pulleys,
+Cut-off Coupling, see Frisbie's ad. p. 316.
+
+Machine Knives for Wood-working Machinery, Book Binders, and Paper
+Mills. Large knife work a specialty. Also manufacturers of Soloman's
+Parallel Vise. Taylor. Stiles & Co., Riegelsville, N. J.
+
+For Alcott's Improved Turbine, see adv. p. 297.
+
+Mineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by Pa. Diamond Drill
+Co. Box 423, Pottsville, Pa. See p. 381.
+
+Rollstone Mac. Co's Wood Working Mach'y ad. p. 380
+
+Improved Solid Emery Wheels and Machinery, Automatic Knife Grinders,
+Portable Chuck Jaws. _Important_, that users should have prices of
+these first class goods. American Twist Drill Co., Meredithville, N.
+H.
+
+For Standard Turbine, see last or next number.
+
+Burgess' Non-conductor for Heated Surfaces; easily applied, efficient,
+and inexpensive. Applicable to plain or curved surfaces, pipes, elbows
+and valves. See p. 284.
+
+Diamond Saws. J. Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y.
+
+Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube Expanders. R.
+Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York.
+
+Wanted--The address of 40,000 Sawyers and Lumbermen for a copy of
+Emerson's Hand Book of Saws. New edition 1880. Over 100 illustrations
+and pages of valuable information. Emerson, Smith & Co., Beaver Falls,
+Pa.
+
+Eagle Anvils, 10 cents per pound. Fully warranted.
+
+For Wood-Working Machinery, see illus. adv. p. 413.
+
+Eclipse Portable Engine. See illustrated adv., p. 413.
+
+Tight and Slack Barrel machinery a specialty. John Greenwood & Co.,
+Rochester, N. Y. See illus. adv. p. 413.
+
+Elevators, Freight and Passenger, Shafting, Pulleys and Hangers. L. S.
+Graves & Son, Rochester, N. Y.
+
+$400 Vertical Engine, 30 H.P. See page 413.
+
+Best American Shot Gun made is the "Colts." Far superior to any
+English guns for the same price. For description, see SCI. AMERICAN
+of May 29. Send for circular to Hodgkins & Haigh, Dealers in General
+Sporting Goods, 300 Broadway, New York.
+
+Telephones.--Inventors of Improvements in Telephones and Telephonic
+Apparatus are requested to communicate with the Scottish Telephonic
+Exchange, Limited, 34 St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh, Scotland. J. G.
+Lorrain, General Manager.
+
+Pat. Steam Hoisting Mach'y. See illus. adv., p. 413.
+
+Hydraulic Cylinders, Wheels, and Pinions, Machinery Castings; all
+kinds; strong and durable; and easily worked. Tensile strength not
+less than 65,000 lbs. to square in. Pittsburgh Steel Casting Co.,
+Pittsburgh, Pa.
+
+C. J. Pitt & Co., Show Case Manufacturers, 226 Canal St., New York.
+Orders promptly attended to. Send for illustrated catalogue with
+prices.
+
+For best low price Planer and Matcher, and latest improved Sash,
+Door, and Blind Machinery, Send for catalogue to Rowley & Hermance,
+Williamsport, Pa.
+
+Elevators.--Stokes & Parrish, Phila., Pa. See p. 412.
+
+Penfield (Pulley) Block Works. See illus. adv. p. 413.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[OFFICIAL.]
+
+INDEX OF INVENTIONS
+
+FOR WHICH
+
+LETTERS PATENT OF THE UNITED STATES WERE GRANTED IN THE WEEK ENDING;
+
+JUNE 1, 1880,
+
+AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE.
+
+[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A printed copy of the specification and drawing of any patent in the
+annexed list, also of any patent issued since 1866, will be furnished
+from this office for one dollar. In ordering please state the number
+and date of the patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row,
+New York city. We also furnish copies, of patents granted prior to
+1866; but at increased cost, as the specifications not being printed,
+must be copied by hand.
+
+Adding machine, C. P. Sullivan                               228,416
+Advertising checker board, H. P. Eysenbach                   228,330
+Annunciator, pneumatic, D. & T. Morris                       228,267
+Axle lubricator, car, C. D. Flynt                            228,337
+Axle lubricator, vehicle, L. Adams                           228,242
+Bale tie, W. S. E. Sevey                                     228,223
+Baling press, H. O. King                                     228,361
+Bedstead, invalid, E. Conover                                228,318
+Bedstead, sofa, C. S. E. Spoerl _et al_                      228,408
+Belting and process of manufacture, cotton, M. Gandy         228,186
+Belts, lacing, O. C. Pomeroy                                 228,390
+Berth for vessels, self-leveling, D. Huston (r)                9,224
+Berth for vessels, self-leveling, C. C. Sanderson            228,278
+Berth, self-leveling ship's, C. C. Sanderson                 228,279
+Binders, knot tyer for self, W. Stephens                     228,228
+Blacking and polishing boots and shoes, machine
+  for, P. P. Audoye                                          228,297
+Blower, fan, H. Allen                                        228,293
+Bolting tree, J. M. Springer                                 228,409
+Boot and gaiter, rubber, G. H. Sanford                       228,398
+Bottle, etc., lock, A. T. Boone                              228,170
+Bottle stopper, E. Hollender                                 228,355
+Bow strings, clutch for, C. M. Beard                         228,302
+Bracelet, C. E. Hayward                                      228,348
+Bracelet, A. Vester                                          228,425
+Bran cleaner, L. Gathmann                                    228,340
+Brick, pottery, etc., kiln for burning, E. Escherich         228,331
+Buckboard, E. Hitt                                           228,352
+Buckle, tug, D. O. Fosgate                                   228,255
+Bumper, W. V. Perry                                          228,385
+Bung, J. H. Stamp                                            228,227
+Button fastener, D. Bainbridge                               228,298
+Button, sleeve and cuff, H. McDougall                        228,370
+Buttons, machine for making, W. W. Wade                      228,233
+Can, D. Bennett                                              228,167
+Can fastening, J. Hall                                       228,343
+Car coupling, Neff & Thalman                                 228,378
+Car coupling, J. F. Stanley                                  228,411
+Car coupling, Morand & Edwards                               228,212
+Car coupling tool, G. Searl                                  228,400
+Car door bolt, A. W. Zimmerman                               228,241
+Car wheel, J. A. Woodbury                                    228,430
+Car wheel chill, W. Wilmington                               228,428
+Cars, bell cord guide for railway, S. L. Finley              228,253
+Cars upon railways, running, J. R. Cox                       228,176
+Carbureting gas and air, W. M. Jackson                       228,357
+Card teeth, apparatus for tempering wire for,
+  W. F. Bateman                                              228,301
+Carpet fastener, W. Bray                                     228,306
+Carpet lining, G. J. Bicknell                                228,168
+Carpet sweeper, B. W. Johnson                                228,358
+Carriage top, E. S. Scripture (r)                              9,230
+Carriage top rest, G. Miles                                  228,211
+Cartridge shells, machine for drawing, A. C. Hobbs           228,197
+Centering machine, J. E. Dimsey                              228,249
+Chair seats and backs, making, F. D. Newton                  228,377
+Chandelier, extension, G. Bohner                             228,244
+Cheese press, M. B. Fraser (r)                                 9,228
+Cheese press, G. F. White                                    228,291
+Cheese vat, J. B. Marquis                                    228,366
+Chuck, J. H. Westcott                                        228,426
+Churn, E. Rhoades (r)                                          9,225
+Clock, alarm, F. Krober                                      228,202
+Clock, calendar, C. S. Lewis                                 228,261
+Clock case, G. Havell                                        228,193
+Cloth pressing machine, P. Miller                            228,375
+Clutch, W. J. Ray                                            228,276
+Cockle separator, D. Brubaker                                228,310
+Collar, horse, T. Hepburn                                    228,351
+Commode, A. Climie                                           228,313
+Copying process, dry, Kwaysser & Husak                       228,362
+Cork tapering machine, F. L. Blair                           228,169
+Corn husking machine, F. L. Collis                           228,174
+Corn husking machine roller, E. A. Bourquin                  228,305
+Corn popper, D. Lumbert                                      228,205
+Cornice, window, H. F. Gray                                  228,189
+Cranks, device for overcoming the dead points
+  of, C. L. Fleischmann                                      228,185
+Crochet needles, manufacture of, J. A. Smith                 228,404
+Crucible furnaces, hydrocarbon burner for, I. M. Seamans     228,281
+Cutlery, pocket, J. W. Ayers                                 228,163
+Danger signal, M. A. Vosburgh                                228,232
+Diagram for theaters, etc., H. T. Lemon                      228,204
+Domestic boiler, C. Friedeborn                               228,339
+Drawing, apparatus for assisting in, W. B. O. Peabody        228,273
+Drying apparatus, W. J. Johnson                              228,259
+Electrotype mould, E. B. Sheldon                             228,224
+Exercising machine, F. Saunders                              228,277
+Eyeglasses, J. Schaffer                                      228,399
+Fan, M. Rubin                                                228,394
+Fastening device, E. F. Miller                               228,373
+Faucet attachment, C. A. Raggio                              228,219
+Fence nail, wire, E. L. Warren                               228,236
+Fertilizers, process and apparatus for the manufacture
+  of, W. Plumer                                              228,387
+Firearm, breech-loading, W. H. Baker                         228,165
+Fluted fabrics, machine for creasing, E. Brosemann           228,309
+Fruit basket, H. B. Crandall                                 228,248
+Fuel, process and apparatus for burning pulverized,
+  A. Faber de Faur                                           228,334
+Furnace, B. F. Smith                                         228,405
+Gas, making illuminating, T. J. F. Regan                     228,392
+Gate, E. J. Clark                                            228,314
+Gate roller, F. W. Holbrook                                  228,354
+Gelatine or ichthyocolla from salted fish skins,
+  extracting, J. S. Rogers (r)                                 9,226
+Glass furnace, T. B. Atterbury                               228,296
+Glassware, machine for grinding, A. M. Bacon                 228,164
+Glove fastener, Smith & Hassall                              228,403
+Governor, elevator, I. H. Small                              228,284
+Governor for marine engines, W. U. Fairbairn                 228,252
+Governor for middlings purifiers, etc., feed, W. Donlon      228,180
+Grain conveyer, pneumatic, F. A. Luckenbach                  228,206
+Grain meter, J. B. Stoner                                    228,229
+Grain separator, magnetic, C. E. Fritz (r)                     9,229
+Grate, fire, E. Moneuse                                      228,376
+Grinding and polishing wheel, G. Hart                        228,257
+Hammer lifter, drop, C. G. Cross                             228,324
+Harness, breast, J. W. Cooper                                228,175
+Harrow, S. A. Bollinger                                      228,303
+Harrow, C. W. Page                                           228,382
+Harvester, Jones & Emerson                                   228,359
+Header, guiding, W. H. Keen                                  228,260
+Heating and ventilating apparatus, J. W. Geddes              228,188
+Hinge, spring, L. Bommer                                     228,304
+Hitching strap, J. C. Covert                                 228,322
+Hoes and other tools, eye for, J. R. Thomas                  228,419
+Hog holder and nose ring carrier, W. A. Stark                228,286
+Horse hoof pad, A. J. Lockie                                 228,262
+Horse power equalizer, W. T. G. Cobb                         228,173
+Horse power sweep, J. Branning                               228,307
+Horseshoe nail machine, J. Roy                               228,220
+Hose coupling, S. Adlam, Jr.                                 228,161
+Hose coupling, M. B. Hill                                    228,196
+Hot air furnace, B. W. Felton                                228,336
+Hydraulic joint, E. D. Meier                                 228,209
+Indigo blue, making artificial, A. Baeyer                    228,300
+Lamp, car, G. Seagrave                                       228,402
+Lamp globe, G. Chappel                                       228,247
+Lamp, street, J. G. Miner                                    228,265
+Last, W. J. Crowley                                          228,178
+Latch, G. L. Crandal                                         228,323
+Life protector for railway rails, E. J. Hoffman              228,353
+Lifting jack, J. State                                       228,285
+Lithographic press, J. A. Parks                              228,271
+Lock, C. F. Otto                                             228,379
+Locomotive, J. B. Smith                                      228,406
+Locomotive cone, F. A. Perry                                 228,386
+Locomotive engine, J. W. Clardy                              228,172
+Locomotive lubricator, W. P. Phillips                        228,215
+Loom for weaving gauze fabrics, A. McLean                    228,372
+Loom shedding mechanism, H. Halcroft                         228,191
+Loom temple, E. Hamilton                                     228,346
+Loom temple, J. & L. Hardaker                                228,256
+Lubricator, W. P. Phillips                          228,216, 228,217
+Mash machine, W. Craig                                       228,177
+Mash rake, whisky, D. L. Graves                              228,190
+Mash stirrer, G. Schock                                      228,222
+Measuring machine, cloth, B. K. Parker                       228,381
+Middlings purifier, J. B. Martin                             228,367
+Milk cooler, T. Stahler                                      228,412
+Milk pail holder, A. C. Dodge                                228,327
+Mining and excavating apparatus, E. M. Hugentobler           228,356
+Mortising machine, E. H. N. Clarkson (r)                       9,221
+Nickel, solution for electro-deposition of, J. Powell        228,389
+Oil and lard oil, treatment of petroleum lubricating,
+  H. V. P. Draper                                            228,181
+Ore separator, magnetic, T. A. Edison                        228,329
+Packing for piston rods, etc., metallic,
+  L. Katzenstein                                             228,200
+Packing for steam engines, spring, J. W. Smith               228,225
+Packing, piston, W. M. Thompson, Jr.                         228,420
+Packing, piston rod, R. B. H. Gould                          228,341
+Padlock, McDonald & McAllister (r)                           228,371
+Pantaloons, F. H. Carney                                     228,246
+Paper bag machine, C. A. Chandler                            228,312
+Paper floor covering, compound, H. Hayward                   228,194
+Paper for bank notes, checks, etc., J Sangster               228,221
+Parchment or toughening paper, making artificial,
+  L. H. G. Ehrhardt                                          228,328
+Pens, pointing, E. Wiley                                     228,427
+Permutation lock, J. B. Cook                                 228,316
+Photo-negatives, producing, embellishing, and retouching,
+  W. D. Osborne                                              228,380
+Photographic background, accessory for forming, W. F. Ashe   228,295
+Picture support, G. H. Brown                                 228,308
+Pillow sham holder, M. A. Steers                             228,414
+Pipes, tubing etc., protector for the threaded ends of,
+  H. E. Boyd                                                 228,171
+Planter, corn, R. H. C. Enyeart                              228,332
+Planter, corn, A. Hearst                                     228,258
+Planter, corn, A. Runstetler                                 228,396
+Plow attachment, J. R. Harbaugh                              228,192
+Plumbers' traps, manufacture of, J. McCloskey                228,369
+Preserving evaporated fruits and vegetables,
+  H. G. Hulburd                                              228,198
+Printer's chase, J. Kingsland, Jr.                           228,201
+Printer's quoin, C. G. Squintani                             228,410
+Printer's type case, J. T. Edson                             228,251
+Pulley, J. B. Stockham                                       228,415
+Pump, W. S. Laney                                            228,203
+Pump, lift, P. T. Perkins                                    228,383
+Pump, rotary, J. Hallner                                     228,344
+Pump, steam jet, Randall & Tuttle                            228,275
+Railway heads, stop motion for, H. T. Spencer                228,407
+Railway joints, angle splice for, J. D. Hawks                228,347
+Railway signal apparatus, electric, O. Gassett               228,187
+Range, D. H. Nation                        228,268, 228,269, 228,270
+Reclining chair, T. G. Maguire                               228,263
+Refrigerating and ice making apparatus, C. P. G. Linde       228,364
+Rivets, making tubular, G. W. Tucker                         228,423
+Rock drills and earth augers, machine for operating,
+  G. Taylor                                                  228,418
+Rubber bottles, etc., closing the openings in India,
+  T. J. Mayall                                               228,207
+Rubber, ornamenting hard, H., O., & M. Traun                 228,290
+Sash cord fastener and sash lock, combined,
+  E. V. Heaford                                              228,349
+Sash cord guide, E. H. N. Clarkson (r)                         9,222
+Sash fastener, S. P. Jackson                                 228,199
+Sash fastening, J. Pusey                                     228,274
+Sawing machine, circular, P. Pryibil                         228,218
+Sawing machine, drag, S. F. Steele                           228,413
+Sawing machine, drag, A. Wilkins                             228,237
+Screw bolt, L. Strauss                                       228,288
+Screw threads, device for cutting, J. C. Williams            228,429
+Sealing packages, E. A. McAlpin                              228,368
+Seaming machine, F. A. Walsh                        228,234, 228,235
+Sewing machine balance wheel pulley, E. Flather              228,184
+Sheet metal joint, C. Wright                                 228,240
+Shirt, G. C. Henning                                         228,195
+Shoe, J. J. Snyder                                           228,226
+Shoe nail, Z. Talbot                                         228,417
+Shoe support, rubber, J. G. Foreman                          228,338
+Shoulder brace, C. A. Williamson                             228,238
+Sign, flexible, F. Tuchfarber (r)                              9,223
+Skiving machine, W. S. Fitzgerald                            228,183
+Skylight, W. D. Smith                                        228,282
+Smoker's kit, T. V. Curtis                                   228,325
+Soap and other materials, apparatus for mixing,
+  W., Sr., W., Jr., & A. W. Cornwall                         228,320
+Soap, machine for mixing materials for making,
+  W., Sr., W., Jr., & A. W. Cornwall                         228,319
+Soap, process and apparatus for remelting, W., Jr.,
+  & A. W. Cornwall                                           228,321
+Soda water, apparatus for generating gas for, J. Collins     228,315
+Spark arrester, locomotive, D. P. Wright                     228,431
+Spool box, C. Tollner                                        228,289
+Stamp, hand, T. Berridge                                     228,243
+Stamp, postage, J. Macdonough                                228,365
+Steam engine, J. C. Miller                                   228,374
+Steam engine recorder, G. H. Crosby                          228,179
+Steam generator, N. Eaton                                    228,250
+Stove, A. C. Barstow                                         228,166
+Stove grate, J. Moore, Jr                                    228,266
+Stove, hay, Stocum & Merrill                                 228,287
+Stove, magazine, C. Seavor                                   228,401
+Surface gauge, F. J. Rabbeth                                 228,391
+Swarm catcher, J. W. Bailey                                  228,299
+Syringe attachment, S Turner                                 228,422
+Tackle or pulley block, T. R. Ferrall                        228,335
+Telephone, S. Russell                                        228,395
+Telephone circuit switch, G. L. Anders                       228,294
+Telephones, dental attachment for, H. G. Fiske               228,254
+Testing machine, T. Olsen                                    228,214
+Textile and other materials, machine for cutting,
+  A. Warth (r)                                                 9,232
+Textile fabrics, machine for cutting, A. Warth (r)             9,231
+Ticket holder, C. Scherich                                   228,280
+Ticket, railway, F. C. Nims                                  228,213
+Tobacco caddy, R. Finzer                                     228,182
+Tobacco hoisting apparatus, W. S. Guy                        228,342
+Tongs, pipe, S. Fawcett                                      228,333
+Toy, creeping, P. Von Erichsen                               228,231
+Treadle mechanism, D. S. Van Wyck                            228,424
+Treadle power machine, G. W. Ziegler                         228,432
+Tree protector, J. W. Richards                               228,393
+Trimmings, flitter for milliners', J. Lambert                228,363
+Tube machine, D. Appel                                       228,162
+Valve, balanced, E. D. Meier                                 228,210
+Vapor burner, W. H. Smith (r)                                  9,227
+Vehicle spring, H. M. Keith                                  228,360
+Vent for beer barrels, O. Zwietusch                          228,292
+Vessels, apparatus for unloading coal, etc., from,
+  Cooney & Swanston                                          228,317
+Vise and clamp, J. Brady                                     228,245
+Wagon, road, C. W. Saladee                                   228,397
+Wagon running gear, G. W. Burr                               228,311
+Wash boiler, O. Tilton                                       228,230
+Washing and wringing machine, combined, C. H. Wood           228,239
+Washing machine, J. B. Pettit                                228,272
+Water closets, flushing cistern for, S. G. McFarland         228,264
+Water heater, K. McDonald                                    228,208
+Water heater, fireplace, I. B. Potts                         228,388
+Whiffletree hook, E. Hanrahan                                228,345
+Windlass locking gear, Remington & Manton (r)                  9,233
+Windmill, A. H. Smith                                        228,283
+Window screen, R. Perrin                                     228,384
+Wire stretcher, H. Hemenway                                  228,350
+Wood bit, L. Thuston                                         228,421
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DESIGNS.
+
+Carpets, T. J. Stearns                              11,800 to 11,803
+Carriage door fender, M. Wiard                                11,805
+Coffin lid lifters, J. W. Rogers                              11,798
+Fringe for knitted fabrics, G. Upton                          11,804
+Funeral ornaments, J. W. Rogers                               11,799
+Key bow, G. S. Barkentin                                      11,794
+Medal batteries, Lewis & Brice                                11,796
+Pencil cases, L. W. Fairchild                                 11,795
+Statuary, group of, J. Rogers                                 11,797
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRADE MARKS.
+
+Cigars, E. Aschermann & Co                                     7,924
+Cigars, Giglio & Freschi                                       7,926
+Dry goods, Eddystone Manufacturing Co                   7,931, 7,933
+Flour, B. R. Pegram, Jr.                                7,727, 7,728
+Prints, Eddystone Manufacturing Company                        7,932
+Soap, C. Davis & Co                                            7,925
+Teas, table, Sanders & George                                  7,912
+Velocipedes, N. S. C. Perkins                                  7,929
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH PATENTS ISSUED TO AMERICANS.
+
+FROM MAY 25 TO JUNE 1, 1880, INCLUSIVE.
+
+Anthracite, obtaining, C. M. Warren, Norfolk, Mass.
+Burners and generators for hydrocarbons, E. G. Furber, New York city.
+Corsets, L. C. Warner, New York city.
+Engines, locomotive, W. P. Hauszey, Philadelphia, Pa.
+Filtering apparatus, G. H. Moore, Norwich, Conn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS
+
+
+INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION  - - - 75 CENTS A LINE.
+
+BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION - - - $1.00 A LINE.
+
+(About eight words to a line.)
+
+_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by
+measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received
+at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear in next
+issue._
+
+-->The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers a circulation
+of not less than 50,000 copies every weekly issue.
+
+
+_Fifth Edition Just Ready._
+
+THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL MACHINIST
+
+Embracing Lathe Work, Vise Work, Drills and Drilling,
+Taps and Dies, Hardening and Tempering, the Making
+and Use of Tools, etc., etc. By Joshua Rose. Illustrated
+by 130 engravings. Fifth edition, revised. In
+one vol., 12mo., 376 pages. Price $2.50 by mail, free of
+postage.
+
+CONTENTS: Chapter I. Lathe and Machine Tools.
+II. Cutting Speed and Feed. III. Boring Tools for Lathe
+Work. IV. Screw-cutting Tools. V. General Observations
+on Lathe Work. VI. Turning Eccentrics. VII.
+Hand Turning. VIII. Drilling in the Lathe. IX. Boring
+Bars. X. Laps. XI. Twist Drills. XII. Tool Steel.
+XIII. Taps and Dies. XIV. Vise-work Tools. XV.
+Fitting Connecting Rods. XVI. Milling Machines and
+Milling Tools. XVII. To Calculate the Speed of Wheels,
+Pulleys, etc. XVIII. The Slide Valve. XIX. How to
+Set a Slide Valve. XX. Pumps Index.
+
+We also publish:
+
+THE MODERN PRACTICE OF AMERICAN MACHINISTS
+AND ENGINEERS. By Egbert P. Watson. Illustrated
+by 86 engravings. 12mo, $2 50
+
+-->The above or any of our Books sent by mail, free
+of postage, at the publication price.
+
+Our new and enlarged CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL
+AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS--96 pages, 8vo--sent free to any
+one who will furnish his address.
+
+HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.,
+Industrial Publishers, Booksellers, and Importers,
+810 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
+
+
+FOR SALE,
+A full set of Patent Office Reports, from 1849 to 1872.
+Price $60. Apply to C. M. ALEXANDER, Washington, D. C.
+
+
+BAND SAWS
+AND
+PLANERS
+a specialty.
+
+C. Hodgkins & Son,
+Marlboro, N. H.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+1880                     1880
+PITTSBURGH EXPOSITION SOCIETY.
+THE FOURTH
+EXPOSITION AND FAIR
+Will open to the public Thursday, September 2, and remain
+open day and evening (Sundays excepted) until
+Saturday, October 9th, 1880.
+
+Blank forms of application for space, Prospectus, and
+Premium list may be had by addressing the secretary.
+
+Exhibitors are earnestly requested to make early application
+for space, thus enabling the managers to better
+arrange the whole Exhibition.
+
+New Machinery Hall; new Engine and Boilers.
+
+Manufacturers and Inventors should avail themselves
+of the unsurpassed facilities offered by this Exposition
+for the introduction of new machinery to the public.
+
+OFFICE, GERMANIA BANK BUILDING, 89 WOOD ST.
+P.O. BOX 895.
+
+E. P. YOUNG, I. C. PATTERSON,
+General Manager. Secretary.
+JOHN D. BAILEY, Asst. Manager and Cashier.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+-->SEND STAMP FOR CATALOGUE.
+TOOLS:
+TAPS & DIES
+VISES
+CHUCKS  TWIST DRILLS
+MACHINE SCREWS
+LATHES  FILES
+STUBS TOOLS & STEEL
+TALLMAN & McFADDEN--PHILADELPHIA.]
+
+
+CIGAR BOX LUMBER,
+
+MANUFACTURED BY OUR NEW PATENT PROCESS.
+
+THE BEST IN THE WORLD.
+
+SPANISH CEDAR,
+  MAHOGANY,
+    POPLAR
+
+ALSO THIN LUMBER OF ALL OTHER KINDS, 1/8 TO ½ IN., AT CORRESPONDING
+PRICES. ALL QUALITIES. EQUAL IN ALL RESPECTS TO
+ANY MADE, AND AT PRICES MUCH UNDER ANY TO BE OBTAINED
+OUTSIDE OF OUR ESTABLISHMENT. SEND FOR PRICE LIST.
+
+GEO. W. READ & CO.,
+186 TO 200 LEWIS STREET, N. Y.
+
+
+MOSQUITO CATCHER.
+
+WILL CLEAR YOUR ROOM IN A FEW MINUTES WITHOUT SMOKE,
+SOIL, OR GREASE. PRICE 50 CENTS. SEND FOR CIRCULAR. AGENTS
+WANTED EVERYWHERE. GOOD TERMS. L. T. JONES,
+166 LIGHT STREET, BALTIMORE, MD.
+
+
+ROOTS' NEW IRON BLOWER.
+
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+
+POSITIVE BLAST.
+IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED
+IS SIMPLER, AND HAS
+FEWER PARTS THAN ANY OTHER BLOWER.
+P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, MANUF'RS,
+CONNERSVILLE, IND.
+
+S. S. TOWNSEND, GEN. AGT., {6 CORTLANDT ST.,  }
+                           {8 DEY STREET,     } NEW
+WM. COOKE, SELLING AGT., 6 CORTLANDT STREET,  } YORK.
+JAS. BEGGS & CO., SELLING AGTS., 8 DEY STREET,}
+
+-->SEND FOR PRICED CATALOGUE.
+
+
+FOUR SIDED MOULDER, WITH OUTSIDE
+BEARING. WE MANUFACTURE 5 SIZES OF THESE MOULDERS.
+ALSO ENDLESS BED PLANERS,
+MORTISERS AND BORERS. TENONING
+MACHINES, SASH DOVETAILERS.
+BLIND RABBETING
+MACHINES. ALSO A LARGE
+VARIETY OF OTHER WOOD
+WORKING MACHINES.
+
+ADDRESS
+LEVI HOUSTON, MONTGOMERY, PA.
+
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+
+
+STEAM PUMPS.
+THE NORWALK IRON WORKS CO.,
+SOUTH NORWALK, CONN.
+
+
+THE BLAKE "LION AND EAGLE" CRUSHER,
+A patented improvement of the former "New Pattern" Blake machine.
+Has much greater efficiency than the old. It requires only about half
+the power to drive, and is transported at much less expense (the size
+most used weighing several thousand pounds less than the unimproved
+machine). It requires less than half the time in oiling and other
+manipulation, and less than half the expense for repairs. Address
+
+E. S. BLAKE & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
+Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers.
+
+[2 Illustrations]
+
+
+DELAMATER STEAM PUMPS
+For every variety of work
+WATERWORKS PUMPING ENGINES
+DELAMATER IRON WORKS
+Boiler Makers, Engine Builders,
+and Founders,
+
+Office, No. 10 CORTLANDT ST.,
+
+Works, Foot of W. 18th St., North River, New York.
+
+ESTABLISHED 1841.
+
+
+MODEL ENGINES
+
+Complete sets of CASTINGS
+for making small Model steam Engines
+1½ in. bore, 3 in. stroke, price, $4;
+ditto 2 in. bore, 4 in. stroke,
+price, $10, same style as cut.
+Gear Wheels and Parts of Models.
+All kinds of Small Tools and Materials.
+Catalogue Free.
+GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN,
+176 Washington Street,
+Boston, Mass.
+
+
+STUTTERING CURED by Bates' Appliances. Send
+for description to SIMPSON & Co., Box 2236, New York.
+
+
+SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST.
+DRIVEN OR TUBE WELLS
+furnished to large consumers of Croton and Ridgewood
+Water. WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., 235 Broadway, N. Y.,
+who control the patent for Green's American Driven Well.
+
+
+THE DRIVEN WELL.
+Town and County privileges for making DRIVEN
+WELLS and selling Licenses under the established
+AMERICAN DRIVEN WELL PATENT, leased by the year
+to responsible parties, by
+
+WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO.,
+235 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
+
+
+ROOFING.
+For steep or flat roofs. Applied by ordinary workmen
+at one-third the cost of tin. Circulars and samples free.
+
+Agents Wanted. T. NEW, 32 John Street, New York.
+
+
+XX COT (NOT PAINTED, WHITE DUCK) $2.
+
+[Illustration: Painted Red, Brown Canvas and Fancy Bolster, $2.50.
+Painted Red, Striped Canvas and Fancy Bloster, $3.00.
+
+COT FOLDED
+XX CANVAS COT
+27 IN. WIDE
+MEAS. ½ CUBIC FT.]
+
+Makes a perfect bed. No mattress or pillows required.
+Better than a hammock, as it fits the body as pleasantly,
+and lies _straight_. Folded or opened instantly. Self-fastening.
+It is just the thing for hotels, offices, cottages, camp-meetings,
+sportsmen, etc. Good for the lawn, piazza, or
+"coolest place in the house." Splendid for invalids or children.
+Sent on receipt of price, or C. O. D. For 50 CTS.
+EXTRA, with order, I will prepay expressage to any railroad
+station east of Mississippi River and north of Mason
+and Dixon's line. For 75 CENTS, in Minnesota, Missouri,
+and Iowa.
+
+HERMON W. LADD, 108 FULTON ST., BOSTON;
+207 Canal St., New York; 165 North Second St.,
+Phila.; 94 Market St., Chicago. SEND FOR CIRCULARS.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+RUBBER BACK SQUARE PACKING,
+BEST IN THE WORLD
+
+[Illustration]
+
+FOR PACKING THE PISTON RODS AND VALVE STEMS OF STEAM ENGINES AND PUMPS.
+
+B represents that part of the packing which, when in use, is in contact
+with the Piston Rod.
+
+A the elastic back, which keeps the part B against the rod with
+sufficient pressure to be steam-tight, and yet creates but little
+friction.
+
+This Packing is made in lengths of about 20 feet, and of all sizes
+from ¼ to 2 inches square.
+
+JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas. NEW YORK BELTING & PACKING CO.,
+37 & 38 Park Row, New York.
+
+
+JOHN R. WHITLEY & CO.
+
+European Representatives of American Houses, with
+First-class Agents in the principal industrial and agricultural
+centers and cities in Europe. London, 7 Poultry, E. C.
+Paris, 8 Place Vendôme. Terms on application.
+J. R. W. & Co. purchase Paris goods on commission at
+shippers' discounts.
+
+
+STEAM HEATING APPARATUS
+LIGHTS PATENTS
+24 SIZES OF BOILERS RADIATION 28 PER
+CENT SUPERIOR TO ANY OTHER.
+ADDRESS: EUREKA STEAM HEATING CO.
+ROCHESTER, N. Y.
+
+
+GRAIN SPECULATION
+
+in large or small amounts. $25 or $25,000. Write
+W. T. SOULE & CO., Commission Merchants,
+130 La Salle St., CHICAGO. ILL., for Circulars.
+
+
+TELEPHONE
+Works 1 mile.
+Price $3.50. Pat'd.
+Circulars free. HOLCOMB & CO., Mallet Creek, Ohio.
+
+
+JOHNSON'S PATENT UNIVERSAL LATHE CHUCK.
+[Illustration]
+Lambertville Iron Works, Lambertville, N. J.
+
+
+GREEN HOUSE
+HEATING AND
+VENTILATING
+APPARATUS.
+
+BASE BURNING
+WATER HEATERS.
+
+For Small Conservatories.
+
+HITCHINGS & CO.,
+No. 233 Mercer Street,
+New York.
+
+
+POND'S TOOLS,
+
+Engine Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.
+
+DAVID W. POND, Worcester, Mass.
+
+
+LATHES, PLANERS SHAPERS
+
+Drills, Bolt and Gear Cutters, Milling Machines. Special
+Machinery. E. GOULD & EBERHARDT, Newark, N. J.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+COE BRASS MFG. CO.
+BRASS AND COPPER IN SHEETS.
+WIRE AND BLANKS.
+WOLCOTTVILLE, CONN.
+MATERIALS FOR METALLIC.
+AMMUNITION A SPECIALTY.]
+
+
+BUCKET PLUNGER STEAM PUMPS,
+FOR EVERY DUTY.
+BUCK VALLEY MACHINE CO.,
+EASTHAMPTON, MASS.
+
+
+GRISCOM & CO'S
+VALVE REFITTING MACHINE.
+[Illustration]
+POTTSVILLE,
+PA.
+
+
+STEEL CASTINGS
+
+From ¼ to 15,000 lb. weight, true to pattern, of unequaled
+strength, toughness, and durability. 15,000 Crank Shafts
+and 10,000 Gear Wheels of this steel now running prove
+its superiority over all other Steel Castings. Send for
+circular and price list.
+CHESTER STEEL CASTINGS Co., 407 Library St., Phila, Pa.
+
+
+CARNEGIE BROS & CO
+UNION IRON MILLS
+PITTSBURGH PA.
+
+WROUGHT IRON BEAMS
+CHANNELS TEES & ANGLES
+
+The attention of Architects, Engineers, and Builders
+is called to the great decline in prices of wrought
+STRUCTURAL IRON.
+
+It is believed that, were owners fully aware of the small
+difference in cost which now exists between iron and
+wood, the former, in many cases, would be adopted,
+thereby saving _insurance_ and avoiding all risk of _interruption_
+to _business_ in consequence of fire. Book of detailed
+information furnished to Architects, Engineers,
+and Builders, on application.
+
+
+ALAND'S
+Silent Injector,
+Blower & Exhauster.
+Apply to
+S. ALAND,
+Rome, Oneida
+Co., N. Y.
+[Illustration]
+
+
+WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY,
+Such as Woodworth Planing, Tonguing, and Grooving
+Machines, Daniel's Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved
+Tenon Machines, Mortising, Moulding, and
+Re-Saw Machines. Eastman's Pat. Miter Machines, and
+Wood-Working Machinery generally. Manufactured by
+WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON,
+26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass.
+(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL & CO.)
+
+
+SHAFTS, PULLEYS, HANGERS, ETC.
+Full assortment in store for immediate delivery.
+WM. SELLERS & CO.,
+79 Liberty Street, New York.
+
+
+PORTER MANUF'G CO.
+[Illustration]
+[Illustration: The New Economizer Boiler]
+The New Economizer,
+the only Agricultural Engine with Return Flue
+Boiler in use.
+Send for circular to
+PORTER MFG. Co., Limited,
+Syracuse, N. Y.
+G. G. YOUNG, Gen. Agt., 42 Cortland St., New York.
+
+
+FORSTER'S ROCK & ORE BREAKER AND COMBINED CRUSHER AND PULVERIZER.
+
+[Illustration]
+_The simplest machine ever devised for the purpose._
+Parties who have used it constantly for six years testify that it
+will do _double_ the work of _any other Crusher_, with one-third
+the Power, and one-half the expense for keeping in repair.
+The smaller sizes can be run with Horse Power.
+Address TOTTEN & CO., Pittsburgh Pa.
+
+
+STEAM PUMPS.
+
+HENRY R. WORTHINGTON.
+
+239 BROADWAY, N. Y.
+83 WATER ST., BOSTON.
+709 MARKET ST., ST. LOUIS, MO.
+
+THE WORTHINGTON PUMPING ENGINES FOR WATER
+WORKS--Compound, Condensing or Non-Condensing.
+Used in over 100 Water-Works Stations.
+
+WORTHINGTON STEAM PUMPS of all sizes and for all
+purposes.
+
+PRICES BELOW THOSE OF ANY
+OTHER STEAM PUMP IN
+THE MARKET.
+
+WATER METERS. OIL METERS.
+
+
+KNOW THYSELF.
+
+The untold miseries that result
+from indiscretion in early life
+may be alleviated and cured.
+Those who doubt this assertion
+should purchase the new medical
+work published by the PEABODY
+MEDICAL INSTITUTE, Boston,
+entitled THE SCIENCE OF
+LIFE; or, SELF-PRESERVATION.
+Exhausted vitality,
+nervous and physical debility, or
+vitality impaired by the errors of
+youth, or too close application to business,
+may be restored and manhood regained.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Two hundredth edition, revised and enlarged, just
+published. It is a standard medical work, the best in
+the English language, written by a physician of great
+experience, to whom was awarded a gold and jeweled
+medal by the National Medical Association. It contains
+beautiful and very expensive engravings. Three
+hundred pages, more than 50 valuable prescriptions for
+all forms of prevailing disease, the result of many years
+of extensive and successful practice, either one of
+which is worth ten times the price of the book. Bound
+in French cloth; price only $1, sent by mail, postpaid.
+
+The London Lancet says: "No person should be
+without this valuable book. The author is a noble
+benefactor."
+
+An illustrated sample sent to all on receipt of 6 cents
+for postage.
+
+The author refers, by permission, to Hon. P. A. BISSELL, M.D.,
+prest. of the National Medical Association.
+Address Dr. W. H. PARKER, No. 4
+Bulfinch Street, Boston, Mass. The
+author may be consulted on all diseases
+requiring skill and experience.
+
+HEAL THYSELF
+
+
+EXTRA BARGAINS.
+
+Town rights, $10; county, $25. Best novelty yet manufactured.
+If you want to make money, address, with stamp,
+J. H. MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+CARY & MOEN
+STEEL WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION
+& STEEL SPRINGS.
+234 W. 29. ST., NEW YORK CITY]
+
+
+"THE 1876 INJECTOR."
+Simple, Durable, and Reliable. Requires no special
+valves. Send for illustrated circular.
+WM. SELLERS & CO., Phila.
+
+
+[Illustration: PATENTS.]
+CAVEATS, COPYRIGHTS, LABEL
+REGISTRATION, ETC.
+
+Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication
+of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to examine
+Improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for
+Inventors.
+
+In this line of business they have had OVER THIRTY
+YEARS' EXPERIENCE, and now have _unequaled facilities_
+for the Preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications,
+and the Prosecution of Applications for Patents in the
+United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs.
+Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats,
+Registration of Labels, Copyrights for Books, Labels,
+Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements
+of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done
+with special care and promptness, on very moderate
+terms.
+
+We send free of charge, on application, a pamphlet
+containing further information about Patents and how
+to procure them; directions concerning Labels, Copyrights,
+Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements,
+Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale
+of Patents, etc.
+
+_Foreign Patents_.--We also send, _free of charge_, a
+Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and
+method of securing patents in all the principal countries
+of the world. American inventors should bear in
+mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable
+to the patentee in this country is worth equally as
+much in England and some other foreign countries.
+Five patents--embracing Canadian, English, German,
+French, and Belgian--will secure to an inventor the exclusive
+monopoly to his discovery among about ONE
+HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLIONS of the most intelligent
+people in the world. The facilities of business and
+steam communication are such that patents can be obtained
+abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at
+home. The expense to apply for an English patent is
+$75; German, $100; French, $100; Belgian, $100; Canadian, $50.
+
+_Copies of Patents_.--Persons desiring any patent
+issued from 1836 to November 20, 1866, can be supplied
+with official copies at reasonable cost, the price depending
+upon the extent of drawings and length of
+specifications.
+
+Any patent issued since November 20, 1866, at which
+time the Patent Office commenced printing the drawings
+and specifications, may be had by remitting to
+this office $1.
+
+A copy of the claims of any patent issued since 1836
+will be furnished for $1.
+
+When ordering copies, please to remit for the same
+as above, and state name of patentee, title of invention,
+and date of patent.
+
+A pamphlet, containing full directions for obtaining
+United States patents sent free. A handsomely bound
+Reference Book, gilt edges, contains 140 pages and
+many engravings and tables important to every patentee
+and mechanic, and is a useful handbook of reference
+for everybody. Price 25 cents, mailed free.
+
+Address MUNN & CO.,
+Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
+37 Park Row, New York.
+
+_BRANCH OFFICE--Corner of F and 7th Streets,
+Washington, D. C._
+
+
+THE HOLLY SYSTEM OF STEAM HEATING
+FOR CITIES AND VILLAGES. HOLLY STEAM COMBINATION CO. LIMITED.
+LOCKPORT N. Y.
+SEE ILLUSTRATED AD. IN LAST NUMBER.
+
+
+THE ASBESTOS PACKING CO.,
+Miners and Manufacturers of Asbestos,
+BOSTON, MASS.,
+OFFER FOR SALE:
+PATENTED ASBESTOS ROPE     PACKING,
+    "        "    LOOSE       "
+    "        "    JOURNAL     "
+    "        "    WICK        "
+    "        "    MILL BOARD,
+    "        "    SHEATHING PAPER,
+    "        "    FLOORING FELT.
+    "        "    CLOTH.
+
+
+COLUMBIA BICYCLE.
+
+A practical road machine. Indorsed
+by the medical profession as the most
+healthful of outdoor sports. Send 3
+cent stamp for 24 page catalogue, with
+price list and full information, or 10
+cents for catalogue and copy of _The
+Bicycling World_.
+
+THE POPE M'F'G CO.,
+89 Summer Street, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+MACHINISTS' TOOLS.
+NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS.
+Send for new illustrated catalogue.
+Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c,
+NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO.,
+New Haven, Conn.
+
+
+H. W. JOHNS'
+ASBESTOS
+
+LIQUID PAINTS, ROOFING, BOILER COVERINGS,
+Steam Packing, Sheathings, Fireproof Coatings, Cements,
+SEND FOR SAMPLES, ILLUSTRATED PAMPHLET, AND PRICE LIST.
+H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y.
+
+
+THE GEORGE PLACE MACHINERY AGENCY
+Machinery of Every Description
+121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.
+
+
+THE WATSON PUMP, FOR ARTESIAN, OR DEEPWELL PUMPING,
+PISTON ROD, PLUNGER & WELL ROD IN DIRECT LINE MACHINE
+SIMPLE, EFFICIENT.
+JAMES WATSON, 1508 S. FRONT ST., PHILA.
+
+
+DIES FOR EVERY PURPOSE.
+STILES & PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Ct.
+
+
+BI-SULPHIDE OF CARBON.
+E. R. TAYLOR,
+Cleveland, O.
+
+
+ICE-HOUSE AND REFRIGERATOR.--
+Directions and Dimensions for construction, with one
+illustration of cold house for preserving fruit from
+season to season. The air is kept dry and pure throughout
+the year at a temperature of 34° to 36°. Contained
+in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, 116. Price 10 cents.
+To be had at this office and of all newsdealers.
+
+
+BEECHER & PECK,
+Successors of MILO PECK, Manufacturers of
+PECK'S PATENT DROP PRESS,
+Regular sizes. Hammer
+from 50 to 2,570 Lb. Special
+attention given to making
+of Drop Dies, Drop and Machine
+Forgings.
+
+New Haven, Conn.
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+
+
+17--STOP ORGANS
+Sub-bass and Oct. Coupler, box'd and ship'd only $97.75.
+New Pianos, $195 to $1,600. Before you buy an
+instrument be sure to see my Mid-summer offer, illustrated,
+free. Address Daniel F. Beatty, Washington, N. J.
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+
+INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION  - - - 75 CENTS A LINE.
+BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION - - - $1.00 A LINE.
+(About eight words to a line.)
+
+_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate
+per line, by measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements
+must be received at publication office as early
+as Thursday morning to appear in next issue._
+
+-->The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers
+a circulation of not less than 50,000 copies every
+weekly issue.
+
+
+FOR SALE.--PLYMOUTH MACHINE
+Works, Engine, and Saw Mill. Patterns on hand. Locality
+good. For particulars, call on or address the works.
+Plymouth Machine Works, Plymouth, Richland Co., O.
+
+
+FIRE BRICK, TILE AND CLAY RETORTS ALL SHAPES
+BORGNER & O'BRIEN
+23rd ST, ABOVE RACE, PHILADELPHIA.
+
+
+HOLLY'S IMPROVED WATER WORKS.
+
+Direct Pumping Plan. Advantages: 1. Secures by
+variable pressure a more reliable water supply for all
+purposes. 2. Less cost for construction. 3. Less cost
+for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply for all
+use of Holly's Improved Pumping Machinery. 5. Affords
+the best fire protection in the world. 6. Largely
+reduces insurance risks and premiums. 7. Dispenses
+with fire engines, in whole or in part. 8. Reduces fire
+department expenses. For information, address the
+HOLLY MANUFACTURING CO., Lockport, N. Y.,
+Or PARK BENJAMIN & BRO., Gen. Agents,
+
+49 and 50 Astor House, N. Y. City.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Established 1844.
+
+JOSEPH C. TODD,
+
+Successor to TODD & RAFFERTY,
+
+PATERSON, N. J.,
+
+Engineer and Machinist.
+
+Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum,
+and Bagging Machinery. Steam Engines,
+Boilers, etc. Sole Agent for
+Mayher's New Patent Acme Steam
+Engine and Force Pumps combined.
+Also owner and exclusive manufacturer
+of
+
+THE NEW
+BAXTER PATENT PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE.
+
+These engines are admirably adapted to all kinds of
+light power for driving printing presses, pumping water,
+sawing wood, grinding coffee, ginning cotton, and all
+kinds of agricultural and mechanical purposes, and are
+furnished at the following low prices:
+
+1 Horse Power, $150 | 1½ Horse Power, $190
+2 Horse Power,  245 | 2½ Horse Power,  275
+3 Horse Power.  290 | 4  Horse Power,  350
+
+Send for descriptive circular. Address
+J. C. TODD,
+PATERSON, N. J.
+Or No. 10 Barclay St., New York.
+
+
+EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDING MACHINES.
+
+[Illustration:
+EX INUTILI UTILITAS
+TANITE
+TRADE MARK]
+
+THE TANITE CO.,
+Stroudsburg, Monroe County, Pa.
+
+Orders may be directed to us at any of the following addresses,
+at each of which we carry a stock:
+
+London, Eng., 9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C.
+Liverpool, Eng., 42, The Temple, Dale St.
+Sydney, N. S. W., 11 Pitt St.
+San Francisco, 2 and 4 California St.
+Chicago, 152 and 154 Lake St.
+St. Louis, 209 North Third St.
+ "   "  811 to 819 North Second St.
+Cincinnati, 212 West Second St.
+Indianapolis, Corner Maryland and Delaware Sts.
+Louisville, 427 West Main St.
+Nashville, 28 West Side Public Square.
+New Orleans, 26 Union St.
+
+
+THE NEW YORK ICE MACHINE COMPANY,
+  21 COURTLANDT STREET, ROOM 54.
+Low Pressure Binary Absorption System.
+
+Advantages over other Machines.
+
+Makes 25 per cent. more Ice. Uses only ¼ water of condensation.
+No Pressure at rest. Pressure in running,
+14 pounds. Self-lubricating. No Leaks, non-inflammable.
+No action on Metals. Easy Attendance.
+
+
+WM. A. HARRIS.
+
+PROVIDENCE, R. I. (PARK STREET),
+
+Six minutes walk West from station.
+Original and Only builder of the
+HARRIS-CORLISS ENGINE
+With Harris' Patented Improvements,
+from 10 to 1,000 H.P.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+THE BAKER BLOWER.
+Centennial Judges Report.
+
+"Good Design and Material. Very
+efficient in action. With the special advantages
+that they can  be connected
+for motion directly with engine without
+the use of gearing or belting."
+
+SEND FOR CATALOGUE.
+
+WILBRAHAM BROS.
+No. 2318 Frankford Avenue,
+PHILADELPHIA, PA.
+
+
+BOILER COVERINGS,
+Plastic Cement and Hair Felt, with or without the
+Patent "AIR SPACE" Method.
+ASBESTOS MATERIALS,
+Made from pure Italian Asbestos, in fiber, mill board, and
+round packing. THE CHALMERS-SPENCE CO.,
+40 John Street, and Foot of E. 9th Street, New York.
+
+
+TELEGRAPH and Electrical Supplies.
+Send for Catalogue.
+C. E. JONES & BRO., CINCINNATI, O.
+
+
+WOOD SOLE SHOES.
+
+The cheapest, most durable,
+warm, good looking, and thoroughly
+waterproof shoe. Particularly
+adapted to Brewers,
+Miners, and all classes of laborers.
+Send stamp for circular
+and price list.
+
+CHAS. W. COPELAND,
+122 Summer St., Boston, Mass.
+
+
+BUY NO BOOTS OR SHOES
+
+Unless the soles are protected from wear by _Goodrich's
+Bessemer Steel Rivets. Guaranteed to outwear any other
+sole._ All dealers sell these boots. Taps by mail for 50
+cents in stamps. Send paper pattern of size wanted.
+H. C. GOODRICH, 19 Church St., Worcester, Mass.
+
+
+SPY Glasses, Field & Opera Glasses, MICROSCOPES,
+McALLISTER Magnifying Glasses. Circulars free.
+Mfg Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+PAINTERS attention: send for circulars.
+etc. of my latest Metallic Plates for graining
+oak, walnut, chestnut, ash, etc., in the
+most rapid and excellent manner, no skill
+required. J. J. CALLOW. Cleveland. O.
+
+
+HARTFORD
+STEAM BOILER
+Inspection & Insurance
+COMPANY.
+
+W. B. FRANKLIN, V. Pres't, J. M. ALLEN, Pres't.
+J. B. PIERCE, Sec'y.
+
+
+THE RODIER PATENT SINGLE IRON PLANE.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Made of extra quality iron. A practical labor saving tool.
+Cuts against the grain equally as well as with it. Can be
+adjusted instantly to cut a coarse or fine shaving, and
+excels any double iron plane ever produced.
+Address LAFLIN MANUFACTURING CO.,
+North Elm Street, Westfield, Mass.
+
+
+PYROMETERS,
+
+For showing heat of
+Ovens, Hot Blast Pipes,
+Boiler Flues. Superheated Steam, Oil Stills, etc.
+HENRY W. BULKLEY, Sole Manufacturer,
+149 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+
+THE MACKINNON PEN OR FLUID PENCIL.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Particulars mailed Free.
+MACKINNON PEN CO.,
+200 Broadway, near Fulton St., N. Y.
+
+
+FRIEDMANN'S PATENT INJECTOR,
+The best
+BOILER FEEDER
+In the world.
+Simple, Reliable, and Effective.
+40,000 IN ACTUAL USE.
+NATHAN & DREYFUS,
+Sole Manufacturers, NEW YORK.
+Send for Descriptive Catalogue.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE BACKUS WATER MOTOR]
+
+SUPPLIES FROM HYDRANT PRESSURE
+the cheapest power known.
+Invaluable for blowing Church Organs, running
+Printing Presses, _Sewing Machines in Households_,
+Turning Lathes, Scroll Saws, Grindstones, Coffee Mills,
+Sausage Machines, Feed Cutters, _Electric Lights_,
+Elevators, etc. It needs little room, no firing
+up, fuel, ashes, repairs, engineer, explosion, or delay,
+no extra insurance, no coal bills. Is noiseless, neat,
+compact, steady; will work at any pressure of water
+above 15 lb.; at 40 lb. pressure has 4-horse power, and
+capacity up to 6 or 8 horse power.
+Prices from $15 to $250. Send for circular to
+THE BACKUS WATER MOTOR CO., Newark, N. J.
+
+
+PICTET ARTIFICIAL ICE CO., LIMITED,
+P.O. Box 3083.
+142 Greenwich St., New York.
+Guaranteed to be the most efficient
+and economical of all existing
+Ice and Cold Air Machines.
+
+
+MICROSCOPES, OPERA GLASSES, SPY
+Glasses, Spectacles, Thermometers, Barometers,
+Compasses.
+R. & J. BECK,
+Manufacturing Opticians, Philadelphia, Pa.
+Send for ILLUSTRATED PRICED CATALOGUE.
+
+
+J. STEVENS & CO.,
+P.O. Box 28, Chicopee Falls, Mass.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Manufacturers of Stevens' Patent Breech-Loading
+Sporting and Hunters' Pet Rifles,
+Single and Double Barrel Shot Guns,
+Pocket Rifles, Pocket Shot Guns, Gallery
+Rifles, Superior Spring Calipers and Dividers,
+including the New Patent Coil Spring
+Calipers: also Double Lip Countersinks and
+Hathaways' Patent Combination Gauge.
+
+
+MILL STONES AND CORN MILLS.
+
+We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines,
+Packers, Mill Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and
+Gearing specially adapted to Flour Mills. Send for
+catalogue.
+
+J. T. NOYE & SONS, Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+PATENT COLD ROLLED SHAFTING.]
+
+The fact that this shafting has 75 per cent. greater
+strength, a finer finish, and is truer to gauge, than any
+other in use renders it undoubtedly the most economical.
+We are also the sole manufacturers of the CELEBRATED
+COLLINS' PAT. COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers,
+etc., of the most approved styles. Price list mailed on
+application to JONES & LAUGHLINS,
+Try Street, 2d and 3d Avenues, Pittsburg, Pa.
+190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill.
+
+-->Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by
+FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass.
+Geo. Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., N. Y.
+
+
+LEFFEL WATER WHEELS,
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With recent improvements.
+Prices Greatly Reduced.
+8000 in successful operation.
+FINE NEW PAMPHLET FOR 1879,
+Sent free to those interested.
+
+James Leffel & Co,
+Springfield, O.
+110 Liberty St., N. Y. City.
+
+
+A PLANING MILL OUTFIT FOR SALE
+very low for cash. Will sell all together or each machine
+separate. All first-class machines, good order.
+J. H. KERRICK & CO., Indianapolis, Ind.
+
+
+BOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC MILLS
+--For grinding Bones, Ores, Sand, Old Crucibles,
+Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, Corn and
+Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, Spices,
+Coffee, Cocoanut, Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica etc.,
+and whatever cannot be ground by other mills.
+Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc.
+JOHN W. THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS,
+corner of White and Elm Sts., New York.
+
+
+$3 PRINTING PRESS
+
+[Illustration: The Excelsior]
+
+Print cards labels &c. (Self-inker $5) 13 larger sizes
+For business or pleasure, young or old. Do your own advertising
+and printing. Catalogue of presses, type, cards,
+&c., for 2 stamps. Kelsey & Co. Meriden, Conn.
+
+
+HEKTOGRAPH
+Patents for the process of Dry Copying have been issued to us, dated May
+18 and June 1, 1880. The Hektograph is now the only gelatine copying pad
+which can be used without infringing.
+All infringements will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.
+HEKTOGRAPH CO., 23 and 24 Church Street, New York.
+
+
+THE TANITE CO.,
+
+STROUDSBURG, PA.
+EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS.
+
+LONDON--9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C.
+LIVERPOOL--42 The Temple, Dale St.
+
+
+WOOD WORKING MACHINERY.
+PLANNING, MATCHING, MOLDING, MORTISING,
+TENONING, CARVING, MACHINES.
+BAND & SCROLL SAWS
+UNIVERSAL
+AND
+VARIETY WOOD WORKERS, &c &c.
+J. A. FAY & CO.
+CINCINNATI, O., U. S. A.
+
+
+Metallic Shingles
+
+Make the most DURABLE and ORNAMENTAL ROOF
+in the world. Send for descriptive circular and new
+prices to
+
+IRON CLAD MANUFACTURING CO.,
+
+22 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK.
+
+
+SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED
+$50 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe.
+
+Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses,
+Scrolls, Circular and Band Saws, Saw
+Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist
+Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc. Send for
+catalogue of outfits for amateurs or
+artisans.
+
+H. L. SHEPARD & CO.,
+331, 333, 335. & 337 West Front Street,
+Cincinnati, Ohio.
+
+
+WANTED.--FIRST-CLASS PARTIES IN
+cities to sell Wing's Fan Ventilators. A great success.
+Rare chance to make money. See SCI. AM., Jan. 31, 1880,
+or send for pamphlets, etc. L. J. WING, or THE SIMONDS
+MFG. CO., 50 Cliff Street, New York.
+
+
+CENTENNIAL AND PARIS MEDALS.
+
+Mason's Friction Clutches and Elevators.
+
+"New and Improved Patterns."
+VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Providence, R. I., U. S. A.
+
+
+BROWN'S PAT. SPLIT PULLEYS
+Shafts, Hangers,
+
+At low prices. Largest assortment. A. & F.
+BROWN, 57, 59, & 61 Lewis St., New York.
+
+
+[Illustration: PROSPECTUS]
+
+OF THE
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+FOR 1880.
+
+THE MOST POPULAR SCIENTIFIC PAPER IN THE WORLD.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VOLUME XLIII. NEW SERIES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ONLY $3.20 A YEAR, INCLUDING POSTAGE. WEEKLY.
+52 NUMBERS A YEAR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THIS WIDELY CIRCULATED and splendidly illustrated paper is published
+weekly. Every number contains sixteen pages of useful information,
+and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and
+discoveries, representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery,
+New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures, Chemistry,
+Electricity, Telegraphy, Photography, Architecture, Agriculture,
+Horticulture, Natural History, etc.
