diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31109-0.txt | 659 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31109-0.zip | bin | 0 -> 11219 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31109-8.txt | 659 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31109-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 11197 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31109-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 12349 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31109-h/31109-h.htm | 927 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31109.txt | 659 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31109.zip | bin | 0 -> 11162 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
11 files changed, 2920 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/31109-0.txt b/31109-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb7f315 --- /dev/null +++ b/31109-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,659 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeessa, by E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the Genus Rhogeessa + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: January 28, 2010 [EBook #31109] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEXICAN BATS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph R. Hauser, Joseph Cooper +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeëssa + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL + + + + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 5, No. 15, pp. 227-232 +April 10, 1952 + + + + +University of Kansas +LAWRENCE +1952 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 5, No. 15, pp. 227-232 +April 10, 1952 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + + + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1952 + +24-1780 + + + + +TAXONOMIC NOTES ON MEXICAN BATS OF THE GENUS RHOGEËSSA + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL + + +Five skins with skulls of _Rhogeëssa_, collected by J. R. Alcorn in the +states of Sonora and Nayarit of western Mexico, were recently received +at the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. Two other +specimens of the same genus, collected by Walter W. Dalquest in the +state of Veracruz of eastern Mexico, also are in the Museum of Natural +History. With the aim of applying names to these bats they were compared +with materials in the United States National Museum (including the +Biological Surveys collection) where there are approximately the same +number of Mexican specimens of _Rhogeëssa_ as are in the Museum of +Natural History. + +The three kinds of _Rhogeëssa_ named from Mexico are as follows: _R. +parvula_ from the Tres Marias Islands off the west coast of Nayarit; _R. +tumida_ from Mirador, Veracruz, on the eastern slope of the Republic; +and _R. gracilis_ from Piaxtla, Puebla, on the southern end of the +Mexican Plateau. + +Of _Rhogeëssa gracilis_ Miller (N. Amer. Fauna, 13:126, October 16, +1897) only three specimens are known; two are from Piaxtla, Puebla, and +the third is from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Only the specimen from the +Isthmus has a complete skull. The broken skull of the holotype is partly +separated from the skin of the head and in such a manner as to reveal +the teeth. The skull of the holotype seems to be broader (relative to +its length) across the mastoids and posterior parts of the zygomata than +in _R. tumida_ or than in _R. parvula_. My comparisons indicate that +_Rhogeëssa gracilis_ has larger (longer and wider) ears than _R. +parvula_ and _R. tumida_ and that it is specifically distinct from the +two last mentioned kinds. + +The two other nominal species from Mexico, _R. parvula_ and _R. tumida_, +were named and described by Harrison Allen (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 1866: 285 and 286, respectively) on the basis of three +specimens in the United States National Museum. Two were from the Tres +Marias Islands and were the basis of the name _R. parvula_; the third +was from Mirador, Veracruz, and was the basis of the name _R. tumida_. +These specimens seem to have been preserved in alcohol. I have examined +the skulls of two of these. One (U.S.N.M., new number 37329, old number +7842) is alleged to be the paratype of _R. parvula_ and the other +(U.S.N.M., 84021) is alleged to be the holotype of _R. tumida_. In the +glass vial containing skull No. 84021, there is a label in the +handwriting of Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., bearing the following information: +"In the orig. descr. the number of this sp. is said to be 8195. This is +an error. Specimen catalogued 3.1.98 G.S.M. Jr." On the back of a second +label in the skull vial there is written, "There is no doubt that this +is the type skull. It was returned by H. A. with no. given in orig. +descr. G.S.M. Jr." In the catalogue of the U. S. National Museum there +is the statement that the type of _Rhogeëssa tumida_ was collected by H. +A. Grayson. + +The name _Rhogeëssa parvula_ was based on two specimens (Smithsonian +Institution Nos. 7841 the type and 7842, in alcohol, collected by Col. +Grayson in the Tres Marias Islands off the west coast of Mexico.) The +type seems never to have been returned from the Academy of Sciences of +Philadelphia to the U. S. National Museum in Washington, D. C., and +cannot (in 1951) be found in Philadelphia or anywhere else. The skull, +but no other part, of the second specimen is in the United States +National Museum under the catalogue number 37329 (old No. 7842). The +skull has been broken in two through the interorbital region but is +glued together. + +Of _R. tumida_, no additional specimen has been saved, so far as I know, +from the type locality, Mirador, Veracruz. + +Of _R. parvula_, Nelson and Goldman, on May 19, 1897, on MarÃa Madre +Island, saved in alcohol an additional specimen (92413 U.S.N.M.) from +which J. Biggs, Preparator at the National Museum, in 1951, removed and +cleaned the skull. In small size and in all other features, the skull of +92413 closely resembles those of specimens saved by Alcorn from the +adjoining mainland of Mexico in Sonora and Nayarit. The pelage of the +upper parts of 92413 could be described as "of a light greyish-brown at +basal third, fawn-chestnut-brown at apical two-thirds" which are the +words that H. Allen (_op. cit._: 285) used to describe the pelage of his +_R. parvula_. The external measurements of 92413 are: total length, 60; +length of tail, 25; length of hind foot, 5.5; and ear from notch, 