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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/29645-0.txt b/29645-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..844b621 --- /dev/null +++ b/29645-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8584 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Gate to Cæsar, by William C. Collar + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Gate to Cæsar + +Author: William C. Collar + +Release Date: August 9, 2009 [EBook #29645] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GATE TO CÆSAR *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Ted Garvin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[This e-text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file +encoding: + + āēīōū ĀĒĪŌŪ [vowels with macron or “long” mark] + ĕĭŏ [vowels with breve or “short” mark: very rare] + +If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if +the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, +make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set +to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a +last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead. + +As explained in the editor’s Introductory Note, readings are given +in two forms. For this e-text, line breaks and numbers were retained +in the simplified version for use with the Notes. In the unchanged +version, each chapter is a single paragraph, with the page-and-line +range given in brackets at the end of each chapter. + +To reduce visual clutter, some _italic_ and +boldface+ markup has been +simplified or omitted.] + + + + + The + + GATE TO CÆSAR + + by + + WILLIAM C. COLLAR, A.M. + + Head Master Roxbury Latin School + + BOSTON, U.S.A. + GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS + 1895 + + + Copyright, 1891, + By William C. Collar. + All Rights Reserved. + + + Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A. + Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The recent discovery of a work of Aristotle has interested and delighted +the whole learned world; but one may venture to say that if, instead, +a book had been found written in the best period of the Latin language +for the amusement or instruction of youth, by some Roman De Foe, or +Goldsmith, or Lamb, or Burnett, there would be ten times the reason +for rejoicing. Unhappily there is no likelihood that we shall ever +congratulate ourselves on such a “find,” for probably no such work ever +existed. What a misfortune that it did not occur to Cicero to divert +himself in some leisure hour by writing a story for Roman youth! +Millions of boys and girls in these later ages would have had good +reason to bless his name. Cæsar could have done it; but to him, too, the +gods denied such an inspiration, and we must suffer for it. Seeing that +he had composed a treatise on Latin Grammar, one almost wonders that a +mind so original and fertile should not have conceived the idea of +adapting his Gallic War, or some part of it, to the powers and +comprehension of youth. What measureless gratitude would he not have won +from unborn generations of schoolmasters, who have now to struggle +desperately and often unavailingly to make clear to their pupils the +meaning of his intricate periods, and untwist the strands of his knotty +syntax! + +Cæsar is a difficult author. Some parts of his Gallic War are as hard, +or nearly as hard, as any prose Latin that has come down to us. Yet it +has somehow strangely enough become the fashion to read that work first +in a Latin course. My own conviction is that for young learners a year’s +reading in easier Latin is not too much before taking up the less +difficult books of the Gallic War. Even then the transition to Cæsar +comes with something of a shock; for the learner is soon and often +brought face to face with sentences that seem to him of most bewildering +intricacy, however they may, as commentators sometimes remark, +beautifully illustrate most important principles of Latin order and +construction. There is a sentence in the second book, by no means the +most difficult one to be found, that extends through eighteen +lines,--that is, something more than half a page,--containing twenty-one +distinct ideas, and having the verb separated from its subject by +ninety-four words. + +I know no more disheartening task than that of undertaking to carry a +class unprepared in age and knowledge of the language through Cæsar’s +Gallic War. Yet it is precisely this disheartening task that thousands +of teachers are set to do, or set themselves to do, every year. The +results are often dismal enough. Teachers are blamed, they blame +themselves, they blame their pupils. Pupils may sometimes be stupid, +teachers may lack knowledge of the language and the subject, but the +fault may also lie wholly with the author or with the Latin language +itself; if with the latter, there is no help. Latin, it must be +confessed, is an exceedingly difficult language to learn. All the more +reason then why, in attacking it, every unnecessary obstacle should be +removed. We should make our approaches with caution and skill; we should +take it, if possible, _aperto latere_. We should not begin with a +difficult work; or if, in the dearth of Latin suited to the juvenile +mind, this is deemed unavoidable, common sense suggests the query, _why +not remove provisionally[1] from the text those more intricate parts +that discourage the learner and bar the way of progress_? + + [Footnote 1: It is presumed that the learner will subsequently + read the complete text.] + +Cæsar knew how to write his own language well; but he wrote for men, he +wrote with compression and in haste, and there are passages in his works +that are tough reading for a good Latin scholar. It is the fashion to +praise Cæsar’s lucidity; but brevity and haste are not conducive to +lucidity. + + “Ther nys no werkman, what so ever he be, + That may bothe werke wel, and hastily. + This wol be doon at leyser parfitly.” + +For my part I confess that I sometimes find him obscure. Moreover, when +I am in doubt as to his meaning and appeal to the commentators, I find +that they generally disagree and sometimes quarrel about the sense. +Therefore to put young learners to reading Cæsar as his text stands, +bristling with difficulties, before they have acquired anything more +than a meagre vocabulary and gained a modicum of insight by some +practice in reading easier Latin, is to set them at a task harder than +that which Pharaoh set the Israelites. + +I am of the opinion that, even when a fair working vocabulary has been +acquired through some previous reading, there is no book of the Gallic +War that does not require a certain degree of simplification to bring it +to the level of the powers of young boys and girls. It is this +conviction born of long observation of the vexation of spirit, +discouragement, and waste of time by pupils in wrestling with +difficulties that inevitably floor them, that has prompted me to put my +hand to this work, which, slight as it may seem, has cost me the leisure +of many months. But I shall feel repaid tenfold, if, through this little +book, boys and girls are enabled to read Cæsar with less waste of time, +more easily, with fresher interest, and added sense of power; if, in +other words, it proves in reality what it is in name, a Gate to Cæsar. + +A few words will be sufficient to explain the principle on which I have +simplified Cæsar’s text, the amount of excision, and the degree of +change. It would have been a comparatively easy task to simplify the +text by the mere process of omission, never deviating from the +_ipsissima verba_ of the author by so much as the change of a mode or +tense. One could do this and still string together the _disjecta membra_ +of the text into something like a connected narrative. But that would be +to preserve the integrity of the words at the expense of everything +else,--inner relation, structure, style, spirit. Or the simplification +might be effected by a virtual rewriting of the text, by amplification +rather than suppression, coupled with changes in the collocation of +words, where the arrangement seemed to obscure the meaning and perplex +the learner. + +My purpose and plan differed essentially from both these methods. My aim +has been, first, to keep the narrative intact; second, to retain as much +of the text as was consistent with the effort to disburden it of its +greater difficulties; third, to make the fewest practicable changes in +what was retained, save the modification of some verb forms, and the +occasional rendering of indirect into direct discourse; fourth, very +rarely to change the position of a word; finally, never to insert a +word, except now and then to supply a form plainly understood, or to +introduce some connective, like _et_, _tum_, _itaque_, _autem_, _ergo_, +_postremo_. + +As to the amount of excision, I find that I have omitted almost exactly +one-fifth of Cæsar’s text. + +If the beginner in Cæsar reads the simplified text and concurrently +turns the Exercises into Latin, laying firm hold of the grammatical +principles selected for illustration, I believe he will find the +remaining difficulties of the original text not beyond his scope. +I should even hope that he would then read with something of the joy of +conscious power. If the reading of the texts and the writing of the +Exercises should require more time than is usually spent on the second +book of Cæsar, which, however, I doubt, I believe subsequent progress +would still be rapid and satisfactory enough to amount to a net gain and +saving of time. + +It has seemed best to mark long vowels, except the vowels of final +syllables and of monosyllables, the rules for which can be readily +learned. I have, however, marked a few monosyllables, as a constant +reminder to teachers who find their old pronunciation clinging to +certain words. We used to say _hĭs_, _sĭc_, _nŏn_, _quĭn_, _hŏc_. These +words, therefore, I have marked. On the other hand, one is in no danger +of saying _dĕ_, _hĭ_, _sĭ_, _prŏ_, for old habit would not mislead. + +I take pleasure in acknowledging my obligations to Mr. Alfred G. Rolfe +for several useful criticisms, and to Miss Caroline Ober Stone for +valuable corrections and for carefully reading the proof-sheets as far +as the vocabularies. To Mr. Clarence W. Gleason I am specially indebted. +But for his timely and generous aid in preparing both vocabularies, the +publication of this book must have been very considerably delayed. + +WILLIAM C. COLLAR. + +SEACONNET, July 25, 1891. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + Introductory Note x + Simplified Text 1-22 + Complete Text 23-41 + Notes on Both Texts 43-71 + Exercises on Simplified Text 73-88 + Vocabulary 89-123 + Etymological Vocabulary 125-141 + + + + +NOTE ON THE USE OF THE BOOK. + + +The Simplified Text and the Exercises based upon it are of the first +importance. The _viva voce_ translation of the Exercises, followed by +the writing of them, will illustrate and help to implant in the memory +the most important principles of syntax met with in the text. Let the +teacher insist upon thorough work here, and he may safely omit other +syntactical instruction. + +But little power of reading Latin can be gained without making the +acquisition of a working vocabulary a distinct object. The Latin +synonyms and the Etymological Vocabulary may be made useful agents to +that end. If the words added to each chapter are read aloud, reviewed, +and compared where backward references are made, the learner will +acquire a useful stock of synonyms easily, naturally, and with small +expenditure of time. + +It is often easier to retain in mind a number of words, grouped +according to some principle of similarity or contrast, than a single +word with nothing to hook it to the memory. For this reason it is +recommended that the Etymological Vocabulary be often pressed into the +service. Suppose, for example, the word _conspectus_ occurs in the +lesson. If the teacher will turn to page 138 and have the ten words read +out under the root SPEC, he will multiply several times the chances that +this particular word will be remembered on its next occurrence. He will +have done much more. He will have increased the chances that nine other +words will be lodged in the memory; and to each one a fresh interest +will be added by its being seen in relation, not as an isolated, and +therefore barren, fact. + +The first vocabulary may be used for comparing in the text the different +meanings and uses of the same word. It is through such comparisons that +one gets at the heart and spirit of the language, while cultivating at +the same time a mental habit of great value. + +Having read the Simplified Text, the learner should be well equipped for +wrestling with the difficulties that remain in the unchanged text, for +he is already familiar with the thought and the language. Comparison of +the two texts by the teacher, so far as time permits, may now be made to +illustrate important principles, as of indirect discourse, which are +here and there discussed in the notes. + + + + +CÆSAR’S GALLIC WAR + + +BOOK II. + +B.C. 57; A.U.C. 697. + + +THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED. + +SIMPLIFIED TEXT. + + +_The Belgæ form a league against the Romans._ + + 1. Cum esset Caesar in citeriōre Gallia, crēbri ad eum + rūmōres adferēbantur. Litteris item Labiēni certior fīēbat + omnes Belgas contra populum Rōmānum coniūrāre + obsidēsque inter se dare. Coniūrandi hae erant causae: + prīmum verēbantur ne ad se exercitus noster addūcerētur; 5 + deinde ab nōnnūllis Gallis sollicitābantur. Hi Germānos + diūtius in Gallia versāri nōluerant et populi Rōmāni + exercitum hiemāre atque inveterāscere in Gallia moleste + ferēbant. Nōnnūlli mōbilitāte et levitāte animi novis + imperiis studēbant. Ab nōnnūllis etiam sollicitābantur, 10 + quod in Gallia a potentiōribus atque iis qui ad condūcendos + homines facultātes habēbant, vulgo rēgna occupābantur; + qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro cōnsequi + poterant. + + +crēber+, _frequens_. + +vereor+, _timeo_. + +deinde+, _tum_. + +versor+: _maneo_, _sum_. + +moleste+, _graviter_. + +studeo+, _cupio_. + + +_Cæsar levies two legions and marches against them._ + + 2. Hīs nūntiis litterīsque commōtus est Caesar. Duas + legiōnes in citeriōre Gallia novas cōnscrīpsit. In interiōrem + Galliam qui hās legiōnes dēdūceret Q. Pedium + lēgātum mīsit. Ipse, cum prīmum pābuli cōpia esse + inciperet, ad exercitum vēnit. Senones fīnitimi Belgis 5 + erant. Ea quae apud Belgas geruntur cōgnōscunt Caesaremque + de hīs rēbus certiōrem faciunt. Hi cōnstanter + omnes nūntiāvērunt manus cōgi, exercitum in ūnum locum + condūci. Tum vēro nōn dubitāvit Caesar quīn ad eos + proficīscerētur. Itaque castra movet diēbusque circiter 10 + quīndecim ad fīnes Belgārum pervenit. + + +nūntius+, _rūmor_. + +fīnitimus+: _vīcīnus_, _propīnquus_. + +gero+: _ago_, _facio_. + +cōgo+, _conligo_. + +condūco+, _conligo_. + +pervenio+, _accēdo_. + + +_The Remi at once show the white feather._ + + 3. Eo de imprōvīso celeriterque vēnit Caesar. Rēmi + ad eum lēgātos Iccium et Andocumborium mīsērunt, qui + dīxērunt se omnia in fidem atque in potestātem populi + Rōmāni permittere. “Rēmi neque cum Belgis reliquis + cōnsēnsērunt neque contra populum Rōmānum coniūrāvērunt. 5 + Parāti sunt obsides dare et Caesaris imperāta + facere et eum oppidis recipere et frūmento cēterīsque rēbus + iuvāre. Reliqui omnes Belgae in armis sunt. Germāni, + qui cis Rhēnum incolunt, sēse cum hīs coniūnxērunt. + Tantus est eōrum omnium furor ut ne Suessiōnes quidem 10 + dēterrēre possint Rēmi. Suessiōnes frātres Rēmōrum cōnsanguineīque + sunt eōdemque iūre et īsdem lēgibus ūtuntur. + Ūnum imperium ūnumque magistrātum cum iis habent.” + + +de imprōvīso+: _subito_, _repente_. + +permitto+, _dēdo_. + +cōnsentio+: _coniūro_, _me coniungo_. + +dēterreo+, _dissuādeo_. + + +_Cæsar learns the number of the enemy’s forces._ + + 4. Cum ab hīs quaereret quae cīvitātes quantaeque in + armis essent et quid in bello possent, sīc reperiēbat: + plērīque Belgae sunt orti ab Germānis Rhēnumque antīquitus + trāducti ibi cōnsēdērunt, Gallōsque qui ea loca + incolēbant expulērunt. Sōli fuērunt qui Teutonos Cimbrōsque 5 + intra fīnes suos ingredi prohibuērunt. Qua ex + re fīēbat ut māgnam sibi auctōritātem māgnōsque spīritus + in re mīlitāri sūmerent. De numero eōrum omnia se + habēre explōrāta Rēmi dīcēbant. Quantam quisque multitūdinem + in commūni Belgārum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus 10 + esset cōgnōverant. Plūrimum inter eos Bellovaci + et virtūte et auctōritāte et hominum numero valēbant. + Hi poterant cōnficere armāta mīlia centum; polliciti sunt + ex eo numero ēlēcta sexāginta tōtīusque belli imperium + sibi postulābant. Suessiōnes Rēmōrum erant fīnitimi; 15 + lātissimos ferācissimōsque agros possidēbant. Apud eos + fuit rēx nostra etiam memoria Divitiacus, tōtīus Galliae + potentissimus, qui cum māgnae partis hārum regiōnum + tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuit. Nunc erat rēx + Galba; ad hunc propter iūstitiam prūdentiamque suam 20 + belli summa dēlāta est. + + +quaero+, _interrogo_. + +reperio+, _cōgnōsco_. + +orior+, _nāscor_. + +cōnsīdo+, _me colloco_. + +spīritus+: _adrogantia_, _animi_. + +explōro+, _cōgnōsco_. + +valeo+, _possum_. + +cōnficio+, _comparo_. + +ferax+, _fertilis_. + +summa+: _cūra_, _imperium_. + + +_He takes hostages from the Remi and crosses the Axona._ + + 5. Caesar omnem senātum ad se convenīre prīncipumque + līberos obsides ad se addūci iūssit. Quae omnia ab hīs + dīligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divitiacum Aeduum + māgno opere cohortātus est. Rei pūblicae interest manus + hostium distinēri, ne cum tanta multitūdine ūno tempore 5 + cōnflīgendum sit. Id fieri potest, si suas cōpias Aedui + in fīnes Bellovacōrum intrōdūxerint et eōrum agros populāri + coeperint. Hīs mandātis eum ab se dīmittit. Postea + Caesar omnes Belgārum cōpias in ūnum locum coāctas + ad se venīre vīdit neque iam longe abesse. Hōc ab iis 10 + quōs mīserat explōrātōribus et ab Rēmis cōgnōvit. Tum + flūmen Axonam exercitum trādūcere mātūrāvit atque ibi + castra posuit. Quae res latus ūnum castrōrum rīpis flūminis + mūniēbat et post eum quae essent tūta ab hostibus + reddēbat. Commeātus etiam ab Rēmis reliquīsque cīvitātibus 15 + sine perīculo portāri poterant. In eo flūmine pōns + erat. Ibi praesidium pōnit et in altera parte flūminis + Q. Titurium Sabīnum lēgātum cum sex cohortibus relīquit; + castra in altitūdinem pedum XII vāllo fossāque + duodēvīginti pedum mūnīre iubet. 20 + + +iubeo+, _impero_. + +māgno opere+, _vehementer_. + +interest+, _pertinet_. + +distineo+, _dīvido_. + +cōnflīgo+: _pūgno_, _dīmico_. + +populor+, _vāsto_. + +cōgo+, _condūco_, 2. + +cōgnōsco+, _reperio_, 4. + +mātūro+, _propero_. + +commeātus+, _cibus_. + + +_How the Belgæ lay siege to a town._ + + 6. Ab hīs castris oppidum Rēmōrum nōmine Bibrax + aberat mīlia passuum octo. Id ex itinere māgno impetu + Belgae oppūgnāre coepērunt. Aegre eo die sustentātum + est. Gallōrum eadem atque Belgārum oppūgnātio est + haec. Circumiecta multitūdine hominum tōtis moenibus 5 + undique in mūrum lapides iaciunt. Ubi mūrus dēfēnsōribus + nūdātus est, testūdine facta portas succēdunt mūrumque + subruunt. Quod tum facile fīēbat. Nam cum tanta + multitūdo lapides āc tēla cōnicerent, in mūro cōnsistendi + potestas erat nūlli. Postrēmo fīnem oppūgnandi nox 10 + fēcit. Tum Iccius Rēmus, qui oppido praefuerat, nūntium + ad Caesarem mittit: nisi subsidium sibi submittātur, + sēse diūtius sustinēre nōn posse. + + +tōtus+, _omnis_. + +undique+, _ex omni parte_. + +ubi+, _cum_. + +nūdo+, _prīvo_. + +succēdo+: _accēdo_, _subeo_. + +subruo+, _suffodio_. + +cōnsisto+, _sto_. + +praesum+, _praefectus sum_. + +subsidium+, _auxilium_. + +sustineo+, _sustento_. + + +_They abandon the siege and turn against Cæsar._ + + 7. Eo de media nocte Caesar Numidas et Crētas sagittārios + et funditōres Baleāres subsidio oppidānis mittit; + quōrum adventu hostibus spes potiundi oppidi discessit. + Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morāti agrōsque Rēmōrum + dēpopulāti ad castra Caesaris omnibus cōpiis contendērunt 5 + et ab mīlibus passuum minus duōbus castra + posuērunt; quae castra, ut fūmo atque īgnibus sīgnificābātur, + amplius mīlibus passuum octo in lātitūdinem + patēbant. + + +subsidium+, _auxilium_, 6. + +potior+, _occupo_. + +discēdo+, _abeo_. + +paulisper+, _nōn diu_. + +moror+, _cunctor_. + +dēpopulor+, _vāsto_. + +contendo+, _mātūro_, 5. + +pateo+, _pertineo_. + + +_Cæsar awaits the attack of the enemy._ + + 8. Caesar prīmo propter multitūdinem hostium et + propter eximiam opīniōnem virtūtis proelio supersedēre + statuit; cotīdie tamen quid hostis virtūte posset et quid + nostri audērent perīclitābātur. Locus erat pro castris ad + aciem īnstruendam nātūra opportūnus atque idōneus. Is 5 + autem collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex plānitie + ēditus tantum adversus in lātitūdinem patēbat quantum + loci acies īnstrūcta occupāre poterat. Atque ex utrāque + parte lateris dēiectus habēbat, et in frōntem lēniter fastīgātus + paulātim ad plānitiem redībat. Ab utrōque latere 10 + ēius collis trānsversam fossam obdūxit circiter passuum + quadringentōrum et ad extrēmas fossas castella cōnstituit + ibique tormenta conlocāvit, ne hostes ab lateribus pūgnantes + suos circumvenīre possent. Hōc facto duābus + legiōnibus quās proxime cōnscrīpserat in castris relīctis, 15 + reliquas sex legiōnes pro castris in acie cōnstituit. Hostes + item suas cōpias ex castris ēductas īnstrūxerant. + + +eximius+: _excellens_, _ēgregius_. + +opīnio+, _fāma_. + +supersedeo+, _abstineo_. + +perīclitor+: _tento_, _experior_. + +idōneus+: _aptus_, _commodus_. + +dēiectus+, _dēclīvitas_. + +fastīgātus+, _adclīvis_. + +conloco+, _pōno_. + + +_Finally the enemy make a dash to cross the Axona._ + + 9. Palus erat nōn māgna inter nostrum atque hostium + exercitum. Hanc si nostri trānsīrent hostes exspectābant. + Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendēbātur. + Ubi neutri trānseundae ēius palūdis initium + faciunt, secundiōre equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos 5 + in castra redūxit. Hostes prōtinus ex eo loco ad flūmen + Axonam contendērunt, quod esse post nostra castra + dēmōnstrātum est. Partem suārum cōpiārum trādūcere + cōnāti sunt, ut castellum cui praeerat Q. Titurius lēgātus + expūgnārent pontemque interscinderent; si minus potuissent, 10 + ut agros Rēmōrum populārentur commeātūque + nostros prohibērent. + + +initium+, _prīncipium_. + +secundus+, _prōsperus_. + +prōtinus+: _statim_, _extemplo_, _repente_, _subito_. + +contendo+, _mātūro_, 7. + +praesum+, _praefectus sum_, 6. + +interscindo+, _abrumpo_. + +commeātus+, _cibus_, 5. + + +_A battle follows, the Belgæ are defeated and disperse._ + + 10. Caesar omnem equitātum et levis armātūrae Numidas, + funditōres sagittāriōsque pontem trādūcit atque + ad eos contendit. Ācriter in eo loco pūgnātum est. Hostes + impedītos nostri in flūmine adgressi māgnum eōrum + numerum occīdērunt. Prīmos qui trānsierant equitātu 5 + circumventos interfēcērunt. Hostes, ubi de expūgnando + oppido spem se fefellisse intellēxērunt neque nostros in + locum inīquiōrem prōgredi vīdērunt atque ipsos res frūmentāria + dēficere coepit, concilium convocāvērunt. Cōnstituērunt + optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti. 10 + Cōnstituērunt etiam ut quōrum in fīnes prīmum Rōmāni + exercitum intrōdūxissent ad eos dēfendendos undique + convenīrent. Quod eo cōnsilio fēcērunt, ut potius in suis + quam in aliēnis fīnibus dēcertārent. Ad eam sententiam + haec ratio eos dēdūxit, quod Divitiacum atque Aeduos 15 + fīnibus Bellovacōrum adpropīnquāre cōgnōverant. Hīs + persuādēri ut diūtius morārentur nōn poterat. + + +armātūra+, _arma_. + +ācriter+, _vehementer_. + +adgredior+, _adorior_. + +occīdo+, _concīdo_. + +prōgredior+: _prōcēdo_, _prōdeo_. + +cōnstituo+, _statuo_. + +revertor+, _redeo_. + +dēcerto+: _pūgno_, _dīmico_. + +sententia+, _cōnsilium_. + +moror+, _cunctor_, 7. + + +_They are pursued with awful slaughter._ + + 11. Ea re cōnstitūta, secunda vigilia māgno cum strepitu + āc tumultu castris ēgressi, nūllo certo ōrdine neque + imperio, fēcērunt ut cōnsimilis fugae profectio vidērētur. + Hāc re statim Caesar per speculātōres cōgnita īnsidias + veritus exercitum equitātumque castris continuit. Prīma 5 + lūce omnem equitātum qui novissimum āgmen morārētur + praemīsit. T. Labiēnum lēgātum cum legiōnibus tribus + subsequi iūssit. Hi novissimos adorti et multa mīlia + passuum prōsecūti māgnam multitūdinem eōrum fugientium + concīdērunt. Ii ad quos ventum erat cōnsistēbant 10 + fortiterque impetum nostrōrum sustinēbant; sed priōres, + quod abesse a perīculo vidēbantur, exaudīto clāmōre perturbātis + ōrdinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium pōnēbant. + Ita sine ūllo perīculo māgnam eōrum multitūdinem + nostri interfēcērunt sub occāsumque sōlis dēstitērunt sēque 15 + in castra, ut erat imperātum, recēpērunt. + + +cōnstituo+, _statuo_, 10. + +strepitus+: _clāmor_, _fremitus_. + +cōnsimilis+, _persimilis_. + +vereor+, _timeo_, 1. + +moror+, _cunctor_, 7. + +subsequor+: _prōsequor_, _īnsequor_. + +adorior+, _adgredior_, 10. + +concīdo+, _occīdo_, 10. + +cōnsisto+, _sto_, 6. + +sustineo+, _sustento_, 6. + + +_A forced march and attack on Noviodunum. The town surrenders._ + + 12. Postrīdie ēius diēi Caesar in fīnes Suessiōnum + exercitum dūxit et māgno itinere cōnfecto ad oppidum + Noviodūnum contendit. Id ex itinere oppūgnāre cōnātus, + quod vacuum ab dēfēnsōribus esse audiēbat, expūgnāre + nōn potuit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessiōnum multitūdo 5 + in oppidum proxima nocte convēnit. Celeriter vīneis + ad oppidum āctis, aggere iacto turribusque cōnstitūtis, + māgnitūdine operum et celeritāte Rōmānōrum permōti + sunt Suessiōnes. Itaque lēgātos ad Caesarem de dēditiōne + mittunt et petentibus Rēmis ut cōnservārentur impetrant. 10 + petrant. + + +cōnficio+, _perficio_. + +contendo+, _propero_. + +vacuus+: _carens_, _nūdus_. + +interim+, _interea_. + +ago+: _pello_, _dūco_, _traho_. + +permoveo+, _commoveo_. + +dēditio+, _trāditio_. + +impetro+, _cōnsequor_. + + +_The Bellovaci also submit at Cæsar’s approach._ + + 13. Caesar obsidibus acceptis armīsque omnibus ex + oppido trāditis in dēditiōnem Suessiōnes accēpit exercitumque + in Bellovacos dūxit. Qui cum se suaque omnia + in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo + oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter mīlia passuum quīnque 5 + abesset, omnes māiōres nātu ex oppido ēgressi manus + ad Caesarem tendere et vōce sīgnificāre coepērunt sēse in + ēius fidem āc potestātem venīre. Item, cum ad oppidum + accessisset, pueri mulierēsque ex mūro passis manibus + suo mōre pācem ab Rōmānis petiērunt. 10 + + +trādo+: _do_, _dēdo_. + +me cōnfero+: _me recipio_, _eo_. + +ēgredior+, _exeo_. + +coepi+, _incēpi_. + +pueri+, _līberi_. + +pando+, _tendo_. + +mōs+, _cōnsuētūdo_. + +peto+, _ōro_. + + +_Divitiacus pleads earnestly for the Bellovaci._ + + 14. Pro hīs Divitiacus facit verba: “Bellovaci omni + tempore in fide atque amīcitia cīvitātis Aeduae fuērunt: + impulsi a suis prīncipibus, qui dīcēbant Aeduos omnes + indīgnitātes contumēliāsque perferre, ab Aeduis dēfēcērunt + et populo Rōmāno bellum intulērunt. Ii qui ēius 5 + cōnsili prīncipes fuērunt in Britanniam profūgērunt. + Petunt nōn sōlum Bellovaci sed etiam pro hīs Aedui ut + tua clēmentia āc mānsuētūdine in eos ūtāris. Quod si + fēceris, Aeduōrum auctōritātem apud omnes Belgas amplificābis, + quōrum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella 10 + incidunt, sustentāre cōnsuērunt.” + + +impello+: _incito_, _indūco_. + +contumēlia+, _iniūria_. + +dēficio+: _dēsero_. + +mānsuētūdo+, _lēnitas_. + +auctōritas+, _grātia_. + +amplifico+, _augeo_. + +sustento+, _sustineo_, 6. + +cōnsuēsco+, _soleo_. + + +_The temperance, courage, and patriotism of the Nervii._ + + 15. Caesar honōris Divitiaci atque Aeduōrum causa + sēse eos in fidem receptūrum et cōnservātūrum dīxit; + quod erat cīvitas māgna inter Belgas auctōritāte, sexcentos + obsides poposcit. Hīs trāditis omnibusque armis + ex oppido conlātis, ab eo loco in fīnes Ambiānōrum pervēnit. 5 + Eōrum fīnes Nervii attingēbant; quōrum de + nātūra mōribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sīc reperiēbat: + Nūllus aditus erat ad eos mercātōribus; nihil patiēbantur + vīni reliquārumque rērum īnferri, quod iis rēbus + relanguēscere animos et remitti virtūtem exīstimābant: 10 + erant homines feri māgnaeque virtūtis; increpitābant + atque incūsābant reliquos Belgas, qui se populo Rōmāno + dēdidissent. + + +auctōritas+, _grātia_, 14. + +posco+, _impero_. + +cōnfero+, _cōgo_, 2. + +attingo+, _contingo_. + +aditus+, _accessus_. + +patior+, _sino_. + +relanguēsco+, _effēminor_. + +remitto+, _minuo_. + +incūso+, _accūso_. + +dēdo+, _permitto_. + + +_Encamped on the Sabis the Nervii await the coming of Cæsar._ + + 16. Cum per eōrum fīnes trīduum iter fēcisset, inveniēbat + ex captīvis Sabim flūmen ab castris suis nōn + amplius mīlia passuum x abesse. Trāns id flūmen omnes + Nervii cōnsēderant adventumque ibi Rōmānōrum exspectābant. + Exspectābantur etiam ab hīs Aduātucōrum cōpiae 5 + atque erant in itinere. Mulieres quīque per aetātem ad + pūgnam inūtiles vidērentur in eum locum coniēcerant, + quo propter palūdes exercitui aditus nōn esset. + + +cōnsīdo+, _me colloco_, 4. + +cōnicio+, _dēpōno_. + +aditus+, 15. + + +_They plan to attack Cæsar’s advance guard._ + + 17. Hīs rēbus cōgnitis explōrātōres centuriōnēsque + praemittit qui locum idōneum castris dēligant. Cum ex + dēditīciis Belgis reliquīsque Gallis complūres Caesarem + secūti ūna iter facerent, quīdam ex hīs nocte ad Nervios + pervēnērunt. Hīs dēmōnstrārunt inter singulas legiōnes 5 + impedīmentōrum māgnum numerum intercēdere, neque + esse quicquam negōti, cum prīma legio in castra vēnisset, + hanc sub sarcinis adorīri; qua pulsa futūrum ut reliquae + legiōnes contra cōnsistere nōn audērent. Nervii autem + antīquitus, quo facilius fīnitimōrum equitātum impedīrent, 10 + teneris arboribus incīsis atque īnflexis, crēbrīsque + in lātitūdinem rāmis ēnātis, et rubis sentibusque interiectis, + effēcerant ut īnstar mūri hae saepes mūnīmenta + praebērent, quo nōn modo nōn intrāri sed ne perspici + quidem posset. Hīs rēbus cum iter āgminis nostri impedīrētur, 15 + nōn omittendum sibi cōnsilium Nervii exīstimāvērunt. + + +idōneus+: _aptus_, _commodus_, 8. + +dēligo+, _ēligo_. + +intercēdo+, _intervenio_. + +sarcinae+: _impedīmenta_, _onera_. + +adorior+, _adgredior_, 11. + +cōnsisto+, _sto_, 6. + +incīdo+, _accīdo_. + +īnstar+: _fōrma_, _similitūdo_. + +omitto+, _neglego_. + +exīstimo+, _puto_. + + +_The Roman camping-ground and the position of the enemy._ + + 18. Loci nātūra erat haec, quem locum nostri castris + dēlēgerant. Collis ab summo acquāliter dēclīvis ad flūmen + Sabim, quod supra nōmināvimus, vergēbat. Ab eo flūmine + pari adclīvitāte collis nāscēbātur, ab superiōre parte + silvestris ut nōn facile intrōrsus perspici posset. Intra 5 + eas silvas hostes in occulto sēse continēbant; in aperto + loco secundum flūmen paucae statiōnes equitum vidēbantur. + Flūminis erat altitūdo pedum circiter trium. + + +summum+, _culmen_. + +dēclīvis+, _prōclīvis_. + +vergo+, _pertineo_. + +nāscor+, _orior_, 4. + +intrōrsus+, _intra_. + +in occulto+, _abditus_. + +statio+, _custōdia_. + +circiter+, _ad_. + + +_The plan of attack is skilfully carried out by the Nervii._ + + 19. Caesar equitātu praemīsso subsequēbātur omnibus + cōpiis. Sed quod ad hostes adpropīnquābat, cōnsuētūdine + sua sex legiōnes expedītas dūcēbat; post eas + tōtīus exercitus impedīmenta conlocārat; inde duae legiōnes, + quae proxime cōnscrīptae erant, tōtum āgmen claudēbant 5 + praesidiōque impedīmentis erant. Equites nostri, + cum funditōribus sagittāriīsque flūmen trānsgressi, cum + hostium equitātu proelium commīsērunt. Illi se identidem + in silvas ad suos recipiēbant āc rūrsus ex silva in + nostros impetum faciēbant. Interim legiōnes sex, quae 10 + prīmae vēnerant, opere dīmēnso castra mūnīre coepērunt. + Ubi prīma impedīmenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in + silvis abditi latēbant vīsa sunt, subito omnibus cōpiis + prōvolāvērunt impetumque in nostros equites fēcērunt. + Hīs facile pulsis āc prōturbātis, incrēdibili celeritāte ad 15 + flūmen dēcucurrērunt, ut paene ūno tempore ad silvas et + in flūmine et iam in manibus nostris hostes vidērentur. + Eādem autem celeritāte adverso colle ad nostra castra + atque eos qui in opere occupāti erant contendērunt. + + +subsequor+, _prōsequor_, 11. + +conloco+, _pōno_, 8. + +trānsgredior+, _trānseo_. + +identidem+, _iterum atque iterum_. + +rūrsus+, _iterum_. + +interim+, _interea_, 12. + +dīmētior+, _mētior_. + +lateo+, _me cēlo_. + +prōvolo+, _prōruo_. + +prōturbo+, _fugo_. + +paene+, _fere_. + +contendo+, _propero_, 7. + + +_But the soldiers and lieutenants know what to do._ + + 20. Caesari omnia ūno tempore erant agenda: vēxillum + prōpōnendum, sīgnum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi + mīlites, acies īnstruenda, mīlites cohortandi, sīgnum dandum. + Quārum rērum māgnam partem temporis brevitas + et successus hostium impediēbat. Sed erat subsidio 5 + scientia atque ūsus mīlitum, quod superiōribus proeliis + exercitāti, nōn minus commode ipsi sibi praescrībere + quam ab aliis docēri poterant. Praeterea ab opere singulīsque + legiōnibus singulos lēgātos Caesar discēdere + vetuerat. Hi propter propīnquitātem et celeritātem 10 + hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium exspectābant, sed + per se quae vidēbantur administrābant. + + +prōpōno+, _ostendo_. + +successus+, _accessus_, 15. + +subsidium+, _auxilium_, 6. + +ūsus+, _experientia_. + +exercitātus+, _perītus_. + +commode+: _apte_, _bene_. + +praescrībo+, _praecipio_. + +veto+, _prohibeo_. + +propīnquitas+, _vīcīnitas_. + +administro+: _prōvideo_, _ago_. + + +_Fighting begins before the soldiers can arm themselves._ + + 21. Caesar necessāriis rēbus imperātis ad cohortandos + mīlites dēcucurrit et ad legiōnem decimam dēvēnit. + Mīlites nōn longiōre ōrātiōne cohortātus quam uti suae + prīstinae virtūtis memoriam retinērent neu perturbārentur + animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinērent, 5 + quod nōn longe hostes aberant, proeli committendi sīgnum + dedit. Atque in alteram partem item cohortandi + causa profectus pūgnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta + fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam parātus ad dīmicandum + animus, ut nōn modo ad īnsīgnia adcommodanda, sed 10 + etiam ad galeas induendas scūtīsque tegimenta dētrūdenda + tempus dēfuerit. Quam in partem quisque ab opere cāsu + dēvēnit quaeque prīma sīgna cōnspēxit, ad haec cōnstitit, + ne in quaerendis suis pūgnandi tempus dīmitteret. + + +dēvenio+, _pervenio_. + +prīstinus+: _vetus_, _antīquus_. + +perturbo+, _commoveo_, 12. + +sustineo+, _sustento_, 6. + +occurro+, _incĭdo_. + +exiguitas+, _brevitas_. + +adcommodo+, _apto_. + +induo+, _indūco_. + +dētrūdo+, _dētraho_. + +cāsu+, _fōrte_. + +cōnspicio+, _cōnspicor_. + +dīmitto+, _āmitto_. + + +_All is confusion in the battle; the commander can do little._ + + 22. Īnstrūcto exercitu magis ut loci nātūra dēiectusque + collis et necessitas temporis quam ut rei mīlitāris + ratio atque ōrdo postulābat, fīēbat ut aliae legiōnes alia + in parte hostibus resisterent; saepibus autem dēnsissimis, + ut ante dēmōnstrāvimus, interiectis prōspectus impediēbātur, 5 + ut neque certa subsidia conlocāri, neque ab ūno + omnia imperia administrāri possent. Itaque in tanta + rērum inīquitāte, fōrtūnae quoque ēventus varii sequēbantur. + + +dēiectus+, _dēclīvitas_, 8. + +ratio+, _scientia_. + +intericio+, _interpōno_. + +administro+, _ago_, 20. + +inīquitas+, _varietas_. + +ēventus+, _cāsus_. + + +_The battle seems to be going against Cæsar._ + + 23. Legiōnis nōnae et decimae mīlites, ut in sinistra + parte acie cōnstiterant, Atrebates cursu āc lassitūdine + exanimātos vulneribusque cōnfectos celeriter ex loco + superiōre in flūmen compulērunt. Tum eos trānsīre + cōnantes īnsecūti, gladiis māgnam partem eōrum 5 + interfēcērunt. Ipsi trānsīre flūmen nōn dubitāvērunt et in + locum inīquum prōgressi, hostes redintegrāto proelio in + fugam cōniēcērunt. Item alia in parte dīversae duae + legiōnes, ūndecima et octāva, ex loco superiōre in ipsis + flūminis rīpis proeliābantur. At tōtis fere a frōnte et 10 + ab sinistra parte nūdātis castris, omnes Nervii cōnfertissimo + āgmine, duce Boduōgnāto, qui summam imperi + tenēbat, ad eum locum contendērunt; quōrum pars aperto + latere legiōnes circumvenīre, pars summum castrōrum + locum petere coepit. 