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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography
+[June, 1897], by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Birds Illustrated by Color Photography [June, 1897]
+       A Monthly Serial designed to Promote Knowledge of Bird-Life
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 13, 2009 [EBook #30666]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED, JUNE 1897 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note: A couple of unusual spellings in the "ads"
+have been left as printed.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+  #BIRDS Volume I.#
+       January to June, 1897
+
+            NOW READY.
+
+A magnificent book, a work of art--complete in two hundred and
+twenty-four pages.
+
+Sixty full page illustrations made by the new and wonderful process,
+Color Photography.
+
+Adapted to old and young.
+
+Bound in neat and durable form.
+
+For sale by all Newsdealers and Booksellers and by subscription.
+
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+ and five for Full Morocco. Address mail orders to
+
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+  which amount will be deducted from your bill.
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+
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+
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+                        CHICAGO.
+
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+
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+      reliefs of the land surface and ocean bed, 20
+      inches diameter. Used by the Royal Geographical
+      Society, Cornell University. Normal, and other
+      schools of various forms and grades.
+
+      #The Deep Sea Globe.# This new 12 in. globe
+      shows all that is seen on the common globe, but
+      in addition the varying depths of the ocean bed,
+      by color shading, also 500 soundings by figures.
+
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+                        CHICAGO.
+
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+            than any other Commercial School in the
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+
+                     Send for Catalogue.
+                   GONDRING & VIRDEN, Prin.
+
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+             #We Develop and
+                  Print Photos for
+                    Amateurs#
+
+ [Illustration: READY FOR A SNAP: ARE YOU?]
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+
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+
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+             _WILL NOT COLLAPSE_
+ and therefore prevent much colic. The valve
+ prevents a vacuum being formed to collapse them.
+ The ribs inside prevent collapsing when the child
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+ pulled off the bottle.
+
+           #Sample Free by Mail.#
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+
+
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+ #COLUMBUS STAMPS#   1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
+                     8, 10, 15, 30,
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+ unused. The 11 Stamps for #$1.90#.
+
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+ The 8 Stamps for #30c#.
+
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+
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+
+
+   Please mention "BIRDS" when you write to Advertisers.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+                            #BIRDS#
+
+                ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY
+
+                       #A MONTHLY SERIAL#
+
+                       DESIGNED TO PROMOTE
+
+                    #KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD-LIFE#
+
+
+
+          "With cheerful hop from perch to spray,
+             They sport along the meads;
+           In social bliss together stray,
+             Where love or fancy leads.
+
+           Through spring's gay scenes each happy pair
+             Their fluttering joys pursue;
+           Its various charms and produce share,
+             Forever kind and true."
+
+
+
+                        CHICAGO, U. S. A.
+           NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
+                              1896
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+It has become a universal custom to obtain and preserve the likenesses
+of one's friends. Photographs are the most popular form of these
+likenesses, as they give the true exterior outlines and appearance,
+(except coloring) of the subjects. But how much more popular and
+useful does photography become, when it can be used as a means of
+securing plates from which to print photographs in a regular printing
+press, and, what is more astonishing and delightful, to produce the
+REAL COLORS of nature as shown in the subject, no matter how brilliant
+or varied.
+
+We quote from the December number of the Ladies' Home Journal:
+
+"_An excellent_ suggestion was recently made by the Department of
+Agriculture at Washington that the public schools of the country shall
+have a new holiday, to be known as Bird Day. Three cities have already
+adopted the suggestion, and it is likely that others will quickly
+follow. Of course, Bird Day will differ from its successful
+predecessor, Arbor Day. We can plant trees but not birds. It is
+suggested that Bird Day take the form of bird exhibitions, of bird
+exercises, of bird studies--any form of entertainment, in fact, which
+will bring children closer to their little brethren of the air, and
+in more intelligent sympathy with their life and ways. There is a
+wonderful story in bird life, and but few of our children know it. Few
+of our elders do, for that matter. A whole day of a year can well and
+profitably be given over to the birds. Than such study, nothing can be
+more interesting. The cultivation of an intimate acquaintanceship with
+our feathered friends is a source of genuine pleasure. We are under
+greater obligations to the birds than we dream of. Without them the
+world would be more barren than we imagine. Consequently, we have some
+duties which we owe them. What these duties are only a few of us know
+or have ever taken the trouble to find out. Our children should not be
+allowed to grow to maturity without this knowledge. The more they know
+of the birds the better men and women they will be. We can hardly
+encourage such studies too much."
+
+Of all animated nature, birds are the most beautiful in coloring, most
+graceful in form and action, swiftest in motion and most perfect
+emblems of freedom.
+
+They are withal, very intelligent and have many remarkable traits, so
+that their habits and characteristics make a delightful study for all
+lovers of nature. In view of the facts, we feel that we are doing
+a useful work for the young, and one that will be appreciated by
+progressive parents, in placing within the easy possession of children
+in the homes these beautiful photographs of birds.
+
+The text is prepared with the view of giving the children as clear an
+idea as possible, of haunts, habits, characteristics and such other
+information as will lead them to love the birds and delight in their
+study and acquaintance.
+
+                                             NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+                                  #BIRDS.#
+
+                      ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.
+
+ ======================================================================
+  VOL. 1.                       JUNE, 1897.                     No. 6.
+ ======================================================================
+
+
+BIRD SONG.
+
+    "I cannot love the man who doth not love,
+    As men love light, the song of happy birds."
+
+
+It is indeed fitting that the great poets have ever been the
+best interpreters of the songs of birds. In many of the plays of
+Shakespeare, especially where the scene is laid in the primeval
+forest, his most delicious bits of fancy are inspired by the flitting
+throng. Wordsworth and Tennyson, and many of the minor English poets,
+are pervaded with bird notes, and Shelley's masterpiece, The Skylark,
+will long survive his greater and more ambitious poems. Our own poet,
+Cranch, has left one immortal stanza, and Bryant, and Longfellow, and
+Lowell, and Whittier, and Emerson have written enough of poetic
+melody, the direct inspiration of the feathered inhabitants of the
+woods, to fill a good-sized volume. In prose, no one has said finer
+things than Thoreau, who probed nature with a deeper ken than any of
+his contemporaries. He is to be read, and read, and read.
+
+But just what meaning should be attached to a bird's notes--some of
+which are "the least disagreeable of noises"--will probably never be
+discovered. They do seem to express almost every feeling of which the
+human heart is capable. We wonder if the Mocking Bird understands what
+all these notes mean. He is so fine an imitator that it is hard to
+believe he is not doing more than mimicking the notes of other birds,
+but rather that he really does mock them with a sort of defiant
+sarcasm. He banters them less, perhaps, than the Cat Bird, but one
+would naturally expect all other birds to fly at him with vengeful
+purpose. But perhaps the birds are not so sensitive as their human
+brothers, who do not always look upon imitation as the highest
+flattery.
+
+A gentleman who kept a note-book, describes one of the matinee
+performances of the Mocker, which he attended by creeping under a tent
+curtain. He sat at the foot of a tree on the top of which the bird was
+perched unconscious of his presence. The Mocker gave one of the notes
+of the Guinea-hen, a fine imitation of the Cardinal, or Red Bird,
+an exact reproduction of the note of the Phoebe, and some of the
+difficult notes of the Yellow-breasted Chat. "Now I hear a young
+chicken peeping. Now the Carolina Wren sings, '_cheerily, cheerily,
+cheerily_.' Now a small bird is shrilling with a fine insect tone. A
+Flicker, a Wood-pewee, and a Phoebe follow in quick succession. Then a
+Tufted Titmouse squeals. To display his versatility, he gives a dull
+performance which couples the '_go-back_' of the Guinea fowl with the
+plaint of the Wood-pewee, two widely diverse vocal sounds. With all
+the performance there is such perfect self-reliance and consciousness
+of superior ability that one feels that the singer has but to choose
+what bird he will imitate next."
+
+Nor does the plaintive, melancholy note of the Robin, that "pious"
+bird, altogether express his character. He has so many lovely traits,
+according to his biographers, that we accept him unhesitatingly as a
+truly good bird. Didn't he once upon a time tenderly cover with leaves
+certain poor little wanderers? Isn't he called "The Bird of the
+Morning?" And evening as well, for you can hear his sad voice long
+after the sun has himself retired.
+
+The poet Coleridge claims the credit of first using the Owl's cry
+in poetry, and his musical note _Tu-whit, tu-who!_ has made him a
+favorite with the poets. Tennyson has fancifully played upon it in
+his little "Songs to the Owl," the last stanza of which runs:
+
+    "I would mock thy chant anew;
+    But I cannot mimic it,
+    Not a whit of thy tuhoo,
+    Thee to woo to thy tuwhit,
+    Thee to woo to thy tuwhit.
+
+    With a lengthen'd loud halloo,
+    Tuwhoo, tuwhit, tuwhit, tuhoo-o-o."
+
+But Coleridge was not correct in his claim to precedence in the use of
+the Owl's cry, for Shakespeare preceded him, and Tennyson's "First
+Song to the Owl" is modeled after that at the end of "Love's Labor
+Lost:"
+
+    "When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,
+    Then nightly sings the staring Owl,
+              Tu-who;
+    Tu-whit, tu-who, a merry note."
+
+In references to birds, Tennyson is the most felicitous of all poets
+and the exquisite swallow-song in "The Princess" is especially
+recommended to the reader's perusal.
+
+Birds undoubtedly sing for the same reasons that inspire to utterance
+all the animated creatures in the universe. Insects sing and bees,
+crickets, locusts, and mosquitos. Frogs sing, and mice, monkeys,
+and woodchucks. We have recently heard even an English Sparrow do
+something better than chipper; some very pretty notes escaped him,
+perchance, because his heart was overflowing with love-thoughts, and
+he was very merry, knowing that his affection was reciprocated. The
+elevated railway stations, about whose eaves the ugly, hastily built
+nests protrude everywhere, furnish ample explanation of his reasons
+for singing.
+
+Birds are more musical at certain times of the day as well as at
+certain seasons of the year. During the hour between dawn and sunrise
+occurs the grand concert of the feathered folk. There are no concerts
+during the day--only individual songs. After sunset there seems to be
+an effort to renew the chorus, but it cannot be compared to the
+morning concert when they are practically undisturbed by man.
+
+Birds sing because they are happy. Bradford Torrey has given with much
+felicity his opinion on the subject, as follows:
+
+"I recall a Cardinal Grosbeak, whom I heard several years ago, on the
+bank of the Potomac river. An old soldier had taken me to visit the
+Great Falls, and as we were clambering over the rocks this Grosbeak
+began to sing; and soon, without any hint from me, and without knowing
+who the invisible musician was, my companion remarked upon the
+uncommon beauty of the song. The Cardinal is always a great singer,
+having a voice which, as European writers say, is almost equal to the
+Nightingale's; but in this case the more stirring, martial quality of
+the strain had given place to an exquisite mellowness, as if it were,
+what I have no doubt it was,
+
+                      A Song of Love."
+                              --C. C. Marble.
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.]
+
+
+THE YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.
+
+
+The popular name of this species of an attractive family is Yellow
+Throated Greenlet, and our young readers will find much pleasure in
+watching its pretty movements and listening to its really delightful
+song whenever they visit the places where it loves to spend the happy
+hours of summer. In some respects it is the most remarkable of all
+the species of the family found in the United States. "The Birds
+of Illinois," a book that may be profitably studied by the young
+naturalist, states that it is decidedly the finest singer, has the
+loudest notes of admonition and reproof, and is the handsomest in
+plumage, and hence the more attractive to the student.
+
+A recognized observer says he has found it only in the woods, and
+mostly in the luxuriant forests of the bottom lands. The writer's
+experience accords with that of Audubon and Wilson, the best
+authorities in their day, but the habits of birds vary greatly with
+locality, and in other parts of the country, notably in New England,
+it is very familiar, delighting in the companionship of man. It breeds
+in eastern North America, and winters in Florida, Cuba and Central
+America.
+
+The Vireo makes a very deep nest, suspended by its upper edge,
+between the forks of a horizontal branch. The eggs are white,
+generally with a few reddish brown blotches. All authorities agree as
+to the great beauty of the nest, though they differ as to its exact
+location. It is a woodland bird, loving tall trees and running water,
+"haunting the same places as the Solitary Vireo." During migration the
+Yellow-throat is seen in orchards and in the trees along side-walks
+and lawns, mingling his golden colors with the rich green of June
+leaves.
+
+The Vireos, or Greenlets, are like the Warblers in appearance and
+habits. We have no birds, says Torrey, that are more unsparing of
+their music; they sing from morning till night, and--some of them, at
+least--continue theirs till the very end of the season. The song of
+the Yellow-throat is rather too monotonous and persistent. It is hard
+sometimes not to get out of patience with its ceasless and noisy
+iteration of its simple tune; especially if you are doing your utmost
+to catch the notes of some rarer and more refined songster. This is
+true also of some other birds, whose occasional silence would add much
+to their attractiveness.
+
+
+
+
+THE MOCKING BIRD.
+
+
+Some bright morning this month, you may hear a Robin's song from a
+large tree near by. A Red Bird answers him and then the Oriole chimes
+in. I can see you looking around to find the birds that sing so
+sweetly. All this time a gay bird sits among the green leaves and
+laughs at you as you try to find three birds when only one is there.
+
+It is the Mocking Bird or Mocker, and it is he who has been fooling
+you with his song. Nature has given him lots of music and gifted him
+with the power of imitating the songs of other birds and sounds of
+other animals.
+
+He is certainly the sweetest of our song birds. The English
+Nightingale alone is his rival. I think, however, if our Mocker could
+hear the Nightingale's song, he could learn it.
+
+The Mocking Bird is another of our Thrushes. By this time you have
+surely made up your minds that the Thrushes are sweet singers.
+
+The Mocker seems to take delight in fooling people. One gentleman
+while sitting on his porch heard what he thought to be a young bird in
+distress. He went in the direction of the sound and soon heard the
+same cry behind him. He turned and went back toward the porch, when he
+heard it in another direction. Soon he found out that Mr. Mocking Bird
+had been fooling him, and was flying about from shrub to shrub making
+that sound.
+
+His nest is carelessly made of almost anything he can find. The small,
+bluish-green eggs are much like the Catbird's eggs.
+
+Little Mocking Birds look very much like the young of other Thrushes,
+and do not become Mockers like their parents, until they are full
+grown.
+
+Which one of the other Thrushes that you have seen in BIRDS does the
+Mocking Bird resemble?
+
+He is the only Thrush that sings while on the wing. All of the others
+sing only while perching.
+
+[Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. AMERICAN MOCKING BIRD.]
+
+
+
+
+JUNE.
+
+    Frank-hearted hostess of the field and wood,
+    Gipsy, whose roof is every spreading tree,
+    June is the pearl of our New England year,
+    Still a surprisal, though expected long,
+    Her coming startles. Long she lies in wait,
+    Makes many a feint, peeps forth, draws coyly back,
+    Then, from some southern ambush in the sky,
+    With one great gush of blossoms storms the world.
+    A week ago the Sparrow was divine;
+    The Bluebird, shifting his light load of song
+    From post to post along the cheerless fence,
+    Was as a rhymer ere the poet came;
+    But now, O rapture! sunshine winged and voiced,
+    Pipe blown through by the warm, wild breath of the West,
+    Shepherding his soft droves of fleecy cloud,
+    Gladness of woods, skies, waters, all in one,
+    The Bobolink has come, and, like the soul
+    Of the sweet season vocal in a bird,
+    Gurgles in ecstasy we know not what
+    Save _June! Dear June! Now God be praised for June._
+
+                                            --LOWELL.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT
+HERON.]
+
+
+THE BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.
+
+
+What a beautiful creature this is! A mounted specimen requires, like
+the Snowy Owl, the greatest care and a dust tight glass case to
+preserve its beauty. Dr. Coues' account of it should be read by those
+who are interested in the science of ornithology. It is a common bird
+in the United States and British Provinces, being migratory and
+resident in the south. Heronries, sometimes of vast extent, to which
+they return year after year, are their breeding places. Each nest
+contains three or four eggs of a pale, sea-green color. Observe the
+peculiar plumes, sometimes two, in this case three, which spring from
+the back of the head. These usually lie close together in one bundle,
+but are often blown apart by the wind in the form of streamers. This
+Heron derives its name from its habits, as it is usually seen flying
+at night, or in the early evening, when it utters a sonorous cry of
+_quaw_ or _quawk_. It is often called Quawk or Qua-Bird.
+
+On the return of the Black-Crowned Night Heron in April, he promptly
+takes possession of his former home, which is likely to be the most
+solitary and deeply shaded part of a cedar swamp. Groves of swamp oak
+in retired and water covered places, are also sometimes chosen, and
+the males often select tall trees on the bank of the river to roost
+upon during the day. About the beginning of twilight they direct their
+flight toward the marshes, uttering in a hoarse and hollow tone, the
+sound _qua_. At this hour all the nurseries in the swamps are emptied
+of their occupants, who disperse about the marshes along the ditches
+and river shore in search of food. Some of these nesting places have
+been occupied every spring and summer for many years by nearly a
+hundred pair of Herons. In places where the cedars have been cut down
+and removed the Herons merely move to another part of the swamp, not
+seeming greatly disturbed thereby; but when attacked and plundered
+they have been known to remove from an ancient home in a body to some
+unknown place.
+
+The Heron's nest is plain enough, being built of sticks. On entering
+the swamp in the neighborhood of one of the heronries the noise of the
+old and young birds equals that made by a band of Indians in conflict.
+The instant an intruder is discovered, the entire flock silently rises
+in the air and removes to the tops of the trees in another part of the
+woods, while sentries of eight or ten birds make occasional circuits
+of inspection.
+
+The young Herons climb to the tops of the highest trees, but do not
+attempt to fly. While it is probable these birds do not see well by
+day, they possess an exquisite facility of hearing, which renders it
+almost impossible to approach their nesting places without discovery.
+Hawks hover over the nests, making an occasional sweep among the
+young, and the Bald Eagle has been seen to cast a hungry eye upon
+them.
+
+The male and female can hardly be distinguished. Both have the plumes,
+but there is a slight difference in size.
+
+The food of the Night Heron, or Qua-Bird, is chiefly fish, and his two
+interesting traits are tireless watchfulness and great appetite. He
+digests his food with such rapidity that however much he may eat, he
+is always ready to eat again; hence he is little benefited by what he
+does eat, and is ever in appearance in the same half-starved state,
+whether food is abundant or scarce.
+
+
+
+
+THE RING-BILLED GULL.
+
+
+The Ring-billed Gull is a common species throughout eastern North
+America, breeding throughout the northern tier of the United States,
+whose northern border is the limit of its summer home. As a rule in
+winter it is found in Illinois and south to the Gulf of Mexico. It is
+an exceedingly voracious bird, continually skimming over the surface
+of the water in search of its finny prey, and often following shoals
+of fish to great distances. The birds congregate in large numbers at
+their breeding places, which are rocky islands or headlands in the
+ocean. Most of the families of Gulls are somewhat migratory, visiting
+northern regions in summer to rear their young. The following lines
+give with remarkable fidelity the wing habits and movements of this
+tireless bird:
+
+    "On nimble wing the gull
+    Sweeps booming by, intent to cull
+    Voracious, from the billows' breast,
+    Marked far away, his destined feast.
+    Behold him now, deep plunging, dip
+    His sunny pinion's sable tip
+    In the green wave; now highly skim
+    With wheeling flight the water's brim;
+    Wave in blue sky his silver sail
+    Aloft, and frolic with the gale,
+    Or sink again his breast to lave,
+    And float upon the foaming wave.
+    Oft o'er his form your eyes may roam,
+    Nor know him from the feathery foam,
+    Nor 'mid the rolling waves, your ear
+    On yelling blast his clamor hear."
+
+This Gull lives principally on fish, but also greedily devours
+insects. He also picks up small animals or animal substances with
+which he meets, and, like the vulture, devours them even in a putrid
+condition. He walks well and quickly, swims bouyantly, lying in the
+water like an air bubble, and dives with facility, but to no great
+depth.
+
+As the breeding time approaches the Gulls begin to assemble in flocks,
+uniting to form a numerous host. Even upon our own shores their
+nesting places are often occupied by many hundred pairs, whilst
+further north they congregate in countless multitudes. They literally
+cover the rocks on which their nests are placed, the brooding parents
+pressing against each other.
+
+Wilson says that the Gull, when riding bouyantly upon the waves and
+weaving a sportive dance, is employed by the poets as an emblem of
+purity, or as an accessory to the horrors of a storm, by his shrieks
+and wild piercing cries. In his habits he is the vulture of the ocean,
+while in grace of motion and beauty of plumage he is one of the most
+attractive of the splendid denizens of the ocean and lakes.
+
+The Ring-billed Gull's nest varies with localities. Where there is
+grass and sea weed, these are carefully heaped together, but where
+these fail the nest is of scanty material. Two to four large oval
+eggs of brownish green or greenish brown, spotted with grey and brown,
+are hatched in three or four weeks, the young appearing in a thick
+covering of speckled down. If born on the ledge of a high rock, the
+chicks remain there until their wings enable them to leave it, but if
+they come from the shell on the sand of the beach they trot about
+like little chickens. During the first few days they are fed with
+half-digested food from the parents' crops, and then with freshly
+caught fish.
+
+The Gull rarely flies alone, though occasionally one is seen far away
+from the water soaring in majestic solitude above the tall buildings
+of the city.
+
+[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. RING-BILLED GULL.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MOCKING BIRD.
+
+
+The Mocking Bird is regarded as the chief of songsters, for in
+addition to his remarkable powers of imitation, he is without a rival
+in variety of notes. The Brown Thrasher is thought by many to have a
+sweeter song, and one equally vigorous, but there is a bold brilliancy
+in the performance of the Mocker that is peculiarly his own, and which
+has made him _par excellence_ the forest extemporizer of vocal melody.
+About this of course there will always be a difference of opinion, as
+in the case of the human melodists.
+
+So well known are the habits and characteristics of the Mocking Bird
+that nearly all that could be written about him would be but a
+repetition of what has been previously said. In Illinois, as in many
+other states, its distribution is very irregular, its absence from
+some localities which seem in every way suited being very difficult to
+account for. Thus, according to "Birds of Illinois," while one or two
+pairs breed in the outskirts of Mount Carmel nearly every season, it
+is nowhere in that vicinity a common bird. A few miles further north,
+however, it has been found almost abundant. On one occasion, during a
+three mile drive from town, six males were seen and heard singing
+along the roadside. Mr. H. K. Coale says that he saw a mocking bird in
+Stark county, Indiana, sixty miles southeast of Chicago, January 1,
+1884; that Mr. Green Smith had met with it at Kensington Station,
+Illinois, and that several have been observed in the parks and
+door-yards of Chicago. In the extreme southern portion of the state
+the species is abundant, and is resident through the year.
+
+The Mocking Bird does not properly belong among the birds of the
+middle or eastern states, but as there are many records of its
+nesting in these latitudes it is thought to be safe to include it.
+Mrs. Osgood Wright states that individuals have often been seen in the
+city parks of the east, one having lived in Central Park, New York
+city, late into the winter, throughout a cold and extreme season. They
+have reared their young as far north as Arlington, near Boston, where
+they are noted, however, as rare summer residents. Dr. J. A. Allen,
+editor of _The Auk_, notes that they occasionally nest in the
+Connecticut Valley.
+
+The Mocking Bird has a habit of singing and fluttering in the middle
+of the night, and in different individuals the song varies, as is
+noted of many birds, particularly canaries. The song is a natural love
+song, a rich dreamy melody. The mocking song is imitative of the notes
+of all the birds of field, forest, and garden, broken into fragments.
+
+The Mocker's nest is loosely made of leaves and grass, rags, feathers,
+etc., plain and comfortable. It is never far from the ground. The eggs
+are four to six, bluish green, spattered with shades of brown.
+
+Wilson's description of the Mocking Bird's song will probably never be
+surpassed: "With expanded wings and tail glistening with white, and
+the bouyant gayety of his action arresting the eye, as his song does
+most irresistably the ear, he sweeps around with enthusiastic ecstasy,
+and mounts and descends as his song swells or dies away. And he often
+deceives the sportsman, and sends him in search of birds that are not
+perhaps within miles of him, but whose notes he exactly imitates."
+
+Very useful is he, eating large spiders and grasshoppers, and the
+destructive cottonworm.
+
+
+
+
+THE LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.
+
+
+A rambler in the fields and woodlands during early spring or
+the latter part of autumn is often surprised at finding insects,
+grasshoppers, dragon flies, beetles of all kinds, and even larger
+game, mice, and small birds, impaled on twigs and thorns. This is
+apparently cruel sport, he observes, if he is unacquainted with the
+Butcher Bird and his habits, and he at once attributes it to the
+wanton sport of idle children who have not been led to say,
+
+    With hearts to love, with eyes to see,
+    With ears to hear their minstrelsy;
+    Through us no harm, by deed or word,
+    Shall ever come to any bird.
+
+If he will look about him, however, the real author of this mischief
+will soon be detected as he appears with other unfortunate little
+creatures, which he requires to sustain his own life and that of his
+nestlings. The offender he finds to be the Shrike of the northern
+United States, most properly named the Butcher Bird. Like all tyrants
+he is fierce and brave only in the presence of creatures weaker than
+himself, and cowers and screams with terror if he sees a falcon. And
+yet, despite this cruel proceeding, which is an implanted instinct
+like that of the dog which buries bones he never seeks again, there
+are few more useful birds than the Shrike. In the summer he lives on
+insects, ninety-eight per cent. of his food for July and August
+consisting of insects, mainly grasshoppers; and in winter, when
+insects are scarce, mice form a very large proportion of his food.