11.0. +The first two measurements are slightly smaller than the corresponding +measurements of any other specimen seen. Nevertheless, the measurements +(tail, 30.5; hind foot, 5.3 [after H. Allen, orig. descr.]) of the +holotype of _R. parvula_, also from the Tres Marias Islands, show that +it was as large as no. 39724 from the adjoining mainland (see table 1). + +According to the original descriptions, _R. parvula_ and _R. tumida_ +differ in size, _R. parvula_ being the smaller. As may be seen from +table 1, the alleged type of _R. tumida_ and the alleged paratype of _R. +parvula_ indicate the opposite! All specimens obtained since the time of +the original descriptions, as may be seen by inspecting table 1, support +the correctness of the original descriptions. Therefore, and also +because of the other information presented above, I am inclined to the +opinion that the holotype of _R. tumida_ and the paratype of _R. +parvula_ have been switched; each now is associated with the name and +data, at least for locality, of the other. + +Other opinions are that _Rhogeëssa_ from the Tres Marias Islands average +smaller than _Rhogeëssa_ of the adjoining mainland of western Mexico but +not enough smaller to warrant subspecific separation of the two. +Specimens from places geographically intermediate between the geographic +ranges, as now known, of _R. parvula_ and _R. tumida_ probably will +reveal intergradation between the two kinds, which, therefore, should +stand as subspecies of a single species. + +As understood now, the Mexican _Rhogeëssa_ are as follows: + + =Rhogeëssa parvula parvula= H. Allen + + 1866. _Rhogeëssa parvula_ H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 285, type from Tres Marias Islands. + + _Range._--Tres Marias Islands and western mainland of Mexico from + Alamos, Sonora, south to San Blas, Nayarit. + + =Rhogeëssa parvula tumida= H. Allen. + + 1866. _Rhogeëssa tumida_ H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 286, type from Mirador, Veracruz. + + _Range._--From Boca del RÃo, Veracruz, in eastern México, southward + over México and Central America into Panamá. + + =Rhogeëssa gracilis= Miller. + + 1897. _Rhogeëssa gracilis_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:126, October + 16, 1897, type from Piaxtla, Puebla. + + _Range._--Known only from the type locality and the Isthmus of + Tehuantepec. + +_Transmitted November 30, 1951._ + + +TABLE 1.--MEASUREMENTS OF RHOGEËSSA FROM MEXICO + +TABLE LEGEND + +Column FO: Forearm +Column GR: Greatest length of skull including teeth +Column CO: Condylobasal length (not including teeth) +Column LE: Length of upper tooth-row, C1-M3 +Column ZY: Zygomatic breadth +Column MA: Mastoid breadth +Column BR: Breadth across upper molars + +======+===+========+===================+====+=====+====+=====+====+====+===== + No. |Sex| Date | Locality | FO | GR | CO | LE | ZY | MA | BR +------|---+--------+-------------------+----+-----+----+-----+----+----+----- + [A] | | |_Rhogeëssa parvula | | | | | | | + | | | parvula_ | | | | | | | + | | | | | | | | | | + 92413| ? |May 19, |Maria Madre | | | | | | | + | | 1897 | Island |26.0|11.25|10.5| 4.1 |....|6.1 | 4.7 + 7841| ? |....... |lost specimen— | | | | | | | + | | | Tres Marias Ids. |27.4|.... |....|.... |....|....|.... + 84021|...|....... |alleged type of | | | | | | | + | | | _R. tumida_ |....|11.8 |10.9| 4.3 |....|6.2 | 4.9 + 24853|[F]|May 7, |W side | | | | | | | + | | 1948 | Alamos, Sonora |29.5|11.7 |10.8| 4.2 |7.8 |6.5 | 4.8 + 24854|[F]|May 7, |W side | | | | | | | + | | 1948 | Alamos, Sonora |29.0|11.4 |10.6| 4.4 |7.6 |6.1 | 4.9 + 39723|[M]|Aug. 5, |1/2 mi. E San | | | | | | | + | | 1950 | Blas, Nayarit |27.2|12.2 |11.5| 4.5 |7.9 |6.5 | 5.1 + 39724|[M]|Aug. 5, |1/2 mi. E San | | | | | | | + | | 1950 | Blas, Nayarit |27.3|11.7 |10.7| 4.2 |7.4 |6.4 | 4.8 + 39725|[F]|Aug. 7, |1/2 mi. E San | | | | | | | + | | 1950 | Blas, Nayarit |28.0|12.0 |10.9| 4.4 |....|6.9 | 5.1 + | | | | | | | | | | + | | |_Rhogeëssa parvula | | | | | | | + | | | tumida_ | | | | | | | + | | | | | | | | | | + 29886|[M]|Dec. 8, |Boca Del Rio, | | | | | | | + | | 1948 | 10 ft., Veracruz |28.7|12.7 |11.9| 4.63|8.4 |6.9 | 5.6 + 19231|[F]|Oct. 6, |Rio Blanco, 20 km. | | | | | | | + | | 1946 | W Piedras Negras,| | | | | | | + | | | Veracruz |30.5|13.2 |12.4| 4.8 |....|7.0 | 5.6 + 37329| ? | |alleged paratype | | | | | | | + | | | of _R. parvula_ |....|12.3 |11.3| 4.68|....|6.5 | 5.4 + 73269|[F]|Jun. 12,|Santo Domingo, | | | | | | | + | | 1895 | Oaxaca |32.6|13.5 |12.5| 5.0 |8.5 |6.9 | 5.65 +170858|[M]|Oct. 7, |La Tuxpana, | | | | | | | + | | 1910 | Champoton, | | | | | | | + | | | Campeche |26.7|12.4 |11.3| 4.5 |7.6 |6.5 | 4.9 +------+---+--------+-------------------+----+-----+----+-----+----+----+----- + + +[A] The first three specimens and the last three are in the +United States National Museum; the others are in the University of +Kansas Museum of Natural History. + + ++----------------------------------------+ +|Transcriber's Notes: | +| | +|Left inconsistent usage of accents | +| | +|Page 229: Changed Ishtmus to Isthmus | +| | +|Footnote A: Changed Natoinal to National| ++----------------------------------------+ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeessa, by E. Raymond Hall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEXICAN BATS *** + +***** This file should be named 31109-0.txt or 31109-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/1/0/31109/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph R. Hauser, Joseph Cooper +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/31109-0.zip b/31109-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e618dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/31109-0.zip diff --git a/31109-8.txt b/31109-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43f9bd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/31109-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,659 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeessa, by E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the Genus Rhogeessa + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: January 28, 2010 [EBook #31109] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEXICAN BATS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph R. Hauser, Joseph Cooper +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeëssa + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL + + + + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 5, No. 15, pp. 227-232 +April 10, 1952 + + + + +University of Kansas +LAWRENCE +1952 