15 + + +lassitūdo+, _dēfatīgātio_. + +cōnfectus+, _dēfessus_. + +compello+, _ago_. + +redintegro+, _renovo_. + +cōnfertus+, _dēnsus_. + +summa+, _cūra_, 4. + +contendo+, _propero_, 12. + +peto+, _accurro_. + + +_It is beginning to look very dark for the Romans._ + + 24. Eōdem tempore equites nostri levisque armātūrae + pedites, qui cum iis ūna fuerant, cum se in castra reciperent, + hostibus occurrēbant āc rūrsus aliam in partem + fugam petēbant; et cālōnes, praedandi causa ēgressi, + cum respēxissent et hostes in nostris castris versāri 5 + vīdissent, praecipites fugae sēse mandābant. Simul + eōrum qui cum impedīmentis veniēbant clāmor fremitusque + oriēbātur, aliīque aliam in partem perterriti ferēbantur. + Quibus omnibus rēbus permōti sunt equites + Trēveri, qui auxili causa ab cīvitāte ad Caesarem mīssi 10 + vēnerant. Ergo cum multitūdine hostium castra complēri, + legiōnes premi et paene circumventas tenēri, cālōnes, + equites, funditōres in omnes partes fugere vīdissent, + dēspērātis nostris rēbus, domum contendērunt atque Rōmānos + pulsos superātōsque cīvitāti renūntiāvērunt. 15 + + +armātūra+, _arma_, 10. + +me recipio+, _me cōnfero_, 13. + +occurro+, _incĭdo_, 21. + +ēgredior+, _exeo_, 13. + +versor+, _sum occupātus_, 1. + +mando+, _commendo_. + +fremitus+, _strepitus_, 11. + +orior+, _nāscor_, 4. + +premo+, _urgeo_. + +paene+, _fere_, 19. + +pello+: _fugo_, _prōturbo_, 19. + +supero+, _vinco_. + + +_Will Cæsar’s coolness and courage save his army?_ + + 25. Caesar ab decimae legiōnis cohortātiōne ad dextrum + cornu profectus suos urgēri et duodecimae legiōnis + cōnfertos mīlites sibi ipsos ad pūgnam esse impedīmento + vīdit. Quartae cohortis omnes centuriōnes occīsi sunt + et, sīgnifero interfecto, sīgnum est āmīssum. Reliquārum 5 + cohortium omnes fere centuriōnes aut vulnerāti aut + occīsi sunt, in hīs prīmipīlus P. Sextius Baculus, fortissimus + vir, multis gravibusque vulneribus cōnfectus ut iam + se sustinēre nōn posset. Hīs rēbus reliquos esse tardiōres + vīdit Caesar et nōnnullos dēserto proelio excēdere āc tēla 10 + vītāre; hostes autem neque a fronte ex īnferiōre loco + subeuntes intermittere et ab utrōque latere īnstāare, et + rem esse in angusto, neque ūllum esse subsidium quod + submitti posset. Tum vēro scūto ūni mīliti dētracto, + quod ipse eo sine scūto vēnerat, in prīmam aciem prōcessit, 15 + centuriōnibusque nōminātim appellātis, reliquos + cohortātus mīlites sīgna īnferre et manipulos laxāre iūssit, + quo facilius gladiis ūti possent. Cūius adventu spe inlāta + mīlitibus āc redintegrāto animo paulum hostium impetus + tardātus est. 20 + + +urgeo+, _premo_, 24. + +cōnfertus+, _dēnsus_, 23. + +sīgnifer+, _aquilifer_. + +āmitto+, _dīmitto_, 21. + +fere+, _paene_, 19. + +cōnfectus+, _dēfessus_, 23. + +excēdo+, _exeo_. + +subeo+, _succēdo_. + +intermitto+: _dēsino_, _dēsisto_. + +īnsto+: _urgeo_, _premo_, 24. + +dētraho+, _rapio_. + +laxo+, _aperio_. + +īnfero+ (2): _do_, _adfero_. + +redintegro+, _renovo_, 23. + + +_A shifting scene. Pull Romans, pull Nervii!_ + + 26. Caesar cum septimam legiōnem, quae iūxta cōnstiterat, + item urgēri ab hoste vīdisset, tribūnos mīlitum + monuit ut paulātim sēse legiōnes coniungerent. Quo + facto, cum alius alii subsidium ferret, audācius resistere + āc fortius pūgnāre coepērunt. Interim mīlites legiōnum 5 + duārum, quae in novissimo āgmine praesidio impedīmentis + fuerant, proelio nūntiāto cursu incitāto in summo colle + ab hostibus cōnspiciēbantur; et T. Labiēnus castris hostium + potītus decimam legiōnem subsidio nostris mīsit. + Qui cum quo in loco res esset, quantōque in perīculo castra 10 + et legiōnes et imperātor versārētur, cōgnōvissent, + nihil ad celeritātem sibi reliqui fēcērunt. + + +iūxta+, _prope_. + +cōnsisto+, 6. + +urgeo+, 25. + +paulātim+, _gradātim_. + +interim+, _interea_, 12. + +cōnspicio+, _video_. + +potior+, _occupo_, 7. + +versor+, _sum_, 1. + +cōgnōsco+, _reperio_, 4. + + +_In the fierce wrestle the brave Nervii go under._ + + 27. Hōrum adventu tanta rērum commūtātio est facta + ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus cōnfecti prōcubuissent, + proelium redintegrārent; equites vēro, ut turpitūdinem + fugae virtūte dēlērent, omnibus in locis pūgnae se legiōnāriis + mīlitibus praeferrent. At hostes etiam in extrēma 5 + spe salūtis māximam virtūtem praestitērunt; nam cum + prīmi eōrum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus comitibus + īnsistēbant atque ex eōrum corporibus pūgnābant; hīs + dēiectis et coacervātis cadāveribus, cēteri ut ex tumulo + tēla in nostros cōniciēbant et pīla intercepta remittēbant: 10 + ut iūdicāri dēbēret nōn nēquīquam tantae virtūtis homines + ausos esse trānsīre lātissimum flūmen, ascendere altissimas + rīpas, subīre inīquissimum locum; quae facilia ex + difficillimis animi māgnitūdo redēgerat. + + +prōcumbo+, _prōcido_. + +turpitūdo+: _īgnōminia_, _īnfāmia_. + +dēleo+, _exstinguo_. + +extrēmus+, _ultimus_. + +praesto+: _praebeo_, _ostento_. + +iaceo+, _prōcumbo_. + +coacervo+: _congero_, _cōgo_. + +cadāver+, _corpus_. + +nēquīquam+, _frūstra_. + +redigo+, _facio_. + + +_Why slay the poor remnant? Let them live._ + + 28. Hōc proelio facto et prope ad interneciōnem gente + āc nōmine Nerviōrum redācto, māiōres nātu, quōs ūna + cum pueris mulieribusque in palūdes cōniectos dīxerāmus, + cōnsēnsu omnium qui supererant lēgātos ad Caesarem + mīsērunt sēque ei dēdidērunt. Postea in commemoranda 5 + cīvitātis calamitāte, ex sexcentis ad tres senātōres, ex + hominum mīlibus LX vix ad quīngentos qui arma ferre + possent, sēse redāctos esse dīxērunt. Quōs Caesar ut in + miseros āc supplices ūsus misericordia vidērētur, 10 + dīligentissime cōnservāvit suīsque fīnibus atque oppidis ūti + iūssit et fīnitimis imperāvit ut ab iniūria et maleficio se + suōsque prohibērent. + + +prope+, _paene_, 19. + +internecio+, _interitus_. + +redigo+, _redūco_. + +puerī+, _līberi_, 13. + +cōnicio+, _dēpōno_, 16. + +dēdo+, _permitto_, 15. + +commemoro+, _nārro_. + +fīnitimus+, _vīcīnus_, 2. + + +_The Aduatuci prepare to make a desperate resistance._ + + 29. Aduātuci, qui cum omnibus cōpiis auxilio Nerviis + veniēbant, hāc pūgna nūntiāta ex itinere domum revertērunt; + cūnctis oppidis castellīsque dēsertis sua omnia in + ūnum oppidum ēgregie nātūra mūnītum contulērunt. + Quod ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rūpes 5 + dēspectūsque habēbat, sed ūna ex parte lēniter adclīvis + aditus relinquēbātur; quem locum duplici altissimo mūro + mūnierant; tum māgni ponderis saxa et praeacūtas trabes + in mūro conlocābant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teutonīsque + prōgnāti, qui, cum iter in prōvinciam nostram atque 10 + Ītaliam facerent, custōdiam ex suis āc praesidium sex + mīlia hominum relīquērunt. Hi post eōrum obitum + multos annos a fīnitimis exagitāti, cōnsēnsu eōrum omnium + hunc sibi domicilio locum dēlēgērunt. + + +revertor+, _redeo_, 10. + +cūnctus+, _omnis_. + +ēgregie+: _optime_, _eximie_, 8. + +dēspectus+, _prōspectus_. + +lēniter+, _paulātim_. + +aditus+, _accessus_, 15. + +conloco+, _pōno_, 8. + +prōgnātus+, _ortus_, 4. + +obitus+, _interitus_, 28. + +dēligo+, _ēligo_, 17. + + +_From their walls they taunt the Romans._ + + 30. Āc prīmo adventu exercitus nostri crēbras ex + oppido excursiōnes faciēbant parvulīsque proeliis cum + nostris contendēbant; postea vāllo pedum XII in circuitu + XV mīlium crēbrīsque castellis circummūnīti oppido sēse + continēbant. Ubi vīneis āctis aggere exstrūcto turrim 5 + procul cōnstitui vīdērunt, prīmum inrīdēre ex mūro atque + increpitāre vōcibus coepērunt, quod tanta māchinātio ab + tanto spatio īnstruerētur: quibusnam manibus aut quibus + vīribus praesertim homines tantulae statūrae turrim + tanti oneris in mūro sēse conlocāre cōnfīderent? 10 + + +adventus+, _accessus_, 15. + +crēber+, _frequens_, 1. + +excursio+, _ēruptio_. + +cōnstituo+, _pōno_. + +inrīdeo+, _dērīdeo_. + +increpito+, _maledīco_. + +tantulus+, _parvulus_. + +onus+, _pondus_. + + +_But soon they lose confidence and offer to surrender._ + + 31. Ubi vēro turrim movēri et adpropīnquāre moenibus + vīdērunt, nova atque inūsitāta specie commōti lēgātos + ad Caesarem de pāce mīsērunt, qui ad hunc modum locūti + sunt: Aduātuci nōn exīstimant Rōmānos sine ope dīvīna + bellum gerere, qui tantae altitūdinis māchinātiōnes tanta 5 + celeritāte prōmovēre possint; itaque se suaque omnia + eōrum potestāti permittunt. Ūnum petunt: si fōrte + Caesar pro sua clēmentia āc mānsuētūdine statuerit + Aduātucos esse cōnservandos, ne eos armis dēspoliet. + Omnes fere fīnitimi sunt inimīci āc eōrum virtūti invident, 10 + a quibus se dēfendere trāditis armis nōn poterunt. Sibi + praestet, si in eum cāsum dēdūcantur, quamvis fōrtūnam + a populo Rōmāno pati, quam ab inimīcis per cruciātum + interfici. + + +novus+, _mīrus_. + +inūsitātus+: _īnsolitus_, _novus_. + +species+, _facies_. + +modus+, _ratio_. + +ops+, _auxilium_. + +permitto+, _dēdo_, 15. + +peto+, _ōro_, 13. + +mānsuētūdo+, _lēnitas_, 14. + +statuo+, _cōnstituo_, 10. + +fere+, _paene_, 25. + +cāsus+, _fātum_, 22. + +dēdūco+, _redigo_, 28. + + +_They must disarm, but are promised protection._ + + 32. Ad haec Caesar respondit: “Magis cōnsuētūdine + mea quam merito vestro cīvitātem cōnservābo, si prius + quam mūrum aries attigerit, vos dēdideritis: sed dēditiōnis + nūlla est condicio nisi armis trāditis. Id quod in + Nerviis fēci faciam fīnitimīsque imperābo ne quam iniūriam 5 + dēditīciis populi Rōmāni īnferant.” Re nūntiāta + ad suos, quae imperārentur facere dīxērunt. Armōrum + tanta multitūdo de mūro in fossam quae erat ante oppidum + iacta est, ut prope summam mūri aggerisque altitūdinem + acervi eōrum adaequārent, et tamen circiter pars 10 + tertia, ut postea perspectum est, cēlāta atque in oppido + retenta est. Deinde portis patefactis eo die pāce sunt + ūsi oppidāni. + + +prius quam+, _ante quam_. + +dēditio+, _trāditio_, 12. + +fīnitimus+, _vīcīnus_, 2. + +īnfero+: _fero_, _facio_. + +prope+, _paene_, 28. + +circiter+, _ad_, 19. + +perspicio+, _intellego_. + +patefacio+, _aperio_. + + +_A brave dash for freedom, but a terrible fate._ + + 33. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi mīlitēsque ex + oppido exīre iūssit. Oppidāni cōnsilio ante inito, ut + intellēctum est, quod dēditiōne facta nostros praesidia + dēductūros aut dēnique indīligentius servātūros crēdiderant, + tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras mūnītiōnes 5 + ascēnsus vidēbātur, omnibus cōpiis repentīno ex + oppido ēruptiōnem fēcērunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar + imperārat, īgnibus sīgnificātiōne facta ex proximis castellis + eo concursum est. Ibi pūgnātum est ācriter ab + hostibus in extrēma spe salūtis inīquo loco contra eos 10 + qui ex vāllo turribusque tēla iacerent, cum in ūna virtūte + omnis spes salūtis cōnsisteret. Occīsis ad hominum + mīlibus quattuor reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. Postrīdie + ēius diēi refrāctis portis, cum iam dēfenderet nēmo, + atque intrōmīssis mīlitibus nostris sectiōnem ēius oppidi 15 + ūniversam Caesar vendidit. Ab iis qui ēmerant capitum + numerus ad eum relātus est mīlium quīnquāginta trium. + + +intellego+, _perspicio_, 32. + +dēnique+, _saltem_. + +indīligenter+, _neglegenter_. + +arduus+, _difficilis_. + +repentīnus+, _subitus_. + +ēruptio+, _excursio_, 30. + +sīgnificātio+, _sīgnum_. + +inīquus+, _incommodus_. + +ūniversus+, _tōtus_. + +refero+, _renūntio_. + + +_All the maritime nations submit to the Romans._ + + 34. Eōdem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legiōne + ūna mīserat ad Venetos, Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas, + Esuvios, Aulercos, Rēdones, quae sunt maritimae cīvitātes + Ōceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas + cīvitātes in diciōnem potestātemque populi Rōmāni esse 5 + redāctas. + + +attingo+, _tango_. + +dicio+, _imperium_. + +redigo+, _pāco_. + + +_Gaul lies crushed and bleeding. Rome rejoices and thanks the gods._ + + 35. Hīs rēbus gestis omni Gallia pācāta, tanta hūius + belli ad barbaros opīnio perlāta est uti ab iis nātiōnibus + quae trāns Rhēnum incolerent mitterentur lēgāti ad + Caesarem, qui se obsides datūras, imperāta factūras pollicērentur. + Quās lēgātiōnes Caesar, quod in Ītaliam Illyricumque 5 + properābat, inita proxima aestāte ad se reverti + iūssit. Ipse in Carnūtes, Andes Turonēsque, quae cīvitātes + propīnquae hīs locis erant ubi bellum gesserat, + legiōnibus in hībernācula dēductis, in Ītaliam profectus + est. Ob eāsque res ex litteris Caesaris dies quīndecim 10 + supplicātio dēcrēta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nūlli. + + +pāco+, _redigo_, 34. + +opīnio+, _fāma_, 8. + +propero+, _mātūro_, 5. + +ineo+, _incipio_. + +propīnquus+: _vīcīnus_, _fīnitimus_, 2. + +accido+, _contingo_. + + + + +C. IULI CAESARIS + +DE BELLO GALLICO + + +_LIBER SECUNDUS._ + +B.C. 57; A.U.C. 697. + +THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED. + + +1. Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia in hibernis, ita uti supra +demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur, litterisque item +Labieni certior fiebat omnes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae partem +dixeramus, contra populum Romanum coniurare obsidesque inter se dare. +Coniurandi has esse causas: primum quod vererentur ne omni pacata Gallia +ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur; deinde quod ab nonnullis Gallis +sollicitarentur,--partim qui, ut Germanos diutius in Gallia versari +noluerant, ita populi Romani exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in +Gallia moleste ferebant; partim qui mobilitate et levitate animi novis +imperiis studebant; ab nonnullis etiam, quod in Gallia a potentioribus +atque iis qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant, vulgo regna +occupabantur, qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro consequi poterant. +[p. 23 l. 1-16] + +2. His nuntiis litterisque commotus Caesar duas legiones in citeriore +Gallia novas conscripsit, et inita aestate in interiorem Galliam qui +deduceret Q. Pedium legatum misit. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse +inciperet, ad exercitum venit. Dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque +Gallis, qui finitimi Belgis erant, uti ea quae apud eos gerantur +cognoscant seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. Hi constanter omnes +nuntiaverunt manus cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Tum vero +dubitandum non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur. Re frumentaria +comparata castra movet diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines Belgarum +pervenit. [p. 23 l. 17-20, p. 24 l. 1-8] + +3. Eo cum de improviso celeriusque omni opinione venisset, Remi, qui +proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legatos Iccium et Andocumborium +primos civitatis miserunt qui dicerent: ‘Se suaque omnia in fidem atque +in potestatem populi Romani permittere, neque se cum Belgis reliquis +consensisse neque contra populum Romanum coniurasse, paratosque esse et +obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis recipere et frumento +ceterisque rebus iuvare; reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, +Germanosque qui cis Rhenum incolant sese cum his coniunxisse, tantumque +esse eorum omnium furorem ut ne Suessiones quidem, fratres +consanguineosque suos, qui eodem iure et isdem legibus utantur, unum +imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint quin +cum his consentirent.’ [p. 24 l. 9-23] + +4. Cum ab his quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in armis essent et +quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat: plerosque Belgas esse ortos ab +Germanis Rhenumque antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi +consedisse Gallosque qui ea loca incolerent expulisse, solosque esse qui +patrum nostrorum memoria, omni Gallia vexata, Teutonos Cimbrosque intra +fines suos ingredi prohibuerint; qua ex re fieri uti earum rerum memoria +magnam sibi auctoritatem magnosque spiritus in re militari sumerent. De +numero eorum omni se habere explorata Remi dicebant, proptera quod +propinquitatibus adfinitatibusque coniuncti, quantam quisque +multitudinem in communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus sit +cognoverint. Plurimuni inter eos Bellovacos et virtute et auctoritate et +hominum numero valere: hos posse conficere armata milia centum, +pollicitos ex eo numero electa sexaginta, totiusque belli imperium sibi +postulare. Suessiones suos esse finitimos: latissimos feracissimosque +agros possidere. Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Divitiacum, +totius Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum tum +etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit: nunc esse regem Galbam; ad hunc +propter iustitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam omnium +voluntate deferri: oppida habere numero XII, polliceri milia armata +quinquaginta; totidem Nervios, qui maxime feri inter ipsos habeantur, +longissimeque absint; quindecim milia Atrebates, Ambianos decem milia, +Moriuos XXV milia, Menapios VII milia; Caletos X milia; Velocasses et +Veromanduos totidem; Aduatucos decem et novem milia; Condrusos, +Eburones, Caeroesos, Paemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, +arbitrari ad XL milia. [p. 24 l. 24-32, p. 25 l. 1-23] + +5. Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus omnem +senatum ad se convenire principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci +iussit. Quae omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divitiacum +Aeduum magno opere cohortatus docet quanto opere rei publicae +communisque salutis intersit man us hostium distineri, ne cum tanta +multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit. Id fieri posse, si suas copias +Aedui in fines Bellovacorum introduxeriut et eorum agros populari +coeperint. His mandatis eum ab se dimittit. Postquam omnes Belgarum +copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire vidit neque iam longe abesse +ab iis quos miserat exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, +quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum traducere maturavit +atque ibi castra posuit. Quae res et latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis +muniebat et post eum quae essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat, et commeatus +ab Remis reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari posset +efficiebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera +parte fluminis Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit. +Castra in altitudinem pedum XII vallo fossaque duodeviginti pedum munire +iubet. [p. 25 l. 24-32, p. 26 l. 1-14] + +6. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum +octo. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo +die sustentatum est. Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. +Ubi circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus undique in murum +lapides iaci coepti sunt, murusque defensoribus nudatus est, testudine +facta portas succedunt murumque subruunt. Quod tum facile fiebat. Nam +cum tanta multitudo lapides ac tela conicerent, in muro consistendi +potestas erat nulli. Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, Iccius Remus, +summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos, qui tum oppido praefuerat, unus +ex iis qui legati de pace ad Caesarem venerant, nuntium ad eum mittit: +nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse. +[p. 26 l. 15-29] + +7. Eo de media nocte Caesar isdem ducibus usus qui nuntii ab Iccio +venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et funditores Baleares subsidio +oppidanis mittit; quorum adventu et Remis cum spe defensionis studium +propugnandi accessit, et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi oppidi +discessit. Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum +depopulati, omnibus vicis aedificiisque quos adire potuerant incensis, +ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt et ab milibus passuum +minus duobus castra posuerunt; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus +significabatur, amplius milibus passuum octo in latitudinem patebant. +[p. 26 l. 30-32, p. 27 l. 1-9] + +8. Caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et propter eximiam +opinionem virtutis proelio supersedere statuit; cotidie tamen +equestribus proeliis quid hostis virtute posset et quid nostri auderent +periclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro +castris ad aciem instruendam natura opportuno atque idoneo--quod is +collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex planitie editus tantum +adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies instructa occupare +poterat, atque ex utraque parte lateris deiectus habebat et in frontem +leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat--ab utroque latere eius +collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum quadringentorum et ad +extremas fossas castella constituit ibique tormenta conlocavit, ne, cum +aciem instruxisset, hostes, quod tantum multitudine poterant, ab +lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent. Hoc facto duabus +legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in castris relictis, ut, si quo +opus esset, subsidio duci possent, reliquas sex legiones pro castris in +acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas +instruxerant. [p. 27 l. 10-30] + +9. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum. Hanc si +nostri transirent hostes exspectabant; nostri autem, si ab illis initium +transeundi fieret, ut impeditos adgrederentur, parati in armis erant. +Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. Ubi neutri +transeundi initium faciunt, secundiore equitum proelio nostris Caesar +suos in castra reduxit. Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam +contenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. Ibi vadis +repertis partem suarum copiarum traducere conati sunt eo consilio, ut, +si possent, castellum cui praeerat Q. Titurius legatus expugnarent +pontemque interscinderent; si minus potuissent, agros Remorum +popularentur, qui magno nobis usui ad bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque +nostros prohiberent. [p. 27 l. 31-32, p. 28 l. 1-13] + +10. Caesar certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et levis armaturae +Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque ad eos +contendit. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. Hostes impeditos nostri in +flumine adgressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt: per eorum corpora +reliquos audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum reppulerunt; +primos qui transierant equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. Hostes, ubi +et de expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo spem se fefellisse +intellexerunt neque nostros in locum iniquiorem progredi pugnandi causa +viderunt, atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio +convocato constituerunt optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti, et, +quorum in fines primum Romani exercitum introduxissent, ad eos +defendendos undique convenirent, ut potius in suis quam in alienis +finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rei frumentariae uterentur. Ad +eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod +Divitiacum atque Aeduos finibus Bellovacorum adpropinquare cognoverant. +His persuaderi ut diutis morarentur neque suis auxilium ferrent non +poterat. [p. 28 l. 14-32, p. 29 l. 1-2] + +11. Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum strepitu ac tumultu +castris egressi, nullo certo ordine neque imperio, cum sibi quisque +primum itineris locum peteret et domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt +ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. Hac re statim Caesar per +speculatores cognita insidias veritus, quod qua de causa discederent +nondum perspexerat, exercitum equitatumque castris continuit. Prima luce +confirmata re ab exploratoribus omnem equitatum qui novissimum agmen +moraretur praemisit. His Q. Pedium et L. Aurunculeium Cottam legatos +praefecit; T. Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. Hi +novissimos adorti et multa milia passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem +eorum fugientium conciderunt, cum ab extremo agmine ad quos ventum erat +consisterent fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum sustinerent; priores, +quod abesse a periculo viderentur neque ulla necessitate neque imperio +continerentur, exaudito clamore perturbatis ordinibus omnes in fuga sibi +praesidium ponerent. Ita sine ullo periculo tantam eorum multitudinem +nostri interfecerunt quantum fuit diei spatium, sub occasumque solis +destiterunt, seque in castra, ut erat imperatum, receperunt. [p. 29 +l. 3-25] + +12. Postridie eius diei Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga +reciperent, in fines Suessionum, qui proximi Remis erant, exercitum +duxit et magno itinere confecto ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Id ex +itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat, +propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem paucis defendentibus +expugnare non potuit. Castris munitis vineas agere quaeque ad +oppugnandum usui erant comparare coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga +Suessionum multitudo in oppidum proxima nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis +ad oppidum actis, aggere iacto turribusque constitutis, magnitudine +operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli neque audierant, et celeritate +Romanorum permoti, legatos ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt et +petentibus Remis ut conservarentur impetrant. [p. 29 l. 26-32, p. 30 +l. 1-8] + +13. Caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis +duobus filiis, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem +Suessiones accepit exercitumque in Bellovacos ducit. Qui cum se suaque +omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar +cum exercitu circiter milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes maiores natu +ex oppido egressi manus ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare +coeperunt sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque contra populum +Romanum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset castraque ibi +poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro passis manibus suo more pacem ab +Romanis petierunt. [p. 30 l. 9-20] + +14. Pro his Divitiacus--nam post discessum Belgarum dimissis Aeduorum +copiis ad eum reverterat--facit verba: Bellovacos omni tempore in fide +atque amicitia civitatis Aeduae fuisse: impulsos a suis principibus, +qui dicerent Aeduos ab Caesare in servitutem redactos omnes indignitates +contumeliasque perferre, et ab Aeduis defecisse et populo Romano bellum +intulisse. Qui eius consili principes fuissent, quod intellegerent +quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. +Petere non solum Bellovacos sed etiam pro his Aeduos ut sua clementia ac +mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod si fecerit, Aeduorum auctoritatem apud +omnes Belgas amplificaturum, quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella +inciderint, sustentare consuerint. [p. 30 l. 21-32, p. 31 l. 1-2] + +15. Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque Aeduorum causa sese eos in fidem +recepturum et conservaturum dixit; quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas +auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat, sexcentos obsides +poposcit. His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido conlatis, ab eo loco +in fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. +Eorum fines Nervii attingebant; quorum de natura moribusque Caesar cum +quaereret, sic reperiebat: Nullum aditum esse ad eos mercatoribus; nihil +pati vini reliquarumque rerum inferri, quod iis rebus relanguescere +animos eorum et remitti virtutem existimarent: esse homines feros +magnaeque virtutis; increpitare atque incusare reliquos Belgas qui se +populo Romano dedidissent patriamque virtutem proiecissent; confirmare +sese neque legatos missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis accepturos. +[p. 31 l. 3-18] + +16. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis +Sabim flumen ab castris suis non amplius milia passuum X abesse: trans +id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare +una cum Atrebatis et Veromanduis finitimis suis, nam his utrisque +persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur; exspectari etiam ab +his Aduatucorum copias atque esse in itinere; mulieres quique per +aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum coniecisse, quo +propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset. [p. 31 l. 19-28] + +17. His rebus cognitis exploratores centurionesque praemittit qui locum +idoneum castris deligant. Cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis +complures Caesarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex +captivis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri +exercitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque his +demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum numerum +intercedere, neque esse quicquam negoti, cum prima legio in castra +venisset, reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent, hanc sub +sarcinis adoriri; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis futurum ut reliquae +contra consistere non auderent. Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem +deferebant, quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque +enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student, sed quicquid possunt, pedestribus +valent copiis) quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad +eos venissent, impedirent, teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis, +crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis, et rubis sentibusque +interiectis, effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimenta praeberent, +quo non modo non intrari sed ne perspici quidem posset. His rebus cum +iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii +existimaverunt. [p. 31 l. 29-32, p. 32 l. 1-20] + +18. Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri castris delegerant. Collis +ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, +vergebat. Ab eo flumine pari adclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic +et contrarius, passus circiter ducentos infimus apertus, ab superiore +parte silvestris ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. Intra eas +silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in aperto loco secundum +flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur. Fluminis erat altitudo pedum +circiter trium. [p. 32 l. 21-30] + +19. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio +ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam +quod ad hostes adpropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones +expeditas ducebat; post eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; +inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant +praesidioque impedimentis erant. Equites nostri, cum funditoribus +sagittariisque flumen transgressi, cum hostium equitatu proelium +commiserunt. Cum se illi identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent ac +rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius quam +quem ad finem porrecta loca aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi +auderent, interim legiones sex, quae primae venerant, opere dimenso +castra munire coeperunt. Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis +qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos +committendi proeli convenerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque +constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis +provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt. His facile pulsis +ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene +uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et iam in manibus nostris hostes +viderentur. Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque +eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt. [p. 32 l. 31-32, p. 33 +l. 1-23] + +20. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, quod +erat insigne cum ad arma concurri oporteret, signum tuba dandum, ab +opere revocandi milites, qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa +processerant arcessendi, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, +signum dandum. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et +successus hostium impediebat. His difficultatibus duae res erant +subsidio--scientia atque usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis +exercitati, quid fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi +praescribere quam ab aliis doceri poterant; et quod ab opere singulisque +legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris +vetuerat. Hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam +Caesaris imperium exspectabant, sed per se quae videbantur +administrabant. [p. 33 l. 24-32, p. 34 l. 1-6] + +21. Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis ad cohortandos milites quam in +partem fors obtulit decucurrit et ad legionem decimam devenit. Milites +non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis +memoriam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter +sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adici +posset, proeli committendi signum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item +cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit +exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut non modo ad +insignia adcommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta +detrudenda tempus defuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit +quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis +pugnandi tempus dimitteret. [p. 34 l. 7-22] + +22. Instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura deiectusque collis et +necessitas temporis quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, +cum diversis legionibus aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent, +saepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus +impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlocari, neque quid in quaque parte +opus esset provideri, neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant. +Itaque in tanta rerum iniquitate, fortunae quoque eventus varii +sequebantur. [p. 34 l. 23-31] + +23. Legionis nonae et decimae milites, ut in sinistra parte acie +constiterant, pilis emissis, cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos +vulneribusque confectos Atrebates--nam his ea pars obvenerat--celeriter +ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt et transire conantes insecuti +gladiis magnam partem eorum impeditam interfecerunt. Ipsi transire +flumen non dubitaverunt, et in locum iniquum progressi, rursus +resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in fugam coniecerunt. Item alia +in parte diversae duae legiones, undecima et octava, profligatis +Veromanduis, quibuscum erant congressi, ex loco superiore in ipsis +fluminis ripis proeliabantur. At totis fere a fronte et ab sinistra +parte nudatis castris, cum in dextro cornu legio duodecima et non magno +ab ea intervallo septima constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine +duce Boduognato qui summam imperi tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt; +quorum pars aperto latere legiones circumvenire, pars summum castrorum +locum petere coepit. [p. 35 l. 1-18] + +24. Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites, qui cum iis +una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra +reciperent, adversis hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem +fugam petebant; et calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis +nostros victores flumen transisse conspexerant, praedandi causa egressi, +cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris versari vidissent, +praecipites fugae sese mandabant. Simul eorum qui cum impedimentis +veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam in partem +perterriti ferebantur. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treveri, +quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxili causa ab +civitate ad Caesarem missi venerant, cum multitudine hostium castra +compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, equites, +funditores, Numidas, diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere +vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt; Romanos pulsos +superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos civitati +renuntiaverunt. [p. 35 l. 19-32, p. 36 l. 1-6] + +25. Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, +ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum conlatis duodecimae legionis +confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit--quartae +cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque interfecto, signo +amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis +aut occisis, in his primipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis +gravibusque vulneribus confecto ut iam se sustinere non posset, reliquos +esse tardiores, et nonnullos ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere ac +tela vitare, hostes neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes +intermittere et ab utroque latere instare, et rem esse in angusto vidit, +neque ullum esse subsidium quod submitti posset--scuto ab novissimis uni +militi detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem +processit centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus +milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis +uti possent. Cuius adventu spe inlata militibus ac redintegrato animo, +cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus +operam navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. [p. 36 +l. 7-28] + +26. Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta constiterat, item urgeri ab +hoste vidisset, tribunes militum monuit ut paulatim sese legiones +coniungerent et conversa signa in hostes inferrent. Quo facto, cum alius +alii subsidium ferret, neque timerent ne aversi ab hoste +circumvenirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt. +Interim milites legionum duarum, quae in novissimo agmine praesidio +impedimentis fuerant, proelio nuntiato cursu incitato in summo colle ab +hostibus conspiciebantur; et T. Labienus castris hostium potitus et ex +loco superiore quae res in nostris castris gererentur conspicatus +decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit. Qui cum ex equitum et calonum +fuga, quo in loco res esset, quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones +et imperator versaretur, cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui +fecerunt. [p. 36 l. 29-32, p. 37 l. 1-12] + +27. Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta ut nostri, etiam qui +vulneribus confecti procubuissent, scutis innixi proelium +redintegrarent; tum calones perterritos hostes conspicati etiam inermes +armatis occurrerent; equites vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute +delerent, omnibus in locis pugnae se legionariis militibus praeferrent. +At hostes etiam in extrema spe salutis tantam virtutem praestiterunt ut, +cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus insisterent atque ex +eorum corporibus pugnarent; his deiectis et coacervatis cadaveribus, qui +superessent ut ex tumulo tela in nostros conicerent et pila intercepta +remitterent: ut non nequiquam tantae virtutis homines indicari deberet +ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, +subire iniquissimum locum; quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo +redegerat. [p. 37 l. 13-28] + +28. Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine +Nerviorum redacto maiores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in +aestuaria ac paludes coniectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum +victoribus nihil impeditum, victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur, omnium qui +supererant consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque ei dediderunt; et +in commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex sexcentis ad tres senatores, ex +hominum milibus LX vix ad quingentos qui arma ferre possent sese +redactos esse dixerunt. Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices usus +misericordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit suisque finibus atque +oppidis uti iussit, et finitimis imperavit ut ab iniuria et maleficio se +suosque prohiberent. [p. 37 l. 29-32, p. 38 l. 1-9] + +29. Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio +Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum reverterunt; +cunctis oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie +natura munitum contulerunt. Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus +altissimas rapes despectusque haberet, una ex parte leniter adclivis +aditus in latitudinem non amplius ducentorum pedum relinquebatur; quem +locum duplici altissimo muro munierant, tum magni ponderis saxa et +praeacutas trabes in muro conlocabant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teutonisque +prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam facerent, +iis impedimentis, quae secum agere ac portare non poterant, citra flumen +Rhenum depositis custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex milia hominum una +reliquerunt. Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis exagitati, +cum alias bellum inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent, consensu eorum +omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt. [p. 38 l. 10-27] + +30. Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex oppido excursiones +faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum nostris contendebant; postea vallo +pedum XII in circuitu XV milium crebrisque castellis circummuniti oppido +sese continebant. Ubi vineis actis aggere exstructo turrim procul +constitui viderunt, primum inridere ex muro atque increpitare vocibus, +quod tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio instrueretur: quibusnam manibus +aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae staturae--nam plerumque +hominibus Gallis prae magnitudine corporum suorum brevitas nostra +contemptui est--tanti oneris turrim in muro sese conlocare confiderent? +[p. 38 l. 28-32, p. 39 l. 1-7] + +31. Ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare moenibus viderunt, nova atque +inusitata specie commoti legates ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad +hunc modum locuti: ‘Non existimare Romanos sine ope divina bellum +gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere +possent; se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere’ dixerunt. ‘Unum +petere ac deprecari: si forte pro sua clementia ac mansuetudine, quam +ipsi ab aliis audirent, statuisset Aduatucos esse conservandos, ne se +armis despoliaret. Sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac suae +virtuti invidere; a quibus se defendere traditis armis non possent. Sibi +praestare, si in eum casum deducerentur, quamvis fortunam a populo +Romano pati, quam ab his per cruciatum interfici, inter quos dominari +consuessent.’ [p. 39 l. 8-22] + +32. Ad haec Caesar respondit: ‘Se magis consuetudine sua quam merito +eorum civitatem conservaturum, si prius quam murum aries attigisset se +dedidissent; sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis. +Se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum finitimisque imperaturum, ne +quam dediticiis populi Romani iniuriam inferrent.’ Re nuntiata ad suos, +quae imperarentur facere dixerunt. Armorum magna multitudine de muro in +fossam quae erat ante oppidum iacta sic ut prope summam muri aggerisque +altitudinem acervi armorum adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, +ut postea perspectum est, celata atque in oppido retenta, portis +patefactis eo die pace sunt usi. [p. 39 l. 23-32, p. 40 l. 1-3] + +33. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire iussit, +ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibus iniuriam acciperent. Illi ante +inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod deditione facta nostros +praesidia deducturos aut denique indiligentius servaturos +crediderant--partim cum iis quae retinuerant et celaverant armis, +partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut +temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxerant--tertia vigilia, qua +minime arduus ad nostras munitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus copiis +repentino ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar +imperarat, ignibus significatione facta ex proximis castellis eo +concursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter est ut a viris +fortibus in extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos qui ex vallo +turribusque tela iacerent pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes +salutis consisteret. Occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor reliqui in +oppidum reiecti sunt. Postridie eius diei refractis portis, cum iam +defenderet nemo, atque intromissis militibus nostris sectionem eius +oppidi universam Caesar vendidit. Ab iis qui emerant capitum numerus ad +eum relatus est milium quinquaginta trium. [p. 40 l. 4-25] + +34. Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legione una miserat ad Venetos, +Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas, Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt +maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas +civitates in dicionem potestatemque populi Romani esse redactas. [p. 40 +l. 26-31] + +35. His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata, tanta huius belli ad barbaros +opinio perlata est uti ab iis nationibus, quae trans Rhenum incolerent +mitterentur legati ad Caesarem, qui se obsides daturas, imperata +facturas pollicerentur. Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam +Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se reverti iussit. +Ipse in Carnutes, Andes Turonesque, quae civitates propinquae his locis +erant ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hibernacula deductis, in +Italiam profectus est. Ob easque res ex litteris Caesaris dies quindecim +supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulli. [p. 41 +l. 1-11] + + + + +NOTES. + + +INTRODUCTORY NOTE.--To translate Latin into English is to express the +meaning of the Latin in English words and in English idiom. But the +meaning must be discovered before it can be expressed. Discovering the +sense is, therefore, a process preparatory to translation, but yet +measurably distinct from it. For discovering the meaning, the golden +rule is, _Take words and clauses in the order in which they stand_. If +the first chapter of this book were rendered into English words exactly +in the Latin order, the thought would be readily apprehended by any one +quite unacquainted with Latin. Such a word for word rendering, mental or +oral, is for the beginner a necessary preliminary to translation, but, +I repeat, must not be confounded with translation. For that, the golden +rule is, _Express the thought in pure English, without admixture of +Latin idiom_. + + +Notes under the heading CHAP. refer to the simplified text; those that +follow, under the heading PAGE, supplement the former and refer to the +unchanged text. The grammatical references are to the Latin Grammars of +Allen & Greenough and Harkness. + +[Transcriber’s Note: + +In the printed text, the word “line” recurs at the beginning of each +page. For this e-text, it is repeated at the beginning of each chapter +instead. Page references are included for completeness.] + + +CHAP. 1, + +line 2. +certior fīēbat+: _he was made more certain_ = _he was +informed_. + ++fīēbat+: the passive of +facio+. Review the forms. 142; H. 294. + +4. +Coniūrandi+: pronounce the _i_ of the second syllable like _y_. + +5. +verēbantur+: the subject is +Belgae+, understood; supply the same +subject for +sollicitābantur+. + ++ad se+: refers to the subject of +verēbantur+. + +6. +Germānos+: subject-accusative of +versāri+; _that the Germans should +remain_. + +8. +exercitum+: subject-accusative of +hiemāre+ and +inveterāscere+. + ++inveterāscere+: _get a foothold_; but what is its primary meaning from +its derivation? + +10. +imperiis+: 227 e, 3; H. 385. + +11. +iis+: supply mentally +ab+ before it. + +13. +qui+: _and these_, referring to +potentiōres+, etc. + ++eam rem+: read again the preceding sentence, and you will see to what ++eam rem+ refers. + ++imperio nostro+: _under our_ (i.e. Roman) _rule_. The ablative implies +condition, and the meaning is, _if we should get the sovereignty_. 255, +d, 4; H. 431, 2, (3). + +PAGE 23, + +1. +ita uti+: _as_. + +3. +Labiēni+: Cæsar’s lieutenant was now in the country of the Sequani. +See a map of +Gallia+. + +4. +quam+: _whose country_. We might expect +quos+ referring to ++Belgas+, but the relative is made to agree with the predicate noun ++partem+. + +6. +has esse causas+: depending on +rūmōres adferēbantur+, like +Belgas +... coniūrāre+ and +obsides ... dare+. 272; H. + +7. +omni ... Gallia+: all except their country. + ++pācāta+: the Romans, with cruel humor, called a country “pacified” when +they had enslaved it. + +8. +partim qui+: _some of whom_. + +9. +ut ... ita+: _as ... so_. + +11. +partim qui+: _others of whom_. + +12. +ab nōnnūllis etiam+: these, then, are the third class by whom it is +said, +Belgae sollicitābantur+: first, the conservative and patriotic; +second, the restless and dissatisfied; third, the selfish and ambitious. + + +CHAP. 2, + +line 2. +interiōrem Galliam+: _the interior of Gaul_; that is, Gaul +beyond the Alps. Refer constantly to a map. + +3. +qui ... dēdūceret+: +qui+ refers to +Q. Pedium+, and the clause +qui +... dēdūceret+ denotes purpose, _to lead_. + +4. +Ipse+: supply +Caesar+. + +6. +Ea+ = +eas res+, as shown by +rēbus+ following. + +8. +manus cōgi+: _that parties of men were gathering_. The construction +is the same as +Belgas ... coniūrāre+, in chap. 1. + +9. +condūci+: _was mustering_; a very different meaning in chap. 1. + ++quīn ... proficīscerētur+: _to march_. What literally? + +PAGE 23, + +18. +inita aestāte+: _when summer had begun_ = _at the beginning of +summer_; marks the time of +dēdūceret+, not of +mīsit+. + +PAGE 24, + +1. +Dat negōtium+: _he charges_. What literally? + +2. +uti+ (same as +ut+) ... +cōgnōscant+: _to find out_; the clause +depends on +dat negōtium+. + +3. +se+: refers to Caesar. + ++certiōrem faciant+: compare the passive form in chap. 1. + +5. +dubitandum+: in full the sentence would be, +Caesar dubitandum esse +sibi nōn exīstimāvit+; and the word for word rendering, _Cæsar did not +think an-obligation-of-hesitating to be to himself_. Translate, _he +ought to hesitate_. + + +CHAP. 3, + +line 1. +Eo+: that is, +ad fīnes Belgārum+. See the end of chap. 2. + +3. +se ... permittere+: here +se+ is the subject-accusative of ++permittere+. + ++in fidem+: _to the protection_. + +6. +Caesaris imperāta facere+: _to do what Cæsar required_. Literally +what? + +7. +oppidis recipere+: in meaning = +in oppida recipere+. + ++cēteris+: not _other_, but _all other_. Their submission is abject. + +9. +sēse+: not different from +se+. + +10. +Suessiōnes+: the object of +dēterrēre+. + +12. +iūre+: _constitution_. + ++īsdem+: oftener written +iīsdem+, 101, c. + +PAGE 24, + +9. +omni opīniōne+: _than any one could expect_. 247, b; H. 417. + +10. +ex Belgis+ = +Belgārum+, or +inter Belgas+. + +12. +qui dīcerent+: compare +qui dēdūceret+, p. 23, l. 19, and note on +simplified text. + ++se+: the object (with +sua omnia+ = _their all_) of +permittere+. +Another +se+ must be mentally supplied as the subject of +permittere+. + +18. +incolant+: why not +incolunt+, for it must be translated as if it +were +incolunt+? Because the clause +qui ... incolant+ depends on the +clause +Germānos ... coniūnxisse+. It is therefore _a dependent clause +of indirect discourse_, and as such must have the subjunctive. +Thoroughly master this, the most important principle of Latin syntax. +Mark how the descriptive clause, +qui ... incolant+, _is framed into_ +the main clause. + ++line+ 19. +furōrem+: the politic or cowardly Remi considered the love +of liberty and independence of their brother Belgæ _blind passion_. + +20. +qui ... ūtantur+: _though they ... enjoyed._ +qui+, then, must +sometimes be rendered _though he, though they_, etc., but only when the +subjunctive follows. + +21. +ūtantur+: supply immediately following +atque+. + +22. +ipsis+: refers to +Rēmi+. + +23. +quīn ... cōnsentīrent+: _from ... uniting._ Compare +quīn ... +proficīscerētur+, p. 24, l. 6, and note on simplified text. + + +CHAP. 4, + +line 1. +quantae+: refers to extent of country and population. + ++in armis essent+: connect with +quae cīvitātes+: _what states were in +arms, and how powerful they were_. + +2. +quid in bello possent+: a literal translation, _what they could_ +(do) _in war_, does not convey the meaning. Render, _what force they +could bring into the field_. + +4. +ibi+: +cis Rhēnum+. + +6. +ex re+: equivalent to +ex causa+. + +7. +fīēbat+: _it was coming about._ The Remi said, in direct discourse, ++fit+; and below, +sūmant+. + ++spīritus+: means in the singular _air_, and is here used just as we use +“airs,” in the phrase “to put on airs.” + +8. +omnia ... explōrāta+: _full information_. + +9. +Quantam quisque+: notice the order. +Quisque+ likes to stand after ++quantus+, +quotus+, +se+, and +suus+; here it means _each nation_. + +11. +Plūrimum ... valēbant+: about equivalent to +plūrimum poterant+, +_had the most power_. + +18. +cum ... tum+: _not only ... but also_. + +19. +Britanniae+: “the first mention of Britain by a Roman author.” + +PAGE 24, + +27. +propter fertilitātem+: to be connected with +cōnsēdisse+. + +28. +incolerent+: why not +incolēbant+? See note on p. 24, l. 18, +qui +... incolant+. + +29. +memoria+: _within the memory_; but two lines below, _because of the +memory_. + +PAGE 25, + +10. +nostra etiam memoria+: compare +patrum nostrōrum memoria+, p. 24, +l. 29. + +13. +obtinuerit+: _held_, not _obtained_, which is usually expressed by ++adsecūtus est+, +cōnsecūtus est+, or +adeptus est+. + +15. +omnium voluntāte+: _with the assent of all_. + +23. +arbitrāri+: that is, +Rēmos arbitrāri+. + + +CHAP. 5, + +line 2. +obsides+: _as hostages_, in apposition with +līberos+. What +would have been the fate of these, if the chieftains had broken their +pledges? + +4. +Rēi pūblicae interest+: _it concerns the_ (Roman) _republic_. The +real subject of +interest+, represented in English by _it_, is +manus +hostium distinēri+. + ++manus+: the subject-accusative of +distinēri+, _to be kept from +uniting_. + +6. +ne ... cōnflīgendum sit+: _that it may not be necessary to fight_. + +7. +intrōdūxerint+: the Roman way of speaking is: this can be done, if +that _shall be done, or shall have been done_; hence the future perfect. +But mark that such a future or future perfect is often best rendered by +a present. + +9. +coāctas ... venīre+: _having been assembled ... to be coming_ = _had +assembled ... and were coming_. + +10. +vīdit+ = +intellēxit+. + ++neque iam+ = +et iam nōn+. + ++iis+: take with +explōrātōribus+. + +13. +quae res+: that is, his crossing the river and fixing his camp +there. + +14. +post eum quae essent+ = +ea quae post eum essent+, _his rear_. What +should you expect in place of +eum+? + ++tūta+: goes with the whole expression, +post eum quae essent+. + +16. +portāri+: _to be brought down the river to him_. + +19. +in altitūdinem+: _to the height_. + +20. +duodēvīginti pedum+: that is, +in lātitūdinem+, _in width_. + +PAGE 25, + +24. +līberāliterque ōrātiōne prōsecūtus+: līberāliter means _in a +generous or kindly manner_; +ōrātiōne+ indicates in what sense ++prōsecūtus+ is to be taken, _accompanying with words_; finally, ++prōsequor+ has its common meaning of _accompany_, but with the meaning +unusually applied: Cæsar had encouraged the Remi, and he _accompanies +the encouragement with kind words_. Translate, _Cæsar encouraging the +Remi and adding kind words_. + +29. +commūnis salūtis+: by the _common interests_ Cæsar means those of +the Ædui and the Romans. + +30. +cōnflīgendum sit+: compare +dubitandum (esse)+ p. 24, l. 5, and +read the note. Here, as there, +sibi+, referring to Cæsar and the Ædui, +must be mentally supplied, showing for whom the duty or necessity of +action (hesitating, fighting) exists. + +31. +Id fieri posse+: depends upon +docet+. To what does +id+ refer? + +PAGE 26, + +1. +Postquam ... vīdit ... cōgnōvit, ... mātūrāvit+: _when he saw ... +and found out_, (then) ... _he hastened_. + +3. +neque ... cōgnōvit+: _and from those scouts_, etc., _found out that +they_ (the Belgæ) _were now not far distant_. + +8. +et+ connects +reddēbat+ and +efficiēbat+, which have the same +subject, +quae res+. The order makes this sentence difficult. Cæsar +might have written: +et efficiēbat ut commeātus ab Rēmis reliquīsque +cīvitātibus sine perīculo ad eum portāri posset+. The order is so +perplexed and perplexing because Cæsar wrote in haste, and because he +began with the word which was uppermost in his mind, +commeātus+. + + +CHAP. 6, + +line 2. +ex itinere+: _immediately after their march_. + +3. +sustentātum est+: _the Remi held out._ What literally? + +4. +Gallōrum ... oppūgnātio+: _the mode of attacking towns common to the +Gauls and Belgæ_. + +5. +tōtis moenibus+: dative, though by some thought to be an ablative, +_all around the walls_. 228; H. 386, 2. + +7. +testūdine facta+: _forming a testudo._ What the soldiers did was to +lap their shields over their heads. + +8. +cum+: _since._ What mode follows +cum+ in this sense? + +11. +nūntium ... mittit+: one of the expressions that are followed by +the accusative and infinitive; here, +sēse ... posse+. Compare in +chapter 1, +certior fīēbat+, followed by +Belgas ... coniūrāre+; in +chap. 4, +reperiēbat+, followed by +Belgas ortos esse+, in complete +text. + ++Iccius Rēmus+: _Iccius, a Remian_. + +13. +sēse+: subject-accusative of +posse+. + +PAGE 26, + +19. +moenibus ... mūrum ... mūrus ... mūrum+: Cæsar’s haste in writing +is often manifest. + +20. +coepti sunt+: it may seem strange that the passive should be used +instead of the active, +coepērunt+; but see 143, a; H. 297, 1. + +22. +Quod+: how is a relative after a period often best rendered? For an +example, see note on +qui+, chap. 1, l. 13, simplified text. + +24. +nūlli+: mark the emphasis from the position. Many similar cases +occur, notwithstanding A. & G., p. 389, Rem. + ++oppūgnandi+ = +oppūgnātiōnis+. + +25. +summa nōbilitāte et grātia+: a descriptive ablative; _a man of the +highest rank and popularity_. + +26. +praefuerat+: render as if an imperfect. The meaning is, he had been +placed in command and was then in command. + ++ex iis+: the same as +eōrum+. + +27. +lēgāti+: _as envoy_. Compare the use of +obsides+ as an appositive, +p. 25, l. 26. + +28. +submittātur+: can you make out the force of the +sub+? + + +CHAP. 7, + +line 2. +subsidio oppidānis+: _to aid the people in the town_. But what +literally? For the construction, see 233, a; H. 390. + +3. +quōrum adventu+: _in consequence of their coming_. + +5. +contendērunt+: the subject is +hostes+, suggested by +hostībus+ in +the preceding sentence. + +6. +ab+: _distant, off, away_; so used chiefly with numerals. + ++ab mīlibus passuum minus duōbus+: a word for word rendering would be, +_distant thousands of paces less than two_; that is, _less than two +miles distant_. + +PAGE 26, + +3. +neque ... cōgnōvit+: _and learned from those scouts whom he had sent +and from the Remi that they were now not far distant_. + +30. +īsdem ducibus+: _the same persons as guides._ Compare +qui lēgāti+, +p. 26, l. 27, and note on simplified text. + +PAGE 27, + +3. +apud oppidum+: +ad+ is more usual. + +4. +agros ... dēpopulāti--vīcis aedificiīsque ... incēnsis+: literally, +_having laid waste the fields--the villages and buildings having been +burned_. Mark how the construction changes for want of a deponent verb +in place of +incendo+. + +9. +in lātitūdinem+: compare +in altitūdinem+, p. 26, l. 13. + + +CHAP. 8, + +line 2. +eximiam ... virtūtis+: _their eminent reputation for valor_. + +3. +quid virtūte posset+: _what their real eminence in valor was_. +Compare +quid in bello possent+, chap. 4, l. 2. + +7. +tantum ... patēbat quantum loci+: render as if +loci+ depended on ++tantum+ instead of +quantum+, _extended over as much space as_. + ++adversus+: _facing the enemy_; +adversus+ an adjective, agreeing with ++collis+. + ++in lātitūdinem+: _laterally._ Compare chap. 7, l. 8. + +8. +ex utrāque parte lateris+ = +ex utrōque latere+: _on_, not _from_, +_both sides_; so +ab+, below, l. 10. + +10. +ad plānitiem redībat+: _gradually resumed_ (impf.) _a level_. Cæsar +describes a hill over against the enemy, having steep sides, and a front +only broad enough for his army when arranged for battle. In front the +hill rose with a gentle ascent, and at the top blended with the plain. +It is possible that +lēniter fastīgātus+ means, as the dictionaries +define this passage and as many editors say, _gently sloping down_; in +which case, +ad plānitiem redībat+ would mean _sank down gradually to +the level at its base_. This attributes an improbable meaning to ++fastīgātus+. + +12. +extrēmas fossas+: _at the ends of the trenches_; compare in chap. +2, l. 2, +interiōrem Galliam+, _the interior of Gaul_. + ++castella+: there were, then, four. + +17. +ēductas īnstrūxerant+: to make good English, render as if +ēductas+ +were a verb followed by +et+; so, very often, when a perfect participle +and verb are closely connected. + +PAGE 27, + +10. +et ... et+: we do not say _both ... and_ so frequently as we find ++et ... et+ in Latin; accordingly it will generally be found better to +omit in translation the first +et+, and render the second _and also_. + +11. +proelio ... proeliis+: _a decisive battle ... skirmishes_. + +14. +loco+: ablative absolute, _as there was a place_. + +21. +obdūxit+: Cæsar elsewhere commonly uses +perdūco+ of running a wall +or trench. Why +obdūco+ here? Because the +fossae+ were dug _against_ +the enemy, or to _cover his position_. + +24. +cum ... īnstrūxisset+: Cæsar’s thought was, according to Latin +idiom, _when I shall have drawn up_, +īnstrūxero+; but such a future +perfect of direct speech becomes pluperfect subjunctive in narration, +after a past tense in the principal clause. + +24. +quod ... poterant+: _because they were so strong in numbers_. Find +two other similar uses of +possum+. + +27. +si quo opus esset+: _if there should be need of them anywhere_; +not, _if there should be need of any thing_. + +28. +subsidio+: in meaning and construction like +subsidio+, p. 26, +l. 32. + + +CHAP. 9, + +line 2. +si ... trānsīrent+: _to see if our men would cross this_ +(+hanc+). + +3. +contendēbātur+: _there was fighting._ Compare chap. 6, l. 3, ++sustentātum est+. + +4. +neutri+: _neither of the two armies_. + +5. +secundiōre ... nostris+: _as the cavalry skirmish proved rather +favorable to our men_. + +9. +castellum+: read over again the last half of chap. 5. Cæsar makes no +mention there of a +castellum+. + +10. +potuissent+: the thought was, according to the Latin idiom, “if we +shall not have been able” (+potuerimus+); but such a future perfect of +direct speech becomes a pluperfect subjunctive in narration after a past +tense. + +PAGE 28, + +1. +nostri autem+, etc.: a difficult sentence; but treat it as directed +in the Introductory Note, p. 43, only observing that +si+ has its usual +meaning of _if_, and +impedītos+, _when they should get stuck fast_, +agrees with +hostes+ understood. + +2. +ut ... adgrederentur+: expresses the purpose of +parāti in armis +erant+. + +9. +eo cōnsilio+: _with this design_; explained by +ut castellum ... +expūgnārent+. + ++possent+: they said to themselves, _if we shall be able_, +poterimus+; +_but if we shall not have succeeded_, +si minus potuerimus+; hence ++potuissent+, when related. See note on +īnstrūxisset+, p. 27, l. 24. + +12. +nōbis ūsui+: compare +subsidio oppidānis+, p. 26, l. 32. + + +CHAP. 10, + +line 3. +pūgnātum est+: contains its own subject, _there was fierce +fighting_. See +contendēbātur+, chap. 9, l. 3, and note. + +4. +impedītos+: _while they were struggling_. + +6. +circumventos interfēcērunt+: _they surrounded and killed_. Read +again the note on +ēductas īnstrūxerant+, chap. 8, l. 17. + +7. +spem+: subject-accusative of +fefellisse+; but translate, _that they +were disappointed in the hope_. + ++neque+: take the negative part with +prōgredi+. + +8. +ipsos+: that is, +se ipsos+, namely, +hostes+. + +10. +quemque+: subject-accusative of +reverti+. See also note on chap. +4, l. 9. + +11. +quōrum ... ad eos+: you will very often find the relative clause +preceding the antecedent. In almost all such cases the English way of +speaking requires us to render the antecedent clause first. + +13. +Quod+: _this_, referring to the last two sentences. + ++eo cōnsilio+: _with this design_, explained by the following clause. + +16. +Hīs persuādēri+: depends on +nōn poterat+. Why did not Cæsar write, ++Hi persuādēri ... nōn poterant+, since he means, _these could not be +persuaded_? 