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diff --git a/30666-h/30666-h.htm b/30666-h/30666-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..142cfb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/30666-h/30666-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2958 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography Vol. One, No. 6, June 1897 by Birds (Periodical). + </title> + + <style type="text/css"> + +/*<![CDATA[*/ + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + .notes {background-color: #f2d2ab; color: #ab2830; padding: .5em; + margin-left: 32%; margin-right: 32%;} + + .sml {font-size: .8em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + + h5 { text-align: center; font-size: 3em; + clear: both; + } + + h6 { + text-align: center; font-size: 4em; + clear: both; + } + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 5%; + } + + .vlouter {width: 100%; border-top: 1px black solid; + border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 0.25em; + padding-bottom: 0.25em;} + .volumeline {width: 100%; border-top: 1px black solid; + border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 0.25em; + padding-bottom: 0.25em;} + .volumeleft {float: left; width: 33%; text-align: left;} + .volumeright {float: right; width: 33%; text-align: right;} + .spacer {clear: both;} + + .pagenum { visibility: hidden; + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .box { width: 700px; + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + border-style: none; } + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + a { text-decoration: none; } + .bi {font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold; font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 0em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + /*]]>*/ + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography +[June, 1897], by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Birds Illustrated by Color Photography [June, 1897] + A Monthly Serial designed to Promote Knowledge of Bird-Life + +Author: Various + +Release Date: December 13, 2009 [EBook #30666] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED, JUNE 1897 *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p class="notes"><strong>Transcriber’s Notes:</strong><br /> +<strong>1) Cover added.<br /> +2) A couple of unusual spellings in the “ads” +have been left as printed.</strong></p> + +<p> </p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;"> +<img src="images/imgcover.jpg" width="362" height="600" alt="Cover" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="box"> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;"> +<img src="images/img1.jpg" width="395" height="600" alt="advertisement" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 428px;"> +<img src="images/img2.png" width="428" height="650" alt="advertisement" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;"> +<img src="images/img3.png" width="436" height="650" alt="advertisement" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 504px;"> +<img src="images/imgad2.jpg" width="504" height="770" alt="advertisement" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 507px;"> +<img src="images/imgad3.jpg" width="507" height="770" alt="advertisement" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<h6>BIRDS</h6> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY</h3> + +<p> </p> + +<h1>A MONTHLY SERIAL</h1> + +<p> </p> + +<h4>DESIGNED TO PROMOTE</h4> + +<p> </p> + +<h2>KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD-LIFE</h2> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> + +<p> </p> + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +“With cheerful hop from perch to spray,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">They sport along the meads;</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: .5em;">In social bliss together stray,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where love or fancy leads.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> + <span style="margin-left: .5em;">Through spring’s gay scenes each happy pair</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Their fluttering joys pursue;</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: .5em;">Its various charms and produce share,</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forever kind and true.”</span></p> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"><strong>CHICAGO, U. S. A.</strong><br /> +<span class="smcap">Nature Study Publishing Company, Publishers</span><br /> +1896</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 38px;"> +<img src="images/imgi.png" width="38" height="80" alt="I" title="" /> +</div> +<p>T has become a universal custom to obtain and preserve the likenesses +of one’s friends. Photographs are the most popular form of these likenesses, +as they give the true exterior outlines and appearance, (except +coloring) of the subjects. But how much more popular and useful does +photography become, when it can be used as a means of securing plates from +which to print photographs in a regular printing press, and, what is more +astonishing and delightful, to produce the <span class="smcap">real colors</span> of nature as shown in +the subject, no matter how brilliant or varied.</p> + +<p>We quote from the December number of the Ladies’ Home Journal:</p> + +<p>“<em>An excellent</em> suggestion was recently made by the Department of Agriculture +at Washington that the public schools of the country shall have a new holiday, +to be known as Bird Day. Three cities have already adopted the suggestion, +and it is likely that others will quickly follow. Of course, Bird Day will differ +from its successful predecessor, Arbor Day. We can plant trees but not birds. +It is suggested that Bird Day take the form of bird exhibitions, of bird exercises, +of bird studies—any form of entertainment, in fact, which will bring +children closer to their little brethren of the air, and in more intelligent +sympathy with their life and ways. There is a wonderful story in bird life, and +but few of our children know it. Few of our elders do, for that matter. A +whole day of a year can well and profitably be given over to the birds. Than +such study, nothing can be more interesting. The cultivation of an intimate +acquaintanceship with our feathered friends is a source of genuine pleasure. +We are under greater obligations to the birds than we dream of. Without them +the world would be more barren than we imagine. Consequently, we have +some duties which we owe them. What these duties are only a few of us +know or have ever taken the trouble to find out. Our children should not be +allowed to grow to maturity without this knowledge. The more they know of +the birds the better men and women they will be. We can hardly encourage +such studies too much.”</p> + +<p>Of all animated nature, birds are the most beautiful in coloring, most +graceful in form and action, swiftest in motion and most perfect emblems of +freedom.</p> + +<p>They are withal, very intelligent and have many remarkable traits, +so that their habits and characteristics make a delightful study for all lovers of +nature. In view of the facts, we feel that we are doing a useful work for the +young, and one that will be appreciated by progressive parents, in placing +within the easy possession of children in the homes these beautiful photographs +of birds.</p> + +<p>The text is prepared with the view of giving the children as clear an idea +as possible, of haunts, habits, characteristics and such other information as will +lead them to love the birds and delight in their study and acquaintance.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;">NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> +<h5><strong>BIRDS.</strong></h5> + +<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Illustrated by</span> COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.</strong></p> + +<p> </p> + +<div class="vlouter"> +<div class="volumeline"> +<div class="volumeleft"><span class="smcap">Vol. I.</span></div> +<div class="volumeright"><span class="smcap">No. 6.</span></div> +<div class="center">JUNE, 1897.</div> +<div class="spacer"><!-- empty for spacing purposes --></div> +</div> +</div> + +<p> </p> + + +<h2>BIRD SONG.</h2> + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +“I cannot love the man who doth not love,<br /> +As men love light, the song of happy birds.”</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 38px;"> +<img src="images/imgi.png" width="38" height="80" alt="I" title="" /> +</div> +<p>T is indeed fitting that the +great poets have ever been the +best interpreters of the songs of +birds. In many of the plays of +Shakespeare, especially where the +scene is laid in the primeval forest, his +most delicious bits of fancy are +inspired by the flitting throng. +Wordsworth and Tennyson, and many +of the minor English poets, are pervaded +with bird notes, and Shelley’s masterpiece, +The Skylark, will long survive +his greater and more ambitious poems. +Our own poet, Cranch, has left one +immortal stanza, and Bryant, and +Longfellow, and Lowell, and Whittier, +and Emerson have written enough +of poetic melody, the direct inspiration +of the feathered inhabitants of the +woods, to fill a good-sized volume. In +prose, no one has said finer things than +Thoreau, who probed nature with a +deeper ken than any of his contemporaries. +He is to be read, and read, +and read.</p> + +<p>But just what meaning should be +attached to a bird’s notes—some of +which are “the least disagreeable of +noises”—will probably never be discovered. +They do seem to express +almost every feeling of which the +human heart is capable. We wonder +if the Mocking Bird understands what +all these notes mean. He is so fine an +imitator that it is hard to believe he is +not doing more than mimicking the +notes of other birds, but rather that +he really does mock them with a sort +of defiant sarcasm. He banters them +less, perhaps, than the Cat Bird, but +one would naturally expect all other +birds to fly at him with vengeful +purpose. But perhaps the birds are +not so sensitive as their human +brothers, who do not always look upon +imitation as the highest flattery.</p> + +<p>A gentleman who kept a note-book, +describes one of the matinee performances +of the Mocker, which he attended +by creeping under a tent curtain. He +sat at the foot of a tree on the top of +which the bird was perched unconscious +of his presence. The Mocker +gave one of the notes of the Guinea-hen, +a fine imitation of the Cardinal, +or Red Bird, an exact reproduction of +the note of the Phoebe, and some of the +difficult notes of the Yellow-breasted +Chat. “Now I hear a young chicken +peeping. Now the Carolina Wren sings, +‘<em>cheerily, cheerily, cheerily</em>.’ Now a +small bird is shrilling with a fine insect +tone. A Flicker, a Wood-pewee, and a +Phoebe follow in quick succession. +Then a Tufted Titmouse squeals. +To display his versatility, he gives a +dull performance which couples the +‘<em>go-back</em>’ of the Guinea fowl with the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> +plaint of the Wood-pewee, two widely +diverse vocal sounds. With all the +performance there is such perfect self-reliance +and consciousness of superior +ability that one feels that the singer +has but to choose what bird he will +imitate next.”