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 5, No. 15, pp. 227-232 +April 10, 1952 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + + + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1952 + +24-1780 + + + + +TAXONOMIC NOTES ON MEXICAN BATS OF THE GENUS RHOGEËSSA + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL + + +Five skins with skulls of _Rhogeëssa_, collected by J. R. Alcorn in the +states of Sonora and Nayarit of western Mexico, were recently received +at the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. Two other +specimens of the same genus, collected by Walter W. Dalquest in the +state of Veracruz of eastern Mexico, also are in the Museum of Natural +History. With the aim of applying names to these bats they were compared +with materials in the United States National Museum (including the +Biological Surveys collection) where there are approximately the same +number of Mexican specimens of _Rhogeëssa_ as are in the Museum of +Natural History. + +The three kinds of _Rhogeëssa_ named from Mexico are as follows: _R. +parvula_ from the Tres Marias Islands off the west coast of Nayarit; _R. +tumida_ from Mirador, Veracruz, on the eastern slope of the Republic; +and _R. gracilis_ from Piaxtla, Puebla, on the southern end of the +Mexican Plateau. + +Of _Rhogeëssa gracilis_ Miller (N. Amer. Fauna, 13:126, October 16, +1897) only three specimens are known; two are from Piaxtla, Puebla, and +the third is from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Only the specimen from the +Isthmus has a complete skull. The broken skull of the holotype is partly +separated from the skin of the head and in such a manner as to reveal +the teeth. The skull of the holotype seems to be broader (relative to +its length) across the mastoids and posterior parts of the zygomata than +in _R. tumida_ or than in _R. parvula_. My comparisons indicate that +_Rhogeëssa gracilis_ has larger (longer and wider) ears than _R. +parvula_ and _R. tumida_ and that it is specifically distinct from the +two last mentioned kinds. + +The two other nominal species from Mexico, _R. parvula_ and _R. tumida_, +were named and described by Harrison Allen (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 1866: 285 and 286, respectively) on the basis of three +specimens in the United States National Museum. Two were from the Tres +Marias Islands and were the basis of the name _R. parvula_; the third +was from Mirador, Veracruz, and was the basis of the name _R. tumida_. +These specimens seem to have been preserved in alcohol. I have examined +the skulls of two of these. One (U.S.N.M., new number 37329, old number +7842) is alleged to be the paratype of _R. parvula_ and the other +(U.S.N.M., 84021) is alleged to be the holotype of _R. tumida_. In the +glass vial containing skull No. 84021, there is a label in the +handwriting of Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., bearing the following information: +"In the orig. descr. the number of this sp. is said to be 8195. This is +an error. Specimen catalogued 3.1.98 G.S.M. Jr." On the back of a second +label in the skull vial there is written, "There is no doubt that this +is the type skull. It was returned by H. A. with no. given in orig. +descr. G.S.M. Jr." In the catalogue of the U. S. National Museum there +is the statement that the type of _Rhogeëssa tumida_ was collected by H. +A. Grayson. + +The name _Rhogeëssa parvula_ was based on two specimens (Smithsonian +Institution Nos. 7841 the type and 7842, in alcohol, collected by Col. +Grayson in the Tres Marias Islands off the west coast of Mexico.) The +type seems never to have been returned from the Academy of Sciences of +Philadelphia to the U. S. National Museum in Washington, D. C., and +cannot (in 1951) be found in Philadelphia or anywhere else. The skull, +but no other part, of the second specimen is in the United States +National Museum under the catalogue number 37329 (old No. 7842). The +skull has been broken in two through the interorbital region but is +glued together. + +Of _R. tumida_, no additional specimen has been saved, so far as I know, +from the type locality, Mirador, Veracruz. + +Of _R. parvula_, Nelson and Goldman, on May 19, 1897, on María Madre +Island, saved in alcohol an additional specimen (92413 U.S.N.M.) from +which J. Biggs, Preparator at the National Museum, in 1951, removed and +cleaned the skull. In small size and in all other features, the skull of +92413 closely resembles those of specimens saved by Alcorn from the +adjoining mainland of Mexico in Sonora and Nayarit. The pelage of the +upper parts of 92413 could be described as "of a light greyish-brown at +basal third, fawn-chestnut-brown at apical two-thirds" which are the +words that H. Allen (_op. cit._: 285) used to describe the pelage of his +_R. parvula_. The external measurements of 92413 are: total length, 60; +length of tail, 25; length of hind foot, 5.5; and ear from notch, 11.0. +The first two measurements are slightly smaller than the corresponding +measurements of any other specimen seen. Nevertheless, the measurements +(tail, 30.5; hind foot, 5.3 [after H. Allen, orig. descr.]) of the +holotype of _R. parvula_, also from the Tres Marias Islands, show that +it was as large as no. 39724 from the adjoining mainland (see table 1). + +According to the original descriptions, _R. parvula_ and _R. tumida_ +differ in size, _R. parvula_ being the smaller. As may be seen from +table 1, the alleged type of _R. tumida_ and the alleged paratype of _R. +parvula_ indicate the opposite! All specimens obtained since the time of +the original descriptions, as may be seen by inspecting table 1, support +the correctness of the original descriptions. Therefore, and also +because of the other information presented above, I am inclined to the +opinion that the holotype of _R. tumida_ and the paratype of _R. +parvula_ have been switched; each now is associated with the name and +data, at least for locality, of the other. + +Other opinions are that _Rhogeëssa_ from the Tres Marias Islands average +smaller than _Rhogeëssa_ of the adjoining mainland of western Mexico but +not enough smaller to warrant subspecific separation of the two. +Specimens from places geographically intermediate between the geographic +ranges, as now known, of _R. parvula_ and _R. tumida_ probably will +reveal intergradation between the two kinds, which, therefore, should +stand as subspecies of a single species. + +As understood now, the Mexican _Rhogeëssa_ are as follows: + + =Rhogeëssa parvula parvula= H. Allen + + 1866. _Rhogeëssa parvula_ H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 285, type from Tres Marias Islands. + + _Range._--Tres Marias Islands and western mainland of Mexico from + Alamos, Sonora, south to San Blas, Nayarit. + + =Rhogeëssa parvula tumida= H. Allen. + + 1866. _Rhogeëssa tumida_ H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 286, type from Mirador, Veracruz. + + _Range._--From Boca del Río, Veracruz, in eastern México, southward + over México and Central America into Panamá. + + =Rhogeëssa gracilis= Miller. + + 1897. _Rhogeëssa gracilis_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:126, October + 16, 1897, type from Piaxtla, Puebla. + + _Range._--Known only from the type locality and the Isthmus of + Tehuantepec. + +_Transmitted November 30, 1951._ + + +TABLE 1.