230; H. 301, 1. + +PAGE 28, + +19. +reliquos ... cōnantes+: _the rest ... while they were trying_. + +21. +Hostes+: subject of +cōnstituērunt+, l. 25, while a pronoun +referring to +hostes+ may be mentally supplied as subject of ++intellēxērunt+ and +vīdērunt+. This sentence illustrates an important +principle of Latin order, attention to which will be of great aid in +translation. When the verb of the principal clause and that of the +dependent clause have the same subject, it is commonly expressed in the +principal, and left out in the dependent, clause. In English we do the +opposite. We often begin with the dependent clause; the Latin _frames it +into_ the principal clause. + +21. +ubi+: repeat mentally with +vīdērunt+ and +coepit+. + +28. +ad eos dēfendendos+: illustrates a very common way of expressing a +purpose. + + +CHAP. 11, + +line 1. +ea re+: that is, to disperse to their homes; chap. 10, l. 10. + +2. +ēgressi+: the subject is +Belgae+, understood. + +3. +cōnsimilis+: _altogether like._ What is the force of +con+? + +4. +Caesar+: as the subject of +veritus+ and +continuit+, +Caesar+ seems +strangely placed in the grip of the ablative absolute; but the position +shows by whom the knowledge was got. _Caesar getting wind of this +movement immediately through his spies_. + +5. +veritus+: try always to render a participle so as to show its +logical relation to the main verb, whether of time, cause, contrast, +or what not; here, _because he feared_. + ++castris+: substantially equivalent to +in castris+. + +6. +qui ... morārētur+: compare +qui dēdūceret+, chap. 2, l. 3, and +note. + +10. +ventum erat+: _they had come._ Compare +sustentātum est+, chap. 6, +l. 3; +contendēbātur+, chap. 9, l. 3. + +11. +priōres+: _those in advance_. + +15. +sub+: _towards._ The idea of _place_ being transferred to that of +time. + +PAGE 29, + +5. +quisque+: see p. 25, l. 3, and note on simplified text. + ++prīmum itineris locum+: _the first place on the road_. + +8. +qua ... discēderent+: following +quod ... perspēxerat+. + +16. +cum ... cōnsisterent+: _since the enemy, at the very extremity of +the rear, kept making a stand_. + +18. +priōres+: +et+ understood; _while those in advance_. + ++quod+: carry on also into the next clause; _and because they were not +held together_ (+continērentur+). + +21. +sine ūllo perīculo+: two ways of expressing “without any” in this +chapter; for above we have +nūllo certo ōrdine+, _without any definite +order_. + +23. +quantum ... spatium+: _how great a space of time_ (+diēi+) _there +was_; that is (they killed as great a number) _as the length of the time +allowed_. + +24. +sēque in castra ... recēpērunt+: and they and their pitiless +commander probably slept well that night. + + +CHAP. 12, + +line 3. +ex itinere+: see chap. 6, l. 2, and note. + ++oppūgnāre+: means here _carry by assault_. + +5. +omnis ... multitūdo+: notice that an adjective and a noun are often +separated by words depending on the noun. Here +ex fuga+ from the +position is almost equivalent to +fugientium+. + +6. +vīneis+: wooden frames with sloping roof and covered with hides, to +protect a number of besiegers. + +7. +āctis+: from +ago+, _brought up_; the +vīneae+ were often moved on +wheels. + ++aggere iacto+: _when earth had been thrown up for a mound_. This was +done so that wooden towers could be brought up near the walls. + +10. +ut cōnservārentur+: mark how often a dependent clause precedes the +one on which it depends. Attention to this will often help in +unravelling a long sentence. Now see +qui ... dēdūceret+, chap. 2, l. 3; ++quid ... posset et ... audērent+, chap. 8, ll. 3, 4; +qui ... +morārētur+, chap. 11, l. 6. + +PAGE 29, + +32. +paucis dēfendentibus+: _though the defenders were few_. + +PAGE 30, + +1. +Castris mūnītis+: _after making a fortified camp._ The first and +most important thing, after selecting the site of a camp, was to +intrench it. That may be all that is meant in this instance. + ++vīneas agere+: depends on +coepit+. + ++quaeque ... comparāre+: _and to get ready whatever_. + +2. +ūsui+: compare +subsidio+, p. 26, l. 32. + +5. +quae+: _the like of which_. + + +CHAP. 13, + +line 1. +obsidibus acceptis+: _after receiving hostages_. + ++armis ... trāditis+: it was Cæsar’s practice to disarm his conquered +enemies. + +3. +Qui cum+: the relative is in the right place in Latin, but we cannot +translate in this order. The natural place for both words is at the +beginning of a clause; but when they come together, the relative takes +precedence. + +5. +circiter ... quīnque+: _only about five miles_. + +6. +abesset+: governed by +cum+. + ++māiōres nātu+: _elders_; +seniōres+ would not do. + +7. +sēse ... venīre+: _they surrendered to him unconditionally_. + +9. +pueri+: _children_, as +homines+ often means _men and women_. + +PAGE 30, + +9. +atque+: _and besides_, or _and in particular_. + +17. +neque ... contendere+: _and that they were not in arms_. + +20. +passis manibus+: pitiful! + + +CHAP. 14, + +line 1. +facit verba+: _intercedes_. + +2. +in fide ... fuērunt+: _have been faithful and friendly_. + +4. +perferre+: _were enduring._ For the tense, see 336, A. + +5. +ēius cōnsili prīncipes+: _the prime movers in this plan_: ++prīncipes+ = +auctōres+, _authors_. + +6. +in Britanniam profūgērunt+: as lately Boulanger and others have +done. + +8. +clēmentia+: said of one who has power to exercise the opposite, ++sevēritas+, +crūdēlitas+. + ++mānsuētūdine+: said of one who is humane and gentle, opposed to ++feritas+. + +9. +fēceris ... amplificābis+: we say, ‘if you do this, you will add +to’; in Latin, ‘if you shall have done this, you will add to.’ + +10. +qua+: 105, d.; H. 190, 1. + ++si qua bella+, etc.: _by whose aid and resources they_ (the Ædui) _are +accustomed to bear the burden of whatever wars befall them_. + +PAGE 30, + +26. +perferre ... dēfēcisse+: _were enduring ... had revolted_. + +28. +quod intellegerent+: _seeing_. + +31. +sua+: emphatic; _his own_, that is, _his well-known_. + +32. +quod si fēcerit+: _if he should do this_; the subjunctive of the +future perfect, for which there is no separate form; hence the form of +the perfect subjunctive is borrowed. If the tense is named by its form, +it will be called _perfect subjunctive_; if by its meaning, _future +perfect subjunctive_. + +PAGE 31, + +1. +amplificātūrum (esse)+: the subject must be inferred from the +subject of +fēcerit+. + + +CHAP. 15, + +line 1. +honōris ... causa+: _out of regard to Divitiacus_. + +3. +māgna ... auctōritāte+: _one of great influence_; a predicate +ablative of description; such an ablative must always have a modifier, +as here, +māgna+. The genitive may be used in the same way, as below, ++māgnae virtūtis+. On the order, see note, chap. 12, l. 5. + +6. +quōrum+, etc.: translate closely in the order of the Latin; _about +their character and customs, Cæsar, on inquiry_; so, generally, do your +best to keep close to the Latin order. Read again the Introductory Note, +p. 43. + +12. +qui ... dēdissent+: _for having surrendered_; what would be the +meaning of +qui ... dēdiderant+? + +PAGE 31, + +6. +hominum ... praestābat+: _was the most populous_; what is it +literally? + +12. +pati+: _that they permitted._ Supply +eos+, referring to +Nervii+, +as the subject of +pati+, +esse+, +increpitāre+, and +cōnfirmāre+. + +13. +quod ... exīstimārent+: observe in the simplified text +quod ... +exīstimābant+; why the difference? + +16. +qui ... dēdissent ... prōiēcissent+: _for having surrendered and +renounced_; literally, _since they had surrendered_. + +17. +sēse+: subject-accusative of +mīssūros+. + + +CHAP. 16, + +line 1. +trīduum+: _for three days_, accusative of duration. + +2. +Sabim+: now called the Sambre. + +6. +quīque+: equivalent to +et eos qui+, _and all such as_. + ++per aetātem+: _by reason of their age_; that is, whether too old or too +young. + +7. +in eum locum ... quo+: _into a place to which._ The idea of the +Latin fully expressed would be, _into a place of such a character_ +(+eum+) _that to it_ (+quo+) _there would be no access for an army_. +319, 2 and note; H. 500, I. Compare +qui ... vidērentur+, immediately +preceding. + +8. +exercitui+: _for an army_, not necessarily, _for Cæsar’s army_. + +PAGE 31, + +19. +Cum ... fēcisset+: a temporal +cum+ clause is not always best +rendered by _when_, etc.: _after marching for three days_. + +24. +hīs ... persuāserant+: observe on p. 29, l. 1, an example of the +impersonal construction of +persuādeo+ in the passive: +hīs persuādēri +... nōn poterat+, _it was not possible for these to be persuaded_. + +27. +cōniēcisse+: the verb implies hurried action, and so differs from ++dēpōno+, which Cæsar uses in Book IV., 19, of putting women and +children in a place of safety. + + +CHAP. 17, + +line 2. +qui ... dēligant+: compare +qui dēdūceret+, chap. 2, l. 3, and +note; +qui ... morārētur+, chap. 11, l. 6. + ++Cum+: _since._ See note on chap. 6, l. 8. + +5. +dēmōnstrārunt+: shortened from +dēmōnstrāvērunt+, 128, a, 1; H. 235. + ++inter singulas+: _between each two_; the same mistake, “between each,” +is common in English. + +6. +neque ... negōti+: _and it was a matter of no difficulty at all_. + +7. +cum ... vēnisset+: _when the first legion should reach the camping +ground._ In the direct form, +vēnerit+, _shall have reached_; then +regularly such a future perfect is changed to the pluperfect subjunctive +in indirect discourse after a past tense. See note on chap 9, l. 10. + +8. +sarcinis+: “Besides his arms, the Roman soldier carried stakes +(+vālli+), used for the palisades of the camp, food and utensils, a saw, +a spade, a chain for his prisoners, and other things. He was loaded like +a mule.” --LONG. + ++qua pulsa+: _if this legion were beaten_. + ++futūrum (esse)+: depends on +dēmōnstrārunt+; _the result would be_. + +9. +Nervii autem+: _now the Nervii._ +Nervii+ is the subject of ++effēcerant+. This long sentence is not so difficult as it at first +seems. Follow closely the Latin order to discover the sense, render ++quo+ _in order that_, +effēcerant+ _had caused_, and +īnstar+ _like_. + +11. +teneris ... ēnātis+: _by lopping the trees when young, and +intertwining the branches which grew out thick in a lateral direction_; ++ēnātis+ from +ēnāscor+. + +12. +interiectis+: it does not appear possible to take this word in +the sense given to it in the dictionaries, _thrown or stuffed in_. So +Moberly translates, “by throwing in brambles and thorns for the present +occasion.” But is it to be supposed that this was done everywhere? If +not, how would the Nervii know where to do it? Moreover, what they had +done was done +antīquitus+, _from of old_. Translate, therefore, _by +planting among them_. + +14. +quo nōn modo nōn ... sed ne ... quidem+: this formula, or (without +second +nōn+) +nōn modo ... sed ne ... quidem+, is usually awkwardly +rendered, _not only not, but not even_. Instead, translate as if the +first member were complete in itself (suppressing +modo+), followed by +_nay, nor even_, thus: _which it was not possible to pass through, nay, +nor even see through_. + +15. +Hīs rēbus+: _by these obstacles_. + +16. +nōn ... cōnsilium+: _they ought not to disregard the advice_. + +PAGE 32, + +4. +impedīmentōrum+: here, _baggage animals_; +impedīmentis+, below, +_baggage_. + +9. +Adiuvābat+: the subject is the long sentence following, +Nervii ... +effēcerant+. Translate, _this circumstance favored the advice of those +who reported the intelligence, that_ (+quod+). + +10. +nihil ... possent+: compare +quid in bello possent+, p. 24, l. 25; ++quid virtūte posset+, p. 27, l. 12. + +11. +neque enim+: _and in fact ... not._ Observe that +enim+ here does +not mean _for_. + +12. +pedestribus valent cōpiis+: compare +virtūte ... valēre+, p. 25, +l. 5. The ablative is ablative of means. + +13. +ad eos+: that is, the Nervii. + + +CHAP. 18, + +line 1. +quem locum+: _I mean the place which_. + +3. +Ab eo flūmine+: that is, on the other side. + +4. +pari adclīvitāte collis+: _a hill of similar upward slope_; +a descriptive ablative. + ++ab superiōre parte+: _in the upper part._ +Ab+ not seldom means _on, +in, at, by_, because the idea of removal (_from_) implies previous +contact or nearness, and the latent idea is sometimes the most +important. + +5. +ut+: may be considered as referring to an +ita+ suppressed with ++silvestris+; _so thickly wooded that_. + ++nōn ... posset+: _one could not easily see within._ Impersonal +expressions, like +perspici potest+, are common in Latin. Mark the mode +of translation. + +7. +secundum+: _along_, properly _following_, from +sequor+. + +PAGE 32, + +24. +adversus huic et contrārius+: _corresponding to this and right +opposite_. + +25. +passus ... apertus+: _clear of woods for about two hundred paces up +from its base_. + ++īnfimus+: +ab īnferiōre parte+. + + +CHAP. 19, + +line 1. +omnibus cōpiis+: Cæsar often uses +cum omnibus cōpiis+. + +2. +cōnsuētūdine+: _according to custom_; just as frequently +ex +cōnsuētūdine+. + +4. +conlocārat+: for +conlocāverat+. See +dēmōnstrārunt+, chap. 17, +l. 5, and note. + +6. +praesidiōque impedīmentis+: compare +subsidio oppidānis+, chap. 7, +l. 2, and note. + +11. +opere dīmēnso+: _after laying out the work_; the expression refers +to marking off the ground preparatory to trenching, making a rampart, +etc. + ++castra mūnīre+: _to make a camp_. + +17. +in manibus nostris+: _close upon us_. + +18. +ad+: _towards_; repeat it mentally before +eos+. + ++adverso colle+: _straight up the hill_; literally, _with the hill +before them_; so perhaps strictly neither an ablative absolute nor an +ablative of the “way by which.” + +PAGE 32, + +32. +ratio ōrdōque āgminis+: _the plan and the order of marching_. + ++aliter ... āc+: _otherwise than, different from what_; this strange +idiom looks like an abridged, colloquial expression; probably it was, +fully expressed, +aliter āc aliter+, _one way and another way_. The +order of march was one way and the Belgæ had reported it another way. +So I have heard a child say, “This is different and that is different,” +meaning “this is different from that.” + +PAGE 33, + +8. +cum+: _while_; to be repeated mentally with +facerent+. + +10. +neque ... cēdentes īnsequi audērent+: _and while our men were +hesitating to pursue them when they retreated_. + ++quem ad fīnem+: translate as if it were +ad fīnem ad quem+, _to the +line to which the level, clear ground extended_. + +15. +ut ... cōnfirmāverant+: _as they had arranged their order of battle +and ranks within the woods, and as they had encouraged each other +to do_. + + +CHAP. 20, + +line 2. +sīgnum tuba dandum (erat)+: in order to call the men to take +their places in the ranks. Some might not see the flag. + +3. +sīgnum dandum+: this time the signal is for the charge, or perhaps +to get ready for a charge. + +5. +subsidio+: dative of end or service, but render as if a nominative, +which might have been used, _a help_. + +7. +commode+: modifies +praescrībere+. + ++ipsi sibi praescrībere ... poterant+: they could _direct themselves +without any orders_ (+ipsi+). + +11. +nihil+: _not ... at all_; stronger than +nōn+. + +12. +per se+: _on their own responsibility_. + ++quae vidēbantur+: _whatever seemed best_. + +PAGE 33, + +27. +qui+: does not refer to +mīlites+, but to +ii+ understood. + ++aggeris petendi causa+: _for the purpose of seeking materials for a +rampart_. Mark the position of +causa+, always following the genitive +depending on it. + +30. +hīs difficultātibus+: _in this strait_; but the words are in the +dative with +subsidio+. Find two other instances of this construction of +two datives. + +32. +quid fieri oportēret+: the object of +praescrībere+. + + +CHAP. 21, + +line 1. +necessāriis rēbus imperātis+: when you meet with +res+, ask +yourself exactly what it means, and then find a proper rendering. +Translate, _after giving the necessary orders_. + +4. +prīstinae+: this word is often used of what was formerly and still +continues. + ++neu ... animo+: _and not lose presence of mind_. + +6. +quod ... aberant+: gives the reason of the following, not the +preceding, clause. + +8. +pūgnantibus occurrit+: _he finds them fighting_. + +8. +Temporis+: mark how the important word comes first. Take this +sentence in thought almost without change in the order of the words, +then translate. + ++tanta ... exiguitas+: _so great was the littleness_ = _such was the +shortness_. Translate, _so short was the time_. + +10. +īnsīgnia+: “the crests, feathers red and black, and other +decorations which the soldiers had.... On the march the helmet was not +carried on the head. The shields had leather coverings when they were +not in use.” --LONG. + +12. +Quam ... dēvēnit+: _to whatever part of the army each one happened +to come_. + ++ab opere+: that is, making the camp; see chap. 19, l. 11. + +13. +quaeque ... cōnspēxit+: _and whatever standards he caught sight of +first_. + +PAGE 34, + +13. +quo ... posset+: _whither a javelin could be hurled_ = _a javelin +throw_. + +19. +Quam ... in partem+: compare the second line of the chapter. ++quisque+ seems oddly placed, but it is crowded out of the first place, +where it would like to stand, by +quam+. + + +CHAP. 22, + +line 2. +rei mīlitāris ... ōrdo+: _military science and arrangement_. + +3. +fiēbat+: _the result was_. + ++aliae ... parte+: in this idiom the second part only of the thought is +expressed. ‘_Other legions were fighting in another part_’ implies ‘some +were fighting in one part of the field.’ So +claudus altero pede+, _lame +in the other foot_, implies one foot sound. + +5. +interiectis+: to be taken with +saepibus+. + +6. +ut+: _so that_. +conlocāri+: depends on +possent+. + +7. +in+: of reason, _because of_ or _owing to_. + +8. +inīquitāte+: usually translated _unfavorable condition_, or by some +similar phrase, and such is the common meaning of +inīquitas+; but the +context shows that the meaning here is closer to the original sense, +that of _unevenness_; hence we may translate, _owing to such inequality +in the condition of things_. + +PAGE 34, + +25. +cum+: _since_, governs +impedīrētur+ as well as +resisterent+. + ++dīversis legiōnibus+: +dīversus+ means _turned different ways, not with +united line_; hence here, _disjoined_. Translate, _since, owing to the +legions being separated_. + +28. +neque certa subsidia+: here begins the statement of the result; ++certa subsidia+: subject of +poterant+. + ++neque quid+, etc.: _nor was it possible to foresee what was needed +everywhere_. After +prōvidēri+ supply mentally +poterat+, of which the +whole preceding clause is the grammatical subject. + + +CHAP. 23, + +line 1. +ut+: _since_. Would the mode of +cōnstiterant+ have been the +same, if +cum+ had been used in place of +ut+? + +2. +acie+: an old form of the genitive for +aciēi+. + ++Atrebates+: object of +compulērunt+. + +6. +Ipsi+: refers to the subject of +interfēcērunt+; that is, +legiōnis +nōnae et decimae mīlites+. + +8. +dīversae+ = +aliae+; what should it mean from its derivation? + +10. +a frōnte+: _along the front_. See chap. 18, l. 4, and note. + +11. +ab sinistra parte+: _on the left_. Compare +ā frōnte+, preceding +line, and +ab superiōre parte+, chap. 18, l. 4, and note. + ++nūdātis castris+: _as the camp was left unguarded_. + +13. +aperto latere+: _on their_ (the legions’) _exposed flank_. + +14. +summum ... locum+: _the summit occupied by the camp_; +castrōrum+ +is a possessive genitive. + +PAGE 35, + +3. +exanimātos ... cōnfectos+: _breathless and exhausted by wounds_. + ++hīs+: the ninth and tenth legions. + +4. +ea pars+: that is, +ea pars hostium+. + +5. +cōnantes+: accusative, agreeing with +Atrebates+ understood, or a +pronoun referring to Atrebates. + +8. +resistentes hostes+: object of +cōniēcērunt+. + +16. +summam imperi+: _chief command_. + + +CHAP. 24, + +line 2. +cum ... reciperent+: _as they were returning_. + +5. +cum respēxissent+: _on looking back_. A +cum+ clause is not always +best translated by a full clause. + +6. +praecipites ... mandābant+: _ran away as fast as they could._ What +literally? + +7. +eōrum+: depends on +clāmor fremitusque+. + +8. +ferēbantur+: _began to rush._ Observe the imperfects followed by +perfects. The imperfect paints, the perfect describes. + +10. +auxili causa+: _for the purpose of rendering aid_ = _as +auxiliaries_. + +11. +cum+: _since._ See note, chap. 6, l. 8. + ++complēri+: this and the following infinitives depend on +vīdissent+. + +13. +vīdissent+: the subject is +equites Trēveri+. + +14. +rēbus+: _fortunes._ How might a clause be substituted here in Latin +for the ablative absolute? + +15. +pulsos superātōsque+: supply +esse+. + +PAGE 35, + +21. +pulsos+: supply +esse+. + +22. +adversis hostibus occurrēbant+: _came straight against the enemy._ +What literally? + +23. +cālōnes ... āc summo iugo+: the +porta decumāna+ was the rear gate +of the camp, opposite the +porta praetōria+. It appears from this +passage that the place for the +cālōnes+ was at the back of the camp, +and that in this instance the camp was partly on sloping ground. + +30. +virtūtis opīnio+: _reputation for valor_. + +PAGE 36, + +2. +dīversos dissipātōsque+: _running in different directions and +scattered_. + +5. +hostes+: subject-accusative of +potītos (esse)+. + + +CHAP. 25, + +line 2. +suos urgēri+: _that his men were hard pressed_; the infinitive +depends on +vīdit+. + +3. +cōnfertos mīlites+: _that the soldiers by being crowded together_. + ++sibi ... impedīmento+: _hindered one another_. + +8. +ut ... posset+: _so that he could no longer stand_. + +9. +Hīs rēbus+: _for these reasons_. + ++tardiōres+: _were losing heart_. + +12. +subeuntes intermittere+: _cease mounting the hill_. + +12. +ab utrōque latere+: _on both flanks._ Compare +ab superiōre parte+, +chap. 18, l. 4. + +13. +rem ... angusto+: _that the situation was critical._ What +literally? + +14. +ūni+: a peculiar use of +ūnus+, quite equivalent to _a_; not to be +imitated in writing Latin. + +17. +sīgna ... iūssit+: _he ordered them to advance and at the same time +to open out their ranks_. + +PAGE 36, + +7. +Caesar+: subject of +prōcessit+, fifteen lines below. This first +sentence extending through eighteen lines looks very formidable; but if +it is taken in accordance with the Introductory Note, p. 43, the meaning +will be evident. To translate the sentence is more difficult. In +translating, repeat “_and saw_” before the words +quartae cohortis+, and +render the ablative absolutes by clauses, thus: _and saw that all the +captains of the fourth cohort were killed_. Then, +reliquos esse +tardiōres+, _that the rest_ (in consequence) _were losing heart_. + +8. +sīgnīsque ... conlātis+: _and since the standards were brought +together._ Try constantly to make out the relation in thought expressed +by participles; that is, whether the idea is that of time, _when, +while_, etc.; of cause, _as, since_; of concession, _though, +notwithstanding_; or of condition, accompanying circumstances, etc., to +be variously rendered. + +16. +ab novissimis+: _in the rear_. So below, l. 21. Compare +ab +sinistra parte+, p. 35, l. 13. In both places in this chapter it would +be easy to make the mistake of taking +ab+ in the sense of +ex+, as a +substitute for the partitive genitive. + +27. +operam nāvāre cuperet+: “_wished to do his best_.” What literally? + + +CHAP. 26, + +line 3. +ut ... coniungerent+: _for the legions gradually to draw +together_. + +7. +proelio nūntiāto+: _on the report of the battle_. + ++cursu incitāto+: _quickening their speed._ The participle following is +causal; they began to run because of the report of the battle. + +10. +qui+: refers to +decimam legiōnem+. What is the grammatical +irregularity, and how is it to be accounted for? + ++cum+: to be taken with +cōgnōvissent+. + ++quo in loco res esset+: _what the situation was._ What literally? +Account for the subjunctive. + +12. +nihil ... fēcērunt+: _left nothing undone in the way of speed_. +What literally? + ++reliqui+: neuter of +reliquus+. A partitive genitive depending on ++nihil+. Find a similar construction in chap. 15. + +PAGE 36, + +31. +conversa sīgna+: the object of +īnferrent+, but most conveniently +rendered as coördinate with it, _to face about and charge_. It is +thought that by this movement the twelfth and the seventh legions formed +a circle or a square. + +PAGE 37, + +1. +neque timērent+: repeat +cum+ mentally from the preceding clause; +_and since they_ (no longer) _feared_. + ++āversi+: literally, _being turned away_; translate, _from their rear +being unguarded_. + + +CHAP. 27, + +line 2. +vulneribus cōnfecti+: _badly wounded._ What literally? + ++prōcubuissent+: from +prōcumbo+. + +3. +vēro+: emphasizes +equites+, but is better left untranslated; say, +_while the cavalry_. + +4. +se ... praeferrent+: _thrust themselves before_; a result clause, +dependent on +tanta ... est facta+. + +5. +in extrēma spe salūtis+: “_when all hope of saving themselves was at +an end_.” Here a literal translation would be meaningless or misleading. + +7. +proximi ... īnsistēbant+: _those nearest would stand upon their +prostrate companions_. + +8. +hīs deiēctis+: _when these_ (in turn) _were thrown down_. + +10. +intercepta remittēbant+: _would catch and hurl back._ See +ēductas +īnstrūxerant+, chap. 8, l. 17, and note. + +11. +ut+, etc.: _so that one ought to judge that it was not without +cause that men of such valor._ On +iūdicāre dēbēret+, compare +perspici +posset+, chap. 18, l. 5, and note. + +13. +quae ... difficillimis+: _things which, most difficult in +themselves_. + ++facilia+: a predicate adjective with +redēgerat+. + +PAGE 37, + +15. +innīxi+: from +innītor+, agrees with +nostri+. + ++perterritos+: supply +esse+; the subject-accusative is +hostes+. + +16. +inermes+: agrees with +cālōnes+, _even though unarmed_. + +23. +qui superessent+: _the survivors._ Supply +ii+ as antecedent of ++qui+. + ++ut+: _as_. So used p. 34, l. 23. + +24. +cōnicerent+: dependent on +tantam virtutem ... ut+; (so that) +_those who survived_ (+qui superessent+) _kept hurling_. + + +CHAP. 28, + +line 1. +prope+: modifies +ad+, not +redācto+. + +2. +redācto+: see the last word of the preceding chapter. + ++māiōres nātu+: see chap. 13, l. 6, and note. + +3. +pueris+: see chap. 13, l. 9, and note. + +4. +cōnsēnsu ... supererant+: _with the consent of all the survivors_. + +7. +vix ad+: _to barely_; for +ad vix+, as some say. + +8. +in+: _towards_; +erga+ might have been used. + +9. +vidērētur+: not _that he might seem_, but _that he might be seen_. + +11. +se ... prohibērent+: _refrain and keep their dependents from_; ++prohibēre+ is appropriate to +suos+, but hardly to +se+. + +PAGE 37, + +31. +aestuāria+: “the country lying to the north (the modern Zealand) is +low and marshy, cut up with tidewater inlets and bays.” --ALLEN & +GREENOUGH. + +32. +cum vīctōribus+, etc.: _since they thought there was no obstacle +for the victors, no safety for the vanquished_. + +PAGE 38, + +4. +mīlibus LX.+: they had promised fifty thousand; see chap. 4. It was +natural that they should exaggerate their losses. + + +CHAP. 29, + +line 1. +auxilio Nerviis+: compare +subsidio oppidānis+, chap. 7, l. 2, +and note. Find other examples of this construction. + +4. +ūnum oppidum+: supposed to be at the junction of the Sambre and +Meuse. + +5. +ex omnibus in circuitu partibus+: simply, _all round_. + +9. +conlocābant+: there is a reading, +conlocārant+. If that is the true +reading, +tum+ in the preceding line would mean _besides_. + +PAGE 38, + +10. +cum+: _while._ Four lines below +cum+ means _though_. + +16. +aditus ... pedum+: _an approach of two hundred feet in breadth, not +more_; +pedum+ depends on +aditus+. + +21. +iis impedīmentis+: take with +dēpositis+, two lines below. + +22. +agere āc portāre+: _drive or carry_. + +24. +ūna+: _with it_; that is, the plunder. + +25. +cum alias+, etc.: _since they carried on now aggressive now +defensive war._ What literally? + + +CHAP. 30, + +line 1. +prīmo adventu+ = +cum prīmum advēnisset+, _as soon as our army +had got there_. + +3. +pedum XII.+: that is, +in altitūdinem+, which is expressed, chap. 5, +l. 19. + +4. +oppido+: might have been +in oppido+. Cf. +castris+, chap. 11, l. 5. + +5. +vīneis āctis+: +āctis+ from +ago+; see chap. 12, l. 6, and note. + ++aggere exstrūcto+: an embankment of timber, stones, and earth was begun +at a distance from the walls of a town, wide enough to roll one or more +towers upon, and was carried forward by soldiers working under the +shelter of the +vīneae+ up to the defensive works. + +6. +cōnstitui+: _being raised_. + +7. +ab tanto spatio+: _so far away._ Compare +ab mīlibus+, chap. 7, +l. 6, and note. + +8. +quibusnam manibus+: _with what hands, pray_; +nam+ added for +emphasis, to point their sarcasm. + +10. +conlocāre+: strangely used for +conlocātūros (esse)+. The Aduatuci +may have thought that the Romans intended to hoist the tower upon their +wall, or they may have been joking. Which is more likely? + +PAGE 39, + +5. +hominibus ... contemptui+: another pair of datives. Find other +examples. The Italians of the present time do not strike one as +conspicuously shorter than the Germans. + ++māgnitūdine+: being contrasted with +brevitas+, is used in the sense +of +altitūdine+. + + +CHAP. 31, + +line 1. +movēri+: _moving._ This word here has suggested a change of ++conlocāre+, in the last line of the preceding chapter, to +mōtūros+, a +very plausible conjecture, but it spoils the joke of the Aduatuci. + +5. +qui+: _since they._ Compare +qui ... dēdidissent+, chap. 15, l. 12, +and note. + +8. +pro sua clēmentia+: _according to his well-known clemency_. See +chap. 14, l. 8, and note. What did they think of his clemency when he +sold 53,000 of them into slavery? + +11. +trāditis armis+ = +si arma trādidissent+, _if they should surrender +their arms_. + +13. +per cruciātum interfici+: _to be tortured to death._ What +literally? + +PAGE 39, + +16. +statuisset+: not _had decided_, but _should decide_. No mistake is +oftener made by beginners than in the rendering of a pluperfect +subjunctive of indirect discourse representing a future perfect of +direct discourse. Such a subjunctive is to be rendered by the auxiliary +_should_, not _had_. To tell whether a pluperfect subjunctive represents +a future perfect, think what form a speaker’s words would take, +remembering that the Romans commonly used the future or future perfect +of things really future, while we very often use the present. + + +CHAP. 32, + +line 1. +cōnsuētūdine+: ablative of cause. + +3. +aries+: “a long, strong beam of wood, furnished with an iron head in +the form of a ram’s head. It was suspended from a framework by a strong +chain or ropes, and worked by men, who drove it against the wall.” +--LONG. + +4. +in Nerviis+: _in the case of the Nervii_; a common meaning of +in+ +with names of persons. + +5. +ne quam ... īnferant+: _not to do any harm to those who had +surrendered to the Roman people_. + +7. +facere+: one would expect the future with subject-accusative, +se +factūros (esse)+. Compare +conlocāre+, for +conlocātūros esse+, chap. +30, l. 10. + +9. +prope ... adaequārent+: _came up almost to the very top_; +summam+ +with +altitūdinem+. What literally? + +12. +pāce sunt ūsi+ = +conquiēvērunt+, _kept quiet_. + + +CHAP. 33, + +line 3. +nostros+: _our commanders_, subject-accusative of +dēductūros+ +and +servātūros (esse)+. + ++praesidia+: men stationed in the +castella+; see below. + +4. +dēductūros ... servātūros+: observe how frequently +esse+ is omitted +with the future participle. + ++dēnique+: _at any rate._ What is its usual meaning? + +5. +tertia vigilia+: the Romans divided the night into four equal +divisions, watches, of about three hours each. + +9. +eo concursum est+: _the soldiers hurried thither._ What literally? +Find similar constructions in chaps. 6, 9, 10, 11. + +10. +in extrēma spe salūtis+: compare chap. 27, l. 5, and note. The +context shows, however, that the meaning is not quite the same here. +Translate, _as their last chance of saving themselves_. + +14. +nēmo+: observe the emphasis from its position. Compare in English, +“Silver and gold have I none.” +nēmo+ and +nūllus+ are often so placed. +Cf. +nūlli+, chap. 6, l. 10. + +16. +ab iis qui ēmerant+ = +ab emptōribus+: _by the purchasers_, who +were the +mercātōres+, traders who followed the army as hungry sharks +follow a ship. + ++capitum+: we say “souls.” It depends on +quīnquāginta trium+. + +17. +quīnquāginta trium+: 53,000 captives, probably chained in gangs and +sent to be sold in the Province and in Italy; a source of great gain to +the general. + +PAGE 40, + +4. +mīlites ... mīlitibus+: another evidence of haste. See p. 26, l. 19, +and note. + +5. +ne quam ... iniūriam+: see p. 39, l. 28, and note. + +9. +iis+: with +armis+. Observe the order of the words. + +10. +vīminibus intextis+: repeat mentally +ex+ before these words. Some +supply +factis+. + +16. +pūgnātumque+, etc.: translate as if +hostibus+ and +viris+ were +subjects. + +17. +ut ... dēbuit+: _as brave men ought to fight._ What literally? + +18. +iacerent+: the subjunctive shows that the remark is a general one. +The indicative would have a limiting force. The difference can hardly be +brought out in translation. In the former case we may render, _against +men who could throw_; in the latter, _against those who were throwing_. + +20. +ad+ = +circiter+. + + +CHAP. 34, + +line 2. +mīserat+: _had sent_, that is, before the defeat of the +Aduatuci. + +5. +diciōnem+: _under the sway_; in some texts, +in dēditiōnem+. If that +reading is correct, the meaning would be, _were brought to surrender_. + + +CHAP. 35, + +line 1. +pācāta+: see p. 23, l. 7, and note. + +4. +qui ... pollicērentur+: compare p. 23, l. 19, +qui ... dēdūceret+; +p. 29, l. 12, +qui ... morārētur+; p. 31, l. 30, +qui ... dēligant+. + +6. +inita proxima aestāte+: see p. 23, l. 18, and note. + +10. +ex litteris+: _in consequence of the letters_. + +11. +supplicātio+: a public, religious festival of thanksgiving, decreed +by the senate. “The fifteen days’ rejoicing marks the constant fear of +the Gauls which had haunted the Romans ever since the ‘dies Alliensis.’ +Kraner remarks that the longest ‘supplicatio’ till this had been one of +twelve days, for Pompeius’ success against Mithridates.” --MOBERLY. + ++nūlli+: see p. 40, l. 22; also p. 26, l. 24, and note. + + + + +EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT. + +The references are to the Grammars of Allen and Greenough, and Harkness. + +The learner is expected, before writing the Exercises, to review the +Latin text, and find therein and commit to memory illustrations of the +grammatical principles selected. + + +CHAPTER I. + + 1. Indirect Discourse: 336, 1 and 2; H. 523 and I. + 2. +Cum+ Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II. and 2. + 3. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing: 331, f.; H. 498, III. + +1. Cæsar was in hither Gaul. + +2. Reports were brought into hither Gaul. + +3. While Labienus was in Gaul, the Belgæ made a league.[1] + +4. A report is brought that[2] the Belgæ are conspiring. + +5. They are afraid that our army is coming[3] against them. + +6. They are vexed[4] that our army remains in Gaul. + +7. Cæsar feared that the Belgæ were conspiring. + +8. Letters kept coming,[5] while they were conspiring. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. made a league: one word in Latin. + 2. Be careful about the _that_ clause in this and the following + sentence. Recall the text to memory and mentally apply the rules. + 3. is coming: use +venio+. + 4. are vexed: in Latin one of the expressions, like +rūmōres + adferēbantur+, requiring the accusative and infinitive. + 5. kept coming: one word in Latin.] + + +CHAPTER II. + + 1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2 and N.; H. 497, I. + 2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 1 and 2; H. 523 + and I. + +1. In hither Gaul there[1] were two legions. + +2. Two new legions Cæsar levies. + +3. The two new legions are sent into the interior of Gaul. + +4. Cæsar sends his lieutenant to lead[2] them.