+
+ALL CLASSES OF READERS find in THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN a popular
+_resume_ of the best scientific information of the day; and it is the
+aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form, avoiding
+as much as possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind, this
+journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading. It Is
+promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it
+circulates.
+
+TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.--One copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be
+sent for _one year_--52 numbers--postage prepaid, to any subscriber
+in the United States or Canada, on receipt of THREE DOLLARS AND TWENTY
+CENTS by the publishers; six months, $1.60; three months, $1.00.
+
+CLUBS.--ONE EXTRA COPY of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied
+gratis _for every club of five subscribers_ at $3.20 each; additional
+copies at same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid.
+
+One copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and one copy of THE SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT will be sent for one year, postage prepaid, to
+any subscriber in the United States or Canada, on receipt of _seven
+dollars_ by the publishers.
+
+The safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft, or Express. Money
+carefully placed inside of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly
+addressed, seldom goes astray, but is at the sender's risk. Address
+all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable to
+
+MUNN & CO.,
+37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
+
+TO FOREIGN SUBSCRIBERS.--Under the facilities of the Postal Union,
+the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is now sent by post direct from New York, with
+regularity, to subscribers in Great Britain, India, Australia, and all
+other British colonies; to France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Russia,
+and all other European States; Japan, Brazil, Mexico, and all States
+of Central and South America. Terms, when sent to foreign countries,
+Canada excepted, $4, gold, for SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 1 year; $9, gold,
+for both SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and Supplement for 1 year. This includes
+postage, which we pay. Remit by postal order or draft to order of Munn
+& Co, 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS.
+ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard
+Sts., Philadelphia, and 50 Gold St. New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+
+_x_ indicates italic script.
+
+Some archaic (Early American) spellings have been retained.
+
+
+Flour, B. R. Pegram, Jr. ... 7,727, 7,728
+
+7,727, 7,728 are as printed.
+
+(TRADE MARKS.)
+
+
+Error
+
+'pecularities' corrected to 'peculiarities'
+"The distinctive peculiarities of this steamer are the very high
+steam pressure that she carries--..."
+
+(Article 5: 'A REMARKABLE LITTLE STEAMER.')
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No.
+1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ***
+
+***** This file should be named 38482-8.txt or 38482-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/4/8/38482/
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+
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+will be renamed.
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No. 1.
+[New Series.], July 3, 1880, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880
+       A Weekly Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science,
+              Mechanics, Chemistry, And Manufactures
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: January 3, 2012 [EBook #38482]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<a name="top"></a>
+<table summary="transcriber note" width="auto" align="center" style="margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 5em;">
+<tr>
+    <td class="note">
+
+<h4>Transcriber's Note</h4>
+
+<p>Readers using some IE browsers may need to use 'Compatibility View'.</p>
+
+<p>The <a href="#transcriber_note">Errata</a> are at the end of the book.</p>
+<p>(Corrections are also indicated, in the text, by a dotted line underneath the correction.</p>
+<p style="margin-top:-1em;">Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.)</p>
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/title-600.png" width="600" height="107" alt="SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN" border="0" /></div>
+
+<h1>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN</h1>
+
+<h2>A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE,
+MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.</h2>
+
+<h2>NEW YORK, July 3, 1880.</h2>
+
+<h4>Vol. XLIII.&mdash;No. 1. [NEW SERIES.]</h4>
+
+<h4>$3.20 per Annum [POSTAGE PREPAID.]</h4>
+
+<hr />
+<h2>Contents:</h2>
+<p class="center">(Illustrated articles are marked with an
+asterisk.)</p>
+
+<table width="80%" align="center" summary="contents">
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">1</td>
+       <td><a href="#art1">Agricultural inventions</a></td>
+       <td class="right">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">40</td>
+       <td><a href="#art40">Aspirator and compressor*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">38</td>
+       <td><a href="#art38">Astronomical notes</a></td>
+       <td class="right">11</td>
+</tr>
+
+ <tr>
+       <td class="right">25</td>
+       <td><a href="#art25">Baby elephant takes a bath</a></td>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">22</td>
+       <td><a href="#art22">Bath, shower, portable, new*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">11</td>
+       <td><a href="#art11">Boiler explosions, prevention of*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">4</td>
+</tr>
+
+ <tr>
+       <td class="right">37</td>
+       <td><a href="#art37">Canal boat, improved</a></td>
+       <td class="right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">17</td>
+       <td><a href="#art17">Carpetings, etc., printing gold on</a></td>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">30</td>
+       <td><a href="#art30">Chloral hydrate, simple test for</a></td>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td class="right">13</td>
+       <td><a href="#art13">Chloroforming during sleep</a></td>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">34</td>
+       <td><a href="#art34">Corn magnets</a></td>
+       <td class="right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">14</td>
+       <td><a href="#art14">Dipper, watering, improved*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">4</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td class="right">29</td>
+       <td><a href="#art29">Drowned, perseverance with the</a></td>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">15</td>
+       <td><a href="#art15">Electric lamp, improved*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">25</td>
+       <td><a href="#art25">Elephant, baby, takes a bath</a></td>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td class="right">36</td>
+       <td><a href="#art36">Engineering inventions</a></td>
+       <td class="right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">6</td>
+       <td><a href="#art6">Epidemic, strange, a</a></td>
+       <td class="right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">33</td>
+       <td><a href="#art33">Exhibition, international, Sydney*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">8</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td class="right">11</td>
+       <td><a href="#art11">Explosions, boiler, prevention of*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">39</td>
+       <td><a href="#art39">Fires in New York</a></td>
+       <td class="right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">8</td>
+       <td><a href="#art8">Fogs, navigation in*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">3</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+       <td class="right">16</td>
+       <td><a href="#art16">Fruit, preserving app. for*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td class="right">3</td>
+       <td><a href="#art3">Gas machine, Maxim's*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">3</td>
+       <td><a href="#art3">Gas making, simple process*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">20</td>
+       <td><a href="#art20">Genessee Falls, utilization of</a></td>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+       <td class="right">33</td>
+       <td><a href="#art33">Horology, report of judges*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">33</td>
+       <td><a href="#art33">International exhibition, Sydney*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">1</td>
+       <td><a href="#art1">Inventions, agricultural</a></td>
+       <td class="right">1</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+       <td class="right">36</td>
+       <td><a href="#art36">Inventions, engineering</a></td>
+       <td class="right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">24</td>
+       <td><a href="#art24">Inventions, mechanical</a></td>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">12</td>
+       <td><a href="#art12">Inventions, miscellaneous</a></td>
+       <td class="right">4</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+       <td class="right">42</td>
+       <td><a href="#art42">Inventions, new</a></td>
+       <td class="right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">9</td>
+       <td><a href="#art9">Iron, effect of age on quality</a></td>
+       <td class="right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">15</td>
+       <td><a href="#art15">Lamp, electric, improved*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+       <td class="right">23</td>
+       <td><a href="#art23">Leadville mines and railroads*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">34</td>
+       <td><a href="#art34">Magnets, corn</a></td>
+       <td class="right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">35</td>
+       <td><a href="#art35">Materials, resistance of, exp. on</a></td>
+       <td class="right">10</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+       <td class="right">3</td>
+       <td><a href="#art3">Maxim's gas machine*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">24</td>
+       <td><a href="#art24">Mechanical inventions</a></td>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">31</td>
+       <td><a href="#art31">Natural history notes</a></td>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+       <td class="right">8</td>
+       <td><a href="#art8">Navigation in fogs*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+       <td><a href="#art7">Oil tanks, cannonading of</a></td>
+       <td class="right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">18</td>
+       <td><a href="#art18">Ore separator, Edison</a></td>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td class="right">41</td>
+       <td><a href="#art41">Photoglyptic process, new</a></td>
+       <td class="right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">26</td>
+       <td><a href="#art26">Phyllirhoe Bucephala*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">32</td>
+       <td><a href="#art32">Ruggles, S. P</a></td>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td class="right">22</td>
+       <td><a href="#art22">Shower bath, portable, new*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">19</td>
+       <td><a href="#art19">Slate washer, novel*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">2</td>
+       <td><a href="#art2">Specimen, rare, lost</a></td>
+       <td class="right">1</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+       <td><a href="#art5">Steamer, little, remarkable</a></td>
+       <td class="right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">10</td>
+       <td><a href="#art10">Steamers, large, collision between</a></td>
+       <td class="right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">21</td>
+       <td><a href="#art21">Stevens Institute of Technology</a></td>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td class="right">33</td>
+       <td><a href="#art33">Sydney Industrial Exhibition*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">28</td>
+       <td><a href="#art28">Tree growth, force of*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">27</td>
+       <td><a href="#art27">Trees and shrubs, care of</a></td>
+       <td class="right">7</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td class="right">19</td>
+       <td><a href="#art19">Washer, slate, novel*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">4</td>
+       <td><a href="#art4">Watches, Am., superiority of</a></td>
+       <td class="right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="right">14</td>
+       <td><a href="#art14">Watering dipper, improved*</a></td>
+       <td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+ </table>
+
+<br /><br />
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<br /><br />
+
+<a name="page1" id="page1"></a>
+<a name="art1" id="art1"></a><h3>AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.</h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Sterling A. Millard, of Clayville, N. Y., has invented
+a scythe blade that contains much less weight of metal and
+possesses equal or greater strength than the ordinary scythe
+blades. It is made in the usual manner from what is termed
+by scythe makers a "scythe rod," and is wrought and shaped
+in such form that a proper thickness is left to serve as the
+back of the blade. A longitudinal auxiliary rib or supplementary
+back is formed on the blade, which stiffens the
+scythe without requiring the same weight of metal as those
+of the usual construction.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. George C. Winslow, of Kalamazoo, Mich., has patented
+an improvement in spring harrow teeth, which consists
+generally in hinging the harrow tooth in the forward
+end of a rectangular frame bolted to the harrow bar, and
+combining therewith a spring, which at its back end is
+clamped to the harrow bar by the same bolts which secure
+the rectangular frame, and which spring then curves upward
+and forward, and then down through the slot or opening
+of the rectangular frame, and is jointed at its extremity,
+near the bottom of the harrow tooth, so that its tension
+serves to throw the harrow tooth forward, but allows it to
+yield to obstruction.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art2" id="art2"></a><h3>A Rare Specimen Lost.</h3>
+
+<p>Captain Ingalls, of the schooner Chalcedony, has let slip
+an opportunity to make a small fortune and at the same time
+settle the long vexed question
+as to the reality of the
+elusive and possibly mythical
+sea serpent. His story, as
+told in the <i>Argus</i>, of Portland,
+Maine, June 8, runs as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Last Saturday, about one
+o'clock in the afternoon, we
+were slowly sailing past Monhegan,
+there being very little
+wind, about twenty miles
+southwest of the island, when
+we caught sight of what
+looked like a large schooner
+floating bottom up. As the
+object lay almost dead ahead,
+we made directly for it, but
+before we got very close a
+Cape Ann schooner lay to
+and sent a boat's crew to
+inspect what now plainly
+appeared to be a monstrous
+carcass of some species or
+other. We finally hove to,
+about a ship's length off, and
+took a leisurely survey of
+the thing. It was dead, and
+floated on the water, with its
+belly, of a dirty brown color,
+up. Its head was at least
+twenty feet long, and about
+ten feet through at the thickest
+point. About midway of
+the body, which was, I should
+guess, about forty feet long,
+were two fins, of a clear
+white, each about twelve feet
+in length. The body seemed
+to taper from the back of the
+head down to the size of a
+small log, distinct from the
+whale tribe, as the end had
+nothing that looked like a
+fluke. The shape of the creature's
+head was more like a
+tierce than anything I can
+liken it to. I have seen almost
+all kinds of shapes that
+can be found in these waters,
+but never saw the like of this
+before.</p>
+
+<p>Two years ago, off Seguin,
+I saw shooting through the
+water a thing which, I think,
+resembled this creature
+considerably, but I didn't get
+close enough to it to say for
+certain. The men from the
+Cape Ann schooner got on
+this dead creature, and one of
+the boys cut a double shuffle on its belly, which for all the
+world looked like the bottom of a schooner covered with
+barnacles and seaweed by the weather. We should have
+towed the thing to Portland had there been any wind, but
+as there wasn't, we steered away and left it. What sort of
+a sea monster this was I can't say for sure, but in my opinion
+it was the original 'sea serpent,' which has been seen once
+in a while for years past, and which, when alive, was too
+swift a swimmer for any sailing vessel to get alongside of."</p>
+
+<p>The report of the captain of the "Cape Ann schooner"
+will be in order now.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art3" id="art3"></a><h3>SIMPLE AND CHEAP PROCESS OF GAS MAKING.</h3>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/1a-1000-t.png"><img src="images/1a-345.png" width="345" height="450" alt="MAXIM'S NEW GAS MACHINE." /></a>
+<h3>MAXIM'S NEW GAS MACHINE.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<p>When a current of air is passed over the surface of gasoline
+it becomes carbureted or charged with its vapors to
+saturation. Air thus charged is somewhat heavier than pure
+air, and when passed through an Argand or bat's wing burner,
+it burns with a brilliant white flame. Nothing would
+seem easier than to make a machine that would force a current
+of air through, over, or on some material saturated
+with gasoline, and this apparently simple process has
+led many into attempts to make a successful gas machine.
+Many fortunes have been spent by the unscientific in the
+chase after this, to them, <i>ignis fatuus</i>. The stumbling block
+which has wrecked so many enterprises in this line has been
+the cold produced by the evaporation of the gasoline. One
+pound of gasoline, in passing from a liquid to a vapor, requires
+
+about as much heat as would be required to melt two pounds
+of cast iron. It is therefore obvious that where no heat is supplied,
+the gasoline, air, and machine must soon become very
+cold when any considerable quantity of gas is being made.
+The heat must come from somewhere, and as none is supplied,
+it is taken from the apparatus, air, and gasoline, making
+them very cold. A beautiful and simple experiment to
+illustrate this refrigeration can be made as follows: Place a
+gill of water in a common washbasin, then pour over it one
+pint of light gasoline; shake the basin, and blow the liquids
+vigorously, when very soon the basin will become intensely
+cold&mdash;the water will freeze, and may be taken out in the
+form of a snowball. If the water and basin are hot, and
+the experiment performed in a hot room or in the sun, it is
+much more striking.<sup>*</sup></p>
+
+<p class="note1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>*</sup> This experiment should not be
+tried in the vicinity of a gaslight
+or fire.</p>
+
+<p>This refrigeration operates upon the gas as follows: Air
+will take up and hold in suspension any volatile liquid in
+proportion to the square of its temperature, so that when
+the temperature of the gasoline and air have fallen off one
+half, the quantity of gasoline in the air has fallen off three
+quarters, and the light is destroyed. The quality of the
+gas in such machines varies from a rich smoky flame to a
+pale blue and blowing flame in a short time. Every change
+of quality in the liquid, temperature of the apparatus, or
+number of burners used causes a vexatious change in the
+quality of the gas. If heat is applied at the right time
+and in the right quantity it is not so bad, but too much
+heat, or neglecting to regulate
+it properly, converts the
+machine into a still, the condenser
+of which is the pipes
+of the building lighted, when
+danger is added to vexation.
+About ten years ago a machine
+was illustrated in these
+columns that obviated all
+these troubles; it was the invention
+of the well known
+mechanical engineer, Hiram
+S. Maxim, of this city. His
+machine was on an entirely
+new principle, and has since
+gone into general use. It
+was intricate and somewhat
+expensive, but it performed
+its work well. Messrs. A. T.
+Stewart &amp; Co. use them
+largely in their mills and
+hotels. Mr. Maxim made one
+of six thousand burner capacity
+for the Grand Union
+Hotel, Saratoga Springs, it
+being the largest gas machine
+ever built. It has supplied
+gas of an unvarying quality
+for six years, and is as good
+as new to-day.</p>
+
+<p>To reduce the cost as far
+as possible, Mr. Maxim has
+designed a new machine on
+another principle, which we
+herewith illustrate. Fig. 1
+shows the machine in perspective,
+and Fig. 2 is a sectional
+view. The vertical cylinder
+is a common gas holder
+of sheet brass. It is 36 inches
+in diameter for a thousand
+burner machine. The operative
+parts of the machine are
+best shown in the sectional
+view, which represents the
+portion of the machine called
+the injector. A is a steam
+chamber supplied with four
+or more pounds of steam
+through the pipe, K. B is
+the gasoline supply pipe, and
+C the air supply. D is an index
+valve. The operation is
+as follows: Steam being in
+the chamber, A, the descent
+of the holder opens the valve,
+M, and allows the steam to</p>
+<a name="art3ar" id="art3ar"></a>
+<div class="figcenter" style="margin-top: -1em;">[<a href="#art3a"><i>Continued on page 4.</i></a>] </div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name="page2" id="page2"></a>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/sa_header.png" width="510" height="78" alt="Scientific American" border="0" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>Established 1845</h3>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>MUNN &amp; CO., Editors and Proprietors.</h2>
+
+<h4>PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT</h4>
+<h3>NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.</h3>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>0. D. MUNN.</b> <b>A. E. BEACH.</b></p>
+
+
+<h3>TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.</h3>
+
+<table align="center" summary="terms">
+<tr>
+       <td>One copy, one year, postage included</td>
+       <td class="right">$3 20</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>One copy, six months, postage included</td>
+       <td class="right">1 60</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><b>Clubs</b>.&mdash;One extra copy of <span class="sc">The Scientific American</span> will be supplied
+gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional copies at
+same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid.</p>
+
+<p>Remit by postal order. Address
+ MUNN &amp; CO., 37 Park Row, New York.</p>
+
+<p><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="pointing finger" border="0" />  To Advertisers.&mdash;The regular circulation of the <span class="sc">Scientific
+American</span> is now <b>Fifty Thousand Copies</b> weekly. For 1880 the
+publishers anticipate a still larger circulation.</p>
+
+<h3>The Scientific American Supplement</h3>
+
+<p>Is a distinct paper from the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>. THE SUPPLEMENT
+is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform in size
+with <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>. Terms of subscription for
+<span class="sc">Supplement</span>,
+$5.00 a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies, 10 cents. Sold by
+all news dealers throughout the country.</p>
+
+<p><b>Combined Rates</b>.&mdash;The <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> and <span class="sc">Supplement</span>
+will be sent for one year, postage free, on receipt of <i>seven dollars</i>.
+Both
+papers to one address or different addresses, as desired.</p>
+
+<p>The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter.</p>
+
+<p>Address MUNN &amp; CO., 37 Park Row, N. Y.</p>
+
+<h3>Scientific American Export Edition.</h3>
+
+<p>The <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> Export Edition is a large and splendid
+periodical,
+issued once a month. Each number contains about one hundred
+large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.) Most of the
+plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the <span class="sc">Scientific
+American</span>, with its splendid engravings and valuable information; (2.)
+Commercial, trade, and manufacturing announcements of leading houses.
+Terms for Export Edition, $5.00 a year, sent prepaid to any part of the
+world. Single copies 50 cents. <img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="pointing finger" border="0" /> Manufacturers and others who desire
+to secure foreign trade may have large, and handsomely displayed announcements
+published in this edition at a very moderate cost.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> Export Edition has a large guaranteed
+circulation
+in all commercial places throughout the world. Address MUNN &amp;
+CO., 37 Park Row, New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 3, 1880.</h3>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS OF</h2>
+<h3>THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT</h3>
+
+<h2>No. 235,</h2>
+
+<h2>For the Week ending July 3, 1880.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Price 10 cents. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For sale by all newsdealers.</p>
+
+<table align="center" summary="Supplement Contents" border="0">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+<span class="outdent1">
+I.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.</span>&mdash;The New Railway up Mount
+    Vesuvius. 6 illustrations. Plan of road.&mdash;General view of mountain
+    and railway.&mdash;Side view and end view of passenger car.&mdash;
+    Mount Vesuvius Railway.&mdash;Map showing railway, mountain, crater,
+    and surrounding country.&mdash;The carriage road and railway...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3735</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    The St. Gothard Tunnel &mdash;Notes on the junction of the two galleries.
+    By Dr. <span class="sc">Calladon...</span></td>      <td valign="bottom">3736</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    The St. Gothard Tunnel.&mdash;Conditions and causes of air currents
+    in the tunnel...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3736</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Protection of Ships from Loss by Fire and from Loss by Sinking.
+    Recent improvements in the construction of ships and steamers...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3738</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Regenerative Stoves.&mdash;A Sketch of their History and Notes on
+    their Use. By <span class="sc">John N. Hartman</span>. An important paper read at
+    the Pittsburg meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.
+    1 figure...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3738</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Cowper's Hot Blast Stoves. 2 full page illustrations of hot blast
+    stoves for a pair of furnaces.&mdash;Plan and cross section of stove.&mdash;Plan
+	and cross section of furnace.&mdash;Plan and cross section of gas
+    downcomer.&mdash;Sectional elevation of stove and downcomer...</td>    <td valign="bottom">3739</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Wilson's Lock-up Safety Valve. An important improvement. 10 figures...</td>   <td valign="bottom">3742</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Working Low Grade Ores...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3742</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    The Largest Concrete Tank in England...<br /><br /></td>     <td valign="bottom">3742<br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+<span class="outdent1">
+II.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ELECTRICITY, ETC.</span>&mdash;Siemens' Improvements in Electric Railways.
+    4 figures. Siemens' combined steam and electric railway.&mdash;Siemens' electric mail railway...</td>
+	<td valign="bottom">3743</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Difference in the Actions of Positive and Negative Electricity...</td> <td valign="bottom">3743</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Forces Exciting Electricity...</td>    <td valign="bottom">3743</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    The New Electrical Middlings Purifier. By <span class="sc">Thos. B. Osborne</span>.
+    5 figures...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3744</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Physical Society, London. Photo&mdash;electricity.&mdash;Electrometer key.
+    &mdash;Air in water.&mdash;Steam thermometer...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3745</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Atmospheric polarization. Influence of terrestrial magnetism...<br /><br /></td> <td valign="bottom">3745<br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+<span class="outdent1">
+III.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;HYGIENE AND MEDICINE.</span>&mdash;Lead Poisoning. Clinical lecture
+    by Dr. <span class="sc">WM. Pepper.</span> Effects of a cosmetic of carbonate of lead.
+    &mdash;Symptoms of lead poisoning.&mdash;Affinity of lead for nerves and
+    muscles.&mdash;Treatment of lead poisoning...</td> <td valign="bottom">3745</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Recent Investigations of the Blood...</td> <td valign="bottom">3746</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    The Pulse. Lecture on the pulse in health and disease, by Dr.
+    <span class="sc">T. A. McBride...</span></td>     <td valign="bottom">3746</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Some Early Symptoms of Insanity...</td> <td valign="bottom">3747</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    An Improved Method of Applying Antiseptic Vapors...</td> <td valign="bottom">3747</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Treatment of Phthisis by Inhalation of Borax and Salicylic Acid...<br /><br /></td> <td valign="bottom">3747<br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+<span class="outdent1">
+IV. CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY.</span>&mdash;Detection of Starch in Cane
+    Sugar. By P. <span class="sc">Casamajor...</span></td>    <td valign="bottom">3747</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Double Lever Cement Testing Apparatus. 1 figure...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3748</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Prediction of Chemical Elements...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3748</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Oil of Sage...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3748</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Bronzing Iron...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3748</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Rust Preventing Compound...</td>    <td valign="bottom">3748</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Argentine Sheep and Wool...<br /><br /></td>     <td valign="bottom">3748<br /><br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+<span class="outdent1">
+V.  NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.</span>&mdash;Brain of Limulus Polyphemus.
+    General anatomy of the brain.&mdash;Internal structure and histology
+    of the brain.&mdash;Comparison of the Limulus brain with the brain of
+    other arthropods...</td>     <td valign="bottom">3749</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    An Unfortunate White Whale. A live whale with a broken neck...</td>    <td valign="bottom">3749</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Ethereal Oil of California Bay Tree. By J. M. <span class="sc">Stillman...</span></td>    <td valign="bottom">3749</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">
+    Forest Trees of North America. Prof. Sargent's catalogue (continued
+    from <span class="sc">Supplement</span> No. 234). Cedars, Red Woods, Firs,
+    Spruces, etc....<br /><br /></td>    <td valign="bottom">3750<br /><br /></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+ <hr class="full" />
+
+<a name="art4" id="art4"></a><h2>THE SUPERIORITY OF AMERICAN WATCHES.</h2>
+
+<p>The extract from the report of the judges in horology, at
+the Sydney International Exhibition, with the diagrams
+showing the comparative merit of the watches tested, given
+on other pages of the current issue of <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>,
+cannot fail to interest our readers. There were
+ten exhibitors, and the inherent and comparative merits of
+the various exhibits were rated under ten heads on the basis
+of 100 points "for the highest degree of excellence." There
+were British, German, French, Swiss, and American competitors;
+and while the scores of the nine European exhibitors
+footed up totals ranging from 76 to 686, their average
+being 389&#8531;, the total of the Waltham Watch Company was
+981. In detail this remarkable score stood thus: Originality,
+98; invention and discovery, 95; utility and quality of material, 95;
+skill in workmanship, 93; fitness for purpose intended, 100;
+adaptation to public wants, 100; economy, 100;
+cost, 100; finish and elegance of cases, 100; timekeeping
+qualities, 100. Total, 981.</p>
+
+<p>The timekeeping tests were made, as the report points
+out, by Prof. H. C. Russell, Astronomer Royal at the Sydney
+Observatory; and it is especially noted that while the
+majority of the watches tested had been made for exhibition
+purposes, and specially prepared for that end, the exhibit
+of the American company was the ordinary and regular
+product of the factory, such as is finished every day. Another
+evidence of the superiority of the American system,
+as emphasized in the report, is the fact that a sixth grade
+Waltham watch, one of the cheapest tested, showed a better
+performance than many very expensive and otherwise
+first class watches of other makes.</p>
+
+<p>The moral of the victory is happily drawn in the following
+editorial review of the contest and its lessons, by the
+Sydney <i>Morning Herald</i> of April 14, last:</p>
+
+<p>"The report of the judges in horology, which we published
+on Saturday last, was a document of more than ordinary
+interest. The slightest glance at it will show that the
+judges brought no small amount of ability and industry to
+their task. In many other classes of exhibits judging must,
+to no small extent, be a matter of opinion. There is no
+absolute test by which one photograph, for example, or one
+oil painting can be decided to be superior to another. In
+exhibits of this kind much must be left to the taste of the
+critic. Watches and chronometers, on the other hand, can be
+submitted to the minutest tests. The care and trouble which
+these require are not small, but the issue is sufficiently
+important to warrant all the labor which the judges in horology
+brought to their work. Time-keepers that can be relied
+upon in all weathers and in all climates, and that are within
+reach of all classes, are a luxury of no common order, but
+to a large number of persons they are a necessity also. In
+these fast days, when everything must be done to time, it is
+for a variety of purposes found necessary to make accurate
+divisions, not merely of the days and hours, but of the
+minutes and seconds also. The verdict which the judges in
+our Exhibition have pronounced on the Waltham watches is
+one of which any company might be proud; but the facts
+on which the verdict is based are as interesting to the
+public at large as to the parties immediately concerned. One
+of the secrets of American progress lies first in the invention
+of machinery, and then in its application to almost all
+descriptions of industry. It is the bringing of machinery
+to every branch of watchmaking that is enabling Americans
+to beat the world in this as well as in many other things.</p>
+
+<p>"There has been a general belief that a machine-made
+watch is not to be compared to one that is hand-made, and
+that on this account the English watch must always hold its
+own against the American. This belief will have to be given
+up, if it is not given up already. It has now been established
+that machinery can be used for the purposes of watchmaking
+with quite as much success as for those of agriculture.
+The Americans are showing that they can make better
+watches than the Swiss or the English, but, what is of
+equal importance, they are showing that they can make
+them for less money. The boast of the Yankees is that they
+can turn out work cheaper and better than anybody else,
+and that for that reason the world must take their products.
+It would be difficult to prove that in some departments the
+boast is wholly without foundation. The American mechanic
+is paid better than the English mechanic, and yet
+the work which he turns out can, as a rule, be sold for less.
+The reason is, not only that he works harder, but that the
+assistance of machinery enables him to produce the largest
+result by the smallest amount of labor.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Brassey, who believes that the workmen of his own
+country are equal if not superior to any in the world,
+maintains that an English mechanic can do more work than an
+American mechanic. The American really does more, because
+the inducements to industry are greater, and because
+he has better machinery. The success of the Waltham
+Company has furnished a striking instance of this. This
+company has now not only well-nigh driven foreign watchmaking
+companies out of America, but it has shown that it
+can more than compete with them on their own ground.
+This arises partly from the fact that it can turn out the best
+work on a large scale, but also from the fact that the principle
+on which it operates enables it to do all this economically.
+The Waltham Company claims to have arrived at
+simplicity, uniformity, and precision in the manufacture of
+watches, and the report of our judges shows that its claim
+is well founded. One of its discoveries was that a simple
+instrument, where simplicity is possible, will cost less and
+be worth more than a complicated one. Another was that
+
+the making of all instruments of the same grade exactly
+alike, so that the part which belongs to one belongs to the
+whole, will not only facilitate manufacture, but will greatly
+economize it. A third was, that these properties of simplicity
+and interchangeability are the best guarantees of
+perfect exactitude. The success which the Americans have
+reached in this as well as in other branches of industry,
+ought to excite the gratitude rather than the jealousy of the
+world. Any company or nation that shows how a maximum of
+efficiency can be reached by a minimum of labor
+confers a benefit on mankind. This our American cousins
+have done in other spheres besides that of watchmaking.
+There are branches of the prosperity of the Americans that
+are traceable to the extent of their territory and the fertility
+of their soil; but the triumph of their machinery has been
+the result of their inventiveness and of their enterprise, and
+for that reason it points a moral that Australians might
+profitably observe."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art5" id="art5"></a><h2>A REMARKABLE LITTLE STEAMER.</h2>
+
+<p>There is soon to set sail from London for New York a
+new and remarkable little steamer of 70 tons gross burden,
+named the Anthracite, designed to exhibit the advanced
+engineering ideas of Mr. Loftus Perkins, of England. The
+distinctive <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'pecularities'">peculiarities</ins> of this steamer are the very high
+steam pressure that she carries&mdash;350 to 500 lb. to the square
+inch, and the small consumption of fuel&mdash;one pound of coal
+per hour per horsepower. A trial trip of this new little
+boat was lately made of 46 miles, during which 350 lb. steam
+pressure was steadily maintained, 132 revolutions per minute
+of propeller, and a speed of eight knots per hour. Other
+vessels, some of larger size than the above, have been built
+on the Perkins system, and are running in England. One of
+them, the yacht Emily, carries 500 lb. boiler pressure. Most
+of our readers are familiar with Mr. Perkins' system, which
+has been fully described in our columns. Those who may
+wish to refer thereto are directed to an interesting article by
+Mr. Perkins, with engravings, published in the <span class="sc">Scientific
+American Supplement</span>, No. 81, July 21, 1877; also to the
+description of the steam ferry boat, run on this principle,
+given with three pages of engravings in our <span class="sc">Supplement</span>
+No. 217.</p>
+
+<p>Engineering theory and practice have for a long time
+plainly pointed to high steam pressures as one of the surest
+ways to economy of fuel. Twenty five years ago our ocean
+steamers carried only 16 lb. pressure to the inch, and burned
+5 to 6 lb. of coal per hour per horse power. To-day they are
+carrying 75 lb. pressure, and burning 2&frac12; to 3 lb. of coal per
+hour per horse power.</p>
+
+<p>In 1840 the Britannia, one of the finest steamers of the
+Cunard line plying between this country and England,
+burned 5,291 lb. of coal for each ton of paying freight
+she carried, her speed, then considered fast, being 8&frac12; knots
+per hour. In 1877 the Britannic, speed 15.6 knots per hour,
+burned only 551 lb. of coal per ton of freight carried.</p>
+
+<p>Although our present steamers are making fast time and
+are very economical as compared with earlier vessels,
+still it is a lamentable fact that on the largest and finest of
+them, furnished with all the latest improvements and best
+appliances to secure economy, worked by the most careful
+and intelligent engineers, we succeed in putting into our
+steam only about one tenth of the heat realized in our boiler
+fire, the remaining nine-tenths of the heat being lost. Only
+in proportion as we make our steam hotter, and expanding
+it more, shall we economize in fuel. In this respect the
+voyage of the Anthracite is designed by her owners, we
+presume, to be an eye-opener for steamboat owners, not only
+in this country but throughout the world. If a little bit of
+a boat like this, 84 feet long, 16 feet beam, and 10 feet deep,
+can carry its own coal and water across the Atlantic, with a
+pressure of 350 to 500 lb. to the inch, and on one pound of
+coal per horse power, the natural inference is that our great
+steamers, when fitted with the same system, will realize far
+better results. The change from three pounds of coal to one
+pound per horse power means a shaving of two thirds in the
+coal bill, which is always an enormous item in the expenses
+of large boats. We ought to add that another peculiarity of
+the Anthracite is that she uses the same boiler water over
+and over, only a trifle of fresh water being supplied to make
+good the slight waste. Our New York steamboat men, who
+have to pay so dear for Croton water, will be likely to examine
+the water tank of the Anthracite with interest.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art6" id="art6"></a><h3>A STRANGE EPIDEMIC.</h3>
+
+<p>On the night of Tuesday, June 15, a remarkable epidemic
+fell upon several towns in western Massachusetts, the town
+of Adams suffering most severely. Out of a population of
+6,000, several hundred&mdash;variously estimated from 600 to over
+1,000&mdash;were prostrated by a disease resembling cholera morbus.
+The symptoms were first dizziness, then great nausea,
+followed by vomiting and prolonged purging, and in some
+cases delirium. A belt of country two or three miles in
+width and several miles long was thus afflicted, beginning at
+the west, the whole number of victims being estimated at
+from 1,200 to 1,500. No deaths are reported.</p>
+
+<p>The cause of the epidemic is not known, but seems most
+likely to have been atmospheric. For some time the weather
+had been dry and hot. A heavy local rain fell during the
+evening, and was followed by or attended with a sudden and
+great lowering of the temperature. A chilly fog hung over
+the belt of country invaded by the disease, and a heavy
+"swampy" odor and taste were in the air.</p>
+
+<p>The malady reached its climax in about twenty-four
+<a name="page3" id="page3"></a>
+hours. It was first suspected that the water supply had been
+somehow poisoned, but many people who had not used the
+water were prostrated, while others who used it freely escaped.
+Adams has hitherto been regarded as an exceptionally
+healthy town, and the surrounding country is high and
+wholesome.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art7" id="art7"></a><h3>CANNONADING OF OIL TANKS.</h3>
+
+<p>On the morning of Friday, June 11, lightning struck an
+oil tank belonging to the Tidioute and Titusville Pipe Line,
+at Titusville, Pa. The fire thus kindled, raged until Sunday
+night, consuming 200,000 barrels of oil, crude and refined,
+and destroying property to the amount of $1,500,000. The
+most appalling feature in this fire was the successive "boiling
+over" of oil from burning tanks of the liquid. To
+empty rapidly a tank containing 20,000 barrels of oil, while
+the latter is on fire, is no easy matter. The pipes connected
+with the tanks were utterly inadequate to remove the oil
+rapidly enough to rob the "boiling over" of its terrors. A
+happy thought suggested itself on Friday to Mr. D. R. Herron,
+of the Titusville Battery. Obtaining permission, Mr. Herron
+brought out one of the Parrott guns of the battery, loaded
+it with solid shot, and began firing against the three-eighths
+iron sheets of the distant blazing tank. The first shot glanced,
+but subsequent volleys pierced the shell of the tank, releasing
+a large quantity of oil that otherwise would have fed
+the flames. The battery then moved on to the Emery tank,
+also burning, and lastly to the Acme tank. Large rents
+were made in all these, and the liberated oil ran harmlessly
+down into a stream. This novel target practice greatly
+shortened the duration of the fire at these tanks, and so
+drained them that the flames died out for want of fuel, and
+no "boiling over" resulted.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar attraction for lightning which these iron oil
+tanks appear to possess has been several times referred to in
+our columns. Whenever a thunderstorm passes fairly over
+one of them it seems to be devoted to destruction. Millions
+of dollars' worth of property have thus been destroyed. No
+practical safeguard has yet been suggested.</p>
+
+<p>Ordinary buildings, when properly provided with rods
+that are well grounded in the earth, are comparatively safe
+from lightning. Structures made of iron and simply resting
+upon the earth, without rods, are also exempt from electrical
+damage. Such structures always present a continuous
+body of conducting material for the free passage of electricity
+to earth. Why is it, then, that iron oil tanks form
+such conspicuous exceptions to our common experience with
+lightning? Rods put on other structures save them; but
+rods have been put on oil tanks, masts with rods have surrounded
+the tanks, but the tanks were exploded by lightning
+all the same.</p>
+
+<p>We will repeat a possible explanation which we have
+heretofore given. From every oil tank, according to our
+theory, there is a constant escape of light hydrocarbon
+vapor, which forms a permanent cloud or column, rising to
+a great height above the tanks, far above any rod that could
+be erected. This vapor rod is a conductor, which the lightning
+naturally follows, sets on fire the vapor, and explodes
+the tank.</p>
+
+<p>A column of heated air or vapor rising from a chimney is
+well known to be a conductor for lightning; the rise of
+hydrocarbon vapors is illustrated by the balloon.</p>
+
+<p>If the theory we have outlined is correct, the remedy for
+the electrical explosion of oil tanks is to be found in such a
+treatment of the oil, or such a construction of tank, as shall
+prevent any escape of the light vapors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art8" id="art8"></a><h2>NAVIGATION IN FOGS.</h2>
+
+<p>The disastrous collision of the Sound steamers Narragansett
+and Stonington was quickly followed by one at sea, by
+which two great passenger ships escaped instant destruction
+almost by a hair's breadth.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after noon, Monday, June 12, the National Line
+steamship Queen, bound from London to New York, and
+within 300 miles of her journey's end, ran into the Anchor
+Line steamship Anchoria, on the way from New York to
+Glasgow. The bow of the Queen struck the Anchoria on
+the port side, about twenty feet abaft the foremast, smashing
+a great hole through the iron hull. Two compartments
+of the Anchoria filled immediately, but the partitions stood
+firm, and the other compartments sufficed to keep the vessel
+afloat. The bow of the Queen was badly crushed, and her
+forward compartment was flooded. Fortunately the bulkhead
+proved stanch, and the ship was saved. The fog
+was very thick, and both ships were going at full speed. It
+is said that the captain of the Anchoria mistook the whistle
+of the Queen for that of the Anchoria's companion vessel,
+the Victoria, which left New York at the same time, and
+was probably not far away, and before the error was discovered
+the ships were too close to avoid the catastrophe. Had
+the sea been rough or the partitions less stanch, both ships
+must have gone to the bottom almost instantly.</p>
+
+<p>The passengers of the Anchoria were transferred to the
+Queen, which was least hurt, and the two ships sailed together
+for New York, arriving Tuesday noon.</p>
+
+<p>These two collisions, coming in such quick succession
+and imperiling so many lives, give terrible emphasis to the
+dangers attending navigation in foggy weather. They
+make very pertinent also the query whether the means now
+employed for discovering the position and nearness of unseen
+vessels are at all commensurate with the necessities of
+the case, or with the means already known, and known to
+be well calculated to prevent such dangers. In a dense fog
+
+the ordinary ship's light is visible scarcely more than a
+ship's length; and as it proved in the case of the Narragansett
+and Stonington, the time between thus sighting an approaching
+vessel and the instant of collision is fatally brief.
+The recent test of electric headlights for ships in this harbor
+clearly demonstrated the possibility of projecting a beam
+of electric light through the densest fog for a thousand feet
+or more, and through ordinary fogs a distance several times
+as great.</p>
+
+<p>Except in very rough weather the steam whistle can be
+heard a long distance, but it is liable to be a treacherous
+guide. It is not always possible to determine by the ear
+alone the direction from which a sound comes; and it would
+seem that a mistake of this nature was made on the Stonington,
+since the order intended to change her course away
+from that of the Narragansett only served to precipitate the
+collision. Had the whistle of the Queen signaled her
+course it could not have been mistaken for that of a ship
+sailing in the opposite direction, and the safety of two great
+floating hotels and their occupants would not have been imperiled
+thereby.</p>
+
+<p>Means for the better penetration of fogs, for determining
+the direction of unseen sources of sounds, and for enabling
+steamers to announce to all within hearing the course they
+are pursuing, seem therefore to be imperative necessities on
+shipboard. The first is furnished by the electric headlight,
+with a system of projection similar to but more efficient than
+that used on locomotives. The last would be provided by
+an efficient code of whistle signals to indicate the several
+points of compass. The second need is supplied by the instrument
+figured in the accompanying illustration.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/007-8-topophone-1000.png"><img src="images/007-8-topophone-430.png" width="430" height="448" alt="PROFESSOR MAYER'S TOPOPHONE." /></a>
+<h3>PROFESSOR MAYER'S TOPOPHONE.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<p>The aim of the topophone, which was invented and patented
+by Professor A. M. Mayer, last winter, is to enable
+the user to determine quickly and surely the exact direction
+and position of any source of sound. Our figure shows a
+portable style of the instrument; for use on ship-board it
+would probably form one of the fixtures of the pilot-house
+or the "bridge," or both. In most cases arising in sailing
+through fogs, it would be enough for the captain or pilot to
+be sure of the exact direction of a fog horn, whistling buoy,
+or steam whistle; and for this a single aural observation
+suffices.</p>
+
+<p>Every one has twirled a tuning fork before the ear, and
+listened to the alternate swelling and sinking of the sound, as
+the sound waves from one tine re-enforce or counteract those
+from the other tine. The topophone is based upon the same
+fact, namely, the power of any sound to augment or destroy
+another of the same pitch, when ranged so that the sound
+waves of each act in unison with or in opposition to those
+of the other.</p>
+
+<p>Briefly described, the topophone consists of two resonators
+(or any other sound receivers) attached to a connecting bar
+or shoulder rest. The sound receivers are joined by flexible
+tubes, which unite for part of their length, and from which
+ear tubes proceed. One tube, it will be observed, carries a
+telescopic device by which its length can be varied. When
+the two resonators face the direction whence a sound comes,
+so as to receive simultaneously the same sonorous impulse,
+and are joined by tubes of equal length, the sound waves received
+from them will necessarily re-enforce each other and
+the sound will be augmented. If, on the contrary, the resonators
+being in the same position as regards the source of
+sound, the resonator tubes differ in length by half the wave
+length of the sound, the impulse from the one neutralizes
+that from the other, and the sound is obliterated.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, in determining the direction of the source of
+any sound with this instrument, the observer, guided by the
+varying intensity of the sound transmitted by the resonators,
+turns until their openings touch the same sound waves simultaneously,
+which position he recognizes either by the great
+augmentation of the sound (when the tube lengths are equal),
+or by the cessation of the sound, when the tubes vary so that
+
+the interference of the sound waves is perfect. In either
+case the determination of the direction of the source of the
+sound is almost instantaneous, and the two methods may be
+successively employed as checks upon each other's report.</p>
+
+<p>It is obvious that with such a help the pilot in a fog need
+never be long in doubt as to the direction of a warning signal;
+and if need be he can without much delay, by successive
+observations and a little calculation, determine, approximately
+at least, the distance of the sounding body.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art9" id="art9"></a><h2>EFFECT OF AGE ON THE QUALITY OF IRON.</h2>
+
+<p>Professor Bauschinger, in 1878, tested iron taken from a
+chain bridge built in 1829, and found that fifty years of use
+had not perceptibly altered its quality&mdash;either its strength
+or its elasticity&mdash;as reported at the time of its erection. He
+also examined metal from another bridge built in 1852, and
+found that the average quality remained as given by Von
+Pauli at the time of its erection.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Thurston, testing pieces of the wire cable of the
+Fairmount Suspension Bridge, recently taken down at
+Philadelphia, after about forty years' use, found the iron to
+have a tenacity and elasticity and a ductility fully equal to
+the best wire of same size found in the market to-day.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore concludes that iron subjected to strains such
+as are met with in properly designed bridges does not deteriorate
+with age.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art10" id="art10"></a><h2>A COLLISION BETWEEN LARGE PASSENGER STEAMERS.</h2>
+
+<p>During a fog near midnight, June 11, two of the large passenger
+steamers plying on Long Island Sound, Stonington
+line, between New York and Boston, came in collision,
+while running at considerable speed. One of
+the boats, the Narragansett, was struck near
+the middle, her side cut open, and a smoke-pipe
+knocked over, which made a down
+draught through the furnace, driving out a
+great sheet of burning gas into the cabins and
+between decks, by which the vessel was set
+on fire, at the same time the opening in her
+side caused her to begin to sink. Some three
+hundred passengers were on board, and a
+frightful scene of confusion followed. Happily
+there was a plentiful supply of life-preservers,
+some life-rafts, and a few life-boats.
+There was delay in lowering the boats, but
+the rafts, life-preservers, chairs, and other
+floatables served to support most of the unfortunate
+people, who, to escape the flames, were
+obliged to leap quickly into the water. About
+fifty lives were lost; the remainder were rescued
+by boats from another steamer, the New
+York, also by help sent from the other damaged
+vessel, the Stonington.</p>
+
+<p>It seems remarkable that so many were
+saved. This calamity illustrates the necessity
+for further effort on the part of inventors
+to discover new and improved means for fog
+signaling, saving life, preventing the spread
+of fires, and keeping vessels afloat. Most of
+the large local steamers that communicate
+with New York are veritable palaces, built regardless
+of expense, and supplied with every
+known reliable appliance for safety; but the occurrence
+of accidents like this and their disastrous results show that
+much remains to be done before navigation, even upon
+smooth waters, can be considered secure.</p>
+
+<p>The life-rafts of the Narragansett seem to have proved
+more useful than the life-boats in rescuing the drowning people,
+the rafts being more quickly and easily launched, requiring
+less skill, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The upperworks of our river and Sound passenger steamers
+consist at present of a mass of light, dry woodwork,
+forming cabins that are very comfortable and commodious
+for travelers, but highly dangerous in case of fire.</p>
+
+<p>The collision of river steamers above described was followed
+a few hours later by a collision between two great
+ocean steamers, accounts of which we give in another
+column.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<h2>Honors to an Aged Chemist.</h2>
+
+<p>The chemists of Germany are collecting money for the purpose
+of presenting a gold medal to Prof. Woehler on his
+eightieth birthday, which will be July 31, 1880. Prof.
+Woehler is one of the most distinguished as well as the oldest
+of living chemists. Himself a pupil of old Berzelius, a contemporary
+of Liebig, and the loved instructor of many of
+our best chemists, his name is equally respected on both sides
+of the Atlantic. Profs. Jay and Chandler, of Columbia College,
+New York city, two of his former pupils, are receiving
+contributions from those who wish to join in this well deserved
+memorial.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<h2>Perseverance under Difficulties.</h2>
+
+<p>A good lesson to young people inclined to exaggerate the
+hinderances to their success in life, and to think that their
+chances are too poor to justify honest exertion, is furnished
+by a young colored man of Columbus, Ohio, F. P. Williams
+by name, now serving in that city as census enumerator.
+Several years ago he was run over by a train of cars, his arms
+being so mutilated that both had to be taken off near the
+shoulder. Lacking hands he learned to write legibly by holding
+his pencil between his teeth. He writes quite rapidly,
+and in his work as enumerator takes an average of 200 names
+a day.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name="page4" id="page4"></a>
+
+<a name="art3a" id="art3a"></a><h2>MAXIM'S NEW GAS MACHINE</h2>
+
+<p class="center">[<i>Continued from first page.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>escape through the jet, L. This produces a partial vacuum
+at L, and draws air in at C. The air and steam pass with
+great rapidity through the tube, G. The action of the air
+and steam produces another partial vacuum at N, which
+draws gasoline in through the pipe, B. The adjustment of
+the opening is such that one pound of steam draws in air
+sufficient for two pounds of gasoline. The heat of the steam
+is taken up by the refrigeration caused by the evaporation
+of the gasoline, so that at E the compound is carbureted air
+and cold water. The
+tube, F, presents the
+curious phenomenon
+of being hot at <i>a</i> and
+cold at <i>b</i>. In one
+short piece of tube we
+have a hot retort and
+a cold condenser. The
+supply of gasoline is
+regulated by the valve,
+D. The dash pot, H,
+prevents a too rapid
+action of the valve, I.
+Gas of any desired
+density may be made,
+and when once adjusted
+the gas does not
+vary. The burner
+used with this machine
+is made to produce
+the very best results
+attainable, and
+then the gas is regulated
+to a density and
+pressure to suit the
+burner. The nuisance
+of an adjustable burner
+is thus obviated.</p>
+
+<p>The holder closes off
+the supply when full,
+and lets on a supply
+when nearly empty.
+Gasoline has been
+much improved within
+a few years. It is
+now so very cheap
+that the equivalent of
+one thousand feet of
+coal gas of standard
+quality may be equaled
+for sixty cents. Where
+no steam is at hand
+these machines are run
+with a small oil burner.
+They are being
+made by the Pennsylvania Globe Gas Light Co., 131 Arch
+St., Philadelphia, Pa., of from 100 to 10,000 burner power.</p>
+
+<p>This machine was patented June 8, 1880.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/010-maxims-section-1000.png"><img src="images/010-maxims-section-530.png" width="530" height="443" alt="MAXIM'S GAS MACHINE - SECTION OF INJECTOR" /></a>
+<h3>Fig 2.: MAXIM'S GAS MACHINE&mdash;SECTION OF INJECTOR</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: -1em; margin-bottom: 2em;">
+<a href="#art3ar">Return</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art11" id="art11"></a><h2>PREVENTION OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS.</h2>
+
+<p>This vexed problem has occupied the minds of engineers
+and inventors since the introduction of steam as a motive
+power, and there are several theories of boiler explosions,
+each having its adherents. Of course there are conditions
+under which a boiler explosion is involved in no mystery;
+as, for example, when the water is dangerously low, when
+the safety valve is of insufficient capacity, or when it is
+unduly loaded; but there are other cases where an explosion
+cannot be rationally explained in the light of the well known
+theories.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Daniel T. Lawson, of Wellsville, Ohio, has recently
+patented, in this and several other countries, a device for
+preventing boiler explosions, which appears practical, and
+according to the testimony of scientific men the claims of
+the inventor are well founded.</p>
+
+<p>The inventor, in explaining
+his invention, says that when
+water is superheated it becomes
+as explosive as gunpowder,
+exploding by bursting
+into steam from a reduction
+of pressure. When the
+engineer opens the throttle
+valve the cylinder is instantly
+filled with steam, creating a
+vacuum to that extent in the
+boiler. The superheated water
+then immediately rises to
+fill the vacuum, and is met
+by the valve, instantly cutting
+off the escape into the
+cylinder; this causes a concussion
+on every square inch
+in the boiler much greater
+than the regular pressure of
+the steam. There is abundant
+reason to believe that it is
+this concussive action which causes the numerous and mysterious
+boiler explosions, and which cause is wholly independent
+of the amount of water in the boiler; in fact, the
+greater the amount of water in the boiler the more terrific
+the explosion.</p>
+
+<p>This invention, which is based upon this theory, consists
+in reducing the concussive strain produced by the impulsive
+and intermittent escape of steam to the cylinders to an approximately
+uniform pressure, by rendering the evolution or
+passage of steam from the water to the steam space approximately
+constant and independent of the intermittent discharges
+from the steam space to the cylinder. The means
+for accomplishing this consist in a boiler constructed with
+a partition, A, intervening between the water space and the
+space from which the steam is taken to supply the cylinder,
+and feeding the steam as it is generated through valves or
+orifices, B, in the partition, of a smaller size than the port or
+opening through which the steam passes into the cylinder.
+By this means the normal steam pressure or steam supply,
+when thus intermittently or alternately reduced, is restored
+gradually by reducing the flow from the water space to the
+steam space, so that the transformation of water into steam
+is made approximately uniform in spite of the intermittent
+escape of steam through the cylinders, and the boiler is thus
+relieved of the constant wear and strain of the concussion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/4b-1000-t.png"><img src="images/4b-300.png" width="300" height="99" alt="LAWSON'S IMPROVED STEAM BOILER." /></a>
+ <h3>LAWSON'S IMPROVED STEAM BOILER.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<p>In supplying steam from the water compartment to the
+steam compartment, the inventor intends using a number of
+small perforations, not amounting in the aggregate to more
+than about one twentieth the size of the cylinder port, in
+connection with a number of small valves to be under control
+of the engineer, so that the amount of steam required
+can be readily regulated, yet carefully avoiding the possibility
+of all, when opened to their utmost capacity, forming
+as large an opening as the valve through which the cylinder
+is supplied. A number of small valves and perforations in
+the partition sheet between the water and steam compartments,
+will remedy that hitherto very general annoyance of
+water rising to and through the valves, which is occasioned
+by pressure of steam upon the surface of the water, and
+when <i>one large</i> valve is opened, the pressure is partly removed
+
+from the water immediately under it, consequently
+the water rises through the valve. A number of small openings
+for the liberation of steam from the superheated water
+will remedy this difficulty.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art12" id="art12"></a><h2>MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS.</h2>
+
+<p>Mr. Niels C. Larsen, of Sacramento, Cal., has patented a
+purse or satchel fastening which can be securely locked and
+present a smooth and unbroken surface without projections.</p>
+
+<p>A combined dental speculum and shield has been patented
+by Mr. Alfred W. Edwards, of New York city. The object
+of this invention is to
+facilitate the performance
+of dental operations,
+such as the filling
+of teeth. It consists in
+a combined dental
+speculum, gag, and
+shield formed of a flaring
+or bonnet-shaped
+shell of metal, having
+a longitudinal slot in
+its lower side to receive
+the teeth, and an
+arched wire attached
+to its lower part, upon
+the opposite sides of
+the forward end of the
+slot, to rest upon the
+teeth and support the
+forward part of the
+shell.</p>
+
+<p>An improved coupling
+for the shafts of a
+wagon, which can be
+readily fastened to or
+unfastened from the
+axle, has been patented
+by Mr. William W.
+French, of Stockbridge,
+Mass. The invention
+consists in the combination
+with the axle
+clip and knuckle joint
+of a sliding bearer and
+spring catch to facilitate
+the opening and
+closing of the coupling.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Joseph Kintz, of
+West Meriden, Conn.,
+has patented an improved
+process for
+bronzing iron surfaces,
+which consists in cleaning
+and buffing the iron
+surfaces, then electroplating
+with copper, then dipping in acid solution, then
+again buffing, then boiling in a salt of tin solution, and then
+finishing by subjecting the article to heat until the copper
+and spelter coatings are fused into bronze.</p>
+
+<p>A simple device for extending the steps of passenger cars,
+for the convenience of passengers getting in and out of the
+car, and for protecting at the same time the treads of the
+permanent steps from sparks, cinders, snow, etc., during the
+passage of the car from one station to another, has been
+patented by Mr. Benjamin F. Shelabarger, of Hannibal,
+Mo.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Luther C. Baldwin, of Manchester, N. H., has patented
+a new and improved automatic heat regulator, simple in
+construction and so arranged as to operate, under the smallest
+changes of temperature, upon the valves of the source
+of heat.</p>
+
+<p>An improved cigar lighting stand has been patented by
+Mr. Joseph Kintz, of West Meriden, Conn. This improvement
+relates to lamp stands for cigar lighting, and has for
+its object the production of a
+stand of ornamental character
+which may be packed
+closely for transportation and
+readily put together for use.</p>
+
+<p>A simple, safe, and efficient
+device in which light oils may
+be used as fuel for heating
+sad irons for domestic use, or
+for the use of tailors, dressmakers,
+etc., has been patented
+by Mr. Harvey L. Wells,
+of Evansville, Ind. It consists
+essentially of an iron
+box divided longitudinally
+into two chambers, the lower
+being the combustion chamber
+and the upper the heating
+chamber.</p>
+
+<p>An improvement in electric
+light has been patented by Mr.
+Charles J. Van Depoele, of
+Detroit, Mich. The object of
+this invention is to automatically regulate the feed of the
+carbon in electric lights according to the changes of resistance
+in the current caused by the consumption of the carbon
+points, so as to prevent flickering and variations in intensity
+of the light.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="page5" id="page5"></a>
+
+<a name="art13" id="art13"></a><h2>Chloroforming during Sleep.</h2>
+
+<p>The possibility of chloroforming a person in sleep, without
+waking him, having been disputed in a recent murder
+trial, Dr. J. V. Quimby, of Jersey City, was led to test the
+question experimentally. The results were presented in a
+paper before the section of medical jurisprudence at the
+meeting of the American Medical Association a few days
+ago. Dr. Quimby made arrangements with a gentleman to
+enter his room when he was asleep and apply chloroform to
+him. He did this with entire success, transferring the person
+from natural to artificial sleep without arousing him.
+He used about three drachms of Squibb's chloroform, and
+occupied about seven minutes in the operation. The second
+case was a boy of thirteen who had refused to take
+ether for a minor operation. Dr. Quimby advised the
+mother to give the boy a light supper and put him to bed.
+She did so, and Dr. Quimby, calling when the boy was
+asleep, administered the chloroform and performed the
+operation without awakening the boy. The third case was
+a boy of ten years suffering from an abscess, and the same
+course was pursued with equal success. Two important
+inferences may be drawn from these cases, Dr. Quimby
+said. Minor surgical operations may be done with perfect
+safety and much more pleasantly than in the ordinary way,
+and, secondly, a person somewhat skilled in the use of
+chloroform may enter a sleeping apartment and administer
+chloroform with evil intentions while a person is asleep.
+Hence the use of this drug in the hands of a criminal may
+become an effective instrument in the accomplishment of
+his nefarious designs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art14" id="art14"></a><h2>IMPROVED WATERING DIPPER.</h2>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<a href="images/012-dipper-800.png"><img src="images/012-dipper-250.png" width="250" height="105" alt="HARRISON'S WATERING DIPPER" /></a>
+<h4>HARRISON'S WATERING DIPPER</h4>
+</div>
+
+<p>A convenient vessel for watering plants, sprinkling floors,
+and for other similar purposes is shown in the annexed engraving.