+
+The Butcher Bird has a very agreeable song, which is soft and musical,
+and he often shows cleverness as a mocker of other birds. He has been
+taught to whistle parts of tunes, and is as readily tamed as any of
+our domestic songsters.
+
+The nest is usually found on the outer limbs of trees, often from
+fifteen to thirty feet from the ground. It is made of long strips of
+the inner bark of bass-wood, strengthened on the sides with a few dry
+twigs, stems, and roots, and lined with fine grasses. The eggs are
+often six in number, of a yellowish or clayey-white, blotched and
+marbled with dashes of purple, light brown, and purplish gray. Pretty
+eggs to study.
+
+Readers of BIRDS who are interested in eggs do not need to disturb
+the mothers on their nests in order to see and study them. In all the
+great museums specimens of the eggs of nearly all birds are displayed
+in cases, and accurately colored plates have been made and published
+by the Smithsonian Institution and others. The Chicago Academy of
+Sciences has a fine collection of eggs. Many persons imagine that
+these institutions engage in cruel slaughter of birds in order to
+collect eggs and nests. This, of course, is not true, only the fewest
+number being taken, and with the exclusive object of placing before
+the people, not for their amusement but rather for their instruction,
+specimens of birds and animals which shall serve for their
+identification in forest and field.
+
+The Loggerhead Shrike and nest shown in this number were taken under
+the direction of Mr. F. M. Woodruff, at Worth, Ill., about fourteen
+miles from Chicago. The nest was in a corner of an old hedge of Osage
+Orange, and about eight feet from the ground. He says in the _Osprey_
+that it took considerable time and patience to build up a platform of
+fence boards and old boxes to enable the photographer to do his work.
+The half-eaten body of a young garter snake was found about midway
+between the upper surface of the nest and the limb above, where it had
+been hung up for future use.
+
+[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.]
+
+
+
+
+THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE.
+
+
+Baltimore Orioles are inhabitants of the whole of North America, from
+Canada to Mexico. They enter Louisiana as soon as spring commences
+there. The name of Baltimore Oriole has been given it, because its
+colors of black and orange are those of the family arms of Lord
+Baltimore, to whom Maryland formerly belonged. Tradition has it that
+George Calvert, the first Baron Baltimore, worn out and discouraged
+by the various trials and rigours of temperature experienced in his
+Newfoundland colony in 1628, visited the Virginia settlement. He
+explored the waters of the Chesapeake, and found the woods and shores
+teeming with birds, among them great flocks of Orioles, which so
+cheered him by their beauty of song and splendor of plumage, that
+he took them as good omens and adopted their colors for his own.
+
+When the Orioles first arrive the males are in the majority; they sit
+in the spruces calling by the hour, with lonely querulous notes. In a
+few days however, the females appear, and then the martial music
+begins, the birds' golden trumpeting often turning to a desperate
+clashing of cymbals when two males engage in combat, for "the Oriole
+has a temper to match his flaming plumage and fights with a will."
+
+This Oriole is remarkably familiar, and fearless of man, hanging its
+beautiful nest upon the garden trees, and even venturing into the
+street wherever a green tree nourishes. The materials of which its
+nest is made are flax, various kinds of vegetable fibers, wool, and
+hair, matted together so as to resemble felt in consistency. A
+number of long horse-hairs are passed completely through the fibers,
+sewing it firmly together with large and irregular, but strong and
+judiciously placed stitching. In one of these nests an observer found
+that several of the hairs used for this purpose measured two feet in
+length. The nest is in the form of a long purse, six or seven inches
+in depth, three or four inches in diameter; at the bottom is arranged
+a heap of soft material in which the eggs find a warm resting place.
+The female seems to be the chief architect, receiving a constant
+supply of materials from her mate, occasionally rejecting the fibers
+or hairs which he may bring, and sending him off for another load more
+to her taste.
+
+Like human builders, the bird improves in nest building by practice,
+the best specimens of architecture being the work of the oldest birds,
+though some observers deny this.
+
+The eggs are five in number, and their general color is whitish-pink,
+dotted at the larger end with purplish spots, and covered at the
+smaller end with a great number of fine intersecting lines of the same
+hue.
+
+In spring the Oriole's food seems to be almost entirely of an animal
+nature, consisting of caterpillars, beetles, and other insects, which
+it seldom pursues on the wing, but seeks with great activity among
+the leaves and branches. It also eats ripe fruit. The males of this
+elegant species of Oriole acquire the full beauty of their plumage the
+first winter after birth.
+
+The Baltimore Oriole is one of the most interesting features of
+country landscape, his movements, as he runs among the branches of
+trees, differing from those of almost all other birds. Watch him
+clinging by the feet to reach an insect so far away as to require the
+full extension of the neck, body, and legs without letting go his
+hold. He glides, as it were, along a small twig, and at other times
+moves sidewise for a few steps. His motions are elegant and stately.
+
+
+
+
+THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE.
+
+
+About the middle of May, when the leaves are all coming out to see the
+bright sunshine, you may sometimes see, among the boughs, a bird of
+beautiful black and orange plumage.
+
+He looks like the Orchard Oriole, whose picture you saw in May
+"Birds." It is the Baltimore Oriole. He has other names, such as
+"Golden Robin," "Fire Bird," "Hang-nest." I could tell you how he came
+to be called Baltimore Oriole, but would rather you'd ask your teacher
+about it. She can tell you all about it, and an interesting story it
+is, I assure you.
+
+You see from the picture why he is called "Hang-nest." Maybe you can
+tell why he builds his nest that way.
+
+The Orioles usually select for their nest the longest and slenderest
+twigs, way out on the highest branches of a large tree. They like the
+elm best. From this they hang their bag-like nest.
+
+It must be interesting to watch them build the nest, and it requires
+lots of patience, too, for it usually takes a week or ten days to
+build it.
+
+They fasten both ends of a string to the twigs between which the nest
+is to hang. After fastening many strings like this, so as to cross one
+another, they weave in other strings crosswise, and this makes a sort
+of bag or pouch. Then they put in the lining.
+
+Of course, it swings and rocks when the wind blows, and what a nice
+cradle it must be for the baby Orioles?
+
+Orioles like to visit orchards and eat the bugs, beetles and
+caterpillars that injure the trees and fruit.
+
+There are few birds who do more good in this way than Orioles.
+
+Sometimes they eat grapes from the vines and peck at fruit on the
+trees. It is usually because they want a drink that they do this.
+
+One good man who had a large orchard and vineyard placed pans of water
+in different places. Not only the Orioles, but other birds, would go
+to the pan for a drink, instead of pecking at the fruit. Let us think
+of this, and when we have a chance, give the birds a drink of water.
+They will repay us with their sweetest songs.
+
+[Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. BALTIMORE ORIOLE.]
+
+
+
+
+THE SNOWY OWL.
+
+
+Few of all the groups of birds have such decided markings, such
+characteristic distinctions, as the Owl. There is a singular
+resemblance between the face of an Owl and that of a cat, which is the
+more notable, as both of these creatures have much the same habits,
+live on the same prey, and are evidently representatives of the same
+idea in their different classes. The Owl, in fact, is a winged cat,
+just as the cat is a furred owl.
+
+The Snowy Owl is one of the handsomest of this group, not so much on
+account of its size, which is considerable, as by reason of the
+beautiful white mantle which it wears, and the large orange eyeballs
+that shine with the lustre of a topaz set among the snowy plumage.
+
+It is a native of the north of Europe and America, but is also found
+in the more northern parts of England, being seen, though rather a
+scarce bird, in the Shetland and Orkney Islands, where it builds its
+nest and rears its young. One will be more likely to find this owl
+near the shore, along the line of salt marshes and woody stubble, than
+further inland. The marshes do not freeze so easily or deep as the
+iron bound uplands, and field-mice are more plentiful in them. It is
+so fleet of wing that if its appetite is whetted, it can follow and
+capture a Snow Bunting or a Junco in its most rapid flight.
+
+Like the Hawk Owl, it is a day-flying bird, and is a terrible foe
+to the smaller mammalia, and to various birds. Mr. Yarrell in his
+"History of the British Birds," states that one wounded on the Isle of
+Balta disgorged a young rabbit whole, and that a young Sandpiper, with
+its plumage entire, was found in the stomach of another.
+
+In proportion to its size the Snowy Owl is a mighty hunter, having
+been detected chasing the American hare, and carrying off wounded
+Grouse before the sportsman could secure his prey. It is also a good
+fisherman, posting itself on some convenient spot overhanging the
+water, and securing its finny prey with a lightning-like grasp of the
+claw as it passes beneath the white clad fisher. Sometimes it will
+sail over the surface of a stream, and snatch the fish as they rise
+for food. It is also a great lover of lemmings, and in the destruction
+of these quadruped pests does infinite service to the agriculturist.
+
+The large round eyes of this owl are very beautiful. Even by daylight
+they are remarkable for their gem-like sheen, but in the evening they
+are even more attractive, glowing like balls of living fire.
+
+From sheer fatigue these birds often seek a temporary resting place on
+passing ships. A solitary owl, after a long journey, settled on the
+rigging of a ship one night. A sailor who was ordered aloft, terrified
+by the two glowing eyes that suddenly opened upon his own, descended
+hurriedly to the deck, declaring to the crew that he had seen "Davy
+Jones a-sitting up there on the main yard."
+
+
+
+
+THE SNOWY OWL.
+
+
+What do you think of this bird with his round, puffy head? You of
+course know it is an Owl. I want you to know him as the Snowy Owl.
+
+Don't you think his face is some like that of your cat? This fellow is
+not full grown, but only a child. If he were full grown he would be
+pure white. The dark color you see is only the tips of the feathers.
+You can't see his beak very well for the soft feathers almost cover
+it.
+
+His large soft eyes look very pretty out of the white feathers. What
+color would you call them? Most owls are quiet during the day and very
+busy all night. The Snowy Owl is not so quiet day times. He flies
+about considerably and gets most of his food in daylight.
+
+A hunter who was resting under a tree, on the bank of a river, tells
+this of him:
+
+"A Snowy Owl was perched on the branch of a dead tree that had fallen
+into the river. He sat there looking into the water and blinking his
+large eyes.
+
+Suddenly he reached out and before I could see how he did it, a fish
+was in his claws."
+
+This certainly shows that he can see well in the day time. He can see
+best, however, in the twilight, in cloudy weather or moonlight. That
+is the way with your cat.
+
+The wing feathers of the owl are different from those of most birds.
+They are as soft as down. This is why you cannot hear him when he
+flies. Owls while perching are almost always found in quiet places
+where they will not be disturbed.
+
+Did you ever hear the voice of an owl in the night? If you never have,
+you cannot imagine how dreary it sounds. He surely is "The Bird of the
+Night."
+
+[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. SNOWY OWL.]
+
+
+
+
+BIRDS AND FARMERS.
+
+_From the Forest and Stream._
+
+
+The advocates of protection for our small birds present two sets of
+reasons for preventing their killing; the one sentimental, and the
+other economic.
+
+The sentimental reasons are the ones most often urged; they are also
+of a kind to appeal with especial force to those whose responsibility
+for the destruction of the birds is greatest. The women and girls, for
+whose adornment birds' plumage is chiefly used, think little and know
+less about the services which birds perform for agriculture, and
+indeed it may be doubted whether the sight of a bunch of feathers or a
+stuffed bird's skin suggests to them any thought of the life that
+those feathers once represented. But when the wearers are reminded
+that there was such a life; that it was cheery and beautiful, and that
+it was cut short merely that their apparel might be adorned, they are
+quick to recognize that bird destruction involves a wrong, and are
+ready to do their part toward ending it by refusing to wear plumage.
+
+The small boy who pursues little birds from the standpoint of the
+hunter in quest of his game, feels only the ardor of pursuit. His
+whole mind is concentrated on that and the hunter's selfishness, the
+desire of possession, fills his heart. Ignorance and thoughtlessness
+destroy the birds.
+
+Every one knows in a general way that birds render most valuable
+service to the farmer, but although these services have long been
+recognized in the laws standing on the statute books of the
+various states, it is only within a few years that any systematic
+investigations have been undertaken to determine just what such
+services are, to measure them with some approach to accuracy, to weigh
+in the case of each species the good and the evil done, and so to
+strike a balance in favor of the bird or against it. The inquiries
+carried on by the Agricultural Department on a large scale and those
+made by various local experiment stations and by individual observers
+have given results which are very striking and which can no longer be
+ignored.
+
+It is a difficult matter for any one to balance the good things that
+he reads and believes about any animal against the bad things that he
+actually sees. The man who witnesses the theft of his cherries by
+robin or catbird, or the killing of a quail by a marsh hawk, feels
+that here he has ocular proof of harm done by the birds, while as to
+the insects or the field mice destroyed, and the crops saved, he has
+only the testimony of some unknown and distant witness. It is only
+natural that the observer should trust the evidence of his senses, and
+yet his eyes tell him only a small part of the truth, and that small
+part a misleading one.
+
+It is certain that without the services of these feathered laborers,
+whose work is unseen, though it lasts from daylight till dark through
+every day in the year, agriculture in this country would come to an
+immediate standstill, and if in the brief season of fruit each one
+of these workers levies on the farmer the tribute of a few berries,
+the price is surely a small one to pay for the great good done.
+Superficial persons imagine that the birds are here only during the
+summer, but this is a great mistake. It is true that in warm weather,
+when insect life is most abundant, birds are also most abundant. They
+wage an effective and unceasing war against the adult insects and
+their larvae, and check their active depredations; but in winter the
+birds carry on a campaign which is hardly less important in its
+results.
+
+
+
+
+THE SCARLET TANAGER.
+
+
+One of the most brilliant and striking of all American birds is
+the Scarlet Tanager. From its black wings resembling pockets, it
+is frequently called the "Pocket Bird." The French call it the
+"Cardinal." The female is plain olive-green, and when seen together
+the pair present a curious example of the prodigality with which
+mother nature pours out her favors of beauty in the adornment of some
+of her creatures and seems niggardly in her treatment of others. Still
+it is only by contrast that we are enabled to appreciate the quality
+of beauty, which in this case is of the rarest sort. In the January
+number of BIRDS we presented the Red Rumped Tanager, a Costa Rica
+bird, which, however, is inferior in brilliancy to the Scarlet, whose
+range extends from eastern United States, north to southern Canada,
+west to the great plains, and south in winter to northern South
+America. It inhabits woodlands and swampy places. The nesting season
+begins in the latter part of May, the nest being built in low thick
+woods or on the skirting of tangled thickets; very often also, in an
+orchard, on the horizontal limb of a low tree or sapling. It is very
+flat and loosely made of twigs and fine bark strips and lined with
+rootlets and fibers of inner bark.
+
+The eggs are from three to five in number, and of a greenish blue,
+speckled and blotted with brown, chiefly at the larger end.
+
+The disposition of the Scarlet Tanager is retiring, in which respect
+he differs greatly from the Summer Tanager, which frequents open
+groves, and often visits towns and cities. A few may be seen in our
+parks, and now and then children have picked up the bright dead form
+from the green grass, and wondered what might be its name. Compare it
+with the Redbird, with which it is often confounded, and the contrast
+will be striking.
+
+His call is a warble, broken by a pensive call note, sounding like the
+syllables _chip-churr_, and he is regarded as a superior musician.
+
+"Passing through an orchard, and seeing one of these young birds that
+had but lately left the nest, I carried it with me for about half a
+mile to show it to a friend, and having procured a cage," says Wilson,
+"hung it upon one of the large pine trees in the Botanic Garden,
+within a few feet of the nest of an Orchard Oriole, which also
+contained young, hoping that the charity and kindness of the Orioles
+would induce them to supply the cravings of the stranger. But charity
+with them as with too many of the human race, began and ended at home.
+The poor orphan was altogether neglected, and as it refused to be fed
+by me, I was about to return it to the place where I had found it,
+when, toward the afternoon, a Scarlet Tanager, no doubt its own
+parent, was seen fluttering around the cage, endeavoring to get in.
+Finding he could not, he flew off, and soon returned with food in his
+bill, and continued to feed it until after sunset, taking up his
+lodgings on the higher branches of the same tree. In the morning, as
+soon as day broke, he was again seen most actively engaged in the
+same manner, and, notwithstanding the insolence of the Orioles, he
+continued his benevolent offices the whole day, roosting at night as
+before. On the third or fourth day he seemed extremely solicitous for
+the liberation of his charge, using every expression of distressful
+anxiety, and every call and invitation that nature had put in his
+power, for him to come out. This was too much for the feelings of my
+friend. He procured a ladder, and mounting to the spot where the bird
+was suspended, opened the cage, took out his prisoner, and restored
+him to liberty and to his parent, who, with notes of great exultation,
+accompanied his flight to the woods."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. SCARLET TANAGER.]
+
+
+THE SCARLET TANAGER.
+
+
+What could be more beautiful to see than this bird among the green
+leaves of a tree? It almost seems as though he would kindle the dry
+limb upon which he perches. This is his holiday dress. He wears it
+during the nesting season. After the young are reared and the summer
+months gone, he changes his coat. We then find him dressed in a dull
+yellowish green--the color of his mate the whole year.
+
+Do you remember another bird family in which the father bird changes
+his dress each spring and autumn?
+
+The Scarlet Tanager is a solitary bird. He likes the deep woods, and
+seeks the topmost branches. He likes, too, the thick evergreens. Here
+he sings through the summer days. We often pass him by for he is
+hidden by the green leaves above us.
+
+He is sometimes called our "Bird of Paradise."
+
+Tanagers feed upon winged insects, caterpillars, seeds, and berries.
+To get these they do not need to be on the ground. For this reason it
+is seldom we see them there.
+
+Both birds work in building the nest, and both share in caring for the
+little ones. The nest is not a very pretty one--not pretty enough for
+so beautiful a bird, I think. It is woven so loosely that if you were
+standing under it, you could see light through it.
+
+Notice his strong, short beak. Now turn to the picture of the
+Rose-Breasted Grosbeaks in April BIRDS. Do you see how much alike they
+are? They are near relatives.
+
+I hope that you may all have a chance to see a Scarlet Tanager dressed
+in his richest scarlet and most jetty black.
+
+
+
+
+THE RUFFED GROUSE.
+
+
+The Ruffed Grouse, which is called Partridge in New England and
+Pheasant in the Middle and Southern States, is the true Grouse, while
+Bob White is the real Partridge. It is unfortunate that they continue
+to be confounded. The fine picture of his grouseship, however, which
+we here present should go far to make clear the difference between
+them.
+
+The range of the Ruffed Grouse is eastern United States, south to
+North Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Arkansas. They hatch in
+April, the young immediately leaving the nest with the mother. When
+they hear the mother's warning note the little ones dive under leaves
+and bushes, while she leads the pursuer off in an opposite direction.
+Building the nest and sitting upon the eggs constitute the duties of
+the female, the males during this interesting season keeping separate,
+not rejoining their mates until the young are hatched, when they begin
+to roam as a family.
+
+Like the Turkey, the Ruffed Grouse has a habit of pluming and
+strutting, and also makes the drumming noise which has caused so much
+discussion. This noise "is a hollow vibrating sound, beginning softly
+and increasing as if a small rubber ball were dropped slowly and then
+rapidly bounced on a drum." While drumming the bird contrives to make
+himself invisible, and if seen it is difficult to get the slightest
+clue to the manner in which the sound is produced. And observers say
+that it beats with its wings on a log, that it raises its wings and
+strikes their edges above its back, that it claps them against its
+sides like a crowing rooster, and that it beats the air. The writer
+has seen a grouse drum, appearing to strike its wings together over
+its back. But there is much difference of opinion on the subject, and
+young observers may settle the question for themselves. When preparing
+to drum he seems fidgety and nervous and his sides are inflated.
+Letting his wings droop, he flaps them so fast that they make one
+continuous humming sound. In this peculiar way he calls his mate, and
+while he is still drumming, the hen bird may appear, coming slyly from
+the leaves.
+
+The nest is on the ground, made by the female of dry leaves and a few
+feathers plucked from her own breast. In this slight structure she
+lays ten or twelve cream-colored eggs, specked with brown.
+
+The eyes of the Grouse are of great depth and softness, with deep
+expanding pupils and golden brown iris.
+
+Coming suddenly upon a young brood squatted with their mother near a
+roadside in the woods, an observer first knew of their presence by the
+old bird flying directly in his face, and then tumbling about at his
+feet with frantic signs of distress and lameness. In the meantime the
+little ones scattered in every direction and were not to be found. As
+soon as the parent was satisfied of their safety, she flew a short
+distance and he soon heard her clucking call to them to come to her
+again. It was surprising how quickly they reached her side, seeming to
+pop up as from holes in the ground.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. RUFFED GROUSE.]
+
+
+THE RUFFED GROUSE.
+
+
+At first sight most of you will think this is a turkey. Well, it does
+look very much like one. He spreads his tail feathers, puffs himself
+up, and struts about like a turkey. You know by this time what his
+name is and I think you can easily see why he is called Ruffed.
+
+This proud bird and his mate live with us during the whole year. They
+are found usually in grassy lands and in woods.
+
+Here they build their rude nest of dried grass, weeds and the like.
+You will generally find it at the foot of a tree, or along side of an
+old stump in or near swampy lands.
+
+The Ruffed Grouse has a queer way of calling his mate. He stands on a
+log or stump, puffed up like a turkey--just as you see him in the
+picture. Then he struts about for a time just as you have seen a
+turkey gobbler do. Soon he begins to work his wings--slowly at first,
+but faster and faster, until it sounds like the beating of a drum.
+
+His mate usually answers his call by coming. They set up housekeeping
+and build their rude nest which holds from eight to fourteen eggs. As
+soon as the young are hatched they can run about and find their own
+food. So you see they are not much bother to their parents. When they
+are a week old they can fly. The young usually stay with their parents
+until next Spring. Then they start out and find mates for themselves.
+
+I said at the first that the Ruffed Grouse stay with us all the year.
+In the winter, when it is very cold, they burrow into a snowdrift to
+pass the night. During the summer they always roost all night.
+
+
+
+
+THE BLACK AND WHITE CREEPING WARBLER.
+
+
+This sprightly little bird is met with in various sections of the
+country. It occurs in all parts of New England and New York, and has
+been found in the interior as far north as Fort Simpson. It is common
+in the Bahamas and most of the West India Islands, generally as a
+migrant; in Texas, in the Indian Territory, in Mexico, and throughout
+eastern America.
+
+Dr. Coues states that this warbler is a very common summer resident
+near Washington, the greater number going farther north to breed. They
+arrive there during the first week in April and are exceedingly
+numerous until May.
+
+In its habits this bird seems to be more of a creeper than a Warbler.
+It is an expert and nimble climber, and rarely, if ever, perches
+on the branch of a tree or shrub. In the manner of the smaller
+Woodpecker, the Creepers, Nuthatches, and Titmice, it moves rapidly
+around the trunks and larger limbs of the trees of the forest in
+search of small insects and their larvae. It is graceful and rapid in
+movement, and is often so intent upon its hunt as to be unmindful of
+the near presence of man.
+
+It is found chiefly in thickets, where its food is most easily
+obtained, and has been known to breed in the immediate vicinity of a
+dwelling.
+
+The song of this Warbler is sweet and pleasing. It begins to sing from
+its first appearance in May and continues to repeat its brief refrain
+at intervals almost until its departure in August and September. At
+first it is a monotonous ditty, says Nuttall, uttered in a strong but
+shrill and filing tone. These notes, as the season advances, become
+more mellow and warbling.
+
+The Warbler's movements in search of food are very interesting to the
+observer. Keeping the feet together they move in a succession of
+short, rapid hops up the trunks of trees and along the limbs, passing
+again to the bottom by longer flights than in the ascent. They make
+but short flight from tree to tree, but are capable of flying far when
+they choose.
+
+They build on the ground. One nest containing young about a week old
+was found on the surface of shelving rock. It was made of coarse
+strips of bark, soft decayed leaves, and dry grasses, and lined with a
+thin layer of black hair. The parents fed their young in the presence
+of the observer with affectionate attention, and showed no uneasiness,
+creeping head downward about the trunks of the neighboring trees, and
+carrying large smooth caterpillars to their young.
+
+They search the crevices in the bark of the tree trunks and branches,
+look among the undergrowth, and hunt along the fences for bunches
+of eggs, the buried larvae of the insects, which when undisturbed,
+hatch out millions of creeping, crawling, and flying things that
+devastate garden and orchard and every crop of the field.
+
+[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. BLACK AND WHITE CREEPING
+WARBLER. CHICAGO COLORTYPE CO.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+VOLUME 1. JANUARY TO JUNE, 1897.
