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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition,
+Volume 5, Appendix, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Appendix
+ Author List
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: August 21, 2010 [EBook #33477]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYC. BRITANNICA, VOL 5, APPENDIX ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ THE
+ ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
+
+ ELEVENTH EDITION
+
+
+
+
+ FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771.
+ SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784.
+ THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797.
+ FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810.
+ FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817.
+ SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824.
+ SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842.
+ EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860.
+ NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889.
+ TENTH " ninth edition and eleven
+ supplementary volumes, 1902-1903.
+ ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.
+
+
+
+
+ COPYRIGHT
+ in all countries subscribing to the
+ Bern Convention
+
+ by
+ THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
+ of the
+ UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
+
+ _All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+ THE
+ ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
+
+ A
+ DICTIONARY
+ OF
+ ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL
+ INFORMATION
+
+ ELEVENTH EDITION
+
+ VOLUME V
+
+ CALHOUN to CHATELAINE
+
+
+ New York
+ Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
+ 342 Madison Avenue
+
+
+ Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
+ by
+ The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.
+
+
+
+
+INITIALS USED IN VOLUME V. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1]
+WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.
+
+
+A. Bo.*
+ AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L.
+ Professor of Canon Law at the Catholic University of Paris.
+ Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste Contemporain_.
+
+ Canon Law: _General_;
+ Cardinal.
+
+
+A. C. S.
+ ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.
+ See the biographical article, SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES.
+
+ Chapman George (_in part_).
+
+
+A. E. H.
+ A. E. HOUGHTON.
+ Formerly Correspondent of The _Standard_ in Spain. Author of
+ _Restoration of the Bourbons in Spain_.
+
+ Camacho;
+ Canovas del Castillo;
+ Castelar y Ripoll.
+
+
+A. E. S.
+ ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S.
+ Fellow, Tutor and Lecturer of Christ's College, Cambridge.
+ University Reader in Zoology. Formerly University Lecturer on the
+ Advanced Morphology of the Invertebrata. Author of _Zoology of
+ the Invertebrata_. Editor of the Pitt Press _Natural Science
+ Manuals_, &c.
+
+ Chaetognatha;
+ Chaetosomatida.
+
+
+A. Go.*
+ REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.
+ Lecturer in Church History at the University of Manchester.
+
+ Carranza.
+
+
+A. H. J. G.
+ ABEL HENDY JONES GREENIDGE, D.LITT. (Oxon.), (d. 1905).
+ Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of
+ St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Infamia in Roman Law_;
+ _Handbook of Greek Constitutional History_; _Roman Public Life,
+ History of Rome_. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History_,
+ 133-70 B.C.
+
+ Censor: _Ancient_.
+
+
+A. H. S.
+ REV. ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, D.LITT., LL.D.
+ See the biographical article, SAYCE, A. H.
+
+Caria.
+
+
+A. J. G.
+ REV. ALEXANDER JAMES GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.
+ Professor of New Testament and Church History at the United
+ Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras
+ University and Member of Mysore Educational Service.
+
+ Catechism;
+ Calvin (_in part_).
+
+
+A. L.
+ ANDREW LANG.
+ See the biographical article, LANG, ANDREW.
+
+ Casket Letters.
+
+
+A. Lo.
+ AUGUSTE LONGNON.
+ Professor at the College de France. Director of the Ecole des
+ hautes etudes. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Member of the
+ Institute. Author of _Livre des vassaux du Comte de Champagne et
+ de Brie_; _Geographie de la Gaule au VI siecle_; _Atlas historique
+ de la France depuis Cesar jusqu'a nos jours_; &c.
+
+ Champagne.
+
+
+A. M. C.
+ AGNES MARY CLERKE.
+ See the biographical article, CLERKE, A. M.
+
+ Cassini.
+
+
+A. M. Cl.
+ AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS WILDE).
+ Late Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint-author of
+ _Sources of Roman History_, 133-70 B.C.
+
+ Centumviri.
+
+
+A. N.
+ ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.
+ See the biographical article, NEWTON, ALFRED.
+
+ Canary;
+ Capercally.
+
+
+A. P. C.
+ ARTHUR PHILEMON COLEMAN. F.R.S.
+ Professor of Geology, University of Toronto.
+
+ Canada: _Geography_.
+
+
+A. P. H.
+ ALFRED PETER HILLIER, M.D., M.P.
+ Author of _South African Studies_; _The Commonweal_; &c. Served in
+ Kaffir War, 1878-1879. Partner with Dr L. S. Jameson in medical
+ practice in South Africa till 1096. Member of Reform Committee,
+ Johannesburg, and Political Prisoner at Pretoria, 1895-1896. M.P.
+ for Hitchin division of Herts, 1910.
+
+ Cape Colony: S _History_ (_in part_).
+
+
+A. SI.
+ ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P.
+ Member of Council of Epidemiological Society. Author of _The
+ London Water-Supply_; _Industrial Efficiency_; _Drink, Temperante
+ and Legislation_.
+
+ Cancer.
+
+
+A. S. C.
+ ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.
+ Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908. Took
+ part in organization of the Textile Manufacturers' Section, St
+ Louis Exhibition, 1904. Author of _Ancient Needle Point and Pillow
+ Lace_; _Embroidery and Lace_; _Ornament in European Silks_;&c.
+
+ Carpet.
+
+
+A. V. De P.
+ A. VAN DE PUT.
+ Assistant, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Author of
+ _Hispano-Moresque Ware of the XV. Century_; _The Aragonese
+ Double-Crown and the Borja or Borgia Device_.
+
+ Ceramics: S _Hispano-Moresque._
+
+
+A. Wa.
+ ARTHUR WAUGH, M.A.
+ Managing Director of Chapman & Hall, Ltd., Publishers. Formerly
+ literary adviser to Kegan Paul & Co. Author of _Alfred Lord
+ Tennyson_; _Legends of the Wheel_; _Robert Browning_ in
+ "Westminster Biographies." Editor of Johnson's _Lives of the
+ Poets_.
+
+ Calverley, C. S.
+
+
+A. W. H.*
+ ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.
+ Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
+ Gray's Inn, 1900.
+
+ Charlemagne.
+
+
+A. Z.
+ ALICE ZIMMERN.