+It is simply a dipper of the usual form, partly
+covered at the top by a shield, at the center of which is fixed
+a sprinkler spout. The utility of this improvement will be
+recognized without further description. It was recently
+patented by Mr. R. Harrison, of Columbus, Miss.</p>
+<br clear="all" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art15" id="art15"></a><h2>IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP.</h2>
+
+<p>The lamp shown in the engraving will be recognized as an
+Edison lamp, the vacuum globe and the carbon horseshoe
+being the principal elements. Mr. John H. Guest, a well
+known electrical inventor of Brooklyn, N. Y., judging from
+his own experience in fusing platinum with glass in the
+manufacture of thermostatic fire alarms, concluded
+that the principal trouble with the
+Edison lamp would be the entrance of air
+around the wires passing through the glass
+of the vacuum globe, devised a simple plan
+of sealing the joint between the wires and the
+glass by means of mercury, thus interposing
+an effectual barrier to the entrance of air at
+that point.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/5c-652-t-600.png"><img src="images/5c-227.png" width="227" height="350" alt="GUEST'S IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP, Fig 1" /></a>
+<h4>GUEST'S IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP, <br />Fig 1 and Fig 2</h4>
+</div>
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/5d-400-t.png"><img src="images/5d-159.png" width="159" height="350" alt="GUEST'S IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP, Fig 2" /></a>
+<h4>&nbsp;<br /></h4>
+</div>
+
+<p>The invention is so clearly shown in the engraving
+that scarcely a word of explanation
+is necessary. In the lamp shown in Fig. 1,
+the wires that convey the current to the carbon
+horseshoe are sealed in the ends of
+curved glass tubes communicating with the
+globe, and these joints are inclosed in small
+globes formed on the ends of the glass tubes
+and filled with mercury.</p>
+
+<p>In this lamp Mr. Guest has made provision
+partially or wholly preventing the circulation
+of air, should any remain in the globe after
+exhaustion with the air pump. The device
+by which this is accomplished is simply a small
+globe connected with the lower portion of
+the lamp globe by a contracted passage, the
+theory being that the cooler and heavier portion
+of the air will be drawn into the auxiliary
+globe by its own gravity.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 shows a lamp in which the tubes
+that support the wires extend downward into the lamp globe.
+These tubes at their junction with the vacuum globe are
+fused to the platinum conducting wires, and the tubes act
+simply as lateral supports to the wires inside the globe,
+allowing the wires to expand freely lengthwise. The tubes
+are sealed outside the globe in the manner shown in Fig. 1.</p>
+
+<p>Another improvement made by Mr. Guest consists in inclosing
+the ends of the platinum wire conductors in the ends
+of the material of the carbon before it is carbonized, the wire
+being formed into a loop to increase the conducting surface
+and to insure a good connection with the carbon.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art16" id="art16"></a>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<a href="images/014-fruit-500.png"><img src="images/014-fruit-200.png" width="200" height="294" alt="FRUIT-PRESERVING APPARATUS." /></a>
+<h4>FRUIT-PRESERVING APPARATUS.</h4>
+</div>
+
+<h2>APPARATUS FOR PRESERVING FRUIT.</h2>
+
+<p>The annexed engraving represents a simple apparatus for
+preserving fruit in its natural state, by means of a partial
+vacuum. The vessel is especially designed for the purpose,
+and is provided with an absorbent which takes up whatever
+moisture may emanate from the fruit. The vessel is preferably
+made of glass or earthenware, and is provided
+with a cover having a packing ring and a device for receiving
+the stems of the fruit. The cover is secured to the vessel
+by an adjustable screw clamp. In the bottom of the
+vessel there is an absorbing ring made of burnt or dried
+clay, which absorbs the moisture escaping from the fruit.
+The air in the vessel is rarefied either by heat or by the application
+of an air pump to the opening in the bottom.</p>
+
+<p>This apparatus was recently patented by Mr. Carl J. Renz,
+of Hudson, N. Y.</p>
+
+<br clear="all" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+<a name="art17" id="art17"></a>
+<h2>New Process for Printing Gold and Silver Colors on<br />
+Carpetings and other Textiles.</h2>
+
+<h3>(Translated for the <i>Commercial Bulletin.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>Gold and silver designs for carpeting and oilcloths have
+been hitherto prepared in the following manner: The gold
+or silver were put in leaves or bronze powder on the designs,
+which were printed with a varnish of linseed oil, or similar
+adhesive. The bronze thus attached did not possess much
+firmness, and the method was necessarily expensive. The
+method recently adopted by Wohlforth is as follows: The
+bronze powder is united at once to printing material. The
+liquid silicate of potash, or of oxide of sodium, answers this
+purpose. One part, by weight, of gold, silver, or bronze
+powder, along with two parts of the silicate, will give a
+print color, which is easily transferable by rollers to paper,
+oilcloth, and woods and metals. The bronze thus printed
+dries very rapidly, and cannot be taken off by oil or water,
+unless they are boiling. It bears light and heat equally well,
+and especially sulphureted hydrogen, which has such a destructive
+effect on bronzes put on in the form of powder. It
+is recommended to thin the mass by an addition of warm
+water, 10 to 20 per cent, so as to keep it from becoming too
+hard during the process of printing. An addition of glycerine
+or sirup, of 5 to 10 per cent, will be even preferable.
+The bronze color remaining on the printing forms can be
+taken off by warm water.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art18" id="art18"></a><h2>The Edison Ore Separator Not New</h2>
+
+<p style="font-size: 1.1em;"><i>To the Editor of the Scientific American:</i></p>
+
+<p>In your issue of June 19, 1880, I notice an illustration of
+an electro-magnetic ore separator invented by Mr. Edison,
+and patented June 1, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>A device absolutely identical with this has been in use for
+the past ten or fifteen years at the emery works at Chester,
+Hampden county, Mass. I there saw it in use myself in
+November, 1876, and was informed, I think by Mr. Ames,
+that it was not patented, and that no valid patent could be
+granted upon it by reason of its long continued public use.</p>
+
+<p>My uncle, John S. Williams, of this city, president of the
+Ore Knob Copper Company, had heard of the machine, and
+sent me to Chester with a view to purchasing the right to
+use it at the Ore Knob Copper Works, in Ashe county,
+North Carolina. On my return to Baltimore I had the magnets
+constructed by Watts &amp; Co., electricians, on November
+24, 1876, for a large machine, similar to the one at Chester,
+which machine was completed about December 10, 1876,
+and practically tested at No. 52 Commerce St., Baltimore.
+It was sent to the Ore Knob Mine about Christmas, 1876, to
+be used in separating magnetic oxide of iron from the copper
+ore, and, for aught I know to the contrary, is in use
+there yet. This is a striking instance of how history repeats
+itself in inventions. Mr. Edison is doubtless an original
+inventor of the device, but he most certainly is not the
+first inventor.</p>
+
+<p class="author">R. D. WILLIAMS.<br />
+
+Baltimore, Md., June, 1880.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art19" id="art19"></a>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<a href="images/015-slatewasher-800.png"><img src="images/015-slatewasher-150.png" width="150" height="182" alt="SMITH'S SLATE WASHER." /></a>
+<h4>SMITH'S SLATE WASHER.</h4>
+</div>
+
+<h2>NOVEL SLATE WASHER.</h2>
+
+<p>Few articles meet with a readier sale or more promptly
+remunerate the inventor than the class of inventions adapted
+to the use of children either in their school life or in their
+amusements. One of these useful little novelties is shown
+in our engraving. It is a slate washer, consisting of two
+pieces of metal stamped up so as to form a holder for the
+sponge at the top and the cloth drier at the bottom. They
+also form a tubular receptacle containing a supply sponge,
+which is moistened by removing the corks at the ends.</p>
+
+<p>This invention was recently patented by Mr. Jacob A.
+Smith, of Salem, Ohio.</p>
+
+<br clear="all" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art20" id="art20"></a><h2>The Utilization of Genesee Falls.</h2>
+
+<p>The plan to furnish Rochester, N. Y., with power for
+manufacturing and for running street cars
+through the utilization of the falls of the Genesee
+in compressing air, was described in
+this paper some weeks ago. All the power of
+the lower falls, save what is needed to run
+two wheels for factories already in operation,
+has been purchased by the inventor of the
+system, and a promising beginning has been
+made. According to the Rochester <i>Union</i>, a
+large gang of men are at work building the
+crib just below the falls on the east side of
+the river in a cove which seems to have
+been made by nature for this purpose. This
+foundation is 100 feet long by 75 feet wide,
+and will have an average depth of 13 feet.
+It is being constructed of solid logs of oak
+timber bolted together, and the center will be
+filled with stone. On the top of the crib will
+be erected the derrick, 125 feet high, and the
+water will pour into it from the top of the
+falls through the bulkheads at one end of the
+dam. The stand pipes will run from the top
+of the derrick to the cylinders on the crib,
+which will be in the neighborhood of 500 feet
+long. The whole machinery will be roofed
+in. The difficulty in the way of getting the
+materials to the place, they all having to be
+lowered over the falls, makes the work of
+construction somewhat slow. It is expected,
+however, that the first application of the system to the propulsion
+of street cars will be possible in September
+next.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+<a name="art21" id="art21"></a>
+<h2>Stevens Institute of Technology.</h2>
+
+<p>The commencement exercises took place on June 16 and
+17, and were of a very interesting nature. On the 16th
+President Henry Morton delivered an able address before the
+graduating class on "Popular Fallacies in Engineering."
+We intend to publish the address in full in our next week's
+<span class="sc">Supplement</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="page6" id="page6"></a>
+
+<a name="art22" id="art22"></a><h2>NEW PORTABLE SHOWER BATH.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/6a-showerbath1-800.png"><img src="images/6a-showerbath1-170.png" width="170" height="350" alt="Fig. 1. - VANSANT'S PORTABLE SHOWER BATH." /></a>
+<p class="center"><b>Fig. 1.</b><br /><b>VANSANT'S PORTABLE SHOWER BATH.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/6c-showerbath2-800.png"><img src="images/6c-showerbath2-183.png" width="183" height="350" alt="Fig. 2. - SECTION OF SHOWER BATH." /></a>
+<p class="center"><b>Fig. 2.</b><br /><b>SECTION OF SHOWER BATH.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We give herewith perspective and sectional views of an
+improved portable shower bath, recently patented by Mr.
+James E. Vansant, of Covington, Ky. It consists of a
+spherical vessel, having at the bottom a supporting rim which
+admits of setting it on the floor when occasion requires. The
+top is provided with a screw cap, perforated with numerous
+small holes for discharging water in fine streams. In the
+center of the cover there is a filling tube, which extends
+nearly to the bottom of the vessel. A float is provided to
+indicate when the vessel is filled, and shot contained in the
+two side tubes serves as ballast to keep the device either in
+an upright or inverted position.</p>
+
+<p>The vessel is pivoted in a light jointed frame that admits
+of hanging it up or setting it down. In use it is tipped by
+means of the cords attached.</p>
+
+<br clear="all" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art23" id="art23"></a><h2>Mines and Railroads of Leadville.</h2>
+
+<p style="font-size: 1.1em;"><i>To the Editor of the Scientific American:</i></p>
+
+<p>Nearly every person interested in geology sets up a theory
+of his own with regard to the carbonate deposits of Leadville,
+immediately on arriving in this famous district. There
+is, however, but one theory which has been generally adopted
+by scientific men, formulated by W. S. Keyes, General
+Manager of the Chrysolite Iron and Little Chief Mines, and
+substantiated by the mute testimony of the fossil remains
+that fix the geologic data. The theory is substantially as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>A shallow sea overspread this entire region. An even
+bed of limestone, dolomitic, was formed by the myriads of
+shell-fish that subsisted in this shallow sea. From some
+natural convulsion the waters flowed off, leaving the sedimentary
+deposits. Subsequently the porphyritic rock
+flowed over the surface in a pasty mass, covering the limestone.
+There then followed two processes of ore making.
+The first was through the mineralizing action of heated and
+ore depositing waters, coming up out of the depths, and impregnating
+and permeating the hanging and foot walls of
+the contact. No free oxygen was contained in these waters;
+neither did they carry any chlorides or chlorobromides,
+
+wherein consists the present richness of Leadville's ores;
+but in the first process the ore was entirely in the form of
+sulphurets.</p>
+
+<p>The second process was initiated by the uplifting of the
+mountain ranges to their present height, at which time the
+diorites, those ore indicators of the globe, uprose through
+the sedimentary strata. Thus was the original surface of
+deposit bent and folded, and not unfrequently entirely
+broken. The surface waters carrying free oxygen and free
+carbonic acid now penetrated along the contact, and oxidized
+the sulphurets, which formed free sulphuric acid, giving
+rise to the sulphates and sulpho-carbonates. The irresistible
+law of gravity distributed these sulphates, these oxides, and
+these carbonates in vast bonanzas, that have been the wonder
+of the world. The fossil trilobites of this region identify
+it with the silver lead districts of Nevada, Utah, and Mexico.
+It is not anomalous, but simply richer than its sister regions
+to the West and South.</p>
+
+<p>The output of ore from the Leadville mines last year
+(1879) aggregated 122,483 tons, which represents a value of
+$11,477,046. That is to say, there was an average yield at
+$90 per ton, or just $31,443.96 each day. On the first day
+of May of the present year (1880), the returns from thirty-seven
+of the leading mines gave a total daily output of 899&frac12;
+tons of ore, yielding, at the low average of $90 per ton,
+something like $80,955 per day. The world's history of silver
+mining in the past shows nothing like this for so young
+a camp. Scarcely a month passes without opening up some
+new and vast carbonate deposits. The territory has not
+even been thoroughly prospected; and the future yield of
+the royal metal will far eclipse its past production.</p>
+
+<p>It might not be uninteresting in this connection to give
+something regarding the sampling and milling of ores. One
+of the most complete concerns engaged in this business anywhere
+in the country is that of Augustus R. Meyer &amp; Co.
+This establishment has grown with the growth and development
+of this carbonate district. The business was first established
+as long ago as the year 1877 (before Little Pittsburg was
+dreamed of). A little log house, a relic of seventeen years
+previous, was found sufficiently ample for the needs of the
+business of that period. However, it was not long before
+additions had to be made and new buildings erected. In the
+year 1879 the present company was incorporated with a
+capital stock of $50,000, and every preparation that money
+and business sagacity could effect was made to meet the demands
+of the prosperous era, that has built a mining metropolis
+10,240 feet above the sea level, at the base of the
+great continental divide. As at present constituted the premises
+of the company comprise seven and one-half acres of
+ground, upon which six buildings have been erected, including
+ore houses and crushing and sampling buildings. During
+the busy season of summer from thirty-five to forty men
+are employed, who alternate their work in two shifts, day
+and night. At this season it frequently happens that the
+ore houses, which hold 1,500 tons, are insufficient for the
+accommodation of the mineral sent from the mines to be
+crushed, and large quantities have to be stored outside. In
+sampling ores from the various mines about Leadville
+this establishment pursues the most careful methods. The
+different ores are first deposited in large bins holding from
+25 to 100 tons. One-tenth of each load is taken and run
+through a Dodge crusher, which well adapts it for the furnaces.
+A fifth of the tenth already indicated is put through
+heavy rollers, and one half of this finely crushed ore is subjected
+to the Bucking hammer and powdered to an eighty-sieve
+grade. One sample of this powder, consisting of a
+fourth, is given to the miner, two samples are kept for reference,
+and the other is sent to the assayer, who takes his
+"assay ton," upon which the company buys and sells. The
+capacity of the works are all the way from 80 to 150 tons
+
+per day. For samples, $7.50 is charged for silver and lead
+per ton, and $10 per ton for gold; but in large quantities a
+less charge is made. In job crushing, the market value of
+silver is allowed, with from five to ten per cent deducted.
+The Meyer works enjoy an excellent patronage from the
+best mines of the camp, including such as the Chrysolite,
+Carbonate, Vulture, Duncan, Matchless, Climax, Morning
+Star, Crescent, and J. D. Dana, some of which have all
+their crushing done at these sampling works.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/6b-1200.png"><img src="images/6b-600.png" width="600" height="251" alt="AUGUSTUS R. MEYER AND COMPANY'S ORE MILL." /></a>
+<h3>AUGUSTUS R. MEYER AND COMPANY'S ORE MILL.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<h3>RAILROADS.</h3>
+
+<p>In order to furnish better transportation facilities for the
+mineral of this district, and to emancipate it from the freight
+embargo that has virtually fettered its commerce, citizens of
+Leadville have determined to construct a broad gauge railway
+down the Arkansas Valley to Pueblo. This will enable
+Leadville merchants to ship goods through from the East
+without breaking bulk, and lay them down in their warehouses
+as cheaply as the same commodities could be laid
+down in Denver. This will insure Leadville the control of
+the business of the Gunnison country, whose mineral developments
+are spoken of in the highest terms. Propositions
+from Eastern railroad contractors have already been
+received, preliminary surveys have been made, and $200,000
+guaranteed to the stock subscription. It now seems to be
+only a question of what method to pursue in constructing
+the road.</p>
+
+<p>Growing out of the broad gauge movement, to some extent,
+two or three narrow gauge enterprises have been organized.
+One is projected from Leadville to Salt Lake City,
+following the carbonate belt, as shown in Hayden's Geological
+Map, around through the Eagle River, Roaring Fork, and
+White River Agency districts, into Utah. Such men as H. A. W.
+Tabor and C. B. Rustin stand at the head of this project.
+Another narrow gauge road is organized to be built
+into the "Ten-Mile" and Breckenridge districts, where the
+famous Robinson Mine is located. Should the broad gauge
+be built this summer to Pueblo, there is little doubt but that
+narrow gauges would ramify out from Leadville into every
+mineral bearing gulch that was found accessible.</p>
+
+<p class="author">W.<br />
+
+Leadville, May 6, 1880.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="page7" id="page7"></a>
+
+<a name="art24" id="art24"></a><h2>MECHANICAL INVENTIONS.</h2>
+
+<p>Mr. William B. Hickman, of Sterling, Kan., has patented
+a swage to be used in welding the triangular bar which is
+to form the flange of a plow point or share to the body of
+the same.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lucius S. Edleblute, of Cincinnati, O., has recently
+patented what he calls the rubber cushioned spoke and hub.
+This is an improvement in the class of vehicle wheel hubs
+having an elastic band or annular portion which surrounds
+the journal box and on which the butts of the spokes rest,
+so that the wheel is rendered elastic and more durable, also
+comparatively noiseless when running on stony pavements,
+roads, or streets.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. George Richards, of Boxbury, Mass., has patented a
+steam muffler composed of two plates of a diameter very
+much greater than the diameter of the pipe through which
+the steam escapes from the boiler, so that the steam has
+room to expand before escaping to the outer air, its expansion
+effectually deadening the noise caused by the passage
+through the contracted escape pipe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art25" id="art25"></a><h2>The Baby Elephant takes a Bath.</h2>
+
+<p>It is customary with traveling menageries in hot weather
+when convenient to a river to allow the elephants to take a
+bath. The London Circus passed through Woonsocket, R. I.,
+the other day, when the keeper let loose all the elephants,
+including "Hebe" and her baby, for the above purpose. The
+mother and her offspring were permitted to approach a river
+for the first time since the baby was born, and they were,
+therefore, watched with great interest by their keeper. The
+mother cautiously approached the Blackstone River, which
+flows past the circus grounds, and waded in a short distance,
+carefully feeling her way; she then encouraged the baby to
+follow her, which the obedient little fellow did. When far
+enough in the mother caught the baby between her fore legs,
+and then lay down in the water and rolled over, giving the
+baby the first bath. The mother then felt perfectly satisfied
+with her job, and rising up approached the bank, bringing
+the little one with her. On reaching terra firma she drove
+the younger before her, and would not allow it to approach
+the water again, though it showed a disposition to do so.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art26" id="art26"></a><h2>PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA.</h2>
+
+<p>This little animal belongs to the family of snails, class
+Heteropoda, is about an inch long, and is devoid of any shell
+or covering whatever. It is flat, and so absolutely transparent
+that a person can read through
+its body. It is provided with a pair
+of feelers. The little animal is very
+luminous if placed in fresh water
+or disturbed, but this phenomenon
+is most beautiful when an ammonia
+solution is poured over the animal.
+It will shine with a vivid blue light,
+which extinguishes with life. But
+even after death the nerve cells,
+which are directly below the skin
+and produce the light, can be irritated
+sufficiently to become luminous.
+It is a singular fact that
+electricity has no effect upon these
+nerve cells.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/7c-light-1500.png"><img src="images/7c-light-600.png" width="600" height="321" alt="PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA&mdash;AS SEEN IN THE LIGHT." /></a>
+<h4>PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA&mdash;AS SEEN IN THE LIGHT.</h4>
+<p class="center"><i>a b</i>, ganglion; <i>c</i>, intestines; <i>d</i>, liver; <i>f</i>, kidneys;
+<i>g</i>, generative organs.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/7c-dark-1000.png"><img src="images/7c-dark-600.png" width="600" height="333" alt="PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA&mdash;SHOWING IN THE DARK THE LUMINOUS SPOTS." /></a>
+<h4>PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA&mdash;SHOWING IN THE DARK THE LUMINOUS SPOTS.</h4>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art27" id="art27"></a><h2>Care of Trees and Shrubs.</h2>
+
+<p>In view of the drought which
+prevails in many parts of the country
+and its unusual severity over extensive
+districts, the <i>Rural New
+Yorker</i> suggests to those who have
+planted trees or shrubs the past
+spring that there is one method, and
+so far as we know, says the writer,
+only one, by which they may be protected
+against injury or death from
+that cause. Surface watering has
+been shown to do more harm than
+good. The ground is made hard
+and compact, thus becoming a better
+conductor of heat while it becomes
+less pervious to air and moisture.
+A portion of the surface soil should
+be removed, and then pailful after
+pailful of water thrown in until the
+ground, to a depth of two feet and
+to a width about the stem of not less
+than three feet in diameter, has become
+saturated. Then, as soon as
+the water has disappeared from the
+surface, the removed soil should be
+well pulverized and returned. A
+covering of boards, straw, or hay,
+or even of sand or gravel, may then
+be applied, and the tree or shrub,
+thus treated, will pass through ten
+days of additional drought in safety.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as rain comes to wet
+the earth thoroughly, we think
+it is better to remove the mulch. Nothing is then gained
+by permitting it to remain. Mellowing the surface soil
+about the trees, thus keeping it free from grass and
+weeds, is then the most that is needed. We would repeat
+that the present is the season when the female borer deposits
+her eggs on the stems of fruit trees, and the wash of lime,
+
+potash, sulphur, etc. (darkened with lampblack), should now
+be applied and reapplied during June and July, as soon as
+washed off by rain.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art28" id="art28"></a>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/7c-treegrowth-alt-1000.png"><img src="images/7c-treegrowth-alt-293.png" width="293" height="450" alt="THE FORCE OF TREE GROWTH." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE FORCE OF TREE GROWTH.</h2>
+
+<p>The disruptive power of tree roots, growing in the crevices
+of rocks, is well known. Masses of stone weighing many
+tons are often dislodged in this way from the faces of cliffs,
+and no one gives them more than a passing glance. When,
+however, the sanctity of the tomb is invaded, despite the
+graven warning of the occupant, the case is very different,
+and superstitious people are apt to think there must be something
+in it more than accident and the unconscious expression
+of the resistless force of growing vegetation.</p>
+
+<p>The engraving herewith is copied from a photograph sent
+to us by a European correspondent, of a grave in the Garten
+churchyard, in Hanover, Germany, the invasion of which
+by a birch tree has been the occasion of much wonderment
+
+by country people, who come from great distances to examine
+it.</p>
+
+<p>The monument, so unfeelingly disrupted, was erected in
+1782, and bears on its base the following inscription: "This
+grave, which was bought for all eternity, must never be
+opened." A chance birch seed, lodging in a crevice of the
+monument, has displayed the irony of nature in slowly yet
+surely thwarting the desire of the person who designed it
+for a perpetual memorial. All the joints are separated, the
+strong iron clamps are broken, and the birch tree has embraced
+the upper large block, which weighs about one and
+a quarter tons, and the tree is driving its roots below, gradually
+but surely tilting the structure.</p>
+
+<br clear="all" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art29" id="art29"></a><h2>Perseverance with the Drowned.</h2>
+
+<p>In a recent communication to the French Academy, Professor
+Fort asserts that he was enabled to restore to life a
+child three years old, by practicing artificial respiration on
+it four hours, commencing three hours and a half after apparent
+death. He mentions also a case in which Dr. Fournol,
+of Billancourt, reanimated, in July, 1878, an apparently
+drowned person by four hours of artificial respiration begun
+one hour after the patient was taken from the water. At
+this season, when cases of drowning are apt to be frequent,
+the possible benefit that may come from a persevering effort
+to revive victims of drowning, should encourage friends not
+to despair of their resuscitation, even after several hours of
+seemingly fruitless labor.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art30" id="art30"></a><h2>Simple Test for Chloral Hydrate.</h2>
+
+<p>A new test for chloral hydrate has been devised by Frank
+Ogston, namely, yellow sulphide of ammonium. On adding
+this reagent to a solution of chloral of moderate strength
+there is at first no change noticed, but in a short time the
+colorless solution acquires an orange yellow color, and on
+longer standing turns brown and evolves a gas of very disagreeable
+odor. Ogston's experiments show that a solution
+containing ten milligrammes turns brown in six hours, and
+gives the peculiar odor. With one milligramme the orange-yellow
+color appears in twelve hours, but no odor. Croton
+chloral gives the same reactions, but chloroform, chloric
+ether, and formic acid do not.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art31" id="art31"></a><h2>NATURAL HISTORY NOTES.</h2>
+
+<p><i>The Propagation of Oysters.</i>&mdash;At the recent meeting in this
+city of the American Fish Cultural Association, a paper was
+read on the propagation of the oyster, by Dr. W. J. Brook, of
+the Johns Hopkins University. The
+manner in which this propagation
+takes place had never before, he
+said, been thoroughly understood.
+Through studies made by him last
+summer, however, great light was
+thrown on the subject. He found
+that the American oysters do not
+breed their young in the shell, as
+had been supposed, and that consequently
+the eggs can be impregnated
+artificially. An average oyster
+contains from six to nine million
+eggs, and one of large size may contain
+fifty millions. The plan pursued
+by him in fertilizing these
+eggs was to chop the male and female
+oyster up together; thus the
+fluids are mixed and the impregnation
+is made complete. The
+process of development immediately
+begins, and goes on so rapidly that
+a change may be noted every fifteen
+seconds. In a very few hours the
+embryo is sufficiently formed to
+swim in the water. The shells at
+first are very small, and are not adjacent
+to each other. They grow
+very rapidly, closing down over the
+sides, and finally unite and form the
+hinge. In the short space of twenty-four
+hours the young oyster is able
+to take food, and from three days
+to a week it attains perfect form.
+During its early life it is a swimming
+animal. The oyster is able to
+reproduce its species at the end of
+a year's growth, and it is marketable
+at the age of three years.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art32" id="art32"></a><h2>S. P. Ruggles.</h2>
+
+<p>S. P. Ruggles died at Lisbon, N. H., May 28. He was principally
+known as the inventor of the Ruggles
+printing press, which was
+among the first of machine presses.
+His invention was what printers
+call an "upside-down press," the
+type being upside down when in
+the bed. About twenty-five years
+ago Mr. Ruggles sold out his interest
+for nearly $200,000, and since then has not been in active
+business. He was the inventor of the raised alphabet for the
+blind, and always showed great interest in the amelioration
+of the condition of the sightless. He was also a great
+friend of mechanical education, and has written much on
+the subject.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+ <a name="page8" id="page8"></a>
+
+<a name="art33" id="art33"></a><h2>SYDNEY INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.&mdash;1879-1880.</h2>
+<h3>Extracts from the Report of the Judges in Horology.</h3>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT III.&mdash;EDUCATION AND SCIENCE.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><b><i>Group</i>&mdash;<i>Scientific and Philosophical Instruments and Methods.</i></b></p>
+
+<p>Class 310.&mdash;Chronometric Apparatus, Chronometers, Astronomical
+Clocks, Watches, Chronographs, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p><i>Judges</i>.&mdash;John McGarvie Smith, New South Wales.<br />
+P. E. Bound, Switzerland.<br />
+H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., Great Britain.<br />
+E. Beckmann, Germany.<br />
+Gregory P. Harte, United States.</p>
+
+<p><i>To the Honorable Committee on Judging and Awards, Sydney
+International Exhibition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Gentlemen</span>: I have the honor to hand you herewith the
+report of the judges of Class 310, as above,</p>
+
+<p class="ind1">And remain, sirs, your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="author"><span class="sc">Gregory P. Harte</span>, Chairman.</p>
+
+<p class="center">____________</p>
+
+<p>The following exhibits were submitted for examination:</p>
+
+<p>U. S. Exhibit, 537, American Watch Company, Waltham,
+Mass., U. S. A.&mdash;Watches and Chronographs.</p>
+
+<p>British Exhibit, 1,048, Victor Kullberg, London, England&mdash;Watches
+and Chronographs.</p>
+
+<p>British Exhibit, 1,054, Nicole &amp; Nielsen, London, England&mdash;Watches,
+Chronographs, etc.</p>
+
+<p>British Exhibit, 1,060, T. Russell &amp; Sons, London, England&mdash;Watches,
+Chronographs, etc.</p>
+
+<p>British Exhibit, 1,041, Castleberg &amp; Co., London, England&mdash;Watches,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>British Exhibit, 1,060a, S. Backschmid, Switzerland&mdash;Watches.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: 2em;">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.</p>
+
+<p>German Exhibit, 36, A. Lange &amp; Sons, Dresden, Germany&mdash;Watches,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>Swiss Exhibit, L. Audemars, Brassus, Switzerland&mdash;Watches,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>French Exhibit, 146, A. H. Rodanet, Paris, France&mdash;Chronometers.</p>
+
+<p>French Exhibit, 177, G. Tribandeau, Besan&#231;on, France&mdash;Watches.</p>
+
+<p>Swiss Exhibit, 14a, International Watch Company&mdash;Watches.</p>
+
+<p>In presenting the following report, the judges desire to
+make some explanations, which, we trust, will excuse them
+in the minds of the impartial for any apparent neglect in the
+form of their report, and for the limited number of tests
+made of the horological exhibits.</p>
+
+<p>The judges were appointed too late to do the full amount
+required, inasmuch as the number of exhibits was so much
+in excess of any reasonable allotment for examination and
+report before the closing of the Exhibition.</p>
+
+<p>Commencing their labors, however, immediately after the
+first call, the examinations were not complete until March
+3d, which only permitted a time test to be made of nine days
+in a single position. This single position was objected to by
+some of the exhibitors, but ill-advisedly, for the ratings observed
+in the watches of the objecting exhibitors were of
+such character as to establish in the minds of the judges the
+conclusion that their watches would not have made so good
+a comparative showing if there had been more time to observe
+the ratings in other positions.</p>
+
+<p>Great care was taken by the individual judges in making
+up their note books during the examination of the watches,
+and scrutinizing the inherent and comparative merits of exhibits
+under the ten different heads unanimously agreed upon,
+as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="none">
+<li>1. Originality.</li>
+<li>2. Invention and discovery.</li>
+<li>3. Utility and quality of material.</li>
+<li>4. Skill in workmanship.</li>
+<li>5. Fitness for purposes intended.</li>
+<li>6. Adaptation to public wants.</li>
+<li>7. Economy.</li>
+<li>8. Cost.</li>
+<li>9. Finish and elegance of cases.</li>
+<li>10. Time-keeping qualities.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>It was agreed the judges should use the number 100 as expressing
+the highest degree of excellence in each of these ten
+elements of inherent and comparative merit, and adjudge individually
+to each of the several exhibits such rating as their
+respective judgments would warrant after careful examination;
+each set of opinions being made a portion of this report,
+and in the <i>r&eacute;sum&eacute;</i> the mean average being taken as the
+unanimous verdict of the judges.</p>
+
+<p>It was also decided we should take up each exhibit in the
+order originally examined, and, beginning with the first element
+of merit (originality), each judge should in numbers
+express his judgment of the inherent and comparative merit
+attaching to each exhibit in this one element; this being
+done, to proceed with each succeeding element in order and
+in the same manner. The five judgments being complete
+and in numbers, the aggregated verdict is arrived at simply
+by addition and division.</p>
+
+<p>This is not only a verdict as to the inherent and comparative
+merits of each exhibit, but also a full analysis of each
+order of merit in any exhibit as compared with all the
+others<span style="font-size: 1.5em;">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.</span></p>
+
+<p>In giving this verdict it was absolutely necessary to ascertain
+to the fullest extent the time-keeping qualities of the
+exhibits. The judges were led to this conclusion from the
+fact that in some of the exhibits we were shown watches of
+equal finish containing every known application of horological
+science in practically the same construction, which should,
+
+as far as they could determine by merely optical examination,
+keep quite as good time as watches of double and treble
+the costs in other exhibits, thus involving their judgment in
+doubt upon several elements of merit.</p>
+
+<p>In justice to themselves and to the exhibitors the judges
+determined to make the test in only one position, and give the
+whole of the time at their disposal to testing the watches in
+what might be considered their normal position, if such
+term is allowable&mdash;that is, "pendent up," or hanging.</p>
+
+<p>At the solicitations of the judges Prof. H. C. Russell, Astronomer
+Royal at the Sydney Observatory, kindly consented
+to make the tests, and each of the exhibitors was requested
+to send three watches of his own selection to the Observatory
+for this trial.</p>
+
+<p>As will be seen by the report of Professor Russell, eight
+of the ten exhibitors availed themselves of this opportunity.
+It is proper, however, to state here that none of the exhibitors
+apparently anticipated this test, and that it is possible
+some of the watches might have made a better record if they
+had been differently attended to since the opening of the
+Exhibition; but they were in this respect all upon a par.</p>
+
+<p>The majority of the watches had been made for exhibition
+purposes and specially prepared to that end; and some had
+been previously rated at observatories before sending.</p>
+
+<p><i>Notably, however, to the contrary of the above, the exhibit of
+the American Watch Company was the ordinary and regular
+product of the factory, such as is finished every day.</i></p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the possibility that these exhibits might
+have been better prepared for observatory time tests, some
+of the exhibits, as will be seen by the rating, demonstrate
+the wonderful advances made in the application of horological
+sciences to the manufacture of watches, and that their
+rating is being made equal to that of the best marine chronometers.</p>
+
+<p>The following is the report of Professor Russell, and the
+accompanying diagram (see next page) will readily give an
+idea of the comparative performance of the different watches.</p>
+
+<p class="rindent">
+"<i>Sydney Observatory, 26th February, 1880</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="rindent1" style="margin-top: -1em;"><span class="sc">"Gregory P. Harte, Esq</span>.,</p>
+
+<p class="rindent" style="margin-top: -1em;">"<i>Chairman of the Judges in Horology</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"SIR: I have the honor to report that, in response to
+your circular, inviting exhibitors of watches each to send
+three watches to the Observatory to be tested, I received on
+Monday, February 16th:</p>
+
+<p>"Three watches, Nos. 611, 669, 237, from Mr. Dolman,
+agent for Mr. Tribandeau, Besan&#231;on.</p>
+
+<p>"Three watches, Nos. 987271, 670068, 1221336, from Mr.
+Manson, agent for Waltham Watch Company.</p>
+
+<p>"Three watches, Nos. 3171, 1935, 2526, from Mr. Allerding,
+agent for Mr. Kullberg.</p>
+
+<p>"And on the forenoon of February 17th:</p>
+
+<p>"Three watches, Nos. 11527, 19967, 12629, from Mr. Hoffnung,
+agent for Lange &amp; Sons.</p>
+
+<p>"Three watches, Nos. 1004, 8632, 8370, from Mr. Jacob,
+as agent for Nicole &amp; Nielsen.</p>
+
+<p>"Three watches, Nos. 70690, 23496, 113516, from Mr.
+Jacob, as agent for Thomas Russell &amp; Sons.</p>
+
+<p>"One watch, No. 47150, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for
+Castleberg.</p>
+
+<p>"Three watches, Nos. 12731, 12483, 11680, from Mr.
+Wiesener, as agent for L. Audemars.</p>
+
+<p>"And on 18th February:</p>
+
+<p>"Two watches, Nos. 2724, 3528, from Mr. Jacob, as agent
+for Castleberg.</p>
+
+<p>"On the 17th I began rating these watches, keeping them
+all in one position (hanging), and subject to the same conditions
+of temperature; in fact, they were all hung on one
+board, and kept in a compartment locked up so as to avoid
+change of temperature, except such changes as were due to
+changes in the weather.</p>
+
+<p>"They were rated once a day by the standard clock, which
+affords special convenience for this work, and the error of
+which was found by daily astronomical observations giving
+the absolute time; great care was taken in rating so as to get
+the exact error of each watch every day, care being taken at
+the same time to avoid errors in the seconds dials, a fault
+sufficiently obvious in some of these exhibits.</p>
+
+<p>"In presenting the result of this test in the form of a diagram
+(see diagram on the opposite page), it is necessary to
+explain that the curves show only the change of rate in each
+case, and nothing is shown here of the actual rate, which
+was large in several instances.</p>
+
+<p>"In the diagram spaces between faint lines represent seconds;
+and the thicker faint lines represent the mean rate in
+each case: When the curve rises it shows that the watch
+was gaining on its previous rate, and when it falls the watch
+was losing on its previous rate. For example, in No.
+4 curve the thicker line shows the position of a gaining
+rate of 3 sec. per day; on the 18th, watch No. 4 had a gaining
+rate of 2.7 sec., and is plotted below the thick line; on
+the 19th and 20th it was less than 3 sec., but on the 21st the
+rate increased to 4.8 sec., and the curve rises above the line.
+The same rule is followed with losing rates; and, therefore,
+each curve shows whether the watch was gaining or losing
+on its own rate.</p>
+
+<p>"For convenient reference the barometer and temperature
+curves are plotted on the same sheet; although from the
+short time at command the watches could only be tested in
+one position, a glance at the diagram will show that in some
+degree at least the temperature adjustment and the isochronal
+properties of the balance springs were also tested; and I wish
+to call your attention to the fact that the whole of these
+show in a more or less degree a marked response to
+
+the change in temperature, some being over and others under
+corrected.</p>
+
+<p>"This fact is important, because it adds another proof that
+the old form of compensation balance&mdash;even when combined
+with chronometer spring and escapement and all the refinements
+which the best modern workman can add to it&mdash;fails
+to yield a complete correction for temperature; and I much
+regret that the American Watch Company, who claim to have
+overcome this fault by means of a balance involving a new
+arrangement of the metals, did not send to be tested any of
+their first-class watches containing this important improvement.</p>
+
+<p>"Several of the rate curves, especially Nos. 4, 10, 13, 16, 21,
+and 24, respond to the change in the barometer in a way that
+shows the isochronal properties of their balance springs are
+not quite perfect. <i>Looking down the curves it becomes at once
+evident that watch No. 5, which is No. 670068, second grade of
+the American Watch Company, is remarkably free from these
+defects, and presents the best rate of all the watches tested.</i> No.
+9, which is No. 2526, Kullberg, is the nearest approach to
+No. 5; indeed, the difference between its highest and lowest
+rates is 0.1 sec. less than No. 5, but it has not such a steady
+rate. The timekeeping of both these watches is remarkably
+good, and shows that we have entered upon a new era in the
+manufacture of pocket chronometers; <i>for these rates are better
+than the majority of marine chronometers.</i></p>
+
+<p>"<i>Among the cheaper watches tested, No. 6, which is No.
+1221336, of the American Watch Company, is worthy of notice;
+it is a watch of the sixth grade, yet its performance has been better
+than that of many very expensive and otherwise first-class
+watches among those tested; such a watch speaks volumes in
+favor of the system under which it was made, and is the best comment
+upon the accuracy of the machines that produced it.</i></p>
+
+<p>"There are several watches among those tested which
+have kept wonderfully steady rates, but their comparative
+merit is shown in the diagrams much better than it could be
+by any description. The daily rate of each watch will be
+found in a table attached.</p>
+
+<p>"The changes in Nos. 1, 2, 3, 17, and 19 were too great to
+plot.</p>
+
+<p class="rindent1a">"H. C. <span class="sc">Russell</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="author">"<i>Government Astronomer.</i>"</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: 1.5em; margin-top: -0.5em;">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.</p>
+
+<h3>CONCLUSION OF THE REPORT.</h3>
+
+<p>In consideration of the facts developed in this examination,
+and the preponderance of elements of inherent and comparative
+merit adjudged by the judges (each in independent
+judgment) being equal to nearly 70 per cent more than the
+next highest exhibit, they have found it exceedingly difficult
+to make such a classification in degree as will give even-handed
+justice to all.</p>
+
+<p>We adjudge to the</p>
+
+<h3>AMERICAN WATCH COMPANY, OF WALTHAM, MASS., U. S. A.,</h3>
+
+<p>a first-class award, and such other special distinction,
+diploma, medal, or award, as is consistent with the duties and
+obligations of the honorable Sydney International Commission,
+for the largest and most complete exhibit of horological
+instruments examined.</p>
+
+<p>They also propose, as the only means by which their appreciation
+of the merits of the production of this company
+can be adequately or equitably recognized by the Committee
+on Judging and Awards, that a separate first-class award be
+given for the timekeeping qualities of all grades of these
+watches.</p>
+
+<p>Also a separate first-class award for the perfection of this
+system of watchmaking and the improvements in the mechanical
+parts of the watch, being notably in the main spring
+and going barrel, the patent safety pinion, the perfect epicycloidal
+form of all the teeth of the train,, in every grade of
+watch alike, and the isochronal adjustment of the balance
+spring.</p>
+
+<p>Also to Charles V. Woerd, mechanical superintendent of
+the American Watch Company, Waltham, Mass., U. S. A.,
+a first-class award for his new mode of compensating balances.</p>
+
+<p>Also a separate first-class award for the improvements in
+cases, the number of artistic forms and designs used, the
+beauty and elegance of their finish, and for their new and
+indestructible method of enameling.</p>
+
+<h3>VICTOR KULLBERG</h3>
+
+<p>The display of marine chronometers by this maker, with
+the Observatory ratings, was of the very first order. Every
+part of those instruments was remarkably well made, and
+the modifications of some of the balance wheels worthy of
+special attention. Adjudged a first-class award.</p>
+
+<p>The display of watches by the same maker, although small,
+commanded attention from their very nice finish in all parts.
+As will be seen from the report and diagram of Professor
+Russell, they are good timekeepers, especially the one having
+the chronometer escapement. This style of watch, however,
+is of too delicate construction and too costly to fully
+meet the requirements of any considerable public want. The
+same objection will hold good as to the lever escapements as
+far as cost or economy is concerned, they being comparatively
+too high priced. Representing a certain class of manufacture,
+they are of the first order of merit, and adjudged a
+first-class award.</p>
+
+<p>The "gas governor" exhibited by the same maker, an instrument
+for regulating the amount of heat in the testing of
+chronometers, is commended as a useful invention.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name="page9" id="page9"></a>
+
+<h3>RESUME OF THE JURY'S EXAMINATION</h3>
+
+<table border="1" summary="table" style="border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse;">
+<tr>
+       <td class="spl">NAMES OF EXHIBITORS.</td>
+       <td class="spl">Originality.</td>
+       <td class="spl">Invention and discovery.</td>
+       <td class="spl">Utility and quality of material.</td>
+       <td class="spl">Skill in workmanship.</td>
+	   <td class="spl">Fitness for purposes intended.</td>
+	   <td class="spl">Adaptation to public wants.</td>
+	   <td class="spl">Economy.</td>
+	   <td class="spl">Cost.</td>
+	   <td class="spl">Finish and elegance of cases.</td>
+	   <td class="spl">Timekeeping qualities.</td>
+	   <td class="spl">Totals.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="spl"><span class="sc">American Watch Company,&nbsp;Waltham</span></td>
+	<td class="spr">98</td>
+	<td class="spr">95</td>
+	<td class="spr">95</td>
+	<td class="spr">93</td>
+	<td class="spr">100</td>
+	<td class="spr">100</td>
+	<td class="spr">100</td>
+	<td class="spr">100</td>
+	<td class="spr">100</td>
+	<td class="spr">100</td>
+	<td class="spr">981</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="spl">Victor Kuilberg  1 </td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">73</td>
+	<td class="spr">80</td>
+	<td class="spr">89</td>
+	<td class="spr">53</td>
+	<td class="spr">57</td>
+	<td class="spr">65</td>
+	<td class="spr">73</td>
+	<td class="spr">96</td>
+	<td class="spr">586</td>
+	</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="spl">Nicole &amp; Nielsen</td>
+	<td class="spr">28</td>
+	<td class="spr">22</td>
+	<td class="spr">47</td>
+	<td class="spr">58</td>
+	<td class="spr">70</td>
+	<td class="spr">60</td>
+	<td class="spr">48</td>
+	<td class="spr">38</td>
+	<td class="spr">76</td>
+	<td class="spr">80</td>
+	<td class="spr">527</td>
+	</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="spl">Thos. Russell &amp; Sons </td>
+	<td class="spr">8</td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">25</td>
+	<td class="spr">30</td>
+	<td class="spr">36</td>
+	<td class="spr">34</td>
+	<td class="spr">22</td>
+	<td class="spr">267</td>
+	<td class="spr">42</td>
+	<td class="spr">44</td>
+	<td class="spr">267</td>
+	</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="spl">Castleberg &amp; Company </td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">29</td>
+	<td class="spr">30</td>
+	<td class="spr">36</td>
+	<td class="spr">41</td>
+	<td class="spr">25</td>
+	<td class="spr">32</td>
+	<td class="spr">42</td>
+	<td class="spr">53</td>
+	<td class="spr">288</td>
+	</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="spl">S. Backschmid</td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">11</td>
+	<td class="spr">11</td>
+	<td class="spr">7</td>
+	<td class="spr">15</td>
+	<td class="spr">12</td>
+	<td class="spr">10</td>
+	<td class="spr">10</td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">76</td>
+	</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="spl">A Lange &amp; Sons</td>
+	<td class="spr">45</td>
+	<td class="spr">33</td>
+	<td class="spr">68</td>
+	<td class="spr">83</td>
+	<td class="spr">86</td>
+	<td class="spr">73</td>
+	<td class="spr">59</td>
+	<td class="spr">79</td>
+	<td class="spr">71</td>
+	<td class="spr">89</td>
+	<td class="spr">686</td>
+	</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="spl">Louis Audemars</td>
+	<td class="spr">98</td>
+	<td class="spr">24</td>
+	<td class="spr">73</td>
+	<td class="spr">85</td>
+	<td class="spr">80</td>
+	<td class="spr">54</td>
+	<td class="spr">44</td>
+	<td class="spr">58</td>
+	<td class="spr">76</td>
+	<td class="spr">79</td>
+	<td class="spr">671</td>
+	</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="spl">G. Tribandeau </td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">10</td>
+	<td class="spr">19</td>
+	<td class="spr">15</td>
+	<td class="spr">15</td>
+	<td class="spr">18</td>
+	<td class="spr">19</td>
+	<td class="spr">20</td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">116</td>
+	</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="spl">International Watch Company</td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">32</td>
+	<td class="spr">31</td>
+	<td class="spr">37</td>
+	<td class="spr">49</td>
+	<td class="spr">41</td>
+	<td class="spr">63</td>
+	<td class="spr">34</td>
+	<td class="spr">0</td>
+	<td class="spr">287</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<br /><br />
+
+ <h3>FACSIMILE DIAGRAM
+SHOWING THE CHANGE IN RATE OF WATCHES
+TESTED AT THE OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY,
+ FEBRUARY 17 TO 26, 1880.</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/9a-1200.png"><img src="images/9a-500.png" width="500" height="707" alt="CHANGE IN RATE OF WATCHES TESTED AT THE OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<a name="page10" id="page10"></a>
+
+<h2>SYDNEY INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">[<i>Continued from page 8.</i>]</p>
+
+<h3>NICOLE &amp; NIELSEN.</h3>
+
+<p>This exhibit, made specially for the Exhibition, comprised
+a full line of plain levers, split seconds, chronographs, calendars,
+repeaters, etc., and was a representative display of
+their peculiar style of manufacture in all its details. The
+cost of these watches, compared with others of similar construction
+and finish, was excessive; and while they show
+good timekeeping qualities, they do not equal that of other
+exhibits.</p>
+
+<p>As representing their own methods of construction they
+are of the first order of merit, and are adjudged a first-class
+award.</p>
+
+<h3>THOS. RUSSELL &amp; SONS</h3>
+
+<p>exhibit a full line of their manufacture, which, upon comparison
+with other exhibits of the same general character
+and construction, places them in the third order of merit,
+and they are adjudged a third-class award.</p>
+
+<h3>S. BACKSCHMID</h3>
+
+<p>exhibits a class of cheap watches of very inferior workmanship
+and finish, of the last order of merit, and adjudged a
+fourth-class award.</p>
+
+<h3>N. CASTLEBERG &amp; CO.</h3>
+
+<p>exhibit a meritorious line of watches in many respects, of
+good finish, and not excessively high priced for their performances;
+of the second order of merit, and adjudged a second
+class award.</p>
+
+<h3>A. LANGE &amp; SONS</h3>
+
+<p>exhibit a class of watches possessing many elements of merit,
+and of superior finish in many respects and at a cost which
+is quite reasonable. That the watches are constructed upon
+scientific principles and are intended as reliable timepieces,
+is shown from Observatory tests. The variations show that
+care has been taken to approximate a perfect adjustment,
+and that a partial success has been attained. A peculiarity
+in the construction of the balance wheel&mdash;having a horizontal
+split from the timing second holes each way&mdash;is noticeable,
+which we fail to understand. This exhibit was made
+expressly for this Exhibition, and Observatory rates sent with
+each watch, and, as a representative exhibit, although small,
+was the second best examined, and is, in its class, of the first
+order of merit, and adjudged a first-class award.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: 2em;">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.</p>
+
+<h3>LOUIS AUDEMARS</h3>
+
+<p>exhibits a wonderful class of complicated watches, calendars,
+repeaters, chronographs, etc., etc., combined in one
+watch, and elaborately cased and artistically finished. The
+great element of merit in this exhibit is in the combination
+of the great number of unusual functions for a watch, and
+by skill in workmanship and mechanical science securing a
+correct performance.</p>
+
+<p>The enormous cost of these watches is an effectual embargo
+on their use to any except the very few, and their utility is,
+therefore, very limited. In their class they are, however, of
+the first order of merit, and adjudged a first-class award.</p>
+
+<h3>G. TRIBANDEAU</h3>
+
+<p>exhibits a considerable collection of watches in a great variety
+of cases, of a class of workmanship, finish, and performance
+calling for the fourth order of merit, and are adjudged
+a fourth-class award.</p>
+
+<h3>A. H. RODANET</h3>
+
+<p>exhibits two marine chronometers only, one of which was
+broken and the other out of order; commended.</p>
+
+<h3>INTERNATIONAL WATCH COMPANY</h3>
+
+<p>exhibit a collection of watches of the third order of merit,
+and adjudged a third-class award.</p>
+
+<p>In concluding this report, the judges very much regret
+the limitation in time which has prevented them securing
+position tests of this very interesting exhibit in horology, as
+much on account of the exhibitors as on their own account.
+Such advances have in the last few years been made in this
+science that, in the interest of the public as well as of the
+manufacturers, a sufficiency of time is desirable to make
+tests in five or six positions, and fourteen days should be
+allowed to each position. Tests for heat and cold, and an
+opportunity to carefully note barometric and thermometric
+influences upon the various systems of adjustment, would
+be very valuable and interesting.</p>
+
+<p class="rindent">Respectfully, etc.,</p>
+<div class="figright" style="font-size: 1em; text-align: left;">
+<span class="sc">Gregory P. Harte</span>, <i>Chairman</i>, United States.<br />
+H. C. <span class="sc">Russell</span>, B.A., F.R.A.S., Great Britain.<br />
+J. <span class="sc">McGarvie Smith</span>, New South Wales.<br />
+P. E. <span class="sc">Bound</span>, Switzerland.<br />
+E. <span class="sc">Beckmann</span>, Germany.
+</div>
+<br clear="all" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art34" id="art34"></a><h2>Corn Magnets.</h2>
+
+<p>Every kind of salve or lotion that is supposed to remove
+or relieve corns meets with a large sale. Corn files and pencils
+are getting stale, and an enterprising inhabitant of Dresden
+has lately brought out what he calls a "corn magnet."
+It is evident that it is as unlike a magnet as possible, for an
+examination shows that it is made of sulphur colored with
+graphite. The directions are to set fire to one end, and let a
+drop of the melted sulphur fall upon the corn. A convenient
+and agreeable operation, especially if the corn is on
+the bottom of the foot. It is needless to say that the corn
+usually survives the slight burn and lives to torment the
+owner again. All burns, whether by caustic or otherwise,
+should be avoided.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art35" id="art35"></a><h3>Experiments on the Resistance of Materials.</h3>
+
+<p>Prof. J. Burkitt Webb, C.E., now in Europe, writes as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>On the invitation of Prof. Spangenberg we visited the
+"Versuchsstation," at the Gewerbe-Akademie, where the
+important experiments upon materials for engineering purposes
+are being made. These tests are of two kinds&mdash;trials
+of strength and trials of endurance. The first are made by
+means of very heavy and accurate machinery, mostly new
+within the last two or three years; the latter are the celebrated
+"Dauer-Versuche," a description of which we will
+reserve for another letter.</p>
+
+<p>The main machine, of which there are three or four duplicates
+at work at various points in Germany, is housed in a
+special building in the interior court of the academy. It consists
+of heavy iron "ways," some fifty feet long, accurately
+planed and secured to a stone foundation, with a hydraulic
+pump and scales at one end, and a number of massive attachments
+for subjecting the piece of iron or other material to
+various kinds of strains. There are also other instruments
+which belong to the machine as delicate as it is heavy, and
+which are used for adjusting the parts of the apparatus,
+reading the results of a test, or making calculations. This
+machine differs from others in the way of measuring the
+force used. It has been the custom to take the pressure on
+the liquid in the hydraulic cylinder, as shown by a manometer,
+as the basis of calculation. This introduces an inaccuracy,
+as part of this is due to the friction on the piston packing,
+and the true pressure is less than that shown by this irregular
+quantity. To avoid this difficulty a massive lever is
+introduced between the hydraulic press and the point where
+its pressure is applied. One arm of this lever is one-eighth
+inch long, and the other five hundred times as long, so that
+to measure a pressure of one hundred tons, four hundred
+pounds must be placed on the scale pan which hangs from
+the end of the long end of the lever. The fulcrum rests
+against the piston, and the short end of the lever is connected
+by heavy links with the apparatus by means of which the
+strain is applied. Technically speaking the fulcra of scales
+are "knife edges," but to convey a pressure of one hundred
+tons and remain free to move, these edges must be very obtuse,
+perhaps 160&deg; to 170&deg;; they must be as long as possible,
+some fifteen inches, of the best hardened steel, accurately
+ground, and must rest against a hardened plate of steel.
+Made with the greatest care the sharp edge under such a
+pressure will sometimes make a dent in the plate and the scales
+are clogged. As it is very difficult to measure the one-eighth
+inch with accuracy, another lever is provided with a ratio
+of one to ten, and with a short arm long enough to be made
+of a certain length with but a small percentage of error. To
+test the main lever this occupies essentially the same place as
+a sample of iron to be stretched; it is loaded with, say, two
+hundred pounds, which it multiplies to a ton; this pressure
+is then weighed by placing four pounds upon the main scale
+pan, and the fulcrum of the main lever is adjusted until the
+two weights balance.</p>
+
+<p>The attachments consist of: I. Jaws for holding round,
+square, and flat bars to be submitted to tension. II. Arrangements
+for holding beams and columns in various ways at
+their ends, and compressing them until they are crushed or
+"buckle." III. Two massive graduated iron beams, which
+are placed crosswise on the "ways," and used for twisting
+shafts, railroad axles, etc. IV. A face plate, about four feet
+square, for holding plates of boiler iron nearly as large by the
+perimeter, and crushing in the middle by forcing various
+shaped pieces against it. V. Apparatus for bending a beam
+by crushing an angular piece into it; and in the same connection,
+VI. Shears for cutting off bars of metal and measuring
+the force required.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with this main machine were some, quite
+old, which had been used in the infancy of the subject by a
+former professor, and a new special machine for the same
+purpose as attachment V., and which seemed to "kink" a
+piece of railroad iron as if it were only lead. In this the
+pressure was obtained by screws.</p>
+
+<p>Among the instruments used for the adjustment of the
+parts of the main machine we saw the finest cathetometer
+we had ever seen. This instrument, by Breithaupt, in Cassel,
+has two telescopes, with micrometer screws with more
+than one hundred and twenty-five threads per inch, and
+scales graduated on glass with more than six hundred and
+twenty five divisions to the inch. Another instrument for
+measuring the deflection, in two directions at once, of a column
+under pressure, has micrometer screws with more than
+two hundred and fifty threads per inch. We saw also a
+planimeter, which not only calculated mechanically the area
+of a figure, but gave also its center of gravity, moment of
+inertia, etc. We saw also a French calculating machine;
+the other apparatus is, we believe, all German. If one is,
+however, critical, it will be found in many lines of business
+that all the fine goods here are imported, though naturally
+the Germans are slow to acknowledge it.</p>
+
+<p>We witnessed the experiments on a sample of round iron
+over an inch in diameter, and on a piece of iron plate three
+inches wide by half an inch thick. It is perhaps needless to
+say that they seemed to stretch like putty and to break like
+thread. The pressure is put on a few hundred pounds at a
+time, and the elongation is read by two telescopes and a scale,
+which multiply the distance five hundred times. At the same
+time the first "elastic limit" is watched for. Before this is
+arrived at the piece will return to its original length when
+the tension is removed; after this the stretching is in part
+permanent. One of the facts brought out is that there are
+
+<i>several</i> elastic limits, in copper seven or eight. The appearance
+of the surface after the elastic limit is passed and the
+iron stretches is peculiar. A wavy appearance is seen, and
+longitudinal ridges begin to form, due to the changes going
+on in the crystals, by which they adapt themselves to the increased
+length. After a further general adaptation of structure
+becomes impossible, these appearances culminate in the
+weakest part. The apparatus for measuring the increase in
+length has long since been removed, and the places where it
+was attached have been filed smooth to avoid introducing the
+weak point artificially. The diameter of this part now reduces
+rapidly, and the surface becomes rough and the iron
+hot&mdash;you can see it stretch. When it has reduced twenty-five
+or more per cent it gives way suddenly with a sharp
+crack. The percentage of reduction before breaking is now
+recorded with the observations on the elasticity and the
+breaking strain, and the experiment is at an end. It suggested
+itself to see if the work done in pulling the iron apart
+was fully accounted for by the heat generated. We could
+easily calculate the work up to the point of maximum tension,
+but after this the force required was not measured;
+however, a rough calculation showed that the iron was as hot
+as required, or at least that the data would require to be quite
+complete if any residual was to be found.</p>
+
+<p class="ind">Berlin, May 13, 1880.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art36" id="art36"></a><h3>ENGINEERING INVENTIONS.</h3>
+
+<p>An improved wheel guard, which will push any obstacles
+on the track aside, and which can be adjusted to a greater
+or less height above the rails, has been patented by Mr.