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+ Birds, The Return of the                                pages 101
+ Bird Song                                                 "   187-8
+ Bird Day in the Schools                                   "   129-138
+ Birds and Farmers                                         "   213
+ Black Bird, Red-winged, _Agelaeus Phoeniceus_             "   64-68-70-71
+ Blue Bird, _Sialia Sialis_                                "   75-76-78
+ Bobolink, _Dolichonyx Gryzivorus_                         "   92-3-4
+ Bunting, Indigo, _Passerina Cyanea_                       "   172-3
+
+ Catbird, _Galeoscoptes Carolinensis_                      "   183-4-6
+ Chickadee, Black-capped, _Parus Atricopillus_             "   164-5-7
+ Cock of the Rock                                          "   19-21
+ Crossbill, American, _Loxia Curvirostra_                  "   126-7
+ Crow, American, _Corvus Americanus_                       "   97-8-100
+
+ Duck, Mandarin, _A. Galericulata_                         "   8-9-11
+
+ Flicker, _Colaptes Auratus_                               "   89-90
+ Fly-catcher, Scissor-tailed, _Milvulus Forficatus_        "   161-3
+
+ Gallinule, Purple, _Ionoruis Martinica_                   "   120-1
+ Grebe, Pied-billed, _Podilymbus Podiceps_                 "   134-5-7
+ Grosbeak, Rose-breasted, _Habia Ludoviciana_              "   113-115
+ Grouse, Ruffed, _Bonasa Umbellus_                         "   218-220-221
+ Gull, Ring-billed, _Larus Delawarensis_                   "   198-199
+
+ Halo, The                                                 "   150
+ Hawk, Marsh, _Circus Hudsonius_                           "   158-159
+ Hawk, Night, _Chordeiles Virginianus_                     "   175-6-8
+ Heron, Black-crowned, _Nycticorax Nycticorax Naevius_     "   196-7
+
+ Jay, American Blue, _Cyanocitta Cristata_                 "   39-41
+ Jay, Arizona Green, _Xanthoura Luxuosa_                   "   146-148
+ Jay, Canada, _Perisoreus Canadensis_                      "   116-17-19
+
+ Kingfisher, American, _Ceryle Alcyon_                     "   60-61-63
+
+ Lark, Meadow, _Sturnella Magna_                           "   105-7-8
+ Longspur, Smith's, _Calcarius Pictus_                     "   123-5
+ Lory, Blue Mountain                                       "   66-67
+
+ Mocking Bird, American, _Mimus Polyglottos_               "   192-193-201
+ Mot Mot, Mexican                                          "   49-57
+
+ Nesting Time                                              "   149-150
+ Nonpareil, _Passerina Ciris_                              "   1-3-15
+
+ Oriole, Baltimore, _Icterus Galbula_                      "   205-6-7
+ Oriole, Golden, _Icterus Icterus_                         "   34-36
+ Oriole, Orchard, _Icterus Spurius_                        "   154-5
+ Owl, Long-eared, _Asio Wilsonianus_                       "   109-111-112
+ Owl, Screech, _Megascops Asio_                            "   151-3-7
+ Owl, Snowy, _Nyctea Nivea_                                "   209-210-211
+
+ Paradise, Red Bird of, _Paradisea Rubra_                  "   22-23-25
+ Parrakeet, Australian                                     "   16-18
+ Parrot, King                                              "   50-51
+ Pheasant, Golden, _P. Pictus_                             "   12-13
+ Pheasant, Japan                                           "   86-88
+
+ Red Bird, American, _Cardinalis Cardinalis_               "   72-74
+ Robin, American, _Merula Migratoria_                      "   53-4-5-9
+ Roller, Swallow-tailed, Indian                            "   42-43
+
+ Shrike, Loggerhead, _Lanius Ludovicianus_                 "   202-203
+ Swallow, Barn, _Chelidon Erythrogaster_                   "   79-80
+
+ Tanager, Red-rumped, _Tanagridæ_                          "   30-31-33
+ Tanager, Scarlet, _Piranga Erythromelas_                  "   214-216-217
+ Tern, Black, _Hydrochelidon Ingra Surinamensis_           "   103-104
+ Thrush, Brown, _Harporhynchus Rufus_                      "   82-83-84
+ Thrush, Wood, _Turdus Mustelinus_                         "   179-180-183
+ Toucan, Yellow-throated, _Ramphastos_                     "   26-27-29
+ Trogon, Resplendent, _Trogonidæ_                          "   4-7
+
+ Vireo, Yellow-throated, _Vireo Flavifrons_                "   189-191
+
+ Warbler, Black-and-white Creeping, _Mniotilta Varia_      "   222-224
+ Warbler, Prothonotary, _Protonotaria Citrea_              "   168-169-171
+ Wax Wing, Bohemian, _Ampelis Garrulus_                    "   140-141
+ Woodpecker, California, _Melanerpes Formicivorus Bairdi_  "   130-131-133
+ Woodpecker, Red-headed, _Melanerpes Erythrocephalus_      "   45-46-47
+ Wren, Long-billed Marsh, _Cistothorus Palustris_          "   142-144-145
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration: ELKHART LAKE.]
+
+ Summer Excursion Tickets to the resorts of Wisconsin, Minnesota,
+ Michigan, Colorado, California, Montana, Washington, Oregon, and British
+ Columbia; also to Alaska, Japan, China, and all Trans-Pacific Points, are
+ now on sale by the CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. Full and
+ reliable information can be had by applying to Mr. C. N. SOUTHER, Ticket
+ Agent, 95 Adams Street, Chicago.
+
+
+   Please mention "BIRDS" when you write to advertisers.
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+
+
+                #COLUMBIAN DENTAL COLLEGE,#
+       S.-W. cor. Quincy & State Sts., CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+ The College year begins Oct. 1, 1897, and closes April
+ 1, 1898.
+
+ Students corresponding with the Dean will please be
+ careful to give full address, and direct their letters to
+                  GEO. T. CARPENTER, M.D.D., D.S., Dean.
+
+ ANDREW W. ROGERS, D.D.S. Sec'y,
+       103 State Street (Columbus Memorial Bldg.)
+
+
+
+
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+
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+order. #_Chain._#--1/4 inch, solid link, with hardened rivet steel
+centers. #_Saddle._#--Black, attractive and comfortable; our own make.
+#_Saddle Post._#--Adjustable, style "T." #_Tread._#--4-7/8 inches.
+#_Sprocket Wheels._#--Steel drop forgings, hardened. #_Gear._#--68 regular;
+other gears furnished if so desired. #_Bearings._#--Made of the best
+selected high-grade tool steel, carefully ground to a finish after
+tempering, and thoroughly dust-proof. All cups are screwed into hubs and
+crank hangers. #_Hubs._#--Large tubular hubs, made from a solid bar of
+steel. #_Furnishing._#--Tool-bag, wrench, oiler, pump and repair kit.
+#_Tool Bags._#--In black or tan leather, as may be preferred. Handle bar,
+hubs, sprocket wheels, cranks, pedals, seat post, spokes, screws, nuts and
+washers, nickel plated over copper; remainder enameled. #_Weight._#--22
+and 24 pounds.
+
+ #Send for Specifications for Diamond Frame.#
+
+
+                       #NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING CO.#
+                                                          CHICAGO.
+
+ Agents Wanted in every Town and City to represent "BIRDS."
+
+
+   Please mention "BIRDS" when you write to advertisers.
+
+
+
+
+            #Premiums given for Subscriptions for "Birds."#
+
+          #_"The Quad" Camera_#
+                  _Known the world around_
+
+ [Illustration: $5.00, or Nine Subscriptions for "Birds"]
+
+     Takes pictures 3-1/2 x 3-1/2 inches. Has the simplest action.
+     Is easy to handle. Quickest to reload. Uses glass plates. Never
+     gets out of order. Neat and durable.
+             #_Given for 9 Subscriptions for "Birds,"_#
+     or sold on receipt of price. Anyone can secure nine subscriptions
+     for our beautiful magazine.
+
+
+
+
+               #_The Odorless Standard Cycle Lamp_#
+                                   #_"The Lamp of the Season"_#
+
+  [Illustration: Price $3.00. Given for Five Subscriptions for "Birds."]
+
+  None better. Highly finished. Hand-ground Lens. Perfect Reflector. Burns
+  benzine or kerosene. Filled from the outside. "Outshines them all," and
+  always stays lit.
+
+  Who can't get five acquaintances to take "Birds" for one year at $1.50?
+
+
+
+
+  We give below a list of publications, especially fine, to be read in
+  connection with our new magazine, and shall be glad to supply them at
+  the price indicated, or as premiums for subscriptions for "Birds."
+
+  "Birds Through an Opera Glass"                  75c. or 2 subscriptions.
+  "Bird Ways"                                     60c. "  2       "
+  "In Nesting Time"                              $1.25 "  3       "
+  "A Bird Lover of the West"                      1.25 "  3       "
+  "Upon the Tree Tops"                            1.25 "  3       "
+  "Wake Robin"                                    1.00 "  3       "
+  "Birds in the Bush"                             1.25 "  3       "
+  "A-Birding on a Bronco"                         1.25 "  3       "
+  "Land Birds and Game Birds of New England"      3.50 "  8       "
+  "Birds and Poets"                               1.25 "  3       "
+  "Bird Craft"                                    3.00 "  7       "
+  "The Story of the Birds"                         .65 "  2       "
+  "Hand Book of Birds of Eastern North America"   3.00 "  7       "
+
+
+
+
+  See our notice on another page concerning Bicycles. Our "Bird" Wheel
+  is one of the best on the market--as neat and attractive as "Birds."
+
+  We shall be glad to quote a special price for teachers or clubs.
+
+  We can furnish any article or book as premium for subscriptions for
+  "Birds."
+
+                  Address,
+          #_Nature Study Publishing Co.    Chicago, Ill._#
+
+
+
+
+#Nature Study Publishing Company.#
+
+The Nature Study Publishing Company is a corporation of educators and
+business men organized to furnish correct reproductions of the colors
+and forms of nature to families, schools, and scientists. Having
+secured the services of artists who have succeeded in photographing
+and reproducing objects in their natural colors, by a process whose
+principles are well known but in which many of the details are held
+secret, we obtained a charter from the Secretary of State in November,
+1896, and began at once the preparation of photographic color plates
+for a series of pictures of birds.
+
+The first product was the January number of "BIRDS," a monthly
+magazine, containing ten plates with descriptions in popular language,
+avoiding as far as possible scientific and technical terms. Knowing
+the interest children have in our work, we have included in each
+number a few pages of easy text pertaining to the illustrations. These
+are usually set facing the plates to heighten the pleasure of the
+little folks as they read.
+
+Casually noticed, the magazine may appear to be a children's
+publication because of the placing of this juvenile text. But such is
+not the case. Those scientists who cherish with delight the famous
+handiwork of Audubon are no less enthusiastic over these beautiful
+pictures which are painted by the delicate and scientifically accurate
+fingers of Light itself. These reproductions are true. There is no
+imagination in them nor conventionalism. In the presence of their
+absolute truth any written description or work of human hands shrinks
+into insignificance. The scientific value of these photographs can not
+be estimated.
+
+To establish a great magazine with a world-wide circulation is no
+light undertaking. We have been steadily and successfully working
+towards that end. Delays have been unavoidable. What was effective for
+the production of a limited number of copies was inadequate as our
+orders increased. The very success of the enterprise has sometimes
+impeded our progress. Ten hundred teachers in Chicago paid
+subscriptions in ten days. Boards of Education are subscribing in
+hundred lots. Improvements in the process have been made in almost
+every number, and we are now assured of a brilliant and useful future.
+
+When "BIRDS" has won its proper place in public favor we shall be
+prepared to issue a similar serial on other natural objects, and look
+for an equally cordial reception for it.
+
+
+#PREMIUMS.#
+
+To teachers we give duplicates of all the pictures on separate sheets
+for use in teaching or for decoration.
+
+To other subscribers we give a color photograph of one of the most
+gorgeous birds, the Golden Pheasant.
+
+Subscriptions, $1.50 a year including one premium. Those wishing both
+premiums may receive them and a year's subscription for $2.00.
+
+We have just completed an edition of 50,000 back numbers to
+accommodate those who wish their subscriptions to date back to
+January, 1897, the first number.
+
+We will furnish the first volume, January to June inclusive, well
+bound in cloth, postage paid, for $1.25. In Morocco, $2.25.
+
+
+#AGENTS.#
+
+10,000 agents are wanted to travel or solicit at home.
+
+We have prepared a fine list of desirable premiums for clubs which any
+popular adult or child can easily form. Your friends will thank you
+for showing them the magazine and offering to send their money. The
+work of getting subscribers among acquaintances is easy and
+delightful. Agents can do well selling the bound volume. Vol. 1 is the
+best possible present for a young person or for anyone specially
+interested in nature.
+
+Teachers and others meeting them at institutes do well as our agents.
+The magazine sells to teachers better than any other publication
+because they can use the extra plates for decoration, language work,
+nature study, and individual occupation.
+
+                            NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY,
+                                  277 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO.
+
+
+
+
+#OUR PREMIUMS#
+
+
+THE GOLDEN PHEASANT, a picture of wonderful beauty, almost life-size,
+in a natural scene, plate 13 × 18 inches, on card 19 × 25 inches, is
+given to Annual Subscribers. The price on this picture in art stores
+is $3.50.
+
+Instead of the GOLDEN PHEASANT, teachers who prefer may have duplicate
+pictures of each bird each month, on a separate sheet, to use in the
+school-room.
+
+
+#OUR SPECIAL SUMMER OFFER#
+
+To subscribers whose cash for subscriptions reaches us before
+September 1, 1897, we will send both the Golden Pheasant and the
+duplicate pictures. The Golden Pheasant is admired by every one as a
+work of art. The duplicate pictures can be framed with good effect, or
+given to some of your friends. Through June, July and August, we are
+sending these pictures to all our subscribers. Enclose them in letters
+to your friends, and ask them to subscribe through you. Tell them you
+are getting subscriptions for "Birds," in order to secure some
+premium--a choice book, a camera with complete outfit, a bicycle or
+anything else you want, whether in our list or not. During the summer
+vacation, any one can get ninety subscriptions, which will insure you
+one of the best wheels you or your friends ever have ridden.
+
+Price of "Birds," with Golden Pheasant and one hundred and twenty
+pictures (ten each month), $1.50. This offer is made until September
+1, 1897.
+
+               #Nature Study Publishing Co.,#
+                       #CHICAGO, ILL.#
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography
+[June, 1897], by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED, JUNE 1897 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 30666-8.txt or 30666-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography Vol. One, No. 6, June 1897 by Birds (Periodical).
+    </title>
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography
+[June, 1897], by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Birds Illustrated by Color Photography [June, 1897]
+       A Monthly Serial designed to Promote Knowledge of Bird-Life
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 13, 2009 [EBook #30666]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED, JUNE 1897 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p class="notes"><strong>Transcriber&#8217;s Notes:</strong><br />
+<strong>1) Cover added.<br />
+2) A couple of unusual spellings in the &ldquo;ads&rdquo;
+have been left as printed.</strong></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;">
+<img src="images/imgcover.jpg" width="362" height="600" alt="Cover" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;">
+<img src="images/img1.jpg" width="395" height="600" alt="advertisement" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 428px;">
+<img src="images/img2.png" width="428" height="650" alt="advertisement" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;">
+<img src="images/img3.png" width="436" height="650" alt="advertisement" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 504px;">
+<img src="images/imgad2.jpg" width="504" height="770" alt="advertisement" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 507px;">
+<img src="images/imgad3.jpg" width="507" height="770" alt="advertisement" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<h6>BIRDS</h6>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h3>ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY</h3>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1>A  MONTHLY SERIAL</h1>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h4>DESIGNED TO PROMOTE</h4>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2>KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD-LIFE</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 14em;">
+&ldquo;With cheerful hop from perch to spray,<br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 1em;">They sport along the meads;</span><br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">In social bliss together stray,</span><br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where love or fancy leads.</span></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 14em;">
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">Through spring&#8217;s gay scenes each happy pair</span><br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Their fluttering joys pursue;</span><br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">Its various charms and produce share,</span><br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forever kind and true.&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>CHICAGO, U. S. A.</strong><br />
+<span class="smcap">Nature Study Publishing Company, Publishers</span><br />
+1896</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 38px;">
+<img src="images/imgi.png" width="38" height="80" alt="I" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>T has become a universal custom to obtain and preserve the likenesses
+of one&#8217;s friends. Photographs are the most popular form of these likenesses,
+as they give the true exterior outlines and appearance, (except
+coloring) of the subjects. But how much more popular and useful does
+photography become, when it can be used as a means of securing plates from
+which to print photographs in a regular printing press, and, what is more
+astonishing and delightful, to produce the <span class="smcap">real colors</span> of nature as shown in
+the subject, no matter how brilliant or varied.</p>
+
+<p>We quote from the December number of the Ladies&#8217; Home Journal:</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;<em>An excellent</em> suggestion was recently made by the Department of Agriculture
+at Washington that the public schools of the country shall have a new holiday,
+to be known as Bird Day. Three cities have already adopted the suggestion,
+and it is likely that others will quickly follow. Of course, Bird Day will differ
+from its successful predecessor, Arbor Day. We can plant trees but not birds.
+It is suggested that Bird Day take the form of bird exhibitions, of bird exercises,
+of bird studies&mdash;any form of entertainment, in fact, which will bring
+children closer to their little brethren of the air, and in more intelligent
+sympathy with their life and ways. There is a wonderful story in bird life, and
+but few of our children know it. Few of our elders do, for that matter. A
+whole day of a year can well and profitably be given over to the birds. Than
+such study, nothing can be more interesting. The cultivation of an intimate
+acquaintanceship with our feathered friends is a source of genuine pleasure.
+We are under greater obligations to the birds than we dream of. Without them
+the world would be more barren than we imagine. Consequently, we have
+some duties which we owe them. What these duties are only a few of us
+know or have ever taken the trouble to find out. Our children should not be
+allowed to grow to maturity without this knowledge. The more they know of
+the birds the better men and women they will be. We can hardly encourage
+such studies too much.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Of all animated nature, birds are the most beautiful in coloring, most
+graceful in form and action, swiftest in motion and most perfect emblems of
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>They are withal, very intelligent and have many remarkable traits,
+so that their habits and characteristics make a delightful study for all lovers of
+nature. In view of the facts, we feel that we are doing a useful work for the
+young, and one that will be appreciated by progressive parents, in placing
+within the easy possession of children in the homes these beautiful photographs
+of birds.</p>
+
+<p>The text is prepared with the view of giving the children as clear an idea
+as possible, of haunts, habits, characteristics and such other information as will
+lead them to love the birds and delight in their study and acquaintance.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 25em;">NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p>
+<h5><strong>BIRDS.</strong></h5>
+
+<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Illustrated by</span> COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.</strong></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="vlouter">
+<div class="volumeline">
+<div class="volumeleft"><span class="smcap">Vol. I.</span></div>
+<div class="volumeright"><span class="smcap">No. 6.</span></div>
+<div class="center">JUNE, 1897.</div>
+<div class="spacer"><!-- empty for spacing purposes --></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<h2>BIRD SONG.</h2>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 14em;">
+&ldquo;I cannot love the man who doth not love,<br />
+As men love light, the song of happy birds.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 38px;">
+<img src="images/imgi.png" width="38" height="80" alt="I" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>T is indeed fitting that the
+great poets have ever been the
+best interpreters of the songs of
+birds. In many of the plays of
+Shakespeare, especially where the
+scene is laid in the primeval forest, his
+most delicious bits of fancy are
+inspired by the flitting throng.
+Wordsworth and Tennyson, and many
+of the minor English poets, are pervaded
+with bird notes, and Shelley&#8217;s masterpiece,
+The Skylark, will long survive
+his greater and more ambitious poems.
+Our own poet, Cranch, has left one
+immortal stanza, and Bryant, and
+Longfellow, and Lowell, and Whittier,
+and Emerson have written enough
+of poetic melody, the direct inspiration
+of the feathered inhabitants of the
+woods, to fill a good-sized volume. In
+prose, no one has said finer things than
+Thoreau, who probed nature with a
+deeper ken than any of his contemporaries.
+He is to be read, and read,
+and read.</p>
+
+<p>But just what meaning should be
+attached to a bird&#8217;s notes&mdash;some of
+which are &ldquo;the least disagreeable of
+noises&rdquo;&mdash;will probably never be discovered.
+They do seem to express
+almost every feeling of which the
+human heart is capable. We wonder
+if the Mocking Bird understands what
+all these notes mean. He is so fine an
+imitator that it is hard to believe he is
+not doing more than mimicking the
+notes of other birds, but rather that
+he really does mock them with a sort
+of defiant sarcasm. He banters them
+less, perhaps, than the Cat Bird, but
+one would naturally expect all other
+birds to fly at him with vengeful
+purpose. But perhaps the birds are
+not so sensitive as their human
+brothers, who do not always look upon
+imitation as the highest flattery.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman who kept a note-book,
+describes one of the matinee performances
+of the Mocker, which he attended
+by creeping under a tent curtain. He
+sat at the foot of a tree on the top of
+which the bird was perched unconscious
+of his presence. The Mocker
+gave one of the notes of the Guinea-hen,
+a fine imitation of the Cardinal,
+or Red Bird, an exact reproduction of
+the note of the Phoebe, and some of the
+difficult notes of the Yellow-breasted
+Chat. &ldquo;Now I hear a young chicken
+peeping. Now the Carolina Wren sings,
+&lsquo;<em>cheerily, cheerily, cheerily</em>.&rsquo; Now a
+small bird is shrilling with a fine insect
+tone. A Flicker, a Wood-pewee, and a
+Phoebe follow in quick succession.
+Then a Tufted Titmouse squeals.
+To display his versatility, he gives a
+dull performance which couples the
+&lsquo;<em>go-back</em>&rsquo; of the Guinea fowl with the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>
+plaint of the Wood-pewee, two widely
+diverse vocal sounds. With all the
+performance there is such perfect self-reliance
+and consciousness of superior
+ability that one feels that the singer
+has but to choose what bird he will
+imitate next.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Nor does the plaintive, melancholy
+note of the Robin, that &ldquo;pious&rdquo; bird,
+altogether express his character. He
+has so many lovely traits, according to
+his biographers, that we accept him
+unhesitatingly as a truly good bird.
+Didn&#8217;t he once upon a time tenderly
+cover with leaves certain poor little
+wanderers? Isn&#8217;t he called &ldquo;The Bird
+of the Morning?&rdquo; And evening as
+well, for you can hear his sad voice
+long after the sun has himself retired.</p>
+
+<p>The poet Coleridge claims the credit
+of first using the Owl&#8217;s cry in poetry,
+and his musical note <em>Tu-whit, tu-who!</em>
+has made him a favorite with the
+poets. Tennyson has fancifully
+played upon it in his little &ldquo;Songs to
+the Owl,&rdquo; the last stanza of which
+runs:</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 15em;">
+&ldquo;I would mock thy chant anew;<br />
+But I cannot mimic it,<br />
+Not a whit of thy tuhoo,<br />
+Thee to woo to thy tuwhit,<br />
+Thee to woo to thy tuwhit.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 15em;">
+With a lengthen&#8217;d loud halloo,<br />
+Tuwhoo, tuwhit, tuwhit, tuhoo-o-o.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>But Coleridge was not correct in his
+claim to precedence in the use of the
+Owl&#8217;s cry, for Shakespeare preceded
+him, and Tennyson&#8217;s &ldquo;First Song to
+the Owl&rdquo; is modeled after that at the
+end of &ldquo;Love&#8217;s Labor Lost:&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 14em;">
+&ldquo;When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,<br />
+Then nightly sings the staring Owl,<br />
+          <span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tu-who;</span><br />
+Tu-whit, tu-who, a merry note.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In references to birds, Tennyson is
+the most felicitous of all poets and the
+exquisite swallow-song in &ldquo;The
+Princess&rdquo; is especially recommended
+to the reader&#8217;s perusal.</p>
+
+<p>Birds undoubtedly sing for the same
+reasons that inspire to utterance all
+the animated creatures in the universe.
+Insects sing and bees, crickets, locusts,
+and mosquitos. Frogs sing, and mice,
+monkeys, and woodchucks. We have
+recently heard even an English
+Sparrow do something better than
+chipper; some very pretty notes
+escaped him, perchance, because his
+heart was overflowing with love-thoughts,
+and he was very merry, knowing
+that his affection was reciprocated.
+The elevated railway stations, about
+whose eaves the ugly, hastily built
+nests protrude everywhere, furnish
+ample explanation of his reasons for
+singing.</p>
+
+<p>Birds are more musical at certain
+times of the day as well as at certain
+seasons of the year. During the hour
+between dawn and sunrise occurs the
+grand concert of the feathered folk.
+There are no concerts during the
+day&mdash;only individual songs. After
+sunset there seems to be an effort to
+renew the chorus, but it cannot be
+compared to the morning concert
+when they are practically undisturbed
+by man.</p>
+
+<p>Birds sing because they are happy.