--MEASUREMENTS OF RHOGEËSSA FROM MEXICO + +TABLE LEGEND + +Column FO: Forearm +Column GR: Greatest length of skull including teeth +Column CO: Condylobasal length (not including teeth) +Column LE: Length of upper tooth-row, C1-M3 +Column ZY: Zygomatic breadth +Column MA: Mastoid breadth +Column BR: Breadth across upper molars + +======+===+========+===================+====+=====+====+=====+====+====+===== + No. |Sex| Date | Locality | FO | GR | CO | LE | ZY | MA | BR +------|---+--------+-------------------+----+-----+----+-----+----+----+----- + [A] | | |_Rhogeëssa parvula | | | | | | | + | | | parvula_ | | | | | | | + | | | | | | | | | | + 92413| ? |May 19, |Maria Madre | | | | | | | + | | 1897 | Island |26.0|11.25|10.5| 4.1 |....|6.1 | 4.7 + 7841| ? |....... |lost specimen-- | | | | | | | + | | | Tres Marias Ids. |27.4|.... |....|.... |....|....|.... + 84021|...|....... |alleged type of | | | | | | | + | | | _R. tumida_ |....|11.8 |10.9| 4.3 |....|6.2 | 4.9 + 24853|[F]|May 7, |W side | | | | | | | + | | 1948 | Alamos, Sonora |29.5|11.7 |10.8| 4.2 |7.8 |6.5 | 4.8 + 24854|[F]|May 7, |W side | | | | | | | + | | 1948 | Alamos, Sonora |29.0|11.4 |10.6| 4.4 |7.6 |6.1 | 4.9 + 39723|[M]|Aug. 5, |1/2 mi. E San | | | | | | | + | | 1950 | Blas, Nayarit |27.2|12.2 |11.5| 4.5 |7.9 |6.5 | 5.1 + 39724|[M]|Aug. 5, |1/2 mi. E San | | | | | | | + | | 1950 | Blas, Nayarit |27.3|11.7 |10.7| 4.2 |7.4 |6.4 | 4.8 + 39725|[F]|Aug. 7, |1/2 mi. E San | | | | | | | + | | 1950 | Blas, Nayarit |28.0|12.0 |10.9| 4.4 |....|6.9 | 5.1 + | | | | | | | | | | + | | |_Rhogeëssa parvula | | | | | | | + | | | tumida_ | | | | | | | + | | | | | | | | | | + 29886|[M]|Dec. 8, |Boca Del Rio, | | | | | | | + | | 1948 | 10 ft., Veracruz |28.7|12.7 |11.9| 4.63|8.4 |6.9 | 5.6 + 19231|[F]|Oct. 6, |Rio Blanco, 20 km. | | | | | | | + | | 1946 | W Piedras Negras,| | | | | | | + | | | Veracruz |30.5|13.2 |12.4| 4.8 |....|7.0 | 5.6 + 37329| ? | |alleged paratype | | | | | | | + | | | of _R. parvula_ |....|12.3 |11.3| 4.68|....|6.5 | 5.4 + 73269|[F]|Jun. 12,|Santo Domingo, | | | | | | | + | | 1895 | Oaxaca |32.6|13.5 |12.5| 5.0 |8.5 |6.9 | 5.65 +170858|[M]|Oct. 7, |La Tuxpana, | | | | | | | + | | 1910 | Champoton, | | | | | | | + | | | Campeche |26.7|12.4 |11.3| 4.5 |7.6 |6.5 | 4.9 +------+---+--------+-------------------+----+-----+----+-----+----+----+----- + + +[A] The first three specimens and the last three are in the +United States National Museum; the others are in the University of +Kansas Museum of Natural History. + + ++----------------------------------------+ +|Transcriber's Notes: | +| | +|Left inconsistent usage of accents | +| | +|Page 229: Changed Ishtmus to Isthmus | +| | +|Footnote A: Changed Natoinal to National| ++----------------------------------------+ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeessa, by E. Raymond Hall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEXICAN BATS *** + +***** This file should be named 31109-8.txt or 31109-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/1/0/31109/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph R. Hauser, Joseph Cooper +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/31109-8.zip b/31109-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9be355 --- /dev/null +++ b/31109-8.zip diff --git a/31109-h.zip b/31109-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..110c6ed --- /dev/null +++ b/31109-h.zip diff --git a/31109-h/31109-h.htm b/31109-h/31109-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd826b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/31109-h/31109-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,927 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeëssa, by E. Raymond Hall. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[*/ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .notes {background-color: #aaffff; color: #000; padding: .5em; + margin: 0em 5%; margin: 1em 20% 4em 20%;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + /*]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeessa, by E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the Genus Rhogeessa + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: January 28, 2010 [EBook #31109] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEXICAN BATS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph R. Hauser, Joseph Cooper +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + +<h1> +Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the<br /> +Genus Rhogeëssa</h1> + +<h4>BY</h4> + +<h2>E. RAYMOND HALL</h2> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h4>University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History<br /><br /> +Volume 5, No. 15, pp. 227-232<br /> +April 10, 1952</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h4>University of Kansas<br /> +LAWRENCE<br /> +1952</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h4><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /><br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,<br /> +Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson<br /><br /> +Volume 5, No. 15, pp. 227-232<br /> +April 10, 1952</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h4><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas</h4> + +<h6>PRINTED BY<br /> +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1952<br /> +<br /> +24-1780</h6> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> +</div> +<h2><span class="smcap">Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the<br /> +Genus Rhogeëssa</span></h2> + +<h4>BY<br /> +E. RAYMOND HALL</h4> + + +<p>Five skins with skulls of <i>Rhogeëssa</i>, collected by J. R. Alcorn in the +states of Sonora and Nayarit of western Mexico, were recently received +at the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. Two other +specimens of the same genus, collected by Walter W. Dalquest in the +state of Veracruz of eastern Mexico, also are in the Museum of Natural +History. With the aim of applying names to these bats they were compared +with materials in the United States National Museum (including the +Biological Surveys collection) where there are approximately the same +number of Mexican specimens of <i>Rhogeëssa</i> as are in the Museum of +Natural History.