+ Author of _Methods of Education in the United States_; _The
+ Renaissance of Girls' Education in England_; _Women's Suffrage in
+ Many Lands_; &c.
+
+ Carpenter, Mary.
+
+
+B. Bl.
+ BERTRAM BLOUNT, F.C.S., F.I.C.
+ Consulting Chemist to the Crown Agents for the Colonies. Hon.
+ President, Cement Section of International Association for Testing
+ Materials, Buda-Pesth. Author of _Practical Electro-Chemistry_.
+
+ Cement.
+
+
+B. Ra.
+ BERNARD RACKHAM, M.A.
+ Assistant, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.
+
+ Ceramics: S _German, Dutch and Scandinavian._
+
+
+C.F.A.
+ CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.
+ Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of
+ London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold
+ Harbour_.
+
+ Castle (_in part_).
+
+
+C. F. C.
+ C. F. CROSS., B.SC. (Lond.), F.C.S., F.I.C.
+ Analytical and Consulting Chemist.
+
+ Cellulose.
+
+
+C. J. J.
+ CHARLES JASPER JOLY, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (1864-1906).
+ Royal Astronomer of Ireland and Andrews Professor of Astronomy in
+ the University of Dublin, 1897-1906. Fellow of Trinity College,
+ Dublin. Secretary of the Royal Irish Academy.
+
+ Camera Lucida;
+ Camera Obscura (_in Part_).
+
+
+C. L.
+ H. CALDWELL LIPSETT.
+ Formerly Editor of the _Civil and Military Gazette_, Lahore,
+ India. Author of _Lord Curzon in India; &c._
+
+ Ceylon (_in part_).
+
+
+C. Pf.
+ CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D-ES-L.
+ Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
+ Honour. Author of _Etudes sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_.
+
+ Capitulary; Carolingians; Charibert; Charles Martel.
+
+
+C. R. B.
+ CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT.
+ Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham.
+ Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. University Lecturer in
+ the History of Geography. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; _The
+ Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.
+
+ Cam, Diogo;
+ Carpini (_in part_);
+ Chang Chun.
+
+
+C. S. L.
+ CHARLES STEWART LOCH, D.C.L. (Oxford), LL.D. (ST ANDREWS).
+ Secretary to the Council of the London Charity Organization
+ Society since 1875. Member of the Royal Commission on the Poor
+ Laws. Dunkin Trust Lecturer, Manchester College, Oxford, 1896 and
+ 1902. Vice-President, Royal Statistical Society,
+ 1894-1895-1897-1901. Author of _Charity Organization_; _Old Age
+ Pensions and Pauperism_; _Methods of Social Advance_; &c.
+
+ Charity and Charities.
+
+
+D. E. J.
+ REV. D. E. JENKINS.
+ Calvinistic Methodist Minister, Denbigh. Author of _Life of Lewis
+ Charles Edwards of Bala_.
+
+ Calvinistic Methodists;
+ Charles, Thomas.
+
+
+D. F. T.
+ DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY.
+ Author of _Essays in Musical Analysis_: comprising _The Classical
+ Concerto_, _The Goldberg Variations_, and analyses of many other
+ classical works.
+
+ Cantata.
+
+
+D. G. H.
+ DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A.
+ Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy.
+ Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Excavated at Paphos, 1888;
+ Naucratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; Assiut, 1906-1907;
+ Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900; Director, Cretan
+ Exploration Fund, 1899.
+
+ Cappadocia (_in part_).
+
+
+D. H.
+ DAVID HANNAY.
+ Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short
+ History of the Royal Navy_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c.
+
+ Carvajal, Luisa de;
+ Chateau-Renault.
+
+
+D. Ll. T.
+ DANIEL LLEUFER THOMAS.
+ Barrister at law, Lincoln's Inn. Stipendiary Magistrate at
+ Pontypridd and Rhondda.
+
+ Cardiff.
+
+
+D. Mn.
+ REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A.
+ Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Author of
+ _Constructive Congregational Ideals_; &c.
+
+ Campbell, John McLeod;
+ Chalmers, Thomas (_in part_).
+
+
+E. Ar.
+ EDWARD ARMSTRONG, M.A.
+ Fellow of the British Academy. Fellow, Bursar and Lecturer in
+ Modern History, Queen's College, Oxford. Warden of Bradfield
+ College. Lecturer to the University in Foreign History, 1902-1904.
+ Author of _The Emperor Charles V._; _Elisabeth Farnese_; _Lorenzo
+ de Medici_; _The French Wars of Religion_; &c.
+
+ Charles V., Emperor.
+
+
+E. A. J.
+ E. ALFRED JONES.
+ Author of _Old English Gold Plate; Old Church Plate of the Isle of
+ Man_; _Old Silver Sacramental Vessels of Foreign Protestant
+ Churches in England_; _Illustrated Catalogue of Leopold de
+ Rothschild's Collection of Old Plate_; _A Private Catalogue of The
+ Royal Plate at Windsor Castle_; &c.
+
+ Cellini, Benvenuto (_in part_).
+
+
+E. B.*
+ ERNEST CHARLES FRANCOIS BABELON.
+ Professor at the College de France. Keeper of the department of
+ Medals and Antiquities at the Bibliotheque Nationale. Member of
+ the Academie des Inscriptions de Belles Lettres, Paris. Chevalier
+ of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Descriptions Historiques des
+ Monnaies de la Republique Romaine_; _Traites des Monnaies Grecques
+ et Romaines_; _Catalogue des Camees de la Bibliotheque Nationale_.
+
+ Carthage: _Ancient._
+
+
+E. C.
+ EDWARD CAIRD, D.C.L., D.LITT.
+ See the biographical article, CAIRD, EDWARD.
+
+ Cartesianism.
+
+
+E. C. B.
+ RT. REV. EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER, O.S.B., M.A., D.LITT. (Dublin).
+ Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Author of "The Lausiac History of
+ Palladius," in _Cambridge Texts and Studies_, vol. vi.
+
+ Camaldulians;
+ Canon: _Church Dignitary_;
+ Capuchins;
+ Carmelites;
+ Carthusians;
+ Celestines.
+
+
+E. C. Q.
+ EDMUND CROSBY QUIGGIN, M.A.
+ Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern Languages and Monro Lecturer in
+ Celtic at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
+
+ Celt: _Languages and Literature_.