+Bradford Torrey has given with much
+felicity his opinion on the subject, as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I recall a Cardinal Grosbeak, whom
+I heard several years ago, on the bank
+of the Potomac river. An old soldier
+had taken me to visit the Great Falls,
+and as we were clambering over the
+rocks this Grosbeak began to sing;
+and soon, without any hint from me,
+and without knowing who the invisible
+musician was, my companion remarked
+upon the uncommon beauty of the
+song. The Cardinal is always a great
+singer, having a voice which, as
+European writers say, is almost equal
+to the Nightingale&#8217;s; but in this case
+the more stirring, martial quality of
+the strain had given place to an
+exquisite mellowness, as if it were,
+what I have no doubt it was,</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 16em;">
+A Song of Love.&rdquo;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">&mdash;C. C. Marble.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">[<span class="smcap">to be continued.</span>]</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 446px;">
+<img src="images/img8.jpg" width="446" height="600" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">yellow-throated vireo.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span>
+</div><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>THE YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;">
+<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>HE popular name of this species
+of an attractive family is
+Yellow Throated Greenlet,
+and our young readers will
+find much pleasure in watching its
+pretty movements and listening to its
+really delightful song whenever they
+visit the places where it loves to spend
+the happy hours of summer. In some
+respects it is the most remarkable of
+all the species of the family found in
+the United States. &ldquo;The Birds of
+Illinois,&rdquo; a book that may be profitably
+studied by the young naturalist, states
+that it is decidedly the finest singer,
+has the loudest notes of admonition
+and reproof, and is the handsomest in
+plumage, and hence the more attractive
+to the student.</p>
+
+<p>A recognized observer says he has
+found it only in the woods, and mostly
+in the luxuriant forests of the bottom
+lands. The writer&#8217;s experience accords
+with that of Audubon and Wilson,
+the best authorities in their day, but
+the habits of birds vary greatly with
+locality, and in other parts of the
+country, notably in New England, it
+is very familiar, delighting in the
+companionship of man. It breeds in
+eastern North America, and winters in
+Florida, Cuba and Central America.</p>
+
+<p>The Vireo makes a very deep nest,
+suspended by its upper edge, between
+the forks of a horizontal branch. The
+eggs are white, generally with a few
+reddish brown blotches. All authorities
+agree as to the great beauty of the
+nest, though they differ as to its exact
+location. It is a woodland bird, loving
+tall trees and running water,
+&ldquo;haunting the same places as the
+Solitary Vireo.&rdquo; During migration
+the Yellow-throat is seen in orchards
+and in the trees along side-walks and
+lawns, mingling his golden colors with
+the rich green of June leaves.</p>
+
+<p>The Vireos, or Greenlets, are like
+the Warblers in appearance and habits.
+We have no birds, says Torrey, that
+are more unsparing of their music;
+they sing from morning till night,
+and&mdash;some of them, at least&mdash;continue
+theirs till the very end of the
+season. The song of the Yellow-throat
+is rather too monotonous and
+persistent. It is hard sometimes not
+to get out of patience with its ceasless
+and noisy iteration of its simple tune;
+especially if you are doing your utmost
+to catch the notes of some rarer and
+more refined songster. This is true
+also of some other birds, whose occasional
+silence would add much to their
+attractiveness.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE MOCKING BIRD.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Some bright morning this
+month, you may hear a Robin&#8217;s
+song from a large tree near by.
+A Red Bird answers him and
+then the Oriole chimes in. I can
+see you looking around to find
+the birds that sing so sweetly.
+All this time a gay bird sits
+among the green leaves and
+laughs at you as you try to find
+three birds when only one is
+there.</p>
+
+<p>It is the Mocking Bird or
+Mocker, and it is he who has
+been fooling you with his song.
+Nature has given him lots of
+music and gifted him with the
+power of imitating the songs of
+other birds and sounds of other
+animals.</p>
+
+<p>He is certainly the sweetest of
+our song birds. The English
+Nightingale alone is his rival.
+I think, however, if our Mocker
+could hear the Nightingale&#8217;s
+song, he could learn it.</p>
+
+<p>The Mocking Bird is another
+of our Thrushes. By this time
+you have surely made up your
+minds that the Thrushes are
+sweet singers.</p>
+
+<p>The Mocker seems to take
+delight in fooling people. One
+gentleman while sitting on his
+porch heard what he thought to
+be a young bird in distress. He
+went in the direction of the
+sound and soon heard the same
+cry behind him. He turned and
+went back toward the porch,
+when he heard it in another
+direction. Soon he found out
+that Mr. Mocking Bird had been
+fooling him, and was flying
+about from shrub to shrub
+making that sound.</p>
+
+<p>His nest is carelessly made
+of almost anything he can find.
+The small, bluish-green eggs
+are much like the Catbird&#8217;s eggs.</p>
+
+<p>Little Mocking Birds look
+very much like the young of
+other Thrushes, and do not
+become Mockers like their parents,
+until they are full grown.</p>
+
+<p>Which one of the other
+Thrushes that you have seen in
+<span class="smcap">Birds</span> does the Mocking Bird
+resemble?</p>
+
+<p>He is the only Thrush that
+sings while on the wing. All
+of the others sing only while
+perching.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 445px;">
+<img src="images/img16.jpg" width="445" height="600" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">american mocking bird.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+<h2>JUNE.</h2>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 12em;">
+Frank-hearted hostess of the field and wood,<br />
+Gipsy, whose roof is every spreading tree,<br />
+June is the pearl of our New England year,<br />
+Still a surprisal, though expected long,<br />
+Her coming startles. Long she lies in wait,<br />
+Makes many a feint, peeps forth, draws coyly back,<br />
+Then, from some southern ambush in the sky,<br />
+With one great gush of blossoms storms the world.<br />
+A week ago the Sparrow was divine;<br />
+The Bluebird, shifting his light load of song<br />
+From post to post along the cheerless fence,<br />
+Was as a rhymer ere the poet came;<br />
+But now, O rapture! sunshine winged and voiced,<br />
+Pipe blown through by the warm, wild breath of the West,<br />
+Shepherding his soft droves of fleecy cloud,<br />
+Gladness of woods, skies, waters, all in one,<br />
+The Bobolink has come, and, like the soul<br />
+Of the sweet season vocal in a bird,<br />
+Gurgles in ecstasy we know not what<br />
+Save <em>June! Dear June! Now God be praised for June.</em><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;" class="smcap">&mdash;Lowell</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/img19.jpg" width="600" height="449" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">black-crowned night heron.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span>
+</div><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 116px;">
+<img src="images/imgw.png" width="116" height="80" alt="W" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>HAT a beautiful creature
+this is! A mounted specimen
+requires, like the
+Snowy Owl, the greatest
+care and a dust tight glass case to preserve
+its beauty. Dr. Coues&#8217; account
+of it should be read by those who are
+interested in the science of ornithology.
+It is a common bird in the United
+States and British Provinces, being
+migratory and resident in the south.
+Heronries, sometimes of vast extent, to
+which they return year after year, are
+their breeding places. Each nest contains
+three or four eggs of a pale, sea-green
+color. Observe the peculiar
+plumes, sometimes two, in this case
+three, which spring from the back of
+the head. These usually lie close
+together in one bundle, but are often
+blown apart by the wind in the form
+of streamers. This Heron derives its
+name from its habits, as it is usually
+seen flying at night, or in the early
+evening, when it utters a sonorous cry
+of <em>quaw</em> or <em>quawk</em>. It is often called
+Quawk or Qua-Bird.</p>
+
+<p>On the return of the Black-Crowned
+Night Heron in April, he promptly
+takes possession of his former home,
+which is likely to be the most solitary
+and deeply shaded part of a cedar
+swamp. Groves of swamp oak in
+retired and water covered places, are
+also sometimes chosen, and the males
+often select tall trees on the bank of
+the river to roost upon during the day.
+About the beginning of twilight they
+direct their flight toward the marshes,
+uttering in a hoarse and hollow tone,
+the sound <em>qua</em>. At this hour all the
+nurseries in the swamps are emptied
+of their occupants, who disperse about
+the marshes along the ditches and
+river shore in search of food. Some
+of these nesting places have been
+occupied every spring and summer for
+many years by nearly a hundred pair
+of Herons. In places where the cedars
+have been cut down and removed the
+Herons merely move to another part
+of the swamp, not seeming greatly disturbed
+thereby; but when attacked and
+plundered they have been known to
+remove from an ancient home in a
+body to some unknown place.</p>
+
+<p>The Heron&#8217;s nest is plain enough,
+being built of sticks. On entering
+the swamp in the neighborhood of one
+of the heronries the noise of the old
+and young birds equals that made by
+a band of Indians in conflict. The
+instant an intruder is discovered, the
+entire flock silently rises in the air
+and removes to the tops of the trees in
+another part of the woods, while sentries
+of eight or ten birds make occasional
+circuits of inspection.</p>
+
+<p>The young Herons climb to the tops
+of the highest trees, but do not attempt
+to fly. While it is probable these
+birds do not see well by day, they
+possess an exquisite facility of hearing,
+which renders it almost impossible
+to approach their nesting places
+without discovery. Hawks hover over
+the nests, making an occasional sweep
+among the young, and the Bald Eagle
+has been seen to cast a hungry eye
+upon them.</p>
+
+<p>The male and female can hardly be
+distinguished. Both have the plumes,
+but there is a slight difference in size.</p>
+
+<p>The food of the Night Heron, or
+Qua-Bird, is chiefly fish, and his two
+interesting traits are tireless watchfulness
+and great appetite. He digests
+his food with such rapidity that however
+much he may eat, he is always
+ready to eat again; hence he is little
+benefited by what he does eat, and is
+ever in appearance in the same half-starved
+state, whether food is abundant
+or scarce.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE RING-BILLED GULL.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;">
+<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>HE Ring-billed Gull is a common
+species throughout eastern
+North America, breeding
+throughout the northern tier
+of the United States, whose northern
+border is the limit of its summer
+home. As a rule in winter it is found
+in Illinois and south to the Gulf of
+Mexico. It is an exceedingly voracious
+bird, continually skimming over
+the surface of the water in search of
+its finny prey, and often following
+shoals of fish to great distances. The
+birds congregate in large numbers at
+their breeding places, which are rocky
+islands or headlands in the ocean.
+Most of the families of Gulls are somewhat
+migratory, visiting northern
+regions in summer to rear their young.
+The following lines give with remarkable
+fidelity the wing habits and
+movements of this tireless bird:</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 14em;">
+&ldquo;On nimble wing the gull<br />
+Sweeps booming by, intent to cull<br />
+Voracious, from the billows&#8217; breast,<br />
+Marked far away, his destined feast.<br />
+Behold him now, deep plunging, dip<br />
+His sunny pinion&#8217;s sable tip<br />
+In the green wave; now highly skim<br />
+With wheeling flight the water&#8217;s brim;<br />
+Wave in blue sky his silver sail<br />
+Aloft, and frolic with the gale,<br />
+Or sink again his breast to lave,<br />
+And float upon the foaming wave.<br />
+Oft o&#8217;er his form your eyes may roam,<br />
+Nor know him from the feathery foam,<br />
+Nor &#8217;mid the rolling waves, your ear<br />
+On yelling blast his clamor hear.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>This Gull lives principally on fish,
+but also greedily devours insects. He
+also picks up small animals or animal
+substances with which he meets, and,
+like the vulture, devours them even in a
+putrid condition. He walks well and
+quickly, swims bouyantly, lying in the
+water like an air bubble, and dives with
+facility, but to no great depth.</p>
+
+<p>As the breeding time approaches
+the Gulls begin to assemble in flocks,
+uniting to form a numerous host.
+Even upon our own shores their nesting
+places are often occupied by many
+hundred pairs, whilst further north
+they congregate in countless multitudes.
+They literally cover the rocks
+on which their nests are placed, the
+brooding parents pressing against each
+other.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson says that the Gull, when
+riding bouyantly upon the waves and
+weaving a sportive dance, is employed
+by the poets as an emblem of purity,
+or as an accessory to the horrors of a
+storm, by his shrieks and wild piercing
+cries. In his habits he is the vulture
+of the ocean, while in grace of motion
+and beauty of plumage he is one of
+the most attractive of the splendid
+denizens of the ocean and lakes.</p>
+
+<p>The Ring-billed Gull&#8217;s nest varies
+with localities. Where there is grass
+and sea weed, these are carefully
+heaped together, but where these fail
+the nest is of scanty material. Two
+to four large oval eggs of brownish
+green or greenish brown, spotted with
+grey and brown, are hatched in three
+or four weeks, the young appearing in
+a thick covering of speckled down.
+If born on the ledge of a high rock,
+the chicks remain there until their
+wings enable them to leave it, but if
+they come from the shell on the sand
+of the beach they trot about like little
+chickens. During the first few days
+they are fed with half-digested food
+from the parents&#8217; crops, and then with
+freshly caught fish.</p>
+
+<p>The Gull rarely flies alone, though
+occasionally one is seen far away from
+the water soaring in majestic solitude
+above the tall buildings of the city.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/img26.jpg" width="600" height="448" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ring-billed gull.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE MOCKING BIRD.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;">
+<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>HE Mocking Bird is regarded as
+the chief of songsters, for in
+addition to his remarkable
+powers of imitation, he is
+without a rival in variety of notes.
+The Brown Thrasher is thought by
+many to have a sweeter song, and one
+equally vigorous, but there is a bold
+brilliancy in the performance of the
+Mocker that is peculiarly his own, and
+which has made him <em>par excellence</em>
+the forest extemporizer of vocal melody.
+About this of course there will
+always be a difference of opinion, as
+in the case of the human melodists.</p>
+
+<p>So well known are the habits and
+characteristics of the Mocking Bird
+that nearly all that could be written
+about him would be but a repetition
+of what has been previously said.
+In Illinois, as in many other states,
+its distribution is very irregular, its
+absence from some localities which
+seem in every way suited being very
+difficult to account for. Thus, according
+to &ldquo;Birds of Illinois,&rdquo; while one or
+two pairs breed in the outskirts of
+Mount Carmel nearly every season, it
+is nowhere in that vicinity a common
+bird. A few miles further north, however,
+it has been found almost abundant.
+On one occasion, during a three
+mile drive from town, six males were
+seen and heard singing along the roadside.
+Mr. H. K. Coale says that he
+saw a mocking bird in Stark county,
+Indiana, sixty miles southeast of Chicago,
+January 1, 1884; that Mr.
+Green Smith had met with it at Kensington
+Station, Illinois, and that several
+have been observed in the parks
+and door-yards of Chicago. In the
+extreme southern portion of the state
+the species is abundant, and is resident
+through the year.</p>
+
+<p>The Mocking Bird does not properly
+belong among the birds of the middle
+or eastern states, but as there are
+many records of its nesting in these
+latitudes it is thought to be safe to
+include it. Mrs. Osgood Wright states
+that individuals have often been seen
+in the city parks of the east, one having
+lived in Central Park, New York
+city, late into the winter, throughout
+a cold and extreme season. They
+have reared their young as far north
+as Arlington, near Boston, where they
+are noted, however, as rare summer
+residents. Dr. J. A. Allen, editor of <em>The
+Auk</em>, notes that they occasionally nest
+in the Connecticut Valley.</p>
+
+<p>The Mocking Bird has a habit of
+singing and fluttering in the middle of
+the night, and in different individuals
+the song varies, as is noted of many
+birds, particularly canaries. The song
+is a natural love song, a rich dreamy
+melody. The mocking song is imitative
+of the notes of all the birds of
+field, forest, and garden, broken into
+fragments.</p>
+
+<p>The Mocker&#8217;s nest is loosely made
+of leaves and grass, rags, feathers, etc.,
+plain and comfortable. It is never far
+from the ground. The eggs are four
+to six, bluish green, spattered with
+shades of brown.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson&#8217;s description of the Mocking
+Bird&#8217;s song will probably never be
+surpassed: &ldquo;With expanded wings and
+tail glistening with white, and the
+bouyant gayety of his action arresting
+the eye, as his song does most irresistably
+the ear, he sweeps around with
+enthusiastic ecstasy, and mounts and
+descends as his song swells or dies
+away. And he often deceives the
+sportsman, and sends him in search of
+birds that are not perhaps within miles
+of him, but whose notes he exactly
+imitates.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Very useful is he, eating large spiders
+and grasshoppers, and the destructive
+cottonworm.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 93px;">
+<img src="images/imga1.png" width="93" height="80" alt="A" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;RAMBLER in the fields and
+woodlands during early
+spring or the latter part
+of autumn is often surprised
+at finding insects,
+grasshoppers, dragon flies, beetles of
+all kinds, and even larger game, mice,
+and small birds, impaled on twigs and
+thorns. This is apparently cruel
+sport, he observes, if he is unacquainted
+with the Butcher Bird and his
+habits, and he at once attributes it to
+the wanton sport of idle children who
+have not been led to say,</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 15em;">
+With hearts to love, with eyes to see,<br />
+With ears to hear their minstrelsy;<br />
+Through us no harm, by deed or word,<br />
+Shall ever come to any bird.</p>
+
+<p>If he will look about him, however,
+the real author of this mischief will
+soon be detected as he appears with
+other unfortunate little creatures,
+which he requires to sustain his own
+life and that of his nestlings. The
+offender he finds to be the Shrike of
+the northern United States, most
+properly named the Butcher Bird.
+Like all tyrants he is fierce and brave
+only in the presence of creatures
+weaker than himself, and cowers and
+screams with terror if he sees a falcon.
+And yet, despite this cruel proceeding,
+which is an implanted instinct
+like that of the dog which buries
+bones he never seeks again, there are
+few more useful birds than the Shrike.
+In the summer he lives on insects,
+ninety-eight per cent. of his food for
+July and August consisting of insects,
+mainly grasshoppers; and in winter,
+when insects are scarce, mice form a
+very large proportion of his food.</p>
+
+<p>The Butcher Bird has a very agreeable
+song, which is soft and musical,
+and he often shows cleverness as a
+mocker of other birds. He has been
+taught to whistle parts of tunes, and
+is as readily tamed as any of our
+domestic songsters.</p>
+
+<p>The nest is usually found on the
+outer limbs of trees, often from fifteen
+to thirty feet from the ground. It is
+made of long strips of the inner bark
+of bass-wood, strengthened on the
+sides with a few dry twigs, stems, and
+roots, and lined with fine grasses. The
+eggs are often six in number, of a
+yellowish or clayey-white, blotched
+and marbled with dashes of purple,
+light brown, and purplish gray.
+Pretty eggs to study.</p>
+
+<p>Readers of <span class="smcap">Birds</span> who are interested
+in eggs do not need to disturb the
+mothers on their nests in order to see
+and study them. In all the great
+museums specimens of the eggs of
+nearly all birds are displayed in cases,
+and accurately colored plates have
+been made and published by the
+Smithsonian Institution and others.
+The Chicago Academy of Sciences has
+a fine collection of eggs. Many
+persons imagine that these institutions
+engage in cruel slaughter of birds in
+order to collect eggs and nests. This,
+of course, is not true, only the fewest
+number being taken, and with the
+exclusive object of placing before the
+people, not for their amusement but
+rather for their instruction, specimens
+of birds and animals which shall serve
+for their identification in forest and
+field.</p>
+
+<p>The Loggerhead Shrike and nest
+shown in this number were taken under
+the direction of Mr. F. M. Woodruff, at
+Worth, Ill., about fourteen miles from
+Chicago. The nest was in a corner of
+an old hedge of Osage Orange, and
+about eight feet from the ground. He
+says in the <em>Osprey</em> that it took considerable
+time and patience to build
+up a platform of fence boards and old
+boxes to enable the photographer to
+do his work. The half-eaten body of
+a young garter snake was found about
+midway between the upper surface of
+the nest and the limb above, where it
+had been hung up for future use.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/img34.jpg" width="600" height="452" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">loggerhead shrike.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 81px;">
+<img src="images/imgb.png" width="81" height="80" alt="B" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>ALTIMORE Orioles are inhabitants
+of the whole of
+North America, from Canada
+to Mexico. They
+enter Louisiana as soon as
+spring commences there. The name
+of Baltimore Oriole has been given it,
+because its colors of black and orange
+are those of the family arms of Lord
+Baltimore, to whom Maryland formerly
+belonged. Tradition has it that
+George Calvert, the first Baron Baltimore,
+worn out and discouraged by
+the various trials and rigours of temperature
+experienced in his Newfoundland
+colony in 1628, visited the Virginia
+settlement. He explored the
+waters of the Chesapeake, and found
+the woods and shores teeming with
+birds, among them great flocks of
+Orioles, which so cheered him by their
+beauty of song and splendor of plumage,
+that he took them as good omens
+and adopted their colors for his
+own.</p>
+
+<p>When the Orioles first arrive the
+males are in the majority; they sit in
+the spruces calling by the hour, with
+lonely querulous notes. In a few days
+however, the females appear, and then
+the martial music begins, the birds&#8217;
+golden trumpeting often turning to a
+desperate clashing of cymbals when
+two males engage in combat, for &ldquo;the
+Oriole has a temper to match his flaming
+plumage and fights with a will.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>This Oriole is remarkably familiar,
+and fearless of man, hanging its beautiful
+nest upon the garden trees, and
+even venturing into the street wherever
+a green tree nourishes. The
+materials of which its nest is made are
+flax, various kinds of vegetable fibers,
+wool, and hair, matted together so as
+to resemble felt in consistency. A
+number of long horse-hairs are passed
+completely through the fibers, sewing
+it firmly together with large and irregular,
+but strong and judiciously placed
+stitching. In one of these nests an
+observer found that several of the hairs
+used for this purpose measured two
+feet in length. The nest is in the
+form of a long purse, six or seven
+inches in depth, three or four inches
+in diameter; at the bottom is arranged
+a heap of soft material in which the
+eggs find a warm resting place. The
+female seems to be the chief architect,
+receiving a constant supply of materials
+from her mate, occasionally rejecting
+the fibers or hairs which he may
+bring, and sending him off for another
+load more to her taste.</p>
+
+<p>Like human builders, the bird improves
+in nest building by practice,
+the best specimens of architecture
+being the work of the oldest birds,
+though some observers deny this.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs are five in number, and
+their general color is whitish-pink,
+dotted at the larger end with purplish
+spots, and covered at the smaller end
+with a great number of fine intersecting
+lines of the same hue.</p>
+
+<p>In spring the Oriole&#8217;s food seems to
+be almost entirely of an animal nature,
+consisting of caterpillars, beetles, and
+other insects, which it seldom pursues
+on the wing, but seeks with great
+activity among the leaves and branches.
+It also eats ripe fruit. The males
+of this elegant species of Oriole acquire
+the full beauty of their plumage the
+first winter after birth.</p>
+
+<p>The Baltimore Oriole is one of the
+most interesting features of country
+landscape, his movements, as he runs
+among the branches of trees, differing
+from those of almost all other birds.
+Watch him clinging by the feet to
+reach an insect so far away as to
+require the full extension of the neck,
+body, and legs without letting go his
+hold. He glides, as it were, along a
+small twig, and at other times moves
+sidewise for a few steps. His motions
+are elegant and stately.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>About the middle of May,
+when the leaves are all coming
+out to see the bright sunshine,
+you may sometimes see, among
+the boughs, a bird of beautiful
+black and orange plumage.</p>
+
+<p>He looks like the Orchard
+Oriole, whose picture you saw
+in May &ldquo;Birds.&rdquo; It is the Baltimore
+Oriole. He has other
+names, such as &ldquo;Golden Robin,&rdquo;
+&ldquo;Fire Bird,&rdquo; &ldquo;Hang-nest.&rdquo; I
+could tell you how he came to
+be called Baltimore Oriole, but
+would rather you&#8217;d ask your
+teacher about it. She can tell
+you all about it, and an interesting
+story it is, I assure you.</p>
+
+<p>You see from the picture why
+he is called &ldquo;Hang-nest.&rdquo;
+Maybe you can tell why he
+builds his nest that way.</p>
+
+<p>The Orioles usually select for
+their nest the longest and slenderest
+twigs, way out on the
+highest branches of a large tree.
+They like the elm best. From
+this they hang their bag-like
+nest.</p>
+
+<p>It must be interesting to watch
+them build the nest, and it
+requires lots of patience, too,
+for it usually takes a week or
+ten days to build it.</p>
+
+<p>They fasten both ends of a
+string to the twigs between
+which the nest is to hang. After
+fastening many strings like this,
+so as to cross one another,
+they weave in other strings
+crosswise, and this makes a sort
+of bag or pouch. Then they put
+in the lining.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, it swings and rocks
+when the wind blows, and what
+a nice cradle it must be for the
+baby Orioles?</p>
+
+<p>Orioles like to visit orchards
+and eat the bugs, beetles and
+caterpillars that injure the trees
+and fruit.</p>
+
+<p>There are few birds who do
+more good in this way than
+Orioles.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes they eat grapes
+from the vines and peck at fruit
+on the trees. It is usually because
+they want a drink that
+they do this.</p>
+
+<p>One good man who had a
+large orchard and vineyard
+placed pans of water in different
+places. Not only the
+Orioles, but other birds, would
+go to the pan for a drink, instead
+of pecking at the fruit. Let us
+think of this, and when we have
+a chance, give the birds a drink
+of water. They will repay us
+with their sweetest songs.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;">
+<img src="images/img42.jpg" width="447" height="600" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">baltimore oriole.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE SNOWY OWL.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 91px;">
+<img src="images/imgf.png" width="91" height="80" alt="F" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>EW of all the groups of birds
+have such decided markings,
+such characteristic distinctions,
+as the Owl. There is a singular
+resemblance between the face of an
+Owl and that of a cat, which is the
+more notable, as both of these creatures
+have much the same habits, live
+on the same prey, and are evidently
+representatives of the same idea in
+their different classes. The Owl, in
+fact, is a winged cat, just as the cat is
+a furred owl.</p>
+
+<p>The Snowy Owl is one of the handsomest
+of this group, not so much on
+account of its size, which is considerable,
+as by reason of the beautiful
+white mantle which it wears, and the
+large orange eyeballs that shine with
+the lustre of a topaz set among the
+snowy plumage.</p>
+
+<p>It is a native of the north of Europe
+and America, but is also found in the
+more northern parts of England, being
+seen, though rather a scarce bird, in
+the Shetland and Orkney Islands,
+where it builds its nest and rears its
+young. One will be more likely to
+find this owl near the shore, along the
+line of salt marshes and woody stubble,
+than further inland. The marshes do
+not freeze so easily or deep as the iron
+bound uplands, and field-mice are more
+plentiful in them. It is so fleet of
+wing that if its appetite is whetted, it
+can follow and capture a Snow Bunting
+or a Junco in its most rapid flight.</p>
+
+<p>Like the Hawk Owl, it is a day-flying
+bird, and is a terrible foe to the
+smaller mammalia, and to various
+birds. Mr. Yarrell in his &ldquo;History of
+the British Birds,&rdquo; states that one
+wounded on the Isle of Balta disgorged
+a young rabbit whole, and that a young
+Sandpiper, with its plumage entire,
+was found in the stomach of another.</p>
+
+<p>In proportion to its size the Snowy
+Owl is a mighty hunter, having been
+detected chasing the American hare,
+and carrying off wounded Grouse
+before the sportsman could secure his
+prey. It is also a good fisherman,
+posting itself on some convenient spot
+overhanging the water, and securing
+its finny prey with a lightning-like
+grasp of the claw as it passes beneath
+the white clad fisher. Sometimes it
+will sail over the surface of a stream,
+and snatch the fish as they rise for
+food. It is also a great lover of lemmings,
+and in the destruction of these
+quadruped pests does infinite service
+to the agriculturist.</p>
+
+<p>The large round eyes of this owl are
+very beautiful. Even by daylight
+they are remarkable for their gem-like
+sheen, but in the evening they are
+even more attractive, glowing like
+balls of living fire.</p>
+
+<p>From sheer fatigue these birds often
+seek a temporary resting place on
+passing ships. A solitary owl, after a
+long journey, settled on the rigging of
+a ship one night. A sailor who was
+ordered aloft, terrified by the two glowing
+eyes that suddenly opened upon
+his own, descended hurriedly to the
+deck, declaring to the crew that he
+had seen &ldquo;Davy Jones a-sitting up
+there on the main yard.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE SNOWY OWL.</h2>
+
+
+<p>What do you think of this bird
+with his round, puffy head? You
+of course know it is an Owl. I
+want you to know him as the
+Snowy Owl.</p>
+
+<p>Don&#8217;t you think his face is
+some like that of your cat?