</p> + +<p>Nor does the plaintive, melancholy +note of the Robin, that “pious” bird, +altogether express his character. He +has so many lovely traits, according to +his biographers, that we accept him +unhesitatingly as a truly good bird. +Didn’t he once upon a time tenderly +cover with leaves certain poor little +wanderers? Isn’t he called “The Bird +of the Morning?” And evening as +well, for you can hear his sad voice +long after the sun has himself retired.</p> + +<p>The poet Coleridge claims the credit +of first using the Owl’s cry in poetry, +and his musical note <em>Tu-whit, tu-who!</em> +has made him a favorite with the +poets. Tennyson has fancifully +played upon it in his little “Songs to +the Owl,” the last stanza of which +runs:</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +“I would mock thy chant anew;<br /> +But I cannot mimic it,<br /> +Not a whit of thy tuhoo,<br /> +Thee to woo to thy tuwhit,<br /> +Thee to woo to thy tuwhit.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +With a lengthen’d loud halloo,<br /> +Tuwhoo, tuwhit, tuwhit, tuhoo-o-o.”</p> + +<p>But Coleridge was not correct in his +claim to precedence in the use of the +Owl’s cry, for Shakespeare preceded +him, and Tennyson’s “First Song to +the Owl” is modeled after that at the +end of “Love’s Labor Lost:”</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +“When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,<br /> +Then nightly sings the staring Owl,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tu-who;</span><br /> +Tu-whit, tu-who, a merry note.”</p> + +<p>In references to birds, Tennyson is +the most felicitous of all poets and the +exquisite swallow-song in “The +Princess” is especially recommended +to the reader’s perusal.</p> + +<p>Birds undoubtedly sing for the same +reasons that inspire to utterance all +the animated creatures in the universe. +Insects sing and bees, crickets, locusts, +and mosquitos. Frogs sing, and mice, +monkeys, and woodchucks. We have +recently heard even an English +Sparrow do something better than +chipper; some very pretty notes +escaped him, perchance, because his +heart was overflowing with love-thoughts, +and he was very merry, knowing +that his affection was reciprocated. +The elevated railway stations, about +whose eaves the ugly, hastily built +nests protrude everywhere, furnish +ample explanation of his reasons for +singing.</p> + +<p>Birds are more musical at certain +times of the day as well as at certain +seasons of the year. During the hour +between dawn and sunrise occurs the +grand concert of the feathered folk. +There are no concerts during the +day—only individual songs. After +sunset there seems to be an effort to +renew the chorus, but it cannot be +compared to the morning concert +when they are practically undisturbed +by man.</p> + +<p>Birds sing because they are happy. +Bradford Torrey has given with much +felicity his opinion on the subject, as +follows:</p> + +<p>“I recall a Cardinal Grosbeak, whom +I heard several years ago, on the bank +of the Potomac river. An old soldier +had taken me to visit the Great Falls, +and as we were clambering over the +rocks this Grosbeak began to sing; +and soon, without any hint from me, +and without knowing who the invisible +musician was, my companion remarked +upon the uncommon beauty of the +song. The Cardinal is always a great +singer, having a voice which, as +European writers say, is almost equal +to the Nightingale’s; but in this case +the more stirring, martial quality of +the strain had given place to an +exquisite mellowness, as if it were, +what I have no doubt it was,</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 16em;"> +A Song of Love.”<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">—C. C. Marble.</span></p> + +<p class="center">[<span class="smcap">to be continued.</span>]</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 446px;"> +<img src="images/img8.jpg" width="446" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">yellow-throated vireo.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p> + +<h2>THE YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HE popular name of this species +of an attractive family is +Yellow Throated Greenlet, +and our young readers will +find much pleasure in watching its +pretty movements and listening to its +really delightful song whenever they +visit the places where it loves to spend +the happy hours of summer. In some +respects it is the most remarkable of +all the species of the family found in +the United States. “The Birds of +Illinois,” a book that may be profitably +studied by the young naturalist, states +that it is decidedly the finest singer, +has the loudest notes of admonition +and reproof, and is the handsomest in +plumage, and hence the more attractive +to the student.</p> + +<p>A recognized observer says he has +found it only in the woods, and mostly +in the luxuriant forests of the bottom +lands. The writer’s experience accords +with that of Audubon and Wilson, +the best authorities in their day, but +the habits of birds vary greatly with +locality, and in other parts of the +country, notably in New England, it +is very familiar, delighting in the +companionship of man. It breeds in +eastern North America, and winters in +Florida, Cuba and Central America.</p> + +<p>The Vireo makes a very deep nest, +suspended by its upper edge, between +the forks of a horizontal branch. The +eggs are white, generally with a few +reddish brown blotches. All authorities +agree as to the great beauty of the +nest, though they differ as to its exact +location. It is a woodland bird, loving +tall trees and running water, +“haunting the same places as the +Solitary Vireo.” During migration +the Yellow-throat is seen in orchards +and in the trees along side-walks and +lawns, mingling his golden colors with +the rich green of June leaves.</p> + +<p>The Vireos, or Greenlets, are like +the Warblers in appearance and habits. +We have no birds, says Torrey, that +are more unsparing of their music; +they sing from morning till night, +and—some of them, at least—continue +theirs till the very end of the +season. The song of the Yellow-throat +is rather too monotonous and +persistent. It is hard sometimes not +to get out of patience with its ceasless +and noisy iteration of its simple tune; +especially if you are doing your utmost +to catch the notes of some rarer and +more refined songster. This is true +also of some other birds, whose occasional +silence would add much to their +attractiveness.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE MOCKING BIRD.</h2> + + +<p>Some bright morning this +month, you may hear a Robin’s +song from a large tree near by. +A Red Bird answers him and +then the Oriole chimes in. I can +see you looking around to find +the birds that sing so sweetly. +All this time a gay bird sits +among the green leaves and +laughs at you as you try to find +three birds when only one is +there.</p> + +<p>It is the Mocking Bird or +Mocker, and it is he who has +been fooling you with his song. +Nature has given him lots of +music and gifted him with the +power of imitating the songs of +other birds and sounds of other +animals.</p> + +<p>He is certainly the sweetest of +our song birds. The English +Nightingale alone is his rival. +I think, however, if our Mocker +could hear the Nightingale’s +song, he could learn it.</p> + +<p>The Mocking Bird is another +of our Thrushes. By this time +you have surely made up your +minds that the Thrushes are +sweet singers.</p> + +<p>The Mocker seems to take +delight in fooling people. One +gentleman while sitting on his +porch heard what he thought to +be a young bird in distress. He +went in the direction of the +sound and soon heard the same +cry behind him. He turned and +went back toward the porch, +when he heard it in another +direction. Soon he found out +that Mr. Mocking Bird had been +fooling him, and was flying +about from shrub to shrub +making that sound.</p> + +<p>His nest is carelessly made +of almost anything he can find. +The small, bluish-green eggs +are much like the Catbird’s eggs.</p> + +<p>Little Mocking Birds look +very much like the young of +other Thrushes, and do not +become Mockers like their parents, +until they are full grown.</p> + +<p>Which one of the other +Thrushes that you have seen in +<span class="smcap">Birds</span> does the Mocking Bird +resemble?</p> + +<p>He is the only Thrush that +sings while on the wing. All +of the others sing only while +perching.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 445px;"> +<img src="images/img16.jpg" width="445" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">american mocking bird.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> +<h2>JUNE.</h2> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +Frank-hearted hostess of the field and wood,<br /> +Gipsy, whose roof is every spreading tree,<br /> +June is the pearl of our New England year,<br /> +Still a surprisal, though expected long,<br /> +Her coming startles. Long she lies in wait,<br /> +Makes many a feint, peeps forth, draws coyly back,<br /> +Then, from some southern ambush in the sky,<br /> +With one great gush of blossoms storms the world.<br /> +A week ago the Sparrow was divine;<br /> +The Bluebird, shifting his light load of song<br /> +From post to post along the cheerless fence,<br /> +Was as a rhymer ere the poet came;<br /> +But now, O rapture! sunshine winged and voiced,<br /> +Pipe blown through by the warm, wild breath of the West,<br /> +Shepherding his soft droves of fleecy cloud,<br /> +Gladness of woods, skies, waters, all in one,<br /> +The Bobolink has come, and, like the soul<br /> +Of the sweet season vocal in a bird,<br /> +Gurgles in ecstasy we know not what<br /> +Save <em>June! Dear June! Now God be praised for June.</em><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 20em;" class="smcap">—Lowell</span>.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img19.jpg" width="600" height="449" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">black-crowned night heron.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 116px;"> +<img src="images/imgw.png" width="116" height="80" alt="W" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HAT a beautiful creature +this is! A mounted specimen +requires, like the +Snowy Owl, the greatest +care and a dust tight glass case to preserve +its beauty. Dr. Coues’ account +of it should be read by those who are +interested in the science of ornithology. +It is a common bird in the United +States and British Provinces, being +migratory and resident in the south. +Heronries, sometimes of vast extent, to +which they return year after year, are +their breeding places. Each nest contains +three or four eggs of a pale, sea-green +color. Observe the peculiar +plumes, sometimes two, in this case +three, which spring from the back of +the head. These usually lie close +together in one bundle, but are often +blown apart by the wind in the form +of streamers. This Heron derives its +name from its habits, as it is usually +seen flying at night, or in the early +evening, when it utters a sonorous cry +of <em>quaw</em> or <em>quawk</em>. It is often called +Quawk or Qua-Bird.