+
+
+E. G.
+ EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D.
+ See the biographical article, GOSSE, EDMUND
+
+ Canzone;
+ Carew, Thomas;
+ Cavendish, George;
+ Chansons de Geste;
+ Chant Royal.
+
+
+E. Gr.
+ ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER.
+ See the biographical article, GARDNER, PERCY.
+
+ Calydon;
+ Ceos;
+ Cephalonia.
+
+
+E. H. B.
+ SIR EDWARD HERBERT BUNBURY, BART., M.A., F.R.G.S. (d. 1895).
+ M.P. for Bury-St-Edmunds, 1847-1852. Author of a _History of
+ Ancient Geography_, &c.
+
+ Cappadocia (_in part_).
+
+
+E. H. G.
+ E. H. GODFREY.
+ Editor, Census and Statistics Office, Department of Agriculture,
+ Ottawa.
+
+ Canada: S _Agriculture_.
+
+
+E. H. M.
+ ELLIS HOVELL MINNS, M.A.
+ University Lecturer in Palaeography, Cambridge. Lecturer and
+ Assistant Librarian at Pembroke College, Cambridge. Formerly
+ Fellow of Pembroke College.
+
+ Carpi: _Ancient Tribes_.
+
+
+E. L. W.
+ SIR EDWARD LEADER WILLIAMS (d. 1910).
+ Vice-President, Institute of Civil Engineers. Consulting Engineer,
+ Manchester Ship Canal. Chief Engineer of the Manchester Ship Canal
+ during its construction. Author of papers printed in _Proceedings
+ of Institute of Civil Engineers_.
+
+ Canal.
+
+
+Ed. M.
+ EDUARD MEYER, PH.D., D.LITT. (Oxon.), LL.D. (Chicago).
+ Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author
+ of _Geschichte des Alterthums_; _Geschichte des alten Aegyptens_;
+ _Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstamme_.
+
+ Cambyses.
+
+
+E. O.*
+ EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.SC.
+ Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the
+ Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London. Chevalier of the
+ Legion of Honour. Late Examiner in Surgery at the Universities of
+ Cambridge, London and Durham. Author of _A Manual of Anatomy for
+ Senior Students_.
+
+ Carbuncle.
+
+
+E. Pr.
+ EDGAR PRESTAGE.
+ Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of
+ Manchester. Examiner in Portuguese in the Universities of London,
+ Manchester, &c. Commendador Portuguese Order of S. Thiago.
+ Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences, Lisbon
+ Geographical Society, &c. Author of _Letters of a Portuguese Nun_;
+ _Azurara's Chronicle of Guinea_; &c.
+
+ Camoens;
+ Castello Branco;
+ Castilho.
+
+
+E. Tn.
+ REV. ETHELRED LEONARD TAUNTON (d. 1907).
+ Author of _The English Black Monks of St Benedict_; _History of
+ the Jesuits in England_; &c.
+
+ Campeggio;
+ Campion, Edmund;
+ Cano, Melchior;
+ Cassander, George;
+ Castellesi.
+
+
+E. V.
+ REV. EDMUND VENABLES, M.A., D.D. (1819-1895).
+ Canon and Precentor of Lincoln. Author of _Episcopal Palaces of
+ England_.
+
+ Catacomb (_in part_).
+
+
+F. C. C.
+ FREDERICK CORNWALLIS CONYBEARE, M.A., D.TH. (Giessen).
+ Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University
+ College, Oxford. Author of _The Ancient Armenian Texts of
+ Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_ (1909); &c.
+
+ Cathars.
+
+
+F. J. H.
+ FRANCIS JOHN HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D. (Aberdeen), F.S.A.
+ Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford University. Fellow
+ of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy.
+ Member of the German Imperial Archaeological Institute. Formerly
+ Senior Censor, Student, Tutor and Librarian of Christ Church,
+ Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1906. Author of Monographs on Roman
+ History, &c.
+
+ Celtiberia; Cassiterides.
+
+
+F. Ll. G.
+ FRANCIS LLEWELYN GRIFFITH, M.A., PH.D. (Leipzig), F.S.A.
+ Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Editor of the
+ Archaeological Survey and Archaeological Reports of the Egypt
+ Exploration Fund. Fellow of Imperial German Archaeological
+ Institute.
+
+ Canopus.
+
+
+F. H. M.
+ COL. FREDERIC NATUSCH MAUDE, C.B.
+ Lecturer in Military History at Manchester University. Author of
+ _War and the World Policy_; _The Leipzig Campaign_; _The Jena
+ Campaign_.
+
+ Cavalry.
+
+
+F. Px.
+ FRANK PUAUX.
+ President of the Societe de l'Histoire du Protestantisme francais.
+ Author of _Les precurseurs francais de la Tolerance_; _Histoire de
+ l'etablissement des protestants francais en Suede_; _L'Eglise
+ reformee de France_; &c.
+
+ Camisards;
+ Cavalier, Jean.
+
+
+F. R. C.
+ FRANK R. CANA.
+ Author of _South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union_.
+
+ Cameroon;
+ Cape Colony.
+
+
+F. W. R.*
+ FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S.
+ Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London,
+ 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.
+
+ Carbonado;
+ Cassiterite;
+ Cat's Eye;
+ Celestine;
+ Chalcedony.
+
+
+G. A. B.
+ GEORGE A. BOULENGER, F.R.S., D.SC., PH.D. (Giessen).
+ Assistant in the Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum,
+ South Kensington. Vice-President of the Zoological Society.
+
+ Carp;
+ Cat-Fish.
+
+
+G. G. Co.
+ GEORGE GORDON COULTON, M.A.
+ Birkbeck Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History, Trinity College,
+ Cambridge. Author of _Medieval Studies_; _Chaucer and his
+ England_; _From St Francis to Dante_; &c.
+
+ Celibacy.
+
+
+G. H. C.
+ G. H. CARPENTER, B.SC.
+ Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin.
+ Author of _Insects: their Structure and Life_.
+
+ Chafer.
+
+
+G. M. W.
+ GEORGE MCKINNON WRONG, M.A., F.R.S. (Canada).
+ Professor of History at Toronto University. Author of _A Canadian
+ Manor and its Seigneurs_; _The British Nation: a History_; &c.
+
+ Canada: _History to Federation_.
+
+
+G. R. P.