+This fellow is not full grown,
+but only a child. If he were full
+grown he would be pure white.
+The dark color you see is only
+the tips of the feathers. You
+can&#8217;t see his beak very well for
+the soft feathers almost cover it.</p>
+
+<p>His large soft eyes look very
+pretty out of the white feathers.
+What color would you call them?
+Most owls are quiet during the
+day and very busy all night.
+The Snowy Owl is not so quiet
+day times. He flies about considerably
+and gets most of his
+food in daylight.</p>
+
+<p>A hunter who was resting
+under a tree, on the bank of a
+river, tells this of him:</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;A Snowy Owl was perched on
+the branch of a dead tree that
+had fallen into the river. He
+sat there looking into the water
+and blinking his large eyes.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly he reached out and
+before I could see how he did it,
+a fish was in his claws.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>This certainly shows that he
+can see well in the day time. He
+can see best, however, in the
+twilight, in cloudy weather or
+moonlight. That is the way
+with your cat.</p>
+
+<p>The wing feathers of the owl
+are different from those of most
+birds. They are as soft as down.
+This is why you cannot hear him
+when he flies. Owls while perching
+are almost always found in
+quiet places where they will not
+be disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>Did you ever hear the voice of
+an owl in the night? If you
+never have, you cannot imagine
+how dreary it sounds. He surely
+is &ldquo;The Bird of the Night.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 451px;">
+<img src="images/img50.jpg" width="451" height="600" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">snowy owl.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p>
+<h2>BIRDS AND FARMERS.</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><em>From the Forest and Stream.</em></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;">
+<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>HE advocates of protection for
+our small birds present two
+sets of reasons for preventing
+their killing; the one sentimental,
+and the other economic.</p>
+
+<p>The sentimental reasons are the
+ones most often urged; they are also
+of a kind to appeal with especial force
+to those whose responsibility for the
+destruction of the birds is greatest.
+The women and girls, for whose adornment
+birds&#8217; plumage is chiefly used,
+think little and know less about the
+services which birds perform for agriculture,
+and indeed it may be doubted
+whether the sight of a bunch of feathers
+or a stuffed bird&#8217;s skin suggests to
+them any thought of the life that
+those feathers once represented. But
+when the wearers are reminded that
+there was such a life; that it was
+cheery and beautiful, and that it was
+cut short merely that their apparel
+might be adorned, they are quick to
+recognize that bird destruction involves
+a wrong, and are ready to do their part
+toward ending it by refusing to wear
+plumage.</p>
+
+<p>The small boy who pursues little
+birds from the standpoint of the hunter
+in quest of his game, feels only the ardor
+of pursuit. His whole mind is concentrated
+on that and the hunter&#8217;s
+selfishness, the desire of possession, fills
+his heart. Ignorance and thoughtlessness
+destroy the birds.</p>
+
+<p>Every one knows in a general way
+that birds render most valuable service
+to the farmer, but although these
+services have long been recognized in
+the laws standing on the statute books
+of the various states, it is only within
+a few years that any systematic
+investigations have been undertaken to
+determine just what such services are,
+to measure them with some approach to
+accuracy, to weigh in the case of each
+species the good and the evil done, and
+so to strike a balance in favor of the
+bird or against it. The inquiries
+carried on by the Agricultural Department
+on a large scale and those made
+by various local experiment stations
+and by individual observers have given
+results which are very striking and
+which can no longer be ignored.</p>
+
+<p>It is a difficult matter for any one to
+balance the good things that he reads
+and believes about any animal against
+the bad things that he actually sees.
+The man who witnesses the theft of
+his cherries by robin or catbird, or the
+killing of a quail by a marsh hawk,
+feels that here he has ocular proof of
+harm done by the birds, while as to
+the insects or the field mice destroyed,
+and the crops saved, he has only the
+testimony of some unknown and distant
+witness. It is only natural that
+the observer should trust the evidence
+of his senses, and yet his eyes tell him
+only a small part of the truth, and that
+small part a misleading one.</p>
+
+<p>It is certain that without the services
+of these feathered laborers, whose
+work is unseen, though it lasts from
+daylight till dark through every day
+in the year, agriculture in this country
+would come to an immediate standstill,
+and if in the brief season of fruit
+each one of these workers levies on
+the farmer the tribute of a few berries,
+the price is surely a small one to pay
+for the great good done. Superficial
+persons imagine that the birds are
+here only during the summer, but this
+is a great mistake. It is true that in
+warm weather, when insect life is
+most abundant, birds are also most
+abundant. They wage an effective
+and unceasing war against the adult
+insects and their larvae, and check
+their active depredations; but in
+winter the birds carry on a campaign
+which is hardly less important in its
+results.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE SCARLET TANAGER.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 64px;">
+<img src="images/imgo.png" width="64" height="80" alt="O" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>NE of the most brilliant and
+striking of all American
+birds is the Scarlet Tanager.
+From its black wings resembling
+pockets, it is frequently
+called the &ldquo;Pocket Bird.&rdquo;
+The French call it the &ldquo;Cardinal.&rdquo;
+The female is plain olive-green, and
+when seen together the pair present a
+curious example of the prodigality
+with which mother nature pours out
+her favors of beauty in the adornment
+of some of her creatures and seems
+niggardly in her treatment of others.
+Still it is only by contrast that we are
+enabled to appreciate the quality of
+beauty, which in this case is of the
+rarest sort. In the January number
+of <span class="smcap">Birds</span> we presented the Red Rumped
+Tanager, a Costa Rica bird, which,
+however, is inferior in brilliancy to
+the Scarlet, whose range extends from
+eastern United States, north to southern
+Canada, west to the great plains,
+and south in winter to northern South
+America. It inhabits woodlands and
+swampy places. The nesting season
+begins in the latter part of May, the
+nest being built in low thick woods or
+on the skirting of tangled thickets;
+very often also, in an orchard, on the
+horizontal limb of a low tree or sapling.
+It is very flat and loosely made
+of twigs and fine bark strips and lined
+with rootlets and fibers of inner bark.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs are from three to five in
+number, and of a greenish blue,
+speckled and blotted with brown,
+chiefly at the larger end.</p>
+
+<p>The disposition of the Scarlet Tanager
+is retiring, in which respect he
+differs greatly from the Summer Tanager,
+which frequents open groves,
+and often visits towns and cities. A
+few may be seen in our parks, and
+now and then children have picked up
+the bright dead form from the green
+grass, and wondered what might be its
+name. Compare it with the Redbird,
+with which it is often confounded, and
+the contrast will be striking.</p>
+
+<p>His call is a warble, broken by a
+pensive call note, sounding like the
+syllables <em>chip-churr</em>, and he is regarded
+as a superior musician.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Passing through an orchard, and
+seeing one of these young birds that
+had but lately left the nest, I carried
+it with me for about half a mile to
+show it to a friend, and having procured
+a cage,&rdquo; says Wilson, &ldquo;hung it
+upon one of the large pine trees in the
+Botanic Garden, within a few feet of
+the nest of an Orchard Oriole, which
+also contained young, hoping that the
+charity and kindness of the Orioles
+would induce them to supply the cravings
+of the stranger. But charity with
+them as with too many of the human
+race, began and ended at home. The
+poor orphan was altogether neglected,
+and as it refused to be fed by me, I
+was about to return it to the place
+where I had found it, when, toward
+the afternoon, a Scarlet Tanager, no
+doubt its own parent, was seen fluttering
+around the cage, endeavoring to
+get in. Finding he could not, he flew
+off, and soon returned with food in
+his bill, and continued to feed it until
+after sunset, taking up his lodgings on
+the higher branches of the same tree.
+In the morning, as soon as day broke,
+he was again seen most actively engaged
+in the same manner, and, notwithstanding
+the insolence of the
+Orioles, he continued his benevolent
+offices the whole day, roosting at night
+as before. On the third or fourth day
+he seemed extremely solicitous for the
+liberation of his charge, using every
+expression of distressful anxiety, and
+every call and invitation that nature
+had put in his power, for him to come
+out. This was too much for the feelings
+of my friend. He procured a ladder,
+and mounting to the spot where the
+bird was suspended, opened the cage,
+took out his prisoner, and restored him
+to liberty and to his parent, who, with
+notes of great exultation, accompanied
+his flight to the woods.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/img59.jpg" width="600" height="447" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">scarlet tanager.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span>
+</div><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE SCARLET TANAGER.</h2>
+
+
+<p>What could be more beautiful
+to see than this bird among the
+green leaves of a tree? It almost
+seems as though he would kindle
+the dry limb upon which he
+perches. This is his holiday
+dress. He wears it during the
+nesting season. After the young
+are reared and the summer
+months gone, he changes his
+coat. We then find him dressed
+in a dull yellowish green&mdash;the
+color of his mate the whole year.</p>
+
+<p>Do you remember another bird
+family in which the father bird
+changes his dress each spring
+and autumn?</p>
+
+<p>The Scarlet Tanager is a solitary
+bird. He likes the deep
+woods, and seeks the topmost
+branches. He likes, too, the
+thick evergreens. Here he sings
+through the summer days. We
+often pass him by for he is hidden
+by the green leaves above us.</p>
+
+<p>He is sometimes called our
+&ldquo;Bird of Paradise.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Tanagers feed upon winged
+insects, caterpillars, seeds, and
+berries. To get these they do
+not need to be on the ground.
+For this reason it is seldom we
+see them there.</p>
+
+<p>Both birds work in building
+the nest, and both share in caring
+for the little ones. The
+nest is not a very pretty one&mdash;not
+pretty enough for so beautiful
+a bird, I think. It is woven
+so loosely that if you were standing
+under it, you could see light
+through it.</p>
+
+<p>Notice his strong, short beak.
+Now turn to the picture of the
+Rose-Breasted Grosbeaks in
+April <span class="smcap">Birds</span>. Do you see how
+much alike they are? They are
+near relatives.</p>
+
+<p>I hope that you may all have
+a chance to see a Scarlet Tanager
+dressed in his richest scarlet
+and most jetty black.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE RUFFED GROUSE.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;">
+<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>HE Ruffed Grouse, which is
+called Partridge in New England
+and Pheasant in the
+Middle and Southern States,
+is the true Grouse, while Bob White
+is the real Partridge. It is unfortunate
+that they continue to be confounded.
+The fine picture of his
+grouseship, however, which we here
+present should go far to make clear
+the difference between them.</p>
+
+<p>The range of the Ruffed Grouse is
+eastern United States, south to North
+Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and
+Arkansas. They hatch in April, the
+young immediately leaving the nest
+with the mother. When they hear
+the mother&#8217;s warning note the little
+ones dive under leaves and bushes,
+while she leads the pursuer off in an
+opposite direction. Building the nest
+and sitting upon the eggs constitute
+the duties of the female, the males
+during this interesting season keeping
+separate, not rejoining their mates
+until the young are hatched, when
+they begin to roam as a family.</p>
+
+<p>Like the Turkey, the Ruffed Grouse
+has a habit of pluming and strutting,
+and also makes the drumming noise
+which has caused so much discussion.
+This noise &ldquo;is a hollow vibrating
+sound, beginning softly and increasing
+as if a small rubber ball were dropped
+slowly and then rapidly bounced on a
+drum.&rdquo; While drumming the bird
+contrives to make himself invisible,
+and if seen it is difficult to get the
+slightest clue to the manner in which
+the sound is produced. And observers
+say that it beats with its wings on a
+log, that it raises its wings and strikes
+their edges above its back, that it claps
+them against its sides like a crowing
+rooster, and that it beats the air. The
+writer has seen a grouse drum, appearing
+to strike its wings together over
+its back. But there is much difference
+of opinion on the subject, and young
+observers may settle the question for
+themselves. When preparing to drum
+he seems fidgety and nervous and his
+sides are inflated. Letting his wings
+droop, he flaps them so fast that they
+make one continuous humming sound.
+In this peculiar way he calls his mate,
+and while he is still drumming, the
+hen bird may appear, coming slyly
+from the leaves.</p>
+
+<p>The nest is on the ground, made by
+the female of dry leaves and a few
+feathers plucked from her own breast.
+In this slight structure she lays ten or
+twelve cream-colored eggs, specked
+with brown.</p>
+
+<p>The eyes of the Grouse are of great
+depth and softness, with deep expanding
+pupils and golden brown iris.</p>
+
+<p>Coming suddenly upon a young
+brood squatted with their mother near
+a roadside in the woods, an observer
+first knew of their presence by the old
+bird flying directly in his face, and
+then tumbling about at his feet with
+frantic signs of distress and lameness.
+In the meantime the little ones scattered
+in every direction and were not
+to be found. As soon as the parent
+was satisfied of their safety, she flew a
+short distance and he soon heard her
+clucking call to them to come to her
+again. It was surprising how quickly
+they reached her side, seeming to pop
+up as from holes in the ground.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;">
+<img src="images/img67.jpg" width="447" height="600" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ruffed grouse.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span>
+</div><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE RUFFED GROUSE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>At first sight most of you will
+think this is a turkey. Well, it
+does look very much like one.
+He spreads his tail feathers,
+puffs himself up, and struts about
+like a turkey. You know by
+this time what his name is and I
+think you can easily see why he
+is called Ruffed.</p>
+
+<p>This proud bird and his mate
+live with us during the whole
+year. They are found usually in
+grassy lands and in woods.</p>
+
+<p>Here they build their rude
+nest of dried grass, weeds and
+the like. You will generally
+find it at the foot of a tree, or
+along side of an old stump in or
+near swampy lands.</p>
+
+<p>The Ruffed Grouse has a
+queer way of calling his mate.
+He stands on a log or stump,
+puffed up like a turkey&mdash;just as
+you see him in the picture. Then
+he struts about for a time just
+as you have seen a turkey gobbler
+do. Soon he begins to work
+his wings&mdash;slowly at first, but
+faster and faster, until it sounds
+like the beating of a drum.</p>
+
+<p>His mate usually answers his
+call by coming. They set up
+housekeeping and build their
+rude nest which holds from eight
+to fourteen eggs. As soon as
+the young are hatched they can
+run about and find their own
+food. So you see they are not
+much bother to their parents.
+When they are a week old they
+can fly. The young usually stay
+with their parents until next
+Spring. Then they start out and
+find mates for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>I said at the first that the
+Ruffed Grouse stay with us all
+the year. In the winter, when
+it is very cold, they burrow into
+a snowdrift to pass the night.
+During the summer they always
+roost all night.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE BLACK AND WHITE CREEPING WARBLER.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;">
+<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>HIS sprightly little bird is met
+with in various sections of the
+country. It occurs in all parts
+of New England and New
+York, and has been found in the interior
+as far north as Fort Simpson. It
+is common in the Bahamas and most
+of the West India Islands, generally as
+a migrant; in Texas, in the Indian
+Territory, in Mexico, and throughout
+eastern America.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues states that this warbler is
+a very common summer resident near
+Washington, the greater number going
+farther north to breed. They arrive
+there during the first week in April
+and are exceedingly numerous until
+May.</p>
+
+<p>In its habits this bird seems to be
+more of a creeper than a Warbler. It
+is an expert and nimble climber, and
+rarely, if ever, perches on the branch
+of a tree or shrub. In the manner of
+the smaller Woodpecker, the Creepers,
+Nuthatches, and Titmice, it moves
+rapidly around the trunks and larger
+limbs of the trees of the forest in search
+of small insects and their larvae. It
+is graceful and rapid in movement,
+and is often so intent upon its hunt as
+to be unmindful of the near presence
+of man.</p>
+
+<p>It is found chiefly in thickets, where
+its food is most easily obtained, and
+has been known to breed in the immediate
+vicinity of a dwelling.</p>
+
+<p>The song of this Warbler is sweet
+and pleasing. It begins to sing from
+its first appearance in May and continues
+to repeat its brief refrain at
+intervals almost until its departure in
+August and September. At first it is
+a monotonous ditty, says Nuttall,
+uttered in a strong but shrill and filing
+tone. These notes, as the season advances,
+become more mellow and warbling.</p>
+
+<p>The Warbler&#8217;s movements in search
+of food are very interesting to the
+observer. Keeping the feet together
+they move in a succession of short,
+rapid hops up the trunks of trees and
+along the limbs, passing again to the
+bottom by longer flights than in the
+ascent. They make but short flight
+from tree to tree, but are capable of
+flying far when they choose.</p>
+
+<p>They build on the ground. One
+nest containing young about a week
+old was found on the surface of shelving
+rock. It was made of coarse strips
+of bark, soft decayed leaves, and dry
+grasses, and lined with a thin layer of
+black hair. The parents fed their
+young in the presence of the observer
+with affectionate attention, and showed
+no uneasiness, creeping head downward
+about the trunks of the neighboring
+trees, and carrying large smooth
+caterpillars to their young.</p>
+
+<p>They search the crevices in the
+bark of the tree trunks and branches,
+look among the undergrowth, and
+hunt along the fences for bunches of
+eggs, the buried larvae of the insects,
+which when undisturbed, hatch out
+millions of creeping, crawling, and
+flying things that devastate garden
+and orchard and every crop of the field.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 446px;">
+<img src="images/img75.jpg" width="446" height="600" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">black and white creeping warbler.</span><br />
+<span class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span>
+<span style="font-size: .8em; margin-left: 8em;" class="smcap"><strong>Chicago Colortype Co.</strong></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
+<h2>VOLUME 1. JANUARY TO JUNE, 1897.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2>INDEX.</h2>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" summary="">
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Birds, The Return of the</td>  <td align='left'>pages</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Bird Song</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_187">187</a>-<a href="#Page_188">8</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Bird Day in the Schools</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_138">138</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Birds and Farmers</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Black Bird, Red-winged, <em>Agelaeus Ph&oelig;niceus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_64">64</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_70">70-71</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Blue Bird, <em>Sialia Sialis</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_75">75-76</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_78">78</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Bobolink, <em>Dolichonyx Gryzivorus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_92">92-3-4</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Bunting, Indigo, <em>Passerina Cyanea</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_172">172-3</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Catbird, <em>Galeoscoptes Carolinensis</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_183">183-4-6</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Chickadee, Black-capped, <em>Parus Atricopillus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_164">164-5-7</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Cock of the Rock</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_19">19-21</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Crossbill, American, <em>Loxia Curvirostra</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_126">126-7</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Crow, American, <em>Corvus Americanus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_97">97-8-100</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Duck, Mandarin, <em>A. Galericulata</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_8">8-9-11</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Flicker, <em>Colaptes Auratus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_89">89-90</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Fly-catcher, Scissor-tailed, <em>Milvulus Forficatus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_161">161-3</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Gallinule, Purple, <em>Ionoruis Martinica</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_120">120-1</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Grebe, Pied-billed, <em>Podilymbus Podiceps</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_134">134-5-7</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Grosbeak, Rose-breasted, <em>Habia Ludoviciana</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_113">113-115</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Grouse, Ruffed, <em>Bonasa Umbellus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_218">218</a>-<a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_221">221</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Gull, Ring-billed, <em>Larus Delawarensis</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_198">198</a>-<a href="#Page_199">199</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Halo, The</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Hawk, Marsh, <em>Circus Hudsonius</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_158">158-159</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Hawk, Night, <em>Chordeiles Virginianus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_175">175-6-8</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Heron, Black-crowned, <em>Nycticorax Nycticorax Naevius</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_196">196-7</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Jay, American Blue, <em>Cyanocitta Cristata</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_39">39-41</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Jay, Arizona Green, <em>Xanthoura Luxuosa</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_146">146-148</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Jay, Canada, <em>Perisoreus Canadensis</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_116">116-17-19</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Kingfisher, American, <em>Ceryle Alcyon</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_60">60-61-63</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Lark, Meadow, <em>Sturnella Magna</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_105">105-7-8</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Longspur, Smith&#8217;s, <em>Calcarius Pictus</em>Longspur, Smith&#8217;s, <em>Calcarius Pictus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_123">123-5</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Lory, Blue Mountain</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_66">66-67</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Mocking Bird, American, <em>Mimus Polyglottos</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_201">201</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Mot Mot, Mexican</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_57">57</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Nesting Time</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_149">149-150</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Nonpareil, <em>Passerina Ciris</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_1">1-3</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_15">15</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Oriole, Baltimore, <em>Icterus Galbula</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_205">205-6-7</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Oriole, Golden, <em>Icterus Icterus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_34">34-36</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Oriole, Orchard, <em>Icterus Spurius</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_154">154-5</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Owl, Long-eared, <em>Asio Wilsonianus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_109">109-111-112</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Owl, Screech, <em>Megascops Asio</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_151">151-3-7</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Owl, Snowy, <em>Nyctea Nivea</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_209">209</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_211">211</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Paradise, Red Bird of, <em>Paradisea Rubra</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_22">22-23-25</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Parrakeet, Australian</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_16">16-18</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Parrot, King</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_50">50-51</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Pheasant, Golden, <em>P. Pictus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_12">12-13</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Pheasant, Japan</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_86">86-88</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Red Bird, American, <em>Cardinalis Cardinalis</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_72">72-74</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Robin, American, <em>Merula Migratoria</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_53">53-4-5-9</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Roller, Swallow-tailed, Indian</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_42">42-43</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Shrike, Loggerhead, <em>Lanius Ludovicianus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Swallow, Barn, <em>Chelidon Erythrogaster</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_79">79-80</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Tanager, Red-rumped, <em>Tanagrid&aelig;</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_30">30-31-33</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Tanager, Scarlet, <em>Piranga Erythromelas</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_214">214</a>-<a href="#Page_216">216</a>-<a href="#Page_217">217</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Tern, Black, <em>Hydrochelidon Ingra Surinamensis</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_103">103-104</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Thrush, Brown, <em>Harporhynchus Rufus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_82">82-83-84</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Thrush, Wood, <em>Turdus Mustelinus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_179">179-180-183</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Toucan, Yellow-throated, <em>Ramphastos</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_26">26-27-29</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Trogon, Resplendent, <em>Trogonid&aelig;</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_4">4-7</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Vireo, Yellow-throated, <em>Vireo Flavifrons</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&nbsp;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  <td align='left'></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Warbler, Black-and-white Creeping, <em>Mniotilta Varia</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="#Page_222">222</a>-<a href="#Page_224">224</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Warbler, Prothonotary, <em>Protonotaria Citrea</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_168">168-169-171</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Wax Wing, Bohemian, <em>Ampelis Garrulus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_140">140-141</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Woodpecker, California, <em>Melanerpes Formicivorus Bairdi</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_130">130-131-133</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Woodpecker, Red-headed, <em>Melanerpes Erythrocephalus</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_45">45-46-47</a></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Wren, Long-billed Marsh, <em>Cistothorus Palustris</em></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_142">142-144-145</a></td>  </tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 304px;">
+<img src="images/img78.jpg" width="304" height="500" alt="advertisement" title="" />
+<span class="caption">elkhart lake.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 25em; margin-right: 5em; margin-top: 8em;">
+Summer Excursion
+Tickets to the resorts
+of Wisconsin, Minnesota,
+Michigan, Colorado, California,
+Montana, Washington,
+Oregon, and British
+Columbia; also to Alaska,
+Japan, China, and all Trans-Pacific
+Points, are now on
+sale by the CHICAGO,
+MILWAUKEE &amp; ST.
+PAUL RAILWAY. Full
+and reliable information
+can be had by applying to
+Mr. C. N. SOUTHER,
+Ticket Agent, 95 Adams
+Street, Chicago.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 18em; font-size: small;">Please mention &ldquo;BIRDS&rdquo; when you write to advertisers.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 466px;">
+<img src="images/img79.jpg" width="466" height="650" alt="advertisement" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: small;">Please mention &ldquo;BIRDS&rdquo; when you write to advertisers.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/imgad4.jpg" width="600" height="203" alt="advertisement" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img82a.jpg" width="650" height="251" alt="advertisement" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p style="color: #00006e;">This wheel is made especially for the Nature Study Publishing Co., to be used as a premium. It is unique in
+design, of material the best, of workmanship unexcelled. No other wheel on the market can compare favorably
+with it for less than $100.00.</p>
+
+<p style="color: #00006e;" class="center"><strong>SPECIFICATIONS FOR 1897 &ldquo;BIRD&rdquo; BICYCLE.</strong></p>
+
+<p style="color: #00006e;"><span class="bi">Frame.</span>&mdash;Diamond pattern; cold-drawn seamless steel tubing;
+1<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>8</sub> inch
+tubing in the quadrangle with the exception of the head, which is
+1<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>4</sub>inch. Height, 23, 24, 25 and 26 inches.