</p> + +<p>On the return of the Black-Crowned +Night Heron in April, he promptly +takes possession of his former home, +which is likely to be the most solitary +and deeply shaded part of a cedar +swamp. Groves of swamp oak in +retired and water covered places, are +also sometimes chosen, and the males +often select tall trees on the bank of +the river to roost upon during the day. +About the beginning of twilight they +direct their flight toward the marshes, +uttering in a hoarse and hollow tone, +the sound <em>qua</em>. At this hour all the +nurseries in the swamps are emptied +of their occupants, who disperse about +the marshes along the ditches and +river shore in search of food. Some +of these nesting places have been +occupied every spring and summer for +many years by nearly a hundred pair +of Herons. In places where the cedars +have been cut down and removed the +Herons merely move to another part +of the swamp, not seeming greatly disturbed +thereby; but when attacked and +plundered they have been known to +remove from an ancient home in a +body to some unknown place.</p> + +<p>The Heron’s nest is plain enough, +being built of sticks. On entering +the swamp in the neighborhood of one +of the heronries the noise of the old +and young birds equals that made by +a band of Indians in conflict. The +instant an intruder is discovered, the +entire flock silently rises in the air +and removes to the tops of the trees in +another part of the woods, while sentries +of eight or ten birds make occasional +circuits of inspection.</p> + +<p>The young Herons climb to the tops +of the highest trees, but do not attempt +to fly. While it is probable these +birds do not see well by day, they +possess an exquisite facility of hearing, +which renders it almost impossible +to approach their nesting places +without discovery. Hawks hover over +the nests, making an occasional sweep +among the young, and the Bald Eagle +has been seen to cast a hungry eye +upon them.</p> + +<p>The male and female can hardly be +distinguished. Both have the plumes, +but there is a slight difference in size.</p> + +<p>The food of the Night Heron, or +Qua-Bird, is chiefly fish, and his two +interesting traits are tireless watchfulness +and great appetite. He digests +his food with such rapidity that however +much he may eat, he is always +ready to eat again; hence he is little +benefited by what he does eat, and is +ever in appearance in the same half-starved +state, whether food is abundant +or scarce.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE RING-BILLED GULL.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HE Ring-billed Gull is a common +species throughout eastern +North America, breeding +throughout the northern tier +of the United States, whose northern +border is the limit of its summer +home. As a rule in winter it is found +in Illinois and south to the Gulf of +Mexico. It is an exceedingly voracious +bird, continually skimming over +the surface of the water in search of +its finny prey, and often following +shoals of fish to great distances. The +birds congregate in large numbers at +their breeding places, which are rocky +islands or headlands in the ocean. +Most of the families of Gulls are somewhat +migratory, visiting northern +regions in summer to rear their young. +The following lines give with remarkable +fidelity the wing habits and +movements of this tireless bird:</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +“On nimble wing the gull<br /> +Sweeps booming by, intent to cull<br /> +Voracious, from the billows’ breast,<br /> +Marked far away, his destined feast.<br /> +Behold him now, deep plunging, dip<br /> +His sunny pinion’s sable tip<br /> +In the green wave; now highly skim<br /> +With wheeling flight the water’s brim;<br /> +Wave in blue sky his silver sail<br /> +Aloft, and frolic with the gale,<br /> +Or sink again his breast to lave,<br /> +And float upon the foaming wave.<br /> +Oft o’er his form your eyes may roam,<br /> +Nor know him from the feathery foam,<br /> +Nor ’mid the rolling waves, your ear<br /> +On yelling blast his clamor hear.”</p> + +<p>This Gull lives principally on fish, +but also greedily devours insects. He +also picks up small animals or animal +substances with which he meets, and, +like the vulture, devours them even in a +putrid condition. He walks well and +quickly, swims bouyantly, lying in the +water like an air bubble, and dives with +facility, but to no great depth.</p> + +<p>As the breeding time approaches +the Gulls begin to assemble in flocks, +uniting to form a numerous host. +Even upon our own shores their nesting +places are often occupied by many +hundred pairs, whilst further north +they congregate in countless multitudes. +They literally cover the rocks +on which their nests are placed, the +brooding parents pressing against each +other.</p> + +<p>Wilson says that the Gull, when +riding bouyantly upon the waves and +weaving a sportive dance, is employed +by the poets as an emblem of purity, +or as an accessory to the horrors of a +storm, by his shrieks and wild piercing +cries. In his habits he is the vulture +of the ocean, while in grace of motion +and beauty of plumage he is one of +the most attractive of the splendid +denizens of the ocean and lakes.</p> + +<p>The Ring-billed Gull’s nest varies +with localities. Where there is grass +and sea weed, these are carefully +heaped together, but where these fail +the nest is of scanty material. Two +to four large oval eggs of brownish +green or greenish brown, spotted with +grey and brown, are hatched in three +or four weeks, the young appearing in +a thick covering of speckled down. +If born on the ledge of a high rock, +the chicks remain there until their +wings enable them to leave it, but if +they come from the shell on the sand +of the beach they trot about like little +chickens. During the first few days +they are fed with half-digested food +from the parents’ crops, and then with +freshly caught fish.</p> + +<p>The Gull rarely flies alone, though +occasionally one is seen far away from +the water soaring in majestic solitude +above the tall buildings of the city.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img26.jpg" width="600" height="448" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">ring-billed gull.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE MOCKING BIRD.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HE Mocking Bird is regarded as +the chief of songsters, for in +addition to his remarkable +powers of imitation, he is +without a rival in variety of notes. +The Brown Thrasher is thought by +many to have a sweeter song, and one +equally vigorous, but there is a bold +brilliancy in the performance of the +Mocker that is peculiarly his own, and +which has made him <em>par excellence</em> +the forest extemporizer of vocal melody. +About this of course there will +always be a difference of opinion, as +in the case of the human melodists.</p> + +<p>So well known are the habits and +characteristics of the Mocking Bird +that nearly all that could be written +about him would be but a repetition +of what has been previously said. +In Illinois, as in many other states, +its distribution is very irregular, its +absence from some localities which +seem in every way suited being very +difficult to account for. Thus, according +to “Birds of Illinois,” while one or +two pairs breed in the outskirts of +Mount Carmel nearly every season, it +is nowhere in that vicinity a common +bird. A few miles further north, however, +it has been found almost abundant. +On one occasion, during a three +mile drive from town, six males were +seen and heard singing along the roadside. +Mr. H. K. Coale says that he +saw a mocking bird in Stark county, +Indiana, sixty miles southeast of Chicago, +January 1, 1884; that Mr. +Green Smith had met with it at Kensington +Station, Illinois, and that several +have been observed in the parks +and door-yards of Chicago. In the +extreme southern portion of the state +the species is abundant, and is resident +through the year.</p> + +<p>The Mocking Bird does not properly +belong among the birds of the middle +or eastern states, but as there are +many records of its nesting in these +latitudes it is thought to be safe to +include it. Mrs. Osgood Wright states +that individuals have often been seen +in the city parks of the east, one having +lived in Central Park, New York +city, late into the winter, throughout +a cold and extreme season. They +have reared their young as far north +as Arlington, near Boston, where they +are noted, however, as rare summer +residents. Dr. J. A. Allen, editor of <em>The +Auk</em>, notes that they occasionally nest +in the Connecticut Valley.</p> + +<p>The Mocking Bird has a habit of +singing and fluttering in the middle of +the night, and in different individuals +the song varies, as is noted of many +birds, particularly canaries. The song +is a natural love song, a rich dreamy +melody. The mocking song is imitative +of the notes of all the birds of +field, forest, and garden, broken into +fragments.</p> + +<p>The Mocker’s nest is loosely made +of leaves and grass, rags, feathers, etc., +plain and comfortable. It is never far +from the ground. The eggs are four +to six, bluish green, spattered with +shades of brown.</p> + +<p>Wilson’s description of the Mocking +Bird’s song will probably never be +surpassed: “With expanded wings and +tail glistening with white, and the +bouyant gayety of his action arresting +the eye, as his song does most irresistably +the ear, he sweeps around with +enthusiastic ecstasy, and mounts and +descends as his song swells or dies +away. And he often deceives the +sportsman, and sends him in search of +birds that are not perhaps within miles +of him, but whose notes he exactly +imitates.”</p> + +<p>Very useful is he, eating large spiders +and grasshoppers, and the destructive +cottonworm.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 93px;"> +<img src="images/imga1.png" width="93" height="80" alt="A" title="" /> +</div> +<p> RAMBLER in the fields and +woodlands during early +spring or the latter part +of autumn is often surprised +at finding insects, +grasshoppers, dragon flies, beetles of +all kinds, and even larger game, mice, +and small birds, impaled on twigs and +thorns. This is apparently cruel +sport, he observes, if he is unacquainted +with the Butcher Bird and his +habits, and he at once attributes it to +the wanton sport of idle children who +have not been led to say,</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +With hearts to love, with eyes to see,<br /> +With ears to hear their minstrelsy;<br /> +Through us no harm, by deed or word,<br /> +Shall ever come to any bird.</p> + +<p>If he will look about him, however, +the real author of this mischief will +soon be detected as he appears with +other unfortunate little creatures, +which he requires to sustain his own +life and that of his nestlings. The +offender he finds to be the Shrike of +the northern United States, most +properly named the Butcher Bird. +Like all tyrants he is fierce and brave +only in the presence of creatures +weaker than himself, and cowers and +screams with terror if he sees a falcon. +And yet, despite this cruel proceeding, +which is an implanted instinct +like that of the dog which buries +bones he never seeks again, there are +few more useful birds than the Shrike. +In the summer he lives on insects, +ninety-eight per cent. of his food for +July and August consisting of insects, +mainly grasshoppers; and in winter, +when insects are scarce, mice form a +very large proportion of his food.