+ GEORGE ROBERT PARKIN, LL.D., C.M.G.
+ See the biographical article, PARKIN, G. R.
+
+ Canada: _History from Federation._
+
+
+G. W. T.
+ REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D.
+ Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew
+ and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.
+
+ Carmathians.
+
+
+H. A. M. S.
+ HENRY A. M. SMITH.
+
+ Calhoun, John C.
+
+
+H. B. Wa.
+ HENRY BEAUCHAMP WALTERS, M.A., F.S.A.
+ Assistant to Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British
+ Museum. Author of _The Art of the Greeks_; _History of Ancient
+ Pottery_; _Catalogue of the Greek and Etruscan Vases in the
+ British Museum_, vol. ii.; _Catalogue of Bronzes, Greek, Roman and
+ Etruscan_; &c.
+
+ Ceramics: _Greek, Etruscan and Roman_.
+
+
+H. Ch.
+ HUGH CHISHOLM, M.A.
+ Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the
+ 11th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; co-editor of the
+ 10th edition.
+
+ Campbell Bannerman, Sir H.;
+ Canon: _Music_;
+ Chamberlain, J.
+
+
+H. De.
+ HIPPOLYTE DELEHAYE, S.J.
+ Assistant in the compilation of the Bollandist publications:
+ _Analecta Bollandiana_ and _Acta Sanctorum_.
+
+ Canonization.
+
+
+H. F. G.
+ HANS FRIEDRICH GADOW, F.R.S., PH.D.
+ Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of
+ Cambridge. Author of _Amphibia and Reptiles_.
+
+ Chameleon.
+
+
+H. L. C.
+ HUGH LONGBOURNE CALLENDAR, F.R.S., LL.D. (McGill Univ.).
+ Professor of Physics, Royal College of Science, London. Formerly
+ Professor of Physics in McGill College, Montreal, and in
+ University College, London.
+
+ Calibration; Calorimetry.
+
+
+H. M. V.
+ HERBERT M. VAUGHAN, F.S.A.
+ Keble College, Oxford. Author of _The Last of the Royal Stuarts_;
+ _The Medici Popes_; _The Last Stuart Queen_.
+
+ Charles Edward.
+
+
+H. P. B.
+ H. P. BIGGAR.
+ Author of _The Voyages of the Cabots to Greenland_.
+
+ Cartier, Jacques.
+
+H. R. H.
+ HENRY R. H. HALL, M.A.
+ Assistant in the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities,
+ British Museum.
+
+ Ceramics: _Egypt and Western Asia_.
+
+
+H. Sy.
+ HENRY SYMONS.
+ Assistant in the British Museum. Formerly Lecturer in Greek and
+ Roman History at Bedford College, London.
+
+ Chambord, Comte de.
+
+
+H. T. A.
+ REV. HERBERT THOMAS ANDREWS.
+ Professor of New Testament Exegesis, New College, London. Author
+ of _The Commentary on Acts_ in the _Westminster New Testament_;
+ _Handbook on the Apocryphal Books_ in the _Century Bible_.
+
+ Catechumen.
+
+
+H. W. R.*
+ REV. HENRY WHEELER ROBINSON, M.A.
+ Professor of Church History in Rawdon College, Leeds. Senior
+ Kennicott Scholar, Oxford, 1901. Author of _Hebrew Psychology in
+ Relation to Pauline Anthropology_ (in Mansfield College Essays);
+ &c.
+
+ Canticles (_in part_).
+
+
+H. W. S.
+ H. WICKHAM STEED.
+ Correspondent of _The Times_ at Vienna. Correspondent of _The
+ Times_ at Rome, 1897-1902.
+
+ Cavallotti.
+
+
+H. Y.
+ COLONEL SIR HENRY YULE, K.C.S.I.
+ See the biographical article, YULE, SIR H.
+
+ Carpini (_in part_).
+
+
+J. A. B.
+ SIR JERVOISE ATHELSTANE BAINES, C.S.J.
+ President, Royal Statistical Society, 1909-1910. Census
+ Commissioner under the Government of India, 1889-1893. Employed at
+ India Office as Secretary to Royal Commission on Opium, 1894-1895.
+ Author of _Official Reports on Provincial Administration on Indian
+ Census Operations_; &c.
+
+ Census.
+
+
+J. A. H.
+ JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC.
+ Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London.
+
+ Callovian;
+ Cambrian System;
+ Caradoc Series;
+ Carboniferous System;
+ Chalk.
+
+
+J. A. M'N.
+ J.A. M'NAUGHT.
+ Member of the Jury for Carriage Building, Paris Exposition, 1900.
+
+ Carriage
+
+
+J. Bt.
+ J. BARTLETT.
+ Lecturer on Construction, Architecture, Sanitation, Quantities,
+ &c., at King's College, London. Member of Society of Architects.
+ Member of Institute of Junior Engineers.
+
+ Carpentry
+
+
+J. C. M.
+ JAMES CLERK MAXWELL, F.R.S.
+ See biographical article: MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK.
+
+ Capillary Action (_in part_).
+
+
+J. D. Pr.
+ JOHN DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D.
+ Professor of Semitic Languages, Columbia University, New York.
+ Took part in the Expedition to Southern Babylonia, 1888-1889.
+ Author of _A Critical Commentary on the Book of Daniel_.
+
+ Chaldea.
+
+
+J. P. D.
+ SIR J. FREDERICK DICKSON, K.C.M.G.
+ Reorganized the North-West Province of Ceylon. Editor and
+ translator of the _Upasampada-Kammavaca_ and the _Patimokha_.
+
+ Ceylon (_in part_).
+
+
+J. F.-K.
+ JAMES FITZMAURICE-KELLY, LITT.D., F.R.Hist.S.
+ Gilmour Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, Liverpool
+ University. Norman MacColl Lecturer, Cambridge University. Fellow
+ of the British Academy. Corresponding Member of the Royal Spanish
+ Academy. Author of _A History of Spanish Literature_; &c.
+
+ Campoamar y Campooserio;
+ Castillo Solorzano;
+ Celestina, La;
+ Cervantes.
+
+J. H. F.
+ JOHN HENRY FREESE, M.A.
+ Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.
+
+ Calpurnius, Titus.
+
+
+J. H. R.
+ JOHN HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.).