+Solomon Brisac, of New York city. It consists in a wheel
+guard formed of a metallic box with a beveled front side,
+which box is adjustably fastened to the front end of a recessed
+plate resting on and partially surrounding the grease
+box. The box is braced by means of a rod attached to its
+forward end and passing into a socket fastened to the bottom
+of the car.</p>
+
+<p>An improved water motor, constructed on the general
+principle of a rotary engine, in which two compartments
+are arranged side by side, with a partition intervening, and in
+which the sliding pistons in the piston wheels in the two
+compartments are arranged at right angles to each other, has
+been patented by Mr. William E. Seelye, of Anoka, Minn.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stephen Barnes, of New Haven, Conn., has invented
+a vibrating propeller, adapted to small boats and vessels to
+be operated by either hand or steam power. The floats are
+arranged so that they will offer no resistance on the return
+stroke.</p>
+
+<p>An improved device for removing snow from railway
+tracks, and especially from between the rails, has been patented
+by Mr. David M. Horton, of Fishkill Village, N. Y.
+It consists of a revolving brush, a mould board in juxtaposition
+thereto, and a fan blower, in combination with suitable
+driving gear for propelling the brush and fan.</p>
+
+<p>An improvement in steam traps, patented by Mr. Hugh
+O. Ames, of New Orleans, La., consists in combining with
+a vibratory arm carrying a water receiver, a side apertured
+hollow trunnion, a discharge pipe, a jacketed standard, and
+an outlet pipe.</p>
+
+<p>An improved cotton press has been patented by Mr. Alfred
+A. Janney, of Montgomery, Ala. This invention relates
+to an improvement in the class of cotton and hay
+presses in which the follower is worked by a screw that
+passes through a nut, to which the required rotary motion is
+imparted by means of lateral sweeps or levers. It consists in
+the means for supporting and securing the levers and forming
+a vertical guide for the screw, so that the levers are prevented
+from rocking or swaying as power is applied in the
+operation of packing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art37" id="art37"></a><h3>Improved Steam Canal Boat.</h3>
+
+<p>The late experiments in canal steamboats bid fair to be a
+complete success. The Baxter steamers were not sufficiently
+remunerative to continue the building of that kind of boat.
+They do not carry a sufficient load, owing to their build, and
+that is made necessary by the form and arrangement of the
+machinery and propelling power, the propeller being that
+form used by the tug in Buffalo. The new style, which bids
+to pay handsomely, is as full a bow and stern as the ordinary
+first-class canal boat. The propelling power is radically different
+from the tug propeller. The wheel is eight feet in
+diameter and placed close to the stern; the boiler is upright,
+with a single engine, very compact machinery, taking up no
+more room than the stable in many boats, and enabling the
+boat to carry 7,500 bushels of corn and coal for the trip.
+With this cargo they run from Buffalo to New York in seven
+days on five and a half gross tons of coal, saving river and
+harbor towing. One returned from New York to Buffalo in
+one hour less than seven days, bringing one hundred and
+thirty tons of freight. The outlook now promises to supersede
+mule and horse towing. The Belgian system of cable
+towing will take that large number of boats now relying on
+the mule, and deliver them promptly as consigned and in
+much less time and cost than can be done by the mule. Both
+systems are necessary for rapid movement on the canal, and
+to cheapen the transfer from the West to the seaboard.
+Steam is sure to supersede animal power on the canal, as
+everywhere else. The canal steamboats are at last so far perfected
+as to insure a handsome profit in running them, and
+a large number will soon be at work on the canal. Two are
+to be constructed in Lockport as speedily as possible by one
+of our most enterprising boat builders, and the machinery is
+contracted for, thus opening up a new industry for our
+numerous and worthy mechanics.&mdash;<i>Lockport</i> (<i>N. Y.</i>) <i>Journal</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="page11" id="page11"></a>
+
+<a name="art38" id="art38"></a><h2>Astronomical Notes.</h2>
+
+<p class="rindent"><b>OBSERVATORY OF VASSAR COLLEGE.</b></p>
+
+<p>The computations in the following notes are by students
+of Vassar College. Although merely approximate, they are
+sufficiently accurate to enable the ordinary observer to find
+the planets.</p>
+
+<p class="author">M. M.</p>
+
+<h3>POSITIONS OF PLANETS FOR JULY, 1880.</h3>
+
+<h3>Mercury.</h3>
+
+<p>On July 1 Mercury sets a few minutes after 9 in the evening.</p>
+
+<p>Mercury can be readily found, early in July, a few degrees
+south of the point of sunset; the planet moves rapidly southward,
+but can be followed, and may be seen as late as the
+20th. On July 18 Mercury has nearly the declination of
+Regulus.</p>
+
+<h3>Venus.</h3>
+
+<p>Venus keeps nearly the path of the sun, setting after the
+sun late in July, but so nearly with it that the planet is not
+likely to be seen.</p>
+
+<h3>Mars.</h3>
+
+<p>Mars has moved from its position nearly in line with Castor
+and Pollux toward Leo. It sets on July 1 at 9h. 44m.
+P.M. On the 31st Mars sets at 8h. 32m.</p>
+
+<p>On the 31st, at meridian passage, Mars and Uranus are
+nearly together. Uranus is east of Mars and half a degree
+south.</p>
+
+<h3>Jupiter.</h3>
+
+<p>Jupiter is coming into the evening hours.</p>
+
+<p>On July 1 Jupiter rises a few minutes after midnight. On
+July 31 Jupiter rises a few minutes after 10 P.M. It will
+be known at once by its brilliancy.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the ordinary belts of Jupiter the planet still shows
+at this time (June 10) the large ruddy spot spoken of by
+many persons some weeks since. This spot is elliptical in
+shape; its longest diameter is about one-fifth that of Jupiter.
+A small glass will show it, and the ordinary observer can,
+by watching its appearance and disappearance and reappearance,
+determine the time of rotation of Jupiter on its axis,
+or the length of the planet's day.</p>
+
+<p>The best evenings for looking at Jupiter are those of July
+23, when the satellite nearest to Jupiter goes across its face,
+preceded by its shadow; July 28, when the first and second
+satellites will make similar transits; and July 29, when Jupiter
+will rise without the presence of its third satellite,
+which will be in eclipse, and will come out of the shadow
+after midnight.</p>
+
+<h3>Saturn.</h3>
+
+<p>Saturn follows close upon Jupiter, but keeps further north
+in declination by about 2&frac12;&deg;.</p>
+
+<p>On July 1 Saturn rises 36m. after midnight. On the 31st
+Saturn rises at 10h. 38m. P.M.</p>
+
+<p>The waning moon will pass north of Jupiter and Saturn
+on the 27th to 28th.</p>
+
+<p>Any one who has a glass sufficient to show the ring of
+Saturn and the largest satellite, Titan, will find this planet
+intensely interesting, and the movements of the satellite will
+show the time of its revolution in its orbit around Saturn.</p>
+
+<h3>Uranus.</h3>
+
+<p>Uranus rises after the sun, and sets too nearly with the
+sun to be seen.</p>
+
+<h3>Neptune.</h3>
+
+<p>Neptune may be seen, with a good telescope, in the early
+morning hour. Neptune is 2&frac14;&deg; west of Alpha Ceti, and 11&deg;
+north. It approaches Alpha Ceti during the month, and if
+it can be found, may be known to be a planet by that movement.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art39" id="art39"></a><h2>Fires in New York.</h2>
+
+<p>The report of the Board of Fire Commissioners, just
+printed, shows that during the year 1879 there were in this
+city 1,551 fires, of which 1,029 were discovered by persons
+not connected with the Fire or Police Department. In 1,456
+cases the fires were confined to the buildings in which they
+originated. Twenty-five buildings were totally destroyed,
+and 69 were greatly damaged. Of all the fires, 1,001 were
+extinguished by buckets of water and fire extinguishers.
+The total estimated loss by fire during the year was $900,280
+on buildings and $4,771,300 on stock, making a total of
+$5,671,580. The estimated insurances on the buildings were
+$7,276,446, and on stock, $14,525,264, making a total of
+$21,801,710. The estimated uninsured loss was $180,060.
+In three cases the loss was between $100,000 and $115,000;
+in one case $168,908; in one case $352,185; in one case
+$333,900; and in one case $1,978,991. In 1,066 cases the
+loss was less than $100.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly a quarter of all the fires were caused by carelessness,
+and 100 are attributed to children playing with matches
+and fire. Forty fires were caused by the spontaneous combustion
+of oily rags and other materials, and 93 by exploding
+kerosene lamps. Four members of the department and 12
+citizens died of injuries received at fires during the year,
+and 139 firemen and 54 citizens were more or less injured.</p>
+
+<p>There are 729 uniformed members of the department
+The pay roll of the whole department for 1879 was $1,030,822.14,
+and the appropriation for all expenses was $1,254,970.
+The appropriation for the present year is $1,307,670.
+The department now possesses 233 horses, 1 marine steam
+fire engine, 58 steam fire engines, of which 5 are self propelling,
+10 chemical engines, 24 hook and ladder trucks, 108
+chemical fire extinguishers, and 4 aerial ladders, together
+with other fire apparatus.</p>
+
+<p>The annual inspection of the department showed that the
+quickest average time in hitching a team was 3.17 seconds,
+and in hitching a single horse, 5.66 seconds. The general
+
+average in hitching all apparatus was, in 1879, 9.54 seconds;
+in 1878, 10.26 seconds; and in 1877, 13.03 seconds.</p>
+
+<p>During the year, $30,300 was collected for licenses for the
+sale of kerosene oil, each license costing $10. The Fire Department
+Relief Fund now amounts to $422,569.07, and the
+insurance fund to $12,780.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<a href="images/030-aspirator-1000.png"><img src="images/030-aspirator-200.png" width="200" height="284" alt="ASPIRATOR AND COMPRESSOR." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<a name="art40" id="art40"></a><h3>ASPIRATOR AND COMPRESSOR.</h3>
+
+<p>Professor Marangoni, of Pavia, has invented an aspirator
+for measuring gases which is much simpler than many now
+in use in laboratories, which latter have the defect that the
+air or gas ascends through the descending liquid and makes
+thus the measuring of the former uncertain. The improved
+apparatus is shown in our illustration. It consists of two
+vessels attached to a fixed horizontal shaft, FE, which is
+placed upon two upright supports. This shaft has several
+ways or passages made in it which performs the functions
+of the taps. The water of the upper receptacle passes into
+the lower one by the passage, A, and thence through the
+tube, BC, issuing at its lowest extremity at C. The air
+contained in the lower vessel is thus emitted by the channel
+DE, cut into the shaft, while the air or gas is aspirated in
+the same ratio by the passage and tube, FG. The apparatus
+acts thus at the same time as aspirator and compressor.
+It is simple, and will be a useful addition to the laboratory.</p>
+
+<br clear="all" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art41" id="art41"></a><h3>New Photoglyptic Process.<sup>*</sup></h3>
+
+<p class="center1"><sup>*</sup> A communication to the Photographic Society of France.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="sc">Walter B. Woodbury.</span></p>
+
+<p>It is now thirteen years since I had the honor of introducing
+in France my new photoglyptic process, which, up to
+the present time, has remained in the hands of very few,
+owing to the great expense hitherto necessary to start
+the working of it. For some time I have been engaged
+in making experiments with a view to discover a system
+which should be at the same time simple and inexpensive;
+and the process which I have this evening the honor to bring
+before your notice is the result of my researches.</p>
+
+<p>The summary of the new system is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>To obtain from negatives reliefs on glass similar to transparencies
+by the carbon process, but modified in the quantity
+of materials used.</p>
+
+<p>To attach, and keep in absolute contact with the relief so
+obtained, a sheet of tin foil.</p>
+
+<p>To solidify this sheet of tinfoil by coating it with copper;
+then backing it up with another sheet of plate glass covered
+with a composition; and then to detach the whole from the
+first relief&mdash;the result being a mould ready to place in the
+press and print one thousand or more proofs.</p>
+
+<p>I commence by showing you the relief made from the
+negative, and explaining how this is obtained.</p>
+
+<p>I take a sheet of plate glass of a convenient size, and place
+it in hot water, together with a sheet of paper a little
+smaller; then, having driven out the excess of water by
+means of a squeegee, I place it on a leveling stand. Having
+prepared a solution composed of gelatine 200 parts, water
+1,000 parts, glycerine 20 parts, white sugar 30 parts, with
+a little Indian ink, and filtered the same, I pour a sufficient
+quantity on the paper and spread it up to the corners
+with the finger. These plates are then dried in a dry
+place and can be kept until wanted.</p>
+
+<p>To sensitize the plates I employ a bath of bichromate of
+potash of six per cent, and again dry them. Without doubt
+this method is rather long; but one should consider that
+each proof made is capable of giving five or ten thousand
+prints if necessary, as the same relief will make many printing
+moulds. I tried, with the aid of the Autotype Company,
+of London, to get a suitable tissue; but as this requires
+a uniform thickness of half a millimeter the ordinary system
+did not succeed. When the sensitized plate is dry the
+edges are cut with a knife, the glasses serving over and over
+again. I show you a piece of this prepared paper.</p>
+
+<p>As in the carbon process, it is necessary to place a border
+of black paper at the back of the negative, and to cut the
+sensitized tissue a little larger than the opening.</p>
+
+<p>After the exposure the gelatine is fixed on a collodionized
+glass by placing them both in water and squeegeeing the
+surface; but in dry weather it is as well to use albumen in
+place of collodion, as used by M. Ferrier for his transparencies
+in carbon. The glass holding the gelatine is now
+placed in a hot water bath heated to 42&deg; Centigrade, and
+
+left till the paper comes away from the gelatine, when it is
+placed in this apparatus by the frame holding the grooves.</p>
+
+<p>By means of this small gas regulator the temperature is
+kept always the same, namely, 50&deg; Centigrade. The water
+should be now and then agitated by lifting up and down
+the frame holding the glasses.</p>
+
+<p>After a space of three or four hours the reliefs will be
+sufficiently washed, and can be taken out and placed in
+alcohol to dry quickly and sharp at the same time. In this
+stage of the process all spots or scratches that may have
+been on the negative can be removed (being in relief on the
+gelatine) by means of a piece of glass. The relief is now
+ready to be covered with the tin. You will observe that up
+to the present the operations have been almost the same as
+those necessary to produce a transparency in carbon.</p>
+
+<p>As it is of the first necessity that the tin should be kept
+in absolute contact with the gelatine relief, I prepare the
+latter by rubbing it over with a piece of flannel charged
+with a greasy matter (pomatum answers as well as anything).
+I then make a border of India-rubber in benzine
+round the glass. The effect of this is to prevent any air
+from returning between the tin and the relief when once
+it has been driven out.</p>
+
+<p>Taking care that the back of the glass is perfectly clean,
+it is now placed on the steel or glass bed of a rolling-press.
+A sheet of tin foil (without holes) that has been smoothed on
+a sheet of glass by a soft brush is now laid on it, and then
+three or four thicknesses of blotting paper. The whole is
+then passed under the cylinder several times, each time increasing
+the pressure. The surface of the tin is now ready
+to place in the electrotyping cell, but must first be cleaned
+with a solution of caustic potash to remove any grease, and
+bordered with shellac varnish to prevent the copper from
+depositing where not required.</p>
+
+<p>Electric contact is made by means of the small apparatus,
+on removing a small proportion of the lac varnish. After
+two or three hours sufficient copper will have been deposited,
+and after drying can be then attached to another
+glass, on which it will remain.</p>
+
+<p>This glass is covered while hot with a composition of
+shellac, resin, and Venice turpentine, and can be prepared
+in advance, using an iron plate heated direct by the gas
+flame. The same iron plate is employed to again soften the
+composition and attach it to the copper; but this time heated
+only by boiling water, this temperature being sufficient to
+soften it until it enters into all the hollows of the copper.
+On placing a weight on the two glasses the excess of the
+composition is forced out at the edges. When cold the
+glass plate on which the copper and tin are now attached
+can be separated from the relief, which can then be used
+over and over again to produce fresh matrices.</p>
+
+<p>The matrix or intaglio is now ready to place in the printing
+press, and the remaining operations of printing are exactly
+the same as those used in the old process of photoglyptic
+printing.</p>
+
+<p>In placing the mould in the press it is advisable to place
+one or two thicknesses of stout blotting paper, previously
+wetted, under the mould to give to it a slight amount of
+elasticity and, at the same time, to keep it in place.</p>
+
+<p>As in all other mechanical processes a reversed or pellicle
+negative is required; but it is very simple to print upon a
+specially prepared transfer paper, and, instead of mounting
+the print with the face uppermost, to attach it under water
+to the mount, and when dry to detach the paper on which
+the print has been made. By this means there remains
+only one thickness of paper instead of two, thus doing away
+with an objection which has often been found in mounted
+photographs for book illustration.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="art42" id="art42"></a><h3>NEW INVENTIONS.</h3>
+
+<p>An improved combined cutting and clinching tool has
+been patented by Mr. Peter D. Graham, of Black Hawk,
+Col. The object of this invention is to provide a new, useful,
+and convenient tool for cutting and clinching horseshoe
+nails.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John J. Berger, of Brooklyn, N. Y., has patented an
+improved hand perforating or check stamp of the class which
+are used to cut or perforate the paper with figures and letters
+as a safeguard against alterations of the check; and the
+object of this improvement is to perforate the check with
+needle points, and at the same time ink the perforations,
+whereby the numbers may be clearly marked without cutting
+large openings in the paper.</p>
+
+<p>An improved apparatus for the manufacture of nitric acid
+has been patented by Mr. Paul Marcelin, of Black Rock,
+Conn. The object of this invention is to furnish apparatus
+for manufacturing nitric acid so constructed that the stronger
+acid may be separated from the weaker acid as the acid passes
+from the retort to the receiving bottles, to obtain a strong
+acid suitable for use in manufacturing nitro-glycerine.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Max Rubin, of New York city, has patented an improved
+shawl strap, so constructed that either strap may be
+wound up alone, or both may be wound up together, or one
+may be wound up tighter than the other, by adjusting the
+handle.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ambrose Madden, of Asbury Park, N. J., has patented
+an attachment for use with halters for preventing horses
+from cribbing and to cure them of that pernicious habit;
+and the invention consists in a combination of rigid arms
+and straps hung upon the halter and carrying a spiked plate,
+which is retained beneath the animal's under lip in such manner
+that the motions of the horse in the act of cribbing cause
+the spikes to prick.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<a name="page12" id="page12"></a>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/032-b_and_p-300.png" width="300" height="33" alt="Business and Personal." />
+</div>
+
+<p><i>The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar
+a line for each insertion; about eight words to a line.
+Advertisements must be received at publication office
+as early as Thursday morning to appear in next issue.</i></p>
+
+<p><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="pointing finger" border="0" /> <i>The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers
+a circulation of not less than 50,000 copies every
+weekly issue.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhr2-300.png" width="300" height="12" alt="fancy rule" /></div>
+
+<p>Lubricene, Gear Grease, Cylinder and Machinery Oils.
+R. J. Chard, 6 Burling Slip, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Telephones repaired, parts of same for sale. Send
+stamp for circulars. P. O. Box 205, Jersey City, N. J.</p>
+
+<p>The genuine Asbestos Liquid Paints are the purest,
+finest, richest, and most durable paints ever made for
+structural purposes. H. W. Johns M'f'g Co., 87 Maiden
+Lane, sole manufacturers.</p>
+
+<p>The Finger Annunciator, and all other electr. apparatus,
+by Finger Annunciator Co., 73 Cornhill, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>The most popular Pens in use are those of the Esterbrook
+Steel Pen Company. For sale everywhere.
+Everybody send Circular to R. K. Teller, Unadilla, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>A few pat. Centering and Squaring Attachments for
+Lathes, made by R. E. State &amp; Co., entirely new, for sale
+cheap. J. &amp; W. State, Lock Box 291, Springfield, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Soapstone and Empire Gum Core Packing, the best
+for Railroads. Greene, Tweed &amp; Co., New York.</p>
+
+<p>Our new Stylographic Pen (just patented), having the
+duplex interchangeable point section, is the very latest
+improvement. The Stylographic Pen Co., Room 13, 169
+Broadway, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Shaw's U. S. Standard of Pressure. Mercury Gauges,
+all pressures, Steam, Hydraulic, and Vacuum. Best for
+pumping stations and pipe lines. 915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia,
+Pa.</p>
+
+<p>For Sale low&mdash;52 x 17 feet Sidewheel Boat, and one
+23 x 5&frac12; feet Launch; best condition. S. E. Harthan,
+Worcester, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Wanted.&mdash;Farm Engine, with Steam Plow Attachment.
+Address P. O. Box 18, Reinbeck, Iowa.</p>
+
+<p>Advertising of all kinds in all American Newspapers.
+Special lists free. Address E. N. Freshman &amp; Bros., Cincinnati, O.</p>
+
+<p>Patent for Sale Cheap.&mdash;Entire Patent or State Rights.
+Just the thing for the summer. Money can be made out
+of it. Other business prevents owner from handling it.
+A. H. Watkins, 294 Harrison Ave., Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>We keep a full assortment of Esterbrook's, Gillott's,
+Spencerian, Perry's, and Lamar's Pens. Send for price
+list to J. Leach, 86 Nassau St., New York.</p>
+
+<p>For Sale.&mdash;A Baltimore City Fire Department Steam
+Fire Engine, in complete working order. Address P. O.
+Box 676, Baltimore, Md.</p>
+
+<p>Metallic Piston Rod Packing Company, 773 Broad St.,
+Newark, N. J. Agents wanted; terms liberal.</p>
+
+<p>Skinner &amp; Wood, Erie, Pa., Portable and Stationary
+Engines, are full of orders, and withdraw their illustrated
+advertisement. Send for their new circulars.</p>
+
+<p>Asbestos Board on Chimneys prevents their heat from
+affecting the temperature of rooms through which they
+pass. Asbestos Pat. Fiber Co., lim., 194 Broadway, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Sweetland &amp; Co., 126 Union St., New Haven, Conn.,
+manufacture the Sweetland Combination Chuck.</p>
+
+<p>Power, Foot, and Hand Presses for Metal Workers.
+Lowest prices. Peerless Punch &amp; Shear Co., 52 Dey St., N. Y.
+
+The Brown Automatic Cut-off Engine; unexcelled for
+workmanship, economy, and durability. Write for information.
+C. H. Brown &amp; Co., Fitchburg, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Corrugated Traction Tire for Portable Engines, etc.
+Sole manufacturers, H. Lloyd, Son &amp; Co., Pittsburg, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>For the best Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery,
+address H. A. Crossley, Cleveland, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Best Oak Tanned Leather Belting. Wm. F. Forepaugh,
+Jr., &amp; Bros. 531 Jefferson St., Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>National Steel Tube Cleaner for boiler tubes. Adjustable,
+durable. Chalmers-Spence Co., 40 John St., N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Split Pulleys at low prices, and of same strength and
+appearance as Whole Pulleys. Yocom &amp; Son's Shafting
+Works, Drinker St., Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery a specialty
+by E. &amp; B. Holmes, Buffalo, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels&mdash;The Solid Original
+Emery Wheel other kinds imitations and inferior.
+Caution.&mdash;Our name is stamped in full on all our best
+Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only.
+The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing
+Company, 37 and 38 Park Bow. N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>For Separators, Farm &amp; Vertical Engines, see adv. p. 382.</p>
+
+<p>Walrus Leather, Emery, and Polishing Goods.
+Greene, Tweed &amp; Co., 118 Chambers St., New York.</p>
+
+<p>Nickel Plating.&mdash;Sole manufacturers cast nickel anodes,
+pure nickel salts, importers Vienna lime, crocus,
+etc. Condit, Hanson &amp; Van Winkle, Newark, N. J., and
+92, and 94 Liberty St., New York.</p>
+
+<p>Presses, Dies, and Tools for working Sheet Metal, etc.
+Fruit &amp; other can tools. Bliss &amp; Williams, B'klyn, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Bradley's cushioned helve hammers. See illus. ad. p. 397.</p>
+
+<p>Instruction in Steam and Mechanical Engineering. A
+thorough practical education, and a desirable situation
+as soon as competent, can be obtained at the National
+Institute of Steam Engineering, Bridgeport, Conn. For
+particulars, send for pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p>Hydraulic Jacks, Presses and Pumps. Polishing and
+Buffing Machinery Patent Punches, Shears, etc. E.
+Lyon &amp; Co., 470 Grand St., New York.</p>
+
+<p>Forsaith &amp; Co., Manchester, N. H., &amp; 207 Centre St.,
+N. Y. Bolt Forging Machines, Power Hammers, Comb'd
+Hand Fire Eng. &amp; Hose Carriages, New &amp; 2d hand Machinery.
+Send stamp for illus. cat. State just what you want.</p>
+
+<p>For Mill Mach'y &amp; Mill Furnishing, see illus. adv. p. 381.</p>
+
+<p>Air Compressors, Blowing Engines, Steam Pumping
+Machinery, Hydraulic Presses. Philadelphia Hydraulic
+Works, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>For Patent Shapers and Planers, see ills. adv. p. 380.</p>
+
+<p>For Pat. Safety Elevators, Hoisting Engines, Friction
+Clutch Pulleys, Cut-off Coupling, see Frisbie's ad. p. 316.</p>
+
+<p>Machine Knives for Wood-working Machinery, Book
+Binders, and Paper Mills. Large knife work a specialty.
+Also manufacturers of Soloman's Parallel Vise. Taylor.
+Stiles &amp; Co., Riegelsville, N. J.</p>
+
+<p>For Alcott's Improved Turbine, see adv. p. 297.</p>
+
+<p>Mineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by
+Pa. Diamond Drill Co. Box 423, Pottsville, Pa. See p. 381.</p>
+
+<p>Rollstone Mac. Co's Wood Working Mach'y ad. p. 380</p>
+
+<p>Improved Solid Emery Wheels and Machinery, Automatic
+Knife Grinders, Portable Chuck Jaws. <i>Important</i>,
+that users should have prices of these first class
+goods. American Twist Drill Co., Meredithville, N. H.</p>
+
+<p>For Standard Turbine, see last or next number.</p>
+
+<p>Burgess' Non-conductor for Heated Surfaces; easily
+applied, efficient, and inexpensive. Applicable to plain
+or curved surfaces, pipes, elbows and valves. See p. 284.</p>
+
+<p>Diamond Saws. J. Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube
+Expanders. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York.</p>
+
+<p>Wanted&mdash;The address of 40,000 Sawyers and Lumbermen
+for a copy of Emerson's Hand Book of Saws. New
+edition 1880. Over 100 illustrations and pages of valuable
+information. Emerson, Smith &amp; Co., Beaver Falls, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>Eagle Anvils, 10 cents per pound. Fully warranted.</p>
+
+<p>For Wood-Working Machinery, see illus. adv. p. 413.</p>
+
+<p>Eclipse Portable Engine. See illustrated adv., p. 413.</p>
+
+<p>Tight and Slack Barrel machinery a specialty. John
+Greenwood &amp; Co., Rochester, N. Y. See illus. adv. p. 413.</p>
+
+<p>Elevators, Freight and Passenger, Shafting, Pulleys
+and Hangers. L. S. Graves &amp; Son, Rochester, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>$400 Vertical Engine, 30 H.P. See page 413.</p>
+
+<p>Best American Shot Gun made is the "Colts." Far
+superior to any English guns for the same price. For
+description, see <span class="sc">Sci. American</span> of May 29. Send for
+circular to Hodgkins &amp; Haigh, Dealers in General
+Sporting Goods, 300 Broadway, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Telephones.&mdash;Inventors of Improvements in Telephones
+and Telephonic Apparatus are requested to communicate
+with the Scottish Telephonic Exchange, Limited,
+34 St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh, Scotland. J. G.
+Lorrain, General Manager.</p>
+
+<p>Pat. Steam Hoisting Mach'y. See illus. adv., p. 413.</p>
+
+<p>Hydraulic Cylinders, Wheels, and Pinions, Machinery
+Castings; all kinds; strong and durable; and easily
+worked. Tensile strength not less than 65,000 lbs. to
+square in. Pittsburgh Steel Casting Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>C. J. Pitt &amp; Co., Show Case Manufacturers, 226 Canal
+St, New York. Orders promptly attended to. Send for
+illustrated catalogue with prices.</p>
+
+<p>For best low price Planer and Matcher, and latest
+improved Sash, Door, and Blind Machinery, Send for
+catalogue to Rowley &amp; Hermance, Williamsport, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>Elevators.&mdash;Stokes &amp; Parrish, Phila., Pa. See p. 412.</p>
+
+<p>Penfield (Pulley) Block Works. See illus. adv. p. 413.</p>
+
+<p>4 to 40 H.P. Steam Engines. See adv. p. 413.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>[OFFICIAL.]</h3>
+
+<h2>INDEX OF INVENTIONS</h2>
+
+<h3>FOR WHICH</h3>
+
+<h3>Letters Patent of the United States were
+Granted in the Week Ending;</h3>
+
+<h3>June 1, 1880,</h3>
+
+<h3>AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.]</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>A printed copy of the specification and drawing of any
+patent in the annexed list, also of any patent issued
+since 1866, will be furnished from this office for one dollar.
+In ordering please state the number and date of the
+patent desired, and remit to Munn &amp; Co., 37 Park Row,
+New York city. We also furnish copies, of patents
+granted prior to 1866; but at increased cost, as the specifications
+not being printed, must be copied by hand.</p>
+
+<table align="center" summary="patents list" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><br />Adding machine, C. P. Sullivan</td>
+       <td class="right"><br /> 228,416</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Advertising checker board, H. P. Eysenbach</td>
+       <td class="right">228,330</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Annunciator, pneumatic, D. &amp; T. Morris</td>
+       <td class="right">228,267</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Axle lubricator, car, C. D. Flynt</td>
+       <td class="right"> 228,337</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Axle lubricator, vehicle, L. Adams</td>
+       <td class="right">228,242</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Bale tie, W. S. E. Sevey</td>
+       <td class="right">228,223</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Baling press, H. O. King</td>
+       <td class="right">228,361</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Bedstead, invalid, E. Conover</td>
+       <td class="right">228,318</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Bedstead, sofa, C. S. E. Spoerl <i>et al</i></td>
+       <td class="right">228,408</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Belting and process of manufacture, cotton, M. Gandy</td>
+       <td class="right">228,186</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Belts, lacing, O. C. Pomeroy</td>
+       <td class="right">228,390</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Berth for vessels, self-leveling, D. Huston (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,224</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Berth for vessels, self-leveling, C. C. Sanderson</td>
+       <td class="right">228,278</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Berth, self-leveling ship's, C. C. Sanderson</td>
+       <td class="right">228,279</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Binders, knot tyer for self, W. Stephens</td>
+       <td class="right">228,228</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Blacking and polishing boots and shoes, machine for, P. P. Audoye</td>
+       <td class="right">228,297</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Blower, fan, H. Allen</td>
+       <td class="right">228,293</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Bolting tree, J. M. Springer</td>
+       <td class="right">228,409</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Boot and gaiter, rubber, G. H. Sanford</td>
+       <td class="right">228,398</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Bottle, etc., lock, A. T. Boone</td>
+       <td class="right">228,170</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Bottle stopper, E. Hollender</td>
+       <td class="right">228,355</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Bow strings, clutch for, C. M. Beard</td>
+       <td class="right">228,302</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Bracelet, C. E. Hayward</td>
+       <td class="right">228,348</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Bracelet, A. Vester</td>
+       <td class="right">228,425</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Bran cleaner, L. Gathmann</td>
+       <td class="right">228,340</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Brick, pottery, etc., kiln for burning, E. Escherich</td>
+       <td class="right">228,331</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Buckboard, E. Hitt</td>
+       <td class="right">228,352</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Buckle, tug, D. O. Fosgate</td>
+       <td class="right">228,255</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Bumper, W. V. Perry</td>
+       <td class="right">228,385</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Bung, J. H. Stamp</td>
+       <td class="right">228,227</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Button fastener, D. Bainbridge</td>
+       <td class="right">228,298</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Button, sleeve and cuff, H. McDougall</td>
+       <td class="right">228,370</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Buttons, machine for making, W. W. Wade</td>
+       <td class="right">228,233</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Can, D. Bennett</td>
+       <td class="right">228,167</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Can fastening, J. Hall</td>
+       <td class="right">228,343</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Car coupling, Neff &amp; Thalman</td>
+       <td class="right">228,378</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Car coupling, J. F. Stanley</td>
+       <td class="right">228,411</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Car coupling, Morand &amp; Edwards</td>
+       <td class="right">228,212</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Car coupling tool, G. Searl</td>
+       <td class="right">228,400</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Car door bolt, A. W. Zimmerman</td>
+       <td class="right">228,241</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Car wheel, J. A. Woodbury</td>
+       <td class="right">228,430</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Car wheel chill, W. Wilmington</td>
+       <td class="right">228,428</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cars, bell cord guide for railway, S. L. Finley</td>
+       <td class="right">228,253</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cars upon railways, running, J. R. Cox</td>
+       <td class="right"> 228,176</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Carbureting gas and air, W. M. Jackson </td>
+       <td class="right">228,357</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Card teeth, apparatus for tempering wire for, W. F. Bateman</td>
+       <td class="right">228,301</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Carpet fastener, W. Bray</td>
+       <td class="right">228,306</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Carpet lining, G. J. Bicknell</td>
+       <td class="right">228,168</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Carpet sweeper, B. W. Johnson</td>
+       <td class="right">228,358</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Carriage top, E. S. Scripture (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,230</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Carriage top rest, G. Miles</td>
+       <td class="right">228,211</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cartridge shells, machine for drawing, A. C. Hobbs</td>
+       <td class="right">228,197</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Centering machine, J. E. Dimsey</td>
+       <td class="right">228,249</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Chair seats and backs, making, F. D. Newton</td>
+       <td class="right">228,377</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Chandelier, extension, G. Bohner</td>
+       <td class="right">228,244</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cheese press, M. B. Fraser (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,228</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cheese press, G. F. White</td>
+       <td class="right">228,291</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cheese vat, J. B. Marquis</td>
+       <td class="right">228,366</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Chuck, J. H. Westcott</td>
+       <td class="right">228,426</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Churn, E. Rhoades (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,225</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Clock, alarm, F. Krober</td>
+       <td class="right">228,202</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Clock, calendar, C. S. Lewis</td>
+       <td class="right">228,261</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Clock case, G. Havell</td>
+       <td class="right">228,193</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cloth pressing machine, P. Miller</td>
+       <td class="right">228,375</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Clutch, W. J. Ray</td>
+       <td class="right">228,276</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cockle separator, D. Brubaker</td>
+       <td class="right">228,310</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Collar, horse, T. Hepburn</td>
+       <td class="right">228,351</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Commode, A. Climie</td>
+       <td class="right">228,313</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Copying process, dry, Kwaysser &amp; Husak</td>
+       <td class="right">228,362</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cork tapering machine, F. L. Blair</td>
+       <td class="right">228,169</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Corn husking machine, F. L. Collis</td>
+       <td class="right">228,174</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Corn husking machine roller, E. A. Bourquin</td>
+       <td class="right">228,305</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Corn popper, D. Lumbert</td>
+       <td class="right">228,205</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cornice, window, H. F. Gray</td>
+       <td class="right">228,189</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cranks, device for overcoming the dead points of, C. L. Fleischmann</td>
+       <td class="right">228,185</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Crochet needles, manufacture of, J. A. Smith</td>
+       <td class="right">228,404</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Crucible furnaces, hydrocarbon burner for, I. M. Seamans</td>
+       <td class="right">228,281</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Cutlery, pocket, J. W. Ayers</td>
+       <td class="right">228,163</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Danger signal, M. A. Vosburgh</td>
+       <td class="right">228,232</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Diagram for theaters, etc., H. T. Lemon</td>
+       <td class="right">228,204</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Domestic boiler, C. Friedeborn</td>
+       <td class="right">228,339</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Drawing, apparatus for assisting in, W. B. O. Peabody</td>
+       <td class="right">228,273</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Drying apparatus, W. J. Johnson</td>
+       <td class="right">228,259</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Electrotype mould, E. B. Sheldon</td>
+       <td class="right">228,224</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Exercising machine, F. Saunders</td>
+       <td class="right">228,277</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Eyeglasses, J. Schaffer</td>
+       <td class="right">228,399</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Fan, M. Rubin</td>
+       <td class="right">228,394</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Fastening device, E. F. Miller</td>
+       <td class="right">228,373</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Faucet attachment, C. A. Raggio</td>
+       <td class="right">228,219</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Fence nail, wire, E. L. Warren</td>
+       <td class="right">228,236</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Fertilizers, process and apparatus for the manufacture of, W. Plumer</td>
+       <td class="right">228,387</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Firearm, breech-loading, W. H. Baker</td>
+       <td class="right"> 228,165</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Fluted fabrics, machine for creasing, E. Brosemann</td>
+       <td class="right">228,309</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Fruit basket, H. B. Crandall</td>
+       <td class="right">228,248</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Fuel, process and apparatus for burning pulverized, A. Faber de Faur</td>
+       <td class="right">228,334</td>
+</tr>
+
+ <tr>
+       <td>Furnace, B. F. Smith</td>
+       <td class="right">228,405</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Gas, making illuminating, T. J. F. Regan</td>
+       <td class="right">228,392</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Gate, E. J. Clark</td>
+       <td class="right">228,314</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Gate roller, F. W. Holbrook</td>
+       <td class="right">228,354</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Gelatine or ichthyocolla from salted fish skins, extracting, J. S. Rogers (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,226</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Glass furnace, T. B. Atterbury</td>
+       <td class="right">228,296</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Glassware, machine for grinding, A. M. Bacon</td>
+       <td class="right">228,164</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Glove fastener, Smith &amp; Hassall</td>
+       <td class="right"> 228,403</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Governor, elevator, I. H. Small</td>
+       <td class="right">228,284</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Governor for marine engines, W. U. Fairbairn</td>
+       <td class="right">228,252</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Governor for middlings purifiers, etc., feed, W. Donlon</td>
+       <td class="right">228,180</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Grain conveyer, pneumatic, F. A. Luckenbach</td>
+       <td class="right">228,206</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Grain meter, J. B. Stoner</td>
+       <td class="right">228,229</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Grain separator, magnetic, C. E. Fritz (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,229</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Grate, fire, E. Moneuse</td>
+       <td class="right">228,376</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Grinding and polishing wheel, G. Hart</td>
+       <td class="right">228,257</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Hammer lifter, drop, C. G. Cross</td>
+       <td class="right">228,324</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Harness, breast, J. W. Cooper</td>
+       <td class="right">228,175</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Harrow, S. A. Bollinger</td>
+       <td class="right">228,303</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Harrow, C. W. Page</td>
+       <td class="right">228,382</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Harvester, Jones &amp; Emerson</td>
+       <td class="right">228,359</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Header, guiding, W. H. Keen</td>
+       <td class="right">228,260</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Heating and ventilating apparatus, J. W. Geddes</td>
+       <td class="right">228,188</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Hinge, spring, L. Bommer</td>
+       <td class="right">228,304</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Hitching strap, J. C. Covert</td>
+       <td class="right">228,322</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Hoes and other tools, eye for, J. R. Thomas</td>
+       <td class="right">228,419</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Hog holder and nose ring carrier, W. A. Stark</td>
+       <td class="right">228,286</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Horse hoof pad, A. J. Lockie</td>
+       <td class="right">228,262</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Horse power equalizer, W. T. G. Cobb</td>
+       <td class="right">228,173</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Horse power sweep, J. Branning</td>
+       <td class="right">228,307</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Horseshoe nail machine, J. Roy</td>
+       <td class="right">228,220</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Hose coupling, S. Adlam, Jr</td>
+       <td class="right">228,161</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Hose coupling, M. B. Hill</td>
+       <td class="right"> 228,196</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Hot air furnace, B. W. Felton</td>
+       <td class="right">228,336</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Hydraulic joint, E. D. Meier</td>
+       <td class="right">228,209</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Indigo blue, making artificial, A. Baeyer</td>
+       <td class="right">228,300</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Lamp, car, G. Seagrave</td>
+       <td class="right">228,402</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Lamp globe, G. Chappel</td>
+       <td class="right">228,247</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Lamp, street, J. G. Miner</td>
+       <td class="right">228,265</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Last, W. J. Crowley</td>
+       <td class="right">228,178</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Latch, G. L. Crandal</td>
+       <td class="right">228,323</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Life protector for railway rails, E. J. Hoffman</td>
+       <td class="right">228,353</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Lifting jack, J. State</td>
+       <td class="right">228,285</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Lithographic press, J. A. Parks</td>
+       <td class="right">228,271</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Lock, C. F. Otto</td>
+       <td class="right">228,379</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Locomotive, J. B. Smith</td>
+       <td class="right">228,406</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Locomotive cone, F. A. Perry</td>
+       <td class="right">228,386</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Locomotive engine, J. W. Clardy</td>
+       <td class="right">228,172</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Locomotive lubricator, W. P. Phillips</td>
+       <td class="right">228,215</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Loom for weaving gauze fabrics, A. McLean</td>
+       <td class="right">228,372</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Loom shedding mechanism, H. Halcroft</td>
+       <td class="right">228,191</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Loom temple, E. Hamilton </td>
+       <td class="right">228,346</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Loom temple, J. &amp; L. Hardaker</td>
+       <td class="right">228,256</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Lubricator, W. P. Phillips</td>
+       <td class="right">228,216, 228,217</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Mash machine, W. Craig</td>
+       <td class="right">228,177</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Mash rake, whisky, D. L. Graves</td>
+       <td class="right">228,190</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Mash stirrer, G. Schock</td>
+       <td class="right">228,222</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Measuring machine, cloth, B. K. Parker</td>
+       <td class="right">228,381</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Middlings purifier, J. B. Martin</td>
+       <td class="right">228,367</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Milk cooler, T. Stahler</td>
+       <td class="right">228,412</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Milk pail holder, A. C. Dodge</td>
+       <td class="right">228,327</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Mining and excavating apparatus, E. M. Hugentobler</td>
+       <td class="right">228,356</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Mortising machine, E. H. N. Clarkson (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,221</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Nickel, solution for electro-deposition of, J. Powell</td>
+       <td class="right">228,389</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Oil and lard oil, treatment of petroleum lubricating,
+ H. V. P. Draper</td>
+       <td class="right">228,181</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Ore separator, magnetic, T. A. Edison</td>
+       <td class="right">228,329</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Packing for piston rods, etc., metallic,
+ L. Katzenstein</td>
+       <td class="right">228,200</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Packing for steam engines, spring, J. W. Smith</td>
+       <td class="right">228,225</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Packing, piston, W. M. Thompson, Jr</td>
+       <td class="right">228,420</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Packing, piston rod, R. B. H. Gould</td>
+       <td class="right">228,341</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Padlock, McDonald &amp; McAllister (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">228,371</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Pantaloons, F. H. Carney</td>
+       <td class="right">228,246</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Paper bag machine, C. A. Chandler</td>
+       <td class="right">228,312</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Paper floor covering, compound, H. Hayward</td>
+       <td class="right">228,194</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Paper for bank notes, checks, etc., J Sangster</td>
+       <td class="right">228,221</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Parchment or toughening paper, making artificial,
+ L. H. G. Ehrhardt</td>
+       <td class="right">228,328</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Pens, pointing, E. Wiley</td>
+       <td class="right">228,427</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Permutation lock, J. B. Cook</td>
+       <td class="right">228,316</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Photo-negatives, producing, embellishing, and retouching,
+ W. D. Osborne</td>
+       <td class="right">228,380</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Photographic background, accessory for forming,
+ W. F. Ashe</td>
+       <td class="right">228,295</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Picture support, G. H. Brown</td>
+       <td class="right">228,308</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Pillow sham holder, M. A. Steers</td>
+       <td class="right">228,414</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Pipes, tubing etc., protector for the threaded ends of, H. E. Boyd </td>
+       <td class="right">228,171</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Planter, corn, R. H. C. Enyeart</td>
+       <td class="right">228,332</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Planter, corn, A. Hearst</td>
+       <td class="right">228,258</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Planter, corn, A. Runstetler</td>
+       <td class="right">228,396</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Plow attachment, J. R. Harbaugh</td>
+       <td class="right">228,192</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Plumbers' traps, manufacture of, J. McCloskey</td>
+       <td class="right">228,369</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Preserving evaporated fruits and vegetables, H. G. Hulburd</td>
+       <td class="right">228,198</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Printer's chase, J. Kingsland, Jr </td>
+       <td class="right">228,201</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Printer's quoin, C. G. Squintani</td>
+       <td class="right">228,410</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Printer's type case, J. T. Edson</td>
+       <td class="right">228,251</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Pulley, J. B. Stockham</td>
+       <td class="right">228,415</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Pump, W. S. Laney</td>
+       <td class="right">228,203</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Pump, lift, P. T. Perkins</td>
+       <td class="right">228,383</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Pump, rotary, J. Hallner</td>
+       <td class="right">228,344</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Pump, steam jet, Randall &amp; Tuttle</td>
+       <td class="right">228,275</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Railway heads, stop motion for, H. T. Spencer</td>
+       <td class="right">228,407</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Railway joints, angle splice for, J. D. Hawks</td>
+       <td class="right">228,347</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Railway signal apparatus, electric, O. Gassett</td>
+       <td class="right">228,187</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Range, D. H. Nation</td>
+       <td class="right">228,268, 228,269, 228,270</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Reclining chair, T. G. Maguire</td>
+       <td class="right">228,263</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Refrigerating and ice making apparatus, C. P. G. Linde</td>
+       <td class="right">28,364</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Rivets, making tubular, G. W. Tucker</td>
+       <td class="right">228,423</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Rock drills and earth augers, machine for operating, G. Taylor </td>
+       <td class="right">228,418</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Rubber bottles, etc., closing the openings in India, T. J. Mayall</td>
+       <td class="right">228,207</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Rubber, ornamenting hard, H., O., &amp; M. Traun</td>
+       <td class="right">228,290</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Sash cord fastener and sash lock, combined, E. V. Heaford</td>
+       <td class="right">228,349</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Sash cord guide, E. H. N. Clarkson (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,222</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Sash fastener, S. P. Jackson</td>
+       <td class="right">228,199</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Sash fastening, J. Pusey</td>
+       <td class="right">228,274</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Sawing machine, circular, P. Pryibil</td>
+       <td class="right">228,218</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Sawing machine, drag, S. F. Steele</td>
+       <td class="right">228,413</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Sawing machine, drag, A. Wilkins</td>
+       <td class="right">228,237</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Screw bolt, L. Strauss</td>
+       <td class="right">228,288</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Screw threads, device for cutting, J. C. Williams</td>
+       <td class="right">228,429</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Sealing packages, E. A. McAlpin</td>
+       <td class="right">228,368</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Seaming machine, F. A. Walsh</td>
+       <td class="right">228,234, 228,235</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Sewing machine balance wheel pulley, E. Flather</td>
+       <td class="right">228,184</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Sheet metal joint, C. Wright</td>
+       <td class="right">228,240</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Shirt, G. C. Henning</td>
+       <td class="right">228,195</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Shoe, J. J. Snyder</td>
+       <td class="right">228,226</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Shoe nail, Z. Talbot</td>
+       <td class="right">228,417</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Shoe support, rubber, J. G. Foreman</td>
+       <td class="right">228,338</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Shoulder brace, C. A. Williamson</td>
+       <td class="right">228,238</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Sign, flexible, F. Tuchfarber (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,223</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Skiving machine, W. S. Fitzgerald</td>
+       <td class="right">228,183</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Skylight, W. D. Smith</td>
+       <td class="right">228,282</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Smoker's kit, T. V. Curtis</td>
+       <td class="right">228,325</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Soap and other materials, apparatus for mixing, <br />W., Sr., W., Jr., &amp; A. W. Cornwall </td>
+       <td class="right">228,320</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Soap, machine for mixing materials for making, <br />W., Sr., W., Jr., &amp; A. W. Cornwall </td>
+       <td class="right">228,319</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Soap, process and apparatus for remelting, <br />W., Jr., &amp; A. W. Cornwall</td>
+       <td class="right">228,321</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Soda water, apparatus for generating gas for, J. Collins </td>
+       <td class="right">228,315</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Spark arrester, locomotive, D. P. Wright</td>
+       <td class="right">228,431</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Spool box, C. Tollner </td>
+       <td class="right">228,289</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Stamp, hand, T. Berridge</td>
+       <td class="right">228,243</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Stamp, postage, J. Macdonough</td>
+       <td class="right">228,365</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Steam engine, J. C. Miller</td>
+       <td class="right">228,374</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Steam engine recorder, G. H. Crosby</td>
+       <td class="right">228,179</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Steam generator, N. Eaton</td>
+       <td class="right">228,250</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Stove, A. C. Barstow</td>
+       <td class="right">228,166</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Stove grate, J. Moore, Jr</td>
+       <td class="right">228,266</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Stove, hay, Stocum &amp; Merrill</td>
+       <td class="right">228,287</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Stove, magazine, C. Seavor</td>
+       <td class="right">228,401</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Surface gauge, F. J. Rabbeth</td>
+       <td class="right">228,391</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Swarm catcher, J. W. Bailey</td>
+       <td class="right">228,299</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Syringe attachment, S Turner</td>
+       <td class="right">228,422</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Tackle or pulley block, T. R. Ferrall</td>
+       <td class="right">228,335</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Telephone, S. Russell</td>
+       <td class="right">228,395</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Telephone circuit switch, G. L. Anders</td>
+       <td class="right">228,294</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Telephones, dental attachment for, H. G. Fiske</td>
+       <td class="right">228,254</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Testing machine, T. Olsen</td>
+       <td class="right">228,214</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Textile and other materials, machine for cutting, A. Warth (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,232</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Textile fabrics, machine for cutting, A. Warth (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,231</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Ticket holder, C. Scherich</td>
+       <td class="right">228,280</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Ticket, railway, F. C. Nims</td>
+       <td class="right">228,213</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Tobacco caddy, R. Finzer</td>
+       <td class="right">228,182</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Tobacco hoisting apparatus, W. S. Guy</td>
+       <td class="right">228,342</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Tongs, pipe, S. Fawcett </td>
+       <td class="right">228,333</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Toy, creeping, P. Von Erichsen</td>
+       <td class="right">228,231</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Treadle mechanism, D. S. Van Wyck</td>
+       <td class="right">228,424</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Treadle power machine, G. W. Ziegler</td>
+       <td class="right">228,432</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Tree protector, J. W. Richards</td>
+       <td class="right">228,393</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Trimmings, flitter for milliners', J. Lambert</td>
+       <td class="right">228,363</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Tube machine, D. Appel</td>
+       <td class="right">228,162</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Valve, balanced, E. D. Meier</td>
+       <td class="right">228,210</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Vapor burner, W. H. Smith (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,227</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Vehicle spring, H. M. Keith</td>
+       <td class="right">228,360</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Vent for beer barrels, O. Zwietusch</td>
+       <td class="right">228,292</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Vessels, apparatus for unloading coal, etc., from, Cooney &amp; Swanston</td>
+       <td class="right">228,317</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Vise and clamp, J. Brady</td>
+       <td class="right">228,245</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Wagon, road, C. W. Saladee</td>
+       <td class="right">228,397</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Wagon running gear, G. W. Burr</td>
+       <td class="right">228,311</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Wash boiler, O. Tilton</td>
+       <td class="right">228,230</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Washing and wringing machine, combined, C. H. Wood </td>
+       <td class="right">228,239</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Washing machine, J. B. Pettit</td>
+       <td class="right">228,272</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Water closets, flushing cistern for, S. G. McFarland</td>
+       <td class="right">228,264</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Water heater, K. McDonald</td>
+       <td class="right">228,208</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Water heater, fireplace, I. B. Potts</td>
+       <td class="right">228,388</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Whiffletree hook, E. Hanrahan</td>
+       <td class="right">228,345</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Windlass locking gear, Remington &amp; Manton (r)</td>
+       <td class="right">9,233</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Windmill, A. H. Smith</td>
+       <td class="right">228,283</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Window screen, R. Perrin</td>
+       <td class="right">228,384</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Wire stretcher, H. Hemenway</td>
+       <td class="right">228,350</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Wood bit, L. Thuston</td>
+       <td class="right">228,421</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br /><br />
+<hr />
+
+<h3>DESIGNS.</h3>
+
+<table align="center" summary="patents list" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><br />Carpets, T. J. Stearns</td>
+       <td class="right"><br />11,800 to 11,803</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+       <td>Carriage door fender, M. Wiard</td>
+       <td class="right">11,805</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Coffin lid lifters, J. W. Rogers</td>
+       <td class="right">11,798</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Fringe for knitted fabrics, G. Upton </td>
+       <td class="right">11,804</td>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+       <td>Funeral ornaments, J. W. Rogers</td>
+       <td class="right">11,799</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Key bow, G. S. Barkentin</td>
+       <td class="right">11,794</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Medal batteries, Lewis &amp; Brice</td>
+       <td class="right">11,796</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Pencil cases, L. W. Fairchild</td>
+       <td class="right">11,795</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Statuary, group of, J. Rogers</td>
+       <td class="right">11,797</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br /><br />
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>TRADE MARKS.</h3>
+
+<table align="center" summary="patents list" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><br />Cigars, E. Aschermann &amp; Co</td>
+       <td class="right"><br />7,924</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Cigars, Giglio &amp; Freschi</td>
+       <td class="right">7,926</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Dry goods, Eddystone Manufacturing Co</td>
+       <td class="right">7,931, 7,933</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Flour, B. R. Pegram, Jr </td>
+       <td class="right">7,727, 7,728</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Prints, Eddystone Manufacturing Company</td>
+       <td class="right">7,932</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Soap, C. Davis &amp; Co</td>
+       <td class="right">7,925</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Teas, table, Sanders &amp; George</td>
+       <td class="right">7,912</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Velocipedes, N. S. C. Perkins </td>
+       <td class="right">7,929</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br /><br />
+<hr />
+<hr />
+
+<h2>English Patents Issued to Americans.</h2>
+
+<h3>From May 25 to June 1, 1880, inclusive.</h3>
+
+<table align="center" summary="patents">
+<tr><td style="font-size: 1em;">Anthracite, obtaining, C. M. Warren, Norfolk, Mass.<br />
+Burners and generators for hydrocarbons, E. G. Furber, New York city.<br />
+Corsets, L. C. Warner, New York city.<br />
+Engines, locomotive, W. P. Hauszey, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+Filtering apparatus, G. H. Moore, Norwich, Conn.<br /><br /></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name="page13" id="page13"></a>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/advertisements-250.png" width="250" height="45" alt="Advertisements" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="ind"><b>Inside Page, each insertion - - - 75 cents a line.</b><br />
+
+<b>Back Page, each insertion - - - $1.00 a line.</b><br />
+
+(About eight words to a line.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate
+per line, by measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements
+must be received at publication office as early
+as Thursday morning to appear in next issue.</i></p>
+
+<p><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="pointing finger" border="0" /> The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers
+a circulation of not less than 50,000 copies every
+weekly issue.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements">
+<tr>
+    <td>
+
+<p class="center"><b><i>Fifth Edition Just Ready.</i></b></p>
+
+<h2 style="font-family: sans-serif;">The Complete Practical Machinist</h2>
+
+<p class="ind3"><span class="outdent2">Embracing Lathe Work</span>, Vise Work, Drills and Drilling,
+Taps and Dies, Hardening and Tempering, the Making
+and Use of Tools, etc., etc. By Joshua Rose. Illustrated
+by 130 engravings. Fifth edition, revised. In
+one vol., 12mo., 376 pages. Price $2.50 by mail, free of
+postage.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">CONTENTS: Chapter I. Lathe and Machine Tools.
+II. Cutting Speed and Feed. III. Boring Tools for Lathe
+Work. IV. Screw-cutting Tools. V. General Observations
+on Lathe Work. VI. Turning Eccentrics. VII.
+Hand Turning. VIII. Drilling in the Lathe. IX. Boring
+Bars. X. Laps. XI. Twist Drills. XII. Tool Steel.
+XIII. Taps and Dies. XIV. Vise-work Tools. XV.