+Rear triangle <sup>3</sup>&#8260;<sub>4</sub> inch tubing in
+the lower and upright bars. <span class="bi">Frame Parts.</span>&mdash;Steel drop forgings,
+strongly reinforced connections. <span class="bi">Forks.</span>&mdash;Seamless steel fork sides,
+gracefully curved and mechanically reinforced. <span class="bi">Steering Head.</span>&mdash;9, 11
+and 13 inches long, 1<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>4</sub>
+inches diameter. <span class="bi">Handle Bar.</span>&mdash;Cold-drawn,
+weldless steel tubing, <sup>7</sup>&#8260;<sub>8</sub> inch in diameter, ram&#8217;s horn, upright or
+reversible, adapted to two positions. <span class="bi">Handles.</span>&mdash;Cork or corkaline;
+black, maroon or bright tips. <span class="bi">Wheels.</span>&mdash;28 inch, front and rear. <span class="bi">Wheel
+Base.</span>&mdash;43 inches. <span class="bi">Rims.</span>&mdash;Olds or Plymouth. <span class="bi">Tires.</span>&mdash;Morgan &amp; Wright,
+Vim, or Hartford. <span class="bi">Spokes.</span>&mdash;Swaged, Excelsior Needle Co.&#8217;s best
+quality; 28 in front and 32 in rear wheel. <span class="bi">Cranks.</span>&mdash;Special steel,
+round and tapered; 6<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>2</sub>
+inch throw. <span class="bi">Pedals.</span>&mdash;Brandenburg; others on
+order. <span class="bi">Chain.</span>&mdash;<sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>4</sub> inch, solid link, with hardened rivet steel
+centers. <span class="bi">Saddle.</span>&mdash;Black, attractive and comfortable; our own make.
+<span class="bi">Saddle Post.</span>&mdash;Adjustable, style &ldquo;T.&rdquo; <span class="bi">Tread.</span>
+&mdash;4<sup>7</sup>&#8260;<sub>8</sub> inches. <span class="bi">Sprocket
+Wheels.</span>&mdash;Steel drop forgings, hardened. <span class="bi">Gear.</span>&mdash;68 regular; other
+gears furnished if so desired. <span class="bi">Bearings.</span>&mdash;Made of the best selected
+high-grade tool steel, carefully ground to a finish after tempering, and
+thoroughly dust-proof. All cups are screwed into hubs and crank hangers.
+<span class="bi">Hubs.</span>&mdash;Large tubular hubs, made from a solid bar of steel.
+<span class="bi">Furnishing.</span>&mdash;Tool-bag, wrench, oiler, pump and repair kit. <span class="bi">Tool
+Bags.</span>&mdash;In black or tan leather, as may be preferred. Handle bar, hubs,
+sprocket wheels, cranks, pedals, seat post, spokes, screws, nuts and
+washers, nickel plated over copper; remainder enameled. <span class="bi">Weight.</span>&mdash;22
+and 24 pounds.</p>
+
+<p style="color: #00006e;"><strong><em>Send for Specifications for Diamond Frame.</em></strong></p>
+
+<h2><span style="color: #00006e;">NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING CO.</span></h2>
+
+<p style="color: #00006e;">Agents Wanted in every Town and City to represent "BIRDS."
+     <span style="margin-left: 14em;"><em>CHICAGO.</em></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: small;">Please mention &ldquo;BIRDS&rdquo; when you write to advertisers.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/img83.jpg" width="600" height="491" alt="advertisement" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+
+<p style="color: #00006e;">We give below a list of publications, especially fine, to be read in
+connection with our new magazine, and shall be glad to supply them at
+the price indicated, or as premiums for subscriptions for &ldquo;Birds.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='left' style="color: #00006e;">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;Birds Through an Opera Glass&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>75c.</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>or</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>2</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>subscriptions.</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;Bird Ways&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>60c.</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>2</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;In Nesting Time&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>$1.25</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>3</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;A Bird Lover of the West&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>1.25</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>3</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;Upon the Tree Tops&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>1.25</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>3</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;Wake Robin&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>1.00</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>3</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;Birds in the Bush&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>1.25</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>3</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;A-Birding on a Bronco&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>1.25</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>3</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;Land Birds and Game Birds of New England&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>3.50</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>8</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;Birds and Poets&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>1.25</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>3</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;Bird Craft&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>3.00</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>7</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;The Story of the Birds&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>.65</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>2</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>&ldquo;Hand Book of Birds of Eastern North America&rdquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+  <td align='right'>3.00</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+           <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>7</td>
+           <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+
+<p style="color: #00006e;">See our notice on another page concerning Bicycles. Our &ldquo;Bird&rdquo; Wheel is
+one of the best on the market&mdash;as neat and attractive as &ldquo;Birds.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p style="color: #00006e;">We shall be glad to quote a special price for teachers or clubs.</p>
+
+<p style="color: #00006e;">We can furnish any article or book as premium for subscriptions for
+&ldquo;Birds.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p style="color: #00006e;">Address,</p>
+
+<h2><span style="color: #00006e;"><em>Nature Study Publishing Co. Chicago, Ill.</em></span></h2>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Nature Study Publishing Company.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 59px;">
+<img src="images/imgta.png" width="59" height="70" alt="T" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>HE Nature Study Publishing Company is a corporation of educators and
+business men organized to furnish correct reproductions of the colors
+and forms of nature to families, schools, and scientists. Having secured
+the services of artists who have succeeded in photographing and
+reproducing objects in their natural colors, by a process whose
+principles are well known but in which many of the details are held
+secret, we obtained a charter from the Secretary of State in November,
+1896, and began at once the preparation of photographic color plates for
+a series of pictures of birds.</p>
+
+<p>The first product was the January number of &ldquo;BIRDS,&rdquo; a monthly magazine,
+containing ten plates with descriptions in popular language, avoiding as
+far as possible scientific and technical terms. Knowing the interest
+children have in our work, we have included in each number a few pages
+of easy text pertaining to the illustrations. These are usually set
+facing the plates to heighten the pleasure of the little folks as they
+read.</p>
+
+<p>Casually noticed, the magazine may appear to be a children&#8217;s publication
+because of the placing of this juvenile text. But such is not the case.
+Those scientists who cherish with delight the famous handiwork of
+Audubon are no less enthusiastic over these beautiful pictures which are
+painted by the delicate and scientifically accurate fingers of Light
+itself. These reproductions are true. There is no imagination in them
+nor conventionalism. In the presence of their absolute truth any written
+description or work of human hands shrinks into insignificance. The
+scientific value of these photographs can not be estimated.</p>
+
+<p>To establish a great magazine with a world-wide circulation is no light
+undertaking. We have been steadily and successfully working towards that
+end. Delays have been unavoidable. What was effective for the production
+of a limited number of copies was inadequate as our orders increased.
+The very success of the enterprise has sometimes impeded our progress.
+Ten hundred teachers in Chicago paid subscriptions in ten days. Boards
+of Education are subscribing in hundred lots. Improvements in the
+process have been made in almost every number, and we are now assured of
+a brilliant and useful future.</p>
+
+<p>When &ldquo;BIRDS&rdquo; has won its proper place in public favor we shall be
+prepared to issue a similar serial on other natural objects, and look
+for an equally cordial reception for it.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><strong>PREMIUMS.</strong></p>
+
+<p>To teachers we give duplicates of all the pictures on separate sheets
+for use in teaching or for decoration.</p>
+
+<p>To other subscribers we give a color photograph of one of the most
+gorgeous birds, the Golden Pheasant.</p>
+
+<p>Subscriptions, $1.50 a year including one premium. Those wishing both
+premiums may receive them and a year&#8217;s subscription for $2.00.</p>
+
+<p>We have just completed an edition of 50,000 back numbers to accommodate
+those who wish their subscriptions to date back to January, 1897, the
+first number.</p>
+
+<p>We will furnish the first volume, January to June inclusive, well bound
+in cloth, postage paid, for $1.25. In Morocco, $2.25.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><strong>AGENTS.</strong></p>
+
+<p>10,000 agents are wanted to travel or solicit at home.</p>
+
+<p>We have prepared a fine list of desirable premiums for clubs which any
+popular adult or child can easily form. Your friends will thank you for
+showing them the magazine and offering to send their money. The work of
+getting subscribers among acquaintances is easy and delightful. Agents
+can do well selling the bound volume. Vol. 1 is the best possible
+present for a young person or for anyone specially interested in nature.</p>
+
+<p>Teachers and others meeting them at institutes do well as our agents.
+The magazine sells to teachers better than any other publication because
+they can use the extra plates for decoration, language work, nature
+study, and individual occupation.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 20em;">
+    NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY,<br />
+       <span style="margin-left: 8em;">277 Dearborn Street, <span class="smcap">Chicago</span>.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 434px;">
+<img src="images/ourpremiums1.png" width="434" height="650" alt="advertisement" title="" />
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography
+[June, 1897], by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED, JUNE 1897 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 30666-h.htm or 30666-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/6/6/30666/
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,2505 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography
+[June, 1897], by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Birds Illustrated by Color Photography [June, 1897]
+       A Monthly Serial designed to Promote Knowledge of Bird-Life
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 13, 2009 [EBook #30666]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED, JUNE 1897 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note: A couple of unusual spellings in the "ads"
+have been left as printed.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+  #BIRDS Volume I.#
+       January to June, 1897
+
+            NOW READY.
+
+A magnificent book, a work of art--complete in two hundred and
+twenty-four pages.
+
+Sixty full page illustrations made by the new and wonderful process,
+Color Photography.
+
+Adapted to old and young.
+
+Bound in neat and durable form.
+
+For sale by all Newsdealers and Booksellers and by subscription.
+
+ CLOTH         $1.25  | Sent by mail to any address in the United
+ HALF-MOROCCO   1.75  | States or Canada on receipt of price or
+ MOROCCO        2.25  | #three# annual subscriptions for BIRDS
+                      | for Cloth binding or four for Half-Morocco,
+ and five for Full Morocco. Address mail orders to
+
+                                   #Nature Study Publishing Co.#
+                                              CHICAGO.
+
+
+            #BIND YOUR VOLUMES#
+
+You will always want to keep BIRDS. We will bind for you cheaper than
+you can get it done and with a fine design which cannot be obtained
+elsewhere. Stamped in Gold or Aluminum. We furnish missing numbers for
+15 cents each. #Put your Name and Address# on the package. Send to
+
+                                   #NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING CO.#
+                                   Fisher Building, CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+ SPECIAL PRICE    | CLOTH         $0.75
+   to our         | HALF MOROCCO   1.00
+ Subscribers.     | FULL MOROCCO   1.50
+
+
+
+
+                Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Ry.
+                                 THE
+                         +-----------------+
+                         |  #MONON ROUTE#  |
+                         +-----------------+
+
+                      PROVIDES FOR ITS PATRONS
+
+            Every Accommodation and Comfort
+                               Known to Modern Railroading
+
+            Luxurious Parlor and Dining Cars by Day
+                      Palace Buffet Sleeping Cars by Night
+
+                SOLID VESTIBULED TRAINS DAILY BETWEEN
+
+                  CHICAGO
+                  INDIANAPOLIS          ALL POINTS
+                  CINCINNATI      AND   SOUTH
+                  LOUISVILLE
+
+             FAST TRAINS, ALWAYS ON TIME, AND FEW STOPS
+                    Illuminated by Pintsch Light
+
+    Stop over at Mammoth Cave on the way to Chattanooga, or to the
+                        NASHVILLE CENTENNIAL
+
+               ONLY LINE TO THE FAMOUS HEALTH RESORTS
+                 West Baden and French Lick Springs
+                     "THE CARLSBAD OF AMERICA"
+
+                                      HOTELS OPEN THE YEAR ROUND
+
+                +--------------------------------+
+                |     THROUGH SLEEPERS DAILY     |
+                |          FROM CHICAGO          |
+                |  TO WASHINGTON AND BALTIMORE.  |
+                +--------------------------------+
+
+  W. H. McDOEL,
+      Vice-Pres't and Gen'l Manager.
+
+  CHAS. H. ROCKWELL,
+      Traffic Manager.
+
+  FRANK J. REED,
+      Gen'l Passenger Agent.
+
+        GENERAL OFFICES: 198 Custom House Place, CHICAGO.
+
+      Please mention "BIRDS" when you write to advertisers.
+
+
+
+
+                 +----------------------------+
+                 |  #A. REED & SONS PIANOS.#  |
+                 +----------------------------+
+
+ Manufactured under patents granted by the governments of the
+      United States, England, Germany, France and Canada.
+
+                     #A New and Scientific
+                      Method of Piano
+                      Construction#
+
+          FREE SOUNDING BOARD, VIBRATION BAR, STRINGS
+           RESTING ON ALUMINUM WHEELS, ANTI-MOISTURE
+                      PIN BLOCK, LATERAL
+                            PEDALS
+
+              #Grand Diploma and Medal of Honor#
+         Awarded at Columbian World's Exposition, 1893
+
+  Only American Piano receiving mention in the Official Report
+                   to the German Government
+
+                       #A. REED & SONS#
+                No. 5 Adams Street ... CHICAGO
+
+  Illustrated Catalogues ...
+  containing full explanation Mailed Free.
+
+      Please mention "BIRDS" when you write to advertisers.
+
+
+
+
+               #TEACHERS' CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION.#
+              #101 Auditorium Building, CHICAGO, ILL.#
+
+        Positions filled, 3,700. Seeks Teachers ambitious for
+        advancement, rather than those without positions.
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration]
+
+ CAMERAS        #Martin G. Good#
+ KODAKS           Photographic
+  AND                   Supplies
+ Chemicals
+              AMATEUR
+            HEADQUARTERS
+      Developing and Printing
+      _Mail orders solicited_
+
+          STEWART BUILDING
+ N.W. Cor. State and Washington Sts.
+                   92 State St. CHICAGO
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration]       #EARN A BICYCLE#
+                  #600 Second Hand Wheels.#
+             _All Makes._ GOOD AS NEW. $5 to $15.
+                  New High Grade '96 models,
+                 fully guaranteed, $17 to $25.
+                  #_Special Clearing Sale._#
+                  Ship anywhere on approval.
+
+        We will give a responsible agent in each town
+        FREE USE of sample wheel to introduce them. Our
+        reputation is well known throughout the country.
+
+             #Write at once for our special offer.#
+             #P. R. MEAD & PRENTISS, Chicago, Ill.#
+
+
+
+
+                 #ILLINOIS MEDICAL COLLEGE.#
+                      _The Chicago Summer School of Medicine._
+
+         #_Co-Educational._# Incorporated by the State of Illinois.
+         Sessions open early in March, and last six months. For
+         information, address,
+                 R. N. HALL, M. D., President,
+                 J. J. M. ANGEAR, A. M., M. D., Treasurer,
+                 H. H. BROWN, M. D., Secretary, or
+                 W. F. WAUGH, A. M., M. D., Dean.
+         #_103 State St., Chicago._#
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration]
+
+    EASY TOUCH,                                    UNIFORM WORK,
+
+                      NO END OF GOOD POINTS
+                     ABOUT THE SMITH PREMIER
+
+                          "IMPROVEMENT
+                      THE ORDER OF THE AGE."
+
+    DURABILITY,                                    BEAUTY OF DESIGN.
+
+             In Improvements--The Leader.
+                In Construction--Mechanically Correct.
+                   In Operation--Simple and Satisfactory.
+
+              SEND FOR PREMIER NEW PICTORIAL CATALOGUE.
+
+                 #The Smith Premier Typewriter Co.#
+                     SYRACUSE, N. Y., U. S. A.
+
+            Branch Offices in 42 Principal Cities in the
+                     United States and England.
+
+                  _CHICAGO OFFICE, 154 MONROE ST._
+
+
+
+
+              #NO SHADED LETTERS!#    #NO WORD SIGNS!#
+   STIDGER'S SHORTHAND. Shortest, Easiest, Quickest Learned, and
+   Most Rapidly Written System in the world. #Learned in one month.#
+   STIDGER, 184 Dearborn St. Chicago. Taught by mail. Send for circular.
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration]      #The Whitely Exerciser.#
+                       #_For Health,_#
+                           #_Strength, and_#
+                           #_Beauty._#
+                  Send for illustrated pamphlet.
+               Complete machine, prepaid, #_$3.00_#.
+
+                      #WHITELY EXERCISER CO.#
+                       154 Lake St., CHICAGO.
+
+
+
+
+        #At 1/4 Price#   Gold and Silver Watches, Bicycles,
+                         Tricycles, Guns and Pistols, Carts,
+                         Buggies, Wagons, Carriages, Safes,
+                         Sleighs, Harness, Cart Tops, Skids,
+
+                            [Illustration]
+
+    Sewing Machines, Accordeons,   Organs,  Pianos,   Cider Mills,
+    Cash Drawers,    Feed Mills,   Stoves,  Kettles,  Bone Mills,
+    Letter Presses,  Jack Screws,  Trucks,  Anvils,   Hay Cutters,
+    Press Stands,    Copy Books,   Vises,   Drills,   Road Plows,
+    Lawn Mowers,     Coffee Mills, Lathes,  Benders,  Dump Carts,
+    Corn Shellers,   Hand Carts,   Forges,  Scrapers, Wire Fence,
+    Fanning Mills,   Wringers,     Engines, Saws,     Steel Sinks,
+    Grain Dumps,     Crow Bars,    Boilers, Tools,    Bit Braces,
+    Hay, Stock, Elevator, Railroad, Platform and Counter SCALES.
+
+        Send for free Catalogue and see how to save Money.
+      152 So. Jefferson St., CHICAGO SCALE CO., Chicago, Ill.
+
+
+
+
+  #_PRICE $8.90._#
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+              #_Now is your Opportunity._#
+
+  Regular size, finest quality. Full 14-karat gold filled,
+  20 year case, fitted with Elgin or Waltham gilded works;
+  #_full jeweled_# top plate, and all modern improvements;
+  hunting cases; stem wind and stem set. An elegant and
+  reliable time-keeper at a low price. Guaranteed for 20
+  years in every particular.
+
+  Sent C. O. D. subject to examination on receipt of 50 cents,
+  which amount will be deducted from your bill.
+
+
+
+
+  #_LUCKY PIN_#        [Illustration]
+         #_Gold or Oxidized Silver_#,
+  with Emerald or Ruby Eyes. Perfect imitation of
+  Skull and Crossbones. Very popular. Sells at sight.
+  Special terms to agents.
+
+  Sample by mail, 25 cents.
+
+  Send for catalogue of Jewelry, Watches, Novelties, Etc.
+
+           #CULLEN & LAWRENCE,#
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+                       #CHICAGO, ILL.#
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+                #Harvey Medical College#
+                     CO-EDUCATIONAL.
+
+                     [Illustration]
+
+             167-169-171 South Clark Street
+                        CHICAGO.
+
+  Lectures every week day evening. Clinics all day.
+  Four years graded course. Special three months summer
+  course. For further information address
+                        FRANCES DICKINSON, M. D., Secy.
+
+
+
+
+               The "OLD Reliable" House of
+                       #"ANDREWS"#
+                        FURNISHES
+                   Everything
+                           for Schools
+
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+      Blackboards, Erasers, Dustless Crayons, Globes,
+      Maps, Charts, Apparatus, etc., etc.
+
+      #The Jones Model of the Earth# shows the
+      reliefs of the land surface and ocean bed, 20
+      inches diameter. Used by the Royal Geographical
+      Society, Cornell University. Normal, and other
+      schools of various forms and grades.
+
+      #The Deep Sea Globe.# This new 12 in. globe
+      shows all that is seen on the common globe, but
+      in addition the varying depths of the ocean bed,
+      by color shading, also 500 soundings by figures.
+
+                 #The A. H. Andrews Co.#
+                        CHICAGO.
+
+        (Next Auditorium)         300 WABASH AVE.
+
+          Also Manufactures Office, Church and
+                    Bank Furniture.
+
+
+
+
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+                  #Chicago Business College#
+                   #Wabash and Randolph St.#
+                        (S. W. Corner.)
+
+            New elegant building.  Finer apartments
+            than any other Commercial School in the
+                        United States.
+
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+                  pupils opens July 5. Two months
+                  $10.00.#
+
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+                  opens July 5. 2 mos. $15.00.#
+
+                     Send for Catalogue.
+                   GONDRING & VIRDEN, Prin.
+
+
+
+
+             #We Develop and
+                  Print Photos for
+                    Amateurs#
+
+ [Illustration: READY FOR A SNAP: ARE YOU?]
+
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+
+ We rent Kodaks, show how to use them, and tell which
+ is best to buy.
+
+                   #C. J. DORR & CO.,
+                         211-213 Wabash Ave.#
+
+
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+ Mathematics, Shorthand, Typewriting, English, Penmanship, Bookkeeping,
+ Business, Telegraphy, Plumbing.# Best teachers. Thorough individual
+ instruction. Rates lower than any other school. Instruction also by mail
+ in any desired study. Steam engineering a specialty. Call or address,
+                          INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
+                                 151 Throop St., Chicago.
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration: TRIAL FREE.]
+
+                   #FREE BABY CARRIAGE#
+     Catalogue. Cut this out and send with your name
+     and address, and we will mail you FREE our new
+     Mammoth Catalogue of Baby Carriages, illustrating
+     100 different styles from $2.75. Carriages sent on
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+       #OXFORD MDSE. CO., 300 Wabash Ave., CHICAGO.#
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration]
+
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+  #$9.00# Buy the Oxford Improved SINGER Sewing Machine,
+  with a complete set of attachments and guaranteed for 10 years.
+  Shipped anywhere on 30 days' trial. No money required in advance.
+  75,000 now in use. World's Fair Medal awarded. Buy from factory,
+  save dealers' and agents' profit. Write to-day for our
+  Large Free Catalogue.
+       #OXFORD MDSE. CO., 842 Wabash Ave., CHICAGO.#
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration: PATD.APL-10-88.]
+
+          #"Mizpah" Valve Nipples#
+             _WILL NOT COLLAPSE_
+ and therefore prevent much colic. The valve
+ prevents a vacuum being formed to collapse them.
+ The ribs inside prevent collapsing when the child
+ bites them. The rim is such that they cannot be
+ pulled off the bottle.
+
+           #Sample Free by Mail.#
+ #WALTER E. WARE. 512 Arch St., Phila., Pa.#
+
+
+
+
+ #COLUMBUS STAMPS#   1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
+                     8, 10, 15, 30,
+                     50 cents, all
+ unused. The 11 Stamps for #$1.90#.
+
+ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 cents, used.
+ The 8 Stamps for #30c#.
+
+ Packet No. 4, 200 different, for #50c#.
+
+ #Postage Stamps Bought and Sold.#
+
+              #F. WENDT,#
+                 _#75 State St., CHICAGO.#_
+
+
+   Please mention "BIRDS" when you write to Advertisers.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+                            #BIRDS#
+
+                ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY
+
+                       #A MONTHLY SERIAL#
+
+                       DESIGNED TO PROMOTE
+
+                    #KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD-LIFE#
+
+
+
+          "With cheerful hop from perch to spray,
+             They sport along the meads;
+           In social bliss together stray,
+             Where love or fancy leads.
+
+           Through spring's gay scenes each happy pair
+             Their fluttering joys pursue;
+           Its various charms and produce share,
+             Forever kind and true."
+
+
+
+                        CHICAGO, U. S. A.
+           NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
+                              1896
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+It has become a universal custom to obtain and preserve the likenesses
+of one's friends. Photographs are the most popular form of these
+likenesses, as they give the true exterior outlines and appearance,
+(except coloring) of the subjects. But how much more popular and
+useful does photography become, when it can be used as a means of
+securing plates from which to print photographs in a regular printing
+press, and, what is more astonishing and delightful, to produce the
+REAL COLORS of nature as shown in the subject, no matter how brilliant
+or varied.
+
+We quote from the December number of the Ladies' Home Journal:
+
+"_An excellent_ suggestion was recently made by the Department of
+Agriculture at Washington that the public schools of the country shall
+have a new holiday, to be known as Bird Day. Three cities have already
+adopted the suggestion, and it is likely that others will quickly
+follow. Of course, Bird Day will differ from its successful
+predecessor, Arbor Day. We can plant trees but not birds. It is
+suggested that Bird Day take the form of bird exhibitions, of bird
+exercises, of bird studies--any form of entertainment, in fact, which
+will bring children closer to their little brethren of the air, and
+in more intelligent sympathy with their life and ways. There is a
+wonderful story in bird life, and but few of our children know it. Few
+of our elders do, for that matter. A whole day of a year can well and
+profitably be given over to the birds. Than such study, nothing can be
+more interesting. The cultivation of an intimate acquaintanceship with
+our feathered friends is a source of genuine pleasure. We are under
+greater obligations to the birds than we dream of. Without them the
+world would be more barren than we imagine. Consequently, we have some
+duties which we owe them. What these duties are only a few of us know
+or have ever taken the trouble to find out. Our children should not be
+allowed to grow to maturity without this knowledge. The more they know
+of the birds the better men and women they will be. We can hardly
+encourage such studies too much."