+ Author of _Feudal England_; _Studies in Peerage and Family
+ History_; _Peerage and Pedigree_.
+
+ Castle (_in part_);
+ Castle Guard.
+
+
+J. Hl. R.
+ JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D.
+ Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local
+ Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic
+ Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of
+ Pitt_; chapters in the _Cambridge Modern History_.
+
+ Cambaceres.
+
+
+J. M'D.
+ JAMES MACDONALD, M.A., LL.D.
+ Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,
+ 1895-1897. Rhind Lecturer on Archaeology, 1897. Author of _Tituli
+ Hunteriani: an Account of the Roman Stones in the Hunterian
+ Museum_.
+
+ Chalmers, George.
+
+
+J. P.-B.
+ JAMES GEORGE JOSEPH PENDEREL-BRODHURST.
+ Editor of the _Guardian_ (London).
+
+ Chair.
+
+
+J. P. E.
+ JEAN PAUL HIPPOLYTE EMMANUEL ADHEMAR ESMEIN.
+ Professor of Law in the University of Paris. Officer of the Legion
+ of Honour. Member of the Institute of France. Author of _Cours
+ elementaire d'histoire du droit francais_; &c.
+
+ Chatelet.
+
+
+J. R. C.
+ JOSEPH ROGERSON COTTER, M.A.
+ Assistant to the Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy,
+ Trinity College, Dublin. Editor of 2nd edition of Preston's
+ _Theory of Heat_.
+
+ Calorescence.
+
+
+J. S. F.
+ JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC., F.G.S.
+ Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on
+ Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal
+ Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society
+ of London.
+
+ Charnockite.
+
+
+J. T. Be.
+ JOHN T. BEALBY.
+ Joint author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly editor of the
+ _Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's
+ _Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c.
+
+ Caspian Sea (_in part_);
+ Caucasia;
+ Caucasus (_in part_).
+
+
+J. T. C.
+ JOSEPH THOMAS CUNNINGHAM, M.A., F.Z.S.
+ Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London.
+ Formerly Assistant Professor of Natural History in the University
+ of Edinburgh. Naturalist to the Marine Biological Association, and
+ Fellow of University College, Oxford. Author of numerous papers in
+ scientific journals.
+
+ Cephalopoda.
+
+
+J. Wa.
+ MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES WATERHOUSE.
+ Indian Staff Corps. Vice-President of the Royal Photographic
+ Society. Assistant Surveyor-General in charge of Photographic
+ Operations in the Surveyor-General's Office, Calcutta, 1866-1897.
+ Took part in the observation of total eclipses, 1871 and 1875, and
+ of transit of Venus, 1874. President of the Asiatic Society of
+ Bengal, 1888-1890. Author of _The Preparation of Drawings for
+ Photographic Reproduction_; &c.
+
+ Camera Obscura: _History_.
+
+
+J. W. D.
+ CAPTAIN J. WHITLY DIXON, R.N.
+ Nautical Assessor to the Court of Appeal.
+
+ Capstan.
+
+
+J. W. He.
+ JAMES WYCLIFFE HEADLAM, M.A.
+ Staff Inspector of Secondary Schools under the Board of Education.
+ Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and Professor of
+ Greek and Ancient History at Queen's College, London. Author of
+ _Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire_; &c.
+
+ Caprivi.
+
+
+L. D.*
+ MONSEIGNEUR LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER DUCHESNE.
+ See the biographical article: DUCHESNE, L. M. O.
+
+ Calixtus I.;
+ Celestine I.
+
+
+L. J. B.
+ LAWRENCE J. BURPEE.
+ Author of _The Search for the Western Sea_. Joint author (with
+ Henry J. Morgan) of _Canadian Life in Town and Country_.
+
+ Canada: _Literature, English-Canadian_.
+
+
+L. J. S.
+ LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A.
+ Assistant in the Department of Mineralogy, British Museum.
+ Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness
+ Scholar. Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_.
+
+ Cerargyrite;
+ Cerussite;
+ Chabazite;
+ Chalybite.
+
+
+L. S.
+ SIR LESLIE STEPHEN, K.C.B., LITT.D.
+ See the biographical article: STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE.
+
+ Carlyle.
+
+
+L. V.*
+ LUIGI VILLARI.
+ Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Dept.). Formerly Newspaper
+ Correspondent in east of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New
+ Orleans, 1906, Philadelphia, 1907, and Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910.
+ Author of _Italian Life in Town and Country_; &c.
+
+ Cantu;
+ Cappello;
+ Capponi, G. and P.;
+ Caracciolo;
+ Carbonari;
+ Carmagnola;
+ Carrara;
+ Cavour.
+
+
+M. Br.
+ MARGARET BRYANT.
+
+ Chapman, George (_part_);
+ Charlemagne: _Legends_.
+
+
+M. G.
+ MOSES GASTER, PH.D. (Leipzig).
+ Chief Rabbi of the Sephardic Communities of England.
+ Vice-President, Zionist Congress, 1898, 1899, 1900. Ilchester
+ Lecturer at Oxford on Slavonic and Byzantine Literature, 1886 and
+ 1891. President, Folklore Society of England. Vice-President
+ Anglo-Jewish Association. Author of _History of Rumanian Popular
+ Literature_; &c.
+
+ Cantacuzmo;
+ Cantemir.
+
+
+M. H. S.
+ MARION H. SPIELMANN, F.S.A.
+ Formerly Editor of the _Magazine of Art_. Member of Fine Art
+ Committee of International Exhibitions of Brussels, Paris, Buenos
+ Aires, Rome, and the Franco-British Exhibition, London. Author of
+ _History of "Punch"_; _British Portrait Painting to the Opening of
+ the 19th Century_; _Works of G. F. Watts, R.A._; _British
+ Sculpture and Sculptors of To-day_; _Henriette Ronner_; &c.
+
+ Caricature;
+ Cartoon.
+
+
+M. J. de G.
+ MICHAEL JAN DE GOEJE.
+ See the biographical article: GOEJE, MICHAEL JAN DE.
+
+ Caliphate.
+
+
+M. P.
+ REV. MARK PATTISON.
+ See the biographical article: PATTISON, MARK.
+
+ Casaubon, Isaac.
+
+
+N. E. D.
+ NARCISSE EUTROPE DIONNE, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. (Canada).