[3] + +5. Pedius was sent to lead the new legions. + +6. The Senones report that the Belgians are gathering.[4] + +7. The Senones informed Cæsar about the Belgians. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. there: omit. + 2. to lead; do not express a purpose in Latin by the infinitive. + 3. them: +eas+. + 4. are gathering: a passive form in Latin, because the sense is, + _are being collected together_.] + + +CHAPTER III. + + 1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420. + 2. Ablative with +potior+, +ūtor+, etc.: 249; H. 421, I. + 3. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 2; H. 523, I. + +1. Cæsar came unexpectedly to the borders of the Remi. + +2. The Remi said they had not combined[1] against the Roman people. + +3. They said they were ready to give hostages. + +4. All the rest of the Belgæ[2] had joined[3] with the Germans. + +5. They aided Cæsar with corn and other[4] things. + +6. The Remi and their[5] kinsmen enjoy the same laws. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. they had not combined: _themselves not to have combined_. + 2. of the Belgæ: not the genitive. + 3. had joined: in Latin, _had joined themselves_, if you use + +coniungo+. + 4. +aliis+. + 5. their: omit.] + + +CHAPTER IV. + + 1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, 1. + 2. Substantive Clauses of Result: 332; H. 501. + +1. Whence[1] did very many of the Belgæ[2] spring? + +2. Cæsar asked whence very many of the Belgæ sprung. + +3. What states are in arms? + +4. Cæsar asked what states were in arms. + +5. While Divitiacus was king, he was most powerful. + +6. From Galba’s foresight and justice it results that he is a powerful +king. + +7. From the valor of the Bellovaci it came about that they demanded the +management[3] of the war. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. Whence: +unde+. + 2. of the Belgæ: not the genitive. + 3. management: +summa+.] + + +CHAPTER V. + + 1. +Interest+ with Gen. of Person: 222; H. 406, III. + 2. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Subject: 270; H. 538. + 3. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Object: 272 and Rem.; H. 534. + +1. The children of the leading men are brought to Cæsar as hostages. + +2. He orders all the children to be brought to him.[1] + +3. It concerns Cæsar for[2] the senate to come to him. + +4. It concerns Divitiacus to send the forces of the Ædui. + +5. Cæsar sees that[3] the forces of the Belgæ are hastening. + +6. He learns that the Axona is not far away. + +7. This river he crossed[4] and protected his camp by means of its +banks. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. him: in Latin, _himself_. + 2. for: not to be expressed in Latin. + 3. that: be careful about _that_-clauses. + 4. he crossed: use +trānseo+.] + + +CHAPTER VI. + + 1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413. + 2. +Cum+ Causal with Subjunctive: 326; H. 517. + 3. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431. + +1. The enemy formed a testudo and advanced close to[1] the wall. + +2. The enemy having hurled stones[2] made a testudo. + +3. Since there were so many,[3] they undermined the wall. + +4. They easily cleared the walls of soldiers. + +5. The Belgæ having cleared the wall made an attack.[4] + +6. Having made an attack[5] they threw missiles against the wall. + +7. Since the missiles were many, no one was able to stand on the wall. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. advanced close to: one word in Latin. + 2. having hurled stones: say, _stones having been hurled_. Why? + 3. so many: +tot+. + 4. attack: use +impetus+. + 5. having made an attack: not +impetum facti+.] + + +CHAPTER VII. + + 1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416. + 2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 135, b.; H. 231, 2. + +1. At midnight archers and slingers were sent by Cæsar to the town. + +2. On account of the assistance of the archers and slingers, the people +in the town[1] had good hopes. + +3. The enemy had no hope of taking[2] the town, because of the coming of +Cæsar’s soldiers. + +4. Cæsar, delaying[3] a little while, sent aid to Iccius. + +5. The enemy, after laying waste the fields, hastened against Cæsar’s +camp. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. people in the town: one word in Latin. + 2. of taking: +expūgnandi+. + 3. delaying: not present participle.] + + +CHAPTER VIII. + + 1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, I. + 2. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396, IV. + +1. What can the enemy do by their valor? + +2. Cæsar tries what the valor of the enemy is capable of.[1] + +3. How much do our men dare? + +4. Cæsar makes trial of the daring[2] of his men. + +5. How much space can Cæsar’s army occupy? + +6. Cæsar explains[3] over how much space the hill extended in front. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. is capable of: _can_. + 2. the daring of, etc.: recast the sentence mentally before + translating, thus: _Cæsar makes trial what his men dare_. + 3. explains: +docet+.] + + +CHAPTER IX. + + 1. Clauses of Purpose: 317 and 1; H. 497, II. + 2. The Gerundive: 113, d, 2 and 296; H. 544, I. + +1. He begins to[1] cross the river. + +2. They began to lead their forces across. + +3. They lead their forces over in order to take the redoubt. + +4. Cæsar has shown that the river was behind him.[2] + +5. They will cross so as to lay waste the lands of the Remi. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. He begins to: _makes a beginning of_. + 2. him: should it be +eum+ or +se+?] + + +CHAPTER X. + + 1. Passive of Intransitive Verbs: 230; H. 301, 1. + 2. Accusative of Limit: 258, b and N. 1; H. 380, II. 2. + 3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 331 and N. 1; H. 498. + +1. Those of the Belgæ who were not killed returned home. + +2. They resolve to fight in their own territories. + +3. They decide that it is best[1] to lead over their army. + +4. Divitiacus cannot be persuaded[2] to advance to an unfavorable place. + +5. The Ædui were persuaded to return to their homes. + +6. The enemy advancing into the river were surrounded. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. that it is best: _it to be best_. + 2. recast the clause, before trying to turn it into Latin.] + + +CHAPTER XI. + + 1. Ablative of Time: 256; H. 429. + 2. Perfect Participles: 290, d. 1 and 2; H. 550, N. 4. + +1. On the departure of the enemy Cæsar sent ahead all his cavalry. + +2. At sunset the three legions returned[1] into camp. + +3. In the second watch they attacked the enemy’s rear. + +4. The Belgæ, fearing[2] an attack, set out at daybreak. + +5. The spies, having seen[3] the fugitives, bring back word.[4] + +6. Cæsar, after keeping his soldiers in camp, ordered Labienus to set +out. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. returned: two words in Latin. + 2. fearing: the participle +veritus+ does not usually denote + time _prior_ to that of the main verb in the sentence, like most + perfect participles, but the same time. + 3. having seen: do not say +vīsi+. + 4. bring back word: use +renūntio+.] + + +CHAPTER XII. + + 1. Ablative of Cause, 245; H. 413. + 2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431. + +1. Cæsar could not take the town on account of the great number[1] of +the Suessiones. + +2. Owing to[2] the works of the Romans, their “vineæ” and towers, the +Suessiones send envoys.[3] + +3. The next day Cæsar made a forced march and[4] tried to take the town. + +4. The townsmen,[5] making a surrender, got their request.[6] + +5. Because of their surrender they got their request. + +6. The surrender made, they were spared. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. great number: one word in Latin. + 2. Owing to: like “on account of,” not separately expressed in + Latin. + 3. envoys: use +lēgātus+. + 4. made a forced march and: a different turn in Latin. + 5. townsmen: use +oppidānus+. + 6. got their request: one word.] + + +CHAPTER XIII. + + 1. +Cum+ Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II. 2. + 2. Constructions with +peto+: 239, c. N. 1; H. 374, 2, N. 4. + +1. When the arms had been given up,[1] the elders came forth. + +2. All the elders came out of Bratuspantium and begged Cæsar for +peace.[2] + +3. Cæsar, when he had received their submission, asked the men for +their[3] arms. + +4. According to their[4] custom they stretched out their hands and asked +the Romans for peace. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. Render this clause in two ways: first by two words, then by + a full clause. So each of the three following sentences contains + a clause to be rendered in two ways. + 2. Cæsar for peace: quite otherwise in Latin. + 3. their: omit. + 4. their: is this to be expressed by +eōrum+?] + + +CHAPTER XIV. + + 1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420. + 2. Ablative with +ūtor+, etc.: 249; H. 421, I. + +1. Divitiacus intercedes for the conquered Belgæ. + +2. Divitiacus begs that Cæsar will show[1] clemency. + +3. Cæsar will exercise kindness toward the Belgæ. + +4. By the help of the Belgæ the Ædui sustain wars. + +5. Divitiacus says the chiefs had fled to[2] Britain. + +6. If you show[3] clemency, you will increase our influence. + +7. Whatever[4] war befalls, by means of their[5] resources we shall be +able to hold out. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. will show: not the future in Latin. + 2. to: not +ad+. + 3. show: not well rendered by present indicative. + 4. whatever: _if any_. + 5. their: +eōrum+.] + + +CHAPTER XV. + + 1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396, IV. + 2. Ablative of Quality: 251; H. 419, II. + 3. Causal Relative Sentences: 320, e; H. 517. + +1. The territories of the Nervii border on the Ambiani. + +2. The Nervii blame the Ambiani for having surrendered.[1] + +3. The Nervii have[2] great influence among the Belgæ. + +4. They use no wine, because it weakens[3] character. + +5. Those men think minds lose energy through wine. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. for having surrendered: turn by a relative clause. + 2. have: say _are_ (men) _of_. + 3. because it weakens: a relative clause with subjunctive, to + indicate their view, as distinguished from a statement of fact.] + + +CHAPTER XVI. + + 1. Comparative +amplius+, etc.: 247, c.; H. 417, N. 2. + 2. Accusative of Time and Space: 256 and 257; H. 379. + +1. The Nervii were distant a three days’ march. + +2. Cæsar finds out that they are ten miles distant. + +3. He learns from prisoners what the Nervii are doing.[1] + +4. They have taken a position more than five miles from the Sambre. + +5. He learns from prisoners that he[2] is waited for by the Nervii. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. are doing: be careful about the mode. + 2. that he: _himself_.] + + +CHAPTER XVII. + + 1. Use of +quisquam+: 202, c.; H. 457. + 2. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317; H. 497, I. + 3. Substitutes for Partitive Gen.: 216, c.; H. 397, N. 3. + +1. Certain of the Belgæ went by night to the camp of the Nervii. + +2. Cæsar says that certain men went[1] to the Nervii. + +3. Many of the prisoners found out about the legions. + +4. They were sent to their friends to report[2] the matter. + +5. To lop trees is a matter[3] of no difficulty at all. + +6. Men were sent ahead to select[4] a suitable place. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. went: _to have gone_. + 2. to report: not the infinitive. + 3. matter, etc.: recast, before trying to turn into Latin. + 4. to select: try two ways.] + + +CHAPTER XVIII. + + 1. Descriptive Ablative: 251; H. 419, II. + 2. Clauses of Result: 319; H. 500, I. and II. + +1. Along the river Sambre were trees[1] of great height.[2] + +2. Among these trees the Nervii keep themselves hidden. + +3. So[3] close together[4] were these trees that the Romans could not +see through. + +4. The river is of such depth that men can cross. + +5. On the open ground are pickets of great courage. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. trees: +arbor+, fem. + 2. height: the same word that means _depth_. + 3. So: +ita+. + 4. close together: +crēber+.] + + +CHAPTER XIX. + + 1. Dative of Service: 233 a; H. 390. + 2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469, II. + 3. Ablative of Manner: 248 and Rem.; H. 419, III. + +1. The cavalry of the enemy kept making attacks. + +2. They would attack our horsemen with great courage. + +3. These horsemen had been sent ahead by Cæsar as a protection to the +camp. + +4. Again and again did the enemy pour forward from the woods, where they +had hidden. + +5. The slingers and archers helped[1] the horsemen. + +6. With great speed they would run as far as[2] the woods. + +7. With wonderful bravery they engage in battle with the Nervii. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. helped: two words in Latin. + 2. as far as: +ad+, or +usque ad+.] + + +CHAPTER XX. + + 1. The Gerundive: 113, d.; H. 234. + 2. Dative of Apparent Agent: 232; H. 388. + 3. Ablative of Agent with +ā+ or +ab+: 246; H. 415, I. + +1. The soldiers are directed[1] by Cæsar. + +2. The soldiers must be directed by Cæsar. + +3. The flag was displayed by the soldiers. + +4. The flag had to be displayed by the soldiers. + +5. Experience is often helpful[2] to soldiers. + +6. The work is hindered by[3] the near approach[4] of the enemy. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. are directed: use +doceo+. + 2. helpful: turn by a noun. + 3. by the near approach: why not +ā+ or +ab+? + 4. near approach: one word.] + + +CHAPTER XXI. + + 1. Ablative of Gerundive with Prepositions: 301; H. 544, 2. + 2. Gerundive Construction instead of Gerund: 296; H. 544, 1. + 3. Purpose expressed by Gerundive: 318 and b; H. 544, 2, N. 2. + +1. In looking for his shield a soldier lost time. + +2. Time is wanting for putting on a helmet. + +3. Seeing[1] the standards, each one went forward. + +4. A line was drawn up[2] to resist[3] the enemy’s charge. + +5. Cæsar encouraged the tenth legion for the purpose of strengthening[4] +their courage. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. seeing: not the gerundive. + 2. A line was drawn up: see chap. xx. + 3. resist: +sustineo+. + 4. strengthening: use +cōnfīrmo+.] + + +CHAPTER XXII. + + Clauses of Result with +ut (ut nōn)+: 319; H. 500, II. + +1. So dense was the hedge that it obstructed the view. + +2. The result was that no legion could execute orders. + +3. One legion opposes the foe in one part, another in another. + + +CHAPTER XXIII. + + 1. Place to which: 258; H. 380, I. + 2. Place from which: 258; H. 412, I. + 3. Place in which: 258, 4, and 260, b.; H. 425, 1. + +1. The Roman soldiers drive the enemy, exhausted by wounds, into an +unfavorable place. + +2. They followed them up from the left part of the line. + +3. As they attempted[1] to cross the river, a great part of them were +put to the sword. + +4. In another part many of the Belgians were killed. + +5. On the front the Belgæ pushed for the camp. + +6. But at last they were put to flight. + + [NOTE.-- + 1. attempted: recast the sentence and express _as they + attempted_ by a participle referring to _a great part_.] + + +CHAPTER XXIV. + + 1. Position of +causa+ with genitive: 245, c. + 2. Temporal Clauses with +cum+: 325; H. 521, II. 2. + +1. The Romans see that the horsemen are scared. + +2. Horsemen were coming to Cæsar to render aid. + +3. When the camp-followers had gone out for the purpose of plundering, +they saw that our men were fleeing. + +4. Seeing the slingers flee,[1] they fled themselves.[2] + + [NOTES.-- + 1. flee, _to flee_. + 2. themselves: use +ipse+.] + + +CHAPTER XXV. + + 1. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a.; H. 431, 4. + 2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 290, d.; H. 195, 2. + 3. Substitutes for Perf. Act. Partc.: 290, d. 2; H. 550, N. 4. + +1. Cæsar saw that the soldiers of the twelfth legion were hard pushed. + +2. Cæsar, seeing[1] the soldiers of the twelfth legion hard pushed, went +to the right wing. + +3. As[2] all the standard-bearers were wounded, the standards were lost. + +4. Then Cæsar snatched a shield from a soldier. + +5. The soldiers renewed their courage and delayed[3] the enemy’s attack. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. seeing: not well rendered +videns+; try casting into a + clause--first with +ubi+, then with +cum+. + 2. As ... wounded: use a participial construction. + 3. renewed and delayed: it is better not to turn into Latin by + coördinate verbs.] + + +CHAPTER XXVI. + + 1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 397. + 2. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, I. & II. + 3. Dative of Service and of Object: 233 and a.; H. 390. + +1. One was sent for assistance to another.[1] + +2. The soldiers of two legions guarded the baggage.[2] + +3. He saw in how great peril the camp was. + +4. They will leave nothing undone[3] in point of courage. + +5. He will report to me in what state the army is. + +6. He saw that the tenth was fighting very bravely. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. another: bring the two forms of +alius+ together. + 2. guarded the baggage: make a different turn. + 3. leave nothing undone: a strange Latin idiom.] + + +CHAPTER XXVII. + + 1. Temporal Clauses with +cum+: 325; H. 521, 2. + 2. Clauses of Result with +ut (ut nōn)+: 319; H. 500, II. + 3. Clauses of Purpose with +ut (ne, ut ne)+: 317; H. 497, II. + +1. So great is the courage of the Nervii that they fight from the heaps +of corpses. + +2. Ascending[1] very high banks, they displayed the greatest courage. + +3. They dared to cross a wide stream in order to renew the fight. + +4. The cavalry, to wipe out[2] their disgrace, advance even into a +disadvantageous position. + +5. The greatness of their spirit rendered difficult things easy. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. ascending: turn by a clause with +cum+. + 2. To wipe out: not the infinitive.] + + +CHAPTER XXVIII. + + 1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413. + 2. Substitutes for Partitive Genitive: 216, c; H. 397, N. 3. + 3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with +ut (ne)+: 331; H. 498. + +1. Of five hundred senators, three were left. + +2. Out of forty (+quadrāginta+) thousand men, four hundred were able to +bear arms. + +3. Cæsar will keep their[1] neighbors from doing[2] harm. + +4. The name and nation of the Nervii are reduced[3] almost to +destruction. + +5. He orders the neighboring people to refrain from doing harm to the +Nervii.[4] + + [NOTES.-- + 1. their: not +suus+. + 2. doing: omit. + 3. reduced: participle used as an adjective in the neuter + plural. + 4. Nervii: genitive.] + + +CHAPTER XXIX. + + 1. Limit of Motion: 258 and b; H. 380 and 2. + 2. Accusative of Duration of Time: 256; H. 379. + 3. Locative Ablative with Preps.: 260, b; H. 425, I. + +1. They carry all their property into one town. + +2. During two days they hold out very bravely. + +3. For many years they were harassed by the Gauls. + +4. On two sides they have high rocks; on another, a wall. + +5. Leaving six thousand men this side[1] the Rhine, they return[2] home. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. this side: +cis+. + 2. return: commonly +revertor+ in the present, +reverti+ in the + perfect.] + + +CHAPTER XXX. + + 1. Ablative of Time _when_: 256; H. 429. + 2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469, II. + 3. Perfect of Completed Action: 279; H. 471, I. and 6. + +1. On the day of our arrival frequent sallies were made by the enemy +from the town. + +2. During the first days they taunted us from the walls. + +3. At a distance the soldiers made an “agger” and a tower. + +4. Then the Aduatuci began to jeer.[1] + +5. Can[2] men of such little stature place a tower on our wall? + + [NOTES.-- + 1. jeer: two words in Latin. + 2. begin with +num+.] + + +CHAPTER XXXI. + + 1. Causal Relative Clauses: 320, e; H. 517. + 2. Dative with certain Intrans. Verbs: 227; H. 385. + 3. Future Conditions less vivid: 307, b; H. 509, N. 1. + +1. They surrender to Cæsar, since he is so powerful.[1] + +2. The envoys say the enemy are jealous of their[2] valor. + +3. It is better to endure death than slavery. + +4. If Cæsar should rob the Aduatuci of their arms,[3] they would be +killed. + +5. Their enemies would kill them, if they should surrender their arms. + +6. It is better to persuade them to give up their arms. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. is so powerful: _can so much_ (+tantum+). + 2. their: express by the proper form of +suus+. + 3. of their arms: not the genitive.] + + +CHAPTER XXXII. + + 1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416. + 2. Clauses of Result with +ut (ut nōn)+: 319; H. 500, II. + 3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with +ut (nē)+: 331; H. 498. + +1. They order the people to deliver up their arms. + +2. Through Cæsar’s orders, no wrong will be inflicted. + +3. Cæsar spared, according to his custom, those who had surrendered.[1] + +4. Cæsar orders the neighbors of the Nervii not to harm them.[2] + +5. There is so great a quantity of arms in the town that a third part is +concealed. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. those who had surrendered: one word in Latin. + 2. them: dative.] + + +CHAPTER XXXIII. + + 1. Causal Clauses with +cum+: 326; H. 517. + 2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a; H. 431, 4. + 3. Pass. of Intrans. Verbs used impersonally: 230; H. 465, 1. + +1. [1]The Aduatuci fought very spiritedly. + +2. [1]Thither hasten all the forces of the town. + +3. After the shutting[2] of the gates, the townsmen formed a plan. + +4. Since they had been driven back, they no longer[3] defended +themselves. + +5. Now[4] that the town was occupied, the booty was sold. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. Use the passive construction. + 2. After the shutting: turn in two ways. + 3. no longer: +nōn iam+. + 4. Now that the town was occupied: turn in two ways.] + + +CHAPTER XXXIV. + + 1. Ablative of Agent with +ā (ab)+: 246; H. 415, I. + 2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 330, 2; H. 523, I. + +1. All the maritime states were subdued by Cæsar. + +2. Cæsar says that the maritime states have been reduced. + +3. At this time P. Crassus had been sent with one legion. + +4. Crassus informs Cæsar that one legion has been sent to the Veneti. + +5. The Veneti, to whom one legion had been sent, border on the ocean. + + +CHAPTER XXXV. + + 1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2; H. 497, I. + 2. Verbs of Promising, Hoping, etc.: 380, f.; 535, II. + 3. Dative with Certain Adjectives: 234, a; H. 391, I. + +1. The embassies promised to return[1] the next summer. + +2. Near the Rhine were many nations of barbarians. + +3. These barbarians promised to do Cæsar’s bidding. + +4. The barbarians send men to give[2] hostages. + +5. So great was the joy[3] that a thanksgiving was decreed. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. to return: in the Latin idiom, _themselves to be going to + return_. + 2. to give: put in two ways. + 3. joy: +gaudium+.] + + + + +VOCABULARY. + +If the learner, as often as he refers to this vocabulary for the meaning +of a word, will glance over the group of words given in the Etymological +Vocabulary under the same root, he will find his knowledge of the +relations and meaning of words, and consequently his power to read +Latin, rapidly increase. + + ++Ā+ or +Ab (abs)+, prep. w. abl. [APA-], _from, away from_, 6, 13, 18, +24, 25; _at the hands of_, 31, 33; _away, at a distance of_, 1, 30; _in, +on, at_, 23, 25; _by_, 1, 5, 9, etc. + ++Ab·dō+, 3, -didī, -ditum [2 DA-], _put away; hide_, 19. + ++Ab·sum+, -esse, āfuī [ES-], _be away from_, 11; _be distant_, 4, 5, 6, +13, 10, 17, 21; with ā or ab and abl. + ++Āc+, see +At·que+. + ++Ac·cēdō (adc-)+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go towards, approach_, 13, +w. ad and acc.; _arise, increase in_, 7, with dat. + ++Ac·cidō (adc-)+, 3, -cidī, -- [CAD-], _fall to_ or _towards; befall, +happen_, 35; w. dat. + Cf. incidō, ēveniō. + ++Ac·cipiō (adc-)+, 3, -cēpī, -ceptum [CAP-], _take to one’s self; +accept_, 15; _receive_, 13; _suffer_, 33. + ++Acervus+, -ī, M. [1 AC-], _thing brought to a point; pile, heap_, 32. + ++Aciēs+, ēī- (-e, 23), F. [1 AC-], _edge; line of battle, army_, 8, 9, +19, 20, 23, 25. + ++Ācr·iter+, adv. [1 AC-], _sharply; fiercely, desperately_, 10, 33. + ++Ad+, prep. w. acc., _to, towards_, 8, 13, 28, etc.; _up to_, 17; +_near_, 4, 19, 21, 33; _for_, 1, 4, 8, 21, etc.; _after, according +to_, 31. + ++Ad·aequō+, 1 [IC-, AIC-], _make equal to, equal_, 32. + ++Ad·clīvis (acc-)+, -e, adj. [CLĪ-], _sloping upward_, 29. + Cf. dēclīvis. + ++Ad·clīvitās (acc-)+, -ātis, F. [CLĪ-], _upward slope, rise_, 18. + Cf. dēclīvitās, dēiectus. + ++Ad·com·modō (acconm-)+, 1 [2 MA-, MAD-], _fit_ or _adapt to; put +on_, 21. + Cf. induō. + ++Ad·dūcō+, 3, -dūxī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead_ or _bring to_, 5; _lead up_, +1; w. ad and acc. + ++Ad·eō+, -īre, -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go to; reach, get at_, 7. + ++Ad·ferō (aff-)+, -ferre, attulī, allātum [1 FER-], _bring_ or _carry +to_, 1. + ++Ad·fīnitās (aff-)+, -ātis, F. [2 FID-], _relationship by marriage_, 4. + Cf. propīnquitās. + ++Ad·gredior (agg-)+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go to, approach; attack_, +9, 10. + Cf. adorior. + ++Ad·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _throw to_ or _against; hurl, +cast_, 21. + ++Ad·itus+, -ūs, M. [1 I-, AI-], _going to, approach_, 16, 29; _access, +admittance_, 15. + ++Ad·iuvō+, 1, -iūvī, -iūtum [DIV-, DI-, DIAV-], _help, aid_, 17. + ++Ad·ministrō+, 1 [2 MAN-, MI-], _put the hand to; attend to_, 20, 22. + ++Ad·orior+, 4, -ortus [OL-, OR-], _rise up against; attack_, 11, 17. + Cf. adgredior. + ++Ad·propīnquō (app-)+, 1 [PARC-, PLEC-], _come near to, approach_, 10, +31, w. dat.; 19, w. ad and acc. + Cf. subeō, succēdō. + ++Aduātucī+, -ōrum, M., _tribe, originally German, in Belgian Gaul, on +left bank of the Maas_, 4, 16, 29, 31. + ++Ad·ventus+, -ūs, M. [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _coming to_ or _drawing near; +approach, arrival_, 7, 16, 25, 27, 30. + Cf. successus, aditus. + ++Ad·versus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of advertō) [VERT-], _turned to_ or +_towards; opposite, in the face_, 8, 18, 24; adversō colle, _up hill_, +19; w. dat. + ++Aedi·ficium+, -ī, N. [AID-; FAC-], _building_, 7. + ++Aeduī+, -ōrum, M., _powerful Celtic people between upper courses of +Loire and Seine_, 5, 10, 14, 15. + ++Aeduus+, -a, -um, adj., _Aeduan_, 5, 14. + ++Aegrē+, adv., _with regret_ or _displeasure; barely, with +difficulty_, 6. + ++Aequāl·iter+, adv. [IC-, AIC-], _evenly_, 18. + ++Aestās+, -ātis, F. [AID-], _burning season; summer_, 2, 35. + ++Aestuārium+, -ī, N. [AID-], _pertaining to rolling; inlet, +sea-marsh_, 28. + ++Aetās+, -ātis, F. [1 I-, AI-], _age, old age_, 16. + ++Ager+, -grī, M. [AG-], _cultivated land; land, field_, 4, 5, 7, 9. + ++Ag·ger+, -eris, M. [GER-], _that which is brought to a place_, i.e. +_materials for a mound_, 20; _mound, rampart_, 12, 30, 32. + ++Āgmen+, -inis, N. [AG-], _that which is set in motion; marching +column_, 11, 17, 19, 23, 26. + ++Agō+, 3, ēgī, āctum [AG-], _put in motion; bring up_, 12, 30; _take +along_, 29; _carry on, do_, 20. + ++Aliās+, adv. (acc. pl. F. of alius) [2 AL- (ALI-)], _at another time_; +aliās ... aliās, _at one time ... at another_, 29. + ++Aliēnus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 AL-, (ALI-)], _belonging to another, +another’s_, 10. + ++Al·iter+, adv. [2 AL-], _otherwise, in another manner_, 19. + ++Alius+, -a, -ud, adj., gen. alīus [2 AL- (ALI-)], _other, another, +different_, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 31. + ++Alter+, -era, -erum, adj., gen. -ius [2 AL-], _other (of two)_, 5, 21; +alter ... alter, _the one ... the other_. + ++Altitūdō+, -inis, F. [1 AL-], _elevation, height_, 5, 12, 18, 31, 32. + ++Altus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AL-], _become great by nourishment; lofty, +high_, 27, 29. + ++Ambiānī+, -ōrum, M., _Belgian tribe near modern Amiens_, 4, 15. + ++Amīcitia+, -ae, F. [AM-], _friendship_, 14. + ++Ā·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _let go from one’s self; lose_, 25. + ++Ampli·ficō+, 1 [PLE-, PLO-; FAC-], _make larger, increase_, 14. + ++Am·plius+, adv. (N. compar. of amplus) [ambi-; PLE-, PLO-], _more_, 7, +16, 29. + ++Andocumborius+, -ī, M., _man of high rank among the Remi_, 3. + ++Andēs+, -ium, M., _tribe of Gaul north of the Loire, modern Anjou_, 35. + ++Angustus+, -a, -um, adj., _contracted; narrow, difficult_; +in +angustō+, _in a critical state_, 25. + ++Animus+, -ī, M. [AN-], _soul; mind, feelings_, 21; _spirit, courage_, +15, 21, 25, 27; _character_, 1. + ++Annus+, -ī, M., _that which goes round; year_, 29. + ++Ante+, [ANT-], _before_; as adv., = anteā, _before, formerly_, 12, 22, +33; as prep. w. acc., _before_ (of time), 35; (of place), 32. + ++Antīquitus+, adv. [ANT-], _from ancient times; in olden times_, 4; +_from of old_, 17. + ++A·pertus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of aperiō) [2 PAR-, POR-], _without +covering; open, unobstructed_, 18, 19; _uncovered, exposed_, 23. + ++Ap·pellō (adp-)+, 1 [PAL-, PEL-], _bring one’s self to a person; +accost, address_, 25; _call_, 4. + ++Ap·ud+, prep. w. acc. [APA-], _near, among_, 2, 4, 7, 14. + ++Ar·bitror+, 1 [BA-, VA-], _be a hearer_ or _spectator, think, suppose, +believe_, 4, 28; w. acc. and inf. + ++Arbor+, -oris, F. [1 AL-, AR-], _tree_, 17. + ++Ar·cessō+, 3, -īvī, -ītum [CAD-], _cause to come to; summon, send +for_, 20. + ++Arduus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AL-, AR-, strengthened to ARDH-], +_steep_, 33. + ++Ariēs+, -etis, M., _battering-ram_, 32. + ++Arma+, -ōrum, N. [AR-], _things adapted; arms, weapons_, 3, 4, 9, 13, +etc. + ++Armātūra+, -ae, F. [AR-], _arming; equipment_, 10, 24. + ++Armō+, 1 [AR-], _furnish with arms; arm, equip_, 4, 27. + ++A·scendō (adsc-)+, 3, -dī, -scēnsum [SCAND-], _mount up, climb_, 27. + ++A·scēnsus (adsc-)+, -ūs, M. [SCAND-], _ascending; ascent, way up_, 33. + ++At+, conj., _but, on the other hand_, 23, 27. + ++At·que+ (before vowels and consonants), +āc+ (before consonants only), +_and also, and especially, and_, 3, 5, 6, etc.; _as_, 6; _than_, 19. + Cf. et and -que. + ++Atrebatēs+, -um, M., _Belgian people in the region of modern Arras_, 4, +16, 23. + ++At·tingō (adt-)+, 3, -tigī, -tāctum, [TAG-], _touch against; approach, +reach_, 32; _border upon_, 15, 34. + ++Auctōritās+, -ātis, F. [AVG-], _power, standing, influence_, 4, 14, 15. + ++Audāc·ter+, adv. [1 AV-], _boldly_, 10, 26. + ++Audeō+, 2, ausus [1 AV-], _venture, dare_, 8, 17, 19, 27; w. +complementary infin. + ++Audiō+, 4 [2 AV-], _listen to; hear, hear about_, 12, 31, w. acc.; 12, +w. acc. and infin. + ++Aulercī+, -ōrum, M., _tribe in Bretagne and Normandy_, 34. + ++Aurunculēius+, -ī, M., _L. A. Cotta, lieutenant of Cæsar_, 11. + ++Au·t+, conj. [2 TA-], _or_ (excluding the other), 30, 33; aut ... aut, +_either ... or_, 25. + ++Au·tem+, postpositive conj. [2 TA-], _but, on the other hand_, 9; +_moreover_, 19. + ++Auxilium+, -ī, N. [AVG-], _aid, support, assistance_, 10, 24, 29; pl. +_auxiliary forces_, 14. + Cf. subsidium. + ++Ā·vertō+, 3, -tī, -sum [VERT-], _turn away from_. + Aversī, see note, 26. + ++Axona+, -ae, F., _river in country of the Belgæ_, 5, 9. + + +B. + ++Baculus+, -ī, M., P. Sextius B., _centurion_, 25. + ++Baleāris+, -e, adj., _Balearic, of the Balearic Islands_, 7. + ++Barbarus+, -a, -um, adj., _foreign, non-Roman_, 35. + ++Belgae+, -ārum, M., _collective name of tribes living in the country +bounded by the Seine, Marne, Moselle, Rhine, and the ocean_, 1, 2, 3, +following. + ++Bellovacī+, -ōrum, M., _strongest tribe of the Belgæ, north of the +Seine and on right bank of the Oise and Somme_, 4, 5, 10, 13, 14. + ++Bellum+, -ī, N. [DVA-, DVI-], _contest between two; war_, 4, 9, 14, 16, +29, 31, 35. + ++Bibrax+, -ctis, F. (N.?), _town of the Remi_, 6. + ++Boduōgnātus+, -ī, M., _leader of the Nervii_, 23. + ++Bratuspantium+, -ī, N., _chief town of the Bellovaci_, 13. + ++Brevitās+, -ātis, F., _shortness, brevity_, 20, 30. + Cf. exiguitās. + ++Britannia+, -ae, F., _Britain_, 4, 14. + + +C. + ++Cadāver+, -eris, N. [CAD-], _that which falls down dead; dead +body_, 27. + ++Cadō+, 3, cecidī, cāsum [CAD-], _fall_, 27. + ++Caeroesī+, -ōrum, M., _German tribe in Belgian Gaul_, 4. + ++Caesar+, -aris, M., _Gaius Julius Cæsar, conqueror of Gaul and author +of the Commentaries_, 1, 2, 5, etc. + ++Calamitās+, -ātis, F. [SCAL-], _injury, disaster_, 14, 28. + ++Caletī+, -ōrum (-ēs, -um), M., _tribe in Normandy, on the Seine_, 4. + ++Cālō+, -ōnis, M., _groom, soldier’s servant_, 24, 26, 27. + ++Captīvus+, -a, -um, adj. [CAP-], _taken prisoner; captive_, 16, 17. + ++Caput+, -itis, N. [CAP-], _head; individual, person_, 33. + ++Carnūtēs+, -um, M., _important Gallic tribe between the Loire and Seine +rivers_, 35. + ++Castellum+, -ī, N. dim. [SCAD-, CAD-], _redoubt, stronghold_, 8, 9, 29, +30, 33. + ++Castra+, -ōrum, N. [SCAD-, CAD-], _camp_, 2, 5, 6, etc. + ++Cāsus+, -ūs, M. [CAD-], _falling; happening; chance_, 21; +_misfortune_, 31. + ++Causa+, -ae, F. [CAV-], _cause, reason_, 1, 7, 10, 11; causā, used like +prep. post-positive, _for the sake of, for the purpose of_, 10, 15, 17, +20, 21, 24. + ++Cēdō+, 3, cessī, cessum [CAD-], _go; fall back; give way, retreat_, 19. + ++Celeritās+, -ātis, F. [CEL-], _swiftness, quickness_, 12, 19, 20, +26, 31. + ++Celer·iter+, adv. [CEL-], _swiftly, quickly, promptly_, 3, 12, 23, 33. + ++Cēlō+, 1 [2 CAL-, SCAL-], _hide, conceal_, 32, 33. + ++Centum+, num. adj. indeclin. [CEN-], _hundred_, 4. + ++Centuriō+, -ōnis, M. [CEN-], _commander of a century, centurion, +captain_, 17, 25. + ++Certus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 CER-, CRE-], _determined; definite_, 11; +_certain, regular_, 22; certiōrem facere, _inform_, 1, 2, 10, 34; w. +acc. and