</p> + +<p>The three kinds of <i>Rhogeëssa</i> named from Mexico are as follows: <i>R. +parvula</i> from the Tres Marias Islands off the west coast of Nayarit; <i>R. +tumida</i> from Mirador, Veracruz, on the eastern slope of the Republic; +and <i>R. gracilis</i> from Piaxtla, Puebla, on the southern end of the +Mexican Plateau.</p> + +<p>Of <i>Rhogeëssa gracilis</i> Miller (N. Amer. Fauna, 13:126, October 16, +1897) only three specimens are known; two are from Piaxtla, Puebla, and +the third is from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Only the specimen from the +Isthmus has a complete skull. The broken skull of the holotype is partly +separated from the skin of the head and in such a manner as to reveal +the teeth. The skull of the holotype seems to be broader (relative to +its length) across the mastoids and posterior parts of the zygomata than +in <i>R. tumida</i> or than in <i>R. parvula</i>. My comparisons indicate that +<i>Rhogeëssa gracilis</i> has larger (longer and wider) ears than <i>R. +parvula</i> and <i>R. tumida</i> and that it is specifically distinct from the +two last mentioned kinds.</p> + +<p>The two other nominal species from Mexico, <i>R. parvula</i> and <i>R. tumida</i>, +were named and described by Harrison Allen (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 1866: 285 and 286, respectively) on the basis of three +specimens in the United States National Museum. Two were from the Tres +Marias Islands and were the basis of the name <i>R. parvula</i>; the third +was from Mirador, Veracruz, and was the basis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> of the name <i>R. tumida</i>. +These specimens seem to have been preserved in alcohol. I have examined +the skulls of two of these. One (U.S.N.M., new number 37329, old number +7842) is alleged to be the paratype of <i>R. parvula</i> and the other +(U.S.N.M., 84021) is alleged to be the holotype of <i>R. tumida</i>. In the +glass vial containing skull No. 84021, there is a label in the +handwriting of Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., bearing the following information: +"In the orig. descr. the number of this sp. is said to be 8195. This is +an error. Specimen catalogued 3.1.98 G.S.M. Jr." On the back of a second +label in the skull vial there is written, "There is no doubt that this +is the type skull. It was returned by H. A. with no. given in orig. +descr. G.S.M. Jr." In the catalogue of the U. S. National Museum there +is the statement that the type of <i>Rhogeëssa tumida</i> was collected by H. +A. Grayson.</p> + +<p>The name <i>Rhogeëssa parvula</i> was based on two specimens (Smithsonian +Institution Nos. 7841 the type and 7842, in alcohol, collected by Col. +Grayson in the Tres Marias Islands off the west coast of Mexico.) The +type seems never to have been returned from the Academy of Sciences of +Philadelphia to the U. S. National Museum in Washington, D. C., and +cannot (in 1951) be found in Philadelphia or anywhere else. The skull, +but no other part, of the second specimen is in the United States +National Museum under the catalogue number 37329 (old No. 7842). The +skull has been broken in two through the interorbital region but is +glued together.</p> + +<p>Of <i>R. tumida</i>, no additional specimen has been saved, so far as I know, +from the type locality, Mirador, Veracruz.</p> + +<p>Of <i>R. parvula</i>, Nelson and Goldman, on May 19, 1897, on María Madre +Island, saved in alcohol an additional specimen (92413 U.S.N.M.) from +which J. Biggs, Preparator at the National Museum, in 1951, removed and +cleaned the skull. In small size and in all other features, the skull of +92413 closely resembles those of specimens saved by Alcorn from the +adjoining mainland of Mexico in Sonora and Nayarit. The pelage of the +upper parts of 92413 could be described as "of a light greyish-brown at +basal third, fawn-chestnut-brown at apical two-thirds" which are the +words that H. Allen (<i>op. cit.</i>: 285) used to describe the pelage of his +<i>R. parvula</i>. The external measurements of 92413 are: total length, 60; +length of tail, 25; length of hind foot, 5.5; and ear from notch, 11.0. +The first two measurements are slightly smaller than the corresponding +measurements of any other specimen seen. Nevertheless, the measurements +(tail, 30.5; hind foot, 5.3 [after H. Allen, orig. descr.]) of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> +holotype of <i>R. parvula</i>, also from the Tres Marias Islands, show that +it was as large as no. 39724 from the adjoining mainland (see table 1).</p> + +<p>According to the original descriptions, <i>R. parvula</i> and <i>R. tumida</i> +differ in size, <i>R. parvula</i> being the smaller. As may be seen from +table 1, the alleged type of <i>R. tumida</i> and the alleged paratype of <i>R. +parvula</i> indicate the opposite! All specimens obtained since the time of +the original descriptions, as may be seen by inspecting table 1, support +the correctness of the original descriptions. Therefore, and also +because of the other information presented above, I am inclined to the +opinion that the holotype of <i>R. tumida</i> and the paratype of <i>R. +parvula</i> have been switched; each now is associated with the name and +data, at least for locality, of the other.</p> + +<p>Other opinions are that <i>Rhogeëssa</i> from the Tres Marias Islands average +smaller than <i>Rhogeëssa</i> of the adjoining mainland of western Mexico but +not enough smaller to warrant subspecific separation of the two. +Specimens from places geographically intermediate between the geographic +ranges, as now known, of <i>R. parvula</i> and <i>R. tumida</i> probably will +reveal intergradation between the two kinds, which, therefore, should +stand as subspecies of a single species.</p> + +<p>As understood now, the Mexican <i>Rhogeëssa</i> are as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><b>Rhogeëssa parvula parvula</b> H. Allen</p> + +<p>1866. <i>Rhogeëssa parvula</i> H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, p. 285, type from Tres Marias Islands.