+ Librarian of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec. Chief
+ Editor of _Le Courrier du Canada_, 1880-1884. Chief Inspector of
+ Federal Licences, 1884-1886. Chief Editor of _Le Journal de
+ Quebec_, 1886. Author of _Life of Samuel Champlain, Founder of
+ Quebec_; _Life of Jacques Cartier, discoverer of Canada_; _La
+ Nouvelle France, 1540-1603_; _Quebec et Nouvelle France_; &c.
+
+ Champlain, Samuel de.
+
+
+N. W. T.
+ NORTHCOTE WHITBRIDGE THOMAS, M.A.
+ Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding
+ Member of the Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris. Author of _Thought
+ Transference_; _Kinship and Marriage in Australia_; &c.
+
+ Cannibalism.
+
+
+O. Ba.
+ OSWALD BARRON, F.S.A.
+ Editor of _The Ancestor_, 1902-1905.
+
+ Cecil.
+
+
+O. Br.
+ OSCAR BRILIANT.
+
+ Carpathian Mountains (_in part_).
+
+
+O. M. D.
+ ORMONDE MADDOCK DALTON, M.A., F.S.A.
+ Assistant Keeper, Department of British and Medieval Antiquities,
+ British Museum. Corresponding Member of the Imperial Russian
+ Archaeological Society. Author of _Guide to the Early Christian
+ and Byzantine Antiquities_; &c.
+
+ Catacomb (_in part_).
+
+
+P. A.
+ PAUL DANIEL ALPHANDERY.
+ Professor of the History of Dogma, Ecole Pratique des Hautes
+ Etudes, Sorbonne, Paris. Author of _Les Idees morales chez les
+ heterodoxes latines au debut du XIII^e siecle_.
+
+ Capistrano.
+
+
+P. A. K.
+ PRINCE PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN.
+ See the biographical article: KROPOTKIN, P. A.
+
+ Caspian Sea (_in part_);
+ Caucasus (_in part_).
+
+
+P. C. Y.
+ PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE, M.A.
+ Magdalen College, Oxford.
+
+ Catherine of Aragon;
+ Charles I.;
+ Charles II.
+
+
+P. La.
+ PHILIP LAKE, M.A., F.G.S.
+ Lecturer on Physical and Regional Geography in Cambridge
+ University. Formerly of the Geological Survey of India. Author of
+ _Monograph of British Cambrian Trilobites_. Translator and Editor
+ of Kayser's _Comparative Geology_.
+
+ Carpathian Mountains (_in part_);
+ Caucasus: _Geology_.
+
+
+P. Vn.
+ PERCIVAL SYLVANUS VIVIAN.
+ Author of _Poems of Marriage_. Editor of the _Poetical Works of
+ Thomas Campion_.
+
+ Campion, Thomas.
+
+
+P. A. M.
+ PERCY ALEXANDER MACMAHON, F.R.S., D.SC.
+ Late Major R.A. Deputy Warden of the Standards. Board of Trade.
+ Joint-General Secretary of the British Association. Formerly
+ Professor of Physics, Ordnance College, and President of London
+ Mathematical Society.
+
+ Cayley.
+
+
+R.
+ THE RT. HON. LORD RAYLEIGH.
+ See the biographical article: RAYLEIGH, 3rd Baron.
+
+ Capillary Action (_in part_).
+
+
+R. A.*
+ ROBERT ANCHEL.
+ Archivist to the Department de l'Eure.
+
+ Cambon, Pierre Joseph;
+ Cathelineau.
+
+
+R. Ad.
+ ROBERT ADAMSON.
+ See the biographical article: ADAMSON, R.
+
+ Category (_in part_).
+
+
+R. A. S. M.
+ ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A.
+ Director of Excavations for the Palestine Exploration Fund.
+
+ Capernaum;
+ Carmel.
+
+
+R. G.
+ RICHARD GARNETT.
+ See the biographical article: GARNETT, RICHARD.
+
+ Cardan.
+
+
+R. I. P.
+ R. I. POCOCK, F.Z.S.
+ Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens, London.
+
+ Centipede.
+
+
+R. K. D.
+ SIR ROBERT KENNAWAY DOUGLAS.
+ Formerly Keeper of Oriental Printed Books and MSS. at the British
+ Museum, and Professor of Chinese, King's College, London. Author
+ of _The Language and Literature of China_; &c.
+
+ Canton.
+
+
+R. L.*
+ RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.
+ Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882.
+ Author of _Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in
+ British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_; _The Game Animals of
+ Africa_; &c.
+
+ Camel;
+ Capuchin Monkey;
+ Carnivora;
+ Cat;
+ Cavy;
+ Cetacea;
+ Chamois.
+
+
+R. L. H.
+ ROBERT LOCKHART HOBSON.
+ Assistant in the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities,
+ British Museum. Author of _Porcelain: Oriental, Continental and
+ British_; _Marks on Pottery and Porcelain_ (with W. Burton); and
+ _Catalogue and Guide of English Pottery and Porcelain in British
+ Museum_.
+
+ Ceramics: _Medieval and Later Italian_; Persian, Syrian, Egyptian
+ and Turkish.
+
+
+R. N. B.
+ ROBERT NISBET BAIN (d. 1909).
+ Assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1883-1909. Author of
+ _Scandinavia, the Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden,
+ 1313-1900_; _The First Romanovs, 1613-1725_; _Slavonic Europe, the
+ Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c.
+
+ Canute;
+ Canute VI;
+ Casimir III.;
+ Casimir IV.;
+ Catherine I.;
+ Charles I. (_Hungary_);
+ Charles IX., X., XI., XII. (_Sweden_);
+ Charles XIII., XIV., XV. (_Sweden and Norway_).
+
+
+R. Po.
+ RENE POUPARDIN, D. es L.
+ Secretary of the Ecole des Chartes. Honorary Librarian at the
+ Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Author of _Le Royaume de Provence
+ sous les Carolingiens_; _Recueil des chartes de Saint-Germain_;
+ &c.
+
+ Charles the Bold.
+
+
+R. P. S.
+ R. PHENE SPIERS, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
+ Master of the Architectural School and Surveyor, Royal Academy,
+ London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and
+ Fellow of King's College, London. Corresponding Member of the
+ Institute of France. Edited Fergusson's _History of Architecture_.