</p> + +<p>The Butcher Bird has a very agreeable +song, which is soft and musical, +and he often shows cleverness as a +mocker of other birds. He has been +taught to whistle parts of tunes, and +is as readily tamed as any of our +domestic songsters.</p> + +<p>The nest is usually found on the +outer limbs of trees, often from fifteen +to thirty feet from the ground. It is +made of long strips of the inner bark +of bass-wood, strengthened on the +sides with a few dry twigs, stems, and +roots, and lined with fine grasses. The +eggs are often six in number, of a +yellowish or clayey-white, blotched +and marbled with dashes of purple, +light brown, and purplish gray. +Pretty eggs to study.</p> + +<p>Readers of <span class="smcap">Birds</span> who are interested +in eggs do not need to disturb the +mothers on their nests in order to see +and study them. In all the great +museums specimens of the eggs of +nearly all birds are displayed in cases, +and accurately colored plates have +been made and published by the +Smithsonian Institution and others. +The Chicago Academy of Sciences has +a fine collection of eggs. Many +persons imagine that these institutions +engage in cruel slaughter of birds in +order to collect eggs and nests. This, +of course, is not true, only the fewest +number being taken, and with the +exclusive object of placing before the +people, not for their amusement but +rather for their instruction, specimens +of birds and animals which shall serve +for their identification in forest and +field.</p> + +<p>The Loggerhead Shrike and nest +shown in this number were taken under +the direction of Mr. F. M. Woodruff, at +Worth, Ill., about fourteen miles from +Chicago. The nest was in a corner of +an old hedge of Osage Orange, and +about eight feet from the ground. He +says in the <em>Osprey</em> that it took considerable +time and patience to build +up a platform of fence boards and old +boxes to enable the photographer to +do his work. The half-eaten body of +a young garter snake was found about +midway between the upper surface of +the nest and the limb above, where it +had been hung up for future use.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img34.jpg" width="600" height="452" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">loggerhead shrike.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 81px;"> +<img src="images/imgb.png" width="81" height="80" alt="B" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ALTIMORE Orioles are inhabitants +of the whole of +North America, from Canada +to Mexico. They +enter Louisiana as soon as +spring commences there. The name +of Baltimore Oriole has been given it, +because its colors of black and orange +are those of the family arms of Lord +Baltimore, to whom Maryland formerly +belonged. Tradition has it that +George Calvert, the first Baron Baltimore, +worn out and discouraged by +the various trials and rigours of temperature +experienced in his Newfoundland +colony in 1628, visited the Virginia +settlement. He explored the +waters of the Chesapeake, and found +the woods and shores teeming with +birds, among them great flocks of +Orioles, which so cheered him by their +beauty of song and splendor of plumage, +that he took them as good omens +and adopted their colors for his +own.</p> + +<p>When the Orioles first arrive the +males are in the majority; they sit in +the spruces calling by the hour, with +lonely querulous notes. In a few days +however, the females appear, and then +the martial music begins, the birds’ +golden trumpeting often turning to a +desperate clashing of cymbals when +two males engage in combat, for “the +Oriole has a temper to match his flaming +plumage and fights with a will.”</p> + +<p>This Oriole is remarkably familiar, +and fearless of man, hanging its beautiful +nest upon the garden trees, and +even venturing into the street wherever +a green tree nourishes. The +materials of which its nest is made are +flax, various kinds of vegetable fibers, +wool, and hair, matted together so as +to resemble felt in consistency. A +number of long horse-hairs are passed +completely through the fibers, sewing +it firmly together with large and irregular, +but strong and judiciously placed +stitching. In one of these nests an +observer found that several of the hairs +used for this purpose measured two +feet in length. The nest is in the +form of a long purse, six or seven +inches in depth, three or four inches +in diameter; at the bottom is arranged +a heap of soft material in which the +eggs find a warm resting place. The +female seems to be the chief architect, +receiving a constant supply of materials +from her mate, occasionally rejecting +the fibers or hairs which he may +bring, and sending him off for another +load more to her taste.</p> + +<p>Like human builders, the bird improves +in nest building by practice, +the best specimens of architecture +being the work of the oldest birds, +though some observers deny this.</p> + +<p>The eggs are five in number, and +their general color is whitish-pink, +dotted at the larger end with purplish +spots, and covered at the smaller end +with a great number of fine intersecting +lines of the same hue.</p> + +<p>In spring the Oriole’s food seems to +be almost entirely of an animal nature, +consisting of caterpillars, beetles, and +other insects, which it seldom pursues +on the wing, but seeks with great +activity among the leaves and branches. +It also eats ripe fruit. The males +of this elegant species of Oriole acquire +the full beauty of their plumage the +first winter after birth.</p> + +<p>The Baltimore Oriole is one of the +most interesting features of country +landscape, his movements, as he runs +among the branches of trees, differing +from those of almost all other birds. +Watch him clinging by the feet to +reach an insect so far away as to +require the full extension of the neck, +body, and legs without letting go his +hold. He glides, as it were, along a +small twig, and at other times moves +sidewise for a few steps. His motions +are elegant and stately.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE.</h2> + + +<p>About the middle of May, +when the leaves are all coming +out to see the bright sunshine, +you may sometimes see, among +the boughs, a bird of beautiful +black and orange plumage.</p> + +<p>He looks like the Orchard +Oriole, whose picture you saw +in May “Birds.” It is the Baltimore +Oriole. He has other +names, such as “Golden Robin,” +“Fire Bird,” “Hang-nest.” I +could tell you how he came to +be called Baltimore Oriole, but +would rather you’d ask your +teacher about it. She can tell +you all about it, and an interesting +story it is, I assure you.</p> + +<p>You see from the picture why +he is called “Hang-nest.” +Maybe you can tell why he +builds his nest that way.</p> + +<p>The Orioles usually select for +their nest the longest and slenderest +twigs, way out on the +highest branches of a large tree. +They like the elm best. From +this they hang their bag-like +nest.</p> + +<p>It must be interesting to watch +them build the nest, and it +requires lots of patience, too, +for it usually takes a week or +ten days to build it.</p> + +<p>They fasten both ends of a +string to the twigs between +which the nest is to hang. After +fastening many strings like this, +so as to cross one another, +they weave in other strings +crosswise, and this makes a sort +of bag or pouch. Then they put +in the lining.</p> + +<p>Of course, it swings and rocks +when the wind blows, and what +a nice cradle it must be for the +baby Orioles?</p> + +<p>Orioles like to visit orchards +and eat the bugs, beetles and +caterpillars that injure the trees +and fruit.</p> + +<p>There are few birds who do +more good in this way than +Orioles.</p> + +<p>Sometimes they eat grapes +from the vines and peck at fruit +on the trees. It is usually because +they want a drink that +they do this.</p> + +<p>One good man who had a +large orchard and vineyard +placed pans of water in different +places. Not only the +Orioles, but other birds, would +go to the pan for a drink, instead +of pecking at the fruit. Let us +think of this, and when we have +a chance, give the birds a drink +of water. They will repay us +with their sweetest songs.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;"> +<img src="images/img42.jpg" width="447" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">baltimore oriole.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SNOWY OWL.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 91px;"> +<img src="images/imgf.png" width="91" height="80" alt="F" title="" /> +</div> +<p>EW of all the groups of birds +have such decided markings, +such characteristic distinctions, +as the Owl. There is a singular +resemblance between the face of an +Owl and that of a cat, which is the +more notable, as both of these creatures +have much the same habits, live +on the same prey, and are evidently +representatives of the same idea in +their different classes. The Owl, in +fact, is a winged cat, just as the cat is +a furred owl.</p> + +<p>The Snowy Owl is one of the handsomest +of this group, not so much on +account of its size, which is considerable, +as by reason of the beautiful +white mantle which it wears, and the +large orange eyeballs that shine with +the lustre of a topaz set among the +snowy plumage.</p> + +<p>It is a native of the north of Europe +and America, but is also found in the +more northern parts of England, being +seen, though rather a scarce bird, in +the Shetland and Orkney Islands, +where it builds its nest and rears its +young. One will be more likely to +find this owl near the shore, along the +line of salt marshes and woody stubble, +than further inland. The marshes do +not freeze so easily or deep as the iron +bound uplands, and field-mice are more +plentiful in them. It is so fleet of +wing that if its appetite is whetted, it +can follow and capture a Snow Bunting +or a Junco in its most rapid flight.</p> + +<p>Like the Hawk Owl, it is a day-flying +bird, and is a terrible foe to the +smaller mammalia, and to various +birds. Mr. Yarrell in his “History of +the British Birds,” states that one +wounded on the Isle of Balta disgorged +a young rabbit whole, and that a young +Sandpiper, with its plumage entire, +was found in the stomach of another.</p> + +<p>In proportion to its size the Snowy +Owl is a mighty hunter, having been +detected chasing the American hare, +and carrying off wounded Grouse +before the sportsman could secure his +prey. It is also a good fisherman, +posting itself on some convenient spot +overhanging the water, and securing +its finny prey with a lightning-like +grasp of the claw as it passes beneath +the white clad fisher. Sometimes it +will sail over the surface of a stream, +and snatch the fish as they rise for +food. It is also a great lover of lemmings, +and in the destruction of these +quadruped pests does infinite service +to the agriculturist.