+Fitting Connecting Rods. XVI. Milling Machines and
+Milling Tools. XVII. To Calculate the Speed of Wheels,
+Pulleys, etc. XVIII. The Slide Valve. XIX. How to
+Set a Slide Valve. XX. Pumps Index.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">We also publish:</p>
+
+<p class="foo"><b>The Modern Practice of American Machinists
+and Engineers.</b> By Egbert P. Watson. Illustrated
+by 86 engravings. 12mo, $2 50</p>
+
+<p class="foo1"><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="pointing finger" border="0" /> The above or any of our Books sent by mail, free
+of postage, at the publication price.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">Our new and enlarged CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL
+AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS&mdash;96 pages, 8vo&mdash;sent free to any
+one who will furnish his address.</p>
+
+<h3 class="foo1">HENRY CAREY BAIRD &amp; CO.,</h3>
+<p class="centerfoo1">Industrial Publishers, Booksellers, and Importers,<br />
+<b>810 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2 style="font-family: sans-serif;">FOR SALE,</h2>
+<p class="ind">A full set of Patent Office Reports, from 1849 to 1872.<br />
+Price $60. Apply to C. M. ALEXANDER, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/013-bandsaw-800.png"><img src="images/013-bandsaw-400.png" width="400" height="153" alt="BAND SAWS AND PLANERS a specialty. - C. Hodgkins &amp; Son, Marlboro, N. H." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<table align="center" summary="layout" border="0">
+<tr><td class="left"><b>1880</b></td>      <td class="right"><b>1880&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h2 style="font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 0">Pittsburgh Exposition Society.</h2></td></tr></table>
+<h3 class="foo1">THE FOURTH</h3>
+<h2 class="foo1">EXPOSITION AND FAIR</h2>
+<p class="foo1">
+Will open to the public Thursday, September 2, and remain
+open day and evening (Sundays excepted) until
+Saturday, October 9th, 1880.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">Blank forms of application for space, Prospectus, and
+Premium list may be had by addressing the secretary.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">Exhibitors are earnestly requested to make early application
+for space, thus enabling the managers to better
+arrange the whole Exhibition.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">New Machinery Hall; new Engine and Boilers.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">Manufacturers and Inventors should avail themselves
+of the unsurpassed facilities offered by this Exposition
+for the introduction of new machinery to the public.</p>
+
+<h3 class="foo1">Office, GERMANIA BANK BUILDING, 89 Wood St.</h3>
+<p class="centerfoo1"><b>P. O. BOX 895.</b></p>
+
+<p class="foo1"><span style="float: left;">E. P. YOUNG,</span>          <span  class="rindent" style="float: right;">I. C. PATTERSON,</span><br />
+  <span class="ind" style="float: left;">General Manager.</span>      <span style="float: right;">Secretary.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
+ <br clear="all" /><br />
+<p class="centerfoo1">JOHN D. BAILEY, Asst. Manager and Cashier.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/040-tools-400-alt.png" width="400" height="137" alt="---> SEND STAMP FOR CATALOGUE. TOOLS: TAPS and DIES  VISES  CHUCKS  TWIST DRILLS  MACHINE SCREWS  LATHES  FILES  STUBS  TOOLS and STEEL  TALLMAN and McFADDEN - PHILADELPHIA." />
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Cigar Box Lumber,</b></span></p>
+
+<h3 class="foo1">MANUFACTURED by our NEW PATENT PROCESS.</h3>
+
+<h3 class="foo">The Best in the World.</h3>
+
+<p class="adxlla"><b>SPANISH CEDAR,</b></p>
+<p class="adxllb"><b>MAHOGANY,</b></p>
+<p class="adxllc"><b>POPLAR.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indfoo">Also thin lumber of all other kinds, &#8539; to &frac12; in., at corresponding
+prices. All qualities. Equal in all respects to
+any made, and at prices much under any to be obtained
+outside of our establishment. Send for price list.</p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo"><b>GEO W. READ &amp; CO.,</b></p>
+<p class="author1"><b>186 to 200 Lewis Street, N. Y.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxls">MOSQUITO CATCHER.</p>
+
+<p>Will clear your room in a few minutes without smoke,
+soil, or grease. Price 50 cents. Send for circular. Agents
+wanted everywhere. Good terms. L. T. JONES,</p>
+                   <p class="author1">166 Light Street, Baltimore, Md.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxls"><span class="sc">Roots' New Iron Blower.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/013-roots-1130.png"><img src="images/013-roots-400.png" width="400" height="148" alt="ROOTS' NEW IRON BLOWER." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="foo1">POSITIVE BLAST.</h3>
+<h2 class="foo1">IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED</h2>
+<h4 class="foo1">IS SIMPLER, AND HAS</h4>
+<h3 class="foo1">FEWER PARTS THAN ANY OTHER BLOWER.</h3>
+<h4 class="foo1">P. H. &amp; F. M. ROOTS, Manuf'rs,
+CONNERSVILLE, IND.</h4>
+
+<table align="center" summary="" border="0" style="margin-top: -0.5em;">
+<tr><td class="left1">S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt.,</td><td class="bigbrace">{</td><td class="left1">6 Cortlandt St.,<br />8 Dey Street,</td>
+<td class="biggerbrace" rowspan="3">}</td><td class="left1" rowspan="3">NEW<br />YORK.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left1" colspan="3">WM. COOKE, Selling Agt., 6 Cortlandt Street,</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left1" colspan="3">JAS. BEGGS &amp; CO., Selling Agts., 8 Dey Street,</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center"><img src="images/013-blackhand-35.png" width="35" height="14" alt="pointing finger" border="0" /> SEND FOR PRICED CATALOGUE.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adl">FOUR SIDED MOULDER, WITH OUTSIDE BEARING.</p>
+<p>We manufacture 5 sizes of these moulders.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/013-moulder-690.png"><img src="images/013-moulder-200.png" width="200" height="97" alt="FOUR SIDED MOULDER, WITH OUTSIDE BEARING." /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="foo">
+Also Endless Bed Planers,
+Mortisers and Borers. Tenoning
+Machines, Sash Dovetailers.
+Blind Rabbeting
+Machines. Also a large
+variety of other wood
+working machines.</p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo1">Address<br />
+<b>LEVI HOUSTON,</b> Montgomery, Pa.</p>
+<br clear="all" />
+<hr />
+
+<h2 style="font-size: 1.8em; font-family: sans-serif;">STEAM PUMPS.</h2>
+<p class="adl"><b>THE NORWALK IRON WORKS CO.,</b></p>
+<p class="author1"><b>SOUTH NORWALK, CONN.</b></p><br />
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<table align="center" summary="blake" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td><a href="images/013-blake1-608.png"><img src="images/013-blake1-150.png" width="150" height="115" alt="THE BLAKE 'LION AND EAGLE' CRUSHER" /></a></td>
+       <td class="np"><br />
+
+<p class="adxl">THE BLAKE "LION AND EAGLE" CRUSHER,</p>
+<p class="foo">
+A patented improvement of the former "New Pattern" Blake machine.
+Has much greater efficiency than the old. It requires only about half the
+power to drive, and is transported at much less expense (the size most used
+weighing several thousand pounds less than the unimproved machine).
+It requires less than half the time in oiling and other manipulation, and
+less than half the expense for repairs. Address</p>
+
+<p><b>E. S. BLAKE &amp; CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
+Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers.</b></p>
+</td>
+       <td><a href="images/013-blake2-313.png"><img src="images/013-blake2-100.png" width="100" height="146" alt="THE BLAKE 'LION AND EAGLE' CRUSHER" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<hr class="full" /><br />
+
+<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements">
+<tr>
+    <td>
+
+<p class="adxls">Delamater Steam Pumps</p>
+<p class="centerfoo1"><b>For every variety of work</b></p>
+<h2 class="foo1" style="font-family: sans-serif;">WATERWORKS PUMPING ENGINES</h2>
+<h3 class="foo1">DELAMATER IRON WORKS</h3>
+<p class="center" style="font-size: 1.1em; margin-top: -0.5em;"><b>Boiler Makers, Engine Builders,
+and Founders,</b></p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo1"><b>Office, No. 10 CORTLANDT ST.,</b></p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo1"><b>Works, Foot of W. 18th St., North River, New York.</b></p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo1"><b>ESTABLISHED 1841.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxlc"><b>Model Engines</b></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/013-modelengines-227.png" width="227" height="100" alt="Model Engines" border="0" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>Complete sets of</b></p>
+<p class="center" style="font-size:1.8em; margin-top: -0.5em;"><b>CASTINGS</b></p>
+<p class="foo">for making small
+Model steam Engines 1&frac12; in. bore, 3 in. stroke, price, $4;
+ditto 2 in. bore, 4 in. stroke, price, $10, same style as cut.
+Gear Wheels and Parts of Models. All kinds of Small
+Tools and Materials. Catalogue Free. GOODNOW &amp;
+WIGHTMAN, 176 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><b>STUTTERING</b> CURED by Bates' Appliances. Send
+for description to SIMPSON &amp; Co., Box 2236, New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adl">SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST.</p>
+<h2 style="font-size:1.8em;">Driven or Tube Wells</h2>
+<p class="foo">
+furnished to large consumers of Croton and Ridgewood
+Water. WM. D. ANDREWS &amp; BRO., 235 Broadway, N. Y.,
+who control the patent for Green's American Driven Well.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxl">THE DRIVEN WELL.</p>
+<p>
+Town and County privileges for making <b>Driven
+Wells</b> and selling Licenses under the established
+<b>American Driven Well Patent</b>, leased by the year
+to responsible parties, by</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: 1.1em; font-family: sans-serif;"><b>WM. D. ANDREWS &amp; BRO.,</b></p>
+<p class="author"><b>235 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/013-roofing-400.png" width="400" height="63" alt="ROOFING." />
+</div>
+<p class="ind">
+For steep or flat roofs. Applied by ordinary workmen
+at one-third the cost of tin. Circulars and samples free.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Agents Wanted. T. NEW, 32 John Street, New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxls">XX COT (not painted, White Duck) $2.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/042-xxcot-800.png"><img src="images/042-xxcot-400.png" width="400" height="140" alt="Painted Red, Brown Canvas and Fancy Bolster, $2.50. Painted Red, Striped Canvas and Fancy Bloster, $3.00." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="foo1">Makes a perfect bed. No mattress or pillows required.
+Better than a hammock, as it fits the body as pleasantly,
+and lies <i>straight</i>. Folded or opened instantly. Self-fastening.
+It is just the thing for hotels, offices, cottages, camp-meetings,
+sportsmen, etc. Good for the lawn, piazza, or
+"coolest place in the house." Splendid for invalids or children.
+Sent on receipt of price, or C. O. D. For <b>50 cts.
+extra</b>, with order, I will prepay expressage to any railroad
+station east of Mississippi River and north of Mason
+and Dixon's line. For <b>75 cents</b>, in Minnesota, Missouri,
+and Iowa.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1"><b>HERMON W. LADD, 108 Fulton St., Boston;</b>
+207 Canal St., New York; 165 North Second St.,
+Phila.; 94 Market St., Chicago. <b>Send for Circulars.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<table align="center" summary="RUBBER BACK SQUARE PACKING">
+<tr>
+       <td valign="top">
+<img src="images/013-rubberpacking-150.png" width="150" height="80" alt="RUBBER BACK SQUARE PACKING" />
+</td>
+       <td>
+<img src="images/013-rubberback-400.png" width="400" height="35" alt="RUBBER BACK SQUARE PACKING" />
+
+<p class="adl"><b>BEST IN THE WORLD</b></p>
+<p class="figleft1"><b>For Packing the Piston Rods and Valve Stems of Steam Engines and Pumps.</b></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<p class="foo1">B represents that part of the packing which, when in use, is in contact with the Piston Rod.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">A the elastic back, which keeps the part B against the rod with sufficient pressure to be steam-tight, and yet
+creates but little friction.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">This Packing is made in lengths of about 20 feet, and of all sizes from 1/4 to 2 inches square.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1"><b>JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas.</b></p> <p class="author"><b>NEW YORK BELTING &amp; PACKING CO.,</b> 37 &amp; 38 Park Row, New York.</p>
+
+ <hr />
+
+<p class="adl">JOHN R. WHITLEY&amp; CO.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">European Representatives of American Houses, with
+First-class Agents in the principal industrial and agricultural
+centers and cities in Europe. London, 7 Poultry, E. C.
+Paris, 8 Place Vend&ocirc;me. Terms on application.
+J. R. W. &amp; Co. purchase Paris goods on commission at
+shippers' discounts.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/013-steamheating-400.png" width="400" height="118" alt="STEAM HEATING APPARATUS  LIGHTS  PATENTS  24 SIZES OF BOILERS  RADIATION  28 PER CENT SUPERIOR TO ANY OTHER. ADDRESS: EUREKA STEAM HEATING CO. ROCHESTER, N. Y." />
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl">Grain Speculation</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">in large or small amounts. $25 or $25,000. Write
+W. T. SOULE &amp; CO., Commission Merchants,
+130 La Salle St., CHICAGO. ILL., for Circulars.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:99%;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;">
+TELEPHONE&nbsp;</span></span>
+Works 1 mile.
+Price $3.50. Pat'd.<br />
+Circulars free. HOLCOMB &amp; CO., Mallet Creek, Ohio.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxls">Johnson's Patent Universal Lathe Chuck.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/013-johnsonchuck-800.png"><img src="images/013-johnsonchuck-400.png" width="400" height="149" alt="Johnson's Patent Universal Lathe Chuck." /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">
+<b>Lambertville Iron Works, Lambertville, N. J.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table align="center" summary="greenhouse heating and ventilating apparatus">
+<tr>
+       <td>
+<a href="images/013-greenhouse-705.png"><img src="images/013-greenhouse-150.png" width="150" height="210" alt="Green House Heating and Ventilating Apparatus." /></a>
+
+</td>
+       <td>
+<p style="font-size: 1.6em; "><b>Green House</b><br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>&nbsp;Heating and</b><br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Ventilating</b><br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Apparatus.</b></p>
+
+<p class="foo1" style="font-size: 1.6em;"><b>Base Burning</b><br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Water Heaters.</b></p>
+
+<p class="foo1"><b>For Small Conservatories.</b></p>
+
+<p class="adl">HITCHINGS &amp; CO.,</p>
+<p class="centerfoo"><b>No. 233 Mercer Street,</b><br />
+<b>New York.</b></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/013-pondstools-400.png" width="400" height="47" alt="Pond's Tools" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: 1.1em; margin-top: -0.5em;"><b>Engine Lathes, Planers, Drills, &amp;c.</b></p>
+
+<h2 class="foo1" style="font-family: sans-serif;">DAVID W. POND, Worcester, Mass.</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxl">Lathes, Planers Shapers</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Drills, Bolt and Gear Cutters, Milling Machines. Special<br />
+Machinery. E. GOULD &amp; EBERHARDT, Newark, N. J.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/013-coebrass-400.png" width="400" height="99" alt="COE BRASS MFG. CO. BRASS AND COPPER IN SHEETS. WIRE AND BLANKS. WOLCOTTVILLE, CONN. MATERIALS FOR METALLIC. AMMUNITION A SPECIALTY." />
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<table align="center" summary="bucket" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td class="bigger" valign="top">BUCK</td>
+       <td class="center" valign="top"><br style="line-height: 113%;" />
+<span style="font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: bold;">ET PLUNGER STEAM PUMPS,</span><br />
+<span class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: bold; margin-top: -1.5em;">FOR EVERY DUTY.</span><br />
+<span style="font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: bold; margin-top: -1em;">VALLEY MACHINE CO.,</span><br />
+<span class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: bold; margin-top: -1em;">EASTHAMPTON, MASS.</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements">
+<tr>
+    <td>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/013-griscom-800.png"><img src="images/013-griscom-400.png" width="400" height="95" alt="GRISCOM and CO'S VALVE REFITTING MACHINE. POTTSVILLE, PA." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl" style="font-family: sans-serif;">Steel Castings</p>
+
+<p class="ind">From &frac14; to 15,000 lb. weight, true to pattern, of unequaled
+strength, toughness, and durability. 15,000 Crank Shafts
+and 10,000 Gear Wheels of this steel now running prove
+its superiority over all other Steel Castings. Send for
+circular and price list.</p>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+CHESTER STEEL CASTINGS Co., 407 Library St., Phila, Pa.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/013-carnegie-400.png" width="400" height="228" alt="CARNEGIE BROS and CO., UNION IRON MILLS, PITTSBURGH PA WROUGHT IRON BEAMS CHANNELS TEES and ANGLES" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="ind">The attention of Architects, Engineers, and Builders
+is called to the great decline in prices of wrought</p>
+<p class="centerfoo"><b>STRUCTURAL IRON.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indfoo">It is believed that, were owners fully aware of the small
+difference in cost which now exists between iron and
+wood, the former, in many cases, would be adopted,
+thereby saving <i>insurance</i> and avoiding all risk of <i>interruption</i>
+to <i>business</i> in consequence of fire. Book of detailed
+information furnished to Architects, Engineers,
+and Builders, on application.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/013-aland-1000.png"><img src="images/013-aland-400.png" width="400" height="128" alt="ALAND'S Silent Injector, Blower and Exhauster. Apply to S. ALAND, Rome, Oneida Co., N. Y." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxl">Wood-Working Machinery,</p>
+<p class="foo">
+Such as Woodworth Planing, Tonguing, and Grooving
+Machines, Daniel's Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved
+Tenon Machines, Mortising, Moulding, and
+Re-Saw Machines. Eastman's Pat. Miter Machines, and
+Wood-Working Machinery generally. Manufactured by</p>
+<p class="author1">
+WITHERBY, RUGG &amp; RICHARDSON,</p>
+<p class="author">
+26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass.</p>
+<p class="ind" style="margin-top: -1em;">
+(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL &amp; CO.)</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxl">Shafts, Pulleys, Hangers, Etc.</p>
+<p class="center">Full assortment in store for immediate delivery.</p>
+<p class="author1">
+<b>WM. SELLERS &amp; CO.,</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="author">
+<b>79 Liberty Street, New York.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table align="center" summary="" border="0">
+<tr><td class="left1" colspan="2" style="font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: bold; font-family: sans-serif;">PORTER MANUF'G CO.</td>
+<td class="left1" rowspan="2">
+<a href="images/044-porter2-alt-605.png"><img src="images/044-porter2-alt-100.png" width="100" height="149" alt="The New Economizer Boiler" /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="left1">
+<a href="images/013-porter1-600.png"><img src="images/013-porter1-150.png" width="150" height="123" alt="The New Economizer Boiler" /></a>
+</td>
+<td class="left1">The New Economizer, the<br />
+only Agricultural Engine with<br />
+Return Flue Boiler in use.<br />
+Send for circular to<br />
+
+PORTER MFG.<br />
+Co., Limited,<br />
+Syracuse, N. Y.
+</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td class="left1" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;">G. G. YOUNG, Gen. Agt., 42 Cortland St., New York.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/013-forster-600.png"><img src="images/013-forster-150.png" width="150" height="88" alt="Forster's Rock and Ore Breaker and Combined Crusher and Pulverizer." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="adxls">Forster's Rock &amp; Ore Breaker and Combined Crusher and Pulverizer.</p>
+<p class="foo1"><i>The simplest machine ever devised for the purpose.</i></p>
+<p class="foo1">
+Parties who have used it constantly for six years testify that it will do <i>double</i> the work
+of <i>any other Crusher</i>, with one-third the Power, and one-half the expense for keeping in
+repair. The smaller sizes can be run with Horse Power.</p>
+<p class="author">
+Address TOTTEN &amp; CO., Pittsburgh Pa.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl">STEAM PUMPS.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-family: sans-serif;"><b>HENRY R. WORTHINGTON.</b></p>
+
+<p><span style="float: left;"><b>239 Broadway, N. Y.</b></span>     <span style="float: right;"><b>83 Water St., Boston.</b></span></p>
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2.5em;">
+<b>709 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.</b></p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">The Worthington Pumping Engines for Water
+Works</span>&mdash;Compound, Condensing or Non-Condensing.
+Used in over 100 Water-Works Stations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Worthington Steam Pumps</span> of all sizes and for all
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="adxls"><b>Prices below those of any<br />
+other steam pump in<br />
+the market.</b></p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Water Meters. Oil Meters.</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl">KNOW THYSELF.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/013-peabody-515.png"><img src="images/013-peabody-150.png" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<span class="adla"><b>T</b></span>he untold miseries that result
+from indiscretion in early life
+may be alleviated and cured.
+Those who doubt this assertion
+should purchase the new medical
+work published by the PEABODY
+MEDICAL INSTITUTE, Boston,
+entitled <b>THE SCIENCE OF
+LIFE; or, SELF-PRESERVATION.</b>
+Exhausted vitality,
+nervous and physical debility, or
+vitality impaired by the errors of
+youth, or too close application to business, may be restored
+and manhood regained.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">Two hundredth edition, revised and enlarged, just
+published. It is a standard medical work, the best in
+the English language, written by a physician of great
+experience, to whom was awarded a gold and jeweled
+medal by the National Medical Association. It contains
+beautiful and very expensive engravings. Three
+hundred pages, more than 50 valuable prescriptions for
+all forms of prevailing disease, the result of many years
+of extensive and successful practice, either one of
+which is worth ten times the price of the book. Bound
+in French cloth; price only $1, sent by mail, postpaid.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">The London Lancet says: "No person should be
+without this valuable book. The author is a noble
+benefactor."</p>
+
+<p class="foo">An illustrated sample sent to all on receipt of 6 cents
+for postage.</p>
+
+<table summary="layout" align="center">
+<tr>
+       <td>The author refers, by permission, to Hon. P. A. BISSELL, M.D.,
+prest. of the National Medical Association.
+Address Dr. W. H. PARKER, No. 4
+Bulfinch Street, Boston, Mass.  The
+author may be consulted on all diseases
+requiring skill and experience.</td>
+       <td class="center" valign="top"><span class="adxlls"><b>HEAL <br />THYSELF</b></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxls">EXTRA BARGAINS.</p>
+
+<p class="ind">Town rights, $10; county, $25. Best novelty yet manufactured.
+If you want to make money, address, with
+stamp,</p>
+<p class="author">
+J. H. MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/013-carymoen-400.png" width="400" height="77" alt="CARY and MOEN  STEEL WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION and STEEL SPRINGS. 234 W. 29. ST., NEW YORK CITY" />
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl">"The 1876 Injector."</p>
+<p class="foo1">
+Simple, Durable, and Reliable. Requires no special
+valves. Send for illustrated circular.</p>
+<p class="author">
+<b>WM. SELLERS &amp; CO., Phila.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/16-patents-400.png" width="400" height="112" alt="PATENTS." />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>CAVEATS,  COPYRIGHTS, LABEL
+REGISTRATION, ETC.</b></p>
+
+<p>Messrs. Munn &amp; Co., in connection with the publication
+of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>, continue to examine
+Improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for
+Inventors.</p>
+
+<p>In this line of business they have had <span class="sc">over thirty
+years' experience</span>, and now have <i>unequaled facilities</i>
+for the Preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications,
+and the Prosecution of Applications for Patents in the
+United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs.
+Munn &amp; Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats,
+Registration of Labels, Copyrights for Books, Labels,
+Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements
+of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done
+with special care and promptness, on very moderate
+terms.</p>
+
+<p>We send free of charge, on application, a pamphlet
+containing further information about Patents and how
+to procure them; directions concerning Labels, Copyrights,
+Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements,
+Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale
+of Patents, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b><i>Foreign Patents</i>.</b>&mdash;We also send, <i>free of charge</i>, a
+Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and
+method of securing patents in all the principal countries
+of the world. American inventors should bear in
+mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable
+to the patentee in this country is worth equally as
+much in England and some other foreign countries.
+Five patents&mdash;embracing Canadian, English, German,
+French, and Belgian&mdash;will secure to an inventor the exclusive
+monopoly to his discovery among about <span class="sc">one
+hundred and fifty millions</span> of the most intelligent
+people in the world. The facilities of business and
+steam communication are such that patents can be obtained
+abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at
+home. The expense to apply for an English patent is
+$75; German, $100; French, $100; Belgian, $100; Canadian, $50.</p>
+
+<p><b><i>Copies of Patents</i>.</b>&mdash;Persons desiring any patent
+issued from 1836 to November 20, 1866, can be supplied
+with official copies at reasonable cost, the price depending
+upon the extent of drawings and length of
+specifications.</p>
+
+<p>Any patent issued since November 20,1866, at which
+time the Patent Office commenced printing the drawings
+and specifications, may be had by remitting to
+this office $1.</p>
+
+<p>A copy of the claims of any patent issued since 1836
+will be furnished for $1.</p>
+
+<p>When ordering copies, please to remit for the same
+as above, and state name of patentee, title of invention,
+and date of patent.</p>
+
+<p>A pamphlet, containing full directions for obtaining
+United States patents sent free. A handsomely bound
+Reference Book, gilt edges, contains 140 pages and
+many engravings and tables important to every patentee
+and mechanic, and is a useful handbook of reference
+for everybody. Price 25 cents, mailed free.</p>
+
+<p class="ind">Address</p>
+<p class="centerfoo"><b>MUNN &amp; CO.,</b><br />
+
+Publishers <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>,</p>
+<p class="author1">
+37 Park Row, New York.</p>
+
+<p><i>BRANCH OFFICE&mdash;Corner of F and 7th Streets,
+Washington, D. C.</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name="page14" id="page14"></a>
+
+<p class="adxls">FOR SALE.&mdash;PLYMOUTH MACHINE</p>
+<p class="foo">
+Works, Engine, and Saw Mill. Patterns on hand. Locality
+good. For particulars, call on or address the works.
+Plymouth Machine Works, Plymouth, Richland Co., O.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/048-firebrick-400.png" width="400" height="51" alt="FIRE BRICK, TILE AND CLAY RETORTS ALL SHAPES BORGNER and O'BRIEN 23rd ST, ABOVE RACE, PHILADELPHIA." />
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxl">Holly's Improved Water Works.</p>
+
+<p>Direct Pumping Plan. Advantages: 1. Secures by
+variable pressure a more reliable water supply for all
+purposes. 2. Less cost for construction. 3. Less cost
+for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply for all
+use of Holly's Improved Pumping Machinery. 5. Affords
+the best fire protection in the world. 6. Largely
+reduces insurance risks and premiums. 7. Dispenses
+with fire engines, in whole or in part. 8. Reduces fire
+department expenses. For information, address the</p>
+<p class="author">
+HOLLY MANUFACTURING CO., Lockport, N. Y.,</p>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+Or PARK BENJAMIN &amp; BRO., Gen. Agents,</p>
+
+<p class="author">49 and 50 Astor House, N. Y. City.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figleft"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/048-todd-435.png"><img src="images/048-todd-100.png" width="100" height="198" alt="The New Baxter Patent Portable Steam Engine." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Established 1844.</b></p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo2">_______</p>
+
+<h2 class="foo1">JOSEPH C. TODD,</h2>
+
+<p class="centerfoo"><b>Successor to TODD &amp; RAFFERTY,</b></p>
+
+<h3 class="foo">PATERSON, N. J.,</h3>
+
+<h2 class="foo1">Engineer and Machinist.</h2>
+
+<p class="foo">Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum,
+and Bagging Machinery. Steam Engines,
+Boilers, etc. Sole Agent for
+Mayher's New Patent Acme Steam
+Engine and Force Pumps combined.
+Also owner and exclusive manufacturer
+of</p>
+
+<h4 class="foo1">THE NEW</h4>
+<h2 class="foo1">Baxter Patent Portable Steam Engine.</h2>
+
+<p class="foo1">These engines are admirably adapted to all kinds of
+light power for driving printing presses, pumping water,
+sawing wood, grinding coffee, ginning cotton, and all
+kinds of agricultural and mechanical purposes, and are
+furnished at the following low prices:</p>
+
+<table align="center" summary="steam engine" border="0" style="margin-top: -0.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; border-collapse: collapse;">
+<tr>
+       <td class="la">1 Horse Power,</td>
+       <td class="lb" style="border-right: 1px solid black;">$150</td>
+       <td class="lc" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">1&frac12; Horse Power,</td>
+       <td class="right">$190</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="la">2 Horse Power,</td>
+       <td class="lb" style="border-right: 1px solid black;">245</td>
+       <td class="lc" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">2&frac12; Horse Power,</td>
+       <td class="right">275</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="la">3 Horse Power.</td>
+       <td class="lb" style="border-right: 1px solid black;">290</td>
+       <td class="lc" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Horse Power,</td>
+       <td class="right">350</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="foo1">Send for descriptive circular. Address</p>
+<h3 class="foo1">J. C. TODD,</h3>
+<p class="author">
+PATERSON, N. J.</p>
+<p class="author1">
+Or No. 10 Barclay St., New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/047-holly-400.png" width="400" height="53" alt="THE HOLLY SYSTEM OF STEAM HEATING FOR CITIES AND VILLAGES. HOLLY STEAM COMBINATION CO. LIMITED. LOCKPORT N. Y. SEE ILLUSTRATED AD. IN LAST NUMBER." />
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl">The Asbestos Packing Co.,</p>
+<h3 class="foo1">Miners and Manufacturers of Asbestos,</h3>
+<h3 class="foo1" style="font-family: sans-serif;">BOSTON, MASS.,</h3>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+OFFER FOR SALE:</p>
+
+<table align="center" summary="list" style="margin-top: -1em;">
+<tr>
+       <td class="center" valign="top" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">PATENTED<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   </td>
+       <td class="center" valign="top">ASBESTOS<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   "<br />
+	   </td>
+       <td class="left1" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">
+  ROPE PACKING,<br />
+  LOOSE &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"<br />
+  JOURNAL &nbsp;&nbsp;"<br />
+  WICK &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"<br />
+  MILL BOARD,<br />
+  <span class="outdent2" style="margin-left: -0.5em;">SHEATHING PAPER,</span><br />
+  FLOORING FELT,<br />
+  CLOTH.<br />
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/047-bicycle-440.png"><img src="images/047-bicycle-100.png" width="100" height="109" alt="COLUMBIA BICYCLE." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="adxl">COLUMBIA BICYCLE.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1">A practical road machine. Indorsed
+by the medical profession as the most
+healthful of outdoor sports. Send 3
+cent stamp for 24 page catalogue, with
+price list and full information, or 10
+cents for catalogue and copy of <i>The
+Bicycling World</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo">THE POPE M'F'G CO.,</p>
+<p class="centerfoo">89 Summer Street, Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxls">MACHINISTS' TOOLS.</p>
+<p class="centerfoo1"><span class="sc">New and Improved Patterns.</span></p>
+<p class="ind1" style="margin-top: -1em;">Send for new illustrated catalogue.</p>
+<h2 class="foo1">Lathes, Planers, Drills, &amp;c,</h2>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+<b>NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO.,</b></p>
+<p class="author1">
+<b>New Haven, Conn.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/047-johnsasbestos-400.png" width="400" height="127" alt="H. W. JOHNS' ASBESTOS" border="0" />
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="foo1">LIQUID PAINTS, ROOFING, BOILER COVERINGS,</h3>
+<p class="centerfoo1">
+Steam Packing, Sheathings,  Fireproof Coatings, Cements,<br />
+<span class="sc">send for samples, illustrated pamphlet, and price list.</span></p>
+<p class="centerfoo1">
+<b>H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl">The George Place Machinery Agency</p>
+<p class="centerfoo" style="font-size: 1.1em;">
+<b>Machinery of Every Description.</b><br />
+121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/047-watsonpump-400.png" width="400" height="63" alt="THE WATSON PUMP, FOR ARTESIAN, OR DEEPWELL PUMPING, PISTON ROD, PLUNGER and WELL ROD IN DIRECT LINE MACHINE SIMPLE, EFFICIENT. JAMES WATSON, 1508 S. FRONT ST., PHILA." />
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adl">DIES FOR EVERY PURPOSE.</p>
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: -0.7em;">
+STILES &amp; PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Ct.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:98%; font-family: sans-serif;;">BI-SULPHIDE OF CARBON.&nbsp;</span>
+E. R. TAYLOR,<br />
+Cleveland, O.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adl">ICE-HOUSE AND REFRIGERATOR.&mdash;</p>
+<p>
+Directions and Dimensions for construction, with one
+illustration of cold house for preserving fruit from
+season to season. The air is kept dry and pure throughout
+the year at a temperature of 34&deg; to 36&deg;. Contained
+in <span class="sc">Scientific American Supplement</span>, <b>116.</b> Price
+10 cents. To be had at this office and of all newsdealers.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figright"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/047-peck2-243.png"><img src="images/047-peck2-75.png" width="75" height="146" alt="PECK'S PATENT DROP PRESS." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="adxl">BEECHER &amp; PECK,</p>
+<p>
+Successors of <span class="sc">Milo Peck</span>, Manufacturers of<br />
+PECK'S PATENT DROP PRESS.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="margin-top: -1em;">
+<a href="images/047-peck1-448.png"><img src="images/047-peck1-125.png" width="125" height="85" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="foo1">
+Regular sizes. Hammer
+from 50 to 2,570 Lb. Special
+attention given to making
+of Drop Dies, Drop and Machine
+Forgings.</p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo1">New Haven, Conn.
+</p>
+<br clear="all" />
+<hr />
+
+<h2 style="font-size: 1.8em;">17-STOP ORGANS</h2>
+<p class="foo">
+Sub-bass and Oct. Coupler, box'd and ship'd only $97.75.
+New Pianos, $195 to $1,600. Before you buy an
+instrument be sure to see my Mid-summer offer, illustrated,
+free. Address Daniel F. Beatty, Washington, N. J.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="adxxl">EMERY WHEELS and GRINDING MACHINES.</p>
+
+<table align="center" summary="tanite" border="0">
+<tr><td rowspan="2">
+
+<a href="images/049-tanite-840.png"><img src="images/049-tanite-260.png" width="260" height="264" alt="TRADE MARK - TANITE - EX INUTILI UTILITAS" /></a>
+
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p class="adxl">THE TANITE CO.,</p>
+<h3 class="foo1">
+Stroudsburg, Monroe County, Pa.</h3>
+
+<p class="foo1">Orders may be directed to us at any of the following addresses, at each of
+which we carry a stock:</p>
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="left1" style="font-size: 0.8em;" valign="top">
+<b>London, Eng.,</b> 9 St. Andrews St.,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holborn Viaduct, E. C.<br />
+<b>Sydney, N. S. W.,</b> 11 Pitt St.<br />
+<b>Chicago,</b> 152 and 154 Lake St.<br />
+<b>Cincinnati,</b> 212 West Second St.<br />
+<b>Indianapolis,</b>  Corner Maryland  and<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Delaware Sts.<br />
+<b>New Orleans,</b> 26 Union St.<br />
+</td>
+<td class="left1" style="font-size: 0.8em;" valign="top">
+<b>Liverpool, Eng.,</b> 42, The Temple, Dale St.<br />
+<b>San Francisco,</b> 2 and 4 California St.<br />
+<b>St. Louis,</b> 209 North Third St.<br />
+&nbsp;<b>"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;811 to 819 North Second St.<br />
+<b>Louisville,</b> 427 West Main St.<br />
+<b>Nashville,</b> 28 West Side Public
+Square.<br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements">
+<tr>
+    <td>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxls">The New York Ice Machine Company,</p>
+  <p class="centerfoo">21 <span class="sc">Courtlandt Street.  Room 54.</span></p>
+<h3 class="foo">Low Pressure Binary Absorption System.</h3>
+
+<p class="centerfoo"><b>Advantages over other Machines.</b></p>
+
+<p class="foo">Makes 25 per cent. more Ice. Uses only &frac14; water of condensation.
+No Pressure at rest. Pressure in running,
+14 pounds. Self-lubricating. No Leaks, non-inflammable.
+No action on Metals. Easy Attendance.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adl">WM. A. HARRIS.</p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo"><b>PROVIDENCE, R. I. (PARK STREET),</b></p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo">Six minutes walk West from station.<br />
+Original  and Only builder   of the</p>
+<h2 class="foo1">HARRIS-CORLISS ENGINE</h2>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+With   Harris'   Patented   Improvements,<br />
+from 10 to 1,000 H.P.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table align="center" summary="The Baker Blower" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="left1a">
+<p class="adxxl">THE BAKER BLOWER.</p>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+<b>Centennial Judges Report.</b></p>
+
+<p class="foo">"Good Design and Material. Very
+efficient in action. With the special advantages
+that they can  be connected
+for motion directly with engine without
+the use of gearing or belting."</p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo">SEND FOR CATALOGUE.</p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo">WILBRAHAM BROS.
+No. 2318 Frankford Avenue,
+PHILADELPHIA, PA.</p>
+</td>
+<td><a href="images/049-bakerblower-800.png"><img src="images/049-bakerblower-348.png" width="348" height="300" alt="THE BAKER BLOWER" border="0" /></a>
+</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl" style="font-family: sans-serif;">BOILER COVERINGS,</p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo">Plastic Cement and Hair Felt, with or without the</p>
+
+<p class="centerfoo">Patent <span style="font-size: 1.3em;"><b>&#8220;</b></span><span style="font-size: 1.2em; font-family: sans-serif;"><b>AIR SPACE</b></span><span style="font-size: 1.3em;"><b>&#8221;</b></span> Method.</p>
+
+<h3 class="foo1">ASBESTOS MATERIALS,</h3>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+Made from pure Italian Asbestos, in fiber, mill board, and
+round packing. </p>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+<b>THE CHALMERS-SPENCE CO.,</b></p>
+<p class="author">
+40 John Street, and Foot of E. 9th Street, New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table align="center" summary="telegraph" border="0">
+<tr>
+    <td class="left1">
+
+<span style="font-size: 2.3em; font-weight: bold; font-family: sans-serif;">
+<b>TELEGRAPH</b>&nbsp;</span>
+</td><td class="left1">
+ and Electrical Supplies.<br />
+Send for Catalogue.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 0;"><b>C. E. JONES &amp; BRO., CINCINNATI, O.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/049-woodsoleshoe-590.png"><img src="images/049-woodsoleshoe-175.png" width="175" height="129" alt="WOOD SOLE SHOES." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="adl">WOOD SOLE SHOES.</p>
+
+<p class="foo">The cheapest, most durable,
+warm, good looking, and thoroughly
+waterproof shoe. Particularly
+adapted to Brewers,
+Miners, and all classes of laborers.
+Send stamp for circular
+and price list.</p>
+
+<p class="author"><b>CHAS. W. COPELAND,</b><br />
+122 Summer St., Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adl">BUY NO BOOTS OR SHOES</p>
+
+<p class="ind" style="margin-top: -0.5em;">Unless the soles are protected from wear by <i>Goodrich's
+Bessemer Steel Rivets. Guaranteed to outwear any other
+sole.</i> All dealers sell these boots. Taps by mail for 50
+cents in stamps. Send paper pattern of size wanted.</p>
+<p class="centerfoo1">
+<b>H. C. GOODRICH,</b> 19 Church St., Worcester, Mass.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span style="float:left; font-size:4em; font-weight:bold; line-height:80%;">SPY</span>
+&nbsp;Glasses, Field &amp; Opera Glasses, <b>MICROSCOPES</b>,<br />
+ <span style="float:left; font-size:1.9em; font-weight:bold; line-height:95%;">McALLISTER&nbsp;</span>
+
+ <span style="font-size: 0.8em;">Magnifying Glasses. Circulars free.<br />
+Mfg Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figleft"><br />
+<a href="images/049-painters-520.png"><img src="images/049-painters-160.png" width="160" height="60" alt="Metallic Plates for graining oak, walnut, chestnut, ash, etc." /></a>
+</div>
+<p>
+PAINTERS attention: send for circulars.
+etc. of my latest Metallic Plates for graining
+oak, walnut, chestnut, ash, etc, in the
+most rapid and excellent manner, no skill
+required. J. J. CALLOW. Cleveland. O.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adl">HARTFORD</p>
+<p class="adxls">STEAM   BOILER</p>
+<p class="adxls">Inspection &amp; Insurance</p>
+<p class="adl">COMPANY.</p>
+
+<p class="center">W. B. FRANKLIN, V. Pres't, J. M. ALLEN, Pres't.<br />
+J. B. PIERCE, Sec'y.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxls">The Rodier Patent Single Iron Plane.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/049-plane-605.png"><img src="images/049-plane-175.png" width="175" height="68" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>Made of extra quality iron. A
+practical labor saving tool. Cuts
+against the grain equally as well
+as with it. Can be adjusted instantly
+to cut a coarse or fine
+shaving, and excels any double
+iron plane ever produced. Address LAFLIN MANUFACTURING
+CO., North Elm Street, Westfield, Mass.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table align="center" summary="pyrometer" border="0">
+<tr><td class="left1" style="font-size: 2.3em; font-weight: bold;" valign="top">
+Pyrometers,&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="left1"><br style="line-height: 30%" />For showing heat of<br />
+Ovens, Hot Blast Pipes,
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="left1" colspan="2">Boiler Flues. Superheated Steam, Oil Stills, etc.
+</td></tr></table>
+<p class="center">HENRY W. BULKLEY, Sole Manufacturer,</p>
+<p class="author1">
+149 Broadway, N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxls">THE MACKINNON PEN OR FLUID PENCIL.</p>
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/050-pen-800.png"><img src="images/050-pen-400.png" width="400" height="34" alt="THE MACKINNON PEN OR FLUID PENCIL." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="centerfoo">Particulars mailed Free.<br />
+MACKINNON PEN CO.,<br />
+200 Broadway, near Fulton St., N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adl">FRIEDMANN'S PATENT INJECTOR,</p>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+The best</p>
+<table align="center" summary="injector" border="0" style="margin-top: -1em;">
+<tr>
+       <td class="left1" width="60%" colspan="2" style="font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: bold;"><b>BOILER</b></td>
+       <td class="left1" width="40%">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td class="left1" width="40%">&nbsp;</td>
+       <td class="left1" width="60%" colspan="2" style="font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: bold;"><b>FEEDER</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 0;">
+In the world.</p>
+<p class="centerfoo1">
+Simple, Reliable, and Effective.</p>
+<h3 class="foo1"><i>40,000 IN ACTUAL  USE.</i></h3>
+<h3 class="foo1">NATHAN &amp; DREYFUS,</h3>
+<p class="centerfoo1">
+Sole Manufacturers,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;NEW YORK.</p>
+<p class="centerfoo1">
+Send for Descriptive Catalogue.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table align="center" summary="motor" border="0" style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">
+<tr>
+    <td class="left1">
+<img src="images/050-backus-150.png" width="150" height="203" alt="THE BACKUS WATER MOTOR" />
+</td><td>
+<p class="adxls">SUPPLIES FROM</p>
+<h3 class="foo">HYDRANT PRESSURE</h3>
+<p class="foo">
+the cheapest power known.
+Invaluable for blowing
+Church Organs, running
+Printing Presses, <i>Sewing
+Machines in Households</i>,
+Turning Lathes, Scroll
+Saws, Grindstones, Coffee
+Mills, Sausage Machines,
+Feed Cutters, <i>Electric
+Lights</i>, Elevators, etc. It
+needs little room, no firing
+up, fuel, ashes, repairs, engineer,
+explosion, or delay,
+no extra insurance, no coal
+bills. Is noiseless, neat,
+compact, steady; will work
+at any pressure of water
+above 15 lb.; at 40 lb. pressure
+has 4-horse power, and
+capacity up to 6 or 8 horse
+power. Prices from $15. to $250. Send for circular to<br />
+THE BACKUS WATER MOTOR CO., Newark, N. J.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl">Pictet Artificial Ice Co., Limited,</p>
+<p class="ind">
+<span style="float: left;"><b>P. O. Box 3083.</b></span><span style="float: right;"><b>142 Greenwich St., New York.</b></span></p>
+<br clear="all" />
+<p class="ind">
+Guaranteed to be the most efficient and economical of all
+existing Ice and Cold Air Machines.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span style="float:left; font-size:6em; font-weight:bold; line-height:75%;">M</span>
+
+<span style="font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: bold;">ICROSCOPES, OPERA GLASSES, SPY</span></p>
+<p class="foo4">
+Glasses, Spectacles, Thermometers, Barometers,
+Compasses.   <br />R. &amp; <b>J. BECK,</b>
+Manufacturing Opticians, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+Send for ILLUSTRATED PRICED CATALOGUE.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table align="center" summary="layout" style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">
+<tr>
+       <td class="left1">
+
+<a href="images/050-calipers-340.png"><img src="images/050-calipers-100.png" width="100" height="137" alt="Superior Spring Calipers" /></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;
+</td>
+       <td class="left1">
+
+<p class="adxl">J. STEVENS &amp; CO.,</p>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+<b>P. O. Box 28, Chicopee Falls, Mass.</b></p>
+
+<p class="foo">Manufacturers of Stevens' Patent Breech-Loading
+Sporting and Hunters' Pet Rifles,
+Single and Double Barrel Shot Guns,
+Pocket Rifles, Pocket Shot Guns, Gallery
+Rifles, Superior Spring Calipers and Dividers,
+including the New Patent Coil Spring
+Calipers: also Double Lip Countersinks and
+Hathaways' Patent Combination Gauge.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl" style="font-family: sans-serif;">Mill Stones and Corn Mills.</p>
+
+<p>We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines,
+Packers, Mill Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and
+Gearing specially adapted to Flour Mills. Send for
+catalogue.</p>
+
+<p class="author"><b>J. T. NOYE &amp; SONS, Buffalo, N. Y.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/050-shafting-400.png" width="400" height="108" alt="PATENT COLD ROLLED SHAFTING." />
+</div>
+
+<p class="ind" style="margin-top:-0.5em;">The fact that this shafting has 75 per cent. greater
+strength, a finer finish, and is truer to gauge, than any
+other in use renders it undoubtedly the most economical.
+We are also the sole manufacturers of the CELEBRATED
+COLLINS' PAT. COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers,
+etc., of the most approved styles. Price list mailed on
+application to <span style="float: right; margin-top: -1em;">JONES &amp; LAUGHLINS,</span></p>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+Try Street, 2d and 3d Avenues, Pittsburg, Pa.</p>
+<p class="centerfoo">
+190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill.</p>
+
+<p class="foo1"><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="pointing finger" border="0" /> Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by<br />
+FULLER, DANA &amp; FITZ, Boston, Mass.<br />
+Geo. Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table align="center" summary="layout" style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">
+<tr>
+     <td class="left1">
+<p class="adxxl" style="font-family: sans-serif;">Leffel Water Wheels,</p>
+
+<p class="center">With recent improvements.<br />
+<b>Prices Greatly Reduced.</b><br />
+8000 in successful operation.<br />
+<b>FINE NEW PAMPHLET FOR 1879,</b><br />
+Sent free to those interested.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>James Leffel &amp; Co,</b><br />
+Springfield, O.<br />
+110 Liberty St., N. Y. City.</p>
+
+</td>
+<td class="left1">
+<a href="images/050-leffel-495.png"><img src="images/050-leffel-150.png" width="150" height="211" alt="" /></a>
+
+</td>
+
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxls">A PLANING MILL OUTFIT FOR SALE</p>
+<p class="foo">
+very low for cash. Will sell all together or each machine
+separate. All first-class machines, good order.</p>
+<p class="author">
+J. H. KERRICK &amp; CO., Indianapolis, Ind.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:88%;">B</span>
+OGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC MILLS
+&mdash;For grinding Bones, Ores, Sand, Old
+Crucibles, Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn,
+Corn and Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots,
+Spices, Coffee, Cocoanut, Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica
+etc., and whatever cannot be ground by other mills.
+Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc.
+JOHN W. THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS,
+corner of White and Elm Sts., New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table align="center" summary="layout" border="0" style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">
+<tr>
+       <td class="left1" valign="top">
+<a href="images/050-excelsior-448.png"><img src="images/050-excelsior-100.png" width="100" height="69" alt="The Excelsior" /></a>&nbsp;
+</td>
+       <td class="left1" valign="top">
+
+<p style="font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: bold;">Printing Press</p>
+
+<p class="foo">Print cards labels &amp;c. (Self-inker $5) <b>13</b> larger sizes<br />
+For business or pleasure, young or old. Do your own<br />
+advertising and printing. Catalogue of presses, type,<br />
+cards, &amp;c., for 2 stamps. <br />
+<span style="float: right;"><b>Kelsey &amp; Co. Meriden, Conn.</b></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/050-hektograph-400.png" width="400" height="89" alt="HEKTOGRAPH" />
+</div>
+<p class="ind" style="margin-top: -0.5em;">
+Patents for the process of Dry Copying have been issued to us, dated May
+18 and June 1, 1880. The Hektograph is now the only gelatine copying pad
+which can be used without infringing.
+All infringements will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.</p>
+<p class="author">
+<b>HEKTOGRAPH CO., 23 and 24 Church Street, New York.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl">THE TANITE CO.,</p>
+
+<h3 class="foo1">STROUDSBURG, PA.</h3>
+<h3 class="foo1" style="font-family: sans-serif;">EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS.</h3>
+
+<p class="ind" style="margin-top: -0.5em;">LONDON&mdash;9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C.</p>
+<p class="ind" style="margin-top: -1em;">LIVERPOOL&mdash;42 The Temple, Dale St.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/052-woodworking-400.png" width="400" height="266" alt="WOOD WORKING MACHINERY. PLANNING, MATCHING, MOLDING, MORTISING, TENONING, CARVING, MACHINES. BAND and SCROLL SAWS UNIVERSAL AND VARIETY WOOD WORKERS, etc. etc. J. A. FAY and CO. CINCINNATI, O., U. S. A." />
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adxxl">Metallic Shingles</p>
+
+<p class="ind">Make the most <b>DURABLE and ORNAMENTAL ROOF</b>
+in the world. Send for descriptive circular and new
+prices to</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top:-1em;"><b>IRON CLAD MANUFACTURING CO.,</b></p>
+
+<p class="author"><b>22 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK.</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table align="center" summary="layout" border="0">
+<tr>
+       <td>
+<a href="images/052-footlathe-428.png"><img src="images/052-footlathe-150.png" width="150" height="194" alt="SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED $50 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe." /></a>
+</td>
+       <td>
+<p style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED</p>
+<p style="font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: bold; margin-top:-0.7em;">$50 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top:-1em;">Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses,<br />
+Scrolls, Circular and Band Saws, Saw<br />
+Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist<br />
+Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc. Send for<br />
+catalogue of outfits for amateurs or<br />
+artisans.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top:-1em;"><b>H. L. SHEPARD &amp; CO.,</b><br />
+331, 333, 335. &amp; 337 West Front Street,</p>
+<p class="author">
+<b>Cincinnati, Ohio.</b></p>
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="ind"><span style="font-size: 1.6em;">WANTED.&mdash;FIRST-CLASS PARTIES IN</span><br />
+cities to sell Wing's Fan Ventilators. A great success.
+Rare chance to make money. See <span class="sc">Sci. Am</span>., Jan. 31, 1880,
+or send for pamphlets, etc. L. J. WING, or <span class="sc">The Simonds
+Mfg. Co</span>., 50 Cliff Street, New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="adl">CENTENNIAL AND PARIS MEDALS.</p>
+
+<h3 class="foo">Mason's Friction Clutches and Elevators.</h3>
+
+<p class="centerfoo">"New and Improved Patterns."<br />
+VOLNEY W. MASON &amp; CO., Providence, R. I., U. S. A.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/052-browns1-400.png" width="400" height="146" alt="BROWN'S PAT. SPLIT PULLEYS Shafts, Hangers" />
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/051-prospectus-800.png"><img src="images/051-prospectus-400.png" width="400" height="243" alt="PROSPECTUS OF  THE Scientific American FOR 1880." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="adl">The Most Popular Scientific Paper in the World.</p>
+
+<p class="center">_______</p>
+
+<p class="adxls">VOLUME XLIII. NEW SERIES.</p>
+
+<p class="center">_______</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Only $3.20 a Year, including postage. Weekly.</b><br />
+<b>52 Numbers a Year.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center">_______</p>
+
+<p><b>This widely circulated</b> and splendidly illustrated
+paper is published weekly. Every number contains sixteen
+pages of useful information, and a large number of
+original engravings of new inventions and discoveries,
+representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery,
+New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures,
+Chemistry, Electricity, Telegraphy, Photography, Architecture,
+Agriculture, Horticulture, Natural History, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>All Classes of Readers</b> find in <span class="sc">The Scientific
+American</span> a popular <i>resume</i> of the best scientific information
+of the day; and it is the aim of the publishers
+to present it in an attractive form, avoiding as much as
+possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind,
+this journal affords a constant supply of instructive
+reading. It Is promotive of knowledge and progress in
+every community where it circulates.</p>
+
+<p><b>Terms of Subscription.</b>&mdash;One copy of <span class="sc">The Scientific
+American</span> will be sent for <i>one year</i>&mdash;52 numbers&mdash;postage
+prepaid, to any subscriber in the United States
+or Canada, on receipt of <b>three dollars and twenty
+cents</b> by the publishers; six months, $1.60; three
+months, $1.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>Clubs.&mdash;One extra copy</b> of <span class="sc">The Scientific American</span>
+will be supplied gratis <i>for every club of five subscribers</i>
+at $3.20 each; additional copies at same proportionate
+rate. Postage prepaid.</p>
+
+<p>One copy of <span class="sc">The Scientific American</span> and one copy
+of <span class="sc">The Scientific American Supplement</span> will be sent
+for one year, postage prepaid, to any subscriber in the
+United States or Canada, on receipt of <i>seven dollars</i> by
+the publishers.</p>
+
+<p>The safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft, or
+Express. Money carefully placed inside of envelopes,
+securely sealed, and correctly addressed, seldom goes
+astray, but is at the sender's risk. Address all letters
+and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable to</p>
+
+<p class="author1"><b>MUNN &amp; CO.,</b></p>
+<p class="author"><b>37 Park Row, New York.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>To Foreign Subscribers.</b>&mdash;Under the facilities of
+the Postal Union, the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> is now sent
+by post direct from New York, with regularity, to subscribers
+in Great Britain, India, Australia, and all other
+British colonies; to France, Austria, Belgium, Germany,
+Russia, and all other European States; Japan, Brazil,
+Mexico, and all States of Central and South America.
+Terms, when sent to foreign countries, Canada excepted,
+$4, gold, for <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>, 1 year; $9, gold, for
+both <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> and Supplement for 1
+year. This includes postage, which we pay. Remit by
+postal order or draft to order of Munn &amp; Co, 37 Park
+Row, New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span style="float:left; font-size:2.3em; font-weight:bold; line-height:88%;">T</span>
+HE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS.
+<b>ENEU JOHNSON &amp; CO.'S INK.</b> Tenth and Lombard
+Sts., Philadelphia, and 50 Gold St. New York.</p>
+
+<a name="transcriber_note"></a>
+<table summary="note" width="auto" align="center" style="margin-top: 5em;">
+<tr>
+    <td class="note">
+	<h3>Transcriber's Note:</h3>
+
+<p>Some archaic (Early American) spellings have been retained.</p>
+
+<p>Obvious punctuation errors have been repaired.</p>
+
+<p>The remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections.<br />
+Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>TRADE MARKS.:</p>
+
+<p>Flour, B. R. Pegram, Jr. ... 7,727, 7,728</p>
+
+<p>7,727, 7,728 are as printed.</p>
+
+<h4>Error</h4>
+
+<p>'pecularities' corrected to 'peculiarities' <br />
+"The distinctive peculiarities of this steamer are the very high
+steam pressure that she carries&mdash; ..."<br />
+<a href="#art5">A REMARKABLE LITTLE STEAMER.</a></p>
+
+<a href="#top">Return to Top</a>
+
+	</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No.
+1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ***
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No. 1.
+[New Series.], July 3, 1880, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880
+       A Weekly Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science,
+       Mechanics, Chemistry, And Manufactures
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: January 3, 2012 [EBook #38482]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+
+A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS,
+CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.
+
+
+NEW YORK, JULY 3, 1880.
+
+Vol. XLIII.--No. 1. [NEW SERIES.]
+
+[$3.20 per Annum [POSTAGE PREPAID.]]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)
+
+   1     Agricultural inventions              1
+  40     Aspirator and compressor*           11
+  38     Astronomical notes                  11
+  25     Baby elephant takes a bath           7
+  22     Bath, shower, portable, new*         6
+  11     Boiler explosions, prevention of*    4
+  38     Canal boat, improved                10
+  17     Carpetings, etc., printing gold on   5
+  30     Chloral hydrate, simple test for     7
+  13     Chloroforming during sleep           5
+  35     Corn magnets                        10
+  14     Dipper, watering, improved*          5
+  29     Drowned, perseverance with the       7
+  15     Electric lamp, improved*             5
+  25     Elephant, baby, takes a bath         7
+  37     Engineering inventions              10
+   6     Epidemic, strange, a                 2
+  33     Exhibition, internation., Sydney*    8
+  11     Explosions, boiler, prevention of*   4
+  39     Fires in New York                   11
+   8     Fogs, navigation in*                 3
+  16     Fruit, preserving app. for*          5
+   3     Gas machine, Maxim's*                1
+   3     Gas making, simple process*          1
+  20     Genessee Falls, utilization of       5
+  34     Horology, report of judges*          8
+  33     International exhibition, Sydney*    8
+   1     Inventions, agricultural             1
+  37     Inventions, engineering             10
+  24     Inventions, mechanical               7
+  12     Inventions, miscellaneous            4
+  42     Inventions, new                     11
+   9     Iron, effect of age on quality       3
+  15     Lamp, electric, improved*            5
+  23     Leadville mines and railroads*       6
+  35     Magnets, corn                       10
+  36     Materials, resistance of, exp. on   10
+   3     Maxim's gas machine*                 1
+  24     Mechanical inventions                7
+  31     Natural history notes                7
+   8     Navigation in fogs*                  3
+   7     Oil tanks, cannonading of            3
+  18     Ore separator, Edison                5
+  41     Photoglyptic process, new           11
+  26     Phyllirhoe Bucephala*                7
+  32     Ruggles, S. P                        7
+  22     Shower bath, portable, new*          6
+  19     Slate washer, novel*                 5
+   2     Specimen, rare, lost                 1
+   5     Steamer, little, remarkable          2
+  10     Steamers, large, collision between   3
+  21     Stevens Institute of Technology      5
+  33     Sydney Industrial Exhibition*        8
+  28     Tree growth, force of*               7
+  27     Trees and shrubs, care of            7
+  19     Washer, slate, novel*                5
+   4     Watches, Am., superiority of         2
+  14     Watering dipper, improved*           5
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.
+
+Mr. Sterling A. Millard, of Clayville, N. Y., has invented a scythe
+blade that contains much less weight of metal and possesses equal or
+greater strength than the ordinary scythe blades. It is made in the
+usual manner from what is termed by scythe makers a "scythe rod," and
+is wrought and shaped in such form that a proper thickness is left
+to serve as the back of the blade. A longitudinal auxiliary rib or
+supplementary back is formed on the blade, which stiffens the scythe
+without requiring the same weight of metal as those of the usual
+construction.
+
+Mr. George C. Winslow, of Kalamazoo, Mich., has patented an
+improvement in spring harrow teeth, which consists generally in
+hinging the harrow tooth in the forward end of a rectangular frame
+bolted to the harrow bar, and combining therewith a spring, which
+at its back end is clamped to the harrow bar by the same bolts which
+secure the rectangular frame, and which spring then curves upward and
+forward, and then down through the slot or opening of the rectangular
+frame, and is jointed at its extremity, near the bottom of the harrow
+tooth, so that its tension serves to throw the harrow tooth forward,
+but allows it to yield to obstruction.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A RARE SPECIMEN LOST.