+
+Of all animated nature, birds are the most beautiful in coloring, most
+graceful in form and action, swiftest in motion and most perfect
+emblems of freedom.
+
+They are withal, very intelligent and have many remarkable traits, so
+that their habits and characteristics make a delightful study for all
+lovers of nature. In view of the facts, we feel that we are doing
+a useful work for the young, and one that will be appreciated by
+progressive parents, in placing within the easy possession of children
+in the homes these beautiful photographs of birds.
+
+The text is prepared with the view of giving the children as clear an
+idea as possible, of haunts, habits, characteristics and such other
+information as will lead them to love the birds and delight in their
+study and acquaintance.
+
+                                             NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+                                  #BIRDS.#
+
+                      ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.
+
+ ======================================================================
+  VOL. 1.                       JUNE, 1897.                     No. 6.
+ ======================================================================
+
+
+BIRD SONG.
+
+    "I cannot love the man who doth not love,
+    As men love light, the song of happy birds."
+
+
+It is indeed fitting that the great poets have ever been the
+best interpreters of the songs of birds. In many of the plays of
+Shakespeare, especially where the scene is laid in the primeval
+forest, his most delicious bits of fancy are inspired by the flitting
+throng. Wordsworth and Tennyson, and many of the minor English poets,
+are pervaded with bird notes, and Shelley's masterpiece, The Skylark,
+will long survive his greater and more ambitious poems. Our own poet,
+Cranch, has left one immortal stanza, and Bryant, and Longfellow, and
+Lowell, and Whittier, and Emerson have written enough of poetic
+melody, the direct inspiration of the feathered inhabitants of the
+woods, to fill a good-sized volume. In prose, no one has said finer
+things than Thoreau, who probed nature with a deeper ken than any of
+his contemporaries. He is to be read, and read, and read.
+
+But just what meaning should be attached to a bird's notes--some of
+which are "the least disagreeable of noises"--will probably never be
+discovered. They do seem to express almost every feeling of which the
+human heart is capable. We wonder if the Mocking Bird understands what
+all these notes mean. He is so fine an imitator that it is hard to
+believe he is not doing more than mimicking the notes of other birds,
+but rather that he really does mock them with a sort of defiant
+sarcasm. He banters them less, perhaps, than the Cat Bird, but one
+would naturally expect all other birds to fly at him with vengeful
+purpose. But perhaps the birds are not so sensitive as their human
+brothers, who do not always look upon imitation as the highest
+flattery.
+
+A gentleman who kept a note-book, describes one of the matinee
+performances of the Mocker, which he attended by creeping under a tent
+curtain. He sat at the foot of a tree on the top of which the bird was
+perched unconscious of his presence. The Mocker gave one of the notes
+of the Guinea-hen, a fine imitation of the Cardinal, or Red Bird,
+an exact reproduction of the note of the Phoebe, and some of the
+difficult notes of the Yellow-breasted Chat. "Now I hear a young
+chicken peeping. Now the Carolina Wren sings, '_cheerily, cheerily,
+cheerily_.' Now a small bird is shrilling with a fine insect tone. A
+Flicker, a Wood-pewee, and a Phoebe follow in quick succession. Then a
+Tufted Titmouse squeals. To display his versatility, he gives a dull
+performance which couples the '_go-back_' of the Guinea fowl with the
+plaint of the Wood-pewee, two widely diverse vocal sounds. With all
+the performance there is such perfect self-reliance and consciousness
+of superior ability that one feels that the singer has but to choose
+what bird he will imitate next."
+
+Nor does the plaintive, melancholy note of the Robin, that "pious"
+bird, altogether express his character. He has so many lovely traits,
+according to his biographers, that we accept him unhesitatingly as a
+truly good bird. Didn't he once upon a time tenderly cover with leaves
+certain poor little wanderers? Isn't he called "The Bird of the
+Morning?" And evening as well, for you can hear his sad voice long
+after the sun has himself retired.
+
+The poet Coleridge claims the credit of first using the Owl's cry
+in poetry, and his musical note _Tu-whit, tu-who!_ has made him a
+favorite with the poets. Tennyson has fancifully played upon it in
+his little "Songs to the Owl," the last stanza of which runs:
+
+    "I would mock thy chant anew;
+    But I cannot mimic it,
+    Not a whit of thy tuhoo,
+    Thee to woo to thy tuwhit,
+    Thee to woo to thy tuwhit.
+
+    With a lengthen'd loud halloo,
+    Tuwhoo, tuwhit, tuwhit, tuhoo-o-o."
+
+But Coleridge was not correct in his claim to precedence in the use of
+the Owl's cry, for Shakespeare preceded him, and Tennyson's "First
+Song to the Owl" is modeled after that at the end of "Love's Labor
+Lost:"
+
+    "When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,
+    Then nightly sings the staring Owl,
+              Tu-who;
+    Tu-whit, tu-who, a merry note."
+
+In references to birds, Tennyson is the most felicitous of all poets
+and the exquisite swallow-song in "The Princess" is especially
+recommended to the reader's perusal.
+
+Birds undoubtedly sing for the same reasons that inspire to utterance
+all the animated creatures in the universe. Insects sing and bees,
+crickets, locusts, and mosquitos. Frogs sing, and mice, monkeys,
+and woodchucks. We have recently heard even an English Sparrow do
+something better than chipper; some very pretty notes escaped him,
+perchance, because his heart was overflowing with love-thoughts, and
+he was very merry, knowing that his affection was reciprocated. The
+elevated railway stations, about whose eaves the ugly, hastily built
+nests protrude everywhere, furnish ample explanation of his reasons
+for singing.
+
+Birds are more musical at certain times of the day as well as at
+certain seasons of the year. During the hour between dawn and sunrise
+occurs the grand concert of the feathered folk. There are no concerts
+during the day--only individual songs. After sunset there seems to be
+an effort to renew the chorus, but it cannot be compared to the
+morning concert when they are practically undisturbed by man.
+
+Birds sing because they are happy. Bradford Torrey has given with much
+felicity his opinion on the subject, as follows:
+
+"I recall a Cardinal Grosbeak, whom I heard several years ago, on the
+bank of the Potomac river. An old soldier had taken me to visit the
+Great Falls, and as we were clambering over the rocks this Grosbeak
+began to sing; and soon, without any hint from me, and without knowing
+who the invisible musician was, my companion remarked upon the
+uncommon beauty of the song. The Cardinal is always a great singer,
+having a voice which, as European writers say, is almost equal to the
+Nightingale's; but in this case the more stirring, martial quality of
+the strain had given place to an exquisite mellowness, as if it were,
+what I have no doubt it was,
+
+                      A Song of Love."
+                              --C. C. Marble.
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.]
+
+
+THE YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.
+
+
+The popular name of this species of an attractive family is Yellow
+Throated Greenlet, and our young readers will find much pleasure in
+watching its pretty movements and listening to its really delightful
+song whenever they visit the places where it loves to spend the happy
+hours of summer. In some respects it is the most remarkable of all
+the species of the family found in the United States. "The Birds
+of Illinois," a book that may be profitably studied by the young
+naturalist, states that it is decidedly the finest singer, has the
+loudest notes of admonition and reproof, and is the handsomest in
+plumage, and hence the more attractive to the student.
+
+A recognized observer says he has found it only in the woods, and
+mostly in the luxuriant forests of the bottom lands. The writer's
+experience accords with that of Audubon and Wilson, the best
+authorities in their day, but the habits of birds vary greatly with
+locality, and in other parts of the country, notably in New England,
+it is very familiar, delighting in the companionship of man. It breeds
+in eastern North America, and winters in Florida, Cuba and Central
+America.
+
+The Vireo makes a very deep nest, suspended by its upper edge,
+between the forks of a horizontal branch. The eggs are white,
+generally with a few reddish brown blotches. All authorities agree as
+to the great beauty of the nest, though they differ as to its exact
+location. It is a woodland bird, loving tall trees and running water,
+"haunting the same places as the Solitary Vireo." During migration the
+Yellow-throat is seen in orchards and in the trees along side-walks
+and lawns, mingling his golden colors with the rich green of June
+leaves.
+
+The Vireos, or Greenlets, are like the Warblers in appearance and
+habits. We have no birds, says Torrey, that are more unsparing of
+their music; they sing from morning till night, and--some of them, at
+least--continue theirs till the very end of the season. The song of
+the Yellow-throat is rather too monotonous and persistent. It is hard
+sometimes not to get out of patience with its ceasless and noisy
+iteration of its simple tune; especially if you are doing your utmost
+to catch the notes of some rarer and more refined songster. This is
+true also of some other birds, whose occasional silence would add much
+to their attractiveness.
+
+
+
+
+THE MOCKING BIRD.
+
+
+Some bright morning this month, you may hear a Robin's song from a
+large tree near by. A Red Bird answers him and then the Oriole chimes
+in. I can see you looking around to find the birds that sing so
+sweetly. All this time a gay bird sits among the green leaves and
+laughs at you as you try to find three birds when only one is there.
+
+It is the Mocking Bird or Mocker, and it is he who has been fooling
+you with his song. Nature has given him lots of music and gifted him
+with the power of imitating the songs of other birds and sounds of
+other animals.
+
+He is certainly the sweetest of our song birds. The English
+Nightingale alone is his rival. I think, however, if our Mocker could
+hear the Nightingale's song, he could learn it.
+
+The Mocking Bird is another of our Thrushes. By this time you have
+surely made up your minds that the Thrushes are sweet singers.
+
+The Mocker seems to take delight in fooling people. One gentleman
+while sitting on his porch heard what he thought to be a young bird in
+distress. He went in the direction of the sound and soon heard the
+same cry behind him. He turned and went back toward the porch, when he
+heard it in another direction. Soon he found out that Mr. Mocking Bird
+had been fooling him, and was flying about from shrub to shrub making
+that sound.
+
+His nest is carelessly made of almost anything he can find. The small,
+bluish-green eggs are much like the Catbird's eggs.
+
+Little Mocking Birds look very much like the young of other Thrushes,
+and do not become Mockers like their parents, until they are full
+grown.
+
+Which one of the other Thrushes that you have seen in BIRDS does the
+Mocking Bird resemble?
+
+He is the only Thrush that sings while on the wing. All of the others
+sing only while perching.
+
+[Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. AMERICAN MOCKING BIRD.]
+
+
+
+
+JUNE.
+
+    Frank-hearted hostess of the field and wood,
+    Gipsy, whose roof is every spreading tree,
+    June is the pearl of our New England year,
+    Still a surprisal, though expected long,
+    Her coming startles. Long she lies in wait,
+    Makes many a feint, peeps forth, draws coyly back,
+    Then, from some southern ambush in the sky,
+    With one great gush of blossoms storms the world.
+    A week ago the Sparrow was divine;
+    The Bluebird, shifting his light load of song
+    From post to post along the cheerless fence,
+    Was as a rhymer ere the poet came;
+    But now, O rapture! sunshine winged and voiced,
+    Pipe blown through by the warm, wild breath of the West,
+    Shepherding his soft droves of fleecy cloud,
+    Gladness of woods, skies, waters, all in one,
+    The Bobolink has come, and, like the soul
+    Of the sweet season vocal in a bird,
+    Gurgles in ecstasy we know not what
+    Save _June! Dear June! Now God be praised for June._
+
+                                            --LOWELL.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT
+HERON.]
+
+
+THE BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.
+
+
+What a beautiful creature this is! A mounted specimen requires, like
+the Snowy Owl, the greatest care and a dust tight glass case to
+preserve its beauty. Dr. Coues' account of it should be read by those
+who are interested in the science of ornithology. It is a common bird
+in the United States and British Provinces, being migratory and
+resident in the south. Heronries, sometimes of vast extent, to which
+they return year after year, are their breeding places. Each nest
+contains three or four eggs of a pale, sea-green color. Observe the
+peculiar plumes, sometimes two, in this case three, which spring from
+the back of the head. These usually lie close together in one bundle,
+but are often blown apart by the wind in the form of streamers. This
+Heron derives its name from its habits, as it is usually seen flying
+at night, or in the early evening, when it utters a sonorous cry of
+_quaw_ or _quawk_. It is often called Quawk or Qua-Bird.
+
+On the return of the Black-Crowned Night Heron in April, he promptly
+takes possession of his former home, which is likely to be the most
+solitary and deeply shaded part of a cedar swamp. Groves of swamp oak
+in retired and water covered places, are also sometimes chosen, and
+the males often select tall trees on the bank of the river to roost
+upon during the day. About the beginning of twilight they direct their
+flight toward the marshes, uttering in a hoarse and hollow tone, the
+sound _qua_. At this hour all the nurseries in the swamps are emptied
+of their occupants, who disperse about the marshes along the ditches
+and river shore in search of food. Some of these nesting places have
+been occupied every spring and summer for many years by nearly a
+hundred pair of Herons. In places where the cedars have been cut down
+and removed the Herons merely move to another part of the swamp, not
+seeming greatly disturbed thereby; but when attacked and plundered
+they have been known to remove from an ancient home in a body to some
+unknown place.
+
+The Heron's nest is plain enough, being built of sticks. On entering
+the swamp in the neighborhood of one of the heronries the noise of the
+old and young birds equals that made by a band of Indians in conflict.
+The instant an intruder is discovered, the entire flock silently rises
+in the air and removes to the tops of the trees in another part of the
+woods, while sentries of eight or ten birds make occasional circuits
+of inspection.
+
+The young Herons climb to the tops of the highest trees, but do not
+attempt to fly. While it is probable these birds do not see well by
+day, they possess an exquisite facility of hearing, which renders it
+almost impossible to approach their nesting places without discovery.
+Hawks hover over the nests, making an occasional sweep among the
+young, and the Bald Eagle has been seen to cast a hungry eye upon
+them.
+
+The male and female can hardly be distinguished. Both have the plumes,
+but there is a slight difference in size.
+
+The food of the Night Heron, or Qua-Bird, is chiefly fish, and his two
+interesting traits are tireless watchfulness and great appetite. He
+digests his food with such rapidity that however much he may eat, he
+is always ready to eat again; hence he is little benefited by what he
+does eat, and is ever in appearance in the same half-starved state,
+whether food is abundant or scarce.
+
+
+
+
+THE RING-BILLED GULL.
+
+
+The Ring-billed Gull is a common species throughout eastern North
+America, breeding throughout the northern tier of the United States,
+whose northern border is the limit of its summer home. As a rule in
+winter it is found in Illinois and south to the Gulf of Mexico. It is
+an exceedingly voracious bird, continually skimming over the surface
+of the water in search of its finny prey, and often following shoals
+of fish to great distances. The birds congregate in large numbers at
+their breeding places, which are rocky islands or headlands in the
+ocean. Most of the families of Gulls are somewhat migratory, visiting
+northern regions in summer to rear their young. The following lines
+give with remarkable fidelity the wing habits and movements of this
+tireless bird:
+
+    "On nimble wing the gull
+    Sweeps booming by, intent to cull
+    Voracious, from the billows' breast,
+    Marked far away, his destined feast.
+    Behold him now, deep plunging, dip
+    His sunny pinion's sable tip
+    In the green wave; now highly skim
+    With wheeling flight the water's brim;
+    Wave in blue sky his silver sail
+    Aloft, and frolic with the gale,
+    Or sink again his breast to lave,
+    And float upon the foaming wave.
+    Oft o'er his form your eyes may roam,
+    Nor know him from the feathery foam,
+    Nor 'mid the rolling waves, your ear
+    On yelling blast his clamor hear."
+
+This Gull lives principally on fish, but also greedily devours
+insects. He also picks up small animals or animal substances with
+which he meets, and, like the vulture, devours them even in a putrid
+condition. He walks well and quickly, swims bouyantly, lying in the
+water like an air bubble, and dives with facility, but to no great
+depth.
+
+As the breeding time approaches the Gulls begin to assemble in flocks,
+uniting to form a numerous host. Even upon our own shores their
+nesting places are often occupied by many hundred pairs, whilst
+further north they congregate in countless multitudes. They literally
+cover the rocks on which their nests are placed, the brooding parents
+pressing against each other.
+
+Wilson says that the Gull, when riding bouyantly upon the waves and
+weaving a sportive dance, is employed by the poets as an emblem of
+purity, or as an accessory to the horrors of a storm, by his shrieks
+and wild piercing cries. In his habits he is the vulture of the ocean,
+while in grace of motion and beauty of plumage he is one of the most
+attractive of the splendid denizens of the ocean and lakes.
+
+The Ring-billed Gull's nest varies with localities. Where there is
+grass and sea weed, these are carefully heaped together, but where
+these fail the nest is of scanty material. Two to four large oval
+eggs of brownish green or greenish brown, spotted with grey and brown,
+are hatched in three or four weeks, the young appearing in a thick
+covering of speckled down. If born on the ledge of a high rock, the
+chicks remain there until their wings enable them to leave it, but if
+they come from the shell on the sand of the beach they trot about
+like little chickens. During the first few days they are fed with
+half-digested food from the parents' crops, and then with freshly
+caught fish.
+
+The Gull rarely flies alone, though occasionally one is seen far away
+from the water soaring in majestic solitude above the tall buildings
+of the city.
+
+[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. RING-BILLED GULL.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MOCKING BIRD.
+
+
+The Mocking Bird is regarded as the chief of songsters, for in
+addition to his remarkable powers of imitation, he is without a rival
+in variety of notes. The Brown Thrasher is thought by many to have a
+sweeter song, and one equally vigorous, but there is a bold brilliancy
+in the performance of the Mocker that is peculiarly his own, and which
+has made him _par excellence_ the forest extemporizer of vocal melody.
+About this of course there will always be a difference of opinion, as
+in the case of the human melodists.
+
+So well known are the habits and characteristics of the Mocking Bird
+that nearly all that could be written about him would be but a
+repetition of what has been previously said. In Illinois, as in many
+other states, its distribution is very irregular, its absence from
+some localities which seem in every way suited being very difficult to
+account for. Thus, according to "Birds of Illinois," while one or two
+pairs breed in the outskirts of Mount Carmel nearly every season, it
+is nowhere in that vicinity a common bird. A few miles further north,
+however, it has been found almost abundant. On one occasion, during a
+three mile drive from town, six males were seen and heard singing
+along the roadside. Mr. H. K. Coale says that he saw a mocking bird in
+Stark county, Indiana, sixty miles southeast of Chicago, January 1,
+1884; that Mr. Green Smith had met with it at Kensington Station,
+Illinois, and that several have been observed in the parks and
+door-yards of Chicago. In the extreme southern portion of the state
+the species is abundant, and is resident through the year.
+
+The Mocking Bird does not properly belong among the birds of the
+middle or eastern states, but as there are many records of its
+nesting in these latitudes it is thought to be safe to include it.
+Mrs. Osgood Wright states that individuals have often been seen in the
+city parks of the east, one having lived in Central Park, New York
+city, late into the winter, throughout a cold and extreme season. They
+have reared their young as far north as Arlington, near Boston, where
+they are noted, however, as rare summer residents. Dr. J. A. Allen,
+editor of _The Auk_, notes that they occasionally nest in the
+Connecticut Valley.
+
+The Mocking Bird has a habit of singing and fluttering in the middle
+of the night, and in different individuals the song varies, as is
+noted of many birds, particularly canaries. The song is a natural love
+song, a rich dreamy melody. The mocking song is imitative of the notes
+of all the birds of field, forest, and garden, broken into fragments.
+
+The Mocker's nest is loosely made of leaves and grass, rags, feathers,
+etc., plain and comfortable. It is never far from the ground. The eggs
+are four to six, bluish green, spattered with shades of brown.
+
+Wilson's description of the Mocking Bird's song will probably never be
+surpassed: "With expanded wings and tail glistening with white, and
+the bouyant gayety of his action arresting the eye, as his song does
+most irresistably the ear, he sweeps around with enthusiastic ecstasy,
+and mounts and descends as his song swells or dies away. And he often
+deceives the sportsman, and sends him in search of birds that are not
+perhaps within miles of him, but whose notes he exactly imitates."
+
+Very useful is he, eating large spiders and grasshoppers, and the
+destructive cottonworm.
+
+
+
+
+THE LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.
+
+
+A rambler in the fields and woodlands during early spring or
+the latter part of autumn is often surprised at finding insects,
+grasshoppers, dragon flies, beetles of all kinds, and even larger
+game, mice, and small birds, impaled on twigs and thorns. This is
+apparently cruel sport, he observes, if he is unacquainted with the
+Butcher Bird and his habits, and he at once attributes it to the
+wanton sport of idle children who have not been led to say,
+
+    With hearts to love, with eyes to see,
+    With ears to hear their minstrelsy;
+    Through us no harm, by deed or word,
+    Shall ever come to any bird.
+
+If he will look about him, however, the real author of this mischief
+will soon be detected as he appears with other unfortunate little
+creatures, which he requires to sustain his own life and that of his
+nestlings. The offender he finds to be the Shrike of the northern
+United States, most properly named the Butcher Bird. Like all tyrants
+he is fierce and brave only in the presence of creatures weaker than
+himself, and cowers and screams with terror if he sees a falcon. And
+yet, despite this cruel proceeding, which is an implanted instinct
+like that of the dog which buries bones he never seeks again, there
+are few more useful birds than the Shrike. In the summer he lives on
+insects, ninety-eight per cent. of his food for July and August
+consisting of insects, mainly grasshoppers; and in winter, when
+insects are scarce, mice form a very large proportion of his food.
+
+The Butcher Bird has a very agreeable song, which is soft and musical,
+and he often shows cleverness as a mocker of other birds. He has been
+taught to whistle parts of tunes, and is as readily tamed as any of
+our domestic songsters.
+
+The nest is usually found on the outer limbs of trees, often from
+fifteen to thirty feet from the ground. It is made of long strips of
+the inner bark of bass-wood, strengthened on the sides with a few dry
+twigs, stems, and roots, and lined with fine grasses. The eggs are
+often six in number, of a yellowish or clayey-white, blotched and
+marbled with dashes of purple, light brown, and purplish gray. Pretty
+eggs to study.
+
+Readers of BIRDS who are interested in eggs do not need to disturb
+the mothers on their nests in order to see and study them. In all the
+great museums specimens of the eggs of nearly all birds are displayed
+in cases, and accurately colored plates have been made and published
+by the Smithsonian Institution and others. The Chicago Academy of
+Sciences has a fine collection of eggs. Many persons imagine that
+these institutions engage in cruel slaughter of birds in order to
+collect eggs and nests. This, of course, is not true, only the fewest
+number being taken, and with the exclusive object of placing before
+the people, not for their amusement but rather for their instruction,
+specimens of birds and animals which shall serve for their
+identification in forest and field.
+
+The Loggerhead Shrike and nest shown in this number were taken under
+the direction of Mr. F. M. Woodruff, at Worth, Ill., about fourteen
+miles from Chicago. The nest was in a corner of an old hedge of Osage
+Orange, and about eight feet from the ground. He says in the _Osprey_
+that it took considerable time and patience to build up a platform of
+fence boards and old boxes to enable the photographer to do his work.
+The half-eaten body of a young garter snake was found about midway
+between the upper surface of the nest and the limb above, where it had
+been hung up for future use.
+
+[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.]
+
+
+
+
+THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE.
+
+
+Baltimore Orioles are inhabitants of the whole of North America, from
+Canada to Mexico. They enter Louisiana as soon as spring commences
+there. The name of Baltimore Oriole has been given it, because its
+colors of black and orange are those of the family arms of Lord
+Baltimore, to whom Maryland formerly belonged. Tradition has it that
+George Calvert, the first Baron Baltimore, worn out and discouraged
+by the various trials and rigours of temperature experienced in his
+Newfoundland colony in 1628, visited the Virginia settlement. He
+explored the waters of the Chesapeake, and found the woods and shores
+teeming with birds, among them great flocks of Orioles, which so
+cheered him by their beauty of song and splendor of plumage, that
+he took them as good omens and adopted their colors for his own.
+
+When the Orioles first arrive the males are in the majority; they sit
+in the spruces calling by the hour, with lonely querulous notes. In a
+few days however, the females appear, and then the martial music
+begins, the birds' golden trumpeting often turning to a desperate
+clashing of cymbals when two males engage in combat, for "the Oriole
+has a temper to match his flaming plumage and fights with a will."
+
+This Oriole is remarkably familiar, and fearless of man, hanging its
+beautiful nest upon the garden trees, and even venturing into the
+street wherever a green tree nourishes. The materials of which its
+nest is made are flax, various kinds of vegetable fibers, wool, and
+hair, matted together so as to resemble felt in consistency. A
+number of long horse-hairs are passed completely through the fibers,
+sewing it firmly together with large and irregular, but strong and
+judiciously placed stitching. In one of these nests an observer found
+that several of the hairs used for this purpose measured two feet in
+length. The nest is in the form of a long purse, six or seven inches
+in depth, three or four inches in diameter; at the bottom is arranged
+a heap of soft material in which the eggs find a warm resting place.
+The female seems to be the chief architect, receiving a constant
+supply of materials from her mate, occasionally rejecting the fibers
+or hairs which he may bring, and sending him off for another load more
+to her taste.
+
+Like human builders, the bird improves in nest building by practice,
+the best specimens of architecture being the work of the oldest birds,
+though some observers deny this.
+
+The eggs are five in number, and their general color is whitish-pink,
+dotted at the larger end with purplish spots, and covered at the
+smaller end with a great number of fine intersecting lines of the same
+hue.