</p> + +<p>The large round eyes of this owl are +very beautiful. Even by daylight +they are remarkable for their gem-like +sheen, but in the evening they are +even more attractive, glowing like +balls of living fire.</p> + +<p>From sheer fatigue these birds often +seek a temporary resting place on +passing ships. A solitary owl, after a +long journey, settled on the rigging of +a ship one night. A sailor who was +ordered aloft, terrified by the two glowing +eyes that suddenly opened upon +his own, descended hurriedly to the +deck, declaring to the crew that he +had seen “Davy Jones a-sitting up +there on the main yard.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SNOWY OWL.</h2> + + +<p>What do you think of this bird +with his round, puffy head? You +of course know it is an Owl. I +want you to know him as the +Snowy Owl.</p> + +<p>Don’t you think his face is +some like that of your cat? +This fellow is not full grown, +but only a child. If he were full +grown he would be pure white. +The dark color you see is only +the tips of the feathers. You +can’t see his beak very well for +the soft feathers almost cover it.</p> + +<p>His large soft eyes look very +pretty out of the white feathers. +What color would you call them? +Most owls are quiet during the +day and very busy all night. +The Snowy Owl is not so quiet +day times. He flies about considerably +and gets most of his +food in daylight.</p> + +<p>A hunter who was resting +under a tree, on the bank of a +river, tells this of him:</p> + +<p>“A Snowy Owl was perched on +the branch of a dead tree that +had fallen into the river. He +sat there looking into the water +and blinking his large eyes.</p> + +<p>Suddenly he reached out and +before I could see how he did it, +a fish was in his claws.”</p> + +<p>This certainly shows that he +can see well in the day time. He +can see best, however, in the +twilight, in cloudy weather or +moonlight. That is the way +with your cat.</p> + +<p>The wing feathers of the owl +are different from those of most +birds. They are as soft as down. +This is why you cannot hear him +when he flies. Owls while perching +are almost always found in +quiet places where they will not +be disturbed.</p> + +<p>Did you ever hear the voice of +an owl in the night? If you +never have, you cannot imagine +how dreary it sounds. He surely +is “The Bird of the Night.”</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 451px;"> +<img src="images/img50.jpg" width="451" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">snowy owl.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> +<h2>BIRDS AND FARMERS.</h2> + +<p class="center"><em>From the Forest and Stream.</em></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HE advocates of protection for +our small birds present two +sets of reasons for preventing +their killing; the one sentimental, +and the other economic.</p> + +<p>The sentimental reasons are the +ones most often urged; they are also +of a kind to appeal with especial force +to those whose responsibility for the +destruction of the birds is greatest. +The women and girls, for whose adornment +birds’ plumage is chiefly used, +think little and know less about the +services which birds perform for agriculture, +and indeed it may be doubted +whether the sight of a bunch of feathers +or a stuffed bird’s skin suggests to +them any thought of the life that +those feathers once represented. But +when the wearers are reminded that +there was such a life; that it was +cheery and beautiful, and that it was +cut short merely that their apparel +might be adorned, they are quick to +recognize that bird destruction involves +a wrong, and are ready to do their part +toward ending it by refusing to wear +plumage.</p> + +<p>The small boy who pursues little +birds from the standpoint of the hunter +in quest of his game, feels only the ardor +of pursuit. His whole mind is concentrated +on that and the hunter’s +selfishness, the desire of possession, fills +his heart. Ignorance and thoughtlessness +destroy the birds.</p> + +<p>Every one knows in a general way +that birds render most valuable service +to the farmer, but although these +services have long been recognized in +the laws standing on the statute books +of the various states, it is only within +a few years that any systematic +investigations have been undertaken to +determine just what such services are, +to measure them with some approach to +accuracy, to weigh in the case of each +species the good and the evil done, and +so to strike a balance in favor of the +bird or against it. The inquiries +carried on by the Agricultural Department +on a large scale and those made +by various local experiment stations +and by individual observers have given +results which are very striking and +which can no longer be ignored.</p> + +<p>It is a difficult matter for any one to +balance the good things that he reads +and believes about any animal against +the bad things that he actually sees. +The man who witnesses the theft of +his cherries by robin or catbird, or the +killing of a quail by a marsh hawk, +feels that here he has ocular proof of +harm done by the birds, while as to +the insects or the field mice destroyed, +and the crops saved, he has only the +testimony of some unknown and distant +witness. It is only natural that +the observer should trust the evidence +of his senses, and yet his eyes tell him +only a small part of the truth, and that +small part a misleading one.</p> + +<p>It is certain that without the services +of these feathered laborers, whose +work is unseen, though it lasts from +daylight till dark through every day +in the year, agriculture in this country +would come to an immediate standstill, +and if in the brief season of fruit +each one of these workers levies on +the farmer the tribute of a few berries, +the price is surely a small one to pay +for the great good done. Superficial +persons imagine that the birds are +here only during the summer, but this +is a great mistake. It is true that in +warm weather, when insect life is +most abundant, birds are also most +abundant. They wage an effective +and unceasing war against the adult +insects and their larvae, and check +their active depredations; but in +winter the birds carry on a campaign +which is hardly less important in its +results.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SCARLET TANAGER.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 64px;"> +<img src="images/imgo.png" width="64" height="80" alt="O" title="" /> +</div> +<p>NE of the most brilliant and +striking of all American +birds is the Scarlet Tanager. +From its black wings resembling +pockets, it is frequently +called the “Pocket Bird.” +The French call it the “Cardinal.” +The female is plain olive-green, and +when seen together the pair present a +curious example of the prodigality +with which mother nature pours out +her favors of beauty in the adornment +of some of her creatures and seems +niggardly in her treatment of others. +Still it is only by contrast that we are +enabled to appreciate the quality of +beauty, which in this case is of the +rarest sort. In the January number +of <span class="smcap">Birds</span> we presented the Red Rumped +Tanager, a Costa Rica bird, which, +however, is inferior in brilliancy to +the Scarlet, whose range extends from +eastern United States, north to southern +Canada, west to the great plains, +and south in winter to northern South +America. It inhabits woodlands and +swampy places. The nesting season +begins in the latter part of May, the +nest being built in low thick woods or +on the skirting of tangled thickets; +very often also, in an orchard, on the +horizontal limb of a low tree or sapling. +It is very flat and loosely made +of twigs and fine bark strips and lined +with rootlets and fibers of inner bark.</p> + +<p>The eggs are from three to five in +number, and of a greenish blue, +speckled and blotted with brown, +chiefly at the larger end.</p> + +<p>The disposition of the Scarlet Tanager +is retiring, in which respect he +differs greatly from the Summer Tanager, +which frequents open groves, +and often visits towns and cities. A +few may be seen in our parks, and +now and then children have picked up +the bright dead form from the green +grass, and wondered what might be its +name. Compare it with the Redbird, +with which it is often confounded, and +the contrast will be striking.</p> + +<p>His call is a warble, broken by a +pensive call note, sounding like the +syllables <em>chip-churr</em>, and he is regarded +as a superior musician.</p> + +<p>“Passing through an orchard, and +seeing one of these young birds that +had but lately left the nest, I carried +it with me for about half a mile to +show it to a friend, and having procured +a cage,” says Wilson, “hung it +upon one of the large pine trees in the +Botanic Garden, within a few feet of +the nest of an Orchard Oriole, which +also contained young, hoping that the +charity and kindness of the Orioles +would induce them to supply the cravings +of the stranger. But charity with +them as with too many of the human +race, began and ended at home. The +poor orphan was altogether neglected, +and as it refused to be fed by me, I +was about to return it to the place +where I had found it, when, toward +the afternoon, a Scarlet Tanager, no +doubt its own parent, was seen fluttering +around the cage, endeavoring to +get in. Finding he could not, he flew +off, and soon returned with food in +his bill, and continued to feed it until +after sunset, taking up his lodgings on +the higher branches of the same tree. +In the morning, as soon as day broke, +he was again seen most actively engaged +in the same manner, and, notwithstanding +the insolence of the +Orioles, he continued his benevolent +offices the whole day, roosting at night +as before. On the third or fourth day +he seemed extremely solicitous for the +liberation of his charge, using every +expression of distressful anxiety, and +every call and invitation that nature +had put in his power, for him to come +out. This was too much for the feelings +of my friend. He procured a ladder, +and mounting to the spot where the +bird was suspended, opened the cage, +took out his prisoner, and restored him +to liberty and to his parent, who, with +notes of great exultation, accompanied +his flight to the woods.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img59.jpg" width="600" height="447" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">scarlet tanager.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SCARLET TANAGER.</h2> + + +<p>What could be more beautiful +to see than this bird among the +green leaves of a tree? It almost +seems as though he would kindle +the dry limb upon which he +perches. This is his holiday +dress. He wears it during the +nesting season. After the young +are reared and the summer +months gone, he changes his +coat. We then find him dressed +in a dull yellowish green—the +color of his mate the whole year.</p> + +<p>Do you remember another bird +family in which the father bird +changes his dress each spring +and autumn?</p> + +<p>The Scarlet Tanager is a solitary +bird. He likes the deep +woods, and seeks the topmost +branches. He likes, too, the +thick evergreens. Here he sings +through the summer days. We +often pass him by for he is hidden +by the green leaves above us.