+
+Captain Ingalls, of the schooner Chalcedony, has let slip an
+opportunity to make a small fortune and at the same time settle the
+long vexed question as to the reality of the elusive and possibly
+mythical sea serpent. His story, as told in the _Argus_, of Portland,
+Maine, June 8, runs as follows:
+
+"Last Saturday, about one o'clock in the afternoon, we were slowly
+sailing past Monhegan, there being very little wind, about twenty
+miles southwest of the island, when we caught sight of what looked
+like a large schooner floating bottom up. As the object lay almost
+dead ahead, we made directly for it, but before we got very close a
+Cape Ann schooner lay to and sent a boat's crew to inspect what now
+plainly appeared to be a monstrous carcass of some species or other.
+We finally hove to, about a ship's length off, and took a leisurely
+survey of the thing. It was dead, and floated on the water, with its
+belly, of a dirty brown color, up. It head was at least twenty feet
+long, and about ten feet through at the thickest point. About midway
+of the body, which was, I should guess, about forty feet long, were
+two fins, of a clear white, each about twelve feet in length. The body
+seemed to taper from the back of the head down to the size of a small
+log, distinct from the whale tribe, as the end had nothing that looked
+like a fluke. The shape of the creature's head was more like a tierce
+than anything I can liken it to. I have seen almost all kinds of
+shapes that can be found in these waters, but never saw the like of
+this before.
+
+Two years ago, off Seguin, I saw shooting through the water a thing
+which, I think, resembled this creature considerably, but I didn't
+get close enough to it to say for certain. The men from the Cape Ann
+schooner got on this dead creature, and one of the boys cut a double
+shuffle on its belly, which for all the world looked like the bottom
+of a schooner covered with barnacles and seaweed by the weather. We
+should have towed the thing to Portland had there been any wind,
+but as there wasn't, we steered away and left it. What sort of a sea
+monster this was I can't say for sure, but in my opinion it was the
+original 'sea serpent,' which has been seen once in a while for years
+past, and which, when alive, was too swift a swimmer for any sailing
+vessel to get alongside of."
+
+The report of the captain of the "Cape Ann schooner" will be in order
+now.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MAXIM'S NEW GAS MACHINE.]
+
+SIMPLE AND CHEAP PROCESS OF GAS MAKING.
+
+When a current of air is passed over the surface of gasoline it
+becomes carbureted or charged with its vapors to saturation. Air thus
+charged is somewhat heavier than pure air, and when passed through an
+Argand or bat's wing burner, it burns with a brilliant white flame.
+Nothing would seem easier than to make a machine that would force
+a current of air through, over, or on some material saturated with
+gasoline, and this apparently simple process has led many into
+attempts to make a successful gas machine. Many fortunes have been
+spent by the unscientific in the chase after this, to them, _ignis
+fatuus_. The stumbling block which has wrecked so many enterprises
+in this line has been the cold produced by the evaporation of the
+gasoline. One pound of gasoline, in passing from a liquid to a vapor,
+requires about as much heat as would be required to melt two pounds of
+cast iron. It is therefore obvious that where no heat is supplied,
+the gasoline, air, and machine must soon become very cold when any
+considerable quantity of gas is being made. The heat must come from
+somewhere, and as none is supplied, it is taken from the apparatus,
+air, and gasoline, making them very cold. A beautiful and simple
+experiment to illustrate this refrigeration can be made as follows:
+Place a gill of water in a common washbasin, then pour over it
+one pint of light gasoline; shake the basin, and blow the liquids
+vigorously, when very soon the basin will become intensely cold--the
+water will freeze, and may be taken out in the form of a snowball.
+If the water and basin are hot, and the experiment performed in a hot
+room or in the sun, it is much more striking.[1]
+
+This refrigeration operates upon the gas as follows: Air will take up
+and hold in suspension any volatile liquid in proportion to the square
+of its temperature, so that when the temperature of the gasoline and
+air have fallen off one half, the quantity of gasoline in the air has
+fallen off three quarters, and the light is destroyed. The quality of
+the gas in such machines varies from a rich smoky flame to a pale
+blue and blowing flame in a short time. Every change of quality in the
+liquid, temperature of the apparatus, or number of burners used causes
+a vexatious change in the quality of the gas. If heat is applied at
+the right time and in the right quantity it is not so bad, but too
+much heat, or neglecting to regulate it properly, converts the machine
+into a still, the condenser of which is the pipes of the building
+lighted, when danger is added to vexation. About ten years ago a
+machine was illustrated in these columns that obviated all these
+troubles; it was the invention of the well known mechanical engineer,
+Hiram S. Maxim, of this city. His machine was on an entirely new
+principle, and has since gone into general use. It was intricate and
+somewhat expensive, but it performed its work well. Messrs. A. T.
+Stewart & Co. use them largely in their mills and hotels. Mr. Maxim
+made one of six thousand burner capacity for the Grand Union Hotel,
+Saratoga Springs, it being the largest gas machine ever built. It has
+supplied gas of an unvarying quality for six years, and is as good as
+new to-day.
+
+To reduce the cost as far as possible, Mr. Maxim has designed a new
+machine on another principle, which we herewith illustrate. Fig. 1
+shows the machine in perspective, and Fig. 2 is a sectional view.
+The vertical cylinder is a common gas holder of sheet brass. It is 36
+inches in diameter for a thousand burner machine. The operative parts
+of the machine are best shown in the sectional view, which represents
+the portion of the machine called the injector. A is a steam chamber
+supplied with four or more pounds of steam through the pipe, K. B is
+the gasoline supply pipe, and C the air supply. D is an index valve.
+The operation is as follows: Steam being in the chamber, A, the
+descent of the holder opens the valve, M, and allows the steam to
+[_Continued on page 4._]
+
+[Footnote 1: This experiment should not be tried in the vicinity of
+a gaslight or fire.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+ESTABLISHED 1845
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS.
+
+PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH.
+
+
+TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+One copy, one year postage included     $3 20
+
+One copy, six months, postage included   1 60
+
+Clubs.--One extra copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied
+gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional
+copies at same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid.
+
+Remit by postal order. Address
+  MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+-->To Advertisers.--The regular circulation of the SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN is now FIFTY THOUSAND COPIES weekly. For 1880 the publishers
+anticipate a still larger circulation.
+
+THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+
+Is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT is
+issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform in size
+with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Terms of subscription for SUPPLEMENT, $5.00
+a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies, 10 cents. Sold by
+all news dealers throughout the country.
+
+COMBINED RATES.--The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT will be sent
+for one year, postage free, on receipt of _seven dollars_.
+
+Both papers to one address or different addresses, as desired.
+
+The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered
+letter.
+
+Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, N. Y.
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EXPORT EDITION.
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid
+periodical, issued once a month. Each number contains about one
+hundred large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.)
+Most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of
+the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, with its splendid engravings and valuable
+information; (2.) Commercial, trade, and manufacturing announcements
+of leading houses. Terms for Export Edition, $5.00 a year,
+sent prepaid to any part of the world. Single copies 50 cents.
+-->Manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may
+have large, and handsomely displayed announcements published in this
+edition at a very moderate cost.
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition has a large guaranteed
+circulation in all commercial places throughout the world. Address
+MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 3, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+
+No. 235,
+
+For the Week ending July 3, 1880.
+
+Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers.
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+I.  ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--The New Railway up Mount
+    Vesuvius. 6 illustrations. Plan of road.--General view of
+    mountain and railway.--Side view and end view of passenger
+    car.--Mount Vesuvius Railway.--Map showing railway,
+    mountain, crater, and surrounding country.--The carriage
+    road and railway                                              3735
+    The St. Gothard Tunnel--Notes on the junction of the two
+    galleries. By Dr. CALLADON                                    3736
+    The St. Gothard Tunnel.--Conditions and causes of air
+    currents in the tunnel                                        3736
+    Protection of Ships from Loss by Fire and from Loss by
+    Sinking. Recent improvements in the construction of ships
+    and steamers                                                  3738
+    Regenerative Stoves.--A Sketch of their History and Notes
+    on their Use. By JOHN N. HARTMAN. An important paper read
+    at the Pittsburg meeting of the American Institute of
+    Mining Engineers. 1 figure                                    3738
+    Cowper's Hot Blast Stoves. 2 full page illustrations of
+    hot blast stoves for a pair of furnaces.--Plan and cross
+    section of stove.--Plan and cross section of furnace.--Plan
+    and cross section of gas downcomer.--Sectional elevation of
+    stove and downcomer                                           3739
+    Wilson's Lock-up Safety Valve. An important improvement.
+    10 figures.                                                   3742
+    Working Low Grade Ores                                        3742
+    The Largest Concrete Tank in England                          3742
+
+II. ELECTRICITY, ETC.--Siemens' Improvements in Electric
+    Railways. 4 figures. Siemens' combined steam and electric
+    railway.--Siemens' electric mail railway                      3743
+    Difference in the Actions of Positive and Negative
+    Electricity                                                   3743
+    Forces Exciting Electricity                                   3743
+    The New Electrical Middlings Purifier. By THOS. B. OSBORNE.
+    5 figures                                                     3744
+    Physical Society, London. Photo--electricity.--Electrometer
+    key.--Air in water.--Steam thermometer                        3745
+    Atmospheric polarization. Influence of terrestrial magnetism  3745
+
+III. HYGIENE AND MEDICINE.--Lead Poisoning. Clinical lecture
+    by Dr. WM. PEPPER. Effects of a cosmetic of carbonate of
+    lead.--Symptoms of lead poisoning.--Affinity of lead for
+    nerves and muscles.--Treatment of lead poisoning              3745
+    Recent Investigations of the Blood                            3746
+    The Pulse. Lecture on the pulse in health and disease,
+    by Dr. T. A. McBRIDE                                          3746
+    Some Early Symptoms of Insanity                               3747
+    An Improved Method of Applying Antiseptic Vapors              3747
+    Treatment of Phthisis by Inhalation of Borax and Salicylic
+    Acid                                                          3747
+
+IV. CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY.--Detection of Starch in Cane
+    Sugar. By P. CASAMAJOR                                        3747
+    Double Lever Cement Testing Apparatus. 1 figure               3748
+    Prediction of Chemical Elements                               3748
+    Oil of Sage                                                   3748
+    Bronzing Iron                                                 3748
+    Rust Preventing Compound                                      3748
+    Argentine Sheep and Wool                                      3748
+
+V.  NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.--Brain of Limulus Polyphemus.
+    General anatomy of the brain.--Internal structure and
+    histology of the brain.--Comparison of the Limulus brain
+    with the brain of other arthropods                            3749
+    An Unfortunate White Whale. A live whale with a broken neck   3749
+    Ethereal Oil of California Bay Tree. By J. M. STILLMAN        3749
+    Forest Trees of North America. Prof. Sargent's catalogue
+    (continued from SUPPLEMENT No. 234). Cedars, Red Woods,
+    Firs, Spruces, etc.                                           3750
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SUPERIORITY OF AMERICAN WATCHES.
+
+The extract from the report of the judges in horology, at the Sydney
+International Exhibition, with the diagrams showing the comparative
+merit of the watches tested, given on other pages of the current issue
+of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, cannot fail to interest our readers. There
+were ten exhibitors, and the inherent and comparative merits of the
+various exhibits were rated under ten heads on the basis of 100 points
+"for the highest degree of excellence." There were British, German,
+French, Swiss, and American competitors; and while the scores of the
+nine European exhibitors footed up totals ranging from 76 to 686,
+their average being 389-1/3, the total of the Waltham Watch Company
+was 981. In detail this remarkable score stood thus: Originality,
+98; invention and discovery, 95; utility and quality of material,
+95; skill in workmanship, 93; fitness for purpose intended, 100;
+adaptation to public wants, 100; economy, 100; cost, 100; finish and
+elegance of cases, 100; timekeeping qualities, 100. Total, 981.
+
+The timekeeping tests were made, as the report points out, by Prof.
+H. C. Russell, Astronomer Royal at the Sydney Observatory; and it is
+especially noted that while the majority of the watches tested had
+been made for exhibition purposes, and specially prepared for that
+end, the exhibit of the American company was the ordinary and regular
+product of the factory, such as is finished every day. Another
+evidence of the superiority of the American system, as emphasized in
+the report, is the fact that a sixth grade Waltham watch, one of the
+cheapest tested, showed a better performance than many very expensive
+and otherwise first class watches of other makes.
+
+The moral of the victory is happily drawn in the following editorial
+review of the contest and its lessons, by the Sydney _Morning Herald_
+of April 14, last:
+
+"The report of the judges in horology, which we published on Saturday
+last, was a document of more than ordinary interest. The slightest
+glance at it will show that the judges brought no small amount of
+ability and industry to their task. In many other classes of exhibits
+judging must, to no small extent, be a matter of opinion. There is
+no absolute test by which one photograph, for example, or one oil
+painting can be decided to be superior to another. In exhibits of
+this kind much must be left to the taste of the critic. Watches and
+chronometers, on the other hand, can be submitted to the minutest
+tests. The care and trouble which these require are not small, but
+the issue is sufficiently important to warrant all the labor which
+the judges in horology brought to their work. Time-keepers that can be
+relied upon in all weathers and in all climates, and that are within
+reach of all classes, are a luxury of no common order, but to a large
+number of persons they are a necessity also. In these fast days, when
+everything must be done to time, it is for a variety of purposes
+found necessary to make accurate divisions, not merely of the days
+and hours, but of the minutes and seconds also. The verdict which the
+judges in our Exhibition have pronounced on the Waltham watches is
+one of which any company might be proud; but the facts on which the
+verdict is based are as interesting to the public at large as to the
+parties immediately concerned. One of the secrets of American progress
+lies first in the invention of machinery, and then in its application
+to almost all descriptions of industry. It is the bringing of
+machinery to every branch of watchmaking that is enabling Americans to
+beat the world in this as well as in many other things.
+
+"There has been a general belief that a machine-made watch is not to
+be compared to one that is hand-made, and that on this account the
+English watch must always hold its own against the American. This
+belief will have to be given up, if it is not given up already. It has
+now been established that machinery can be used for the purposes of
+watchmaking with quite as much success as for those of agriculture.
+The Americans are showing that they can make better watches than
+the Swiss or the English, but, what is of equal importance, they
+are showing that they can make them for less money. The boast of the
+Yankees is that they can turn out work cheaper and better than anybody
+else, and that for that reason the world must take their products.
+It would be difficult to prove that in some departments the boast is
+wholly without foundation. The American mechanic is paid better than
+the English mechanic, and yet the work which he turns out can, as a
+rule, be sold for less. The reason is, not only that he works harder,
+but that the assistance of machinery enables him to produce the
+largest result by the smallest amount of labor.
+
+"Mr. Brassey, who believes that the workmen of his own country are
+equal if not superior to any in the world, maintains that an English
+mechanic can do more work than an American mechanic. The American
+really does more, because the inducements to industry are greater, and
+because he has better machinery. The success of the Waltham Company
+has furnished a striking instance of this. This company has now not
+only well-nigh driven foreign watchmaking companies out of America,
+but it has shown that it can more than compete with them on their own
+ground. This arises partly from the fact that it can turn out the best
+work on a large scale, but also from the fact that the principle on
+which it operates enables it to do all this economically. The
+Waltham Company claims to have arrived at simplicity, uniformity, and
+precision in the manufacture of watches, and the report of our judges
+shows that its claim is well founded. One of its discoveries was that
+a simple instrument, where simplicity is possible, will cost less and
+be worth more than a complicated one. Another was that the making
+of all instruments of the same grade exactly alike, so that the part
+which belongs to one belongs to the whole, will not only facilitate
+manufacture, but will greatly economize it. A third was, that
+these properties of simplicity and interchangeability are the best
+guarantees of perfect exactitude. The success which the Americans have
+reached in this as well as in other branches of industry, ought
+to excite the gratitude rather than the jealousy of the world. Any
+company or nation that shows how a maximum of efficiency can be
+reached by a minimum of labor confers a benefit on mankind. This
+our American cousins have done in other spheres besides that of
+watchmaking. There are branches of the prosperity of the Americans
+that are traceable to the extent of their territory and the fertility
+of their soil; but the triumph of their machinery has been the result
+of their inventiveness and of their enterprise, and for that reason it
+points a moral that Australians might profitably observe."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A REMARKABLE LITTLE STEAMER.
+
+There is soon to set sail from London for New York a new and
+remarkable little steamer of 70 tons gross burden, named the
+Anthracite, designed to exhibit the advanced engineering ideas of
+Mr. Loftus Perkins, of England. The distinctive peculiarities of this
+steamer are the very high steam pressure that she carries--350 to 500
+lb. to the square inch, and the small consumption of fuel--one pound
+of coal per hour per horsepower. A trial trip of this new little boat
+was lately made of 46 miles, during which 350 lb. steam pressure was
+steadily maintained, 132 revolutions per minute of propeller, and a
+speed of eight knots per hour. Other vessels, some of larger size than
+the above, have been built on the Perkins system, and are running
+in England. One of them, the yacht Emily, carries 500 lb. boiler
+pressure. Most of our readers are familiar with Mr. Perkins' system,
+which has been fully described in our columns. Those who may wish to
+refer thereto are directed to an interesting article by Mr. Perkins,
+with engravings, published in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No.
+81, July 21, 1877; also to the description of the steam ferry boat,
+run on this principle, given with three pages of engravings in our
+SUPPLEMENT No. 217.
+
+Engineering theory and practice have for a long time plainly pointed
+to high steam pressures as one of the surest ways to economy of fuel.
+Twenty five years ago our ocean steamers carried only 16 lb. pressure
+to the inch, and burned 5 to 6 lb. of coal per hour per horse power.
+To-day they are carrying 75 lb. pressure, and burning 21/2 to 3 lb. of
+coal per hour per horse power.
+
+In 1840 the Britannia, one of the finest steamers of the Cunard line
+plying between this country and England, burned 5,291 lb. of coal for
+each ton of paying freight she carried, her speed, then considered
+fast, being 81/2 knots per hour. In 1877 the Britannic, speed 15.6 knots
+per hour, burned only 551 lb. of coal per ton of freight carried.
+
+Although our present steamers are making fast time and are very
+economical as compared with earlier vessels, still it is a lamentable
+fact that on the largest and finest of them, furnished with all the
+latest improvements and best appliances to secure economy, worked by
+the most careful and intelligent engineers, we succeed in putting
+into our steam only about one tenth of the heat realized in our
+boiler fire, the remaining nine-tenths of the heat being lost. Only in
+proportion as we make our steam hotter, and expanding it more, shall
+we economize in fuel. In this respect the voyage of the Anthracite is
+designed by her owners, we presume, to be an eye-opener for steamboat
+owners, not only in this country but throughout the world. If a little
+bit of a boat like this, 84 feet long, 16 feet beam, and 10 feet deep,
+can carry its own coal and water across the Atlantic, with a pressure
+of 350 to 500 lb. to the inch, and on one pound of coal per horse
+power, the natural inference is that our great steamers, when fitted
+with the same system, will realize far better results. The change from
+three pounds of coal to one pound per horse power means a shaving of
+two thirds in the coal bill, which is always an enormous item in the
+expenses of large boats. We ought to add that another peculiarity of
+the Anthracite is that she uses the same boiler water over and over,
+only a trifle of fresh water being supplied to make good the slight
+waste. Our New York steamboat men, who have to pay so dear for Croton
+water, will be likely to examine the water tank of the Anthracite with
+interest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A STRANGE EPIDEMIC.
+
+On the night of Tuesday, June 15, a remarkable epidemic fell upon
+several towns in western Massachusetts, the town of Adams
+suffering most severely. Out of a population of 6,000, several
+hundred--variously estimated from 600 to over 1,000--were prostrated
+by a disease resembling cholera morbus. The symptoms were first
+dizziness, then great nausea, followed by vomiting and prolonged
+purging, and in some cases delirium. A belt of country two or three
+miles in width and several miles long was thus afflicted, beginning at
+the west, the whole number of victims being estimated at from 1,200 to
+1,500. No deaths are reported.
+
+The cause of the epidemic is not known, but seems most likely to have
+been atmospheric. For some time the weather had been dry and hot.
+A heavy local rain fell during the evening, and was followed by or
+attended with a sudden and great lowering of the temperature. A chilly
+fog hung over the belt of country invaded by the disease, and a heavy
+"swampy" odor and taste were in the air.
+
+The malady reached its climax in about twenty-four hours. It was first
+suspected that the water supply had been somehow poisoned, but many
+people who had not used the water were prostrated, while others
+who used it freely escaped. Adams has hitherto been regarded as an
+exceptionally healthy town, and the surrounding country is high and
+wholesome.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CANNONADING OF OIL TANKS.
+
+On the morning of Friday, June 11, lightning struck an oil tank
+belonging to the Tidioute and Titusville Pipe Line, at Titusville,
+Pa. The fire thus kindled, raged until Sunday night, consuming 200,000
+barrels of oil, crude and refined, and destroying property to the
+amount of $1,500,000. The most appalling feature in this fire was the
+successive "boiling over" of oil from burning tanks of the liquid.
+To empty rapidly a tank containing 20,000 barrels of oil, while the
+latter is on fire, is no easy matter. The pipes connected with the
+tanks were utterly inadequate to remove the oil rapidly enough to rob
+the "boiling over" of its terrors. A happy thought suggested itself
+on Friday to Mr. D. R. Herron, of the Titusville Battery. Obtaining
+permission, Mr. Herron brought out one of the Parrott guns of the
+battery, loaded it with solid shot, and began firing against the
+three-eighths iron sheets of the distant blazing tank. The first
+shot glanced, but subsequent volleys pierced the shell of the tank,
+releasing a large quantity of oil that otherwise would have fed the
+flames. The battery then moved on to the Emery tank, also burning, and
+lastly to the Acme tank. Large rents were made in all these, and the
+liberated oil ran harmlessly down into a stream. This novel target
+practice greatly shortened the duration of the fire at these tanks,
+and so drained them that the flames died out for want of fuel, and no
+"boiling over" resulted.
+
+The peculiar attraction for lightning which these iron oil tanks
+appear to possess has been several times referred to in our columns.
+Whenever a thunderstorm passes fairly over one of them it seems to be
+devoted to destruction. Millions of dollars' worth of property have
+thus been destroyed. No practical safeguard has yet been suggested.
+
+Ordinary buildings, when properly provided with rods that are
+well grounded in the earth, are comparatively safe from lightning.
+Structures made of iron and simply resting upon the earth, without
+rods, are also exempt from electrical damage. Such structures always
+present a continuous body of conducting material for the free passage
+of electricity to earth. Why is it, then, that iron oil tanks form
+such conspicuous exceptions to our common experience with lightning?
+Rods put on other structures save them; but rods have been put on oil
+tanks, masts with rods have surrounded the tanks, but the tanks were
+exploded by lightning all the same.
+
+We will repeat a possible explanation which we have heretofore given.
+From every oil tank, according to our theory, there is a constant
+escape of light hydrocarbon vapor, which forms a permanent cloud or
+column, rising to a great height above the tanks, far above any
+rod that could be erected. This vapor rod is a conductor, which the
+lightning naturally follows, sets on fire the vapor, and explodes the
+tank.
+
+A column of heated air or vapor rising from a chimney is well known
+to be a conductor for lightning; the rise of hydrocarbon vapors is
+illustrated by the balloon.
+
+If the theory we have outlined is correct, the remedy for the
+electrical explosion of oil tanks is to be found in such a treatment
+of the oil, or such a construction of tank, as shall prevent any
+escape of the light vapors.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NAVIGATION IN FOGS.
+
+The disastrous collision of the Sound steamers Narragansett and
+Stonington was quickly followed by one at sea, by which two great
+passenger ships escaped instant destruction almost by a hair's
+breadth.
+
+Shortly after noon, Monday, June 12, the National Line steamship
+Queen, bound from London to New York, and within 300 miles of her
+journey's end, ran into the Anchor Line steamship Anchoria, on the way
+from New York to Glasgow. The bow of the Queen struck the Anchoria on
+the port side, about twenty feet abaft the foremast, smashing a great
+hole through the iron hull. Two compartments of the Anchoria filled
+immediately, but the partitions stood firm, and the other compartments
+sufficed to keep the vessel afloat. The bow of the Queen was badly
+crushed, and her forward compartment was flooded. Fortunately the
+bulkhead proved stanch, and the ship was saved. The fog was very
+thick, and both ships were going at full speed. It is said that the
+captain of the Anchoria mistook the whistle of the Queen for that of
+the Anchoria's companion vessel, the Victoria, which left New York at
+the same time, and was probably not far away, and before the error was
+discovered the ships were too close to avoid the catastrophe. Had the
+sea been rough or the partitions less stanch, both ships must have
+gone to the bottom almost instantly.
+
+The passengers of the Anchoria were transferred to the Queen, which
+was least hurt, and the two ships sailed together for New York,
+arriving Tuesday noon.
+
+These two collisions, coming in such quick succession and imperiling
+so many lives, give terrible emphasis to the dangers attending
+navigation in foggy weather. They make very pertinent also the query
+whether the means now employed for discovering the position
+and nearness of unseen vessels are at all commensurate with the
+necessities of the case, or with the means already known, and known
+to be well calculated to prevent such dangers. In a dense fog the
+ordinary ship's light is visible scarcely more than a ship's length;
+and as it proved in the case of the Narragansett and Stonington, the
+time between thus sighting an approaching vessel and the instant of
+collision is fatally brief. The recent test of electric headlights
+for ships in this harbor clearly demonstrated the possibility of
+projecting a beam of electric light through the densest fog for a
+thousand feet or more, and through ordinary fogs a distance several
+times as great.
+
+Except in very rough weather the steam whistle can be heard a long
+distance, but it is liable to be a treacherous guide. It is not always
+possible to determine by the ear alone the direction from which a
+sound comes; and it would seem that a mistake of this nature was made
+on the Stonington, since the order intended to change her course
+away from that of the Narragansett only served to precipitate the
+collision. Had the whistle of the Queen signaled her course it could
+not have been mistaken for that of a ship sailing in the opposite
+direction, and the safety of two great floating hotels and their
+occupants would not have been imperiled thereby.
+
+Means for the better penetration of fogs, for determining the
+direction of unseen sources of sounds, and for enabling steamers to
+announce to all within hearing the course they are pursuing, seem
+therefore to be imperative necessities on shipboard. The first is
+furnished by the electric headlight, with a system of projection
+similar to but more efficient than that used on locomotives. The last
+would be provided by an efficient code of whistle signals to indicate
+the several points of compass. The second need is supplied by the
+instrument figured in the accompanying illustration.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR MAYER'S TOPOPHONE.]
+
+The aim of the topophone, which was invented and patented by Professor
+A. M. Mayer, last winter, is to enable the user to determine quickly
+and surely the exact direction and position of any source of sound.
+Our figure shows a portable style of the instrument; for use
+on ship-board it would probably form one of the fixtures of the
+pilot-house or the "bridge," or both. In most cases arising in sailing
+through fogs, it would be enough for the captain or pilot to be
+sure of the exact direction of a fog horn, whistling buoy, or steam
+whistle; and for this a single aural observation suffices.
+
+Every one has twirled a tuning fork before the ear, and listened to
+the alternate swelling and sinking of the sound, as the sound waves
+from one tine re-enforce or counteract those from the other tine. The
+topophone is based upon the same fact, namely, the power of any sound
+to augment or destroy another of the same pitch, when ranged so that
+the sound waves of each act in unison with or in opposition to those
+of the other.
+
+Briefly described, the topophone consists of two resonators (or any
+other sound receivers) attached to a connecting bar or shoulder rest.
+The sound receivers are joined by flexible tubes, which unite for part
+of their length, and from which ear tubes proceed. One tube, it will
+be observed, carries a telescopic device by which its length can be
+varied. When the two resonators face the direction whence a sound
+comes, so as to receive simultaneously the same sonorous impulse, and
+are joined by tubes of equal length, the sound waves received from
+them will necessarily re-enforce each other and the sound will be
+augmented. If, on the contrary, the resonators being in the same
+position as regards the source of sound, the resonator tubes differ in
+length by half the wave length of the sound, the impulse from the one
+neutralizes that from the other, and the sound is obliterated.
+
+Accordingly, in determining the direction of the source of any sound
+with this instrument, the observer, guided by the varying intensity
+of the sound transmitted by the resonators, turns until their
+openings touch the same sound waves simultaneously, which position
+he recognizes either by the great augmentation of the sound (when the
+tube lengths are equal), or by the cessation of the sound, when the
+tubes vary so that the interference of the sound waves is perfect. In
+either case the determination of the direction of the source of the
+sound is almost instantaneous, and the two methods may be successively
+employed as checks upon each other's report.
+
+It is obvious that with such a help the pilot in a fog need never be
+long in doubt as to the direction of a warning signal; and if need
+be he can without much delay, by successive observations and a little
+calculation, determine, approximately at least, the distance of the
+sounding body.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+EFFECT OF AGE ON THE QUALITY OF IRON.
+
+Professor Bauschinger, in 1878, tested iron taken from a chain bridge
+built in 1829, and found that fifty years of use had not perceptibly
+altered its quality--either its strength or its elasticity--as
+reported at the time of its erection. He also examined metal from
+another bridge built in 1852, and found that the average quality
+remained as given by Von Pauli at the time of its erection.
+
+Professor Thurston, testing pieces of the wire cable of the Fairmount
+Suspension Bridge, recently taken down at Philadelphia, after about
+forty years' use, found the iron to have a tenacity and elasticity
+and a ductility fully equal to the best wire of same size found in the
+market to-day.
+
+He therefore concludes that iron subjected to strains such as are met
+with in properly designed bridges does not deteriorate with age.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A COLLISION BETWEEN LARGE PASSENGER STEAMERS.
+
+During a fog near midnight, June 11, two of the large passenger
+steamers plying on Long Island Sound, Stonington line, between New
+York and Boston, came in collision, while running at considerable
+speed. One of the boats, the Narragansett, was struck near the middle,
+her side cut open, and a smoke-pipe knocked over, which made a down
+draught through the furnace, driving out a great sheet of burning
+gas into the cabins and between decks, by which the vessel was set on
+fire, at the same time the opening in her side caused her to begin
+to sink. Some three hundred passengers were on board, and a frightful
+scene of confusion followed. Happily there was a plentiful supply
+of life-preservers, some life-rafts, and a few life-boats. There was
+delay in lowering the boats, but the rafts, life-preservers, chairs,
+and other floatables served to support most of the unfortunate people,
+who, to escape the flames, were obliged to leap quickly into the
+water. About fifty lives were lost; the remainder were rescued by
+boats from another steamer, the New York, also by help sent from the
+other damaged vessel, the Stonington.
+
+It seems remarkable that so many were saved. This calamity illustrates
+the necessity for further effort on the part of inventors to discover
+new and improved means for fog signaling, saving life, preventing the
+spread of fires, and keeping vessels afloat. Most of the large local
+steamers that communicate with New York are veritable palaces,
+built regardless of expense, and supplied with every known reliable
+appliance for safety; but the occurrence of accidents like this and
+their disastrous results show that much remains to be done before
+navigation, even upon smooth waters, can be considered secure.
+
+The life-rafts of the Narragansett seem to have proved more useful
+than the life-boats in rescuing the drowning people, the rafts being
+more quickly and easily launched, requiring less skill, etc.
+
+The upperworks of our river and Sound passenger steamers consist at
+present of a mass of light, dry woodwork, forming cabins that are very
+comfortable and commodious for travelers, but highly dangerous in case
+of fire.
+
+The collision of river steamers above described was followed a few
+hours later by a collision between two great ocean steamers, accounts
+of which we give in another column.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+HONORS TO AN AGED CHEMIST.
+
+The chemists of Germany are collecting money for the purpose of
+presenting a gold medal to Prof. Woehler on his eightieth birthday,
+which will be July 31, 1880. Prof. Woehler is one of the most
+distinguished as well as the oldest of living chemists. Himself
+a pupil of old Berzelius, a contemporary of Liebig, and the loved
+instructor of many of our best chemists, his name is equally respected
+on both sides of the Atlantic. Profs. Jay and Chandler, of Columbia
+College, New York city, two of his former pupils, are receiving
+contributions from those who wish to join in this well deserved
+memorial.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PERSEVERANCE UNDER DIFFICULTIES.
+
+A good lesson to young people inclined to exaggerate the hinderances
+to their success in life, and to think that their chances are too poor
+to justify honest exertion, is furnished by a young colored man of
+Columbus, Ohio, F. P. Williams by name, now serving in that city as
+census enumerator. Several years ago he was run over by a train of
+cars, his arms being so mutilated that both had to be taken off near
+the shoulder. Lacking hands he learned to write legibly by holding his
+pencil between his teeth. He writes quite rapidly, and in his work as
+enumerator takes an average of 200 names a day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MAXIM'S NEW GAS MACHINE
+
+[_Continued from first page._]
+
+
+escape through the jet, L. This produces a partial vacuum at L, and
+draws air in at C. The air and steam pass with great rapidity through
+the tube, G. The action of the air and steam produces another
+partial vacuum at N, which draws gasoline in through the pipe, B. The
+adjustment of the opening is such that one pound of steam draws in air
+sufficient for two pounds of gasoline. The heat of the steam is taken
+up by the refrigeration caused by the evaporation of the gasoline, so
+that at E the compound is carbureted air and cold water. The tube, F,
+presents the curious phenomenon of being hot at _a_ and cold at _b_.
+In one short piece of tube we have a hot retort and a cold condenser.
+The supply of gasoline is regulated by the valve, D. The dash pot,
+H, prevents a too rapid action of the valve, I. Gas of any desired
+density may be made, and when once adjusted the gas does not vary. The
+burner used with this machine is made to produce the very best results
+attainable, and then the gas is regulated to a density and pressure
+to suit the burner. The nuisance of an adjustable burner is thus
+obviated.
+
+The holder closes off the supply when full, and lets on a supply when
+nearly empty. Gasoline has been much improved within a few years. It
+is now so very cheap that the equivalent of one thousand feet of coal
+gas of standard quality may be equaled for sixty cents. Where no steam
+is at hand these machines are run with a small oil burner. They are
+being made by the Pennsylvania Globe Gas Light Co., 131 Arch St.,
+Philadelphia, Pa., of from 100 to 10,000 burner power.
+
+This machine was patented June 8, 1880.
+
+[Illustration: Fig 2.
+
+MAXIM'S GAS MACHINE--SECTION OF INJECTOR]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREVENTION OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS.
+
+This vexed problem has occupied the minds of engineers and inventors
+since the introduction of steam as a motive power, and there are
+several theories of boiler explosions, each having its adherents. Of
+course there are conditions under which a boiler explosion is involved
+in no mystery; as, for example, when the water is dangerously low,
+when the safety valve is of insufficient capacity, or when it is
+unduly loaded; but there are other cases where an explosion cannot be
+rationally explained in the light of the well known theories.
+
+Mr. Daniel T. Lawson, of Wellsville, Ohio, has recently patented,
+in this and several other countries, a device for preventing boiler
+explosions, which appears practical, and according to the testimony of
+scientific men the claims of the inventor are well founded.
+
+The inventor, in explaining his invention, says that when water
+is superheated it becomes as explosive as gunpowder, exploding by
+bursting into steam from a reduction of pressure. When the engineer
+opens the throttle valve the cylinder is instantly filled with steam,
+creating a vacuum to that extent in the boiler. The superheated water
+then immediately rises to fill the vacuum, and is met by the valve,
+instantly cutting off the escape into the cylinder; this causes a
+concussion on every square inch in the boiler much greater than the
+regular pressure of the steam. There is abundant reason to believe
+that it is this concussive action which causes the numerous and
+mysterious boiler explosions, and which cause is wholly independent of
+the amount of water in the boiler; in fact, the greater the amount of
+water in the boiler the more terrific the explosion.
+
+This invention, which is based upon this theory, consists in reducing
+the concussive strain produced by the impulsive and intermittent
+escape of steam to the cylinders to an approximately uniform pressure,
+by rendering the evolution or passage of steam from the water to the
+steam space approximately constant and independent of the intermittent
+discharges from the steam space to the cylinder. The means for
+accomplishing this consist in a boiler constructed with a partition,
+A, intervening between the water space and the space from which the
+steam is taken to supply the cylinder, and feeding the steam as it
+is generated through valves or orifices, B, in the partition, of a
+smaller size than the port or opening through which the steam passes
+into the cylinder. By this means the normal steam pressure or steam
+supply, when thus intermittently or alternately reduced, is restored
+gradually by reducing the flow from the water space to the steam
+space, so that the transformation of water into steam is made
+approximately uniform in spite of the intermittent escape of steam
+through the cylinders, and the boiler is thus relieved of the constant
+wear and strain of the concussion.
+
+[Illustration: LAWSON'S IMPROVED STEAM BOILER.]
+
+In supplying steam from the water compartment to the steam
+compartment, the inventor intends using a number of small
+perforations, not amounting in the aggregate to more than about one
+twentieth the size of the cylinder port, in connection with a number
+of small valves to be under control of the engineer, so that the
+amount of steam required can be readily regulated, yet carefully
+avoiding the possibility of all, when opened to their utmost capacity,
+forming as large an opening as the valve through which the cylinder is
+supplied. A number of small valves and perforations in the partition
+sheet between the water and steam compartments, will remedy that
+hitherto very general annoyance of water rising to and through the
+valves, which is occasioned by pressure of steam upon the surface
+of the water, and when _one large_ valve is opened, the pressure is
+partly removed from the water immediately under it, consequently the
+water rises through the valve. A number of small openings for the
+liberation of steam from the superheated water will remedy this
+difficulty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS.
+
+
+Mr. Niels C. Larsen, of Sacramento, Cal., has patented a purse or
+satchel fastening which can be securely locked and present a smooth
+and unbroken surface without projections.
+
+A combined dental speculum and shield has been patented by Mr. Alfred
+W. Edwards, of New York city. The object of this invention is to
+facilitate the performance of dental operations, such as the filling
+of teeth. It consists in a combined dental speculum, gag, and
+shield formed of a flaring or bonnet-shaped shell of metal, having
+a longitudinal slot in its lower side to receive the teeth, and an
+arched wire attached to its lower part, upon the opposite sides of
+the forward end of the slot, to rest upon the teeth and support the
+forward part of the shell.
+
+An improved coupling for the shafts of a wagon, which can be readily
+fastened to or unfastened from the axle, has been patented by Mr.
+William W. French, of Stockbridge, Mass. The invention consists in the
+combination with the axle clip and knuckle joint of a sliding
+bearer and spring catch to facilitate the opening and closing of the
+coupling.
+
+Mr. Joseph Kintz, of West Meriden, Conn., has patented an improved
+process for bronzing iron surfaces, which consists in cleaning and
+buffing the iron surfaces, then electroplating with copper, then
+dipping in acid solution, then again buffing, then boiling in a salt
+of tin solution, and then finishing by subjecting the article to heat
+until the copper and spelter coatings are fused into bronze.
+
+A simple device for extending the steps of passenger cars, for the
+convenience of passengers getting in and out of the car, and for
+protecting at the same time the treads of the permanent steps from
+sparks, cinders, snow, etc., during the passage of the car from one
+station to another, has been patented by Mr. Benjamin F. Shelabarger,
+of Hannibal, Mo.
+
+Mr. Luther C. Baldwin, of Manchester, N. H., has patented a new and
+improved automatic heat regulator, simple in construction and so
+arranged as to operate, under the smallest changes of temperature,
+upon the valves of the source of heat.
+
+An improved cigar lighting stand has been patented by Mr. Joseph
+Kintz, of West Meriden, Conn. This improvement relates to lamp stands
+for cigar lighting, and has for its object the production of a stand
+of ornamental character which may be packed closely for transportation
+and readily put together for use.
+
+A simple, safe, and efficient device in which light oils may be used
+as fuel for heating sad irons for domestic use, or for the use of
+tailors, dressmakers, etc., has been patented by Mr. Harvey L. Wells,
+of Evansville, Ind. It consists essentially of an iron box divided
+longitudinally into two chambers, the lower being the combustion
+chamber and the upper the heating chamber.
+
+An improvement in electric light has been patented by Mr. Charles
+J. Van Depoele, of Detroit, Mich. The object of this invention is
+to automatically regulate the feed of the carbon in electric lights
+according to the changes of resistance in the current caused by the
+consumption of the carbon points, so as to prevent flickering and
+variations in intensity of the light.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHLOROFORMING DURING SLEEP.
+
+The possibility of chloroforming a person in sleep, without waking
+him, having been disputed in a recent murder trial, Dr. J. V. Quimby,
+of Jersey City, was led to test the question experimentally. The
+results were presented in a paper before the section of medical
+jurisprudence at the meeting of the American Medical Association a few
+days ago. Dr. Quimby made arrangements with a gentleman to enter his
+room when he was asleep and apply chloroform to him. He did this with
+entire success, transferring the person from natural to artificial
+sleep without arousing him. He used about three drachms of Squibb's
+chloroform, and occupied about seven minutes in the operation. The
+second case was a boy of thirteen who had refused to take ether for a
+minor operation. Dr. Quimby advised the mother to give the boy a light
+supper and put him to bed. She did so, and Dr. Quimby, calling when
+the boy was asleep, administered the chloroform and performed the
+operation without awakening the boy. The third case was a boy of ten
+years suffering from an abscess, and the same course was pursued with
+equal success. Two important inferences may be drawn from these cases,
+Dr. Quimby said. Minor surgical operations may be done with perfect
+safety and much more pleasantly than in the ordinary way, and,
+secondly, a person somewhat skilled in the use of chloroform may enter
+a sleeping apartment and administer chloroform with evil intentions
+while a person is asleep. Hence the use of this drug in the hands of
+a criminal may become an effective instrument in the accomplishment of
+his nefarious designs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+IMPROVED WATERING DIPPER.
+
+A convenient vessel for watering plants, sprinkling floors, and for
+other similar purposes is shown in the annexed engraving. It is simply
+a dipper of the usual form, partly covered at the top by a shield, at
+the center of which is fixed a sprinkler spout. The utility of this
+improvement will be recognized without further description. It was
+recently patented by Mr. R. Harrison, of Columbus, Miss.
+
+[Illustration: HARRISON'S WATERING DIPPER]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP.
+
+The lamp shown in the engraving will be recognized as an Edison
+lamp, the vacuum globe and the carbon horseshoe being the principal
+elements. Mr. John H. Guest, a well known electrical inventor of
+Brooklyn, N. Y., judging from his own experience in fusing platinum
+with glass in the manufacture of thermostatic fire alarms, concluded
+that the principal trouble with the Edison lamp would be the entrance
+of air around the wires passing through the glass of the vacuum globe,
+devised a simple plan of sealing the joint between the wires and the
+glass by means of mercury, thus interposing an effectual barrier to
+the entrance of air at that point.
+
+[Illustration: GUEST'S IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP, Fig 1 and Fig 2]
+
+The invention is so clearly shown in the engraving that scarcely a
+word of explanation is necessary. In the lamp shown in Fig. 1, the
+wires that convey the current to the carbon horseshoe are sealed in
+the ends of curved glass tubes communicating with the globe, and these
+joints are inclosed in small globes formed on the ends of the glass
+tubes and filled with mercury.
+
+In this lamp Mr. Guest has made provision partially or wholly
+preventing the circulation of air, should any remain in the globe
+after exhaustion with the air pump. The device by which this is
+accomplished is simply a small globe connected with the lower portion
+of the lamp globe by a contracted passage, the theory being that the
+cooler and heavier portion of the air will be drawn into the auxiliary
+globe by its own gravity.
+
+Fig. 2 shows a lamp in which the tubes that support the wires extend
+downward into the lamp globe. These tubes at their junction with the
+vacuum globe are fused to the platinum conducting wires, and the tubes
+act simply as lateral supports to the wires inside the globe, allowing
+the wires to expand freely lengthwise. The tubes are sealed outside
+the globe in the manner shown in Fig. 1.
+
+Another improvement made by Mr. Guest consists in inclosing the ends
+of the platinum wire conductors in the ends of the material of the
+carbon before it is carbonized, the wire being formed into a loop to
+increase the conducting surface and to insure a good connection with
+the carbon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+APPARATUS FOR PRESERVING FRUIT.
+
+The annexed engraving represents a simple apparatus for preserving
+fruit in its natural state, by means of a partial vacuum. The vessel
+is especially designed for the purpose, and is provided with an
+absorbent which takes up whatever moisture may emanate from the fruit.
+The vessel is preferably made of glass or earthenware, and is provided
+with a cover having a packing ring and a device for receiving
+the stems of the fruit. The cover is secured to the vessel by an
+adjustable screw clamp. In the bottom of the vessel there is an
+absorbing ring made of burnt or dried clay, which absorbs the moisture
+escaping from the fruit. The air in the vessel is rarefied either
+by heat or by the application of an air pump to the opening in the
+bottom.
+
+This apparatus was recently patented by Mr. Carl J. Renz, of Hudson,
+N. Y.
+
+[Illustration: FRUIT-PRESERVING APPARATUS.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW PROCESS FOR PRINTING GOLD AND SILVER COLORS ON CARPETINGS AND
+OTHER TEXTILES.
+
+(TRANSLATED FOR THE _COMMERCIAL BULLETIN._)
+
+
+Gold and silver designs for carpeting and oilcloths have been hitherto
+prepared in the following manner: The gold or silver were put in
+leaves or bronze powder on the designs, which were printed with a
+varnish of linseed oil, or similar adhesive. The bronze thus attached
+did not possess much firmness, and the method was necessarily
+expensive. The method recently adopted by Wohlforth is as follows:
+The bronze powder is united at once to printing material. The liquid
+silicate of potash, or of oxide of sodium, answers this purpose. One
+part, by weight, of gold, silver, or bronze powder, along with two
+parts of the silicate, will give a print color, which is easily
+transferable by rollers to paper, oilcloth, and woods and metals. The
+bronze thus printed dries very rapidly, and cannot be taken off by
+oil or water, unless they are boiling. It bears light and heat
+equally well, and especially sulphureted hydrogen, which has such
+a destructive effect on bronzes put on in the form of powder. It is
+recommended to thin the mass by an addition of warm water, 10 to 20
+per cent, so as to keep it from becoming too hard during the process
+of printing. An addition of glycerine or sirup, of 5 to 10 per cent.,
+will be even preferable. The bronze color remaining on the printing
+forms can be taken off by warm water.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE EDISON ORE SEPARATOR NOT NEW
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+In your issue of June 19, 1880, I notice an illustration of an
+electro-magnetic ore separator invented by Mr. Edison, and patented
+June 1, 1880.
+
+A device absolutely identical with this has been in use for the past
+ten or fifteen years at the emery works at Chester, Hampden county,
+Mass. I there saw it in use myself in November, 1876, and was
+informed, I think by Mr. Ames, that it was not patented, and that no
+valid patent could be granted upon it by reason of its long continued
+public use.
+
+My uncle, John S. Williams, of this city, president of the Ore Knob
+Copper Company, had heard of the machine, and sent me to Chester with
+a view to purchasing the right to use it at the Ore Knob Copper Works,
+in Ashe county, North Carolina. On my return to Baltimore I had the
+magnets constructed by Watts & Co., electricians, on November 24,
+1876, for a large machine, similar to the one at Chester, which
+machine was completed about December 10, 1876, and practically tested
+at No. 52 Commerce St., Baltimore. It was sent to the Ore Knob Mine
+about Christmas, 1876, to be used in separating magnetic oxide of iron
+from the copper ore, and, for aught I know to the contrary, is in use
+there yet. This is a striking instance of how history repeats itself
+in inventions. Mr. Edison is doubtless an original inventor of the
+device, but he most certainly is not the first inventor.
+
+R. D. WILLIAMS.
+
+Baltimore, Md., June, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOVEL SLATE WASHER.
+
+Few articles meet with a readier sale or more promptly remunerate the
+inventor than the class of inventions adapted to the use of children
+either in their school life or in their amusements. One of these
+useful little novelties is shown in our engraving. It is a slate
+washer, consisting of two pieces of metal stamped up so as to form a
+holder for the sponge at the top and the cloth drier at the bottom.
+They also form a tubular receptacle containing a supply sponge, which
+is moistened by removing the corks at the ends.
+
+This invention was recently patented by Mr. Jacob A. Smith, of Salem,
+Ohio.
+
+[Illustration: SMITH'S SLATE WASHER.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE UTILIZATION OF GENESEE FALLS.
+
+The plan to furnish Rochester, N. Y., with power for manufacturing and
+for running street cars through the utilization of the falls of the
+Genesee in compressing air, was described in this paper some weeks
+ago. All the power of the lower falls, save what is needed to run two
+wheels for factories already in operation, has been purchased by
+the inventor of the system, and a promising beginning has been made.
+According to the Rochester _Union_, a large gang of men are at work
+building the crib just below the falls on the east side of the river
+in a cove which seems to have been made by nature for this purpose.
+This foundation is 100 feet long by 75 feet wide, and will have an
+average depth of 13 feet. It is being constructed of solid logs of oak
+timber bolted together, and the center will be filled with stone. On
+the top of the crib will be erected the derrick, 125 feet high, and
+the water will pour into it from the top of the falls through the
+bulkheads at one end of the dam. The stand pipes will run from the
+top of the derrick to the cylinders on the crib, which will be in the
+neighborhood of 500 feet long. The whole machinery will be roofed in.
+The difficulty in the way of getting the materials to the place,
+they all having to be lowered over the falls, makes the work of
+construction somewhat slow. It is expected, however, that the first
+application of the system to the propulsion of street cars will be
+possible in September next.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.
+
+The commencement exercises took place on June 16 and 17, and were of a
+very interesting nature. On the 16th President Henry Morton delivered
+an able address before the graduating class on "Popular Fallacies in
+Engineering." We intend to publish the address in full in our next
+week's SUPPLEMENT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW PORTABLE SHOWER BATH.
+
+We give herewith perspective and sectional views of an improved
+portable shower bath, recently patented by Mr. James E. Vansant, of
+Covington, Ky. It consists of a spherical vessel, having at the bottom
+a supporting rim which admits of setting it on the floor when occasion
+requires. The top is provided with a screw cap, perforated with
+numerous small holes for discharging water in fine streams. In the
+center of the cover there is a filling tube, which extends nearly to
+the bottom of the vessel. A float is provided to indicate when the
+vessel is filled, and shot contained in the two side tubes serves as
+ballast to keep the device either in an upright or inverted position.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.--VANSANT'S PORTABLE SHOWER BATH.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.--SECTION OF SHOWER BATH.]
+
+
+The vessel is pivoted in a light jointed frame that admits of hanging
+it up or setting it down. In use it is tipped by means of the cords
+attached.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MINES AND RAILROADS OF LEADVILLE.
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+Nearly every person interested in geology sets up a theory of his own
+with regard to the carbonate deposits of Leadville, immediately on
+arriving in this famous district. There is, however, but one theory
+which has been generally adopted by scientific men, formulated by
+W. S. Keyes, General Manager of the Chrysolite Iron and Little Chief
+Mines, and substantiated by the mute testimony of the fossil remains
+that fix the geologic data. The theory is substantially as follows:
+
+A shallow sea overspread this entire region. An even bed of limestone,
+dolomitic, was formed by the myriads of shell-fish that subsisted in
+this shallow sea. From some natural convulsion the waters flowed off,
+leaving the sedimentary deposits. Subsequently the porphyritic rock
+flowed over the surface in a pasty mass, covering the limestone. There
+then followed two processes of ore making. The first was through the
+mineralizing action of heated and ore depositing waters, coming up out
+of the depths, and impregnating and permeating the hanging and foot
+walls of the contact. No free oxygen was contained in these waters;
+neither did they carry any chlorides or chlorobromides, wherein
+consists the present richness of Leadville's ores; but in the first
+process the ore was entirely in the form of sulphurets.
+
+The second process was initiated by the uplifting of the mountain
+ranges to their present height, at which time the diorites, those ore
+indicators of the globe, uprose through the sedimentary strata.
+Thus was the original surface of deposit bent and folded, and not
+unfrequently entirely broken. The surface waters carrying free oxygen
+and free carbonic acid now penetrated along the contact, and oxidized
+the sulphurets, which formed free sulphuric acid, giving rise to
+the sulphates and sulpho-carbonates. The irresistible law of gravity
+distributed these sulphates, these oxides, and these carbonates in
+vast bonanzas, that have been the wonder of the world. The fossil
+trilobites of this region identify it with the silver lead districts
+of Nevada, Utah, and Mexico. It is not anomalous, but simply richer
+than its sister regions to the West and South.
+
+The output of ore from the Leadville mines last year (1879) aggregated
+122,483 tons, which represents a value of $11,477,046. That is to say,
+there was an average yield at $90 per ton, or just $31,443.96 each
+day. On the first day of May of the present year (1880), the returns
+from thirty-seven of the leading mines gave a total daily output
+of 8991/2 tons of ore, yielding, at the low average of $90 per ton,
+something like $80,955 per day. The world's history of silver mining
+in the past shows nothing like this for so young a camp. Scarcely a
+month passes without opening up some new and vast carbonate deposits.
+The territory has not even been thoroughly prospected; and the future
+yield of the royal metal will far eclipse its past production.
+
+It might not be uninteresting in this connection to give something
+regarding the sampling and milling of ores. One of the most complete
+concerns engaged in this business anywhere in the country is that of
+Augustus R. Meyer & Co. This establishment has grown with the growth
+and development of this carbonate district. The business was first
+established as long ago as the year 1877 (before Little Pittsburg was
+dreamed of). A little log house, a relic of seventeen years previous,
+was found sufficiently ample for the needs of the business of that
+period. However, it was not long before additions had to be made
+and new buildings erected. In the year 1879 the present company was
+incorporated with a capital stock of $50,000, and every preparation
+that money and business sagacity could effect was made to meet the
+demands of the prosperous era, that has built a mining metropolis
+10,240 feet above the sea level, at the base of the great continental
+divide. As at present constituted the premises of the company comprise
+seven and one-half acres of ground, upon which six buildings have been
+erected, including ore houses and crushing and sampling buildings.
+During the busy season of summer from thirty-five to forty men are
+employed, who alternate their work in two shifts, day and night. At
+this season it frequently happens that the ore houses, which hold
+1,500 tons, are insufficient for the accommodation of the mineral sent
+from the mines to be crushed, and large quantities have to be stored
+outside. In sampling ores from the various mines about Leadville this
+establishment pursues the most careful methods. The different ores are
+first deposited in large bins holding from 25 to 100 tons. One-tenth
+of each load is taken and run through a Dodge crusher, which well
+adapts it for the furnaces. A fifth of the tenth already indicated is
+put through heavy rollers, and one half of this finely crushed ore is
+subjected to the Bucking hammer and powdered to an eighty-sieve grade.
+One sample of this powder, consisting of a fourth, is given to the
+miner, two samples are kept for reference, and the other is sent to
+the assayer, who takes his "assay ton," upon which the company buys
+and sells. The capacity of the works are all the way from 80 to 150
+tons per day. For samples, $7.50 is charged for silver and lead per
+ton, and $10 per ton for gold; but in large quantities a less charge
+is made. In job crushing, the market value of silver is allowed, with
+from five to ten per cent. deducted. The Meyer works enjoy an excellent
+patronage from the best mines of the camp, including such as the
+Chrysolite, Carbonate, Vulture, Duncan, Matchless, Climax, Morning
+Star, Crescent, and J. D. Dana, some of which have all their crushing
+done at these sampling works.
+
+[Illustration: AUGUSTUS R. MEYER AND COMPANY'S ORE MILL.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RAILROADS.
+
+In order to furnish better transportation facilities for the mineral
+of this district, and to emancipate it from the freight embargo
+that has virtually fettered its commerce, citizens of Leadville have
+determined to construct a broad gauge railway down the Arkansas Valley
+to Pueblo. This will enable Leadville merchants to ship goods through
+from the East without breaking bulk, and lay them down in their
+warehouses as cheaply as the same commodities could be laid down in
+Denver. This will insure Leadville the control of the business of
+the Gunnison country, whose mineral developments are spoken of in the
+highest terms. Propositions from Eastern railroad contractors have
+already been received, preliminary surveys have been made, and
+$200,000 guaranteed to the stock subscription. It now seems to be only
+a question of what method to pursue in constructing the road.
+
+Growing out of the broad gauge movement, to some extent, two or three
+narrow gauge enterprises have been organized. One is projected from
+Leadville to Salt Lake City, following the carbonate belt, as shown in
+Hayden's Geological Map, around through the Eagle River, Roaring Fork,
+and White River Agency districts, into Utah. Such men as H. A. W.
+Tabor and C. B. Rustin stand at the head of this project. Another
+narrow gauge road is organized to be built into the "Ten-Mile" and
+Breckenridge districts, where the famous Robinson Mine is located.
+Should the broad gauge be built this summer to Pueblo, there is little
+doubt but that narrow gauges would ramify out from Leadville into
+every mineral bearing gulch that was found accessible.
+
+W.
+
+Leadville, May 6, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MECHANICAL INVENTIONS.
+
+Mr. William B. Hickman, of Sterling, Kan., has patented a swage to be
+used in welding the triangular bar which is to form the flange of a
+plow point or share to the body of the same.
+
+Mr. Lucius S. Edleblute, of Cincinnati, O., has recently patented what
+he calls the rubber cushioned spoke and hub. This is an improvement
+in the class of vehicle wheel hubs having an elastic band or annular
+portion which surrounds the journal box and on which the butts of the
+spokes rest, so that the wheel is rendered elastic and more durable,
+also comparatively noiseless when running on stony pavements, roads,
+or streets.
+
+Mr. George Richards, of Boxbury, Mass., has patented a steam muffler
+composed of two plates of a diameter very much greater than the
+diameter of the pipe through which the steam escapes from the boiler,
+so that the steam has room to expand before escaping to the outer air,
+its expansion effectually deadening the noise caused by the passage
+through the contracted escape pipe.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE BABY ELEPHANT TAKES A BATH.
+
+It is customary with traveling menageries in hot weather when
+convenient to a river to allow the elephants to take a bath. The
+London Circus passed through Woonsocket, R. I., the other day, when
+the keeper let loose all the elephants, including "Hebe" and her baby,
+for the above purpose. The mother and her offspring were permitted to
+approach a river for the first time since the baby was born, and they
+were, therefore, watched with great interest by their keeper. The
+mother cautiously approached the Blackstone River, which flows past
+the circus grounds, and waded in a short distance, carefully feeling
+her way; she then encouraged the baby to follow her, which the
+obedient little fellow did. When far enough in the mother caught the
+baby between her fore legs, and then lay down in the water and rolled
+over, giving the baby the first bath. The mother then felt perfectly
+satisfied with her job, and rising up approached the bank, bringing
+the little one with her. On reaching terra firma she drove the younger
+before her, and would not allow it to approach the water again, though
+it showed a disposition to do so.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA.