infin. + ++Cēterī+, -ōrum, pl. adj. [CA-, CI-], _the others, rest_, 3. + Cf. reliquī. + ++Cīmbrī+, -ōrum, M., _German tribe which invaded Gaul and the Province +in the second century_, 4, 29. + ++Circi·ter+, adv. [CVR-, CIR-; 1 I-], _going in a circle; about, not far +from_, 2, 8, 13, 18, 32. + ++Circu·itus+, -ūs, M. [CVR-, CIR-; 1 I-], _going in a circle; +circumference_, 29, 30. + ++Circum-+, prep. w. acc. [CVR-, CIR-], _around, about_; here only in +composition. + ++Circum·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _throw around; place +around_, 6. + ++Circum·mūniō+, 4, [2 MV-], _wall up around; blockade_, 30. + ++Circum·veniō+, 4, -vēnī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come around; +surround, outflank_, 8, 10, 23, 24, 26. + ++Cis+, prep. w. acc. [CA-, CI-], _on this side, this side of_, 3. + ++Citerior+, -us, -ōris, adj. [CA-, CI-], _more on this side; hither, +nearer_, 1, 2. + ++Citrā+, prep. w. acc. [CA-, CI-], _on this side, this side of_, 29. + Cf. cis. + ++Cīvitās+, -ātis, F., _citizenship; community_, 3, 4, 5, etc. + ++Clāmor+, -ōris, M. [1 CAL-], _loud call; shouting_, 11, 24. + ++Claudō+, 3, -sī, -sum, _shut, close_, 33; _close, bring up_, 19. + ++Clē·mentia+, -ae, F. [CLĪ-; 1 MAN-, MEN-], _indulgent disposition; +gentleness, mildness_, 14, 31. + ++Co·acervō+, 1 [1 AC-], _heap up_, 27. + ++Co·epī+, -isse, -ptus (defective verb, with tenses from present stem +lacking) [AP-, OP-], _have begun, began_, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 19, 23, 20. + ++Cō·gnōscō+, 3, -gnōvī, -gnitum [GNA-, GNO-], _understand thoroughly; +perceive, learn, ascertain_, 2, 5, 11, 17, w. acc. and inf.; 4, 26, w. +indir. question; plperf. _knew_, 10. + ++Cō·gō+, 3, -ēgī, -āctum [AG-], _drive together, compel; gather, rally_, +2, 5. + Cf. condūcō. + ++Co·hors+, -hortis, F., _multitude enclosed; cohort_, 5, 25. + ++Co·hortātiō+, -ōnis, F., _cheering on, urging, encouraging, appeal +to_, 25. + ++Co·hortor+, 1, _cheer on, urge, call upon_, 5, 20, 21, 25, w. acc.; 21 +foll. by clause w. ut. + ++Collis+, -is, M., _hill_, 8, 18, 19, 22. + ++Com·meātus (conm-)+, -ūs, M., _going to and fro; train of supplies, +provisions_, 5, 9. + ++Com·ĕs+, -itis, M., _comrade_. + ++Com·memorō (conm-)+, 1 [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _keep in mind; mention, +relate_, 28. + ++Com·mittō (conm-)+, 3, -mīsī, mīssum [MIT-], _cause to go together; +join_, 19, 21. + ++Com·modē (conm-)+, adv. [2 MA-, MAD-], _duly, aptly; easily, +advantageously_, 20. + ++Com·moveō (conm-)+, 2, -mōvī, -mōtum [1 MV-, MOV-], _move violently; +startle, alarm, make anxious_, 2, 31. + ++Com·mūnis (conm-)+, -e, adj. [2 MV-], _serving together; common, +general_, 4, 5. + ++Com·mūtātiō (conm-)+, -ōnis, F. [1 MV-, MOV-], _change_, 27. + ++Com·parō (conp-)+, 1 [2 PAR-, POR-], _bring_ or _put together; get +ready, provide, procure_, 2, 12. + ++Com·pellō (conp-)+, 3, -pulī, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-], _drive together, +gather; drive in a body, rout_, 23. + ++Com·pleō (conp-)+, 2, -ēvī, -ētum [PLE-, PLO-], _fill completely; +fill_, 24. + ++Com·plūrēs (conp-)+, -a (-ia), gen. -ium, adj. [PLE-, PLO-, PLV-], +_several together, a large number_, 17. + ++Con-+, for +scom-+ = +cum+ [SEC-], _with, together_; in composition, +denoting completeness or union; sometimes intensive. + ++Con·cīdō+, 3, -cīdī, -cīsum [2 SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-], _cut up entirely; +cut to pieces, destroy_, 11. + ++Con·cilium+, -ī, N. [1 CAL-], _that which is called together; meeting, +assembly_, 4, 10. + ++Con·currō+, 3, -currī or -cucurrī, -cursum [CEL-, CER-], _run together; +hurry, rally, gather_, 20, 33. + ++Con·diciō+, -ōnis, F., [DĪC-, DIC-], _talking together; agreement, +stipulation, terms_, 15, 32. + ++Condrūsī+, -ōrum, M., _Belgic tribe on the Meuse_, 4. + ++Con·dūcō+, 3, -dūxī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead together; collect, muster_, +2; _hire_, 1. + ++Cōn·ferō+, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [1 FER-], _bring_ or _bear together; +gather, collect_, 15, 25, 29; with reflex. pronoun, _betake one’s self, +go_, 13. + ++Cōn·fertus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of cōn·ferciō), _pressed together; +compact, in close array_, 23; _crowded together_, 25. + ++Cōn·ficiō+, 3, -fēcī, -fectum [FAC-], _make completely; perform, +accomplish_, 12; _raise, put in the field_, 4; _exhaust, wear out_, 23, +25, 27. + ++Cōn·fīdō+, 3, -fīsus sum [1 FID-, FĪD-] _trust entirely; believe, trust +firmly_, 30, w. acc. and infin. + ++Cōn·fīrmō+, 1 [2 FER-], _make firm; give assurance, pledge one’s self_, +15, w. acc. and infin.; _encourage, reassure_, 19; _confirm_, 11. + ++Cōn·flīgō+, 3, -xī, -ctum [FLAG-, FLIG-], _strike_ or _dash together; +contend, fight_, 5; w. cum and abl. + ++Con·gredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _step together; meet, have an +engagement with, fight_, 23. + Cf. cōnflīgō, pūgnō. + ++Cōn·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _throw together; hurl_, 6, +27; _drive, rout_, 23; _place hastily_, 16, 28. + Cf. compellō. + ++Con·iungō+, 3, -iūnxī, -iūnctum [IV-, IVG-], _draw together, join_, 3, +4, 26. + ++Con·iūrō+, 1 [IV-, IVG-], _swear together; make a sworn agreement, +conspire_, 1, 3. + ++Con·locō (coll-)+, 1, _place, station, set_, 8, 19, 22, 29, 30. + ++Cōnor+, 1, _undertake, attempt_, 9, 10, 12, 23. + ++Cōn·sanguineus+, -a, -um, adj., _possessing the same blood; +kindred_, 3. + ++Cōn·scrībō+, 3, -psi, -ptum [SCARP-], _write together_ (in a list); +_enroll, enlist_, 2, 8, 19. + ++Cōn·sēnsus+, -ūs, M. [SENT-], _agreement, harmony, concerted action_, +28, 29. + ++Cōn·sentiō+, 4, -sēnsī, -sēnsum [SENT-], _feel with_, 3; _join hands +(with), make common cause with_, 3; w. cum and abl. + ++Cōn-sequor+, 3, -secūtus [SEC-], _follow thoroughly; attain, +obtain_, 1. + ++Cōn·servō+, 1 [SAL-, SER-], _keep thoroughly; preserve, save, spare_, +12, 15, 28, 31, 32. + ++Cōn·sīdō+, 3, -sēdī, -sessum [SED-, SID-], _sit down together; settle, +take position_, 4, 16. + ++Cōn·silium+, -ī, N., _consultation; design, plan of action_, 9, 14, 33; +_advice, suggestion_, 17. + ++Cōn·similis+, -e, adj., [2 SA-, SIM-], _altogether like, quite +similar_, 11; w. dat. + ++Cōn·sistō+, 3, -stitī, -- [STA-], _make stand; take position, stand_, +6, 23, 26; _make a stand, rally_, 11, 17, 21; _depend upon, be based +on_, 33. + ++Cōn·spectus+, -ūs, M. [SPEC-], _view, sight_, 25. + ++Cōn·spiciō+, 3, -spēxī, -spectum [SPEC-], _look at with attention; +behold, catch sight of, see_, 21, 26, w. acc.; 24, w. acc. and infin. + ++Cōn·spicor+, 1 [SPEC-], _get a sight of, espy, observe_, 26, 27. + Cf. cōnspiciō. + ++Cōn·stanter+, adv. [STA-], _standing firm; uniformly_, 2. + ++Cōn·stituō+, 3, -uī, -ūtum [STA-], _place together; determine, +appoint_, fix, 11; _set up, place_, 12, 30; _station_, 8, 19; _decide_, +10, w. acc. and infin. + Cf. statuō. + ++Cōn·suēscō+, 3, -suēvī, -suētum [SOVO-, SVO-], _accustom; become +accustomed_; pf. _be accustomed_ (= solēre), 14, 31. + ++Cōn·suētūdō+, -inis, F. [SOVO-, SVO-], _custom, habit_, 17, 19, 32. + Cf. mōs. + ++Con·temptus+, -ūs, M. [TEM-], _scorn, contempt_, 30. + ++Con·tendō+, 3, -dī, -ntum [1 TA-, TEN-], _strain with all one’s might; +march, push on, hasten_, 7, 9, 10, 12, 19, 23, 24; _struggle, contend_, +9, 13, 30. + ++Con·tineō+, 2, -uī, -tentum [1 TA-, TEN-], _hold_ or _keep together; +restrain, hold back_, 11; _keep_, 11, 18, 30. + ++Con·trā+, adv. [SEC-], _against, on the other hand_, 17; as prep., w. +acc., 1, 3, 13, 33. + ++Con·trārius+, -a, -um, adj. [SEC-], _situated over against, opposite_, +18; w. dat. + ++Con·tumēlia+, -ae, F. [TEM-], _great swelling; disgrace, insult_, 14. + ++Con·vēniō+, 4, -vēnī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come together, meet_, +5, 10, 12; impersonal, _be agreed upon_, 19. + ++Convertō+, 3, -tī, -sum [VERT-], _wholly turn; turn around, turn, +direct_, 26. + ++Con·vocō+, 1 [VOC-], _call together, summon_, 10. + ++C·ōpia+, -ae, F. [AP-, OP-], _ability; ample supply, supply_, 2; pl., +_resources, supplies_, 10; _forces, troops_, 5, 7, 8, etc. + ++Cornū+, -ūs, N. [CAR-], _horn; wing of an army_, 23, 25. + ++Corpus+, -oris, N. [1 CER-, CRE-], _what is made; body_, 30; _corpse_, +10, 27. + ++Cortex+, -icis, M. and F. [CAR-], _part that splits off; bark_, 33. + ++Cotī·diē+, adv. [CA-; DIV-, DI-], _on every day; daily, regularly_, 8. + ++Cotta+, -ae, M., _L. Arunculeius, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants_, 11. + ++Crassus+, -ī, M., _P. Licinius, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants_, 34. + ++Crēber+, -bra, -brum, adj. [1 CER-, CRE-], _made to increase; thick, +numerous, frequent_, 1, 17, 30. + ++Crēdō+, 3, -didī, -ditum [CRAT-; 2 DA-], _put trust in; believe_, 33, +w. acc. and infin. + Cf. cōnfīdō. + ++Crēs+, -ētis, M., _Cretan_, 7. + ++Cruciātus+, -ūs, M. [CVR-, CIR-], _torture_, 31. + ++Cum+, prep. w. abl. [SEC-], _with, in company with, together with_, 3, +10, 13, etc.; _at same time with_, 5, 7, 16; _with, provided with_, +11, 33. + ++Cum+, conj. [CA-, CI-], temporal, _when_, 1, 4, 6, 8, following; cum +prīmum, _as soon as_, 2; causal, _as, since_, 11, 17, 22, etc.; +concessive, _although, while_, 29; cum ... tum, _both ... and_, 4. + ++C·ūnctus+, -a, -um, adj. [IV-, IVG-], _all together; all, entire_, 29. + ++Cupiō+, 3, -īvī, -ītum, _desire eagerly, be eager_, 25. + ++Curiosolitēs+, -um, M. (acc. -ēs, ās), _people of Armoric Gaul_, 34. + ++Cursus+, -ūs, M. [CEL-, CER-], _running, speed_, 23, 26. + ++Custōdia+, -ae, F. [SCV-, CV-], _guard-keeping; guard, protection_, 29. + + +D. + ++Dē+, prep. w. abl., _from; down from_, 32; of time, _in, about_, 7; +_for, on account of_, 7; _for, about, concerning_, 2, 4, 6, etc. + ++Dē·beō+ [for dehibeō], 2, -uī, -itum [HAB-], _have from_; impersonal, +_owe, ought_, 27, 33. + ++Decem+, num. adj. indecl. [DEC-], _ten_, 4. + ++Dē·cernō+, 3, -crēvī, -crētum [2 CER-, CRE-], _decide; decide upon, +decree_, 35. + ++Dē·certō+, 1 [2 CER-], _fight a decisive battle_, 10. + Cf. conflīgō, congredior, dīmicō, pūgnō. + ++Decimus+, -a, -um, adj. [DEC-], _tenth_, 21, 23, 25, 26. + ++Dē·clīvis+, -e, adj. [CLĪ-], _inclining down-hill, sloping_, 18. + ++Decumānus (deci-)+, -a, -um, adj. [DEC-], _of the tenth cohort_, in the +phrase, decumāna porta, _rear gate_, 24, main entrance to a Roman camp. + ++Dē·currō+, 3, -cucurrī or -currī, -cursum [CEL-, CER-], _run down_, +19, 21. + ++Dē·ditīcius+, -a, -um, adj. [1 DA-], _one who has surrendered_; as +noun, M., _prisoner of war_, 17; _subjects_, 32. + ++Dē·ditiō+, -ōnis, F. [1 DA-], _giving one’s self up; surrender_, 12, +13, 32, 33. + ++Dē·dō+, 3, -didī, -ditum [1 DA-], _give up_ or _away; surrender_, 15, +28, 32. + ++Dē·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead away, bring off_, 2, 33, 35; +_bring (to)_, 10, 31. + Cf. redigō. + ++Dē·fendō+, 3, -dī, -fēnsum [FEN-, FEND-], _thrust away; repel_, 29; +_defend_, 10, 12, 31, 33. + ++Dē·fēnsiō+, -ōnis, F. [FEN-, FEND-], _protection, defence_, 7. + ++Dē·fēnsor+, -ōris, M. [FEN-, FEND-], _defender_, 6, 12. + ++Dē·ferō+, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [1 FER-], _bear_ or _bring away; bear, +report_, 17, 19; _bestow_, 4; w. ad and acc. + ++Dē·ficiō+, 3, -fēcī, -fectum [FAC-], _make from; give out, fail_, 10; +_revolt (from), forsake, desert_, 14; w. ab and abl. + ++Dē·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl down; drive away, +dislodge_, 27. + ++Dē·iectus+, -ūs, M. [IA-, IAC-], _slope, declivity_, 8, 22. + Cf. dēclīvis, adclīvis. + ++De·inde+, adv. [2 I-], _from here; thereupon, then, in the next +place_, 1. + ++Dē·leō+, 2, -ēvī, -ētum [LI-], _wipe out, destroy_, 27. + ++Dē·ligō+, 3, -lēgī, -lēctum [1 LEG-, LIG-], _choose out; choose, +select_, 17, 18, 29. + Cf. ēlīgō. + ++Dē·mōnstrō+, 1 [1 MAN-, MEN-], _point out, explain, mention_, 1, 9, 22; +w. acc. and infin., 17. + ++Dēnique+, adv., _and thereupon, finally; at any rate, at least_, 33. + ++Dēnsus+, -a, -um, adj., _thick, dense, close_, 22. + ++Dē·pōnō+, 3, -posuī, -positum [1 SA-, SI-], _put aside_ or _down; lay +aside, place in safety_, 29. + ++Dē·populor+, 1 [SCAL-, SPOL-], _lay waste, ravage_, 7. + ++Dē·precor+, 1 [PREC-], _avert by praying; petition against, pray to be +spared_, 31. + ++Dē·serō+, 3, -uī, -tum [1 SER-, SVAR-], _undo, sever connection with; +abandon, desert_, 25, 29. + ++Dē·sistō+, 3, -stitī, -- [STA-], _remove from; cease, stop_, 11. + ++Dē·spectus+, -ūs, M. [SPEC-], _looking down upon; opportunity for +distant views, prospect_, 29. + ++Dē·spērō+, 1 [SPA-, PA-], _give up hope; despair of_, 24. + ++Dē·spoliō+, 1 [SCAL-, SPOL-], _rob, deprive_, 31; w. acc. and abl. + ++Dē·sum+, -esse, -fuī [ES-], _be away; be lacking, fail_, 21. + Cf. dēficiō. + ++Dē·terreō+, 2, -uī, -itum [TER-, TERS-], _frighten from; prevent, +deter_, 3. + ++Dē·trahō+, 3, -xī, -ctum, _drag from; take from, remove_, 25. + ++Dē·trūdō+, 3, -sī, -sum, _thrust away; remove_, 21. + Cf. dētrahō. + ++Dē·veniō+, 4, -vēnī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come down into; come +to, reach_, 21; w. prep. and acc. + Cf. adpropīnquō. + ++Dexter+, -tra, -trum, adj, _right, on the right hand_, 23, 25. + +(+Diciō+), -ōnis, F., no nom. [DIC-, DĪC-], _sway, control_, 34. + ++Dīcō+, 3, -xī, -ctum [DĪC-, DIC-], _point out by speaking; say, state, +mention_, 1, 3, 4, etc.; w. acc. and infin. + ++Diēs+, -ēī, M. and F. [DIV-, DI-], _day_, 2, 5, 6, etc. + ++Dif·ficilis (disf-)+, -e, adj. [FAC-], _not to be done; difficult, +hard_, 27. + ++Dif·ficultās (disf-)+, -ātis, F. [FAC-], _difficulty, strait, +trouble_, 20. + ++Dī·ligen·ter+, adv. [1 LEG-, LIG-], _attentively, scrupulously, with +painstaking_, 5, 28. + ++Dī·mētior+, 4, -mēnsus [1 MA-, MAN-], _measure off; stake off, lay out, +survey_, 19. + ++Dī·micō+, 1, _move rapidly back and forth; fight, contend_, 21. + Cf. cōnfligō, congredior, contendō. + ++Dī·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, mīssum [MIT-], _send out in different directions, +despatch_, 5, 14, 21. + ++Dī·ripiō+, 3, -uī, -reptum [RAP-, RVP-], _tear in pieces; sack, +plunder_, 17. + ++Dis·cēdō+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go apart; go away, depart_, 7, +11, 20. + ++Dis·cessus+, -ūs, M. [CAD-], _departure, withdrawal_, 14. + ++Dis·sipō+, 1, _scatter, break up_, 24. + ++Dis·tineō+, 2, -uī, -tentum [1 TA-, TEN-], _keep apart; prevent union +of, separate_, 5. + ++Diū+, adv. [DIV-, DI-], _by day; for a long time, long_; compar. +diūtius, 1, 6, 10. + ++Dī·versus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of dīvertō) [VERT-], _turned away from; +facing in different directions_, 22; _different_, 23; _separated_, 24. + ++Dīvīnus+, -a, -um, adj. [DIV-, DI-], _of the gods, divine_, 31. + ++Divitiacus+, -ī, M., _leader of the Ædui, brother of Dumnorix_, 5, 10, +14, 15; _chieftain of the Suessiones_, 4. + ++Dō+, dare, dedī, datum [1 DA-], _give_, 2, 3, 20, 21, 35; inter sē, +_exchange_, 1. + ++Doceō+, 2, -uī, -ctum [DIC-, DAC- (DOC-)], _show, teach, explain_, +5, 20. + ++Domesticus+, -a, -um, adj. [DOM-], _of home, native, own_, 10. + ++Domi·cilium+, -ī, N. [DOM-; 2 CAL-, SCAL-], _dwelling-place_, 29. + ++Dominor+, 1, _lord it, be master_, 31. + ++Domus+, -ūs, F. [DOM-], _home_, 10, 11, 24, 29. + ++Du·bitō+, 1 [DVA-; BA-], _go to and fro; doubt, hesitate_, 2, 23. + ++Du·centī+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [DVA-, DVI-; CEN-], _two hundred_, +18, 29. + ++Dūcō+, 3, -xī, ductum [DVC-], _lead, conduct_, 8, 12, 13, 19. + ++Dum+ [for dium], adv. [DIV-, DI-], _while_. + ++Duo+, -ae, -o, num. adj. [DVA-, DVI-], _two_, 2, 7, 8, 9, etc. + ++Duo·decimus+, -a, -um, adj. [DVA-, DVI-; DEC-], _twelfth_, 23, 25. + ++Duo·dē·vīgintī+, num. adj. indecl. [DVA-, DVI-], _eighteen_, 5. + ++Du·plex+, -icis, adj. [DVA-; PARC-, PLEC-], _twofold, double_, 29. + ++Dux+, -cis, M. [DVC-], _leader_, 23; _guide_, 7. + + +E. + ++Ē+ or +Ex+, prep. w. abl., _from, out of_, 3, 6, 13, etc.; _after_, 6; +_on_, 8; _in consequence of_, 35. + ++Eburōnēs+, -um, M., _Belgian people near the Rhine_, 4. + ++Ē·ditus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of ēdō) [1 DA-], _set forth; elevated, +rising_, 8. + ++Ē·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead out, lead forth_, 8. + ++Ef·ficiō (ecf-)+, 3, -fēcī, -fectum [FAC-], _work out; bring about, +effect_, 5, 17; w. ut and subj. + ++Ē·gredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go out; sally forth_, 24; _depart +from, go forth_, 11, 13. + ++Ē·gregiē+, adv., _out of the flock; remarkably, excellently_, 29. + ++Ē·ligō+, 3, -lēgī, -lēctum [1 LEG-, LIG-], _choose out; pick from, +choose_, 4. + Cf. dēligo. + ++Ē·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _send out; hurl, let fly_, 23. + ++Emō+, 3, ēmī, ēmptum [EM-], _take in exchange; buy_, 33. + ++Ē·nāscor+, 3, -nātus [GEN-, GN-, GNA-], _grow out, spring up; sprout +forth_, 17. + ++Enim+, co-ord. conj., post-positive, _for, in fact_, 17. + Cf. nam. + ++Eō+, adv. (old dat. or abl. N. of is) [2 I-], _there, thither_, 3, 5, +25, 33. + ++Equĕs+, -itis, M., [2 AC-], _horseman, cavalry-man, knight_, 9, 18, 19, +24, 26, 27. + ++Equester+, -tris, -tre, adj. [2 AC-], _of horsemen, cavalry_, 8, 9. + ++Equitātus+, -ūs, M. [2 AC-], _riding; cavalry_, 10, 11, 17, 19. + ++Ergō+, _because of; therefore_. + ++Ē·ruptiō+, -ōnis, F. [RAP-, RVP-], _bursting forth; sally_, 33. + ++Esuviī+, -ōrum, M., _people in Normandy_, 34. + ++Et+, co-ord. conj. _and_, 1, 2, 3, etc.; et ... et, _both ... and_, 3, +4, 5, etc. + ++Et·iam+, adv. and conj. _and now; also_, 1, 4, 14, 16, 17, 21; _even, +still_, 4, 25, 27. + ++Ē·ventus+, -ūs, M. [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _coming forth; outcome, issue, +result_, 22. + ++Ex+, see +Ē+. + ++Ex·agitō+, 1 [AG-], _disturb, harass_, 29. + ++Ex·animō+, 1 [AN-], _deprive of life; make breathless_, 23. + ++Ex·audiō+, 4 [2 AV-], _hear distinctly; hear from a distance_, 11. + ++Ex·cēdō+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go out; withdraw, go away_, 25. + ++Ex·cursiō+, -ōnis, F. [CEL-, CER-], _running forth; sally_, 30. + Cf. ēruptiō. + ++Ex·eō+, -īre, -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go out; withdraw_, 33. + Cf. excēdō. + ++Ex·ercitō+, 1 [ARC-] _(drive out of the enclosure), keep busy; train, +drill_, 20. + ++Ex·ercitus+, -ūs, M. [ARC-], _trained body of men; army_, 1, 2, 5, etc. + ++Ex·iguitās+, -ātis, F., _scantiness, shortness_, 21, 33. + ++Ex·imius+, -a, -um [EM-], _taken out from; eminent, excellent, +high_, 8. + ++Ex·istīmō+, 1, _judge, value; judge, think, believe_, 2, 15, 17, 31; w. +acc. and infin. + ++Ex·pedītus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of expediō) [PED-], _unencumbered, in +light marching order_, 19. + ++Ex·pellō+, 3, -pulī, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-], _drive out, banish_, 4. + ++Ex·perior+, 4, -pertus [1 PAR-, PER-], _try thoroughly; test, try_, 16. + ++Ex·plōrātor+, -ōris, M. [PLV- (PLOV-)], _searcher out; scout, spy_, 5, +11, 17. + Cf. speculātor. + ++Ex·plōrō+, 1 [PLV- (PLOV-)], _search out; try to find out, +reconnoitre_, 4. + ++Ex·pūgnō+, 1 [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _take by storm; take_, 9, 10, 12. + ++Ex-spectō+, 1 [SPEC-], _look out for greatly; wait for, await_, 9, +16, 20. + ++Ex·struō+, 3, -strūxī, -strūctum [STRV-], _pile up thoroughly; erect, +construct_, 30. + ++Extrēmus+, -a, -um, adj., _furthest; most distant, extreme_, 5, 8, 25; +_last_, 11, 27, 33. + + +F. + ++Facile+, adv. [FAC-], _easily_, 1, 6, 17, 18, 19, 25. + ++Facilis+, -e, adj. [FAC-], _able to be done; easy_, 27. + ++Faciō+, 3, fēcī, factum; pass. fīō, fĭerī, factus [FAC-], _do, +perform_, 3, 5, 6, etc.; _make_, 1, 2, 6, etc.; _cause, bring about_, +4, 11. + See certus. + ++Facultās+, -ātis, F. [FAC-], _power of doing; opportunity_; pl. +_resources, facilities_, 1. + ++Fallō+, 3, fefellī, falsum, _cause to stumble; deceive_, 10. + ++Fastīgātus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of fastīgō), _brought to a point; +sloping_, 8. + Cf. adclīvis, dēclīvis. + ++Ferāx+, -ācis, adj. [1 FER-], _apt to bear; fertile_, 4. + ++Ferē+, adv. [2 FER-, FRE-], _nearly, almost_, 23, 25, 31. + ++Ferō+, ferre, tulī, lātum [1 FER-], _bear, bring, carry_, 10, 26, 28; +_bear, endure_, 1, w. acc. and infin.; _rush_ (in pass.), 24. + ++Fertilitās+, -ātis, F. [1 FER-], _fruitfulness, fertility_, 4. + ++Ferus+, -a, -um, adj., _wild, fierce, ferocious_, 4, 15. + ++Fidēs+, fidē (rare), F. [1 FID-], _trust, confidence; protection_, 3, +13, 14, 15. + ++Fīlius+, -ī, M., _son_, 13. + ++Fīnis+, -is, M. [2 FID-], _dividing thing; end, limit_, 6, 19; pl. +_land, territory_, 2, 4, 5, etc. + ++Fīnitimus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 FID-], _bordering upon; neighboring_, 2; +pl. _neighbors_, 4, 16, 17, 28, 29, 31. + ++Fīō+, fĭerī, _factus, be made, become_, see +faciō+. + ++Flūmen+, -inis, N., _that which flows; river_, 5, 9, 10, etc. + ++Fōrs+, fōrte, nom. and abl. only, F. [1 FER-], _that which brings; +chance_, 21. + ++Fōrte+, adv., abl. of fōrs, _by chance; perhaps_, 31. + ++Fortis+, -e, adj. [2 FER-], _courageous, brave, stout-hearted_, 25, 33. + ++Fort·iter+, adv. [2 FER-], _bravely, gallantly_, 11, 21, 26. + ++Fōrtūna+, -ae, F. [1 FER-], _fortune_, 16, 22, 31. + ++Fossa+, -ae, F., _thing dug; ditch_, 5, 8, 12, 32. + ++Frāter+, -tris, M., _brother_, 3. + ++Fremitus+, -ūs, M., _dull roar; din, noise_, 24. + Cf. strepitus. + ++Frōns+, -ntis, F. [FVR-, FERV-], _brow; front_, 8, 23, 25. + ++Frūmentārius+, -a, -um, adj. [1 FVG-, FRVG-], _of grain_; w. res, +_grain supply_, 2, 10. + ++Frūmentum+, -ī, N. [1 FVG-, FRVG-], _thing eaten; corn, grain_, 3. + ++Fuga+, -ae, F. [2 FVG-], _fleeing; flight, rout_, 11, 12, 23, 24, +26, 27. + ++Fugiō+, 3, fūgī, -- [2 FVG-], _flee, fly_, 11, 24. + ++Fūmus+, -ī, M., _rushing thing; smoke_, 7. + ++Funditor+, -ōris, M., _slinger_, 7, 10, 19, 24. + ++Furor+, -ōris, M. [FVR-], _raging; blind passion, madness_, 3. + + +G. + ++Galba+, -ae, M., _king of the Suessiones_, 4, 13. + ++Galea+, -ae, F. [2 CAL-, SCAL-], _covering; helmet_, 21. + ++Gallia+, -ae, F., _Gaul_, 1, 2, 3, 4, 35. + ++Gallus+, -ī, M., _a Gaul_, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 17, 24, 30. + ++Gēns+, gentis, F., _what is begotten; race, tribe_, 28. + ++Germānī+, -ōrum, M., _Germans_, 1, 3, 4. + ++Gerō+, 3, gessī, gestum [GER-], _bear; carry on, go on with_, 9, 31, +35; pass., _be carried on, take place_, 2, 26; rēs gestae, _operations, +campaigns_, 35. + ++Gladius+, -ī, M. [CEL-, CER-], _sword_, 23, 25. + ++Grātia+, -ae, F., _favor, popularity, influence_, 6. + ++Gravis+, -e, adj., _heavy; severe, serious_, 25. + + +H. + ++Habeō+, 2 [HAB-], _grasp; have, possess_, 1, 3, 4, 8, 29; with reflex +pronoun, _be_, 19. + ++Hībernācula+, -ōrum, N. [HĪM-], _winter quarters_, 35. + ++Hībernus+, -a, -um, adj. [HĪM-], _belonging to winter_; hīberna +(castra), _winter quarters_, 1. + ++Hī·c+, haec, hōc, demonstr. pron. [CA-, CI-], _this, this of mine_, 1, +2, 4, etc.; _he, she, it_, 3, 4, 9, etc. + ++Hiemō+, 1 [HĪM-], _pass the winter_, 1. + ++Homō+, -inis, M. [HAM-], _man, person_, 1, 4, 6, 15, 27, etc. + ++Honōs (honor)+, -ōris, M., _honor, distinction_, 15. + ++Hostis+, -is, M., _one who hurts; enemy_, 5, 7, 8, 9, etc. + + +I. + ++Iaceō+, 2, -ui, -- [IA-, IAC-], _be thrown; lie_, 27. + ++Iaciō+, 3, iēcī, iactum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl, throw_, 6, 32, 33; _throw +up, construct_, 12. + ++Iam+, adv., _at this_ or _that time; now_, 19; neque iam, _and no +longer_, 5, 20, 25, 33. + ++Ibī+, adv. [2 I-], _in that place, there_, 4, 5, 8, etc. + ++Iccius+, -ī, M., _Belgian of high rank_, 3, 6, 7. + ++Ī·dem+, eadem, idem, determ. pron. [2 I-; 3 DA-], _the very; same_, 3, +6, 7, 16, etc. + ++Iden·t·idem+, adv. [2 I-], _very same; again and again_, 19. + ++I·dōneus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-], _fit; suitable_, 8, 17. + ++Īgnis+, -is, M. [AG-], _fire; camp-fire_, 7; _signal-fire, beacon_, 33. + ++Ille+, -a, -ud, gen. illīus, demonstr. pron. [ANA-], _that; that one, +the former_, 9, 33; _latter_, 19. + ++Illyricum+, -ī, N., _coastland on eastern side of upper Adriatic_, 35. + ++Im·pedīmentum (inp-)+, -ī, N. [PED-], _thing entangling; hindrance_, +25; pl., _baggage_, 17, 24, 29; _baggage-train, pack-animals_, 17, 19, +24, 26. + Cf. sarcina. + ++Im·pediō (inp-)+, 4 [PED-], _get the feet in, entangle; hinder, +embarrass, make difficult_, 9, 10, 17, 20, 22, 23, 28. + ++Im·pellō (inp-)+, 3, -pulī, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-, PVL-], _drive on; +incite, influence_, 14. + ++Im·perātor (inp-)+, -ōris, M. [2 PAR-, POR-], _commander_ (in chief), +25, 26. + ++Im·perātum+, -ī, N., _command_, 3, 35. + ++Im·perium (inp-)+, -ī, N. [2 PAR-, POR-], _command, order_, 1, 20, 22; +_chief command, authority_, 4, 23; _power, control_, 1, 3, 11. + ++Im·perō (inp-)+, 1 [2 PAR-, POR-], _put a command upon; impose upon, +command_, 3, 21, 28, 32, 35; _direct, dictate_, 11, 33; w. dat. and +subjunctive w. ut. + ++Im·petrō (inp-)+, 1 [POT-], _accomplish; obtain, succeed in obtaining a +request_, 12; w. ut and subjunctive. + ++Im·petus (inp-)+, -ūs, M. [PET-], _onset, attack, charge_, 11, 19, 21, +24, 25; _fury, violence_, 6. + ++Im·prō·vīsus (inp-)+, -a, -um, adj. [VID-], _not foreseen_; dē +imprōvīsō, _unexpectedly, without notice_, 3. + ++In+, prep. w. acc. and abl. [ANA-], _into, to_, 2, 3, 5; _in_, 5, 8, +29, etc.; _in, within, on_, 1, 2, 8, etc.; _upon, over_, 5, 29, 30; +_among_, 25; _in the case of_, 32. + ++In·cendō+, 3, -dī, -cēnsum, _put fire in; set on fire_, 7. + ++In·cĭdō+, 3, -cĭdī, -- [CAD-], _fall into; happen, occur_, 14. + Cf. accĭdō, ēveniō. + ++In·cīdō+, 3, -cīdī, -cīsum [2 SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-], _cut into, +notch_, 17. + ++In·cipiō+, 3, -cēpī, -ceptum [CAP-], _take in hand; begin_, 2; w. +compl. infin. + ++In·citō+, 1 [CI-], _set in rapid motion; urge on, hurry, hasten_, 26. + Cf. impellō. + ++In·colō+, 3, -uī, -- _inhabit, live in_, 4; _live, dwell_, 3, 35. + ++In·crē·dibilis+, -e, adj. [CRAT-; 2 DA-], _not to be believed; +marvellous, incredible_, 19. + ++In·crepitō+, 1, --, --, _make noise against; upbraid, taunt, +abuse_, 15, 30. + ++In·cūsō+, 1 [CAV-], _make charges against, accuse, rebuke_, 15. + ++Inde+, adv. [2 I-], _from that; then, next_, 19. + ++In·dīgnitās+, -ātis, F., _unworthiness; outrage, insult_, 14. + ++In·dī·ligen·ter+, adv. [1 LEG-, LIG-], _carelessly, listlessly_, 33. + ++In·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead into; draw on, cover_, 33. + ++Ind·uō+, 3, -uī, -ūtum, _put into; put on_, 21. + ++In·eō+, -īre, -īvī and -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go into; enter upon, +undertake_, 33; _begin_, 2, 35. + ++In·ermis+, -e, adj. [AR-], _without armor; unarmed_, 27. + ++Īnferior+, -ius, adj. (compar. of īnferus), _lower_, 25; _inferior_, 8. + ++Īnfimus+, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of above), _lowest; lowest part of, +bottom_, 18. + ++Īn·ferō+, -ferre, -tulī, illātum (inlatum) [1 FER-], _bring into; make +upon, wage_, 14, 29; _inspire in_, 25; _bring upon, cause, inflict_, 14, +32; _carry forward, advance_, 25, 26; _bring in, import_, 15; w. acc., +or acc. and dat. + ++Īn·flectō+, 3, -flēxī, -flexum, _bend, bend down_, 17. + ++In·gredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go into, enter_, 4. + ++In·imīcus+, -a, -um, adj. [AM-], _not friendly; hostile_, 31. + Cf. hostis. + ++In·īquitās+, -ātis, F. [IC-, AIC-], _unevenness, inequality_, 22. + ++In·īquus+, -a, -um, adj. [IC-, AIC-], _not equal; uneven, unfavorable_, +10, 23, 27, 33. + ++In·itium+, -ī, N. [1 I-], _entering upon; beginning_, 9; w. partit. +gen. + ++In·iūria+, -ae, F. [IV-, IVG-], _thing done contrary to justice; wrong, +injury, violence_, 28, 32, 33. + ++In·nītor+, 3, -nīxus, _lean upon, prop one’s self on_, 27. + ++In·rīdeō (irr-)+, 2, -rīsī, -rīsum, _laugh in ridicule; laugh at, +mock_, 30. + ++Īn·sequor+, 3, -secūtus [SEC-], _follow close upon; follow up, pursue_, +19, 23. + ++Īn·sidiae+, -ārum, F. [SED-, SID-], _taking a position at; stratagem, +trap, snare_, 11. + ++Īn·sīgne+, -is, N. [3 SAC-], _distinctive mark; sign, signal_, 20; +_ornament, crest_, 21. + ++Īn·sistō+, 3, -stitī, -- [STA-], _set one’s self on; take a stand +on_, 27; w. dat. + ++Īn·star+, indecl., N., _image_; used as pred. adj., _like, in form of_, +17; w. gen. + ++Īn·stō+, 1, -stitī, -statūrus [STA-], _stand upon; press forward_, 25. + ++Īn·struō+, 3, -strūxī, -strūctum [STRV-], _build into; arrange, draw +up_, 8, 20, 22; _build, erect_, 30. + ++Intel·legō (interl-)+, 3, -lēxī, -lēctum [1 LEG-], _choose between; +understand, be aware, know, find out_, 8, 10, 33; w. acc. and infin.; +14, w. indir. quest. + ++Inter+, prep. w. acc. [ANA-], _in the midst; between_, 9, 17; _among_, +1, 4, 6, 15, 19, 24, 31. + ++Inter·cēdō+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go between; be between, move +between_, 17. + ++Inter·cipiō+, 3, -cēpī, -ceptum [CAP-], _take between; intercept_, 27. + ++Inter·eā+, adv. [ANA-; 2 I-] _between these things; in the meantime, +meanwhile_. + ++Inter·ficiō+, 3, -fēcī, -fectum [FAC-], _make to be between, break in +pieces; kill, put to death_, 10, 11, 23, 25, 31. + Cf. concīdō, occīdō. + ++Inter·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl between; place_ or +_plant among_, 17; pass., _intervene_, 22. + ++Inter·im+, adv. [ANA-; 2 I-], _in the meantime, meanwhile_, 9, 12, +19, 26. + ++Interior+, -ius, adj., compar. of obsolete interus [ANA-], _inner, +interior of_, 2. + ++Inter·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _make go apart; discontinue, +cease_, 25. + ++Inter·neciō+, -ōnis, F. [1 NEC-, NOC-], _complete destruction, +annihilation_, 28. + ++Inter·scindō+, 3, -scidī, -scissum [2 SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-], _separate +by splitting; cut down, hew away, demolish_, 9. + ++Inter·sum+, -esse, -fuī [ES-], _be between; be the concern of, +concern_, 5; w. gen. of price. + ++Inter·vāllum+, -ī, N. [1 VEL-, VAL-], _space between stakes of a +palisade; distance, interval_, 23. + Cf. spatium. + ++In·texō+, 3, -uī, -xtum [TEC-, TAX-], _weave in; plait_, 33. + ++Intrā+, prep. w. acc. [ANA-], _on the inside; within_, 4, 18, 19. + ++Intrō+, 1 [ANA-], _enter, penetrate_, 17. + ++Intrō·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead in, bring in_, 5, 10. + ++Intrō·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _cause to go within; let in, +admit_, 33. + ++Intr·ōrsus+, adv. [VERT-], _towards the inside; into the interior, +within_, 18. + ++In·ūsitātus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AV-], _unusual, strange_, 31. + ++In·ūtilis+, -e, adj. [1 AV-], _useless; unserviceable, incapable_, 16; +w. ad and acc. + ++In·veniō+, 4, -venī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come upon; find, +learn_, 16; w. acc. and infin. + Cf. cōgnōscō. + ++In·veterāscō+, 3, -āvī, -- [VET-], _become of long standing; gain a +permanent foothold_, 1. + ++In·videō+, 2, -vīdī, -vīsum [VID-], _look towards; be jealous of, +envy_, 31. + ++I·pse+, -a, -um (gen. ipsīus), intensive pron. [2 I-; 3 SA-], _person_ +or _thing mentioned; self_, 3, 4, 5, etc.; sometimes conveniently +rendered _he, they (the latter)_, 2, 20, 29. + ++Is+, ea, id, determ. pron. [2 I-], _person_ or _thing mentioned; he, +that, this_, 1, 2, 3, etc.; akin to talis, foll. by subj. clause, 9, 16. + ++Ita+, adv. [2 I-], _in the way stated; so, thus_, 11, 33; w. ut, _in +the way that, just as, as_, 1. + ++Ītalia+, -ae, F., _Italy_, 29, 35. + ++Ita·que+, conj. [2 I-; CA-, CI-], _and so; therefore_, 7, 22. + ++Item+, adv. [2 I-], _even so; so, likewise_, 1, 8, 13, 21, 23, 26. + ++Iter+, itineris, N. [1 I-], _going; march, route, line of march, road_, +6, 11, 12, 16, 17, 29. + ++Iubeō+, 2, iūssī, iūssum [IV-, IVG-], _order, command, bid_, 5, 11, 25, +28, 33, 35; w. acc. and infin. + ++Iū·dicō+, 1 [IV-, IVG-; DIC-], _declare what is law; judge, suppose, +think_, 27. + ++Iugum+, -ī, N. [IV-, IVG-], _joining; ridge, chain of hills_, 24. + ++Iūs+, iūris, N. [IV-, IVG-], _thing binding; constitution, law_, 3. + ++Iūstitia+, -ae, F. [IV-, IVG-], _uprightness, justice, fairness_, 4. + ++Iuvō+, 1, iūvī, iūtum [DIV-, DI-, DIAV-], _delight; help, assist_, 3. + ++Iūxtā+, adv. [IV-, IVG-], _closely joined; close by, near at hand_, 26. + + +L. + ++L.