</p> + +<p>He is sometimes called our +“Bird of Paradise.”</p> + +<p>Tanagers feed upon winged +insects, caterpillars, seeds, and +berries. To get these they do +not need to be on the ground. +For this reason it is seldom we +see them there.</p> + +<p>Both birds work in building +the nest, and both share in caring +for the little ones. The +nest is not a very pretty one—not +pretty enough for so beautiful +a bird, I think. It is woven +so loosely that if you were standing +under it, you could see light +through it.</p> + +<p>Notice his strong, short beak. +Now turn to the picture of the +Rose-Breasted Grosbeaks in +April <span class="smcap">Birds</span>. Do you see how +much alike they are? They are +near relatives.</p> + +<p>I hope that you may all have +a chance to see a Scarlet Tanager +dressed in his richest scarlet +and most jetty black.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE RUFFED GROUSE.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HE Ruffed Grouse, which is +called Partridge in New England +and Pheasant in the +Middle and Southern States, +is the true Grouse, while Bob White +is the real Partridge. It is unfortunate +that they continue to be confounded. +The fine picture of his +grouseship, however, which we here +present should go far to make clear +the difference between them.</p> + +<p>The range of the Ruffed Grouse is +eastern United States, south to North +Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and +Arkansas. They hatch in April, the +young immediately leaving the nest +with the mother. When they hear +the mother’s warning note the little +ones dive under leaves and bushes, +while she leads the pursuer off in an +opposite direction. Building the nest +and sitting upon the eggs constitute +the duties of the female, the males +during this interesting season keeping +separate, not rejoining their mates +until the young are hatched, when +they begin to roam as a family.</p> + +<p>Like the Turkey, the Ruffed Grouse +has a habit of pluming and strutting, +and also makes the drumming noise +which has caused so much discussion. +This noise “is a hollow vibrating +sound, beginning softly and increasing +as if a small rubber ball were dropped +slowly and then rapidly bounced on a +drum.” While drumming the bird +contrives to make himself invisible, +and if seen it is difficult to get the +slightest clue to the manner in which +the sound is produced. And observers +say that it beats with its wings on a +log, that it raises its wings and strikes +their edges above its back, that it claps +them against its sides like a crowing +rooster, and that it beats the air. The +writer has seen a grouse drum, appearing +to strike its wings together over +its back. But there is much difference +of opinion on the subject, and young +observers may settle the question for +themselves. When preparing to drum +he seems fidgety and nervous and his +sides are inflated. Letting his wings +droop, he flaps them so fast that they +make one continuous humming sound. +In this peculiar way he calls his mate, +and while he is still drumming, the +hen bird may appear, coming slyly +from the leaves.</p> + +<p>The nest is on the ground, made by +the female of dry leaves and a few +feathers plucked from her own breast. +In this slight structure she lays ten or +twelve cream-colored eggs, specked +with brown.</p> + +<p>The eyes of the Grouse are of great +depth and softness, with deep expanding +pupils and golden brown iris.</p> + +<p>Coming suddenly upon a young +brood squatted with their mother near +a roadside in the woods, an observer +first knew of their presence by the old +bird flying directly in his face, and +then tumbling about at his feet with +frantic signs of distress and lameness. +In the meantime the little ones scattered +in every direction and were not +to be found. As soon as the parent +was satisfied of their safety, she flew a +short distance and he soon heard her +clucking call to them to come to her +again. It was surprising how quickly +they reached her side, seeming to pop +up as from holes in the ground.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;"> +<img src="images/img67.jpg" width="447" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">ruffed grouse.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE RUFFED GROUSE.</h2> + + +<p>At first sight most of you will +think this is a turkey. Well, it +does look very much like one. +He spreads his tail feathers, +puffs himself up, and struts about +like a turkey. You know by +this time what his name is and I +think you can easily see why he +is called Ruffed.</p> + +<p>This proud bird and his mate +live with us during the whole +year. They are found usually in +grassy lands and in woods.</p> + +<p>Here they build their rude +nest of dried grass, weeds and +the like. You will generally +find it at the foot of a tree, or +along side of an old stump in or +near swampy lands.</p> + +<p>The Ruffed Grouse has a +queer way of calling his mate. +He stands on a log or stump, +puffed up like a turkey—just as +you see him in the picture. Then +he struts about for a time just +as you have seen a turkey gobbler +do. Soon he begins to work +his wings—slowly at first, but +faster and faster, until it sounds +like the beating of a drum.</p> + +<p>His mate usually answers his +call by coming. They set up +housekeeping and build their +rude nest which holds from eight +to fourteen eggs. As soon as +the young are hatched they can +run about and find their own +food. So you see they are not +much bother to their parents. +When they are a week old they +can fly. The young usually stay +with their parents until next +Spring. Then they start out and +find mates for themselves.</p> + +<p>I said at the first that the +Ruffed Grouse stay with us all +the year. In the winter, when +it is very cold, they burrow into +a snowdrift to pass the night. +During the summer they always +roost all night.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE BLACK AND WHITE CREEPING WARBLER.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HIS sprightly little bird is met +with in various sections of the +country. It occurs in all parts +of New England and New +York, and has been found in the interior +as far north as Fort Simpson. It +is common in the Bahamas and most +of the West India Islands, generally as +a migrant; in Texas, in the Indian +Territory, in Mexico, and throughout +eastern America.</p> + +<p>Dr. Coues states that this warbler is +a very common summer resident near +Washington, the greater number going +farther north to breed. They arrive +there during the first week in April +and are exceedingly numerous until +May.</p> + +<p>In its habits this bird seems to be +more of a creeper than a Warbler. It +is an expert and nimble climber, and +rarely, if ever, perches on the branch +of a tree or shrub. In the manner of +the smaller Woodpecker, the Creepers, +Nuthatches, and Titmice, it moves +rapidly around the trunks and larger +limbs of the trees of the forest in search +of small insects and their larvae. It +is graceful and rapid in movement, +and is often so intent upon its hunt as +to be unmindful of the near presence +of man.</p> + +<p>It is found chiefly in thickets, where +its food is most easily obtained, and +has been known to breed in the immediate +vicinity of a dwelling.</p> + +<p>The song of this Warbler is sweet +and pleasing. It begins to sing from +its first appearance in May and continues +to repeat its brief refrain at +intervals almost until its departure in +August and September. At first it is +a monotonous ditty, says Nuttall, +uttered in a strong but shrill and filing +tone. These notes, as the season advances, +become more mellow and warbling.</p> + +<p>The Warbler’s movements in search +of food are very interesting to the +observer. Keeping the feet together +they move in a succession of short, +rapid hops up the trunks of trees and +along the limbs, passing again to the +bottom by longer flights than in the +ascent. They make but short flight +from tree to tree, but are capable of +flying far when they choose.</p> + +<p>They build on the ground. One +nest containing young about a week +old was found on the surface of shelving +rock. It was made of coarse strips +of bark, soft decayed leaves, and dry +grasses, and lined with a thin layer of +black hair. The parents fed their +young in the presence of the observer +with affectionate attention, and showed +no uneasiness, creeping head downward +about the trunks of the neighboring +trees, and carrying large smooth +caterpillars to their young.</p> + +<p>They search the crevices in the +bark of the tree trunks and branches, +look among the undergrowth, and +hunt along the fences for bunches of +eggs, the buried larvae of the insects, +which when undisturbed, hatch out +millions of creeping, crawling, and +flying things that devastate garden +and orchard and every crop of the field.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 446px;"> +<img src="images/img75.jpg" width="446" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">black and white creeping warbler.</span><br /> +<span class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span> +<span style="font-size: .8em; margin-left: 8em;" class="smcap"><strong>Chicago Colortype Co.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p> +<h2>VOLUME 1. JANUARY TO JUNE, 1897.</h2> + +<p> </p> + +<h2>INDEX.</h2> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" summary=""> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Birds, The Return of the</td> <td align='left'>pages</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_101">101</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Bird Song</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_187">187</a>-<a href="#Page_188">8</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Bird Day in the Schools</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_138">138</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Birds and Farmers</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Black Bird, Red-winged, <em>Agelaeus Phœniceus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_64">64</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_70">70-71</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Blue Bird, <em>Sialia Sialis</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_75">75-76</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_78">78</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Bobolink, <em>Dolichonyx Gryzivorus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_92">92-3-4</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Bunting, Indigo, <em>Passerina Cyanea</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_172">172-3</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Catbird, <em>Galeoscoptes Carolinensis</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_183">183-4-6</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Chickadee, Black-capped, <em>Parus Atricopillus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_164">164-5-7</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Cock of the