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Tres Marias Islands and western mainland of Mexico from +Alamos, Sonora, south to San Blas, Nayarit.</p> + +<p><b>Rhogeëssa parvula tumida</b> H. Allen.</p> + +<p>1866. <i>Rhogeëssa tumida</i> H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, p. 286, type from Mirador, Veracruz.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—From Boca del Río, Veracruz, in eastern México, southward +over México and Central America into Panamá.</p> + +<p><b>Rhogeëssa gracilis</b> Miller.</p> + +<p>1897. <i>Rhogeëssa gracilis</i> Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:126, October +16, 1897, type from Piaxtla, Puebla.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Known only from the type locality and the Isthmus of +Tehuantepec.</p></div> + +<p><i>Transmitted November 30, 1951.</i><br /><br /><br /></p> + +<div> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> +</div> + +<p> +TABLE LEGEND<br /> +Column FO: Forearm<br /> +Column GR: Greatest length of skull including teeth<br /> +Column CO: Condylobasal length (not including teeth)<br /> +Column LE: Length of upper tooth-row, C1-M3<br /> +Column ZY: Zygomatic breadth<br /> +Column MA: Mastoid breadth<br /> +Column BR: Breadth across upper molars<br /> +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<span class="smcap">Table 1.—Measurements of Rhogeëssa from Mexico</span><br /><br /> +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr> + <td align='center'>No.</td> + <td align='center'>Sex</td> + <td align='center'>Date</td> + <td align='center'>Locality</td> + <td align='center'>FO</td> + <td align='center'>GR</td> + <td align='center'>CO</td> + <td align='center'>LE</td> + <td align='center'>ZY</td> + <td align='center'>MA</td> + <td align='center'>BR</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='center'><a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='center'><i>Rhogeëssa parvula parvula</i></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>92413</td> + <td align='center'>?</td> + <td align='left'>May 19, 1897</td> + <td align='left'>Maria Madre Island</td> + <td align='left'>26.0</td> + <td align='left'>11.25</td> + <td align='left'>10.5</td> + <td align='left'>4.1</td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + <td align='left'>6.1</td> + <td align='left'>4.7</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>7841</td> + <td align='center'>?</td> + <td align='center'>............</td> + <td align='left'>lost specimen—Tres Marias Ids.</td> + <td align='left'>27.4</td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>84021</td> + <td align='center'>...</td> + <td align='center'>............</td> + <td align='left'>alleged type of <i>R. tumida</i></td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + <td align='left'>11.8</td> + <td align='left'>10.9</td> + <td align='left'>4.3</td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + <td align='left'>6.2</td> + <td align='left'>4.9</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>24853</td> + <td align='center'>♀</td> + <td align='left'>May 7, 1948</td> + <td align='left'>W side Alamos, Sonora</td> + <td align='left'>29.5</td> + <td align='left'>11.7</td> + <td align='left'>10.8</td> + <td align='left'>4.2</td> + <td align='left'>7.8</td> + <td align='left'>6.5</td> + <td align='left'>4.8</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>24854</td> + <td align='center'>♀</td> + <td align='left'>May 7, 1948</td> + <td align='left'>W side Alamos, Sonora</td> + <td align='left'>29.0</td> + <td align='left'>11.4</td> + <td align='left'>10.6</td> + <td align='left'>4.4</td> + <td align='left'>7.6</td> + <td align='left'>6.1</td> + <td align='left'>4.9</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>39723</td> + <td align='center'>♂</td> + <td align='left'>Aug. 5, 1950</td> + <td align='left'>1/2 mi. E San Blas, Nayarit</td> + <td align='left'>27.2</td> + <td align='left'>12.2</td> + <td align='left'>11.5</td> + <td align='left'>4.5</td> + <td align='left'>7.9</td> + <td align='left'>6.5</td> + <td align='left'>5.1</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>39724</td> + <td align='center'>♂</td> + <td align='left'>Aug. 5, 1950</td> + <td align='left'>1/2 mi. E San Blas, Nayarit</td> + <td align='left'>27.3</td> + <td align='left'>11.7</td> + <td align='left'>10.7</td> + <td align='left'>4.2</td> + <td align='left'>7.4</td> + <td align='left'>6.4</td> + <td align='left'>4.8</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>39725</td> + <td align='center'>♀</td> + <td align='left'>Aug. 7, 1950</td> + <td align='left'>1/2 mi. E San Blas, Nayarit</td> + <td align='left'>28.0</td> + <td align='left'>12.0</td> + <td align='left'>10.9</td> + <td align='left'>4.4</td> + <td align='left'>....</td> + <td align='left'>6.9</td> + <td align='left'>5.1</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="11"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'></td> + <td align='center'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='center'><i>Rhogeëssa parvula tumida</i></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>29886</td> + <td align='center'>♂</td> + <td align='left'>Dec. 8, 1948</td> + <td align='left'>Boca del Rio, 10 ft., Veracruz</td> + <td align='left'>28.7</td> + <td align='left'>12.7</td> + <td align='left'>11.9</td> + <td align='left'>4.63</td> + <td align='left'>8.4</td> + <td align='left'>6.9</td> + <td align='left'>5.6</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>19231</td> + <td align='center'>♀</td> + <td align='left'>Oct. 6, 1946</td> + <td align='left'>Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras</td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'></td> + <td align='center'></td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'>Negras, Veracruz</td> + <td align='left'>30.5</td> + <td align='left'>13.2</td> + <td align='left'>12.4</td> + <td align='left'>4.8</td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + <td align='left'>7.0</td> + <td align='left'>5.6</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>37329</td> + <td align='center'>?</td> + <td align='left'></td> + <td align='left'>alleged paratype of <i>R. parvula</i></td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + <td align='left'>12.3</td> + <td align='left'>11.3</td> + <td align='left'>4.68</td> + <td align='center'>....