+, _prænomen Lucius_, 11. + ++Labiēnus+, -ī, M., _Titus Labienus, most eminent of Cæsar’s +lieutenants_, 1, 11, 26. + ++Lapis+, -idis, M., _stone_, 6. + ++Lassitūdō+, -inis, F. [LAG-], _faintness, exhaustion_, 23. + ++Lateō+, 2, -uī, --, _lie hidden; be concealed_, 19. + ++Lātitūdō+, -inis, F. [STER-, STRA-, STLA-], _breadth; width, expanse, +extent_, 7, 8, 12, 29; _lateral direction_, 17. + ++Lātus+, -a, -um, adj. [STER-, STRA-, STLA-], _extended; broad, wide_, +4, 27. + ++Latus+, -eris, N. [PLAT-], _thing extending; side, flank_, 5, 8, +23, 25. + ++Laxō+, 1 [LAG], _loose; change to open order, widen_, 25. + ++Lēgātiō+, -ōnis, F. [3 LEG-], _embassy, legation_, 35. + ++Lēgātus+, -ī, M. [3 LEG-], _envoy_, 6, 12, 15, 28, 31, 35; +_lieutenant_, 2, 5, 9, 11, 20. + ++Legiō+, -ōnis, F. [1 LEG-], _levying; largest military division, +consisting of 10 cohorts; legion_, 2, 8, 17, etc. + ++Legiōnārius+, -a, -um, adj. [1 LEG-], _belonging to a legion; +legionary_, 27. + ++Lēn·iter+, adv. [1 I-], _gently, moderately_, 8, 29. + ++Levis+, -e, adj. [2 LEG-], _lightly moving; light_, 10, 24. + ++Levitās+, -ātis, F. [2 LEG-], _lightness; inconstancy, fickleness_, 1. + ++Lēx+, lēgis, F. [3 LEG-], _thing read; written law, law_, 3. + Cf. iūs. + ++Līberāl·iter+, adv. [LIB-; 1 I-], _generously, graciously_, 5. + ++Līberī+, -erōrum, M. [LIB-], _those who do as they desire, free +persons; children (of free parents)_, 5. + ++Littera+, -ae, F. [LI-], _written character_; pl., _letter, letters; +despatch, despatches_, 1, 2, 35. + ++Locus+, -ī, M., _that placed or situated; place, point, position, +situation_, 2, 4, 5, etc.; _state, condition_, 26; pl., +loca+, -ōrum, +N., _region, section, tract_, 4, 19. + ++Longē+, adv. [2 LEG-], _in length; far, at a distance_, 4, 5, 19, +20, 21. + ++Longus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 LEG-], _long, lengthy_, 21. + ++Loquor+, 3, locūtus, _speak, talk_, 31. + ++Lūx+, lūcis, F., _that which shines; light, dawn, daylight_, 11. + + +M. + ++Māchinātiō+, -ōnis, F., _contrivance, engine, machine_, 30, 31. + ++Magis+, adv. [MAC-, MAG-], _in a higher degree; more_, 22, 32. + ++Magistrātus+, -ūs, M. [MAC-, MAG-], _magistracy, ruler_, 3. + ++Māgnitūdō+, -inis, F. [MAC-, MAG-], _greatness, size, height_, 12, +27, 30. + ++Māgnus+, -a, -um, adj. [MAC-, MAG-], _increased; great_, 4, 5, 6, etc. + ++Māior+, -ius, adj., compar. of above, _greater_; māior nātū, _elder_, +13, 28. + ++Male·ficium+, -ī, N. [MAL-; FAC-], _evil-doing; outrage, hostile +act_, 28. + Cf. iniūria, indīgnitās. + ++Man·dō+, 1 [1 MA-, MAN-; 2 DA-], _put into one’s hands; give in charge, +enjoin, order_, 5; _entrust, consign_, 24; w. acc. and dat. + ++Mani·pulus+, -ī, M. [1 MA-, MAN-; PLE-, PLV-], _thing filling the hand; +(subdivision of a cohort), company, maniple_, 25. + ++Mān·suētūdō+, -inis, F. [1 MA-, MAN-; SOVO-, SVO-], _tameness; +gentleness, kindness_, 14, 31. + Cf. clēmentia. + ++Manus+, -ūs, F. [1 MA-, MAN-], _measuring thing; hand_, 13, 19, 30; +_band, force_, 2, 5. + ++Maritimus (-umus)+, -a, -um, adj., _of the sea; on the coast, +maritime_, 34. + ++Mātūrō+, 1, make ripe; _hasten, make haste_, 5. + Cf. contendō. + ++Māximē+, adv., superl. of magis, q.v.; _most, very_, 4. + ++Medius+, -a, -um, adj., _in the middle; middle of_, 7. + ++Memoria+, -ae, F. [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _faculty of remembering; +recollection, memory_, 4, 21. + ++Menapiī+, -ōrum, M., _Gallic tribe between the Meuse and Scheld_, 4. + ++Mercātor+, -ōris, M. [2 SMAR-, MER-], _trader_, 15. + ++Meritum+, -ī, N. [2 SMAR-, MER-], _thing deserved; deserts, merit_, 32. + ++Mīles+, -itis, M. [MĪL-], _one of the thousand; soldier_, 11, 20, 21, +etc. + ++Mīlitāris+, -e, adj. [MĪL-], _of soldiers; pertaining to war, +military_, 4, 22. + ++Mīlle+, pl. mīlia or mīllia, num. adj. [MĪL-], _large number +associated; thousand_, 4, 6, 7, etc. + ++Minimē+, adv., superl. of minus, _least_, 33. + ++Minor+, -us, adj. [2 MAN-, MI-], _smaller_; minus, N., as adv., _less_, +1, 7, 20; _not_ (= nōn), 9. + ++Miser+, -era, -erum, adj. [MIS-], _wretched, miserable_, 28. + ++Miseri·cordia+, -ae, F. [MIS-], _heart-pity; pity, compassion_, 28. + ++Mittō+, 3, mīsī, mīssum [MIT-], _let go; send, despatch_, 2, 3, 5, etc. + ++Mōbilitās+, -ātis, F. [1 MV-, MOV-], _ability to be moved, agility; +fickleness, inconstancy_, 1. Opp. to stabilitās. + Cf. levitās. + ++Modo+, adv. [2 MA-, MAD-], _in a measure; only, merely_, 17, 21. + ++Modus+, -ī, M. [2 MA-, MAD-], _measuring thing; manner, fashion_, 31. + ++Moenia+, -ium, N. [2 MV-], _things that ward off; walls, city walls_, +6, 31. + ++Molestē+, adv. [MAC-, MAG-], _in a troublesome manner_; molestē +ferre, _be annoyed or vexed_, 1; w. acc. and infin. + ++Moneō+, 2 [1 MAN-, MEN-], _cause to think; direct_, 26; w. acc., foll. +by clause w. ut. + ++Mora+, -ae, F. [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _stopping, delay_, 15. + ++Morinī+, -ōrum, M., _tribe of Belgæ on Channel, near Calais_, 4. + ++Moror+, 1 [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _linger, tarry, delay_, 7, 10, 11. + ++Mōs+, mōris, M. [1 MA-, MAN-], _will; custom, manner_, 13, 15. + Cf. cōnsuētūdō. + ++Moveō+, 2, mōvī, mōtum [1 MV-, MOV-], _set in motion; move_, 2, 31. + ++Mulier+, -eris, F. [MAL-], _woman, female_, 13, 16, 28. + ++Multitūdō+, -inis, F., _large number, body_, 4, 5, 6, etc.; _quantity, +number_, 10, 32. + ++Multus+, -a, -um, adj., _much_, pl. _many_, 11, 25, 29. + ++Mūnīmentum+, -ī, N. [2 MV-], _means of defence; fortification, +defence_, 17. + ++Mūniō+, 4 [2 MV-], _wall; fortify, erect defences about, protect, +make_, (castra), 5, 12, 19, 20, 29. + ++Mūnītiō+, -ōnis, F. [2 MV-], _fortifying; fortification, works_, 33. + ++Mūrus+, -ī, M. [2 MV-], _encircling thing; wall, city wall_, 6, 12, 13, +17, 29, 30, 32. + Cf. moenia. + + +N. + ++Nam+, co-ord. conj. [GNA-], _for_, 6, 14, 16, 19, 23, 30; as enclitic, +quisnam, _really, pray_, 30. + Cf. the postpositive enim. + ++Nāscor+, 3, nātus [GEN-, GNA-], _be born; begin, arise_, 18. + ++Nātiō+, -ōnis, F. [GEN-, GNA-], _birth; race, people_, 35. + Cf. populus, gēns. + ++Nātūra+, -ae, F. [GEN-, GNA-], _birth; nature, character_, 8, 15, 18, +22, 29. + +(+Nātus+, -ūs), only abl. sing., M. [GEN-, GNA-], _birth_, 13, 28. + ++Nāvō+, 1 [GNA-, GNO-], _perform with knowledge and zeal; do one’s best, +exert one’s self_, 25. + ++Nē+, adv. and conj. [NA-], _no_; adv., _not_, 3, 17; conj., _that not, +lest_ (after expressions involving fear), 1, 5, 8, etc. + ++Necessārius+, -a, -um, adj. [2 NEC-], _unavoidable; pressing, +urgent_, 21. + ++Necessitās+, -ātis, F. [2 NEC-], _unavoidableness; necessity, +compulsion_, 11; _urgency_, 22. + ++Neg·ōtium+, -ī, N., [1 AV-], _not leisure; business, task_, 2; +_trouble, difficulty_, 17. + ++Nē·mō+, --, dat. nēminī, abl. wanting, M. and F. [HAM-], _no man; +nobody, no one_, 33. + ++Ne·que+ or +nec+, adv. [NA-; CA-, CI-], _and not, and so not_, 3, 5, +10, etc.; neque ... neque, _neither ... nor_, 11, 12, 15, 25. + ++Nē·quī·quam+, adv. [CA-, CI-], _not in any way; to no purpose, in +vain_, 27. + ++Nerviī+, -ōrum, M., _most warlike tribe of the Belgæ_, 4, 15, 16, etc. + ++Neuter+, -tra, -trum, gen. -trīus, adj. [CA-, CI-], _neither +(of two)_, 9. + ++Nē·ve+ or +neu+, conj. [NA-], _and not; and that not_, 21. + ++Nihil+, indecl., N. [NA-], _nothing_, 15, 26, 28; as adv., _not at +all_, 17, 20. + ++Ni·si+, conj. [NA-; SOVO-, SVO-], _if not, unless, except_, 6, 20, 32. + ++Nōbilitās+, -ātis, F. [GNA-, GNO-], _being known; high birth_, 6. + ++Noctū+, adv. [1 NEC-, NOC-], _by night_, 33. + ++Nōlō+, nōlle, nōluī, --, [VOL-], _not wish; be unwilling_, 1. + ++Nōmen+, -inis, N. [GNA-, GNO-], _means of knowing; name_, 4, 6, 28. + ++Nōminātim+, adv. [GNA-, GNO-], _by name, expressly_, 25. + ++Nōminō+, 1 [GNA-, GNO-], _name, mention_, 18. + ++Nōn+, adv. [NA-; 2 I-], _not one; not_, 2, 6, 8, etc. + ++Nōn·dum+, adv. [NA-; DIV-], _not yet_, 11. + ++Nōn·nūllus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-], _not none; some_, 1, 25. + ++Nōnūs+, -a, -um, adj., _ninth_, 23. + ++Nōs+, nostrum, pl. of ego, pron. [NV-], _we_, 9. + ++Noster+, -stra, -strum, poss. pron. [NV-], _our, ours_, 1, 4, 8, etc. + ++Novem+, num. adj., indecl., _nine_, 4. + ++Noviodūnum+, -ī, N., _chief town of Suessiones_, 12. + ++Novus+, -a, -um, adj. [NV-], _new, fresh_, 1, 2; _strange, novel_, 31; +superl., _last, in the rear_, 11, 25, 26. + ++Nox+, -ctis, F. [1 NEC-, NOC-], _night_, 6, 7, 12, 17. + ++Nūdō+, 1, _make bare; bare, strip_, 6; _leave unguarded_, 23. + ++N·ūllus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-], _not any; none, no_, 11, 15, 32; as +dat. of nēmō, _no one_, 6, 35. + ++Numerus+, -ī, M., _distributed thing; number, amount, numbers_, 4, 10, +17, 33. + ++Numida+, -ae, M., _Numidian_, 7, 10, 24. + ++Nun·c+, adv. [NV-; CA-, CI-], _now, at the present time_, 4. + ++Nūntiō+, 1 [NV-], _announce, report_, 2, 26, 28, 29, 32. + ++Nūntius+, -ī, M. [NV-], _person_ or _thing newly come; messenger_, 1; +_message, news_, 2, 6; w. acc. and infin. + + +O. + ++Ob+, prep. w. acc. [APA-], _towards; on account of_, 35. + ++Ob·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead towards; extend, construct_, 8. + ++Ob·itus+ (-ūs), M. [1 I-], _going to; destruction_, 29. + Cf. interneciō. + ++Ob·sĕs+, -idis, M. and F. [SED-], _one staying in a place; hostage_, 1, +3, 5, 13, 15, 35. + ++Ob·tineō+, 2, -uī, -tentum [1 TA-, TEN-], _lay hold of; have possession +of, hold_, 4. + ++Ob·veniō+, 4, -vēnī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come in the way of; +come against, meet_, 23; w. dat. + ++Oc·cāsus (obc-)+, -ūs, M. [CAD-], _going down; setting_, 11. + ++Oc·cīdō (obc-)+, 3, -cīdī, -cīsum [2 SAC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-], _strike +against; kill, slay_, 10, 25, 33. + ++Oc·cultus (obc-)+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of occulō) [2 CAL-], _covered +over; hidden, secret_, 18. + ++Oc·cupō (obc-)+, 1 [CAP-], _take hold of; cover, occupy_, 8; _take +possession of, hold_, 1; pass., _be engaged, occupy one’s self_, 19. + ++Oc·currō (obc-)+, 3, -currī, -cursum [CEL-, CER-], _run towards; fall +in with, meet; come against_, 21, 24, 27. + Cf. obveniō. + ++Ōceanus+, -ī, M., _ocean, Atlantic_, 34. + ++Octāvus+, -a, -um, adj., _eighth_, 23. + ++Octō+, num. adj., indecl., _eight_, 6, 7. + ++Of·ferō (obf-)+, -ferre, obtulī, oblātum [1 FER-], _bring towards; +offer, bear, carry_, 21. + ++O·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _let go; neglect, leave +untried_, 17. + ++Omnis+, -e, adj. [AP-, OP-], _every, all, entire_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Onus+, -eris, N. [AN-], _burden; bulk, weight_, 30. + ++Opera+, -ae, F. [AP-, OP-], _working; work, service_, 25. + ++Opīniō+, -ōnis, F. [AP-, OP-], _thinking; impression, idea, +expectation_, 8, 35; _reputation_, 8, 24. + ++O·portet+, 2, -uit, --, impers. [2 PAR-, POR-], _is necessary; must, +ought_, 20; w. pass. infin. or acc. and infin. + ++Op·pidānus (obp-)+, -a, -um, adj. [PED-], _of a town_; as noun, M., +_townsman, inhabitant of a town (other than Rome)_, 7, 33. + ++Op·pidum (obp-)+, -ī, N. [PED-], _on the ground; town_, 3, 4, 6, etc. + Cf. urbs; vīcus. + ++Op·portūnus (obp-)+, -a, -um, adj. [1 PAR-, PER-], _of what is opposite +the harbor; suitable, convenient_, 8. + Cf idōneus. + ++Op·pūgnātiō (obp-)+, -ōnis, F. [PAC-, PVG-], _act of assaulting; mode +of attack, assault_, 6. + ++Op·pūgnō+, 1 [PAC-, PVG-], _fight against; attack, storm_, 6; _carry by +assault_, 12. + +(+Ops+), opis, F. (no nom. or dat. sing.) [AP-, OP-], _obtaining thing; +help, aid_, 31; pl., _resources_, 14. + ++Optimus+, -a, -um, adj. used as superl. of bonus [AP-, OP-], +_best_, 10. + ++Opus+, -eris, N. [AP-, OP-], _obtaining thing; work, siege-work_, 12, +19, 20, 21; quantō opere, _how greatly_, māgnō opere, _very much_, 5. + ++Opus+, indecl. N. (really same word as above) [AP-, OP-], w. est, _is +necessary, is needed_, 8, 22. + ++Ōrātiō+, -ōnis, F., _speaking; address, speech, words_, 5, 21. + ++Ōrdō+, -inis, M. [OL-, OR-], _weaving; succession, order_, 11, 19, 22; +_rank, line_, 11, 19. + ++Orior+, 4, ortus [OL-, OR-], _bestir one’s self; arise, be raised_, 24; +_be descended from_, 4. + ++Osismī+, -ōrum, M., _people of Gaul (in Brittany)_, 34. + + +P. + ++P.+, abbrev. of Publius, 25, 34. + ++Pābulum+, -ī, N. [PA-], _thing affecting feeding; fodder, forage_, 2. + ++Pācō+, 1 [PAC-], _bring to peace; subdue_, 1, 35. + ++Paemanī+, -ōrum, M., _German tribe of the Belgæ_, 4. + ++Paene+, adv., _nearly, almost_, 10, 24. + ++Palūs+, -ūdis, F., _thing having wet clay; marsh, swamp, morass_, 9, +10, 28. + ++Pandō+, 3, -dī, passum [2 PAT-, PAD-], _cause to go; spread out, +extend_, 13. + ++Pār+, paris, adj. [1 PAR-, PER-], _equal_, 18. + ++Parātus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of parō) [2 PAR-, POR-], _brought; made +ready, ready, prepared_, 3, 9, 21; w. infin. or expression of purpose. + ++Pars+, partis, F. [2 PAR-, POR-], _that cut; part, portion_, 1, 4, 9, +etc.; _quarter, direction_, 21, 24, 29; _point, side_, 5, 8, 22. + ++Partim+, adv. (acc. of Pars) [2 PAR-, POR-], _by a dividing; partly_, +1, 33. + ++Parvulus+, -a, -um, dim. adj. [PAV-], _very small; slight, +unimportant_, 30. + ++Passus+, -ūs, M. [1 PAT-], _going; double pace, step, pace_, 8, 18; +mīlia passuum, _mile_ (= 5000 feet), 6, 7, 11, 13, 16. + ++Pate·faciō+, 3, -fēcī, -factum [2 PAT-; FAC-], _make open; open, throw +open_, 32. + ++Pateō+, 2, -uī, -- [2 PAT-], _stand open; be open, spread out, +extend_, 7, 8. + ++Pater+, -tris, M. [PA-], _accomplisher of protecting or nourishing; +father_, 4. + ++Patior+, 3, passus, _suffer, endure_, 31; _suffer, allow_, 15. + ++Patrius+, -a, -um, adj. [PA-], _of a father; of one’s ancestors, +ancestral_, 15. + ++Paucus+, -a, -um, adj. [PAV-], _made to cease_; pl. only, _few_, 18; as +substantive, _a few, small number_, 12. + ++Paulātim+, adv. [PAV-], _by little and little; gradually, gently_, +8, 26. + ++Paulis·per+, adv. [PAV-; 1 PAR-], _for a short time_, 7. + ++Paulō+, adv. (abl. N. of paulus) [PAV-], _by a little; a little_, 20. + ++Paululum+, dim. adv. [PAV-], _very little; very slightly_, 8. + ++Paulum+, adv. (acc. N. of paulus) [PAV-], _a little_, 25. + ++Pāx+, pācis, F. [PAC-], _binding thing; peace_, 6, 13, 15, 29, 31, 32. + ++Pedĕs+, -itis, M. [PED-], _one that goes on foot; foot-soldier_, 24. + ++Pedester+, -tris, -tre, adj. [PED-], _of infantry, infantry_, 17. + ++Pedius+, -ī, M., _Quintus Pedius_, Cæsar’s nephew, and lieutenant under +him, 2, 11. + ++Pellis+, -is, F. [PLE-], _hide, skin_, 33. + ++Pellō+, 3, pepulī, pulsum [PAL-, PEL-], _cause to move; drive, +dislodge_, 24; _rout, defeat_, 17, 19, 24. + ++Per+, prep. w. acc. [1 PAR-, PER-], _through; by, by means of_, 11, 20, +31; _on account of_, 16; _through, by way of_, 16; _over_, 10. + ++Per·ferō+, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [1 FER-], _carry through; bear, +endure_, 14; _bear, spread among_, 35. + ++Perīclitor+, 1 [1 PAR-, PER-], _test; prove, make trial_, 8. + ++Perīculum+, -ī, N. [1 PAR-, PER-], _means of trying, trial; danger, +peril_, 5, 11, 26. + ++Per·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _let through; yield, give up_, 3, +31; w. acc. and dat. + ++Per·moveō+, 2, -mōvī, -mōtum [1 MV-, MOV-], _stir up thoroughly; +disturb, alarm_, 12, 24. + ++Per·spiciō+, 3, -spēxī, -spectum [SPEC-], _see through_, 17, 18; +_perceive clearly, find out, ascertain_, 11, 17, 32. + ++Per·suādeō+, 2, -sī, -sum, _thoroughly advise; prevail upon, persuade_, +10, 16; w. dat. and subjunctive w. ut. + ++Per·terreō+, 2 [TER-], _thoroughly frighten; demoralize, render +panic-stricken_, 24, 27. + Cf. perturbō. + ++Per·tineō+, 2, -uī, -- [1 TA-, TEN-], _thoroughly hold; extend +to_, 19. + ++Per·turbō+, 1 [TVR-], _throw into utter confusion; disconcert, alarm_, +11, 21. + Cf. permoveō. + ++Per·veniō+, 4, -vēnī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come quite to; reach, +arrive at_, 2, 11, 15, 17. + ++Pēs+, pedis, M. [PED-], _going thing; foot_, 5, 18, 29, 30. + ++Petō+, 3, -īvī and -iī, -ītum [PET-], _fall upon; seek_, 20, 24; _aim +at, make for_, 11, 23; _seek, make request, ask_, 12, 14, w. ut and +subjunct.; _ask, beg_, 13, 31, w. acc. + ++Pīlum+, -ī, N. [PIS-], _crushing thing; heavy javelin_, 23, 27. + ++Plānitiēs+ (-ēī), F. [PLAT-], _flatness; level stretch of country, +plain_, 8. + ++Plērum·que+, adv. (acc. N. of plērusque), _for the most part, +generally_, 30. + ++Plērus·que+, -raque, -rumque, adj. [PLE-; CA-, CI-], _larger part of; +most of_, 4. + ++Plūrimus+, -a, -um, adj. (used as superl. of multus) [PLE-, PLO-, +PLV-], _most_; acc. N. as adv., _most_, 4. + ++Pol·liceor+, 2 [LIC-, LIQV-], _offer very much; offer, promise_, 4, 35. + ++Pondus+, -eris, N., _weighing thing; weight, bulk_, 29. + Cf. onus. + ++Pōnō+ [for portsinō], 3, posuī, positum [1 SA-, SI-], _let down; place, +establish, pitch_, 5, 7, 8, 13; _place, base on_, 11. + ++Pōns+, pontis, M. [1 PAT-], _means of going; bridge_, 5, 9, 10. + ++Populor+, 1 [SCAL-, SPOL-], _pour out people; lay waste, ravage, raid_, +5, 9. + Cf. dēpopulor, vāstō. + ++Populus+, -ī, M. [PLE-, PLO-], _the many; people, nation_, 1, 3, 13, +etc. + Cf. gēns. + ++Por·rēctus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of porrigō) [REG-, RIG-], _stretched +out, stretched forward_, 19. + ++Porta+, -ae, F. [1 PAR-, POR-], _thing passed through; gate_, 6, 24, +32, 33. + ++Portō+, 1 [1 PAR-, POR-], _bear along, carry, convey_, 5, 29. + ++Poscō+, 3, poposcī, -- [PREC-] _ask for urgently; demand, +request_, 15. + Cf. petō. + ++Pos·sideō+, 2, -sēdī, -sessum [SED-], _have and hold, possess_, 4. + ++Pos·sum+, posse, potuī [POT-], _be able, can_, 1, 3, 4, etc.; _amount +to, be influential_ or _powerful_, 4, 8. + ++Post+, prep. w. acc. [POS-], _behind; after_, 14, 29; _behind_, 5, +9, 19. + ++Post·eā+, adv. [POS-; 2 I-], _after this; afterwards_, 17, 30, 32. + ++Post·quam+, conj. [POS-; CA-], _after that; after, as soon as, +when_, 5. + ++Postrēmō+, _at last, finally_. + ++Postrī·diē+, adv. (contr. from posterō diē) [POS-; DIV-, DI-], _on the +day after_, 12, 33; w. gen. + ++Postulō+, 1 [PREC-], _ask, demand, require_, 4, 22, 33. + Cf. poscō. + ++Potēns+, -entis, adj. [POT-], _able, mighty, powerful_, 1, 4. + ++Potestās+, -ātis, F. [POT-], _ability; power, control_, 3, 31, 34; +_power, ability_, 6. + ++Potior+, 4 [POT-], _become master of; get control of, gain_, 7, 24, 26; +w. abl. + ++Potius+, adv. (compar.) [POT-], _rather, preferably_, 10; foll. by +quam. + ++Prae+, prep. w. abl. [PRO-, PRI-, PRAE-], _before; in comparison +with_, 30. + ++Prae·acūtus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AC-], _sharpened in front; pointed, +sharpened at the point_, 29. + ++Prae·beō+ [for praehibeō], 2 [HAB-], _hold forth; furnish, afford_, 17. + ++Prae·ceps+, -ipitis, adj. [CAP-], _head foremost; headlong, in +haste_, 24. + ++Prae·dor+ [for praehedor], 1, _make booty; plunder, raid_, 17, 24. + ++Prae·ferō+, -ferre, -tūlī, -lātum [1 FER-], _bear before; place before, +thrust forward, outdo_, 27; w. acc. and dat. + ++Prae·ficiō+, 3, -fēcī, -fectum [FAC-], _place over; put at the head of, +place in command of_, 11; w. acc. and dat. + ++Prae·mittō+, 3, -mīsi, -mīssum [MIT-], _send before; send in advance_, +11, 17, 19. + ++Prae·scrībō+, 3, -psī, -ptum [SCARP-, SCALP-], _write before; dictate, +prescribe, direct_, 20; w. dat. and indir. question. + ++Prae·sertim+, adv. [1 SER-, SVAR-], _by an arranging before; +especially, particularly_, 30. + ++Prae·sidium+, -ī, N. [SED-], _sitting before; guard, defence, support_, +5, 19, 26, 29, 33; _protection, safety_, 11. + ++Prae·stō+, 1, -stitī, -- [STA-], _stand before; excel_, 15; _put +forth, exhibit_, 27; _be preferable, be better_ (impers.), 31. + ++Prae·sum+, -esse, -fuī [ES-], _be before; be in charge of, command_, 6, +9; w. dat. + ++Praeter·eā+, _in addition_. + ++Premō+, 3, pressī, pressum, _press; push closely, press hard_, 24. + ++Prīmi·pīlus+, -ī, M. [PRO-, PRI-; PIS-], _first centurion of the +triarii_, 25. + ++Prīmō+, adv. [PRO-], _at first_, 8. + ++Prīmum+, adv. (acc. N. of prīmus) [PRO-, PRI-], _first thing; first, in +the first place_, 1, 10, 30; cum prīmum, _as soon as_, 2. + ++Prīmus+, -a, -um, adj. [PRO-, PRI-], _first, foremost_, 10, 11, 17, +etc.; as noun, M., _chief, leading man_, 3, 13. + ++Prīn·ceps+, -ipis, adj. [PRO-, PRI-; CAP-], _taking first place_; as +noun, _leader, chief_, 5, 14. + Cf. prīmus. + ++Prior+, -ius, gen. -ōris, adj. [PRO-, PRI-], _former; those preceding, +men in front_, 11. Opp. novissimī. + ++Prīs·tinus+, -a, -um, adj. [PRO-, PRI-; 1 TA-, TEN-] _former; former, +old time_, 21. + ++Prius+, adv. (acc. N. of prior) [PRO-, PRI-], _earlier, sooner_, 32; +foll. by quam. + ++Prius·quam+, adv., conj. (= prius quam) [PRO-, PRI-; CA-], _sooner +than, before_, 12; w. subj. + Cf. prius quam, 32. + ++Prō+, prep. w. abl. [PRO-, PRI-], _before; in front of, before_, 8; _in +behalf of_, 14; _in proportion to, to the best of one’s ability_, 25; +_in accordance with, agreeably to_, 31. + ++Prō·cēdō+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go forward; advance, proceed_, +20, 25. + ++Pro·cul+, adv. [CEL-], _driven forward; at a distance, afar off_, 30. + ++Prō·cumbō+, 3, -cubuī, -cubitum, _bend forwards; fall forward, sink to +the ground_, 27. + ++Proelior+, 1, _fight, contend_, 23. + Cf. dīmicō, congredior. + ++Proelium+, -ī, N., _fighting, fight_, 23, 25, 26, 27; _skirmish, +engagement, battle_, 8, 9, 20, 21, 28, 30. + ++Pro·fectiō+, -ōnis, F. [FAC-], _going away; setting out, +departure_, 11. + ++Pro·ficīscor+, 3, -fectus [FAC-], _begin to go forward; set out, go, +march_, 2, 21, 25, 35. + ++Prō·flīgō+, 1 [FLAG-, FLIG-], _strike to the ground; rout, defeat_, 23. + Cf. pellō, cōniciō. + ++Pro·fugiō+, 3, -fūgī, -- [2 FVG-], _flee before; flee for refuge, +escape_, 14. + ++Prō·gnātus+, -a, -um, adj. [GEN-, GN-, GNA-], _born, descended, sprung +from_, 29. + ++Prō·gredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go forward; advance, proceed_, +10, 23. + Cf. prōcēdō. + ++Pro·hibeō+, 2 [HAB-], _hold before; hinder, prevent_, 4, w. acc. and +infin.; _keep from, cut off_, 9, 28, w. acc. and abl. + ++Prō·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _cast forward; give up, +abandon, renounce_, 15. + ++Prō·moveō+, 2, -mōvī, -mōtum [1 MV-, MOV-], _move forward, +advance_, 31. + ++Prope+, adv. [PARC-, PLEC-], _near; nearly, almost_, 28, 32. + ++Pro·perō+, 1 [2 PAR-, POR-], _hasten, make haste_, 11, 35. + ++Propīnquitās+, -ātis, F. [PARC-, PLEC-], _nearness, proximity_, 20; +_family connection, kinship_, 4. + Cf. adfīnitās. + ++Propīnquus+, -a, -um, adj. [PARC-, PLEC-], _being near; near, close, +adjacent_, 35, w. dat. + ++Prō·pōnō+, 3, -posuī, -positum [1 SA-, SI-], _place before; put forth, +expose to view, display_, 20. + ++Prop·ter+, prep. w. acc. [PARC-, PLEC-], _near; on account of_, 4, 8, +12, 16, 20. + ++Propter·eā+, adv. [PARC-, PLEC-], _on account of that_; foll. by quod, +_for the reason (that), because_, 4; foll. by indic. + ++Prō·pūgnō+, 1 [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _fight before; fight in defence, make +defensive sallies_, 7. + ++Prō·sequor+, 3, -secūtus [SEC-], _follow onward; pursue, follow after_, +11; _follow, address_, 5. + ++Prō·spectus+, -ūs, M. [SPEC-], _forward look; out-look, distant view, +prospect_, 22. + ++Prō·tinus+, adv. [1 TA-, TEN-], _before one’s self; at once, +immediately_, 9. + ++Prō·turbō+, 1 [TVR-], _drive forward; drive off, frighten away_, 19. + Cf. pellō. + ++Prō·videō+, 2, -vīdī, -vīsum [VID-], _see before; look out, see, attend +to_, 22. + ++Prō·vincia+, -ae, F. [VIC-], _territory acquired by conquest; +province_, 29. + ++Prō·volō+, 1, -āvī, --, _fly forth; hasten forth, hurry forward_, 19. + ++Proximē+, adv., superl. of prope [PARC-, PLEC-], _nearest; most +recently, last_, 8, 19. + ++Proximus+, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of propior, no pos.) [PARC-, PLEC-], +_nearest, closest_, 3, 12, 33; _next, following_, 27, (of time) 12, 35. + ++Prū·dentia+ (for prō·videntia), -ae, F. [VID-], _seeing before; +foresight, wisdom, prudence_, 4. + ++Pūblicus+, -a, -um, adj. [PLE-, PLO-], _belonging to the people_; w. +rēs, _republic, state, government_, 5. + ++Puer+, -erī, M., _one begotten; boy, child_, 13, 28. + ++Pūgna+, -ae, F. [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _thrusting thing; fight, battle_, +16, 25, 28, 29. + Cf. proelium. + ++Pūgnō+, 1 [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _fight, contend_, 8, 10, 21, 26, 27, 33. + Cf. congredior, contendō, dīmicō, proelior. + + +Q. + ++Q.+, abbrev. for +Quīntus+, 2, 5, 9, 11. + ++Quā+, adv. (abl. F. of quī) [CA-], _on which side; at what point, +where_, 33. + ++Quadrin·gentī+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [CEN-], _four hundred_, 8. + ++Quaerō+, 3, -sīvī, -sītum, _seek; ask, enquire, make enquiry_, 4, 15; +_look for, seek, try to find_, 21. + Cf. petō. + ++Quam+, adv. (acc. of quī) [CA-], _in what manner; than_, 10, 19, 20, +21, 22, 31, 32. + Cf. āc (19). + ++Quam·vīs+, adv. [CA-; VOL-], _as you will; as much as you like, +any-so-ever, any_, 31. + ++Quantus+, -a, -um, adj. [CA-], _how great, how many_, 4, 5, 14, 26, in +indir. quest.; _as great as, as much as_, 8, 11. + Cf. tantus. + ++Quartus+, -a, -um, adj., _fourth_, 25. + ++Quattuor+, num. adj., indecl., _four_, 33. + ++Que+, enclitic conj. [CA-, CI-], _and_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + Joins kindred expressions; sometimes couples a sentence to a + preceding one. + Cf. et, atque. + ++Quī+, quae, quod, rel. and adj. pron. [CA-, CI-], _who, which, what, +that_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Quī·dam+, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron. [CA-, CI-; 3 DA-], _certain +one, some one_, 17. + ++Qui·dem+, adv. [CA-, CI-; 3 DA-], _certainly_; nē ... quidem, enclosing +emphatic word or expression, _not even_, 3, 17. + ++Quī·n+, conj. w. subj. [CA-, CI-; NA-], _by which not; but that, that, +from_, 2, 3. + ++Quī·nam (quis-)+, quae-, quod-, interrog. pron. [CA-, CI-], _for who? +who, which, what, pray? what in the world?_ 30. + ++Quīn·decim+, num. adj., indecl. [DEC-], _fifteen_, 2, 4, 30, 35. + ++Quīn·gentī+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [CEN-], _five hundred_, 28. + ++Quīnquā·gintā+, num. adj., indecl., _fifty_, 4, 33. + ++Quīnque+, num. adj., indecl., _five_. + ++Quis+, quae, quid? interrog. pron. [CA-, CI-], _who? which? what?_ +4, 8, 11, etc. + Indef. after sī and nē, _any one, any_, 8, 14, 32, 33. + ++Quis·quam+, --, quicquam (quidq-), indef. pron. [CA-, CI-], _any, any +at all_, 17; in negative clauses. + ++Quis·que+, quae-, quid- (quod-), indef. pron. [CA-, CI-], _each, each +one, every_, 4, 10, 11, 21, 22, 25. + ++Quis·quis+, --, quicquid (quidq-) or quodquod, indef. rel. pron. +[CA-, CI-], _whatever, whatsoever, everything which_, 17. + ++Quō+, rel. adv. (dat. and abl. of quī) [CA-, CI-], _in what place_; +(dat. use) _where, whither_, 16 17, 21; conj. (rel. adv.), = ut eō, _by +which, so that, that_, 25. + ++Quod+, conj. (acc. N. of qui) [CA-, CI-], _that; in that, because_, 1, +4, 10, etc.; _the fact that_, 17. + ++Quo·que+, adv. [CA-, CI-], _also, too, as well_, 10, 22; placed after +word to be emphasized. + + +R. + ++Rāmus+, -ī, M., _growing thing; branch_, 17. + ++Ratiō+, -ōnis, F. [RA-], _reckoning; consideration_, 10; _plan, method, +system_, 19, 22. + ++Re-, Red-+, _back, away_, in comp. only. + ++Re·cipiō+, 3, -cēpī, -ceptum [CAP-], _take back; admit, receive_, 3, +15; with reflex. pron., _recover_, 12; _betake one’s self, retreat, go_, +11, 19, 24. + Cf. sē cōnferre. + ++Red·dō+, 3, -didī, -ditum [1 DA-], _give back; render_, 5. + ++Red·eō+, -īre, -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go back; recede, decline, slope +away_, 8. + ++Red·igō+, 3, -ēgī, -āctum [AG-], _drive back; bring down, reduce_, 14, +28, 34; _render_, 27. + Cf. reddō. + ++Red·in·tegrō+, 1 [TAG-], _make whole again; renew, restore_, 23, +25, 27. + ++Rēdonēs+, -um, M., _tribe of Brittany_, 34. + ++Re·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead back_, 9. + ++Re·ferō+, -ferre, rettulī, -lātum [1 FER-], _bear back; report, +announce_, 33. + Cf. adferō, renūntiō. + ++Re·fringō+, 3, -frēgī, -frāctum, _break back; break open, tear +open_, 33. + ++Regiō+, -ōnis, F. [REG-], _directing, direction; region, district, +locality, country_, 4. + ++Rēgnum+, -ī, N. [REG-], _that which rules; power, control_, 1. + ++Rē·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl back; throw back, drive +back_, 33. + ++Re·languēscō+, 3, -guī, -- [LAG-], _lose energy, be weakened_, 15. + ++Re·linquō+, 3, -līquī, -līctum [LIC-, LIQV-] _leave behind, leave_, 5, +8, 29. + ++Re·liquus+, -a, -um, adj. [LIC-, LIQV-], _remaining; other, rest of_, +2, 3, 5, etc.; as noun, M., _the rest, the others_, 10, 25. + ++Rēmī+, -ōrum, M., _people of Belgium on the Axona_, 3, 4, 5, etc. + ++Re·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _send back; hurl back, return_, +27; _relax, weaken_, 15. + ++Rēmus+, -ī, M., _a Remian_, 6. + ++Re·nūntiō+, 1 [NV-], _bring back word; announce, report_, 24; w. dat. +and acc. and infin. + Cf. adferō, referō. + ++Re·pellō+, 3, reppulī, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-, PVL-], _drive back, +repulse_, 10. + Cf. rēiciō. + ++Repentīnō+, adv. (abl. of repentīnus), _suddenly_, 33. + ++Re·periō+, 4, repperī, -pertum [2 PAR-, POR-], _produce again; find, +find out, ascertain_, 9; w. acc. and infin., 4, 15. + ++Rēs+, reī, F. [RA-], _thing spoken of; thing, circumstance, matter, +affair, business, fact_, 1, 2, 3, etc.; rēs frūmentāria, _grain-supply, +provisions_, 2; rēs pūblica, _state, republic_, 5. + ++Re·sistō+, 3, -stitī, -- [STA-], _stand back; hold one’s ground, +maintain one’s position, resist_, 22, 23, 26. + ++Re·spiciō+, 3, -spēxī, -spectum [SPEC-], _look back, look behind +one_, 24. + ++Re·spondeō+, 2, -ndī, -spōnsum, _promise in return; reply, answer_, 32. + ++Re·tineō+, 2, -uī, -tentum [1 TA-, TEN-], _keep back; keep up, +maintain_, 21; _keep back, reserve_, 32, 33. + ++Re·vertor+, 3, -versus (active in perfect, pluperfect, and future +perfect: reverti, reverteram, revertero) [VERT-], _turn back; return, go +back_, 10, 14, 29, 35. + ++Re·vocō+, 1 (VOC-, VAG-), _call back, summon_, 20. + ++Rēx+, rēgis, M. [REG-], _ruler; king, chieftain_, 4, 13. + ++Rhēnus+, -ī, M., _the Rhine_, 3, 4, 29, 35. + ++Rīpa+, -ae, F., _bank, river-bank_, 5, 23, 27. + ++Rōmānus+, -a, -um, adj., _Roman_, 1, 3, etc.; as noun, M., _Roman_, 10, +12, 13, etc. + ++Rubus+, -ī, M., _red-colored thing; bramble_, 17. + ++Rūmor+, -ōris, M., _sounding; report, rumor_, 1. + ++Rūpēs+, -is, F. [RAP-, RVP-], _broken thing; cliff, steep rock_, 29. + ++R·ūrsus+, adv. [VERT-], _turned back; again, back again_, 19, 23, 24. + + +S. + ++Sabīnus+, -ī, M., _Q. Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of Cæsar_, 5. + ++Sabis+, -is, M., _river Sambre in country of Nervii_, 16, 18. + ++Saepēs+, -is, F. [1 SAC-, SAG-], _hedge_, 17, 22. + ++Sagittārius+, -ī, M. [1 SAC-, SAG-], _of an arrow; archer, bowman_, 7, +10, 19. + ++Salūs+, -ūtis, F. [SAL-, SER-], _being well; preservation, salvation, +safety_, 27, 33; _well-being, welfare_, 5. + ++Sarcinae+, -ārum, F., _bundle; luggage, personal baggage_, 17. + ++Saxum+, -ī, N. [2 SAC-, SEC-], _fragment of rock; rock, stone_, 29. + ++Scientia+, -ae, F. [2 SAC-, SEC-, SCI-], _knowing; knowledge_, 20. + ++Scrībō+, 3, -psī, -ptum [SCARP-, SCALP-], _scratch; write, give an +account_, 29. + ++Scūtum+, -ī, N. [SCV-, CV-], _covering thing; shield_, 21, 25, 27, 33. + ++Sectiō+, -ōnis, F. [2 SAC-, SEC-], _cutting; lot of booty, booty_, 33. + ++Secundum+, prep. w. acc. (acc. N. of secundus) [SEC-], _following; in +the direction of, along_, 18. + ++Secundus+, -a, -um, adj. [SEC-], _following; second_, 11; _successful, +favorable_, 9. + ++Sed+, co-ord. conj., adversative [SOVO-, SVO-], _apart from; but_, 14, +17, 19, 20, 21, 32. + ++Senātor+, -ōris, M. [SEN-], _old man; elder, senator_, 28. + ++Senātus+, -ūs, M. [SEN-], _office of an old man; council, senate_, 5. + ++Senonēs+, -um, M., _tribe on upper Seine_, 2. + ++Sententia+, -ae, F. [SENT-], _thinking; opinion, view_, 10. + ++Sentēs+, -ium, M., _thorns, briars, brambles_, 17. + ++Septimus+, -a, -um, adj., _seventh_, 23, 26. + ++Sequor+, 3, secūtus [SEC-], _follow; go along, accompany_, 17; _follow, +result_, 22. + ++Servitūs+, -ūtis, F. [1 SER-, SVAR-], _slavery, servitude, +subjection_, 14. + ++Servō+, 1 [SAL-, SER-], _save; keep, maintain_, 33. + ++Sex+, num. adj., indecl., _six_, 5, 8, 19, 29. + ++Sexāgintā+, num. adj., indecl., _sixty_, 4. + ++Sex·centī+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [CEN-], _six hundred_, 15, 28. + ++Sī+, conj. [SOVO-, SVO-], _if, in case_, 5, 8, 9, etc.; _to see if, +whether_, 9, w. indir. question. + ++Sī·c+, adv. [3 SA-; CA-, CI-], _in this manner; so, in such a manner_, +32; _in following manner, as follows_, 4, 15. + ++Sīgni·fer+, -erī, M. [3 SAC-; 1 FER-], _standard-bearer, ensign_, 25. + ++Sīgni·ficātiō+, -ōnis, F. [3 SAC-; FAC-], _pointing out; announcement, +signal_, 33. + ++Sīgni·ficō+, 1 [3 SAC-; FAC-], _show by signs; indicate, show_, 7; +_announce, make known_, 13; w. acc. and infin. + ++Sīgnum+, -ī, N. [3 SAC-], _mark; signal, sign_, 20, 21; _military +standard, ensign_, 21, 25, 26; -- convertere, _face about, wheel_, 26; +-- īnferre, _advance to attack, charge_, 25; ad -- cōnsistere, _rally +round the standards_, 21. + ++Silva+, -ae, F. [2 SER-, SVAL-], _wood, forest_, 18, 19. + ++Silvestris+, -e, adj. [2 SER-, SVAL-], _of a wood; wooded_, 18. + ++Simul+, adv. [2 SA-, SIM-], _together; at the same time_, 24. + ++Si·ne+, prep. w. abl. [SOVO-], _without_, 5, 11, 15, 25, 31. + ++Singulāris+, -e, adj. [2 SA-, SEM-, SIM-], _one by one; remarkable, +extraordinary_, 24. + Cf. eximius. + ++Singulī+, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. [2 SA-, SEM-, SIM-], _one to +each; one at a time, separate, single_, 17, 20. + ++Sinister+, -tra, -trum, adj. left, _on the left_, 23. + ++Sōl+, -is, M. [2 SER-, SVAL-], _sun_, 11. + ++Solli·citō+, 1 [SAL-; CI-], _move violently; stir up, instigate, +incite_, 1. + ++Sōlum+, adv. (acc. N. of sōlus) [SAL-, SER-], _alone, only_, 14. + ++Sōlus+, -a, -um, adj. [SAL-, SER-], _alone, only, sole_, 4. + ++Spatium+, -ī, N., [SPA-, PA-], _race-course; space, distance_, 17, 30; +_extent, time_, 11. + ++Speciēs+, -iēī, F. [SPEC-], _seeing; sight, form, appearance_, 31. + ++Speculātor+, -ōris, M. [SPEC-], _searcher; scout, spy_, 11. + Cf. explōrātor. + ++Spēs+, -eī, F. [SPA, PA-], _hope, expectation_, 7, 25, 27, 33. + ++Spīritus+, -ūs, M., _breathing; feeling, pride, haughtiness_, 4. + ++Statim+, adv. [STA-], _in standing; at once, immediately_, 11. + Cf. prōtinus. + ++Statiō+, -ōnis, F. [STA-], _standing; guard, out-post, picket_, 18. + ++Statuō+, 3, -uī, -ūtum [STA-], _make stand; fix, determine, decide_, +8, 31. + ++Statūra+, -ae, F. [STA-], _standing upright; stature, size_, 30. + ++Strepitus+, -ūs, M., _clashing, clatter, noise, din_, 11. + Cf. clāmor, fremitus. + ++Studeō+, 2, -uī, -- [SPA-, PA-], _be eager; strive after, be bent +upon, desire_, 1; _devote one’s self to, pay attention to_, 17; w. dat. + ++Studium+, -ī, N. [SPA-, PA-], _zeal, eagerness, enthusiasm_, 7. + ++Sub+, prep. w. abl. and acc., _under, beneath_, 17; _near to, toward_, +11, 33. + ++Sub·eō+, -īre, -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go under; go near, approach closely, +come up_, 25, 27. + Cf. adpropīnquō, succēdō. + ++Sub·itō+, adv. (abl. of subitus) [1 I-], _by coming on stealthily; +suddenly, unexpectedly_, 19; _hastily, offhand_, 33. + Cf. repentīnō. + ++Sub·mittō (summ-)+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _send below; send to aid, +despatch, send_, 6, 25; w. dat. + ++Sub·ruō (surr-)+, 3, -ruī, -rutum, _tear down below; undermine, dig +under_, 6. + ++Sub·sequor+, 3, -secūtus [SEC-], _follow closely, pursue_, 11, 19. + ++Sub·sidium+, -ī, N. [SED-], _sitting behind; reserve forces, reserves_, +22, 25; _aid, assistance, help_, 6, 7, 8, 20, 26. + Cf. auxilium. + ++Suc·cēdō (subc-)+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go below; draw near, +approach closely_, 6. + Cf. subeō, adpropīnquō. + ++Suc·cessus (subc-)+, -ūs, M. [CAD-], _going below; advance, close +approach_, 20. + ++Suessiōnēs+, -um, M., _German tribe north of the Marne_, 3, 4, 12, 13. + ++Suī+, sibi, sē (sēsē), reflex. pron. referring to subject or speaker, +[SOVO-, SVO-], _self; of himself, of themselves_, etc., 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Sum+, esse, fuī [ES-], _be; exist, be_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Summa+, -ae, F. (f. of summus, sc. rēs), _highest (thing); chief +control, general management_, 4, 23. + ++Summus+, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of superus), _highest, greatest, +topmost_, 6, 23, 24, 32; _highest part, summit, top_, 18, 26. + ++Sū·mō+, 3, -mpsī, -mptum [EM-], _take, claim, assume_, 4. + ++Superior+, -ius, gen. -ōris, adj. compar. of superus, _higher, upper_, +18, 23, 26; _preceding, former, past_, 20. + Cf. altior; prīstinus. + ++Superō+, 1, _go over; defeat, vanquish_, 24. + Cf. vincō. + ++Super·sedeō+, 2, -sēdī, -sessum [SED-], _sit over; refrain from, omit, +postpone_, 8; w. abl. + ++Super·sum+, -esse, -fuī [ES-], _be above; remain, survive_, 27, 28. + ++Sup·plex (subpl-)+, -icis, adj. [PARC-, PLEC-], _folding the knees +beneath; suppliant, beseeching_, 28. + ++Sup·plicātiō (subpl-)+, -ōnis, F. [PARC-, PLEC-], _kneeling down; +thanksgiving_, 35. + ++Suprā+, adv., _on upper side; above, before_, 1, 18, 29. + ++Sus·tentō+, 1 [1 TA-, TEN-], _keep holding up; hold out, maintain one’s +self_, 6, 14. + ++Sus·tineō+, 2, -uī, -tentum [1 TA-, TEN-], _hold up under; withstand, +sustain_, 11, 21; with reflex. pron., _hold out_, 6; _keep upright, +stand up_, 25. + ++Suus+, -a, -um, poss. adj. [SOVO-, SVO-], _of himself, his own, their +own_, etc., 3, 4, 5, etc.; as noun, M., _their (his) countrymen, +friends_, 6, 8, 9, etc.; N., _property, possessions_, 3, 13, 29. + + +T. + ++T.