Rock</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_19">19-21</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Crossbill, American, <em>Loxia Curvirostra</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_126">126-7</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Crow, American, <em>Corvus Americanus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_97">97-8-100</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Duck, Mandarin, <em>A. Galericulata</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_8">8-9-11</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Flicker, <em>Colaptes Auratus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_89">89-90</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Fly-catcher, Scissor-tailed, <em>Milvulus Forficatus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_161">161-3</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Gallinule, Purple, <em>Ionoruis Martinica</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_120">120-1</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Grebe, Pied-billed, <em>Podilymbus Podiceps</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_134">134-5-7</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Grosbeak, Rose-breasted, <em>Habia Ludoviciana</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_113">113-115</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Grouse, Ruffed, <em>Bonasa Umbellus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_218">218</a>-<a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Gull, Ring-billed, <em>Larus Delawarensis</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_198">198</a>-<a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Halo, The</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Hawk, Marsh, <em>Circus Hudsonius</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_158">158-159</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Hawk, Night, <em>Chordeiles Virginianus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_175">175-6-8</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Heron, Black-crowned, <em>Nycticorax Nycticorax Naevius</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_196">196-7</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Jay, American Blue, <em>Cyanocitta Cristata</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_39">39-41</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Jay, Arizona Green, <em>Xanthoura Luxuosa</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_146">146-148</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Jay, Canada, <em>Perisoreus Canadensis</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_116">116-17-19</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Kingfisher, American, <em>Ceryle Alcyon</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_60">60-61-63</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Lark, Meadow, <em>Sturnella Magna</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_105">105-7-8</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Longspur, Smith’s, <em>Calcarius Pictus</em>Longspur, Smith’s, <em>Calcarius Pictus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_123">123-5</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Lory, Blue Mountain</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_66">66-67</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Mocking Bird, American, <em>Mimus Polyglottos</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Mot Mot, Mexican</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_57">57</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Nesting Time</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_149">149-150</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Nonpareil, <em>Passerina Ciris</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_1">1-3</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_15">15</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Oriole, Baltimore, <em>Icterus Galbula</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_205">205-6-7</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Oriole, Golden, <em>Icterus Icterus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_34">34-36</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Oriole, Orchard, <em>Icterus Spurius</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_154">154-5</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Owl, Long-eared, <em>Asio Wilsonianus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_109">109-111-112</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Owl, Screech, <em>Megascops Asio</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_151">151-3-7</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Owl, Snowy, <em>Nyctea Nivea</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_209">209</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Paradise, Red Bird of, <em>Paradisea Rubra</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_22">22-23-25</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Parrakeet, Australian</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_16">16-18</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Parrot, King</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_50">50-51</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Pheasant, Golden, <em>P. Pictus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_12">12-13</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Pheasant, Japan</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_86">86-88</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Red Bird, American, <em>Cardinalis Cardinalis</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_72">72-74</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Robin, American, <em>Merula Migratoria</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_53">53-4-5-9</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Roller, Swallow-tailed, Indian</td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_42">42-43</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Shrike, Loggerhead, <em>Lanius Ludovicianus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Swallow, Barn, <em>Chelidon Erythrogaster</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_79">79-80</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Tanager, Red-rumped, <em>Tanagridæ</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_30">30-31-33</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Tanager, Scarlet, <em>Piranga Erythromelas</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_214">214</a>-<a href="#Page_216">216</a>-<a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Tern, Black, <em>Hydrochelidon Ingra Surinamensis</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_103">103-104</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Thrush, Brown, <em>Harporhynchus Rufus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30103/30103-h/30103-h.htm#Page_82">82-83-84</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Thrush, Wood, <em>Turdus Mustelinus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_179">179-180-183</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Toucan, Yellow-throated, <em>Ramphastos</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_26">26-27-29</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Trogon, Resplendent, <em>Trogonidæ</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30221/30221-h/30221-h.htm#Page_4">4-7</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Vireo, Yellow-throated, <em>Vireo Flavifrons</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='center'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>Warbler, Black-and-white Creeping, <em>Mniotilta Varia</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_222">222</a>-<a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Warbler, Prothonotary, <em>Protonotaria Citrea</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25983/25983-h/25983-h.htm#Page_168">168-169-171</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Wax Wing, Bohemian, <em>Ampelis Garrulus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_140">140-141</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Woodpecker, California, <em>Melanerpes Formicivorus Bairdi</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_130">130-131-133</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Woodpecker, Red-headed, <em>Melanerpes Erythrocephalus</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30626/30626-h/30626-h.htm#Page_45">45-46-47</a></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'>Wren, Long-billed Marsh, <em>Cistothorus Palustris</em></td> <td align='center'>“</td> <td align='left'><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25874/25874-h/25874-h.htm#Page_142">142-144-145</a></td> </tr> +</table></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 304px;"> +<img src="images/img78.jpg" width="304" height="500" alt="advertisement" title="" /> +<span class="caption">elkhart lake.</span> +</div> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em; margin-right: 5em; margin-top: 8em;"> +Summer Excursion +Tickets to the resorts +of Wisconsin, Minnesota, +Michigan, Colorado, California, +Montana, Washington, +Oregon, and British +Columbia; also to Alaska, +Japan, China, and all Trans-Pacific +Points, are now on +sale by the CHICAGO, +MILWAUKEE & ST. +PAUL RAILWAY. Full +and reliable information +can be had by applying to +Mr. C. N. SOUTHER, +Ticket Agent, 95 Adams +Street, Chicago.</p> + + +<p class="center" style="margin-top: 18em; font-size: small;">Please mention “BIRDS” when you write to advertisers.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 466px;"> +<img src="images/img79.jpg" width="466" height="650" alt="advertisement" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: small;">Please mention “BIRDS” when you write to advertisers.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/imgad4.jpg" width="600" height="203" alt="advertisement" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> +<img src="images/img82a.jpg" width="650" height="251" alt="advertisement" title="" /> +</div> + + +<p style="color: #00006e;">This wheel is made especially for the Nature Study Publishing Co., to be used as a premium. It is unique in +design, of material the best, of workmanship unexcelled. No other wheel on the market can compare favorably +with it for less than $100.00.</p> + +<p style="color: #00006e;" class="center"><strong>SPECIFICATIONS FOR 1897 “BIRD” BICYCLE.</strong></p> + +<p style="color: #00006e;"><span class="bi">Frame.</span>—Diamond pattern; cold-drawn seamless steel tubing; +1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> inch +tubing in the quadrangle with the exception of the head, which is +1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>inch. Height, 23, 24, 25 and 26 inches. +Rear triangle <sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> inch tubing in +the lower and upright bars. <span class="bi">Frame Parts.</span>—Steel drop forgings, +strongly reinforced connections. <span class="bi">Forks.</span>—Seamless steel fork sides, +gracefully curved and mechanically reinforced. <span class="bi">Steering Head.</span>—9, 11 +and 13 inches long, 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> +inches diameter. <span class="bi">Handle Bar.