+
+In spring the Oriole's food seems to be almost entirely of an animal
+nature, consisting of caterpillars, beetles, and other insects, which
+it seldom pursues on the wing, but seeks with great activity among
+the leaves and branches. It also eats ripe fruit. The males of this
+elegant species of Oriole acquire the full beauty of their plumage the
+first winter after birth.
+
+The Baltimore Oriole is one of the most interesting features of
+country landscape, his movements, as he runs among the branches of
+trees, differing from those of almost all other birds. Watch him
+clinging by the feet to reach an insect so far away as to require the
+full extension of the neck, body, and legs without letting go his
+hold. He glides, as it were, along a small twig, and at other times
+moves sidewise for a few steps. His motions are elegant and stately.
+
+
+
+
+THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE.
+
+
+About the middle of May, when the leaves are all coming out to see the
+bright sunshine, you may sometimes see, among the boughs, a bird of
+beautiful black and orange plumage.
+
+He looks like the Orchard Oriole, whose picture you saw in May
+"Birds." It is the Baltimore Oriole. He has other names, such as
+"Golden Robin," "Fire Bird," "Hang-nest." I could tell you how he came
+to be called Baltimore Oriole, but would rather you'd ask your teacher
+about it. She can tell you all about it, and an interesting story it
+is, I assure you.
+
+You see from the picture why he is called "Hang-nest." Maybe you can
+tell why he builds his nest that way.
+
+The Orioles usually select for their nest the longest and slenderest
+twigs, way out on the highest branches of a large tree. They like the
+elm best. From this they hang their bag-like nest.
+
+It must be interesting to watch them build the nest, and it requires
+lots of patience, too, for it usually takes a week or ten days to
+build it.
+
+They fasten both ends of a string to the twigs between which the nest
+is to hang. After fastening many strings like this, so as to cross one
+another, they weave in other strings crosswise, and this makes a sort
+of bag or pouch. Then they put in the lining.
+
+Of course, it swings and rocks when the wind blows, and what a nice
+cradle it must be for the baby Orioles?
+
+Orioles like to visit orchards and eat the bugs, beetles and
+caterpillars that injure the trees and fruit.
+
+There are few birds who do more good in this way than Orioles.
+
+Sometimes they eat grapes from the vines and peck at fruit on the
+trees. It is usually because they want a drink that they do this.
+
+One good man who had a large orchard and vineyard placed pans of water
+in different places. Not only the Orioles, but other birds, would go
+to the pan for a drink, instead of pecking at the fruit. Let us think
+of this, and when we have a chance, give the birds a drink of water.
+They will repay us with their sweetest songs.
+
+[Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. BALTIMORE ORIOLE.]
+
+
+
+
+THE SNOWY OWL.
+
+
+Few of all the groups of birds have such decided markings, such
+characteristic distinctions, as the Owl. There is a singular
+resemblance between the face of an Owl and that of a cat, which is the
+more notable, as both of these creatures have much the same habits,
+live on the same prey, and are evidently representatives of the same
+idea in their different classes. The Owl, in fact, is a winged cat,
+just as the cat is a furred owl.
+
+The Snowy Owl is one of the handsomest of this group, not so much on
+account of its size, which is considerable, as by reason of the
+beautiful white mantle which it wears, and the large orange eyeballs
+that shine with the lustre of a topaz set among the snowy plumage.
+
+It is a native of the north of Europe and America, but is also found
+in the more northern parts of England, being seen, though rather a
+scarce bird, in the Shetland and Orkney Islands, where it builds its
+nest and rears its young. One will be more likely to find this owl
+near the shore, along the line of salt marshes and woody stubble, than
+further inland. The marshes do not freeze so easily or deep as the
+iron bound uplands, and field-mice are more plentiful in them. It is
+so fleet of wing that if its appetite is whetted, it can follow and
+capture a Snow Bunting or a Junco in its most rapid flight.
+
+Like the Hawk Owl, it is a day-flying bird, and is a terrible foe
+to the smaller mammalia, and to various birds. Mr. Yarrell in his
+"History of the British Birds," states that one wounded on the Isle of
+Balta disgorged a young rabbit whole, and that a young Sandpiper, with
+its plumage entire, was found in the stomach of another.
+
+In proportion to its size the Snowy Owl is a mighty hunter, having
+been detected chasing the American hare, and carrying off wounded
+Grouse before the sportsman could secure his prey. It is also a good
+fisherman, posting itself on some convenient spot overhanging the
+water, and securing its finny prey with a lightning-like grasp of the
+claw as it passes beneath the white clad fisher. Sometimes it will
+sail over the surface of a stream, and snatch the fish as they rise
+for food. It is also a great lover of lemmings, and in the destruction
+of these quadruped pests does infinite service to the agriculturist.
+
+The large round eyes of this owl are very beautiful. Even by daylight
+they are remarkable for their gem-like sheen, but in the evening they
+are even more attractive, glowing like balls of living fire.
+
+From sheer fatigue these birds often seek a temporary resting place on
+passing ships. A solitary owl, after a long journey, settled on the
+rigging of a ship one night. A sailor who was ordered aloft, terrified
+by the two glowing eyes that suddenly opened upon his own, descended
+hurriedly to the deck, declaring to the crew that he had seen "Davy
+Jones a-sitting up there on the main yard."
+
+
+
+
+THE SNOWY OWL.
+
+
+What do you think of this bird with his round, puffy head? You of
+course know it is an Owl. I want you to know him as the Snowy Owl.
+
+Don't you think his face is some like that of your cat? This fellow is
+not full grown, but only a child. If he were full grown he would be
+pure white. The dark color you see is only the tips of the feathers.
+You can't see his beak very well for the soft feathers almost cover
+it.
+
+His large soft eyes look very pretty out of the white feathers. What
+color would you call them? Most owls are quiet during the day and very
+busy all night. The Snowy Owl is not so quiet day times. He flies
+about considerably and gets most of his food in daylight.
+
+A hunter who was resting under a tree, on the bank of a river, tells
+this of him:
+
+"A Snowy Owl was perched on the branch of a dead tree that had fallen
+into the river. He sat there looking into the water and blinking his
+large eyes.
+
+Suddenly he reached out and before I could see how he did it, a fish
+was in his claws."
+
+This certainly shows that he can see well in the day time. He can see
+best, however, in the twilight, in cloudy weather or moonlight. That
+is the way with your cat.
+
+The wing feathers of the owl are different from those of most birds.
+They are as soft as down. This is why you cannot hear him when he
+flies. Owls while perching are almost always found in quiet places
+where they will not be disturbed.
+
+Did you ever hear the voice of an owl in the night? If you never have,
+you cannot imagine how dreary it sounds. He surely is "The Bird of the
+Night."
+
+[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. SNOWY OWL.]
+
+
+
+
+BIRDS AND FARMERS.
+
+_From the Forest and Stream._
+
+
+The advocates of protection for our small birds present two sets of
+reasons for preventing their killing; the one sentimental, and the
+other economic.
+
+The sentimental reasons are the ones most often urged; they are also
+of a kind to appeal with especial force to those whose responsibility
+for the destruction of the birds is greatest. The women and girls, for
+whose adornment birds' plumage is chiefly used, think little and know
+less about the services which birds perform for agriculture, and
+indeed it may be doubted whether the sight of a bunch of feathers or a
+stuffed bird's skin suggests to them any thought of the life that
+those feathers once represented. But when the wearers are reminded
+that there was such a life; that it was cheery and beautiful, and that
+it was cut short merely that their apparel might be adorned, they are
+quick to recognize that bird destruction involves a wrong, and are
+ready to do their part toward ending it by refusing to wear plumage.
+
+The small boy who pursues little birds from the standpoint of the
+hunter in quest of his game, feels only the ardor of pursuit. His
+whole mind is concentrated on that and the hunter's selfishness, the
+desire of possession, fills his heart. Ignorance and thoughtlessness
+destroy the birds.
+
+Every one knows in a general way that birds render most valuable
+service to the farmer, but although these services have long been
+recognized in the laws standing on the statute books of the
+various states, it is only within a few years that any systematic
+investigations have been undertaken to determine just what such
+services are, to measure them with some approach to accuracy, to weigh
+in the case of each species the good and the evil done, and so to
+strike a balance in favor of the bird or against it. The inquiries
+carried on by the Agricultural Department on a large scale and those
+made by various local experiment stations and by individual observers
+have given results which are very striking and which can no longer be
+ignored.
+
+It is a difficult matter for any one to balance the good things that
+he reads and believes about any animal against the bad things that he
+actually sees. The man who witnesses the theft of his cherries by
+robin or catbird, or the killing of a quail by a marsh hawk, feels
+that here he has ocular proof of harm done by the birds, while as to
+the insects or the field mice destroyed, and the crops saved, he has
+only the testimony of some unknown and distant witness. It is only
+natural that the observer should trust the evidence of his senses, and
+yet his eyes tell him only a small part of the truth, and that small
+part a misleading one.
+
+It is certain that without the services of these feathered laborers,
+whose work is unseen, though it lasts from daylight till dark through
+every day in the year, agriculture in this country would come to an
+immediate standstill, and if in the brief season of fruit each one
+of these workers levies on the farmer the tribute of a few berries,
+the price is surely a small one to pay for the great good done.
+Superficial persons imagine that the birds are here only during the
+summer, but this is a great mistake. It is true that in warm weather,
+when insect life is most abundant, birds are also most abundant. They
+wage an effective and unceasing war against the adult insects and
+their larvae, and check their active depredations; but in winter the
+birds carry on a campaign which is hardly less important in its
+results.
+
+
+
+
+THE SCARLET TANAGER.
+
+
+One of the most brilliant and striking of all American birds is
+the Scarlet Tanager. From its black wings resembling pockets, it
+is frequently called the "Pocket Bird." The French call it the
+"Cardinal." The female is plain olive-green, and when seen together
+the pair present a curious example of the prodigality with which
+mother nature pours out her favors of beauty in the adornment of some
+of her creatures and seems niggardly in her treatment of others. Still
+it is only by contrast that we are enabled to appreciate the quality
+of beauty, which in this case is of the rarest sort. In the January
+number of BIRDS we presented the Red Rumped Tanager, a Costa Rica
+bird, which, however, is inferior in brilliancy to the Scarlet, whose
+range extends from eastern United States, north to southern Canada,
+west to the great plains, and south in winter to northern South
+America. It inhabits woodlands and swampy places. The nesting season
+begins in the latter part of May, the nest being built in low thick
+woods or on the skirting of tangled thickets; very often also, in an
+orchard, on the horizontal limb of a low tree or sapling. It is very
+flat and loosely made of twigs and fine bark strips and lined with
+rootlets and fibers of inner bark.
+
+The eggs are from three to five in number, and of a greenish blue,
+speckled and blotted with brown, chiefly at the larger end.
+
+The disposition of the Scarlet Tanager is retiring, in which respect
+he differs greatly from the Summer Tanager, which frequents open
+groves, and often visits towns and cities. A few may be seen in our
+parks, and now and then children have picked up the bright dead form
+from the green grass, and wondered what might be its name. Compare it
+with the Redbird, with which it is often confounded, and the contrast
+will be striking.
+
+His call is a warble, broken by a pensive call note, sounding like the
+syllables _chip-churr_, and he is regarded as a superior musician.
+
+"Passing through an orchard, and seeing one of these young birds that
+had but lately left the nest, I carried it with me for about half a
+mile to show it to a friend, and having procured a cage," says Wilson,
+"hung it upon one of the large pine trees in the Botanic Garden,
+within a few feet of the nest of an Orchard Oriole, which also
+contained young, hoping that the charity and kindness of the Orioles
+would induce them to supply the cravings of the stranger. But charity
+with them as with too many of the human race, began and ended at home.
+The poor orphan was altogether neglected, and as it refused to be fed
+by me, I was about to return it to the place where I had found it,
+when, toward the afternoon, a Scarlet Tanager, no doubt its own
+parent, was seen fluttering around the cage, endeavoring to get in.
+Finding he could not, he flew off, and soon returned with food in his
+bill, and continued to feed it until after sunset, taking up his
+lodgings on the higher branches of the same tree. In the morning, as
+soon as day broke, he was again seen most actively engaged in the
+same manner, and, notwithstanding the insolence of the Orioles, he
+continued his benevolent offices the whole day, roosting at night as
+before. On the third or fourth day he seemed extremely solicitous for
+the liberation of his charge, using every expression of distressful
+anxiety, and every call and invitation that nature had put in his
+power, for him to come out. This was too much for the feelings of my
+friend. He procured a ladder, and mounting to the spot where the bird
+was suspended, opened the cage, took out his prisoner, and restored
+him to liberty and to his parent, who, with notes of great exultation,
+accompanied his flight to the woods."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. SCARLET TANAGER.]
+
+
+THE SCARLET TANAGER.
+
+
+What could be more beautiful to see than this bird among the green
+leaves of a tree? It almost seems as though he would kindle the dry
+limb upon which he perches. This is his holiday dress. He wears it
+during the nesting season. After the young are reared and the summer
+months gone, he changes his coat. We then find him dressed in a dull
+yellowish green--the color of his mate the whole year.
+
+Do you remember another bird family in which the father bird changes
+his dress each spring and autumn?
+
+The Scarlet Tanager is a solitary bird. He likes the deep woods, and
+seeks the topmost branches. He likes, too, the thick evergreens. Here
+he sings through the summer days. We often pass him by for he is
+hidden by the green leaves above us.
+
+He is sometimes called our "Bird of Paradise."
+
+Tanagers feed upon winged insects, caterpillars, seeds, and berries.
+To get these they do not need to be on the ground. For this reason it
+is seldom we see them there.
+
+Both birds work in building the nest, and both share in caring for the
+little ones. The nest is not a very pretty one--not pretty enough for
+so beautiful a bird, I think. It is woven so loosely that if you were
+standing under it, you could see light through it.
+
+Notice his strong, short beak. Now turn to the picture of the
+Rose-Breasted Grosbeaks in April BIRDS. Do you see how much alike they
+are? They are near relatives.
+
+I hope that you may all have a chance to see a Scarlet Tanager dressed
+in his richest scarlet and most jetty black.
+
+
+
+
+THE RUFFED GROUSE.
+
+
+The Ruffed Grouse, which is called Partridge in New England and
+Pheasant in the Middle and Southern States, is the true Grouse, while
+Bob White is the real Partridge. It is unfortunate that they continue
+to be confounded. The fine picture of his grouseship, however, which
+we here present should go far to make clear the difference between
+them.
+
+The range of the Ruffed Grouse is eastern United States, south to
+North Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Arkansas. They hatch in
+April, the young immediately leaving the nest with the mother. When
+they hear the mother's warning note the little ones dive under leaves
+and bushes, while she leads the pursuer off in an opposite direction.
+Building the nest and sitting upon the eggs constitute the duties of
+the female, the males during this interesting season keeping separate,
+not rejoining their mates until the young are hatched, when they begin
+to roam as a family.
+
+Like the Turkey, the Ruffed Grouse has a habit of pluming and
+strutting, and also makes the drumming noise which has caused so much
+discussion. This noise "is a hollow vibrating sound, beginning softly
+and increasing as if a small rubber ball were dropped slowly and then
+rapidly bounced on a drum." While drumming the bird contrives to make
+himself invisible, and if seen it is difficult to get the slightest
+clue to the manner in which the sound is produced. And observers say
+that it beats with its wings on a log, that it raises its wings and
+strikes their edges above its back, that it claps them against its
+sides like a crowing rooster, and that it beats the air. The writer
+has seen a grouse drum, appearing to strike its wings together over
+its back. But there is much difference of opinion on the subject, and
+young observers may settle the question for themselves. When preparing
+to drum he seems fidgety and nervous and his sides are inflated.
+Letting his wings droop, he flaps them so fast that they make one
+continuous humming sound. In this peculiar way he calls his mate, and
+while he is still drumming, the hen bird may appear, coming slyly from
+the leaves.
+
+The nest is on the ground, made by the female of dry leaves and a few
+feathers plucked from her own breast. In this slight structure she
+lays ten or twelve cream-colored eggs, specked with brown.
+
+The eyes of the Grouse are of great depth and softness, with deep
+expanding pupils and golden brown iris.
+
+Coming suddenly upon a young brood squatted with their mother near a
+roadside in the woods, an observer first knew of their presence by the
+old bird flying directly in his face, and then tumbling about at his
+feet with frantic signs of distress and lameness. In the meantime the
+little ones scattered in every direction and were not to be found. As
+soon as the parent was satisfied of their safety, she flew a short
+distance and he soon heard her clucking call to them to come to her
+again. It was surprising how quickly they reached her side, seeming to
+pop up as from holes in the ground.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. RUFFED GROUSE.]
+
+
+THE RUFFED GROUSE.
+
+
+At first sight most of you will think this is a turkey. Well, it does
+look very much like one. He spreads his tail feathers, puffs himself
+up, and struts about like a turkey. You know by this time what his
+name is and I think you can easily see why he is called Ruffed.
+
+This proud bird and his mate live with us during the whole year. They
+are found usually in grassy lands and in woods.
+
+Here they build their rude nest of dried grass, weeds and the like.
+You will generally find it at the foot of a tree, or along side of an
+old stump in or near swampy lands.
+
+The Ruffed Grouse has a queer way of calling his mate. He stands on a
+log or stump, puffed up like a turkey--just as you see him in the
+picture. Then he struts about for a time just as you have seen a
+turkey gobbler do. Soon he begins to work his wings--slowly at first,
+but faster and faster, until it sounds like the beating of a drum.
+
+His mate usually answers his call by coming. They set up housekeeping
+and build their rude nest which holds from eight to fourteen eggs. As
+soon as the young are hatched they can run about and find their own
+food. So you see they are not much bother to their parents. When they
+are a week old they can fly. The young usually stay with their parents
+until next Spring. Then they start out and find mates for themselves.
+
+I said at the first that the Ruffed Grouse stay with us all the year.
+In the winter, when it is very cold, they burrow into a snowdrift to
+pass the night. During the summer they always roost all night.
+
+
+
+
+THE BLACK AND WHITE CREEPING WARBLER.
+
+
+This sprightly little bird is met with in various sections of the
+country. It occurs in all parts of New England and New York, and has
+been found in the interior as far north as Fort Simpson. It is common
+in the Bahamas and most of the West India Islands, generally as a
+migrant; in Texas, in the Indian Territory, in Mexico, and throughout
+eastern America.
+
+Dr. Coues states that this warbler is a very common summer resident
+near Washington, the greater number going farther north to breed. They
+arrive there during the first week in April and are exceedingly
+numerous until May.
+
+In its habits this bird seems to be more of a creeper than a Warbler.
+It is an expert and nimble climber, and rarely, if ever, perches
+on the branch of a tree or shrub. In the manner of the smaller
+Woodpecker, the Creepers, Nuthatches, and Titmice, it moves rapidly
+around the trunks and larger limbs of the trees of the forest in
+search of small insects and their larvae. It is graceful and rapid in
+movement, and is often so intent upon its hunt as to be unmindful of
+the near presence of man.
+
+It is found chiefly in thickets, where its food is most easily
+obtained, and has been known to breed in the immediate vicinity of a
+dwelling.
+
+The song of this Warbler is sweet and pleasing. It begins to sing from
+its first appearance in May and continues to repeat its brief refrain
+at intervals almost until its departure in August and September. At
+first it is a monotonous ditty, says Nuttall, uttered in a strong but
+shrill and filing tone. These notes, as the season advances, become
+more mellow and warbling.
+
+The Warbler's movements in search of food are very interesting to the
+observer. Keeping the feet together they move in a succession of
+short, rapid hops up the trunks of trees and along the limbs, passing
+again to the bottom by longer flights than in the ascent. They make
+but short flight from tree to tree, but are capable of flying far when
+they choose.
+
+They build on the ground. One nest containing young about a week old
+was found on the surface of shelving rock. It was made of coarse
+strips of bark, soft decayed leaves, and dry grasses, and lined with a
+thin layer of black hair. The parents fed their young in the presence
+of the observer with affectionate attention, and showed no uneasiness,
+creeping head downward about the trunks of the neighboring trees, and
+carrying large smooth caterpillars to their young.
+
+They search the crevices in the bark of the tree trunks and branches,
+look among the undergrowth, and hunt along the fences for bunches
+of eggs, the buried larvae of the insects, which when undisturbed,
+hatch out millions of creeping, crawling, and flying things that
+devastate garden and orchard and every crop of the field.
+
+[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. BLACK AND WHITE CREEPING
+WARBLER. CHICAGO COLORTYPE CO.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+VOLUME 1. JANUARY TO JUNE, 1897.
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+ Birds, The Return of the                                pages 101
+ Bird Song                                                 "   187-8
+ Bird Day in the Schools                                   "   129-138
+ Birds and Farmers                                         "   213
+ Black Bird, Red-winged, _Agelaeus Phoeniceus_             "   64-68-70-71
+ Blue Bird, _Sialia Sialis_                                "   75-76-78
+ Bobolink, _Dolichonyx Gryzivorus_                         "   92-3-4
+ Bunting, Indigo, _Passerina Cyanea_                       "   172-3
+
+ Catbird, _Galeoscoptes Carolinensis_                      "   183-4-6
+ Chickadee, Black-capped, _Parus Atricopillus_             "   164-5-7
+ Cock of the Rock                                          "   19-21
+ Crossbill, American, _Loxia Curvirostra_                  "   126-7
+ Crow, American, _Corvus Americanus_                       "   97-8-100
+
+ Duck, Mandarin, _A. Galericulata_                         "   8-9-11
+
+ Flicker, _Colaptes Auratus_                               "   89-90
+ Fly-catcher, Scissor-tailed, _Milvulus Forficatus_        "   161-3
+
+ Gallinule, Purple, _Ionoruis Martinica_                   "   120-1
+ Grebe, Pied-billed, _Podilymbus Podiceps_                 "   134-5-7
+ Grosbeak, Rose-breasted, _Habia Ludoviciana_              "   113-115
+ Grouse, Ruffed, _Bonasa Umbellus_                         "   218-220-221
+ Gull, Ring-billed, _Larus Delawarensis_                   "   198-199
+
+ Halo, The                                                 "   150
+ Hawk, Marsh, _Circus Hudsonius_                           "   158-159
+ Hawk, Night, _Chordeiles Virginianus_                     "   175-6-8
+ Heron, Black-crowned, _Nycticorax Nycticorax Naevius_     "   196-7
+
+ Jay, American Blue, _Cyanocitta Cristata_                 "   39-41
+ Jay, Arizona Green, _Xanthoura Luxuosa_                   "   146-148
+ Jay, Canada, _Perisoreus Canadensis_                      "   116-17-19
+
+ Kingfisher, American, _Ceryle Alcyon_                     "   60-61-63
+
+ Lark, Meadow, _Sturnella Magna_                           "   105-7-8
+ Longspur, Smith's, _Calcarius Pictus_                     "   123-5
+ Lory, Blue Mountain                                       "   66-67
+
+ Mocking Bird, American, _Mimus Polyglottos_               "   192-193-201
+ Mot Mot, Mexican                                          "   49-57
+
+ Nesting Time                                              "   149-150
+ Nonpareil, _Passerina Ciris_                              "   1-3-15
+
+ Oriole, Baltimore, _Icterus Galbula_                      "   205-6-7
+ Oriole, Golden, _Icterus Icterus_                         "   34-36
+ Oriole, Orchard, _Icterus Spurius_                        "   154-5
+ Owl, Long-eared, _Asio Wilsonianus_                       "   109-111-112
+ Owl, Screech, _Megascops Asio_                            "   151-3-7
+ Owl, Snowy, _Nyctea Nivea_                                "   209-210-211
+
+ Paradise, Red Bird of, _Paradisea Rubra_                  "   22-23-25
+ Parrakeet, Australian                                     "   16-18
+ Parrot, King                                              "   50-51
+ Pheasant, Golden, _P. Pictus_                             "   12-13
+ Pheasant, Japan                                           "   86-88
+
+ Red Bird, American, _Cardinalis Cardinalis_               "   72-74
+ Robin, American, _Merula Migratoria_                      "   53-4-5-9
+ Roller, Swallow-tailed, Indian                            "   42-43
+
+ Shrike, Loggerhead, _Lanius Ludovicianus_                 "   202-203
+ Swallow, Barn, _Chelidon Erythrogaster_                   "   79-80
+
+ Tanager, Red-rumped, _Tanagridae_                          "   30-31-33
+ Tanager, Scarlet, _Piranga Erythromelas_                  "   214-216-217
+ Tern, Black, _Hydrochelidon Ingra Surinamensis_           "   103-104
+ Thrush, Brown, _Harporhynchus Rufus_                      "   82-83-84
+ Thrush, Wood, _Turdus Mustelinus_                         "   179-180-183
+ Toucan, Yellow-throated, _Ramphastos_                     "   26-27-29
+ Trogon, Resplendent, _Trogonidae_                          "   4-7
+
+ Vireo, Yellow-throated, _Vireo Flavifrons_                "   189-191
+
+ Warbler, Black-and-white Creeping, _Mniotilta Varia_      "   222-224
+ Warbler, Prothonotary, _Protonotaria Citrea_              "   168-169-171
+ Wax Wing, Bohemian, _Ampelis Garrulus_                    "   140-141
+ Woodpecker, California, _Melanerpes Formicivorus Bairdi_  "   130-131-133
+ Woodpecker, Red-headed, _Melanerpes Erythrocephalus_      "   45-46-47
+ Wren, Long-billed Marsh, _Cistothorus Palustris_          "   142-144-145
+
+
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography
+[June, 1897], by Various
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