</td> + <td align='left'>6.5</td> + <td align='left'>5.4</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>73269</td> + <td align='center'>♀</td> + <td align='left'>Jun. 12, 1895</td> + <td align='left'>Santo Domingo, Oaxaca</td> + <td align='left'>32.6</td> + <td align='left'>13.5</td> + <td align='left'>12.5</td> + <td align='left'>5.0</td> + <td align='left'>8.5</td> + <td align='left'>6.9</td> + <td align='left'>5.65</td> + </tr> +<tr> + <td align='right'>170858</td> + <td align='center'>♂</td> + <td align='left'>Oct. 7, 1910</td> + <td align='left'>La Tuxpana, Champoton, Campeche</td> + <td align='left'>26.7</td> + <td align='left'>12.4</td> + <td align='left'>11.3</td> + <td align='left'>4.5</td> + <td align='left'>7.6</td> + <td align='left'>6.5</td> + <td align='left'>4.9</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The first three specimens and the last three are in the +United States National Museum; the others are in the University of +Kansas Museum of Natural History.</p></div> + +<p class = "notes"> +Transcriber's Notes:<br /> +Standardized Punctuation.<br /> +Left inconsistent usage of accents.<br /> +Page 229: Changed Ishtmus to Isthmus.<br /> +Footnote A: Changed Natoinal to National +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeessa, by E. Raymond Hall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEXICAN BATS *** + +***** This file should be named 31109-h.htm or 31109-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/1/0/31109/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph R. Hauser, Joseph Cooper +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> + + diff --git a/31109.txt b/31109.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..234ca2e --- /dev/null +++ b/31109.txt @@ -0,0 +1,659 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeessa, by E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the Genus Rhogeessa + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: January 28, 2010 [EBook #31109] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEXICAN BATS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph R. Hauser, Joseph Cooper +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeessa + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL + + + + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 5, No. 15, pp. 227-232 +April 10, 1952 + + + + +University of Kansas +LAWRENCE +1952 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 5, No. 15, pp. 227-232 +April 10, 1952 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + + + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1952 + +24-1780 + + + + +TAXONOMIC NOTES ON MEXICAN BATS OF THE GENUS RHOGEESSA + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL + + +Five skins with skulls of _Rhogeessa_, collected by J. R. Alcorn in the +states of Sonora and Nayarit of western Mexico, were recently received +at the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. Two other +specimens of the same genus, collected by Walter W. Dalquest in the +state of Veracruz of eastern Mexico, also are in the Museum of Natural +History. With the aim of applying names to these bats they were compared +with materials in the United States National Museum (including the +Biological Surveys collection) where there are approximately the same +number of Mexican specimens of _Rhogeessa_ as are in the Museum of +Natural History. + +The three kinds of _Rhogeessa_ named from Mexico are as follows: _R. +parvula_ from the Tres Marias Islands off the west coast of Nayarit; _R. +tumida_ from Mirador, Veracruz, on the eastern slope of the Republic; +and _R. gracilis_ from Piaxtla, Puebla, on the southern end of the +Mexican Plateau. + +Of _Rhogeessa gracilis_ Miller (N. Amer. Fauna, 13:126, October 16, +1897) only three specimens are known; two are from Piaxtla, Puebla, and +the third is from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Only the specimen from the +Isthmus has a complete skull. The broken skull of the holotype is partly +separated from the skin of the head and in such a manner as to reveal +the teeth. The skull of the holotype seems to be broader (relative to +its length) across the mastoids and posterior parts of the zygomata than +in _R. tumida_ or than in _R. parvula_. My comparisons indicate that +_Rhogeessa gracilis_ has larger (longer and wider) ears than _R. +parvula_ and _R. tumida_ and that it is specifically distinct from the +two last mentioned kinds. + +The two other nominal species from Mexico, _R. parvula_ and _R. tumida_, +were named and described by Harrison Allen (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, 1866: 285 and 286, respectively) on the basis of three +specimens in the United States National Museum. Two were from the Tres +Marias Islands and were the basis of the name _R. parvula_; the third +was from Mirador, Veracruz, and was the basis of the name _R. tumida_. +These specimens seem to have been preserved in alcohol. I have examined +the skulls of two of these. One (U.S.N.M., new number 37329, old number +7842) is alleged to be the paratype of _R. parvula_ and the other +(U.S.N.M., 84021) is alleged to be the holotype of _R. tumida_. In the +glass vial containing skull No. 84021, there is a label in the +handwriting of Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., bearing the following information: +"In the orig. descr. the number of this sp. is said to be 8195. This is +an error. Specimen catalogued 3.1.98 G.S.M. Jr." On the back of a second +label in the skull vial there is written, "There is no doubt that this +is the type skull. It was returned by H. A. with no. given in orig. +descr. G.S.M. Jr." In the catalogue of the U. S. National Museum there +is the statement that the type of _Rhogeessa tumida_ was collected by H. +A. Grayson. + +The name _Rhogeessa parvula_ was based on two specimens (Smithsonian +Institution Nos. 7841 the type and 7842, in alcohol, collected by Col. +Grayson in the Tres Marias Islands off the west coast of Mexico.) The +type seems never to have been returned from the Academy of Sciences of +Philadelphia to the U. S. National Museum in Washington, D. C., and +cannot (in 1951) be found in Philadelphia or anywhere else. The skull, +but no other part, of the second specimen is in the United States +National Museum under the catalogue number 37329 (old No. 7842). The +skull has been broken in two through the interorbital region but is +glued together. + +Of _R. tumida_, no additional specimen has been saved, so far as I know, +from the type locality, Mirador, Veracruz. + +Of _R. parvula_, Nelson and Goldman, on May 19, 1897, on Maria Madre +Island, saved in alcohol an additional specimen (92413 