+
+This little animal belongs to the family of snails, class Heteropoda,
+is about an inch long, and is devoid of any shell or covering
+whatever. It is flat, and so absolutely transparent that a person
+can read through its body. It is provided with a pair of feelers. The
+little animal is very luminous if placed in fresh water or disturbed,
+but this phenomenon is most beautiful when an ammonia solution is
+poured over the animal. It will shine with a vivid blue light, which
+extinguishes with life. But even after death the nerve cells, which
+are directly below the skin and produce the light, can be irritated
+sufficiently to become luminous. It is a singular fact that
+electricity has no effect upon these nerve cells.
+
+[Illustration: PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA--AS SEEN IN THE LIGHT.
+
+_a b_, ganglion; _c_, intestines; _d_, liver; _f_, kidneys; _g_,
+generative organs.]
+
+[Illustration: PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA--SHOWING IN THE DARK THE LUMINOUS
+SPOTS.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CARE OF TREES AND SHRUBS.
+
+In view of the drought which prevails in many parts of the country and
+its unusual severity over extensive districts, the _Rural New Yorker_
+suggests to those who have planted trees or shrubs the past spring
+that there is one method, and so far as we know, says the writer, only
+one, by which they may be protected against injury or death from that
+cause. Surface watering has been shown to do more harm than good. The
+ground is made hard and compact, thus becoming a better conductor of
+heat while it becomes less pervious to air and moisture. A portion of
+the surface soil should be removed, and then pailful after pailful
+of water thrown in until the ground, to a depth of two feet and to
+a width about the stem of not less than three feet in diameter, has
+become saturated. Then, as soon as the water has disappeared from the
+surface, the removed soil should be well pulverized and returned. A
+covering of boards, straw, or hay, or even of sand or gravel, may then
+be applied, and the tree or shrub, thus treated, will pass through ten
+days of additional drought in safety.
+
+As soon as rain comes to wet the earth thoroughly, we think it is
+better to remove the mulch. Nothing is then gained by permitting it
+to remain. Mellowing the surface soil about the trees, thus keeping it
+free from grass and weeds, is then the most that is needed. We would
+repeat that the present is the season when the female borer deposits
+her eggs on the stems of fruit trees, and the wash of lime, potash,
+sulphur, etc. (darkened with lampblack), should now be applied and
+reapplied during June and July, as soon as washed off by rain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE FORCE OF TREE GROWTH.
+
+[Illustration: THE FORCE OF TREE GROWTH.]
+
+The disruptive power of tree roots, growing in the crevices of rocks,
+is well known. Masses of stone weighing many tons are often dislodged
+in this way from the faces of cliffs, and no one gives them more than
+a passing glance. When, however, the sanctity of the tomb is
+invaded, despite the graven warning of the occupant, the case is very
+different, and superstitious people are apt to think there must be
+something in it more than accident and the unconscious expression of
+the resistless force of growing vegetation.
+
+The engraving herewith is copied from a photograph sent to us by
+a European correspondent, of a grave in the Garten churchyard, in
+Hanover, Germany, the invasion of which by a birch tree has been the
+occasion of much wonderment by country people, who come from great
+distances to examine it.
+
+The monument, so unfeelingly disrupted, was erected in 1782, and bears
+on its base the following inscription: "This grave, which was bought
+for all eternity, must never be opened." A chance birch seed, lodging
+in a crevice of the monument, has displayed the irony of nature in
+slowly yet surely thwarting the desire of the person who designed it
+for a perpetual memorial. All the joints are separated, the strong
+iron clamps are broken, and the birch tree has embraced the upper
+large block, which weighs about one and a quarter tons, and the
+tree is driving its roots below, gradually but surely tilting the
+structure.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PERSEVERANCE WITH THE DROWNED.
+
+In a recent communication to the French Academy, Professor Fort
+asserts that he was enabled to restore to life a child three years
+old, by practicing artificial respiration on it four hours, commencing
+three hours and a half after apparent death. He mentions also a case
+in which Dr. Fournol, of Billancourt, reanimated, in July, 1878, an
+apparently drowned person by four hours of artificial respiration
+begun one hour after the patient was taken from the water. At this
+season, when cases of drowning are apt to be frequent, the possible
+benefit that may come from a persevering effort to revive victims
+of drowning, should encourage friends not to despair of their
+resuscitation, even after several hours of seemingly fruitless labor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SIMPLE TEST FOR CHLORAL HYDRATE.
+
+A new test for chloral hydrate has been devised by Frank Ogston,
+namely, yellow sulphide of ammonium. On adding this reagent to a
+solution of chloral of moderate strength there is at first no change
+noticed, but in a short time the colorless solution acquires an orange
+yellow color, and on longer standing turns brown and evolves a gas
+of very disagreeable odor. Ogston's experiments show that a solution
+containing ten milligrammes turns brown in six hours, and gives the
+peculiar odor. With one milligramme the orange-yellow color appears
+in twelve hours, but no odor. Croton chloral gives the same reactions,
+but chloroform, chloric ether, and formic acid do not.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NATURAL HISTORY NOTES.
+
+_The Propagation of Oysters._--At the recent meeting in this city
+of the American Fish Cultural Association, a paper was read on the
+propagation of the oyster, by Dr. W. J. Brook, of the Johns Hopkins
+University. The manner in which this propagation takes place had never
+before, he said, been thoroughly understood. Through studies made by
+him last summer, however, great light was thrown on the subject. He
+found that the American oysters do not breed their young in the
+shell, as had been supposed, and that consequently the eggs can be
+impregnated artificially. An average oyster contains from six to nine
+million eggs, and one of large size may contain fifty millions. The
+plan pursued by him in fertilizing these eggs was to chop the male
+and female oyster up together; thus the fluids are mixed and the
+impregnation is made complete. The process of development immediately
+begins, and goes on so rapidly that a change may be noted every
+fifteen seconds. In a very few hours the embryo is sufficiently formed
+to swim in the water. The shells at first are very small, and are not
+adjacent to each other. They grow very rapidly, closing down over the
+sides, and finally unite and form the hinge. In the short space of
+twenty-four hours the young oyster is able to take food, and from
+three days to a week it attains perfect form. During its early life it
+is a swimming animal. The oyster is able to reproduce its species at
+the end of a year's growth, and it is marketable at the age of three
+years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+S. P. RUGGLES.
+
+S. P. Ruggles died at Lisbon, N. H., May 28. He was principally known
+as the inventor of the Ruggles printing press, which was among the
+first of machine presses. His invention was what printers call an
+"upside-down press," the type being upside down when in the bed. About
+twenty-five years ago Mr. Ruggles sold out his interest for nearly
+$200,000, and since then has not been in active business. He was the
+inventor of the raised alphabet for the blind, and always showed great
+interest in the amelioration of the condition of the sightless. He was
+also a great friend of mechanical education, and has written much on
+the subject.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SYDNEY INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.--1879-1880.
+
+EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE JUDGES IN HOROLOGY.
+
+DEPARTMENT III.--EDUCATION AND SCIENCE.
+
+_Group_--_Scientific and Philosophical Instruments and Methods._
+
+Class 310.--Chronometric Apparatus, Chronometers, Astronomical Clocks,
+Watches, Chronographs, etc., etc.
+
+  _Judges_.--John McGarvie Smith, New South Wales.
+  P. E. Bound, Switzerland.
+  H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., Great Britain.
+  E. Beckmann, Germany.
+  Gregory P. Harte, United States.
+
+_To the Honorable Committee on Judging and Awards, Sydney
+International Exhibition._
+
+GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to hand you herewith the report of the
+judges of Class 310, as above,
+
+And remain, sirs, your obedient servant,
+
+GREGORY P. HARTE, Chairman.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The following exhibits were submitted for examination:
+
+U. S. Exhibit, 537, American Watch Company, Waltham, Mass., U. S.
+A.--Watches and Chronographs.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,048, Victor Kullberg, London, England--Watches and
+Chronographs.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,054, Nicole & Nielsen, London, England--Watches,
+Chronographs, etc.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,060, T. Russell & Sons, London, England--Watches,
+Chronographs, etc.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,041, Castleberg & Co., London, England--Watches,
+etc.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,060a, S. Backschmid, Switzerland--Watches.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+German Exhibit, 36, A. Lange & Sons, Dresden, Germany--Watches, etc.
+
+Swiss Exhibit, L. Audemars, Brassus, Switzerland--Watches, etc.
+
+French Exhibit, 146, A. H. Rodanet, Paris, France--Chronometers.
+
+French Exhibit, 177, G. Tribandeau, Besancon, France--Watches.
+
+Swiss Exhibit, 14a, International Watch Company--Watches.
+
+In presenting the following report, the judges desire to make some
+explanations, which, we trust, will excuse them in the minds of the
+impartial for any apparent neglect in the form of their report, and
+for the limited number of tests made of the horological exhibits.
+
+The judges were appointed too late to do the full amount required,
+inasmuch as the number of exhibits was so much in excess of any
+reasonable allotment for examination and report before the closing of
+the Exhibition.
+
+Commencing their labors, however, immediately after the first
+call, the examinations were not complete until March 3d, which only
+permitted a time test to be made of nine days in a single position.
+This single position was objected to by some of the exhibitors,
+but ill-advisedly, for the ratings observed in the watches of the
+objecting exhibitors were of such character as to establish in the
+minds of the judges the conclusion that their watches would not have
+made so good a comparative showing if there had been more time to
+observe the ratings in other positions.
+
+Great care was taken by the individual judges in making up their note
+books during the examination of the watches, and scrutinizing the
+inherent and comparative merits of exhibits under the ten different
+heads unanimously agreed upon, as follows:
+
+1. Originality.
+2. Invention and discovery.
+3. Utility and quality of material.
+4. Skill in workmanship.
+5. Fitness for purposes intended.
+6. Adaptation to public wants.
+7. Economy.
+8. Cost.
+9. Finish and elegance of cases.
+10. Time-keeping qualities.
+
+It was agreed the judges should use the number 100 as expressing the
+highest degree of excellence in each of these ten elements of inherent
+and comparative merit, and adjudge individually to each of the several
+exhibits such rating as their respective judgments would warrant after
+careful examination; each set of opinions being made a portion of
+this report, and in the _resume_ the mean average being taken as the
+unanimous verdict of the judges.
+
+It was also decided we should take up each exhibit in the order
+originally examined, and, beginning with the first element of merit
+(originality), each judge should in numbers express his judgment of
+the inherent and comparative merit attaching to each exhibit in this
+one element; this being done, to proceed with each succeeding element
+in order and in the same manner. The five judgments being complete and
+in numbers, the aggregated verdict is arrived at simply by addition
+and division.
+
+This is not only a verdict as to the inherent and comparative merits
+of each exhibit, but also a full analysis of each order of merit in
+any exhibit as compared with all the others....
+
+In giving this verdict it was absolutely necessary to ascertain to the
+fullest extent the time-keeping qualities of the exhibits. The judges
+were led to this conclusion from the fact that in some of the
+exhibits we were shown watches of equal finish containing every
+known application of horological science in practically the same
+construction, which should, as far as they could determine by merely
+optical examination, keep quite as good time as watches of double and
+treble the costs in other exhibits, thus involving their judgment in
+doubt upon several elements of merit.
+
+In justice to themselves and to the exhibitors the judges determined
+to make the test in only one position, and give the whole of the time
+at their disposal to testing the watches in what might be considered
+their normal position, if such term is allowable--that is, "pendent
+up," or hanging.
+
+At the solicitations of the judges Prof. H. C. Russell, Astronomer
+Royal at the Sydney Observatory, kindly consented to make the tests,
+and each of the exhibitors was requested to send three watches of his
+own selection to the Observatory for this trial.
+
+As will be seen by the report of Professor Russell, eight of the
+ten exhibitors availed themselves of this opportunity. It is proper,
+however, to state here that none of the exhibitors apparently
+anticipated this test, and that it is possible some of the watches
+might have made a better record if they had been differently attended
+to since the opening of the Exhibition; but they were in this respect
+all upon a par.
+
+The majority of the watches had been made for exhibition purposes and
+specially prepared to that end; and some had been previously rated at
+observatories before sending.
+
+_Notably, however, to the contrary of the above, the exhibit of the
+American Watch Company was the ordinary and regular product of the
+factory, such as is finished every day._
+
+Notwithstanding the possibility that these exhibits might have been
+better prepared for observatory time tests, some of the exhibits, as
+will be seen by the rating, demonstrate the wonderful advances made in
+the application of horological sciences to the manufacture of watches,
+and that their rating is being made equal to that of the best marine
+chronometers.
+
+The following is the report of Professor Russell, and the accompanying
+diagram (see next page) will readily give an idea of the comparative
+performance of the different watches.
+
+"_Sydney Observatory, 26th February, 1880_.
+
+"GREGORY P. HARTE, ESQ.,
+
+"_Chairman of the Judges in Horology_.
+
+"SIR: I have the honor to report that, in response to your circular,
+inviting exhibitors of watches each to send three watches to the
+Observatory to be tested, I received on Monday, February 16th:
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 611, 669, 237, from Mr. Dolman, agent for Mr.
+Tribandeau, Besancon.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 987271, 670068, 1221336, from Mr. Manson, agent
+for Waltham Watch Company.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 3171, 1935, 2526, from Mr. Allerding, agent for
+Mr. Kullberg.
+
+"And on the forenoon of February 17th:
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 11527, 19967, 12629, from Mr. Hoffnung, agent for
+Lange & Sons.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 1004, 8632, 8370, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for
+Nicole & Nielsen.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 70690, 23496, 113516, from Mr. Jacob, as agent
+for Thomas Russell & Sons.
+
+"One watch, No. 47150, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for Castleberg.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 12731, 12483, 11680, from Mr. Wiesener, as agent
+for L. Audemars.
+
+"And on 18th February:
+
+"Two watches, Nos. 2724, 3528, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for
+Castleberg.
+
+"On the 17th I began rating these watches, keeping them all in one
+position (hanging), and subject to the same conditions of temperature;
+in fact, they were all hung on one board, and kept in a compartment
+locked up so as to avoid change of temperature, except such changes as
+were due to changes in the weather.
+
+"They were rated once a day by the standard clock, which affords
+special convenience for this work, and the error of which was found by
+daily astronomical observations giving the absolute time; great care
+was taken in rating so as to get the exact error of each watch every
+day, care being taken at the same time to avoid errors in the seconds
+dials, a fault sufficiently obvious in some of these exhibits.
+
+"In presenting the result of this test in the form of a diagram (see
+diagram on the opposite page), it is necessary to explain that the
+curves show only the change of rate in each case, and nothing is shown
+here of the actual rate, which was large in several instances.
+
+"In the diagram spaces between faint lines represent seconds; and the
+thicker faint lines represent the mean rate in each case: When the
+curve rises it shows that the watch was gaining on its previous rate,
+and when it falls the watch was losing on its previous rate. For
+example, in No. 4 curve the thicker line shows the position of a
+gaining rate of 3 sec. per day; on the 18th, watch No. 4 had a gaining
+rate of 2.7 sec., and is plotted below the thick line; on the 19th and
+20th it was less than 3 sec., but on the 21st the rate increased
+to 4.8 sec., and the curve rises above the line. The same rule is
+followed with losing rates; and, therefore, each curve shows whether
+the watch was gaining or losing on its own rate.
+
+"For convenient reference the barometer and temperature curves are
+plotted on the same sheet; although from the short time at command the
+watches could only be tested in one position, a glance at the diagram
+will show that in some degree at least the temperature adjustment and
+the isochronal properties of the balance springs were also tested; and
+I wish to call your attention to the fact that the whole of these
+show in a more or less degree a marked response to the change in
+temperature, some being over and others under corrected.
+
+"This fact is important, because it adds another proof that the old
+form of compensation balance--even when combined with chronometer
+spring and escapement and all the refinements which the best modern
+workman can add to it--fails to yield a complete correction for
+temperature; and I much regret that the American Watch Company, who
+claim to have overcome this fault by means of a balance involving a
+new arrangement of the metals, did not send to be tested any of their
+first-class watches containing this important improvement.
+
+"Several of the rate curves, especially Nos. 4, 10, 13, 16, 21, and
+24, respond to the change in the barometer in a way that shows the
+isochronal properties of their balance springs are not quite perfect.
+_Looking down the curves it becomes at once evident that watch No. 5,
+which is No. 670068, second grade of the American Watch Company, is
+remarkably free from these defects, and presents the best rate of
+all the watches tested._ No. 9, which is No. 2526, Kullberg, is the
+nearest approach to No. 5; indeed, the difference between its highest
+and lowest rates is 0.1 sec. less than No. 5, but it has not such a
+steady rate. The timekeeping of both these watches is remarkably good,
+and shows that we have entered upon a new era in the manufacture of
+pocket chronometers; _for these rates are better than the majority of
+marine chronometers._
+
+"_Among the cheaper watches tested, No. 6, which is No. 1221336, of
+the American Watch Company, is worthy of notice; it is a watch of the
+sixth grade, yet its performance has been better than that of many
+very expensive and otherwise first-class watches among those tested;
+such a watch speaks volumes in favor of the system under which it was
+made, and is the best comment upon the accuracy of the machines that
+produced it._
+
+"There are several watches among those tested which have kept
+wonderfully steady rates, but their comparative merit is shown in the
+diagrams much better than it could be by any description. The daily
+rate of each watch will be found in a table attached.
+
+"The changes in Nos. 1, 2, 3, 17, and 19 were too great to plot.
+
+"H. C. RUSSELL,
+
+"_Government Astronomer._"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONCLUSION OF THE REPORT.
+
+In consideration of the facts developed in this examination, and the
+preponderance of elements of inherent and comparative merit adjudged
+by the judges (each in independent judgment) being equal to nearly
+70 per cent. more than the next highest exhibit, they have found it
+exceedingly difficult to make such a classification in degree as will
+give even-handed justice to all.
+
+We adjudge to the
+
+AMERICAN WATCH COMPANY, OF WALTHAM, MASS., U. S. A.,
+
+a first-class award, and such other special distinction, diploma,
+medal, or award, as is consistent with the duties and obligations of
+the honorable Sydney International Commission, for the largest and
+most complete exhibit of horological instruments examined.
+
+They also propose, as the only means by which their appreciation of
+the merits of the production of this company can be adequately or
+equitably recognized by the Committee on Judging and Awards, that a
+separate first-class award be given for the timekeeping qualities of
+all grades of these watches.
+
+Also a separate first-class award for the perfection of this system of
+watchmaking and the improvements in the mechanical parts of the watch,
+being notably in the main spring and going barrel, the patent safety
+pinion, the perfect epicycloidal form of all the teeth of the train,
+in every grade of watch alike, and the isochronal adjustment of the
+balance spring.
+
+Also to Charles V. Woerd, mechanical superintendent of the American
+Watch Company, Waltham, Mass., U. S. A., a first-class award for his
+new mode of compensating balances.
+
+Also a separate first-class award for the improvements in cases, the
+number of artistic forms and designs used, the beauty and elegance
+of their finish, and for their new and indestructible method of
+enameling.
+
+VICTOR KULLBERG
+
+The display of marine chronometers by this maker, with the Observatory
+ratings, was of the very first order. Every part of those instruments
+was remarkably well made, and the modifications of some of the balance
+wheels worthy of special attention. Adjudged a first-class award.
+
+The display of watches by the same maker, although small, commanded
+attention from their very nice finish in all parts. As will be seen
+from the report and diagram of Professor Russell, they are good
+timekeepers, especially the one having the chronometer escapement.
+This style of watch, however, is of too delicate construction and too
+costly to fully meet the requirements of any considerable public want.
+The same objection will hold good as to the lever escapements as far
+as cost or economy is concerned, they being comparatively too high
+priced. Representing a certain class of manufacture, they are of the
+first order of merit, and adjudged a first-class award.
+
+The "gas governor" exhibited by the same maker, an instrument for
+regulating the amount of heat in the testing of chronometers, is
+commended as a useful invention.
+
+[Continued on page 10.]
+
+
+
+
+RESUME OF THE JURY'S EXAMINATION [page 9]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|              |AMERICAN|         |        |       |        |
+|   NAMES      | WATCH  |         |        |  Thos.| Castle-|
+|    OF        |COMPANY,| Victor  |Nicole &|Russell| berg & |
+| EXHIBITORS.  |WALTHAM.|Kullberg.|Nielsen.|& Sons.|Company.|
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Originality.  |   98   |    0    |   28   |   8   |    0   |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Invention &   |   95   |    0    |   22   |   0   |    0   |
+| discovery.   |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Utility and   |        |         |        |       |        |
+|quality of    |   95   |   73    |   47   |  25   |   29   |
+|material.     |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Skill in      |   93   |   80    |   58   |  30   |   30   |
+|workmanship.  |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Fitness for   |        |         |        |       |        |
+|purposes      |  100   |   89    |   70   |  36   |   36   |
+|intended.     |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Adaptation to |  100   |   53    |   60   |  34   |   41   |
+|public wants. |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Economy.      |  100   |   57    |   48   |  22   |   25   |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Cost.         |  100   |   65    |   38   |  26   |   32   |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Finish and    |        |         |        |       |        |
+|elegance      |  100   |   73    |   76   |  42   |   42   |
+|of cases.     |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Timekeeping   |  100   |   96    |   80   |  44   |   53   |
+|qualities.    |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|              |        |         |        |       |        |
+|Totals        | 981    |  586    |  527   |  267  |  288   |
+|              |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+
+[_Cont._]
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|              |        |       |         |        | Inter- |
+|   NAMES      |        |       |         |        |national|
+|    OF        |S. Back-|A Lange|  Louis  |G. Tri- | Watch  |
+| EXHIBITORS.  | schmid.|& Sons.|Audemars.|bandeau.|Company.|
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Originality.  |    0   |  45   |   98    |    0   |    0   |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Invention &   |    0   |  33   |   24    |    0   |    0   |
+| discovery.   |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Utility and   |        |       |         |        |        |
+|quality of    |   11   |  68   |   73    |   10   |   32   |
+|material.     |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Skill in      |   11   |  83   |   85    |   19   |   31   |
+|workmanship.  |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Fitness for   |        |       |         |        |        |
+|purposes      |    7   |  86   |   80    |   15   |   37   |
+|intended.     |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Adaptation to |   15   |  73   |   54    |   15   |   49   |
+|public wants. |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Economy.      |   12   |  59   |   44    |   18   |   41   |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Cost.         |   10   |  79   |   58    |   19   |   63   |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Finish and    |        |       |         |        |        |
+|elegance      |   10   |  71   |   76    |   20   |    0   |
+|of cases.     |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Timekeeping   |    0   |  89   |   79    |    0   |    0   |
+|qualities.    |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|              |        |       |         |        |        |
+|Totals        |   76   | 686   |  671    |  116   |   287  |
+|              |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE DIAGRAM SHOWING THE CHANGE IN RATE OF WATCHES
+TESTED AT THE OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY, FEBRUARY 17 TO 26, 1880.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SYDNEY INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. [page 10]
+
+[_Continued from page 8._]
+
+
+NICOLE & NIELSEN.
+
+This exhibit, made specially for the Exhibition, comprised a full line
+of plain levers, split seconds, chronographs, calendars, repeaters,
+etc., and was a representative display of their peculiar style of
+manufacture in all its details. The cost of these watches, compared
+with others of similar construction and finish, was excessive; and
+while they show good timekeeping qualities, they do not equal that of
+other exhibits.
+
+As representing their own methods of construction they are of the
+first order of merit, and are adjudged a first-class award.
+
+
+THOS. RUSSELL & SONS
+
+exhibit a full line of their manufacture, which, upon comparison with
+other exhibits of the same general character and construction, places
+them in the third order of merit, and they are adjudged a third-class
+award.
+
+
+S. BACKSCHMID
+
+exhibits a class of cheap watches of very inferior workmanship and
+finish, of the last order of merit, and adjudged a fourth-class award.
+
+
+N. CASTLEBERG & CO.
+
+exhibit a meritorious line of watches in many respects, of good
+finish, and not excessively high priced for their performances; of the
+second order of merit, and adjudged a second class award.
+
+
+A. LANGE & SONS
+
+exhibit a class of watches possessing many elements of merit, and
+of superior finish in many respects and at a cost which is quite
+reasonable. That the watches are constructed upon scientific
+principles and are intended as reliable timepieces, is shown from
+Observatory tests. The variations show that care has been taken to
+approximate a perfect adjustment, and that a partial success has
+been attained. A peculiarity in the construction of the balance
+wheel--having a horizontal split from the timing second holes each
+way--is noticeable, which we fail to understand. This exhibit was made
+expressly for this Exhibition, and Observatory rates sent with each
+watch, and, as a representative exhibit, although small, was the
+second best examined, and is, in its class, of the first order of
+merit, and adjudged a first-class award.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LOUIS AUDEMARS
+
+exhibits a wonderful class of complicated watches, calendars,
+repeaters, chronographs, etc., etc., combined in one watch, and
+elaborately cased and artistically finished. The great element of
+merit in this exhibit is in the combination of the great number
+of unusual functions for a watch, and by skill in workmanship and
+mechanical science securing a correct performance.
+
+The enormous cost of these watches is an effectual embargo on their
+use to any except the very few, and their utility is, therefore,
+very limited. In their class they are, however, of the first order of
+merit, and adjudged a first-class award.
+
+
+G. TRIBANDEAU
+
+exhibits a considerable collection of watches in a great variety of
+cases, of a class of workmanship, finish, and performance calling for
+the fourth order of merit, and are adjudged a fourth-class award.
+
+
+A. H. RODANET
+
+exhibits two marine chronometers only, one of which was broken and the
+other out of order; commended.
+
+
+INTERNATIONAL WATCH COMPANY
+
+exhibit a collection of watches of the third order of merit, and
+adjudged a third-class award.
+
+In concluding this report, the judges very much regret the limitation
+in time which has prevented them securing position tests of this very
+interesting exhibit in horology, as much on account of the exhibitors
+as on their own account. Such advances have in the last few years been
+made in this science that, in the interest of the public as well as of
+the manufacturers, a sufficiency of time is desirable to make tests
+in five or six positions, and fourteen days should be allowed to each
+position. Tests for heat and cold, and an opportunity to carefully
+note barometric and thermometric influences upon the various systems
+of adjustment, would be very valuable and interesting.
+
+Respectfully, etc.,
+
+GREGORY P. HARTE, _Chairman_, United States.
+H. C. RUSSELL, B.A., F.R.A.S., Great Britain.
+J. McGARVIE SMITH, New South Wales.
+P. E. BOUND, Switzerland.
+E. BECKMANN, Germany.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CORN MAGNETS.
+
+Every kind of salve or lotion that is supposed to remove or relieve
+corns meets with a large sale. Corn files and pencils are getting
+stale, and an enterprising inhabitant of Dresden has lately brought
+out what he calls a "corn magnet." It is evident that it is as unlike
+a magnet as possible, for an examination shows that it is made of
+sulphur colored with graphite. The directions are to set fire to
+one end, and let a drop of the melted sulphur fall upon the corn. A
+convenient and agreeable operation, especially if the corn is on
+the bottom of the foot. It is needless to say that the corn usually
+survives the slight burn and lives to torment the owner again. All
+burns, whether by caustic or otherwise, should be avoided.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+EXPERIMENTS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS.
+
+Prof. J. Burkitt Webb, C.E., now in Europe, writes as follows:
+
+On the invitation of Prof. Spangenberg we visited the
+"Versuchsstation," at the Gewerbe-Akademie, where the important
+experiments upon materials for engineering purposes are being made.
+These tests are of two kinds--trials of strength and trials of
+endurance. The first are made by means of very heavy and accurate
+machinery, mostly new within the last two or three years; the latter
+are the celebrated "Dauer-Versuche," a description of which we will
+reserve for another letter.
+
+The main machine, of which there are three or four duplicates at work
+at various points in Germany, is housed in a special building in the
+interior court of the academy. It consists of heavy iron "ways," some
+fifty feet long, accurately planed and secured to a stone foundation,
+with a hydraulic pump and scales at one end, and a number of massive
+attachments for subjecting the piece of iron or other material to
+various kinds of strains. There are also other instruments which
+belong to the machine as delicate as it is heavy, and which are used
+for adjusting the parts of the apparatus, reading the results of a
+test, or making calculations. This machine differs from others in the
+way of measuring the force used. It has been the custom to take
+the pressure on the liquid in the hydraulic cylinder, as shown by a
+manometer, as the basis of calculation. This introduces an inaccuracy,
+as part of this is due to the friction on the piston packing, and the
+true pressure is less than that shown by this irregular quantity.
+To avoid this difficulty a massive lever is introduced between the
+hydraulic press and the point where its pressure is applied. One arm
+of this lever is one-eighth inch long, and the other five hundred
+times as long, so that to measure a pressure of one hundred tons, four
+hundred pounds must be placed on the scale pan which hangs from
+the end of the long end of the lever. The fulcrum rests against the
+piston, and the short end of the lever is connected by heavy
+links with the apparatus by means of which the strain is applied.
+Technically speaking the fulcra of scales are "knife edges," but to
+convey a pressure of one hundred tons and remain free to move, these
+edges must be very obtuse, perhaps 160 deg. to 170 deg.; they must be as
+long as possible, some fifteen inches, of the best hardened steel,
+accurately ground, and must rest against a hardened plate of steel.
+Made with the greatest care the sharp edge under such a pressure will
+sometimes make a dent in the plate and the scales are clogged. As
+it is very difficult to measure the one-eighth inch with accuracy,
+another lever is provided with a ratio of one to ten, and with a
+short arm long enough to be made of a certain length with but a small
+percentage of error. To test the main lever this occupies essentially
+the same place as a sample of iron to be stretched; it is loaded with,
+say, two hundred pounds, which it multiplies to a ton; this pressure
+is then weighed by placing four pounds upon the main scale pan,
+and the fulcrum of the main lever is adjusted until the two weights
+balance.
+
+The attachments consist of: I. Jaws for holding round, square, and
+flat bars to be submitted to tension. II. Arrangements for holding
+beams and columns in various ways at their ends, and compressing them
+until they are crushed or "buckle." III. Two massive graduated iron
+beams, which are placed crosswise on the "ways," and used for twisting
+shafts, railroad axles, etc. IV. A face plate, about four feet square,
+for holding plates of boiler iron nearly as large by the perimeter,
+and crushing in the middle by forcing various shaped pieces against
+it. V. Apparatus for bending a beam by crushing an angular piece into
+it; and in the same connection, VI. Shears for cutting off bars of
+metal and measuring the force required.
+
+In connection with this main machine were some, quite old, which had
+been used in the infancy of the subject by a former professor, and a
+new special machine for the same purpose as attachment V., and which
+seemed to "kink" a piece of railroad iron as if it were only lead. In
+this the pressure was obtained by screws.
+
+Among the instruments used for the adjustment of the parts of the
+main machine we saw the finest cathetometer we had ever seen. This
+instrument, by Breithaupt, in Cassel, has two telescopes, with
+micrometer screws with more than one hundred and twenty-five threads
+per inch, and scales graduated on glass with more than six hundred and
+twenty five divisions to the inch. Another instrument for measuring
+the deflection, in two directions at once, of a column under pressure,
+has micrometer screws with more than two hundred and fifty threads per
+inch. We saw also a planimeter, which not only calculated mechanically
+the area of a figure, but gave also its center of gravity, moment
+of inertia, etc. We saw also a French calculating machine; the other
+apparatus is, we believe, all German. If one is, however, critical, it
+will be found in many lines of business that all the fine goods here
+are imported, though naturally the Germans are slow to acknowledge it.
+
+We witnessed the experiments on a sample of round iron over an inch
+in diameter, and on a piece of iron plate three inches wide by half an
+inch thick. It is perhaps needless to say that they seemed to stretch
+like putty and to break like thread. The pressure is put on a few
+hundred pounds at a time, and the elongation is read by two telescopes
+and a scale, which multiply the distance five hundred times. At the
+same time the first "elastic limit" is watched for. Before this is
+arrived at the piece will return to its original length when the
+tension is removed; after this the stretching is in part permanent.
+One of the facts brought out is that there are _several_ elastic
+limits, in copper seven or eight. The appearance of the surface after
+the elastic limit is passed and the iron stretches is peculiar. A wavy
+appearance is seen, and longitudinal ridges begin to form, due to the
+changes going on in the crystals, by which they adapt themselves to
+the increased length. After a further general adaptation of structure
+becomes impossible, these appearances culminate in the weakest part.
+The apparatus for measuring the increase in length has long since been
+removed, and the places where it was attached have been filed smooth
+to avoid introducing the weak point artificially. The diameter of this
+part now reduces rapidly, and the surface becomes rough and the iron
+hot--you can see it stretch. When it has reduced twenty-five or more
+per cent. it gives way suddenly with a sharp crack. The percentage of
+reduction before breaking is now recorded with the observations on the
+elasticity and the breaking strain, and the experiment is at an end.
+It suggested itself to see if the work done in pulling the iron
+apart was fully accounted for by the heat generated. We could easily
+calculate the work up to the point of maximum tension, but after this
+the force required was not measured; however, a rough calculation
+showed that the iron was as hot as required, or at least that the data
+would require to be quite complete if any residual was to be found.
+
+Berlin, May 13, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ENGINEERING INVENTIONS.
+
+An improved wheel guard, which will push any obstacles on the track
+aside, and which can be adjusted to a greater or less height above the
+rails, has been patented by Mr. Solomon Brisac, of New York city.
+It consists in a wheel guard formed of a metallic box with a beveled
+front side, which box is adjustably fastened to the front end of a
+recessed plate resting on and partially surrounding the grease box.
+The box is braced by means of a rod attached to its forward end and
+passing into a socket fastened to the bottom of the car.
+
+An improved water motor, constructed on the general principle of a
+rotary engine, in which two compartments are arranged side by side,
+with a partition intervening, and in which the sliding pistons in the
+piston wheels in the two compartments are arranged at right angles
+to each other, has been patented by Mr. William E. Seelye, of Anoka,
+Minn.
+
+Mr. Stephen Barnes, of New Haven, Conn., has invented a vibrating
+propeller, adapted to small boats and vessels to be operated by either
+hand or steam power. The floats are arranged so that they will offer
+no resistance on the return stroke.
+
+An improved device for removing snow from railway tracks, and
+especially from between the rails, has been patented by Mr. David M.
+Horton, of Fishkill Village, N. Y. It consists of a revolving brush, a
+mould board in juxtaposition thereto, and a fan blower, in combination
+with suitable driving gear for propelling the brush and fan.
+
+An improvement in steam traps, patented by Mr. Hugh O. Ames, of New
+Orleans, La., consists in combining with a vibratory arm carrying a
+water receiver, a side apertured hollow trunnion, a discharge pipe, a
+jacketed standard, and an outlet pipe.
+
+An improved cotton press has been patented by Mr. Alfred A. Janney, of
+Montgomery, Ala. This invention relates to an improvement in the class
+of cotton and hay presses in which the follower is worked by a screw
+that passes through a nut, to which the required rotary motion is
+imparted by means of lateral sweeps or levers. It consists in the
+means for supporting and securing the levers and forming a vertical
+guide for the screw, so that the levers are prevented from rocking or
+swaying as power is applied in the operation of packing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+IMPROVED STEAM CANAL BOAT.
+
+The late experiments in canal steamboats bid fair to be a complete
+success. The Baxter steamers were not sufficiently remunerative
+to continue the building of that kind of boat. They do not carry a
+sufficient load, owing to their build, and that is made necessary by
+the form and arrangement of the machinery and propelling power, the
+propeller being that form used by the tug in Buffalo. The new style,
+which bids to pay handsomely, is as full a bow and stern as the
+ordinary first-class canal boat. The propelling power is radically
+different from the tug propeller. The wheel is eight feet in diameter
+and placed close to the stern; the boiler is upright, with a single
+engine, very compact machinery, taking up no more room than the stable
+in many boats, and enabling the boat to carry 7,500 bushels of corn
+and coal for the trip. With this cargo they run from Buffalo to New
+York in seven days on five and a half gross tons of coal, saving river
+and harbor towing. One returned from New York to Buffalo in one hour
+less than seven days, bringing one hundred and thirty tons of freight.
+The outlook now promises to supersede mule and horse towing. The
+Belgian system of cable towing will take that large number of boats
+now relying on the mule, and deliver them promptly as consigned and in
+much less time and cost than can be done by the mule. Both systems are
+necessary for rapid movement on the canal, and to cheapen the transfer
+from the West to the seaboard. Steam is sure to supersede animal power
+on the canal, as everywhere else. The canal steamboats are at last so
+far perfected as to insure a handsome profit in running them, and
+a large number will soon be at work on the canal. Two are to be
+constructed in Lockport as speedily as possible by one of our most
+enterprising boat builders, and the machinery is contracted for,
+thus opening up a new industry for our numerous and worthy
+mechanics.--_Lockport_ (_N. Y._) _Journal_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ASTRONOMICAL NOTES.
+
+OBSERVATORY OF VASSAR COLLEGE.
+
+
+The computations in the following notes are by students of Vassar
+College. Although merely approximate, they are sufficiently accurate
+to enable the ordinary observer to find the planets.
+
+M. M.
+
+
+POSITIONS OF PLANETS FOR JULY, 1880.
+
+
+MERCURY.
+
+On July 1 Mercury sets a few minutes after 9 in the evening.
+
+Mercury can be readily found, early in July, a few degrees south of
+the point of sunset; the planet moves rapidly southward, but can be
+followed, and may be seen as late as the 20th. On July 18 Mercury has
+nearly the declination of Regulus.
+
+
+VENUS.
+
+Venus keeps nearly the path of the sun, setting after the sun late in
+July, but so nearly with it that the planet is not likely to be seen.
+
+
+MARS.
+
+Mars has moved from its position nearly in line with Castor and Pollux
+toward Leo. It sets on July 1 at 9h. 44m. P.M. On the 31st Mars sets
+at 8h. 32m.
+
+On the 31st, at meridian passage, Mars and Uranus are nearly together.
+Uranus is east of Mars and half a degree south.
+
+
+JUPITER.
+
+Jupiter is coming into the evening hours.
+
+On July 1 Jupiter rises a few minutes after midnight. On July 31
+Jupiter rises a few minutes after 10 P.M. It will be known at once by
+its brilliancy.
+
+Besides the ordinary belts of Jupiter the planet still shows at this
+time (June 10) the large ruddy spot spoken of by many persons some
+weeks since. This spot is elliptical in shape; its longest diameter is
+about one-fifth that of Jupiter. A small glass will show it, and the
+ordinary observer can, by watching its appearance and disappearance
+and reappearance, determine the time of rotation of Jupiter on its
+axis, or the length of the planet's day.
+
+The best evenings for looking at Jupiter are those of July 23, when
+the satellite nearest to Jupiter goes across its face, preceded by
+its shadow; July 28, when the first and second satellites will make
+similar transits; and July 29, when Jupiter will rise without the
+presence of its third satellite, which will be in eclipse, and will
+come out of the shadow after midnight.
+
+
+SATURN.
+
+Saturn follows close upon Jupiter, but keeps further north in
+declination by about 21/2 deg..
+
+On July 1 Saturn rises 36m. after midnight. On the 31st Saturn rises
+at 10h. 38m. P.M.
+
+The waning moon will pass north of Jupiter and Saturn on the 27th to
+28th.
+
+Any one who has a glass sufficient to show the ring of Saturn and the
+largest satellite, Titan, will find this planet intensely interesting,
+and the movements of the satellite will show the time of its
+revolution in its orbit around Saturn.
+
+
+URANUS.
+
+Uranus rises after the sun, and sets too nearly with the sun to be
+seen.
+
+
+NEPTUNE.
+
+Neptune may be seen, with a good telescope, in the early morning hour.
+Neptune is 21/4 deg. west of Alpha Ceti, and 11 deg. north. It approaches Alpha
+Ceti during the month, and if it can be found, may be known to be a
+planet by that movement.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FIRES IN NEW YORK.
+
+The report of the Board of Fire Commissioners, just printed, shows
+that during the year 1879 there were in this city 1,551 fires, of
+which 1,029 were discovered by persons not connected with the Fire
+or Police Department. In 1,456 cases the fires were confined to the
+buildings in which they originated. Twenty-five buildings were totally
+destroyed, and 69 were greatly damaged. Of all the fires, 1,001 were
+extinguished by buckets of water and fire extinguishers. The total
+estimated loss by fire during the year was $900,280 on buildings
+and $4,771,300 on stock, making a total of $5,671,580. The
+estimated insurances on the buildings were $7,276,446, and on stock,
+$14,525,264, making a total of $21,801,710. The estimated uninsured
+loss was $180,060. In three cases the loss was between $100,000 and
+$115,000; in one case $168,908; in one case $352,185; in one case
+$333,900; and in one case $1,978,991. In 1,066 cases the loss was less
+than $100.
+
+Nearly a quarter of all the fires were caused by carelessness, and 100
+are attributed to children playing with matches and fire. Forty fires
+were caused by the spontaneous combustion of oily rags and other
+materials, and 93 by exploding kerosene lamps. Four members of the
+department and 12 citizens died of injuries received at fires during
+the year, and 139 firemen and 54 citizens were more or less injured.
+
+There are 729 uniformed members of the department The pay roll of the
+whole department for 1879 was $1,030,822.14, and the appropriation for
+all expenses was $1,254,970. The appropriation for the present year
+is $1,307,670. The department now possesses 233 horses, 1 marine steam
+fire engine, 58 steam fire engines, of which 5 are self propelling,
+10 chemical engines, 24 hook and ladder trucks, 108 chemical fire
+extinguishers, and 4 aerial ladders, together with other fire
+apparatus.
+
+The annual inspection of the department showed that the quickest
+average time in hitching a team was 3.17 seconds, and in hitching
+a single horse, 5.66 seconds. The general average in hitching all
+apparatus was, in 1879, 9.54 seconds; in 1878, 10.26 seconds; and in
+1877, 13.03 seconds.
+
+During the year, $30,300 was collected for licenses for the sale of
+kerosene oil, each license costing $10. The Fire Department Relief
+Fund now amounts to $422,569.07, and the insurance fund to $12,780.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ASPIRATOR AND COMPRESSOR.
+
+Professor Marangoni, of Pavia, has invented an aspirator for measuring
+gases which is much simpler than many now in use in laboratories,
+which latter have the defect that the air or gas ascends through
+the descending liquid and makes thus the measuring of the former
+uncertain. The improved apparatus is shown in our illustration. It
+consists of two vessels attached to a fixed horizontal shaft, FE,
+which is placed upon two upright supports. This shaft has several ways
+or passages made in it which performs the functions of the taps.
+The water of the upper receptacle passes into the lower one by the
+passage, A, and thence through the tube, BC, issuing at its lowest
+extremity at C. The air contained in the lower vessel is thus emitted
+by the channel DE, cut into the shaft, while the air or gas is
+aspirated in the same ratio by the passage and tube, FG. The apparatus
+acts thus at the same time as aspirator and compressor. It is simple,
+and will be a useful addition to the laboratory.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW PHOTOGLYPTIC PROCESS.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: A communication to the Photographic Society of France.]
+
+
+WALTER B. WOODBURY.
+
+It is now thirteen years since I had the honor of introducing in
+France my new photoglyptic process, which, up to the present time, has
+remained in the hands of very few, owing to the great expense hitherto
+necessary to start the working of it. For some time I have been
+engaged in making experiments with a view to discover a system which
+should be at the same time simple and inexpensive; and the process
+which I have this evening the honor to bring before your notice is the
+result of my researches.
+
+The summary of the new system is as follows:
+
+To obtain from negatives reliefs on glass similar to transparencies by
+the carbon process, but modified in the quantity of materials used.
+
+To attach, and keep in absolute contact with the relief so obtained, a
+sheet of tin foil.
+
+To solidify this sheet of tinfoil by coating it with copper; then
+backing it up with another sheet of plate glass covered with a
+composition; and then to detach the whole from the first relief--the
+result being a mould ready to place in the press and print one
+thousand or more proofs.
+
+I commence by showing you the relief made from the negative, and
+explaining how this is obtained.
+
+I take a sheet of plate glass of a convenient size, and place it in
+hot water, together with a sheet of paper a little smaller; then,
+having driven out the excess of water by means of a squeegee, I
+place it on a leveling stand. Having prepared a solution composed of
+gelatine 200 parts, water 1,000 parts, glycerine 20 parts, white sugar
+30 parts, with a little Indian ink, and filtered the same, I pour a
+sufficient quantity on the paper and spread it up to the corners with
+the finger. These plates are then dried in a dry place and can be kept
+until wanted.
+
+To sensitize the plates I employ a bath of bichromate of potash of
+six per cent., and again dry them. Without doubt this method is rather
+long; but one should consider that each proof made is capable of
+giving five or ten thousand prints if necessary, as the same relief
+will make many printing moulds. I tried, with the aid of the Autotype
+Company, of London, to get a suitable tissue; but as this requires
+a uniform thickness of half a millimeter the ordinary system did not
+succeed. When the sensitized plate is dry the edges are cut with a
+knife, the glasses serving over and over again. I show you a piece of
+this prepared paper.
+
+As in the carbon process, it is necessary to place a border of black
+paper at the back of the negative, and to cut the sensitized tissue a
+little larger than the opening.
+
+After the exposure the gelatine is fixed on a collodionized glass by
+placing them both in water and squeegeeing the surface; but in dry
+weather it is as well to use albumen in place of collodion, as used
+by M. Ferrier for his transparencies in carbon. The glass holding the
+gelatine is now placed in a hot water bath heated to 42 deg. Centigrade,
+and left till the paper comes away from the gelatine, when it is
+placed in this apparatus by the frame holding the grooves.
+
+By means of this small gas regulator the temperature is kept always
+the same, namely, 50 deg. Centigrade. The water should be now and then
+agitated by lifting up and down the frame holding the glasses.
+
+After a space of three or four hours the reliefs will be sufficiently
+washed, and can be taken out and placed in alcohol to dry quickly
+and sharp at the same time. In this stage of the process all spots or
+scratches that may have been on the negative can be removed (being in
+relief on the gelatine) by means of a piece of glass. The relief is
+now ready to be covered with the tin. You will observe that up to the
+present the operations have been almost the same as those necessary to
+produce a transparency in carbon.
+
+As it is of the first necessity that the tin should be kept in
+absolute contact with the gelatine relief, I prepare the latter by
+rubbing it over with a piece of flannel charged with a greasy matter
+(pomatum answers as well as anything). I then make a border of
+India-rubber in benzine round the glass. The effect of this is to
+prevent any air from returning between the tin and the relief when
+once it has been driven out.
+
+Taking care that the back of the glass is perfectly clean, it is now
+placed on the steel or glass bed of a rolling-press. A sheet of tin
+foil (without holes) that has been smoothed on a sheet of glass by a
+soft brush is now laid on it, and then three or four thicknesses of
+blotting paper. The whole is then passed under the cylinder several
+times, each time increasing the pressure. The surface of the tin
+is now ready to place in the electrotyping cell, but must first be
+cleaned with a solution of caustic potash to remove any grease, and
+bordered with shellac varnish to prevent the copper from depositing
+where not required.
+
+Electric contact is made by means of the small apparatus, on removing
+a small proportion of the lac varnish. After two or three hours
+sufficient copper will have been deposited, and after drying can be
+then attached to another glass, on which it will remain.
+
+This glass is covered while hot with a composition of shellac, resin,
+and Venice turpentine, and can be prepared in advance, using an iron
+plate heated direct by the gas flame. The same iron plate is employed
+to again soften the composition and attach it to the copper; but this
+time heated only by boiling water, this temperature being sufficient
+to soften it until it enters into all the hollows of the copper. On
+placing a weight on the two glasses the excess of the composition is
+forced out at the edges. When cold the glass plate on which the copper
+and tin are now attached can be separated from the relief, which can
+then be used over and over again to produce fresh matrices.
+
+The matrix or intaglio is now ready to place in the printing press,
+and the remaining operations of printing are exactly the same as those
+used in the old process of photoglyptic printing.
+
+In placing the mould in the press it is advisable to place one or
+two thicknesses of stout blotting paper, previously wetted, under the
+mould to give to it a slight amount of elasticity and, at the same
+time, to keep it in place.
+
+As in all other mechanical processes a reversed or pellicle negative
+is required; but it is very simple to print upon a specially prepared
+transfer paper, and, instead of mounting the print with the face
+uppermost, to attach it under water to the mount, and when dry to
+detach the paper on which the print has been made. By this means there
+remains only one thickness of paper instead of two, thus doing away
+with an objection which has often been found in mounted photographs
+for book illustration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW INVENTIONS.
+
+An improved combined cutting and clinching tool has been patented by
+Mr. Peter D. Graham, of Black Hawk, Col. The object of this invention
+is to provide a new, useful, and convenient tool for cutting and
+clinching horseshoe nails.
+
+Mr. John J. Berger, of Brooklyn, N. Y., has patented an improved
+hand perforating or check stamp of the class which are used to cut or
+perforate the paper with figures and letters as a safeguard against
+alterations of the check; and the object of this improvement is to
+perforate the check with needle points, and at the same time ink
+the perforations, whereby the numbers may be clearly marked without
+cutting large openings in the paper.
+
+An improved apparatus for the manufacture of nitric acid has been
+patented by Mr. Paul Marcelin, of Black Rock, Conn. The object of this
+invention is to furnish apparatus for manufacturing nitric acid so
+constructed that the stronger acid may be separated from the weaker
+acid as the acid passes from the retort to the receiving bottles,
+to obtain a strong acid suitable for use in manufacturing
+nitro-glycerine.
+
+Mr. Max Rubin, of New York city, has patented an improved shawl strap,
+so constructed that either strap may be wound up alone, or both may be
+wound up together, or one may be wound up tighter than the other, by
+adjusting the handle.
+
+Mr. Ambrose Madden, of Asbury Park, N. J., has patented an attachment
+for use with halters for preventing horses from cribbing and to
+cure them of that pernicious habit; and the invention consists in a
+combination of rigid arms and straps hung upon the halter and carrying
+a spiked plate, which is retained beneath the animal's under lip in
+such manner that the motions of the horse in the act of cribbing cause
+the spikes to prick.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+BUSINESS AND PERSONAL.
+
+_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a line for
+each insertion; about eight words to a line. Advertisements must be
+received at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear
+in next issue._
+
+-->_The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers a
+circulation of not less than 50,000 copies every weekly issue._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lubricene, Gear Grease, Cylinder and Machinery Oils. R. J. Chard, 6
+Burling Slip, New York.
+
+Telephones repaired, parts of same for sale. Send stamp for circulars.
+P.O. Box 205, Jersey City, N. J.
+
+The genuine Asbestos Liquid Paints are the purest, finest, richest,
+and most durable paints ever made for structural purposes. H. W. Johns
+M'f'g Co., 87 Maiden Lane, sole manufacturers.
+
+The Finger Annunciator, and all other electr. apparatus, by Finger
+Annunciator Co., 73 Cornhill, Boston.
+
+The most popular Pens in use are those of the Esterbrook Steel Pen
+Company. For sale everywhere. Everybody send Circular to R. K. Teller,
+Unadilla, N. Y.
+
+A few pat. Centering and Squaring Attachments for Lathes, made by R.
+E. State & Co., entirely new, for sale cheap. J. & W. State, Lock Box
+291, Springfield, Ohio.
+
+Soapstone and Empire Gum Core Packing, the best for Railroads. Greene,
+Tweed & Co., New York.
+
+Our new Stylographic Pen (just patented), having the duplex
+interchangeable point section, is the very latest improvement. The
+Stylographic Pen Co., Room 13, 169 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+Shaw's U. S. Standard of Pressure. Mercury Gauges, all pressures,
+Steam, Hydraulic, and Vacuum. Best for pumping stations and pipe
+lines. 915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+For Sale low--52 x 17 feet Sidewheel Boat, and one 23 x 51/2 feet
+Launch; best condition. S. E. Harthan, Worcester, Mass.
+
+Wanted.--Farm Engine, with Steam Plow Attachment. Address P. O. Box
+18, Reinbeck, Iowa.
+
+Advertising of all kinds in all American Newspapers. Special lists
+free. Address E. N. Freshman & Bros., Cincinnati, O.
+
+Patent for Sale Cheap.--Entire Patent or State Rights. Just the thing
+for the summer. Money can be made out of it. Other business prevents
+owner from handling it. A. H. Watkins, 294 Harrison Ave., Boston,
+Mass.
+
+We keep a full assortment of Esterbrook's, Gillott's, Spencerian,
+Perry's, and Lamar's Pens. Send for price list to J. Leach, 86 Nassau
+St., New York.
+
+For Sale.--A Baltimore City Fire Department Steam Fire Engine, in
+complete working order. Address P.O. Box 676, Baltimore, Md.
+
+Metallic Piston Rod Packing Company, 773 Broad St., Newark, N. J.
+Agents wanted; terms liberal.
+
+Skinner & Wood, Erie, Pa., Portable and Stationary Engines, are full
+of orders, and withdraw their illustrated advertisement. Send for
+their new circulars.
+
+Asbestos Board on Chimneys prevents their heat from affecting the
+temperature of rooms through which they pass. Asbestos Pat. Fiber Co.,
+lim., 194 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+Sweetland & Co., 126 Union St., New Haven, Conn., manufacture the
+Sweetland Combination Chuck.
+
+Power, Foot, and Hand Presses for Metal Workers. Lowest prices.
+Peerless Punch & Shear Co., 52 Dey St., N. Y. The Brown Automatic
+Cut-off Engine; unexcelled for workmanship, economy, and durability.
+Write for information. C. H. Brown & Co., Fitchburg, Mass.
+
+Corrugated Traction Tire for Portable Engines, etc. Sole
+manufacturers, H. Lloyd, Son & Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
+
+For the best Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery, address H. A.
+Crossley, Cleveland, Ohio.
+
+Best Oak Tanned Leather Belting. Wm. F. Forepaugh, Jr., & Bros. 531
+Jefferson St., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+National Steel Tube Cleaner for boiler tubes. Adjustable, durable.
+Chalmers-Spence Co., 40 John St., N. Y.
+
+Split Pulleys at low prices, and of same strength and appearance
+as Whole Pulleys. Yocom & Son's Shafting Works, Drinker St.,
+Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery a specialty by E. & B.
+Holmes, Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels--The Solid Original Emery Wheel other
+kinds imitations and inferior. Caution.--Our name is stamped in full
+on all our best Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only.
+The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing Company, 37 and
+38 Park Bow. N. Y.
+
+For Separators, Farm & Vertical Engines, see adv. p. 382.
+
+Walrus Leather, Emery, and Polishing Goods. Greene, Tweed & Co., 118
+Chambers St., New York.
+
+Nickel Plating.--Sole manufacturers cast nickel anodes, pure nickel
+salts, importers Vienna lime, crocus, etc. Condit, Hanson & Van
+Winkle, Newark, N. J., and 92, and 94 Liberty St., New York.
+
+Presses, Dies, and Tools for working Sheet Metal, etc. Fruit & other
+can tools. Bliss & Williams, B'klyn, N. Y.
+
+Bradley's cushioned helve hammers. See illus. ad. p. 397.
+
+Instruction in Steam and Mechanical Engineering. A thorough practical
+education, and a desirable situation as soon as competent, can be
+obtained at the National Institute of Steam Engineering, Bridgeport,
+Conn. For particulars, send for pamphlet.
+
+Hydraulic Jacks, Presses and Pumps. Polishing and Buffing Machinery
+Patent Punches, Shears, etc. E. Lyon & Co., 470 Grand St., New York.
+
+Forsaith & Co., Manchester, N. H., & 207 Centre St., N. Y. Bolt
+Forging Machines, Power Hammers, Comb'd Hand Fire Eng. & Hose
+Carriages, New & 2d hand Machinery. Send stamp for illus. cat. State
+just what you want.
+
+For Mill Mach'y & Mill Furnishing, see illus. adv. p. 381.
+
+Air Compressors, Blowing Engines, Steam Pumping Machinery, Hydraulic
+Presses. Philadelphia Hydraulic Works, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+For Patent Shapers and Planers, see ills. adv. p. 380.
+
+For Pat. Safety Elevators, Hoisting Engines, Friction Clutch Pulleys,
+Cut-off Coupling, see Frisbie's ad. p. 316.
+
+Machine Knives for Wood-working Machinery, Book Binders, and Paper
+Mills. Large knife work a specialty. Also manufacturers of Soloman's
+Parallel Vise. Taylor. Stiles & Co., Riegelsville, N. J.
+
+For Alcott's Improved Turbine, see adv. p. 297.
+
+Mineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by Pa. Diamond Drill
+Co. Box 423, Pottsville, Pa. See p. 381.
+
+Rollstone Mac. Co's Wood Working Mach'y ad. p. 380
+
+Improved Solid Emery Wheels and Machinery, Automatic Knife Grinders,
+Portable Chuck Jaws. _Important_, that users should have prices of
+these first class goods. American Twist Drill Co., Meredithville, N.
+H.
+
+For Standard Turbine, see last or next number.
+
+Burgess' Non-conductor for Heated Surfaces; easily applied, efficient,
+and inexpensive. Applicable to plain or curved surfaces, pipes, elbows
+and valves. See p. 284.
+
+Diamond Saws. J. Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y.
+
+Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube Expanders. R.
+Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York.
+
+Wanted--The address of 40,000 Sawyers and Lumbermen for a copy of
+Emerson's Hand Book of Saws. New edition 1880. Over 100 illustrations
+and pages of valuable information. Emerson, Smith & Co., Beaver Falls,
+Pa.
+
+Eagle Anvils, 10 cents per pound. Fully warranted.
+
+For Wood-Working Machinery, see illus. adv. p. 413.
+
+Eclipse Portable Engine. See illustrated adv., p. 413.
+
+Tight and Slack Barrel machinery a specialty. John Greenwood & Co.,
+Rochester, N. Y. See illus. adv. p. 413.
+
+Elevators, Freight and Passenger, Shafting, Pulleys and Hangers. L. S.
+Graves & Son, Rochester, N. Y.
+
+$400 Vertical Engine, 30 H.P. See page 413.
+
+Best American Shot Gun made is the "Colts." Far superior to any
+English guns for the same price. For description, see SCI. AMERICAN
+of May 29. Send for circular to Hodgkins & Haigh, Dealers in General
+Sporting Goods, 300 Broadway, New York.
+
+Telephones.--Inventors of Improvements in Telephones and Telephonic
+Apparatus are requested to communicate with the Scottish Telephonic
+Exchange, Limited, 34 St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh, Scotland. J. G.