</span>—Cold-drawn, +weldless steel tubing, <sup>7</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> inch in diameter, ram’s horn, upright or +reversible, adapted to two positions. <span class="bi">Handles.</span>—Cork or corkaline; +black, maroon or bright tips. <span class="bi">Wheels.</span>—28 inch, front and rear. <span class="bi">Wheel +Base.</span>—43 inches. <span class="bi">Rims.</span>—Olds or Plymouth. <span class="bi">Tires.</span>—Morgan & Wright, +Vim, or Hartford. <span class="bi">Spokes.</span>—Swaged, Excelsior Needle Co.’s best +quality; 28 in front and 32 in rear wheel. <span class="bi">Cranks.</span>—Special steel, +round and tapered; 6<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> +inch throw. <span class="bi">Pedals.</span>—Brandenburg; others on +order. <span class="bi">Chain.</span>—<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> inch, solid link, with hardened rivet steel +centers. <span class="bi">Saddle.</span>—Black, attractive and comfortable; our own make. +<span class="bi">Saddle Post.</span>—Adjustable, style “T.” <span class="bi">Tread.</span> +—4<sup>7</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> inches. <span class="bi">Sprocket +Wheels.</span>—Steel drop forgings, hardened. <span class="bi">Gear.</span>—68 regular; other +gears furnished if so desired. <span class="bi">Bearings.</span>—Made of the best selected +high-grade tool steel, carefully ground to a finish after tempering, and +thoroughly dust-proof. All cups are screwed into hubs and crank hangers. +<span class="bi">Hubs.</span>—Large tubular hubs, made from a solid bar of steel. +<span class="bi">Furnishing.</span>—Tool-bag, wrench, oiler, pump and repair kit. <span class="bi">Tool +Bags.</span>—In black or tan leather, as may be preferred. Handle bar, hubs, +sprocket wheels, cranks, pedals, seat post, spokes, screws, nuts and +washers, nickel plated over copper; remainder enameled. <span class="bi">Weight.</span>—22 +and 24 pounds.</p> + +<p style="color: #00006e;"><strong><em>Send for Specifications for Diamond Frame.</em></strong></p> + +<h2><span style="color: #00006e;">NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING CO.</span></h2> + +<p style="color: #00006e;">Agents Wanted in every Town and City to represent "BIRDS." + <span style="margin-left: 14em;"><em>CHICAGO.</em></span></p> + + +<p class="center" style="font-size: small;">Please mention “BIRDS” when you write to advertisers.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img83.jpg" width="600" height="491" alt="advertisement" title="" /> +</div> + + +<hr style='width: 15%;' /> + +<p style="color: #00006e;">We give below a list of publications, especially fine, to be read in +connection with our new magazine, and shall be glad to supply them at +the price indicated, or as premiums for subscriptions for “Birds.”</p> + + + +<div class='left' style="color: #00006e;"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“Birds Through an Opera Glass”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>75c.</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>or</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>2</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>subscriptions.</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“Bird Ways”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>60c.</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>2</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“In Nesting Time”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>$1.25</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>3</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“A Bird Lover of the West”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>1.25</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>3</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“Upon the Tree Tops”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>1.25</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>3</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“Wake Robin”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>1.00</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>3</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“Birds in the Bush”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>1.25</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>3</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“A-Birding on a Bronco”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>1.25</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>3</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“Land Birds and Game Birds of New England”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>3.50</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>8</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“Birds and Poets”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>1.25</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>3</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“Bird Craft”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>3.00</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>7</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“The Story of the Birds”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>.65</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>2</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'>“Hand Book of Birds of Eastern North America”</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>3.00</td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='center'>“</td> <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>7</td> + <td class="tdp"></td> <td align='center'>“</td> </tr> + +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> + + +<p style="color: #00006e;">See our notice on another page concerning Bicycles. Our “Bird” Wheel is +one of the best on the market—as neat and attractive as “Birds.”</p> + +<p style="color: #00006e;">We shall be glad to quote a special price for teachers or clubs.</p> + +<p style="color: #00006e;">We can furnish any article or book as premium for subscriptions for +“Birds.”</p> + +<p style="color: #00006e;">Address,</p> + +<h2><span style="color: #00006e;"><em>Nature Study Publishing Co. Chicago, Ill.</em></span></h2> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>Nature Study Publishing Company.</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 59px;"> +<img src="images/imgta.png" width="59" height="70" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HE Nature Study Publishing Company is a corporation of educators and +business men organized to furnish correct reproductions of the colors +and forms of nature to families, schools, and scientists. Having secured +the services of artists who have succeeded in photographing and +reproducing objects in their natural colors, by a process whose +principles are well known but in which many of the details are held +secret, we obtained a charter from the Secretary of State in November, +1896, and began at once the preparation of photographic color plates for +a series of pictures of birds.</p> + +<p>The first product was the January number of “BIRDS,” a monthly magazine, +containing ten plates with descriptions in popular language, avoiding as +far as possible scientific and technical terms. Knowing the interest +children have in our work, we have included in each number a few pages +of easy text pertaining to the illustrations. These are usually set +facing the plates to heighten the pleasure of the little folks as they +read.</p> + +<p>Casually noticed, the magazine may appear to be a children’s publication +because of the placing of this juvenile text. But such is not the case. +Those scientists who cherish with delight the famous handiwork of +Audubon are no less enthusiastic over these beautiful pictures which are +painted by the delicate and scientifically accurate fingers of Light +itself. These reproductions are true. There is no imagination in them +nor conventionalism. In the presence of their absolute truth any written +description or work of human hands shrinks into insignificance. The +scientific value of these photographs can not be estimated.</p> + +<p>To establish a great magazine with a world-wide circulation is no light +undertaking. We have been steadily and successfully working towards that +end. Delays have been unavoidable. What was effective for the production +of a limited number of copies was inadequate as our orders increased. +The very success of the enterprise has sometimes impeded our progress. +Ten hundred teachers in Chicago paid subscriptions in ten days. Boards +of Education are subscribing in hundred lots. Improvements in the +process have been made in almost every number, and we are now assured of +a brilliant and useful future.</p> + +<p>When “BIRDS” has won its proper place in public favor we shall be +prepared to issue a similar serial on other natural objects, and look +for an equally cordial reception for it.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>PREMIUMS.</strong></p> + +<p>To teachers we give duplicates of all the pictures on separate sheets +for use in teaching or for decoration.</p> + +<p>To other subscribers we give a color photograph of one of the most +gorgeous birds, the Golden Pheasant.</p> + +<p>Subscriptions, $1.50 a year including one premium. Those wishing both +premiums may receive them and a year’s subscription for $2.00.</p> + +<p>We have just completed an edition of 50,000 back numbers to accommodate +those who wish their subscriptions to date back to January, 1897, the +first number.</p> + +<p>We will furnish the first volume, January to June inclusive, well bound +in cloth, postage paid, for $1.25. In Morocco, $2.25.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>AGENTS.</strong></p> + +<p>10,000 agents are wanted to travel or solicit at home.</p> + +<p>We have prepared a fine list of desirable premiums for clubs which any +popular adult or child can easily form. Your friends will thank you for +showing them the magazine and offering to send their money. The work of +getting subscribers among acquaintances is easy and delightful. Agents +can do well selling the bound volume. Vol. 1 is the best possible +present for a young person or for anyone specially interested in nature.</p> + +<p>Teachers and others meeting them at institutes do well as our agents. +The magazine sells to teachers better than any other publication because +they can use the extra plates for decoration, language work, nature +study, and individual occupation.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 20em;"> + NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 8em;">277 Dearborn Street, <span class="smcap">Chicago</span>.</span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 434px;"> +<img src="images/ourpremiums1.png" width="434" height="650" alt="advertisement" title="" /> +</div> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography +[June, 1897], by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED, JUNE 1897 *** + +***** This file should be named 30666-h.htm or 30666-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/6/6/30666/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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