+ Author of _Architecture East and West_; &c.
+
+ Campanile;
+ Capital: _Arch._;
+ Cathedral: _Arch._;
+ Ceiling.
+
+
+R. S. C.
+ ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY, M.A., D.LITT. (Cantab.).
+ Professor of Latin in the University of Manchester. Formerly
+ Professor of Latin in University College, Cardiff; and Fellow of
+ Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Author of _The Italic
+ Dialects_.
+
+ Campania (_in part_).
+
+
+R. W.
+ ROBERT WALLACE, F.R.S. (Edin.), F.L.S.
+ Professor of Agriculture and Rural Economy at Edinburgh
+ University, and Garton Lecturer on Colonial and Indian
+ Agriculture. Professor of Agriculture, R.A.C., Cirencester,
+ 1882-1885. Author of _Farm Live Stock of Great Britain_; _Indian
+ Agriculture_; _The Agriculture and Rural Economy of Australia and
+ New Zealand_; _Farming Industries of Cape Colony_; &c.
+
+ Cattle (_in part_).
+
+
+R. We.
+ RICHARD WEBSTER, A.M.
+ Editor of _Elegies of Maximianus_.
+
+ Channing, William E.
+
+
+ST C.
+ VISCOUNT ST CYRES.
+ See the biographical article: IDDESLEIGH, 1ST EARL OF.
+
+ Casuistry.
+
+
+S. D.
+ SAMUEL DAVIDSON, D.D.
+ See the biographical article: DAVIDSON, SAMUEL.
+
+ Canon: _Scriptures_.
+
+
+T. As.
+ THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT., F.S.A.
+ Director of the British School of Archaeology at Rome.
+ Corresponding Member of the Imperial German Archaeological
+ Institute. Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven
+ Fellow, Oxford, 1897. Author of _The Classical Topography of the
+ Roman Campagna_; &c.
+
+ Camerino;
+ Campania (_in part_);
+ Canosa;
+ Canusium;
+ Capena;
+ Capri;
+ Capua;
+ Carales;
+ Carsioli;
+ Casilinum;
+ Casinum;
+ Cassia, Via;
+ Catania;
+ Caudine Forks;
+ Cefalu;
+ Centuripe;
+ Cesena.
+
+
+T. A. H.
+ CAPTAIN THOMAS A. HULL, R.N.
+ Formerly Superintendent of Admiralty Charts.
+
+ Chart.
+
+
+T. Ba.
+ SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P.
+ Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the
+ Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of
+ Honour. Author of _Problems of International Practice and
+ Diplomacy_; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910.
+
+ Capture.
+
+
+T. F. C.
+ THEODORE FREYLINGHUYSEN COLLIER, PH.D.
+ Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown,
+ Mass., U.S.A.
+
+ Carthage, Synods of;
+ Chalcedon, Council of.
+
+
+T. K. C.
+ REV. THOMAS KELLY CHEYNE. D.LITT., D.D.
+ See the biographical article: CHEYNE, T.K.
+
+ Canaan, Canaanites.
+
+
+T. M. F.
+ THOMAS MACALL FALLOW, M.A., F.S.A.
+ Formerly editor of _The Antiquary_, 1895-1899. Author of
+ _Memorials of Old Yorkshire_; _The Cathedral Churches of Ireland_.
+
+ Cathedral.
+
+
+T. W. F.
+ THOMAS WILLIAM FOX.
+ Professor of Textiles in the University of Manchester. Author of
+ _Mechanics of Weaving_.
+
+ Carding.
+
+
+W. A. B. C.
+ REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S.
+ Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History,
+ St David's College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide to
+ Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_; &c. Editor of
+ _The Alpine Journal_, 1880-1889.
+
+ Cannes;
+ Chamonix;
+ Chartreuse, La Grande.
+
+
+W. A. P.
+ WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A.
+ Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St
+ John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c.
+
+ Canon: _Church Dignitary_;
+ Capo d'Istria;
+ Carlsbad Decrees;
+ Chasuble.
+
+
+W. B.*
+ WILLIAM BURTON, HON. M.A. (Vict.), F.C.S.
+ Chairman, Joint-Committee of Pottery Manufacturers of Great
+ Britain. Examiner for Board of Education in Pottery Design and for
+ Technological Examinations in Pottery Manufacture. Author of
+ _English Stoneware and Earthenware_; _Porcelain_; &c.
+
+ Ceramics (_in part_).
+
+
+W. B. D.
+ WILLIAM BOYD DAWKINS, F.R.S., D.SC.
+ See the biographical article: DAWKINS, WILLIAM BOYD.
+
+ Cave.
+
+
+W. B. Du.
+ WILLIAM BARTLETT DUFFIELD, M.A.
+ Barrister at Law, Inner Temple. Secretary to the Royal Commission
+ on Canals, 1906-1910.
+
+ Chartered Companies.
+
+
+W. F. C.
+ WILLIAM FEILDEN CRAIES, M.A.
+ Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Lecturer on Criminal Law at King's
+ College, London. Editor of _Archbold's Criminal Pleading_ (23rd
+ edition).
+
+ Capital punishment.
+
+
+W. F. W.
+ WALTER FRANCIS WILLCOX, LL.B., PH.D.
+ Dean of, and Professor of Political Economy and Statistics at,
+ Cornell University. Formerly Chief Statistician and now Special
+ Agent of the U.S. Census Bureau. Author of _The Divorce Problem--a
+ Study in Statistics_; _Social Statistics of the United States_;
+ &c.
+
+ Census: _U.S.A._
+
+
+W. Fr.
+ WILLIAM FREAM (d. 1907), LL.D., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.S.S.
+ Author of _Handbook of Agriculture_. Formerly Agricultural
+ Correspondent of _The Times_.
+
+ Cattle (_in part_).
+
+
+W. G.*
+ WALCOT GIBSON, D.SC., F.G.S.
+ Geologist on H.M. Geological Survey. Author of _The Gold-bearing
+ Rocks of the S. Transvaal_; _Mineral Wealth of Africa_; _The
+ Geology of Coal and Coal Mining_; &c.
+
+ Cape Colony: _Geology._
+
+
+W. G. F. P.
+ SIR WALTER GEORGE FRANK PHILLIMORE, BART., D.C.L., LL.D.