+Lorrain, General Manager.
+
+Pat. Steam Hoisting Mach'y. See illus. adv., p. 413.
+
+Hydraulic Cylinders, Wheels, and Pinions, Machinery Castings; all
+kinds; strong and durable; and easily worked. Tensile strength not
+less than 65,000 lbs. to square in. Pittsburgh Steel Casting Co.,
+Pittsburgh, Pa.
+
+C. J. Pitt & Co., Show Case Manufacturers, 226 Canal St., New York.
+Orders promptly attended to. Send for illustrated catalogue with
+prices.
+
+For best low price Planer and Matcher, and latest improved Sash,
+Door, and Blind Machinery, Send for catalogue to Rowley & Hermance,
+Williamsport, Pa.
+
+Elevators.--Stokes & Parrish, Phila., Pa. See p. 412.
+
+Penfield (Pulley) Block Works. See illus. adv. p. 413.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[OFFICIAL.]
+
+INDEX OF INVENTIONS
+
+FOR WHICH
+
+LETTERS PATENT OF THE UNITED STATES WERE GRANTED IN THE WEEK ENDING;
+
+JUNE 1, 1880,
+
+AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE.
+
+[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A printed copy of the specification and drawing of any patent in the
+annexed list, also of any patent issued since 1866, will be furnished
+from this office for one dollar. In ordering please state the number
+and date of the patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row,
+New York city. We also furnish copies, of patents granted prior to
+1866; but at increased cost, as the specifications not being printed,
+must be copied by hand.
+
+Adding machine, C. P. Sullivan                               228,416
+Advertising checker board, H. P. Eysenbach                   228,330
+Annunciator, pneumatic, D. & T. Morris                       228,267
+Axle lubricator, car, C. D. Flynt                            228,337
+Axle lubricator, vehicle, L. Adams                           228,242
+Bale tie, W. S. E. Sevey                                     228,223
+Baling press, H. O. King                                     228,361
+Bedstead, invalid, E. Conover                                228,318
+Bedstead, sofa, C. S. E. Spoerl _et al_                      228,408
+Belting and process of manufacture, cotton, M. Gandy         228,186
+Belts, lacing, O. C. Pomeroy                                 228,390
+Berth for vessels, self-leveling, D. Huston (r)                9,224
+Berth for vessels, self-leveling, C. C. Sanderson            228,278
+Berth, self-leveling ship's, C. C. Sanderson                 228,279
+Binders, knot tyer for self, W. Stephens                     228,228
+Blacking and polishing boots and shoes, machine
+  for, P. P. Audoye                                          228,297
+Blower, fan, H. Allen                                        228,293
+Bolting tree, J. M. Springer                                 228,409
+Boot and gaiter, rubber, G. H. Sanford                       228,398
+Bottle, etc., lock, A. T. Boone                              228,170
+Bottle stopper, E. Hollender                                 228,355
+Bow strings, clutch for, C. M. Beard                         228,302
+Bracelet, C. E. Hayward                                      228,348
+Bracelet, A. Vester                                          228,425
+Bran cleaner, L. Gathmann                                    228,340
+Brick, pottery, etc., kiln for burning, E. Escherich         228,331
+Buckboard, E. Hitt                                           228,352
+Buckle, tug, D. O. Fosgate                                   228,255
+Bumper, W. V. Perry                                          228,385
+Bung, J. H. Stamp                                            228,227
+Button fastener, D. Bainbridge                               228,298
+Button, sleeve and cuff, H. McDougall                        228,370
+Buttons, machine for making, W. W. Wade                      228,233
+Can, D. Bennett                                              228,167
+Can fastening, J. Hall                                       228,343
+Car coupling, Neff & Thalman                                 228,378
+Car coupling, J. F. Stanley                                  228,411
+Car coupling, Morand & Edwards                               228,212
+Car coupling tool, G. Searl                                  228,400
+Car door bolt, A. W. Zimmerman                               228,241
+Car wheel, J. A. Woodbury                                    228,430
+Car wheel chill, W. Wilmington                               228,428
+Cars, bell cord guide for railway, S. L. Finley              228,253
+Cars upon railways, running, J. R. Cox                       228,176
+Carbureting gas and air, W. M. Jackson                       228,357
+Card teeth, apparatus for tempering wire for,
+  W. F. Bateman                                              228,301
+Carpet fastener, W. Bray                                     228,306
+Carpet lining, G. J. Bicknell                                228,168
+Carpet sweeper, B. W. Johnson                                228,358
+Carriage top, E. S. Scripture (r)                              9,230
+Carriage top rest, G. Miles                                  228,211
+Cartridge shells, machine for drawing, A. C. Hobbs           228,197
+Centering machine, J. E. Dimsey                              228,249
+Chair seats and backs, making, F. D. Newton                  228,377
+Chandelier, extension, G. Bohner                             228,244
+Cheese press, M. B. Fraser (r)                                 9,228
+Cheese press, G. F. White                                    228,291
+Cheese vat, J. B. Marquis                                    228,366
+Chuck, J. H. Westcott                                        228,426
+Churn, E. Rhoades (r)                                          9,225
+Clock, alarm, F. Krober                                      228,202
+Clock, calendar, C. S. Lewis                                 228,261
+Clock case, G. Havell                                        228,193
+Cloth pressing machine, P. Miller                            228,375
+Clutch, W. J. Ray                                            228,276
+Cockle separator, D. Brubaker                                228,310
+Collar, horse, T. Hepburn                                    228,351
+Commode, A. Climie                                           228,313
+Copying process, dry, Kwaysser & Husak                       228,362
+Cork tapering machine, F. L. Blair                           228,169
+Corn husking machine, F. L. Collis                           228,174
+Corn husking machine roller, E. A. Bourquin                  228,305
+Corn popper, D. Lumbert                                      228,205
+Cornice, window, H. F. Gray                                  228,189
+Cranks, device for overcoming the dead points
+  of, C. L. Fleischmann                                      228,185
+Crochet needles, manufacture of, J. A. Smith                 228,404
+Crucible furnaces, hydrocarbon burner for, I. M. Seamans     228,281
+Cutlery, pocket, J. W. Ayers                                 228,163
+Danger signal, M. A. Vosburgh                                228,232
+Diagram for theaters, etc., H. T. Lemon                      228,204
+Domestic boiler, C. Friedeborn                               228,339
+Drawing, apparatus for assisting in, W. B. O. Peabody        228,273
+Drying apparatus, W. J. Johnson                              228,259
+Electrotype mould, E. B. Sheldon                             228,224
+Exercising machine, F. Saunders                              228,277
+Eyeglasses, J. Schaffer                                      228,399
+Fan, M. Rubin                                                228,394
+Fastening device, E. F. Miller                               228,373
+Faucet attachment, C. A. Raggio                              228,219
+Fence nail, wire, E. L. Warren                               228,236
+Fertilizers, process and apparatus for the manufacture
+  of, W. Plumer                                              228,387
+Firearm, breech-loading, W. H. Baker                         228,165
+Fluted fabrics, machine for creasing, E. Brosemann           228,309
+Fruit basket, H. B. Crandall                                 228,248
+Fuel, process and apparatus for burning pulverized,
+  A. Faber de Faur                                           228,334
+Furnace, B. F. Smith                                         228,405
+Gas, making illuminating, T. J. F. Regan                     228,392
+Gate, E. J. Clark                                            228,314
+Gate roller, F. W. Holbrook                                  228,354
+Gelatine or ichthyocolla from salted fish skins,
+  extracting, J. S. Rogers (r)                                 9,226
+Glass furnace, T. B. Atterbury                               228,296
+Glassware, machine for grinding, A. M. Bacon                 228,164
+Glove fastener, Smith & Hassall                              228,403
+Governor, elevator, I. H. Small                              228,284
+Governor for marine engines, W. U. Fairbairn                 228,252
+Governor for middlings purifiers, etc., feed, W. Donlon      228,180
+Grain conveyer, pneumatic, F. A. Luckenbach                  228,206
+Grain meter, J. B. Stoner                                    228,229
+Grain separator, magnetic, C. E. Fritz (r)                     9,229
+Grate, fire, E. Moneuse                                      228,376
+Grinding and polishing wheel, G. Hart                        228,257
+Hammer lifter, drop, C. G. Cross                             228,324
+Harness, breast, J. W. Cooper                                228,175
+Harrow, S. A. Bollinger                                      228,303
+Harrow, C. W. Page                                           228,382
+Harvester, Jones & Emerson                                   228,359
+Header, guiding, W. H. Keen                                  228,260
+Heating and ventilating apparatus, J. W. Geddes              228,188
+Hinge, spring, L. Bommer                                     228,304
+Hitching strap, J. C. Covert                                 228,322
+Hoes and other tools, eye for, J. R. Thomas                  228,419
+Hog holder and nose ring carrier, W. A. Stark                228,286
+Horse hoof pad, A. J. Lockie                                 228,262
+Horse power equalizer, W. T. G. Cobb                         228,173
+Horse power sweep, J. Branning                               228,307
+Horseshoe nail machine, J. Roy                               228,220
+Hose coupling, S. Adlam, Jr.                                 228,161
+Hose coupling, M. B. Hill                                    228,196
+Hot air furnace, B. W. Felton                                228,336
+Hydraulic joint, E. D. Meier                                 228,209
+Indigo blue, making artificial, A. Baeyer                    228,300
+Lamp, car, G. Seagrave                                       228,402
+Lamp globe, G. Chappel                                       228,247
+Lamp, street, J. G. Miner                                    228,265
+Last, W. J. Crowley                                          228,178
+Latch, G. L. Crandal                                         228,323
+Life protector for railway rails, E. J. Hoffman              228,353
+Lifting jack, J. State                                       228,285
+Lithographic press, J. A. Parks                              228,271
+Lock, C. F. Otto                                             228,379
+Locomotive, J. B. Smith                                      228,406
+Locomotive cone, F. A. Perry                                 228,386
+Locomotive engine, J. W. Clardy                              228,172
+Locomotive lubricator, W. P. Phillips                        228,215
+Loom for weaving gauze fabrics, A. McLean                    228,372
+Loom shedding mechanism, H. Halcroft                         228,191
+Loom temple, E. Hamilton                                     228,346
+Loom temple, J. & L. Hardaker                                228,256
+Lubricator, W. P. Phillips                          228,216, 228,217
+Mash machine, W. Craig                                       228,177
+Mash rake, whisky, D. L. Graves                              228,190
+Mash stirrer, G. Schock                                      228,222
+Measuring machine, cloth, B. K. Parker                       228,381
+Middlings purifier, J. B. Martin                             228,367
+Milk cooler, T. Stahler                                      228,412
+Milk pail holder, A. C. Dodge                                228,327
+Mining and excavating apparatus, E. M. Hugentobler           228,356
+Mortising machine, E. H. N. Clarkson (r)                       9,221
+Nickel, solution for electro-deposition of, J. Powell        228,389
+Oil and lard oil, treatment of petroleum lubricating,
+  H. V. P. Draper                                            228,181
+Ore separator, magnetic, T. A. Edison                        228,329
+Packing for piston rods, etc., metallic,
+  L. Katzenstein                                             228,200
+Packing for steam engines, spring, J. W. Smith               228,225
+Packing, piston, W. M. Thompson, Jr.                         228,420
+Packing, piston rod, R. B. H. Gould                          228,341
+Padlock, McDonald & McAllister (r)                           228,371
+Pantaloons, F. H. Carney                                     228,246
+Paper bag machine, C. A. Chandler                            228,312
+Paper floor covering, compound, H. Hayward                   228,194
+Paper for bank notes, checks, etc., J Sangster               228,221
+Parchment or toughening paper, making artificial,
+  L. H. G. Ehrhardt                                          228,328
+Pens, pointing, E. Wiley                                     228,427
+Permutation lock, J. B. Cook                                 228,316
+Photo-negatives, producing, embellishing, and retouching,
+  W. D. Osborne                                              228,380
+Photographic background, accessory for forming, W. F. Ashe   228,295
+Picture support, G. H. Brown                                 228,308
+Pillow sham holder, M. A. Steers                             228,414
+Pipes, tubing etc., protector for the threaded ends of,
+  H. E. Boyd                                                 228,171
+Planter, corn, R. H. C. Enyeart                              228,332
+Planter, corn, A. Hearst                                     228,258
+Planter, corn, A. Runstetler                                 228,396
+Plow attachment, J. R. Harbaugh                              228,192
+Plumbers' traps, manufacture of, J. McCloskey                228,369
+Preserving evaporated fruits and vegetables,
+  H. G. Hulburd                                              228,198
+Printer's chase, J. Kingsland, Jr.                           228,201
+Printer's quoin, C. G. Squintani                             228,410
+Printer's type case, J. T. Edson                             228,251
+Pulley, J. B. Stockham                                       228,415
+Pump, W. S. Laney                                            228,203
+Pump, lift, P. T. Perkins                                    228,383
+Pump, rotary, J. Hallner                                     228,344
+Pump, steam jet, Randall & Tuttle                            228,275
+Railway heads, stop motion for, H. T. Spencer                228,407
+Railway joints, angle splice for, J. D. Hawks                228,347
+Railway signal apparatus, electric, O. Gassett               228,187
+Range, D. H. Nation                        228,268, 228,269, 228,270
+Reclining chair, T. G. Maguire                               228,263
+Refrigerating and ice making apparatus, C. P. G. Linde       228,364
+Rivets, making tubular, G. W. Tucker                         228,423
+Rock drills and earth augers, machine for operating,
+  G. Taylor                                                  228,418
+Rubber bottles, etc., closing the openings in India,
+  T. J. Mayall                                               228,207
+Rubber, ornamenting hard, H., O., & M. Traun                 228,290
+Sash cord fastener and sash lock, combined,
+  E. V. Heaford                                              228,349
+Sash cord guide, E. H. N. Clarkson (r)                         9,222
+Sash fastener, S. P. Jackson                                 228,199
+Sash fastening, J. Pusey                                     228,274
+Sawing machine, circular, P. Pryibil                         228,218
+Sawing machine, drag, S. F. Steele                           228,413
+Sawing machine, drag, A. Wilkins                             228,237
+Screw bolt, L. Strauss                                       228,288
+Screw threads, device for cutting, J. C. Williams            228,429
+Sealing packages, E. A. McAlpin                              228,368
+Seaming machine, F. A. Walsh                        228,234, 228,235
+Sewing machine balance wheel pulley, E. Flather              228,184
+Sheet metal joint, C. Wright                                 228,240
+Shirt, G. C. Henning                                         228,195
+Shoe, J. J. Snyder                                           228,226
+Shoe nail, Z. Talbot                                         228,417
+Shoe support, rubber, J. G. Foreman                          228,338
+Shoulder brace, C. A. Williamson                             228,238
+Sign, flexible, F. Tuchfarber (r)                              9,223
+Skiving machine, W. S. Fitzgerald                            228,183
+Skylight, W. D. Smith                                        228,282
+Smoker's kit, T. V. Curtis                                   228,325
+Soap and other materials, apparatus for mixing,
+  W., Sr., W., Jr., & A. W. Cornwall                         228,320
+Soap, machine for mixing materials for making,
+  W., Sr., W., Jr., & A. W. Cornwall                         228,319
+Soap, process and apparatus for remelting, W., Jr.,
+  & A. W. Cornwall                                           228,321
+Soda water, apparatus for generating gas for, J. Collins     228,315
+Spark arrester, locomotive, D. P. Wright                     228,431
+Spool box, C. Tollner                                        228,289
+Stamp, hand, T. Berridge                                     228,243
+Stamp, postage, J. Macdonough                                228,365
+Steam engine, J. C. Miller                                   228,374
+Steam engine recorder, G. H. Crosby                          228,179
+Steam generator, N. Eaton                                    228,250
+Stove, A. C. Barstow                                         228,166
+Stove grate, J. Moore, Jr                                    228,266
+Stove, hay, Stocum & Merrill                                 228,287
+Stove, magazine, C. Seavor                                   228,401
+Surface gauge, F. J. Rabbeth                                 228,391
+Swarm catcher, J. W. Bailey                                  228,299
+Syringe attachment, S Turner                                 228,422
+Tackle or pulley block, T. R. Ferrall                        228,335
+Telephone, S. Russell                                        228,395
+Telephone circuit switch, G. L. Anders                       228,294
+Telephones, dental attachment for, H. G. Fiske               228,254
+Testing machine, T. Olsen                                    228,214
+Textile and other materials, machine for cutting,
+  A. Warth (r)                                                 9,232
+Textile fabrics, machine for cutting, A. Warth (r)             9,231
+Ticket holder, C. Scherich                                   228,280
+Ticket, railway, F. C. Nims                                  228,213
+Tobacco caddy, R. Finzer                                     228,182
+Tobacco hoisting apparatus, W. S. Guy                        228,342
+Tongs, pipe, S. Fawcett                                      228,333
+Toy, creeping, P. Von Erichsen                               228,231
+Treadle mechanism, D. S. Van Wyck                            228,424
+Treadle power machine, G. W. Ziegler                         228,432
+Tree protector, J. W. Richards                               228,393
+Trimmings, flitter for milliners', J. Lambert                228,363
+Tube machine, D. Appel                                       228,162
+Valve, balanced, E. D. Meier                                 228,210
+Vapor burner, W. H. Smith (r)                                  9,227
+Vehicle spring, H. M. Keith                                  228,360
+Vent for beer barrels, O. Zwietusch                          228,292
+Vessels, apparatus for unloading coal, etc., from,
+  Cooney & Swanston                                          228,317
+Vise and clamp, J. Brady                                     228,245
+Wagon, road, C. W. Saladee                                   228,397
+Wagon running gear, G. W. Burr                               228,311
+Wash boiler, O. Tilton                                       228,230
+Washing and wringing machine, combined, C. H. Wood           228,239
+Washing machine, J. B. Pettit                                228,272
+Water closets, flushing cistern for, S. G. McFarland         228,264
+Water heater, K. McDonald                                    228,208
+Water heater, fireplace, I. B. Potts                         228,388
+Whiffletree hook, E. Hanrahan                                228,345
+Windlass locking gear, Remington & Manton (r)                  9,233
+Windmill, A. H. Smith                                        228,283
+Window screen, R. Perrin                                     228,384
+Wire stretcher, H. Hemenway                                  228,350
+Wood bit, L. Thuston                                         228,421
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DESIGNS.
+
+Carpets, T. J. Stearns                              11,800 to 11,803
+Carriage door fender, M. Wiard                                11,805
+Coffin lid lifters, J. W. Rogers                              11,798
+Fringe for knitted fabrics, G. Upton                          11,804
+Funeral ornaments, J. W. Rogers                               11,799
+Key bow, G. S. Barkentin                                      11,794
+Medal batteries, Lewis & Brice                                11,796
+Pencil cases, L. W. Fairchild                                 11,795
+Statuary, group of, J. Rogers                                 11,797
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRADE MARKS.
+
+Cigars, E. Aschermann & Co                                     7,924
+Cigars, Giglio & Freschi                                       7,926
+Dry goods, Eddystone Manufacturing Co                   7,931, 7,933
+Flour, B. R. Pegram, Jr.                                7,727, 7,728
+Prints, Eddystone Manufacturing Company                        7,932
+Soap, C. Davis & Co                                            7,925
+Teas, table, Sanders & George                                  7,912
+Velocipedes, N. S. C. Perkins                                  7,929
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH PATENTS ISSUED TO AMERICANS.
+
+FROM MAY 25 TO JUNE 1, 1880, INCLUSIVE.
+
+Anthracite, obtaining, C. M. Warren, Norfolk, Mass.
+Burners and generators for hydrocarbons, E. G. Furber, New York city.
+Corsets, L. C. Warner, New York city.
+Engines, locomotive, W. P. Hauszey, Philadelphia, Pa.
+Filtering apparatus, G. H. Moore, Norwich, Conn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS
+
+
+INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION  - - - 75 CENTS A LINE.
+
+BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION - - - $1.00 A LINE.
+
+(About eight words to a line.)
+
+_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by
+measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received
+at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear in next
+issue._
+
+-->The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers a circulation
+of not less than 50,000 copies every weekly issue.
+
+
+_Fifth Edition Just Ready._
+
+THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL MACHINIST
+
+Embracing Lathe Work, Vise Work, Drills and Drilling,
+Taps and Dies, Hardening and Tempering, the Making
+and Use of Tools, etc., etc. By Joshua Rose. Illustrated
+by 130 engravings. Fifth edition, revised. In
+one vol., 12mo., 376 pages. Price $2.50 by mail, free of
+postage.
+
+CONTENTS: Chapter I. Lathe and Machine Tools.
+II. Cutting Speed and Feed. III. Boring Tools for Lathe
+Work. IV. Screw-cutting Tools. V. General Observations
+on Lathe Work. VI. Turning Eccentrics. VII.
+Hand Turning. VIII. Drilling in the Lathe. IX. Boring
+Bars. X. Laps. XI. Twist Drills. XII. Tool Steel.
+XIII. Taps and Dies. XIV. Vise-work Tools. XV.
+Fitting Connecting Rods. XVI. Milling Machines and
+Milling Tools. XVII. To Calculate the Speed of Wheels,
+Pulleys, etc. XVIII. The Slide Valve. XIX. How to
+Set a Slide Valve. XX. Pumps Index.
+
+We also publish:
+
+THE MODERN PRACTICE OF AMERICAN MACHINISTS
+AND ENGINEERS. By Egbert P. Watson. Illustrated
+by 86 engravings. 12mo, $2 50
+
+-->The above or any of our Books sent by mail, free
+of postage, at the publication price.
+
+Our new and enlarged CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL
+AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS--96 pages, 8vo--sent free to any
+one who will furnish his address.
+
+HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.,
+Industrial Publishers, Booksellers, and Importers,
+810 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
+
+
+FOR SALE,
+A full set of Patent Office Reports, from 1849 to 1872.
+Price $60. Apply to C. M. ALEXANDER, Washington, D. C.
+
+
+BAND SAWS
+AND
+PLANERS
+a specialty.
+
+C. Hodgkins & Son,
+Marlboro, N. H.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+1880                     1880
+PITTSBURGH EXPOSITION SOCIETY.
+THE FOURTH
+EXPOSITION AND FAIR
+Will open to the public Thursday, September 2, and remain
+open day and evening (Sundays excepted) until
+Saturday, October 9th, 1880.
+
+Blank forms of application for space, Prospectus, and
+Premium list may be had by addressing the secretary.
+
+Exhibitors are earnestly requested to make early application
+for space, thus enabling the managers to better
+arrange the whole Exhibition.
+
+New Machinery Hall; new Engine and Boilers.
+
+Manufacturers and Inventors should avail themselves
+of the unsurpassed facilities offered by this Exposition
+for the introduction of new machinery to the public.
+
+OFFICE, GERMANIA BANK BUILDING, 89 WOOD ST.
+P.O. BOX 895.
+
+E. P. YOUNG, I. C. PATTERSON,
+General Manager. Secretary.
+JOHN D. BAILEY, Asst. Manager and Cashier.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+-->SEND STAMP FOR CATALOGUE.
+TOOLS:
+TAPS & DIES
+VISES
+CHUCKS  TWIST DRILLS
+MACHINE SCREWS
+LATHES  FILES
+STUBS TOOLS & STEEL
+TALLMAN & McFADDEN--PHILADELPHIA.]
+
+
+CIGAR BOX LUMBER,
+
+MANUFACTURED BY OUR NEW PATENT PROCESS.
+
+THE BEST IN THE WORLD.
+
+SPANISH CEDAR,
+  MAHOGANY,
+    POPLAR
+
+ALSO THIN LUMBER OF ALL OTHER KINDS, 1/8 TO 1/2 IN., AT CORRESPONDING
+PRICES. ALL QUALITIES. EQUAL IN ALL RESPECTS TO
+ANY MADE, AND AT PRICES MUCH UNDER ANY TO BE OBTAINED
+OUTSIDE OF OUR ESTABLISHMENT. SEND FOR PRICE LIST.
+
+GEO. W. READ & CO.,
+186 TO 200 LEWIS STREET, N. Y.
+
+
+MOSQUITO CATCHER.
+
+WILL CLEAR YOUR ROOM IN A FEW MINUTES WITHOUT SMOKE,
+SOIL, OR GREASE. PRICE 50 CENTS. SEND FOR CIRCULAR. AGENTS
+WANTED EVERYWHERE. GOOD TERMS. L. T. JONES,
+166 LIGHT STREET, BALTIMORE, MD.
+
+
+ROOTS' NEW IRON BLOWER.
+
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+
+POSITIVE BLAST.
+IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED
+IS SIMPLER, AND HAS
+FEWER PARTS THAN ANY OTHER BLOWER.
+P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, MANUF'RS,
+CONNERSVILLE, IND.
+
+S. S. TOWNSEND, GEN. AGT., {6 CORTLANDT ST.,  }
+                           {8 DEY STREET,     } NEW
+WM. COOKE, SELLING AGT., 6 CORTLANDT STREET,  } YORK.
+JAS. BEGGS & CO., SELLING AGTS., 8 DEY STREET,}
+
+-->SEND FOR PRICED CATALOGUE.
+
+
+FOUR SIDED MOULDER, WITH OUTSIDE
+BEARING. WE MANUFACTURE 5 SIZES OF THESE MOULDERS.
+ALSO ENDLESS BED PLANERS,
+MORTISERS AND BORERS. TENONING
+MACHINES, SASH DOVETAILERS.
+BLIND RABBETING
+MACHINES. ALSO A LARGE
+VARIETY OF OTHER WOOD
+WORKING MACHINES.
+
+ADDRESS
+LEVI HOUSTON, MONTGOMERY, PA.
+
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+
+
+STEAM PUMPS.
+THE NORWALK IRON WORKS CO.,
+SOUTH NORWALK, CONN.
+
+
+THE BLAKE "LION AND EAGLE" CRUSHER,
+A patented improvement of the former "New Pattern" Blake machine.
+Has much greater efficiency than the old. It requires only about half
+the power to drive, and is transported at much less expense (the size
+most used weighing several thousand pounds less than the unimproved
+machine). It requires less than half the time in oiling and other
+manipulation, and less than half the expense for repairs. Address
+
+E. S. BLAKE & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
+Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers.
+
+[2 Illustrations]
+
+
+DELAMATER STEAM PUMPS
+For every variety of work
+WATERWORKS PUMPING ENGINES
+DELAMATER IRON WORKS
+Boiler Makers, Engine Builders,
+and Founders,
+
+Office, No. 10 CORTLANDT ST.,
+
+Works, Foot of W. 18th St., North River, New York.
+
+ESTABLISHED 1841.
+
+
+MODEL ENGINES
+
+Complete sets of CASTINGS
+for making small Model steam Engines
+11/2 in. bore, 3 in. stroke, price, $4;
+ditto 2 in. bore, 4 in. stroke,
+price, $10, same style as cut.
+Gear Wheels and Parts of Models.
+All kinds of Small Tools and Materials.
+Catalogue Free.
+GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN,
+176 Washington Street,
+Boston, Mass.
+
+
+STUTTERING CURED by Bates' Appliances. Send
+for description to SIMPSON & Co., Box 2236, New York.
+
+
+SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST.
+DRIVEN OR TUBE WELLS
+furnished to large consumers of Croton and Ridgewood
+Water. WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., 235 Broadway, N. Y.,
+who control the patent for Green's American Driven Well.
+
+
+THE DRIVEN WELL.
+Town and County privileges for making DRIVEN
+WELLS and selling Licenses under the established
+AMERICAN DRIVEN WELL PATENT, leased by the year
+to responsible parties, by
+
+WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO.,
+235 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
+
+
+ROOFING.
+For steep or flat roofs. Applied by ordinary workmen
+at one-third the cost of tin. Circulars and samples free.
+
+Agents Wanted. T. NEW, 32 John Street, New York.
+
+
+XX COT (NOT PAINTED, WHITE DUCK) $2.
+
+[Illustration: Painted Red, Brown Canvas and Fancy Bolster, $2.50.
+Painted Red, Striped Canvas and Fancy Bloster, $3.00.
+
+COT FOLDED
+XX CANVAS COT
+27 IN. WIDE
+MEAS. 1/2 CUBIC FT.]
+
+Makes a perfect bed. No mattress or pillows required.
+Better than a hammock, as it fits the body as pleasantly,
+and lies _straight_. Folded or opened instantly. Self-fastening.
+It is just the thing for hotels, offices, cottages, camp-meetings,
+sportsmen, etc. Good for the lawn, piazza, or
+"coolest place in the house." Splendid for invalids or children.
+Sent on receipt of price, or C. O. D. For 50 CTS.
+EXTRA, with order, I will prepay expressage to any railroad
+station east of Mississippi River and north of Mason
+and Dixon's line. For 75 CENTS, in Minnesota, Missouri,
+and Iowa.
+
+HERMON W. LADD, 108 FULTON ST., BOSTON;
+207 Canal St., New York; 165 North Second St.,
+Phila.; 94 Market St., Chicago. SEND FOR CIRCULARS.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+RUBBER BACK SQUARE PACKING,
+BEST IN THE WORLD
+
+[Illustration]
+
+FOR PACKING THE PISTON RODS AND VALVE STEMS OF STEAM ENGINES AND PUMPS.
+
+B represents that part of the packing which, when in use, is in contact
+with the Piston Rod.
+
+A the elastic back, which keeps the part B against the rod with
+sufficient pressure to be steam-tight, and yet creates but little
+friction.
+
+This Packing is made in lengths of about 20 feet, and of all sizes
+from 1/4 to 2 inches square.
+
+JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas. NEW YORK BELTING & PACKING CO.,
+37 & 38 Park Row, New York.
+
+
+JOHN R. WHITLEY & CO.
+
+European Representatives of American Houses, with
+First-class Agents in the principal industrial and agricultural
+centers and cities in Europe. London, 7 Poultry, E. C.
+Paris, 8 Place Vendome. Terms on application.
+J. R. W. & Co. purchase Paris goods on commission at
+shippers' discounts.
+
+
+STEAM HEATING APPARATUS
+LIGHTS PATENTS
+24 SIZES OF BOILERS RADIATION 28 PER
+CENT SUPERIOR TO ANY OTHER.
+ADDRESS: EUREKA STEAM HEATING CO.
+ROCHESTER, N. Y.
+
+
+GRAIN SPECULATION
+
+in large or small amounts. $25 or $25,000. Write
+W. T. SOULE & CO., Commission Merchants,
+130 La Salle St., CHICAGO. ILL., for Circulars.
+
+
+TELEPHONE
+Works 1 mile.
+Price $3.50. Pat'd.
+Circulars free. HOLCOMB & CO., Mallet Creek, Ohio.
+
+
+JOHNSON'S PATENT UNIVERSAL LATHE CHUCK.
+[Illustration]
+Lambertville Iron Works, Lambertville, N. J.
+
+
+GREEN HOUSE
+HEATING AND
+VENTILATING
+APPARATUS.
+
+BASE BURNING
+WATER HEATERS.
+
+For Small Conservatories.
+
+HITCHINGS & CO.,
+No. 233 Mercer Street,
+New York.
+
+
+POND'S TOOLS,
+
+Engine Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.
+
+DAVID W. POND, Worcester, Mass.
+
+
+LATHES, PLANERS SHAPERS
+
+Drills, Bolt and Gear Cutters, Milling Machines. Special
+Machinery. E. GOULD & EBERHARDT, Newark, N. J.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+COE BRASS MFG. CO.
+BRASS AND COPPER IN SHEETS.
+WIRE AND BLANKS.
+WOLCOTTVILLE, CONN.
+MATERIALS FOR METALLIC.
+AMMUNITION A SPECIALTY.]
+
+
+BUCKET PLUNGER STEAM PUMPS,
+FOR EVERY DUTY.
+BUCK VALLEY MACHINE CO.,
+EASTHAMPTON, MASS.
+
+
+GRISCOM & CO'S
+VALVE REFITTING MACHINE.
+[Illustration]
+POTTSVILLE,
+PA.
+
+
+STEEL CASTINGS
+
+From 1/4 to 15,000 lb. weight, true to pattern, of unequaled
+strength, toughness, and durability. 15,000 Crank Shafts
+and 10,000 Gear Wheels of this steel now running prove
+its superiority over all other Steel Castings. Send for
+circular and price list.
+CHESTER STEEL CASTINGS Co., 407 Library St., Phila, Pa.
+
+
+CARNEGIE BROS & CO
+UNION IRON MILLS
+PITTSBURGH PA.
+
+WROUGHT IRON BEAMS
+CHANNELS TEES & ANGLES
+
+The attention of Architects, Engineers, and Builders
+is called to the great decline in prices of wrought
+STRUCTURAL IRON.
+
+It is believed that, were owners fully aware of the small
+difference in cost which now exists between iron and
+wood, the former, in many cases, would be adopted,
+thereby saving _insurance_ and avoiding all risk of _interruption_
+to _business_ in consequence of fire. Book of detailed
+information furnished to Architects, Engineers,
+and Builders, on application.
+
+
+ALAND'S
+Silent Injector,
+Blower & Exhauster.
+Apply to
+S. ALAND,
+Rome, Oneida
+Co., N. Y.
+[Illustration]
+
+
+WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY,
+Such as Woodworth Planing, Tonguing, and Grooving
+Machines, Daniel's Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved
+Tenon Machines, Mortising, Moulding, and
+Re-Saw Machines. Eastman's Pat. Miter Machines, and
+Wood-Working Machinery generally. Manufactured by
+WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON,
+26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass.
+(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL & CO.)
+
+
+SHAFTS, PULLEYS, HANGERS, ETC.
+Full assortment in store for immediate delivery.
+WM. SELLERS & CO.,
+79 Liberty Street, New York.
+
+
+PORTER MANUF'G CO.
+[Illustration]
+[Illustration: The New Economizer Boiler]
+The New Economizer,
+the only Agricultural Engine with Return Flue
+Boiler in use.
+Send for circular to
+PORTER MFG. Co., Limited,
+Syracuse, N. Y.
+G. G. YOUNG, Gen. Agt., 42 Cortland St., New York.
+
+
+FORSTER'S ROCK & ORE BREAKER AND COMBINED CRUSHER AND PULVERIZER.
+
+[Illustration]
+_The simplest machine ever devised for the purpose._
+Parties who have used it constantly for six years testify that it
+will do _double_ the work of _any other Crusher_, with one-third
+the Power, and one-half the expense for keeping in repair.
+The smaller sizes can be run with Horse Power.
+Address TOTTEN & CO., Pittsburgh Pa.
+
+
+STEAM PUMPS.
+
+HENRY R. WORTHINGTON.
+
+239 BROADWAY, N. Y.
+83 WATER ST., BOSTON.
+709 MARKET ST., ST. LOUIS, MO.
+
+THE WORTHINGTON PUMPING ENGINES FOR WATER
+WORKS--Compound, Condensing or Non-Condensing.
+Used in over 100 Water-Works Stations.
+
+WORTHINGTON STEAM PUMPS of all sizes and for all
+purposes.
+
+PRICES BELOW THOSE OF ANY
+OTHER STEAM PUMP IN
+THE MARKET.
+
+WATER METERS. OIL METERS.
+
+
+KNOW THYSELF.
+
+The untold miseries that result
+from indiscretion in early life
+may be alleviated and cured.
+Those who doubt this assertion
+should purchase the new medical
+work published by the PEABODY
+MEDICAL INSTITUTE, Boston,
+entitled THE SCIENCE OF
+LIFE; or, SELF-PRESERVATION.
+Exhausted vitality,
+nervous and physical debility, or
+vitality impaired by the errors of
+youth, or too close application to business,
+may be restored and manhood regained.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Two hundredth edition, revised and enlarged, just
+published. It is a standard medical work, the best in
+the English language, written by a physician of great
+experience, to whom was awarded a gold and jeweled
+medal by the National Medical Association. It contains
+beautiful and very expensive engravings. Three
+hundred pages, more than 50 valuable prescriptions for
+all forms of prevailing disease, the result of many years
+of extensive and successful practice, either one of
+which is worth ten times the price of the book. Bound
+in French cloth; price only $1, sent by mail, postpaid.
+
+The London Lancet says: "No person should be
+without this valuable book. The author is a noble
+benefactor."
+
+An illustrated sample sent to all on receipt of 6 cents
+for postage.
+
+The author refers, by permission, to Hon. P. A. BISSELL, M.D.,
+prest. of the National Medical Association.
+Address Dr. W. H. PARKER, No. 4
+Bulfinch Street, Boston, Mass. The
+author may be consulted on all diseases
+requiring skill and experience.
+
+HEAL THYSELF
+
+
+EXTRA BARGAINS.
+
+Town rights, $10; county, $25. Best novelty yet manufactured.
+If you want to make money, address, with stamp,
+J. H. MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+CARY & MOEN
+STEEL WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION
+& STEEL SPRINGS.
+234 W. 29. ST., NEW YORK CITY]
+
+
+"THE 1876 INJECTOR."
+Simple, Durable, and Reliable. Requires no special
+valves. Send for illustrated circular.
+WM. SELLERS & CO., Phila.
+
+
+[Illustration: PATENTS.]
+CAVEATS, COPYRIGHTS, LABEL
+REGISTRATION, ETC.
+
+Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication
+of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to examine
+Improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for
+Inventors.
+
+In this line of business they have had OVER THIRTY
+YEARS' EXPERIENCE, and now have _unequaled facilities_
+for the Preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications,
+and the Prosecution of Applications for Patents in the
+United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs.
+Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats,
+Registration of Labels, Copyrights for Books, Labels,
+Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements
+of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done
+with special care and promptness, on very moderate
+terms.
+
+We send free of charge, on application, a pamphlet
+containing further information about Patents and how
+to procure them; directions concerning Labels, Copyrights,
+Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements,
+Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale
+of Patents, etc.
+
+_Foreign Patents_.--We also send, _free of charge_, a
+Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and
+method of securing patents in all the principal countries
+of the world. American inventors should bear in
+mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable
+to the patentee in this country is worth equally as
+much in England and some other foreign countries.
+Five patents--embracing Canadian, English, German,
+French, and Belgian--will secure to an inventor the exclusive
+monopoly to his discovery among about ONE
+HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLIONS of the most intelligent
+people in the world. The facilities of business and
+steam communication are such that patents can be obtained
+abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at
+home. The expense to apply for an English patent is
+$75; German, $100; French, $100; Belgian, $100; Canadian, $50.
+
+_Copies of Patents_.--Persons desiring any patent
+issued from 1836 to November 20, 1866, can be supplied
+with official copies at reasonable cost, the price depending
+upon the extent of drawings and length of
+specifications.
+
+Any patent issued since November 20, 1866, at which
+time the Patent Office commenced printing the drawings
+and specifications, may be had by remitting to
+this office $1.
+
+A copy of the claims of any patent issued since 1836
+will be furnished for $1.
+
+When ordering copies, please to remit for the same
+as above, and state name of patentee, title of invention,
+and date of patent.
+
+A pamphlet, containing full directions for obtaining
+United States patents sent free. A handsomely bound
+Reference Book, gilt edges, contains 140 pages and
+many engravings and tables important to every patentee
+and mechanic, and is a useful handbook of reference
+for everybody. Price 25 cents, mailed free.
+
+Address MUNN & CO.,
+Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
+37 Park Row, New York.
+
+_BRANCH OFFICE--Corner of F and 7th Streets,
+Washington, D. C._
+
+
+THE HOLLY SYSTEM OF STEAM HEATING
+FOR CITIES AND VILLAGES. HOLLY STEAM COMBINATION CO. LIMITED.
+LOCKPORT N. Y.
+SEE ILLUSTRATED AD. IN LAST NUMBER.
+
+
+THE ASBESTOS PACKING CO.,
+Miners and Manufacturers of Asbestos,
+BOSTON, MASS.,
+OFFER FOR SALE:
+PATENTED ASBESTOS ROPE     PACKING,
+    "        "    LOOSE       "
+    "        "    JOURNAL     "
+    "        "    WICK        "
+    "        "    MILL BOARD,
+    "        "    SHEATHING PAPER,
+    "        "    FLOORING FELT.
+    "        "    CLOTH.
+
+
+COLUMBIA BICYCLE.
+
+A practical road machine. Indorsed
+by the medical profession as the most
+healthful of outdoor sports. Send 3
+cent stamp for 24 page catalogue, with
+price list and full information, or 10
+cents for catalogue and copy of _The
+Bicycling World_.
+
+THE POPE M'F'G CO.,
+89 Summer Street, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+MACHINISTS' TOOLS.
+NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS.
+Send for new illustrated catalogue.
+Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c,
+NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO.,
+New Haven, Conn.
+
+
+H. W. JOHNS'
+ASBESTOS
+
+LIQUID PAINTS, ROOFING, BOILER COVERINGS,
+Steam Packing, Sheathings, Fireproof Coatings, Cements,
+SEND FOR SAMPLES, ILLUSTRATED PAMPHLET, AND PRICE LIST.
+H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y.
+
+
+THE GEORGE PLACE MACHINERY AGENCY
+Machinery of Every Description
+121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.
+
+
+THE WATSON PUMP, FOR ARTESIAN, OR DEEPWELL PUMPING,
+PISTON ROD, PLUNGER & WELL ROD IN DIRECT LINE MACHINE
+SIMPLE, EFFICIENT.
+JAMES WATSON, 1508 S. FRONT ST., PHILA.
+
+
+DIES FOR EVERY PURPOSE.
+STILES & PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Ct.
+
+
+BI-SULPHIDE OF CARBON.
+E. R. TAYLOR,
+Cleveland, O.
+
+
+ICE-HOUSE AND REFRIGERATOR.--
+Directions and Dimensions for construction, with one
+illustration of cold house for preserving fruit from
+season to season. The air is kept dry and pure throughout
+the year at a temperature of 34 deg. to 36 deg.. Contained
+in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, 116. Price 10 cents.
+To be had at this office and of all newsdealers.
+
+
+BEECHER & PECK,
+Successors of MILO PECK, Manufacturers of
+PECK'S PATENT DROP PRESS,
+Regular sizes. Hammer
+from 50 to 2,570 Lb. Special
+attention given to making
+of Drop Dies, Drop and Machine
+Forgings.
+
+New Haven, Conn.
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+
+
+17--STOP ORGANS
+Sub-bass and Oct. Coupler, box'd and ship'd only $97.75.
+New Pianos, $195 to $1,600. Before you buy an
+instrument be sure to see my Mid-summer offer, illustrated,
+free. Address Daniel F. Beatty, Washington, N. J.
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+
+INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION  - - - 75 CENTS A LINE.
+BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION - - - $1.00 A LINE.
+(About eight words to a line.)
+
+_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate
+per line, by measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements
+must be received at publication office as early
+as Thursday morning to appear in next issue._
+
+-->The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers
+a circulation of not less than 50,000 copies every
+weekly issue.
+
+
+FOR SALE.--PLYMOUTH MACHINE
+Works, Engine, and Saw Mill. Patterns on hand. Locality
+good. For particulars, call on or address the works.
+Plymouth Machine Works, Plymouth, Richland Co., O.
+
+
+FIRE BRICK, TILE AND CLAY RETORTS ALL SHAPES
+BORGNER & O'BRIEN
+23rd ST, ABOVE RACE, PHILADELPHIA.
+
+
+HOLLY'S IMPROVED WATER WORKS.
+
+Direct Pumping Plan. Advantages: 1. Secures by
+variable pressure a more reliable water supply for all
+purposes. 2. Less cost for construction. 3. Less cost
+for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply for all
+use of Holly's Improved Pumping Machinery. 5. Affords
+the best fire protection in the world. 6. Largely
+reduces insurance risks and premiums. 7. Dispenses
+with fire engines, in whole or in part. 8. Reduces fire
+department expenses. For information, address the
+HOLLY MANUFACTURING CO., Lockport, N. Y.,
+Or PARK BENJAMIN & BRO., Gen. Agents,
+
+49 and 50 Astor House, N. Y. City.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Established 1844.
+
+JOSEPH C. TODD,
+
+Successor to TODD & RAFFERTY,
+
+PATERSON, N. J.,
+
+Engineer and Machinist.
+
+Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum,
+and Bagging Machinery. Steam Engines,
+Boilers, etc. Sole Agent for
+Mayher's New Patent Acme Steam
+Engine and Force Pumps combined.
+Also owner and exclusive manufacturer
+of
+
+THE NEW
+BAXTER PATENT PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE.
+
+These engines are admirably adapted to all kinds of
+light power for driving printing presses, pumping water,
+sawing wood, grinding coffee, ginning cotton, and all
+kinds of agricultural and mechanical purposes, and are
+furnished at the following low prices:
+
+1 Horse Power, $150 | 11/2 Horse Power, $190
+2 Horse Power,  245 | 21/2 Horse Power,  275
+3 Horse Power.  290 | 4  Horse Power,  350
+
+Send for descriptive circular. Address
+J. C. TODD,
+PATERSON, N. J.
+Or No. 10 Barclay St., New York.
+
+
+EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDING MACHINES.
+
+[Illustration:
+EX INUTILI UTILITAS
+TANITE
+TRADE MARK]
+
+THE TANITE CO.,
+Stroudsburg, Monroe County, Pa.
+
+Orders may be directed to us at any of the following addresses,
+at each of which we carry a stock:
+
+London, Eng., 9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C.
+Liverpool, Eng., 42, The Temple, Dale St.
+Sydney, N. S. W., 11 Pitt St.
+San Francisco, 2 and 4 California St.
+Chicago, 152 and 154 Lake St.
+St. Louis, 209 North Third St.
+ "   "  811 to 819 North Second St.
+Cincinnati, 212 West Second St.
+Indianapolis, Corner Maryland and Delaware Sts.
+Louisville, 427 West Main St.
+Nashville, 28 West Side Public Square.
+New Orleans, 26 Union St.
+
+
+THE NEW YORK ICE MACHINE COMPANY,
+  21 COURTLANDT STREET, ROOM 54.
+Low Pressure Binary Absorption System.
+
+Advantages over other Machines.
+
+Makes 25 per cent. more Ice. Uses only 1/4 water of condensation.
+No Pressure at rest. Pressure in running,
+14 pounds. Self-lubricating. No Leaks, non-inflammable.
+No action on Metals. Easy Attendance.
+
+
+WM. A. HARRIS.
+
+PROVIDENCE, R. I. (PARK STREET),
+
+Six minutes walk West from station.
+Original and Only builder of the
+HARRIS-CORLISS ENGINE
+With Harris' Patented Improvements,
+from 10 to 1,000 H.P.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+THE BAKER BLOWER.
+Centennial Judges Report.
+
+"Good Design and Material. Very
+efficient in action. With the special advantages
+that they can  be connected
+for motion directly with engine without
+the use of gearing or belting."
+
+SEND FOR CATALOGUE.
+
+WILBRAHAM BROS.
+No. 2318 Frankford Avenue,
+PHILADELPHIA, PA.
+
+
+BOILER COVERINGS,
+Plastic Cement and Hair Felt, with or without the
+Patent "AIR SPACE" Method.
+ASBESTOS MATERIALS,
+Made from pure Italian Asbestos, in fiber, mill board, and
+round packing. THE CHALMERS-SPENCE CO.,
+40 John Street, and Foot of E. 9th Street, New York.
+
+
+TELEGRAPH and Electrical Supplies.
+Send for Catalogue.
+C. E. JONES & BRO., CINCINNATI, O.
+
+
+WOOD SOLE SHOES.
+
+The cheapest, most durable,
+warm, good looking, and thoroughly
+waterproof shoe. Particularly
+adapted to Brewers,
+Miners, and all classes of laborers.
+Send stamp for circular
+and price list.
+
+CHAS. W. COPELAND,
+122 Summer St., Boston, Mass.
+
+
+BUY NO BOOTS OR SHOES
+
+Unless the soles are protected from wear by _Goodrich's
+Bessemer Steel Rivets. Guaranteed to outwear any other
+sole._ All dealers sell these boots. Taps by mail for 50
+cents in stamps. Send paper pattern of size wanted.
+H. C. GOODRICH, 19 Church St., Worcester, Mass.
+
+
+SPY Glasses, Field & Opera Glasses, MICROSCOPES,
+McALLISTER Magnifying Glasses. Circulars free.
+Mfg Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+PAINTERS attention: send for circulars.
+etc. of my latest Metallic Plates for graining
+oak, walnut, chestnut, ash, etc., in the
+most rapid and excellent manner, no skill
+required. J. J. CALLOW. Cleveland. O.
+
+
+HARTFORD
+STEAM BOILER
+Inspection & Insurance
+COMPANY.
+
+W. B. FRANKLIN, V. Pres't, J. M. ALLEN, Pres't.
+J. B. PIERCE, Sec'y.
+
+
+THE RODIER PATENT SINGLE IRON PLANE.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Made of extra quality iron. A practical labor saving tool.
+Cuts against the grain equally as well as with it. Can be
+adjusted instantly to cut a coarse or fine shaving, and
+excels any double iron plane ever produced.
+Address LAFLIN MANUFACTURING CO.,
+North Elm Street, Westfield, Mass.
+
+
+PYROMETERS,
+
+For showing heat of
+Ovens, Hot Blast Pipes,
+Boiler Flues. Superheated Steam, Oil Stills, etc.
+HENRY W. BULKLEY, Sole Manufacturer,
+149 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+
+THE MACKINNON PEN OR FLUID PENCIL.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Particulars mailed Free.
+MACKINNON PEN CO.,
+200 Broadway, near Fulton St., N. Y.
+
+
+FRIEDMANN'S PATENT INJECTOR,
+The best
+BOILER FEEDER
+In the world.
+Simple, Reliable, and Effective.
+40,000 IN ACTUAL USE.
+NATHAN & DREYFUS,
+Sole Manufacturers, NEW YORK.
+Send for Descriptive Catalogue.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE BACKUS WATER MOTOR]
+
+SUPPLIES FROM HYDRANT PRESSURE
+the cheapest power known.
+Invaluable for blowing Church Organs, running
+Printing Presses, _Sewing Machines in Households_,
+Turning Lathes, Scroll Saws, Grindstones, Coffee Mills,
+Sausage Machines, Feed Cutters, _Electric Lights_,
+Elevators, etc. It needs little room, no firing
+up, fuel, ashes, repairs, engineer, explosion, or delay,
+no extra insurance, no coal bills. Is noiseless, neat,
+compact, steady; will work at any pressure of water
+above 15 lb.; at 40 lb. pressure has 4-horse power, and
+capacity up to 6 or 8 horse power.
+Prices from $15 to $250. Send for circular to
+THE BACKUS WATER MOTOR CO., Newark, N. J.
+
+
+PICTET ARTIFICIAL ICE CO., LIMITED,
+P.O. Box 3083.
+142 Greenwich St., New York.
+Guaranteed to be the most efficient
+and economical of all existing
+Ice and Cold Air Machines.
+
+
+MICROSCOPES, OPERA GLASSES, SPY
+Glasses, Spectacles, Thermometers, Barometers,
+Compasses.
+R. & J. BECK,
+Manufacturing Opticians, Philadelphia, Pa.
+Send for ILLUSTRATED PRICED CATALOGUE.
+
+
+J. STEVENS & CO.,
+P.O. Box 28, Chicopee Falls, Mass.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Manufacturers of Stevens' Patent Breech-Loading
+Sporting and Hunters' Pet Rifles,
+Single and Double Barrel Shot Guns,
+Pocket Rifles, Pocket Shot Guns, Gallery
+Rifles, Superior Spring Calipers and Dividers,
+including the New Patent Coil Spring
+Calipers: also Double Lip Countersinks and
+Hathaways' Patent Combination Gauge.
+
+
+MILL STONES AND CORN MILLS.
+
+We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines,
+Packers, Mill Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and
+Gearing specially adapted to Flour Mills. Send for
+catalogue.
+
+J. T. NOYE & SONS, Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+PATENT COLD ROLLED SHAFTING.]
+
+The fact that this shafting has 75 per cent. greater
+strength, a finer finish, and is truer to gauge, than any
+other in use renders it undoubtedly the most economical.
+We are also the sole manufacturers of the CELEBRATED
+COLLINS' PAT. COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers,
+etc., of the most approved styles. Price list mailed on
+application to JONES & LAUGHLINS,
+Try Street, 2d and 3d Avenues, Pittsburg, Pa.
+190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill.
+
+-->Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by
+FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass.
+Geo. Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., N. Y.
+
+
+LEFFEL WATER WHEELS,
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With recent improvements.
+Prices Greatly Reduced.
+8000 in successful operation.
+FINE NEW PAMPHLET FOR 1879,
+Sent free to those interested.
+
+James Leffel & Co,
+Springfield, O.
+110 Liberty St., N. Y. City.
+
+
+A PLANING MILL OUTFIT FOR SALE
+very low for cash. Will sell all together or each machine
+separate. All first-class machines, good order.
+J. H. KERRICK & CO., Indianapolis, Ind.
+
+
+BOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC MILLS
+--For grinding Bones, Ores, Sand, Old Crucibles,
+Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, Corn and
+Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, Spices,
+Coffee, Cocoanut, Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica etc.,
+and whatever cannot be ground by other mills.
+Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc.
+JOHN W. THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS,
+corner of White and Elm Sts., New York.
+
+
+$3 PRINTING PRESS
+
+[Illustration: The Excelsior]
+
+Print cards labels &c. (Self-inker $5) 13 larger sizes
+For business or pleasure, young or old. Do your own advertising
+and printing. Catalogue of presses, type, cards,
+&c., for 2 stamps. Kelsey & Co. Meriden, Conn.
+
+
+HEKTOGRAPH
+Patents for the process of Dry Copying have been issued to us, dated May
+18 and June 1, 1880. The Hektograph is now the only gelatine copying pad
+which can be used without infringing.
+All infringements will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.
+HEKTOGRAPH CO., 23 and 24 Church Street, New York.
+
+
+THE TANITE CO.,
+
+STROUDSBURG, PA.
+EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS.
+
+LONDON--9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C.
+LIVERPOOL--42 The Temple, Dale St.
+
+
+WOOD WORKING MACHINERY.
+PLANNING, MATCHING, MOLDING, MORTISING,
+TENONING, CARVING, MACHINES.
+BAND & SCROLL SAWS
+UNIVERSAL
+AND
+VARIETY WOOD WORKERS, &c &c.
+J. A. FAY & CO.
+CINCINNATI, O., U. S. A.
+
+
+Metallic Shingles
+
+Make the most DURABLE and ORNAMENTAL ROOF
+in the world. Send for descriptive circular and new
+prices to
+
+IRON CLAD MANUFACTURING CO.,
+
+22 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK.
+
+
+SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED
+$50 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe.
+
+Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses,
+Scrolls, Circular and Band Saws, Saw
+Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist
+Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc. Send for
+catalogue of outfits for amateurs or
+artisans.
+
+H. L. SHEPARD & CO.,
+331, 333, 335. & 337 West Front Street,
+Cincinnati, Ohio.
+
+
+WANTED.--FIRST-CLASS PARTIES IN
+cities to sell Wing's Fan Ventilators. A great success.
+Rare chance to make money. See SCI. AM., Jan. 31, 1880,
+or send for pamphlets, etc. L. J. WING, or THE SIMONDS
+MFG. CO., 50 Cliff Street, New York.
+
+
+CENTENNIAL AND PARIS MEDALS.
+
+Mason's Friction Clutches and Elevators.
+
+"New and Improved Patterns."
+VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Providence, R. I., U. S. A.
+
+
+BROWN'S PAT. SPLIT PULLEYS
+Shafts, Hangers,
+
+At low prices. Largest assortment. A. & F.
+BROWN, 57, 59, & 61 Lewis St., New York.
+
+
+[Illustration: PROSPECTUS]
+
+OF THE
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+FOR 1880.
+
+THE MOST POPULAR SCIENTIFIC PAPER IN THE WORLD.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VOLUME XLIII. NEW SERIES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ONLY $3.20 A YEAR, INCLUDING POSTAGE. WEEKLY.
+52 NUMBERS A YEAR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THIS WIDELY CIRCULATED and splendidly illustrated paper is published
+weekly. Every number contains sixteen pages of useful information,
+and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and
+discoveries, representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery,
+New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures, Chemistry,
+Electricity, Telegraphy, Photography, Architecture, Agriculture,
+Horticulture, Natural History, etc.
+
+ALL CLASSES OF READERS find in THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN a popular
+_resume_ of the best scientific information of the day; and it is the
+aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form, avoiding
+as much as possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind, this
+journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading. It Is
+promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it
+circulates.
+
+TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.--One copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be
+sent for _one year_--52 numbers--postage prepaid, to any subscriber
+in the United States or Canada, on receipt of THREE DOLLARS AND TWENTY
+CENTS by the publishers; six months, $1.60; three months, $1.00.
+
+CLUBS.--ONE EXTRA COPY of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied
+gratis _for every club of five subscribers_ at $3.20 each; additional
+copies at same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid.
+
+One copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and one copy of THE SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT will be sent for one year, postage prepaid, to
+any subscriber in the United States or Canada, on receipt of _seven
+dollars_ by the publishers.
+
+The safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft, or Express. Money
+carefully placed inside of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly
+addressed, seldom goes astray, but is at the sender's risk. Address
+all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable to
+
+MUNN & CO.,
+37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
+
+TO FOREIGN SUBSCRIBERS.--Under the facilities of the Postal Union,
+the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is now sent by post direct from New York, with
+regularity, to subscribers in Great Britain, India, Australia, and all
+other British colonies; to France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Russia,
+and all other European States; Japan, Brazil, Mexico, and all States
+of Central and South America. Terms, when sent to foreign countries,
+Canada excepted, $4, gold, for SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 1 year; $9, gold,
+for both SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and Supplement for 1 year. This includes
+postage, which we pay. Remit by postal order or draft to order of Munn
+& Co, 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS.
+ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard
+Sts., Philadelphia, and 50 Gold St. New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+
+_x_ indicates italic script.
+
+Some archaic (Early American) spellings have been retained.
+
+
+Flour, B. R. Pegram, Jr. ... 7,727, 7,728
+
+7,727, 7,728 are as printed.
+
+(TRADE MARKS.)
+
+
+Error
+
+'pecularities' corrected to 'peculiarities'
+"The distinctive peculiarities of this steamer are the very high
+steam pressure that she carries--..."
+
+(Article 5: 'A REMARKABLE LITTLE STEAMER.')
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No.
+1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ***
+
+***** This file should be named 38482.txt or 38482.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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