U.S.N.M.) from +which J. Biggs, Preparator at the National Museum, in 1951, removed and +cleaned the skull. In small size and in all other features, the skull of +92413 closely resembles those of specimens saved by Alcorn from the +adjoining mainland of Mexico in Sonora and Nayarit. The pelage of the +upper parts of 92413 could be described as "of a light greyish-brown at +basal third, fawn-chestnut-brown at apical two-thirds" which are the +words that H. Allen (_op. cit._: 285) used to describe the pelage of his +_R. parvula_. The external measurements of 92413 are: total length, 60; +length of tail, 25; length of hind foot, 5.5; and ear from notch, 11.0. +The first two measurements are slightly smaller than the corresponding +measurements of any other specimen seen. Nevertheless, the measurements +(tail, 30.5; hind foot, 5.3 [after H. Allen, orig. descr.]) of the +holotype of _R. parvula_, also from the Tres Marias Islands, show that +it was as large as no. 39724 from the adjoining mainland (see table 1). + +According to the original descriptions, _R. parvula_ and _R. tumida_ +differ in size, _R. parvula_ being the smaller. As may be seen from +table 1, the alleged type of _R. tumida_ and the alleged paratype of _R. +parvula_ indicate the opposite! All specimens obtained since the time of +the original descriptions, as may be seen by inspecting table 1, support +the correctness of the original descriptions. Therefore, and also +because of the other information presented above, I am inclined to the +opinion that the holotype of _R. tumida_ and the paratype of _R. +parvula_ have been switched; each now is associated with the name and +data, at least for locality, of the other. + +Other opinions are that _Rhogeessa_ from the Tres Marias Islands average +smaller than _Rhogeessa_ of the adjoining mainland of western Mexico but +not enough smaller to warrant subspecific separation of the two. +Specimens from places geographically intermediate between the geographic +ranges, as now known, of _R. parvula_ and _R. tumida_ probably will +reveal intergradation between the two kinds, which, therefore, should +stand as subspecies of a single species. + +As understood now, the Mexican _Rhogeessa_ are as follows: + + =Rhogeessa parvula parvula= H. Allen + + 1866. _Rhogeessa parvula_ H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 285, type from Tres Marias Islands. + + _Range._--Tres Marias Islands and western mainland of Mexico from + Alamos, Sonora, south to San Blas, Nayarit. + + =Rhogeessa parvula tumida= H. Allen. + + 1866. _Rhogeessa tumida_ H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 286, type from Mirador, Veracruz. + + _Range._--From Boca del Rio, Veracruz, in eastern Mexico, southward + over Mexico and Central America into Panama. + + =Rhogeessa gracilis= Miller. + + 1897. _Rhogeessa gracilis_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:126, October + 16, 1897, type from Piaxtla, Puebla. + + _Range._--Known only from the type locality and the Isthmus of + Tehuantepec. + +_Transmitted November 30, 1951._ + + +TABLE 1.--MEASUREMENTS OF RHOGEESSA FROM MEXICO + +TABLE LEGEND + +Column FO: Forearm +Column GR: Greatest length of skull including teeth +Column CO: Condylobasal length (not including teeth) +Column LE: Length of upper tooth-row, C1-M3 +Column ZY: Zygomatic breadth +Column MA: Mastoid breadth +Column BR: Breadth across upper molars + +======+===+========+===================+====+=====+====+=====+====+====+===== + No. |Sex| Date | Locality | FO | GR | CO | LE | ZY | MA | BR +------|---+--------+-------------------+----+-----+----+-----+----+----+----- + [A] | | |_Rhogeessa parvula | | | | | | | + | | | parvula_ | | | | | | | + | | | | | | | | | | + 92413| ? |May 19, |Maria Madre | | | | | | | + | | 1897 | Island |26.0|11.25|10.5| 4.1 |....|6.1 | 4.7 + 7841| ? |....... |lost specimen-- | | | | | | | + | | | Tres Marias Ids. |27.4|.... |....|.... |....|....|.... + 84021|...|....... |alleged type of | | | | | | | + | | | _R. tumida_ |....|11.8 |10.9| 4.3 |....|6.2 | 4.9 + 24853|[F]|May 7, |W side | | | | | | | + | | 1948 | Alamos, Sonora |29.5|11.7 |10.8| 4.2 |7.8 |6.5 | 4.8 + 24854|[F]|May 7, |W side | | | | | | | + | | 1948 | Alamos, Sonora |29.0|11.4 |10.6| 4.4 |7.6 |6.1 | 4.9 + 39723|[M]|Aug. 5, |1/2 mi. E San | | | | | | | + | | 1950 | Blas, Nayarit |27.2|12.2 |11.5| 4.5 |7.9 |6.5 | 5.1 + 39724|[M]|Aug. 5, |1/2 mi. E San | | | | | | | + | | 1950 | Blas, Nayarit |27.3|11.7 |10.7| 4.2 |7.4 |6.4 | 4.8 + 39725|[F]|Aug. 7, |1/2 mi. E San | | | | | | | + | | 1950 | Blas, Nayarit |28.0|12.0 |10.9| 4.4 |....|6.9 | 5.1 + | | | | | | | | | | + | | |_Rhogeessa parvula | | | | | | | + | | | tumida_ | | | | | | | + | | | | | | | | | | + 29886|[M]|Dec. 8, |Boca Del Rio, | | | | | | | + | | 1948 | 10 ft., Veracruz |28.7|12.7 |11.9| 4.63|8.4 |6.9 | 5.6 + 19231|[F]|Oct. 6, |Rio Blanco, 20 km. | | | | | | | + | | 1946 | W Piedras Negras,| | | | | | | + | | | Veracruz |30.5|13.2 |12.4| 4.8 |....|7.0 | 5.6 + 37329| ? | |alleged paratype | | | | | | | + | | | of _R. parvula_ |....|12.3 |11.3| 4.68|....|6.5 | 5.4 + 73269|[F]|Jun. 12,|Santo Domingo, | | | | | | | + | | 1895 | Oaxaca |32.6|13.5 |12.5| 5.0 |8.5 |6.9 | 5.65 +170858|[M]|Oct. 7, |La Tuxpana, | | | | | | | + | | 1910 | Champoton, | | | | | | | + | | | Campeche |26.7|12.4 |11.3| 4.5 |7.6 |6.5 | 4.9 +------+---+--------+-------------------+----+-----+----+-----+----+----+----- + + +[A] The first three specimens and the last three are in the +United States National Museum; the others are in the University of +Kansas Museum of Natural History. + + ++----------------------------------------+ +|Transcriber's Notes: | +| | +|Left inconsistent usage of accents | +| | +|Page 229: Changed Ishtmus to Isthmus | +| | +|Footnote A: Changed Natoinal to National| ++----------------------------------------+ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomic Notes on Mexican Bats of the +Genus Rhogeessa, by E. Raymond Hall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEXICAN BATS *** + +***** This file should be named 31109.txt or 31109.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/1/0/31109/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph R. Hauser, Joseph Cooper +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/31109.zip b/31109.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3d229d --- /dev/null +++ b/31109.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bada49d --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #31109 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31109) |