+ Judge of the King's Bench Division. President of International Law
+ Association, 1905. Author of _Book of Church Law_. Editor of 2nd
+ ed. of _Phillimore's Ecclesiastical Law_; 3rd ed. of vol. iv. of
+ _Phillimore's International Law_; &c.
+
+ Canon Law: _Anglican._
+
+
+W. G. M.
+ WALTER G. M'MILLAN, F.C.S., M.I.M.E. (d. 1904).
+ Formerly Secretary of the Institute of Electrical Engineers.
+ Lecturer on Metallurgy, Mason College, Birmingham. Author of _A
+ Treatise on Electro-Metallurgy_.
+
+ Carborundum.
+
+
+W. Ha.
+ REV. WILLIAM HANNA, LL.D., D.D. (1802-1882).
+ Minister of St John's Free Church, Edinburgh, 1850-1866. Author of
+ _Life of Dr Chalmers_; _Wycliffe and the Huguenots_; _Martyrs of
+ the Scottish Reformation_.
+
+ Chalmers, Thomas (_in part_).
+
+
+W. J. G.
+ WILLIAM JOHN GRUFFYDD, M.A.
+ Lecturer in Celtic, University College, Cardiff. Examiner in Welsh
+ to the Central Welsh Board for Intermediate Education. Author of
+ _Caneuon a Cherddi: An Anthology of Medieval Welsh Poetry_.
+
+ Celt: _Literature, Welsh._
+
+
+W. L.*
+ WALTER LEHMANN, M.D.
+ Directorial Assistant of the Royal Ethnographical Museum, Munich.
+ Conducted Exploring Expedition in Mexico and Central America,
+ 1907-1909. Author of many publications on Mexican and Central
+ American Archaeology.
+
+ Central America: _Archaeology._
+
+
+W. L. A.
+ REV. WILLIAM LINDSAY ALEXANDER, D.D., LL.D., F.R.S. (Edin.)
+ (1808-1884).
+ Classical Tutor, Lancashire Independent College. Pastor of
+ Independent Chapel, N. College Street, Edinburgh. One of the Old
+ Testament Revisers. Author of _A Moral Philosophy_.
+
+ Calvin (_in part_).
+
+
+W. L. G.
+ WILLIAM LAWSON GRANT, M.A.
+ Professor at Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. Formerly Beit
+ Lecturer in Colonial History at Oxford University. Editor of _Acts
+ of the Privy Council_, Colonial series; _Canadian Constitutional
+ Development_ (in collaboration).
+
+ Canada: _Statistics_;
+ Cartier, Sir Georges Etienne.
+
+
+W. M. R.
+ WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI.
+ See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE GABRIEL.
+
+ Canova;
+ Caracci;
+ Cartoon;
+ Cellini, Benvenuto (_in part_);
+ Charlet.
+
+
+W. Ri.
+ WILLIAM RIDGEWAY, M.A., D.SC., LL.D. (Aberdeen), D.LITT.
+ Fellow of the British Academy. Disney Professor of Archaeology at
+ Cambridge University. Professor of Greek, Queen's College, Cork,
+ 1883. Ex-President of Cambridge Philological, Antiquarian and
+ Classical Societies. Author of _The Oldest Irish Epic_; _Origin of
+ Metallic Currency and Weight Standards_; _The Early Age of
+ Greece_; &c.
+
+ Celt.
+
+
+W. R. B.
+ RT. REV. WILLIAM ROBERT BROWNLOW, M.A., D.D. (d. 1901).
+ Roman Catholic Bishop of Clifton. Provost and Domestic Prelate to
+ Pope Leo XIII. Co-editor of _English Roma Sotterranea_. Author of
+ _Early Christian Symbolism_; _Lectures on Sacerdotalism, on
+ Catacombs and other Archaeological Subjects_. Translator of _Cur
+ Deus Homo_ and _Vitis mystica_.
+
+ Catacomb (_in part_).
+
+
+W. R. S.
+ WILLIAM ROBERTSON SMITH
+ See the biographical article: SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON.
+
+ Canticles (_in part_).
+
+
+W. Wo.
+ WILLIAM WOOD, D.C.L., F.R.S. (Canada).
+ Lieut.-Col., Canadian Militia. Formerly President of the English
+ Section of the Royal Society of Canada and of the Historic
+ Landmarks Association. Author of _The Fight for Canada_; _The Logs
+ of the Conquest of Canada_, &c.
+
+ Canada: _Literature, French-Canadian_.
+
+
+W. W. R.*
+ WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL, LIC. THEOL.
+ Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary,
+ New York.
+
+ Celestine III. and V.
+
+
+W. Y. S.
+ WILLIAM YOUNG SELLAR.
+ See the biographical article: SELLAR, WILLIAM YOUNG.
+
+ Catullus (_in part_).
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+ [1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in
+ the final volume.
+
+
+
+
+PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES
+
+ California. Carrier.
+ Cambodia. Cartagena.
+ Cambridge, Earls and Dukes of. Cassel.
+ Cambridge, England. Cassiodorus.
+ Cambridgeshire. Caste.
+ Campbell, Thomas. Catherine, Saint.
+ Canary Islands. Catherine II.
+ Canning, George. Catherine de' Medici
+ Canterbury. Catiline.
+ Cape Town. Cato.
+ Cape Verde Islands. Causation.
+ Capital (_Economics_). Cavaignac, Louis Eugene.
+ Capitulations. Cavan.
+ Carbolic Acid. Cavendish, Henry.
+ Carbon. Caxton, William.
+ Cardiganshire. Cedar.
+ Cards, Playing. Celebes.
+ Carducci, Giosue. Celsus.
+ Carinthia. Cemetery.
+ Carlisle, Earls of. Chambers, Robert.
+ Carlisle. Chancellor.
+ Carlos. Chancery.
+ Carlsbad. Channel Islands.
+ Carlstadt. Chantrey, Sir Francis.
+ Carmarthenshire. Charles V., VI., VII. of France.
+ Carnarvonshire. Charles, Archduke of Austria.
+ Carnegie, Andrew. Charles Albert, king of Sardinia.
+ Carnot. Charles Augustus.
+ Carol. Chartism.
+ Caroline Islands. Chateaubriand.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th
+Edition, Volume 5, Appendix, by Various
+
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