+, praenomen _Titus, T. Labienus_, 11, 26. + ++Tam+, adv. [2 TA-], _so far; so, to such a degree_, 21. + ++Tamen+, adv. [2 TA-], _in so far; still, however; nevertheless_ 8, 32. + ++Tantulus+, -a, -um, dim. adj. [2 TA-], _so small; so trifling_, 30. + Cf. parvulus. + ++Tantus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 TA-], _of such size; so great, so much_, 3, +5, 6, etc. + ++Tardō+, 1, _make slow, retard, check_, 25. + ++Tardus+, -a, -um, adj., _slow (weary, exhausted)_, 25. + ++Tegimenta (tegu-)+, -ōrum, N., _means of covering; covering, +cover_, 21. + ++Tēlum+, -ī, N. [TEC-], _missile, weapon, javelin_, 6, 10, 21, 25, +27, 33. + ++Tempus+, -oris, N. [1 TA-, TEN-], _time_ (in general), 5, 14, 19, 20, +21, 24, 33, 34; _moment_, 19; _time, period, day_, 17, 35; _emergency, +crisis_, 22. + ++Tendō+, 3, tetendī, tentum (tēnsum) [1 TA-, TEN-], _stretch; stretch +out, extend_, 13. + Cf. pandō. + ++Teneō+, 2, -uī, -- [1 TA-, TEN-], _hold, have_, 23; _hold, +surround_, 24. + ++Tener+, -era, -erum, adj. [1 TA-, TEN-], _tender, young_, 17. + ++Terror+, -ōris, M. [TER-, TERS-], _frightening; great fear, fright, +panic_, 12. + ++Tertius+, -a, -um, adj., _third_, 1, 32, 33. + ++Testūdō+, -inis, F., _having a shell; tortoise, bulwark of shields_, 6. + ++Teutonī+, -ōrum (-ēs, -um), M., _German tribe_, 4, 29. + ++Timeō+, 2, -uī, --, _fear, be afraid, entertain fears_, 26, w. nē +followed by subjunctive. + ++Titurius+, -ī, M., _Q. Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of Cæsar’s_, 5, +9, 10. + ++Titus+, -ī, M., _praenomen of Labienus, Cæsar’s lieutenant_, 11, 26. + ++Tormentum+, -ī, N. [TARC- (TARP-), TREP-], _thing twisted; machine of +war, engine for hurling_, 8. + ++Tot·idem+, adj., indecl. [2 TA-; 3 DA], _just as many, same number +of_, 4. + ++Tōtus+, -a, -um, gen. totīus, adj. [TV-, TO-], _increased; whole, +entire_, 4, 6, 19, 23. + ++Trabs+, trabis, F. [TARC- (TARP-), TREP-], _beam, timber_, 29. + ++Trā·dō+, 3, -didī, -ditum [1 DA-], _give over; hand over, give up, +surrender_, 13, 15, 31, 32. + ++Trā·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead over; lead across, bring +over_, 4, 5, 9, 10. + ++Trāns+, prep. w. acc., _across, over, beyond_, 16, 35. + ++Trāns·eō+, -īre, -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go over; go across, cross_, 9, 10, +23, 24, 27. + ++Trāns·gredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go over; go across, cross_, 19. + Cf. trānseō. + ++Trāns·versus+, -a, -um, adj. [VERT-], _turned across; crosswise, at +right angles, oblique_, 8. + ++Trēs+, tria, gen. -ium, num. adj., _three_, 11, 18, 28, 33. + ++Trēverī+, -ōrum, M., _Celtic tribe on the Moselle_, 24. + ++Tribūnus+, -ī, M., _tribune_, 26. + ++Trī·duum+, -ī, N. [DIV-, DI-, DIAV-], _three days’ time_, 16. + ++Tuba+, -ae, F., _trumpet_, 20. + ++Tum+, adv. [2 TA-], _then, at that time_, 2, 6; _then, in addition, +further_, 27, 29; cum ... tum, _both ... and_, 4. + ++Tumultus+, -ūs, M. [TV-, TVM-], _swelling; confusion, uproar, +noise_, 11. + Cf. strepitus. + ++Tumulus+, -ī, M. [TV-, TVM-] _swelling up; mound, hillock, hill_, 27. + ++Turonēs+, -um (-ī, -ōrum), M., _tribe of Gaul on Loire_, 35. + ++Turpitūdō+, -inis, F. [TARC- (TARP-), TREP-], _ugliness; disgrace, +dishonor_, 27. + ++Turris+, -is, F. [TVR-], _tower_, 12, 30, 33. + ++Tūtus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of tueor), _well guarded; safe, secure_, +5, 28. + + +U. + ++Ubi+, rel. adv. [CA-, CI-], _in which place; where_, 8, 35; _when, as +soon as_, 6, 8, 9, 10, 19, 25, 30, 31. + ++Ūllus+, -a, -um, gen. ūllīus, dim. adj. [2 I-], _any one (at all), +any_, 11, 15, 25; w. negative expression. + ++Ūnā+, adv. (abl. F. of ūnus) [2 I-], _in one and the same place; at the +same time, together_, 16, 17, 24, 28, 29; foll. by cum and abl. + ++Ūn·decimus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-; DEC-], _eleventh_, 23. + ++Undi·que+, adv. [CA-, CI-], _whencesoever; from every quarter, from all +sides_, 6, 10. + ++Uneīlī+, -ōrum, M., _tribe in Normandy_, 34. + ++Ūni·versus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-; VERT-], _turned into one; whole, all, +in a mass_, 33. + ++Unus+, -a, -um, gen. -īus, num. adj. [2 I-], _one_, 2, 5, 6, 29, 31, +34; _one, one and the same_, 3, 5, 19, 20; _common, one alone_, 4, 22; +_alone, only_, 33; _a_, 25. + ++Urgeō+, 2, ursī, -- [VERG-, VRG-], _press, press hard_, 25, 26. + ++Ūsus+, -ūs, M. [1 AV-], _using; practice, experience_, 20; _use, +advantage_, 9, 12. + ++Ut+ or +Utī+, conj. [CA-, CI-], _in what manner; as_, 1, 7, 11, etc., +w. indic.; _in order that, that, to_, 2, 8, 9, etc.; _that, so that_, 3, +4, 5, etc. + ++Uter·que+, -traque, -trumque, gen. utrīusque, pron. [CA-, CI-], _both +one and the other; each of two, both_, 8, 16, 25. + ++Ūtor+, 3, ūsus [1 AV-], _use, make use of, employ, have_, 3, 7, 10, 25, +28; _use, practise_, 14, 28; _enjoy, maintain_, 32; w. abl. + + +V. + ++Vacuus+, -a, -um, adj., _empty, clear, free, unoccupied_; w. ab and +abl., 12. + ++Vadum+, -ī, N. [BA-, VA-], _place through which one can go; ford, +crossing_, 9. + ++Valeō+, 2, -uī, -itūrus, _be strong, have influence_, 4, 17. + ++Vāllum+, -ī, N. [1 VEL-, VAL-], _earthen wall; earth-works, rampart_, +5, 30, 33. + ++Varius+, -a, -um, adj., _spotted; changing, different_, 22. + ++Vāstō+, 1, _make empty; lay waste, ravage_. + Cf. populor, dēpopulor. + ++Velocassēs+, -um, M., _one of the minor Belgian tribes_, 4. + ++Vēn·dō+, 3, -didī (-ditum) [1 DA-], _place for sale; sell_, 33. + ++Venellī+, see +Unellī+. + ++Venetī+, -ōrum, M., _tribe of Bretagne_, 34. + ++Veniō+, 4, vēnī, ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come, approach_, 2, 3, 5, +etc. + ++Verbum+, -ī, N. [VER-], _that spoken; word, discourse, +intercession_, 14. + ++Vereor+, 2 [1 VEL-, VER-], _feel awe; fear, be afraid_, 11. + ++Vergō+, 3, --, -- [VERG-], _bend, incline_, 18. + ++Vērō+, adv. (abl. N. of vērus) [VER-], _in truth, in fact, but, +however_, 2, 27, 31. + ++Veromanduī+, -ōrum, M., _Gallic tribe in modern Picardy_, 4, 16, 23. + ++Versō+, 1 [VERT-], _keep turning_; pass., _be engaged in, be occupied +about_, 24; _dwell, remain, be_, 1. + ++Vesper+, -erī or -eris, M., _evening, nightfall_, 33. + ++Vester+, -tra, -trum, _your, yours_. + ++Vetō+, 1, -uī, -itum [VET-], _leave in old state; advise against, +forbid_, 20. + ++Vēxillum+, -ī, N. [VAG-, VEH-], _military ensign, banner, flag_, 20. + ++Vēxō+, 1 [VAG-, VEH-], _keep carrying; harass, overrun_, 4. + ++Vīctor+, -ōris, M. [VIC-], _conqueror, victor_, 28; in appos. +_conquering, victorious_, 24. + ++Vīcus+, -ī, M., _row of houses; village, hamlet_, 7. + ++Videō+, 2, vīdī, vīsum [VID-], _see, perceive_, 12, 19; _see, know_, 5, +10, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, w. acc. and infin.; pass., _seem, appear_, 11, +16, 18, 28, 33; _seem good, seem best_, 20. + ++Vigilia+, -ae, F., _being awake; watch, night-watch_, 11, 33. + ++Vīmen+, -inis, N. [VI-, VIC-], _means of binding; willow, withe, +wicker-work_, 33. + ++Vincō+, 3, vīcī, vīctum [VIC-], _conquer, defeat_, 28. + Cf. superō. + ++Vīnea+, -ae, F. [VI-, VIC-], _shelter for vines; covered shed, movable +shelter_, 12, 30. + ++Vīnum+, -ī, N. [VI-, VIC-], _wine_, 15. + ++Vir+, virī, M., _male, man_, 25, 33. + ++Virtūs+, -ūtis, F., _manhood; bravery, valor_, 4, 8, 15, 21, 24, 27, +31, 33. + ++Vīs+, vim, vī, F., _strength, power_, 30. + ++Vītō+, 1, _shun, try to escape, avoid_, 25. + ++Vix+, adv. [VIC-], _with effort; barely, scarcely, hardly_, 28. + ++Voluntās+, -ātis, F. [VOL-], _will, wish, desire_, 4. + ++Vōx+, vōcis, F. [VOC], _that which calls out; voice, utterance_, +13, 30. + ++Vulgō (volgō)+, adv. (abl. of vulgus) [VERG-, VALG-], _among the +people; generally, commonly_, 1. + ++Vulnerō+, 1 [2 VEL-, VOL-], _wound, injure_, 25. + ++Vulnus+, -eris, N. [2 VEL-, VOL-], _wound, hurt_, 23, 25, 27. + + + + +ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. + + +The relation in meaning of some words in certain groups to the root is +sometimes obscure or even impossible to be traced with absolute +certainty. Sometimes the relation is obscured by the omission in this +vocabulary of an interlinking word, because it does not occur in the +text. Let us take an example close at hand, the root AID- and the noun ++aestuārium+. The notion “inlet” seems very remote from the notion +“burn.” But +aestuārium+ is formed from +aestus+ (for _aedtus_), the +first meaning of which is _the raging of fire, waves or billows of +heat_. As we might expect, a secondary meaning is, _the raging of water, +waves, billows_, in the proper sense. From the force of the suffix ++-ārium+, +aestuārium+ should mean a _sea-marsh_, or _a tract overflowed +at high tide_; and from this the notion “inlet,” the place through which +the tide rushes, comes naturally enough. + +The following roots, with their meanings, have been mostly taken from +the excellent Elementary Latin Dictionary of Dr. Charlton T. Lewis. + + 1. AC-, sharp, pierce. + +Aciēs+, edge, line of battle. + +Prae·acūtus+, sharpened at the point. + +Ācr·iter+, sharply. + +Acervus+, heap. + +Co·acervō+, heap up. + + 2. AC-, swift. + +Equĕs+, horseman. + +Equester+, of horsemen. + +Equitātus+, cavalry. + + AG-, drive. + +Agō+, drive, lead. + +Cō·gō+ [for _con·agō_], drive together, compel. + +Red·igō+, drive back, reduce. + +Ager+, land. + +Āgmen+, marching column. + +Īgnis+, fire. + +Ex·agitō+, harass. + + AID-, burn. + +Aedi·ficium+ [from _aedēs, hearth_], building. + +Aestās+ [for _aid·tās_], summer. + +Aestuārium+ [for _aid·t-_], inlet. + + 1. AL-, AR-, feed, grow, raise. + +Altus+, high. + +Altitūdō+, height. + +Arduus+, steep. + +Arbor+, tree. + + 2. AL- (ALI-), other, strange. + +Alius+, other. + +Aliās+, at some other time. + +Aliēnus+, another’s. + +Al·iter+, other-wise. + +Alter+, the other (of two). + + AM-, love. + +Amīcus+, friend. + +Amīcitia+, friendship. + +In·imīcus+, unfriendly, hostile. + + AN-, breathe. + +Animus+, spirit. + +Ex·animō+, make breathless. + +Onus+ (as the cause of panting), weight. + + ANA-, pronominal stem, third person. + +In+, in, into. + +Inter+, between. + +Inter·eā+, meanwhile. + +Inter·im+, meanwhile. + +Interior+ [compar. of obs. _interus_], inner. + +Intrā+, within. + +Intrō+, enter. + +?Ille+ [old form _ollus_, from _onolus_], that one. + + ANT-, before, against. + +Ante+, before, formerly. + +Antīquitus+, of old. + + AP-, OP-, lay hold of work, help. + (+Ops+), aid. + +Opus+, work. + +Opera+, exertion, service. + +C·ōpia+ [for _com·opia_], supply. + +Co·epī+ [for _com·apiō_], begin. + +Optimus+, best. + +Omnis+ [for _apnis_], all. + +Opīniō+, impression. + + APA-, _away, from_. + +Ab+, from, by. + +Ap·ud+, among. + +Ob+, against. + + AR-, fit. + +Armō+, arm. + +Arma+, arms. + +Armātūra+, equipment. + +In·ermis+, unarmed. + + ARC-, shut in, keep off. + +Ex·ercitus+, army. + +Ex·ercitātus+, trained. + + 1. AV-, mark, desire, delight. + +Audeō+, dare. + +Audāc·ter+, boldly. + + +Ūtor+ [for _avtor_], use. + +Ūsus+, use, experience. + +In·ūsitātus+, unusual. + +In·ūtilis+, useless. + +Neg·ōtium+ [for _nec·avtium_], business. + + 2. AV-, mark, notice. + +Audiō+, hear. + +Ex·audiō+, overhear. + + AVG-, grow. + +Auctōritās+, power. + +Auxilium+, aid. + + BA-, VA-, VEN-, go. + +Ar·bitror+ [for _ad·batror_], believe. + +Du·bitō+, doubt, hesitate. + +Vadum+, ford. + +Veniō+, come. + +Ad·ventus+, arrival. + +Circum·veniō+, outflank. + +Con·veniō+, meet. + +Dē·veniō+, come to. + +Ē·ventus+, outcome. + +In·veniō+, find. + +Ob·veniō+, fall in with. + +Per·veniō+, arrive at. + + CA-, CI-, pronominal stem, _who_. + +Quī+, who. + +Quī·dam+, a certain one. + +Qui·dem+, certainly. + +Quīn+ [for _quī·nē_], but that. + +Quā+, where. + +Quō+, whither. + +Quod+, because. + +Quis+, who? + +Quī·nam+, who, pray? + +Quis·quam+, any. + +Nē·quī·quam+, in vain. + +Quis·quis+, whoever. + +Quis·que+, each one. + +Quo·que+, also. + +Cum (quom)+, when. + +Quam+, than. + +Quam·vīs+, how-so-ever. + +Post·quam+, after. + +Prius·quam+, sooner than. + +Quantus+, how great. + +Que+, and. + +Ita·que+, and so. + +Ne·que+, and not. + +Ubi+ [for _quō·bi_], where. + +Undi·que+ [for _cunde·que_], from all sides. + + +Cēterī+, the others. + +Cis+, this side of. + +Citerior+, hither. + +Citrā+, this side of. + +Ut+ or +Utī+ [for _cutī_ or _quotī_], as, in order that. + +Uter·que+ [for _quoter·que_], each. + +Ne·uter+, neither. + + +Cotī·diē+, daily. + +Hī·c+ [for _hī·ce_], this. + +Nun·c+ [for _num·ce_], now. + +Sī·c+ [for _sī·ce_], so. + + CAD-, fall. + +Cadō+, fall. + +Ac·cidō (adc-)+, befall. + +In·cidō+, happen. + +Cadāver+, dead body. + +Cāsus+, happening. + +Oc·cāsus (obc-)+, setting. + +Cēdō+, give way. + +Ac·cēdō (adc-)+, approach. + +Dis·cēdō+, depart. + +Dis·cessus+, departure. + +Ex·cēdō+, withdraw from. + +Inter·cēdō+, intervene. + +Prō·cēdō+, advance. + +Suc·cēdō (subc-)+, approach. + +Suc·cessus (subc-)+, close approach. + +Ar·cessō+ [for _ad·cēdsō_], summon. + + 1. CAL-, CAR-, call. + +Con·cilium+, meeting. + +Clāmor+, shouting. + + 2. CAL-, SCAL-, cover, hide. + +Oc·cultus (obc-)+, hidden. + +Galea+, helmet. + +Domi·cilium+, dwelling-place. + +Cēlō+, hide. + + CAP-, take, hold. + +Ac·cipiō (adc-)+, receive. + +In·cipiō+, begin. + +Inter·cipiō+, intercept. + +Re·cipiō+, receive. + +Captīvus+, captive. + + +Oc·cupō (obc-)+, take into possession. + +Caput+, head. + +Prae·ceps+, headlong. + +Prīn·ceps+, leader. + + CAR-, SCAR-, hard, scrape. + +Cortex+, bark. + +Cornū+, horn, wing. + + CAV-, watch. + +Causa+, cause. + +In·cūsō+, accuse. + + CEL-, CER-, strike, drive. + +Gladius+ [for _cladius_], sword. + +Celeritās+, swiftness. + +Celer·iter+, swiftly. + +Pro·cul+, at a distance. + +Cursus+, running. + +Con·currō+, run together. + +Dē·currō+, run down. + +Oc·currō (obc-)+, meet. + +Ex·cursiō+, sally. + + CEN-, hundred. + +Centum+, hundred. + +Centuriō+, centurion. + +Du·centī+, two hundred. + +Quadrin·gentī+, four hundred. + +Quīn·gentī+, five hundred. + +Sex·centī+, six hundred. + + 1. CER-, CRE-, make. + +Crēber+, numerous. + +Corpus+, body. + + 2. CER-, CRE-, part. + +Dē·cernō+, decide upon. + +Dē·certō+, fight decisively. + +Certus+, sure. + + CI-, rouse. + +In·citō+, urge on. + +Solli·citō (sōli-)+, stir up. + + CLĪ-, lean. + +Clē·mentia+, mildness. + +Ad·clīvis (acc-)+, sloping upward. + +Ad·clīvitās (acc-)+, upward slope. + +Dē·clīvis+, sloping downward. + + CRAT-, faith. + +Crē·do+, [for _crat·dō_], believe. + +In·crē·dibilis+ [for _in·crat·dibilis_], incredible. + + CVR-, CIR-, curve. + +Circum+, around. + +Circi·ter+, about. + +Circu·itus+, circumference. + +Cruciātus+, torture. + + 1. DA-, give. + +Dō+, give. + +Dē·dō+, give up. + +Dē·ditīcius+, one who has surrendered. + +Dē·ditiō+, surrender. + +Ē·ditus+ [P. of _ē·dō_], rising. + +Red·dō+, give back. + +Trā·dō+ [for _trāns·dō_], give over. + +Vēn·dō+ [for _vēnum·dō_], sell. + + 2. DA-, put. + +Ab·dō+, hide. + +Crē·dō+, believe. + +In·crē·dibilis+, incredible. + +Man·dō+, commission. + + 3. DA-, pronominal stem, third person. + +Ī·dem+, the same. + +Quī·dam+, a certain one. + +Qui·dem+, indeed. + +Tot·idem+, just as many. + + DEC-, ten. + +Decem+, ten. + +Decimus+, tenth. + +Decumānus (deci-)+, of the tenth (cohort), in the phrase, + _porta decumāna_, the main entrance to a Roman camp. + +Ūn·decimus+, eleventh. + +Duo·decimus+, twelfth. + +Quīn·decim+, fifteen. + + DĪC-, DIC- (DAC-), show, point. + +Dīcō+, say. + +Doceō+, teach. + +Iū·dicō+, judge. + (+Diciō+), control. + +Con·diciō+, condition. + + DIV-, DI-, DIAV-, shine. + +Dīvīnus+, divine. + +Diēs+, day. + +Cotī·diē+, daily. + +Postrī·diē+ [for _posterō diē_), next day. + +Trī·duum+, three days’ time. + +Dum+ [for _dium_], while. + +Nōn·dum+, not yet. + +Diū+, for a long time. + +Iuvō+, [for _diuvō_], aid. + +Ad·iuvō+, aid. + + DOM-, build. + +Domus+, home. + +Domi·cilium+, dwelling-place. + +Domesticus+, of home. + + DVA-, DVI-, apart, two. + +Duo+, two. + +Duo·decimus+, twelfth. + +Duo·dē·vīgintī+, eighteen. + +Du·bitō+, doubt, hesitate. + +Du·centī+, two hundred. + +Du·plex+, two-fold. + +Bellum+ [for _duellum_], war. + + DVC-, lead. + +Dux+, leader. + +Dūcō+, lead. + +Ad·dūcō+, bring to. + +Con·dūcō+, gather. + +Dē·dūcō+, lead off. + +Ē·dūcō+, lead out. + +In·dūcō+, cover. + +Intrō·dūcō+, lead in. + +Ob·dūcō+, extend. + +Re·dūcō+, lead back. + +Trā·dūcō+ [for _trāns·dūcō_], lead across. + + EM-, take. + +Emō+, buy. + +Ex·imius+, excellent. + +Sū·mō+ [for _sub·imō_], take. + + ES-, be, live. + +Sum+ [for _esum_], be. + +Ab·sum+, be away. + +Dē·sum+, be lacking. + +Inter·sum+, be between. + +Prae·sum+, command. + +Super·sum+, survive. + + FAC-, put, make. + +Faciō+, do. + +Fīō+, passive of _faciō_, become. + +Cōn·ficiō+, accomplish, wear out. + +Dē·ficiō+, fail. + +Ef·ficiō+, bring about. + +Inter·ficiō+, kill. + +Pate·faciō+, throw open. + +Prae·ficiō+, place in command. + +Pro·ficīscor+, put one’s self forward, set out. + +Pro·fectiō+, setting out. + +Facilis+, easy. + +Facile+, easily. + +Aedi·ficium+, building. + +Ampli·ficō+, enlarge. + +Dif·ficilis (disf-)+, difficult. + +Dif·ficultās (disf-)+, difficulty. + +Facultās+, opportunity. + +Male·ficium+, outrage. + +Sīgni·ficō+, announce. + +Sīgni·ficātiō+, signal. + + FEN-, FEND-, strike. + +Dē·fendō+, ward off, defend. + +Dē·fēnsiō+, defence. + +Dē·fēnsor+, defender. + + 1. FER-, bear. + +Ferō+, bear. + +Ad·ferō (aff-)+, bring to. + +Cōn·ferō+, bring together. + +Dē·ferō+, carry. + +Īn·ferō+, bring upon. + +Of·ferō (obf-)+, carry. + +Per·ferō+, endure. + +Prae·ferō+, place before, out-do. + +Re·ferō+, bring back. + +Fertilitās+, fertility. + +Ferāx+, fertile. + +Fōrs+, chance. + +Fōrtūna+, fortune. + +Sīgni·fer+, standard-bearer. + + 2. FER-, FRE-, hold, fix. + +Ferē+, almost. + +Cōn·fīrmō+, give assurance, reassure. + +Fortis+ [for _forctis_], brave. + +Fort·iter+, bravely. + + 1. FID-, FĪD-, bind, trust. + +Fidēs+, faith. + +Cōn·fīdō+, trust. + + 2. FID-, split. + +Fīnis+ [for _fidnis_], limit. + +Fīnitimus+, neighboring. + +Ad·fīnitās+, connection by marriage. + + FLAG-, FLIG-, strike. + +Cōn·flīgō+, contend with. + +Prō·flīgō+, defeat. + + 1. FVG-, FRVG-, use, enjoy. + +Frūmentum+ [for _frūgimentum_], grain. + +Frūmentārius+, of grain. + + 2. FVG-, bend, flee. + +Fuga+, flight. + +Fugiō+, flee. + +Pro·fugiō+, flee. + + FVR-, FERV-, rage, swell. + +Furor+, frenzy. + +?Frōns+, front. + + GEN-, GN-, GNA-, beget. + +Nāscor (gn-)+, arise. + +Ē·nāscor+, grow out. + +Nātus+, birth. + +Nātiō+, nation. + +Nātūra+, nature. + +Prō·gnātus+, sprung from. + + GER-, carry. + +Gerō+, carry on. + +Ag·ger (adg-)+, mound. + + GNA-, GNO-, know. + +Nam+, for. + +Nāvō+ [for _gnāvō_], perform with knowledge and zeal. + +Cō·gnōscō+, learn. + +Nōbilitās+, high birth. + +Nōmen+, name. + +Nōminātim+, by name. + +Nōminō+, mention. + + GRAD-, walk. + +Ad·gredior (agg-)+, attack. + +Con·gredior+, meet. + +Ē·gredior+, go from. + +In·gredior+, enter. + +Prō·gredior+, advance. + +Trāns·gredior+, cross. + + HAB-, have. + +Habeō+, have. + +Dē·beō+ [for _de·hibeō_], owe to. + +Prae·beō+ [for _prae·hibeō_], furnish. + +Pro·hibeō+, restrain. + + HAM-, man. + +Homō+, man. + +Nē·mō+ [for _ne·homō_], nobody. + + HĪM-, cold. + +Hiemō+, pass the winter. + +Hībernus+ [for _hiemernus_], of winter. + +Hībernācula+, winter quarters. + + 1. I-, AI-, go. + +Ad·eō+, approach. + +Ad·itus+, approach. + +Circu·itus+ [for _circum·itus_], circumference. + +Ex·eō+, go forth, set out. + +In·eō+, enter upon. + +In·itium+, beginning. + +Ob·itus+, destruction. + +Red·eō+, return. + +Sub·eō+, approach closely. + +Sub·itō+, suddenly. + +Trāns·eō+, cross. + +Iter+, route. + +Aetās+ [for _aevitās_], age. + + From +iter+ is the _adv., ending -iter_ or _-ter_, as in + _aequāl·iter_ for _aequale·iter, al·iter, audāc·ter, celer·iter, + circi·ter, diligent·(t)er, fort·iter, lēn·iter, in·diligent·(t)er_. + + 2. I-, AI-, pronominal stem, third person, demonstrative. + +Is+, this one. + +Eō+, there. + +Inter·eā+, meanwhile. + +Inter·im+, meanwhile. + +Post·eā+, afterwards. + +Propter·eā+, for the reason (that). + +Ī·dem+, the same. + +Iden·t·idem+ [for _idem·et·idem_], again and again. + +I·pse+, self. + +Ibī+, there. + +Inde+, thence. + +De·inde+, thereupon. + +Ita+, thus. + +Ita·que+, therefore. + +Item+, likewise. + +?I·dōneus+, suitable. + + +Ūnus+ [for _oenus_], one. + +Ūnā+, together. + +Ūni·versus+, all. + +Ūn·decimus+, eleventh. + +Ūllus+ [for _ūnulus_], any. + +Nūllus+ [for _ne·ūnulus_], none. + +Nōn·nūllus+, some. + +Nōn+ [_ne·oenum (ūnum)_], not. + +Nōn·dum+, not yet. + + IA-, IAC-, go, send. + +Iaciō+, throw. + +Ad·iciō+, hurl. + +Circum·iciō+, place around. + +Cōn·iciō+, hurl. + +Dē·iciō+, throw down from. + +Dē·iectus+, slope. + +Inter·iciō+, place between. + +Prō·iciō+, hurl. + +Re·iciō+, hurl back. + +Iaceō+, lie. + + IC-, AIC-, like. + +Aequāl·iter+, evenly. + +Ad·aequō+, equal. + +In·īquus+, unfavorable. + +In·īquitās+, inequality. + + IV-, IVG-, bind, yoke. + +Iugum+, ridge. + +Con·iungō+, join together. + +Cūnctus+ [for _cōn·iūnctus_], all. + +Iūs+, right. + +Iūstitia+, justice. + +Con·iūrō+, conspire. + +In·iūria+, wrong. + +Iū·dicō+, judge. + +Iubeō+, order. + +Iūxtā+ [for _iūgistā_], close by. + + LAG-, loose. + +Re·languēscō+, lose energy. + +Lassitūdō+, exhaustion. + +Laxō+, widen. + + 1. LEG-, LIG-, gather. + +Dē·ligō+, choose. + +Dī·ligen·ter+ [for _dis·ligent·ter_], scrupulously. + +In·dī·ligen·ter+, carelessly. + +Ē·ligō+, choose. + +Intel·legō+, understand. + +Legiō+, legion. + +Legiōnārius+, of a legion. + + 2. LEG-, run, spring. + +Levis+ [for _legvis_], light. + +Levitās+, lightness. + +Longus+, long. + +Longē+, far. + + 3. LEG-, lie, be fixed. + +Lēx+, law. + +Lēgātus+, envoy. + +Lēgātiō+, embassy. + + LI-, pour, smear. + +Littera+, written character. + +Dē·leō+, destroy. + + LIB-, desire. + +Līberī+, children (the free). + +Līberāl·iter+, generously. + + LIC-, LIQV-, let, leave. + +Pol·liceor+ [for _prō·liceor_], promise. + +Re·linquō+, leave behind. + +Re·liquus+, remaining. + + 1. MA-, MAN-, measure. + +Manus+, hand. + +Man·dō+ [for _manus·dō_], commission. + +Mani·pulus+, handful, maniple. + +Mān·suētūdō+, gentleness. + +Dī·mētior+, measure out. + +Mōs+, custom. + + 2. MA-, MAD-, measure, moderate. + +Modus+, manner. + +Modo+, only. + +Com·modē (conm-)+, easily. + +Ad·com·modō (acconm-)+, fit. + + MAC-, MAG-, big. + +Magis+ [for _magius_], more. + +Māximē+, most. + +Māgnus+, great. + +Māgnitūdō+, greatness. + +Māior+ [for _magior_], greater. + +Magistrātus+, office. + +Molestē+, in a troublesome manner. + + MAL-, crush, grind. + +Male·ficium+, outrage. + +Mulier+, woman. + + 1. MAN-, MEN-, man, mind, stay. + +Moneō+, advise. + +Dē·mōnstrō+, point out. + +Clē·mentia+, kindness. + + 2. MAN-, MI-, small, less. + +Minor+, smaller. + +Minus+, less. + +Minimē+, least. + +Ad·ministrō+, execute. + + MĪL-, associate. + +Mīlle+, thousand. + +Mīles+, soldier. + +Mīlitāris+, of war. + + MIS-, wretched. + +Miser+, wretched. + +Miseri·cordia+, pity. + + MIT-, send, throw. + +Mittō+, send. + +Ā·mittō+, lose. + +Com·mittō (conm-)+, join together. + +Dī·mittō+, despatch. + +Ē·mittō+, let fly. + +Inter·mittō+, halt. + +Intrō·mittō+, send in. + +O·mittō+ [for _ob·mittō_], neglect. + +Per·mittō+, grant. + +Prae·mittō+, send in advance. + +Re·mittō+, send back. + +Sub·mittō+, send as aid. + + 1. MV-, MOV-, move. + +Moveō+, move. + +Com·moveō+, startle. + +Per·moveō+, rouse. + +Prō·moveō+, move forward. + +Mōbilitās+, nimbleness. + +Com·mūtātiō+, change. + + 2. MV-, shut, fasten. + +Com·mūnis (conm-)+, common. + +Moenia+, walls. + +Mūniō+, fortify. + +Circum·mūniō+, blockade. + +Mūnīmentum+, fortification. + +Mūnītiō+, fortification. + +Mūrus+ [old _moerus_], wall. + + NA-, no. + +Nē+, that not, lest. + +Ne·que+, and not. + +Nē·ve+ or +Neu+, and that not. + +Ni·hil+, nothing. + +Ni·si+ [for _nē·si_], if not. + +Nōn+ [for _ne·oenum (ūnum)_], not. + +Nōn·dum+, not yet. + +Quīn+ [for _quī·nē_], but that. + + 1. NEC-, NOC-, kill, hurt. + +Inter·neciō+, annihilation. + +Nox+, night. + +Noctū+, by night. + + 2. NEC-, bind. + +Necessitās+, necessity. + +Necessārius+, necessary. + + NV-, now (pronominal stem). + +Noster+, our. + +Nunc+ [for _num·ce_], now. + +Novus+, new, fresh. + +Nūntius+ [for _noventius_, from obs. _noveō_, from _novus_], + messenger. + +Nūntiō+, report. + +Re·nūntiō+, report. + + OL-, OR-, grow, rise. + +Orior+, arise. + +Ad·orior+, assault. + +Ōrdō+, order. + + PA-, feed. + +Pater+, father. + +Patrius+, ancestral. + +Pābulum+, fodder. + + PAC-, PAG-, PVG-, fix, peg. + +Pāx+, peace. + +Pācō+, subdue. + + +Pūgnō+, fight. + +Ex·pūgnō+, storm. + +Op·pūgnō (obp-)+, assault. + +Op·pūgnātiō (obp-)+, assault. + +Prō·pūgnō+, defend. + + PAL-, PEL-, PVL-, drive, scatter. + +Pellō+, drive. + +Ad·pellō (app-)+, accost. + +Com·pellō (conp-)+, drive together. + +Ex·pellō+, drive out. + +Im·pellō (inp-)+, incite. + +Re·pellō+, drive back. + + 1. PAR-, POR-, PER-, through, far, reach, try. + +Pār+, equal. + +Per+, through. + +Ex·perior+, test. + +Perīclitor+, test. + +Perīculum+, danger. + +Porta+, gate. + +Portō+, bear. + +Op·portūnus (obp-)+, suitable. + +Paulis·per+, for a short time. + + 2. PAR-, POR-, part, breed. + +Parātus+, ready. + +Com·parō (conp-)+, get ready. + +Pro·perō+, hasten. + +Im·perātor (inp-)+, commander. + +Im·perō (inp-)+, command. + +Im·perium (inp-)+, command. + +A·pertus+ [for _ab·partus_], open. + +Re·periō+, find. + +Pars+, portion. + +Partim+, partly. + +O·portet+ [for _ob·portet_], is necessary. + + PARC-, PLEC-, bind, weave, fold. + +Du·plex+, two-fold. + +Sup·plex (subp-)+, suppliant. + +Sup·plicātiō (subp-)+, thanksgiving. + + +Prope+, near [with metathesis of _r_ and change of _c_ to _p_. + Cf. roots SAC and SCAL]. + +Proximus+ [_superl._ of _propior_], nearest. + +Proximē+, last. + +Propīnquus+, near. + +Propīnquitās+, proximity. + +Ad·propīnquō (app-)+, approach. + +Propter+, near, on account of. + +Propter·eā+, for the reason (that). + + 1. PAT-, go. + +Passus+, step. + +Pōns+, bridge. + + 2. PAT-, PAD-, spread, open. + +Pateō+, extend. + +Pate·faciō+, open. + +Pandō+, extend. + + PAV-, little. + +Paucus+, few. + +Parvulus+, slight. + +Paulum+, a little. + +Paulō+, a little. + +Paululum+, very slightly. + +Paulātim+, gradually. + +Paulis·per+, for a short time. + + PED-, tread. + +Pēs+, foot. + +Pedĕs+, foot-soldier. + +Pedester+, of infantry. + +Ex·pedītus+, unencumbered. + +Im·pediō (inp-)+, hinder. + +Im·pedīmenta (inp-)+, baggage. + + +Op·pidum+ [for _ob-pedum_], town. + +Op·pidānus (obp-)+, townsman. + + PET-, fly. + +Petō+, seek. + +Im·petus (inp-)+, charge. + + PIS-, crush. + +Pīlum+ [for _pislum_], spear. + +Prīmi·pīlus+, first centurion of the _triarii_. + + PLAT-, spread, flat. + +Latus+ [for _platus_], side. + +Plānitiēs+ [for _platnitiēs_], plain. + + PLE-, PLO-, PLV-, fill. + +Com·pleō (conp-)+, fill. + +Plērus·que+, the most of. + +Plūs+, more. + +Plūrimum+, most. + +Com·plūrēs (conp-)+, many. + + +Mani·pulus+, maniple. + +Am·plius+, more. + +Ampli·ficō+, enlarge. + +?Pellis+, skin. + +Populus+, people. + +Pūblicus+ [for _populicus_], belonging to the state. + + PLV-, PLOV-, wash, flow. + +Ex·plōrō+ [for _ex·ploverō_], reconnoitre. + +Ex·plōrātor+, scout. + + POS-, behind. + +Post+, after. + +Post·eā+, afterwards. + +Post·quam+, after. + +Postrī·diē+ [for _posterō diē_], next day. + + POT-, master. + +Potius+, rather. + +Pos·sum+ [for _potis sum_], be able, can. + +Potēns+, able. + +Potestās+, power. + +Potior+, gain. + +Im·petrō (inp-)+, obtain. + + PREC-, pray. + +Dē·precor+, petition against. + +Poscō+ [for _porcscō_], demand. + +Postulō+, demand. + + PRO-, PRI-, PRAE-, before. + +Prō+, before. + +Prior+, preceding. + +Prius·quam+, sooner than. + +Prīs·tinus+ [for _prius·tinus_], former. + +Prīmus+, first. + +Prīmum+, in the first place. + +Prīmō+, in the first place. + +Prīn·ceps+ [for _prīmi·ceps_], leader. + +Prīmi·pīlus+, first centurion of the _triarii_. + +Prae+, before. + + RA-, join, count. + +Ratiō+, reason. + +Rēs+, thing. + + RAP-, RVP-, snatch, break. + +Dī·ripiō+ [for _dis·ripiō_], sack. + +Ē·ruptiō+, sally. + +Rūpēs+, cliff. + + REG-, RIG-, stretch, guide. + +Por·rigō+ [for _prō·regō_], stretch out. + +Regiō+, direction. + +Rēx+, ruler. + +Rēgnum+, control. + + 1. SA-, SI-, sow, strow, sift. + +Pōnō+ [for _port·(prō) sinō_], place. + +Dē·pōnō+, put off. + +Prō·pōnō+, display. + + 2. SA-, SIM-, together, like. + +Singulī+, one at a time. + +Singulāris+, extraordinary. + +Simul+, at the same time. + +Cōn·similis+, altogether like. + + 3. SA-, pronominal stem. + +Sī·c+ [for _sī·ce_], so. + +I·pse+, self. + + 1. SAC-, SAG-, fasten. + +Sagittārius+, archer. + +Saepēs+ [with _p_ for _c_], hedge. + + 2. SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-, split. + +Saxum+, rock. + +Sectiō+, booty. + +Scientia+, knowledge. + +Inter·scindō+, cut off. + +Con·cīdō+, cut to pieces. + +In·cīdō+, cut into. + +Oc·cīdō+, kill. + + 3. SAC-, show. + +Sīgnum+, signal. + +Sīgni·fer+, standard-bearer. + +Sīgni·ficō+, announce. + +Sīgni·ficātiō+, signal. + +Īn·sīgne+, sign. + + SAL-, SER-, save. + +Salūs+, safety. + +Sōlus+, alone. + +Sōlum+, only. + +Solli·citō (sōli)+, stir up. + +Servō+, keep. + +Cōn·servō+, preserve. + + SCAD-, CAD-, cover. + +Castra+, camp. + +Castellum+, redoubt. + + SCAL-, SCAR- (with _p_ for _c_, SPOL-), scrape. + +Calamitās+, [for _scalamitās_], disaster. + +Dē·spoliō+, deprive. + +?Populor+, +Dē·populor+, ravage. + + SCAND-, climb. + +A·scendō (adsc-)+, mount. + +A·scēnsus (adsc-)+, ascent. + + SCARP-, SCALP-, cut, scratch. + +Scrībō+, write. + +Cōn·scrībō+, enroll. + +Prae·scrībō+, dictate. + + SCV-, CV-, cover, hide. + +Scūtum+, shield. + +Custōdia+, guard. + + SEC-, follow. + +Sequor+, follow. + +Cōn·sequor+, attain. + +Īn·sequor+, follow up. + +Prō·sequor+, pursue. + +Sub·sequor+, follow closely. + +Secundus+, favorable. + +Secundum+, according to. + +Con-+ [for _scom-_], with. + +Cum+, with. + +Cōpia+ [for _com·opia_], supply. + +Con·trā+, against. + +Con·trārius+, opposite. + + SED-, SID-, sit. + +Pos·sideō+ [for _prō·sideo_], own. + +Īn·sidiae+, stratagem. + +Ob·sĕs+, hostage. + +Prae·sidium+, garrison. + +Sub·sidium+, assistance. + +Super·sedeō+, omit. + +Cōn·sīdō+, settle. + + SEN-, old. + +Senātor+, elder, senator. + +Senātus+, senate. + + SENT-, feel. + +Sententia+, opinion. + +Cōn·sentiō+, agree. + +Cōn·sēnsus+, agreement. + + 1. SER-, SVAR-, string, bind. + +Dē·serō+, abandon. + +Prae·sertim+, especially. + +Servitūs+, slavery. + + 2. SER-, SVAL-, bright. + +Sōl+, sun. + +Silva+, forest. + +Silvestris+, wooded. + + 1. SMAR-, MAR-, think. + +Mora+, delay. + +Moror+, delay. + + +Memoria+, remembrance. + +Com·memorō (conm-)+, mention. + + 2. SMAR-, MER-, ascribe. + +Meritum+, merit. + +Mercātor+, trader. + + SOVO-, SVO-, own. + +Suī+, of himself, _etc._ + +Suus+, his, _etc._ + +Cōn·suēscō+, be accustomed. + +Cōn·suētūdō+, custom. + +Mān·suētūdō+, gentleness. + + +Sed+, but. + +?Sī+, if. + +?Si·ne+, without. + +?Ni·si+, if not. + + SPA-, PA-, draw, stretch. + +Spatium+, space. + +Spēs+, hope. + +Dē·spērō+, give up hope. + + +?Studeō+, strive after. + +?Studium+, eagerness. + + SPEC-, see, spy. + +Cōn·spiciō+, espy. + +Per·spiciō+, ascertain. + +Re·spiciō+, look back. + +Ex·spectō+, await. + +Cōn·spicor+, espy. + +Speciēs+, form. + +Speculātor+, spy. + +Cōn·spectus+, sight. + +Dē·spectus+, view downward. + +Prō·spectus+, view forward. + + STA-, stand, set. + +Cōn·stanter+, uniformly. + +Īn·stō+, press forward. + +Prae·stō+, excel, show. + +Cōn·sistō+, take position. + +Dē·sistō+, stop. + +Īn·sistō+, take a stand. + +Re·sistō+, resist. + +Statuō+, determine. + +Cōn·stituō+, determine. + +Statim+, at once. + +Statiō+, picket. + +Statūra+, stature. + + STER-, STRA-, STLA-, strow, spread. + +Lātus+ [old, _stlātus_], broad. + +Lātitūdō+, width. + + STRV-, spread, heap. + +Ex·struō+, erect. + +Īn·struō+, arrange. + + 1. TA-, TEN-, stretch. + +Prīs·tinus+ [for _prius·tinus_], former. + +Prō·tinus+, at once. + +Tener+, tender. + +Teneō+, hold. + +Con·tineō+, restrain, keep. + +Dis·tineō+, separate. + +Ob·tineō+, hold. + +Per·tineō+, extend to. + +Re·tineō+, detain. + +Sus·tineō+ [for _subs·tineō_], sustain. + +Sus·tentō+ [for _subs·tentō_], hold out. + +Tendō+, stretch. + +Con·tendō+, hasten. + +?Tempus+, time. + + 2. TA-, pronominal stem, third person, demonstrative. + +Tam+, so. + +Tantus+, so great. + +Tantulus+, so trifling. + +Tamen+, still. + +Tot·idem+, just as many. + +Tum+, then. + + Also the final element in _au·tem, au·t, i·ta, i·ta·que, u·t_. + + TAG-, touch, seize. + +At·tingō (adt-)+, touch. + +Red·in·tegrō+, renew. + + TARC- (TARP-), TREP-, turn, twist. + +Tormentum+, engine for hurling. + +Turpitūdō+, disgrace. + +Trabs+, beam. + + TEC-, TAX-, weave, arrange. + +In·texō+, weave in. + +Tēlum+ (for _teclum_), spear. + + TEM-, TAN-, cut. + +Con·temptus+, contempt. + +Con·tumēlia+, insult. + + TER-, TREM-, TERS-, shake, scare. + +Dē·terreō+, prevent. + +Per·terreō+, thoroughly frighten. + +Terror+, fright. + + TV-, TVM-, TAV-, TO-, swell. + +Tumulus+, mound. + +Tumultus+, uproar. + +Tōtus+, whole. + + TVR-, harry, crowd. + +Per·turbō+, throw into confusion. + +Prō·turbō+, drive off, + +?Turris+, tower. + + VAG-, VEH-, move, carry. + +Vēxillum+, flag. + +Vēxō+, harass. + + 1. VEL-, VAL-, VER-, cover, guard. + +Vāllum+, rampart. + +Inter·vāllum+, distance. + +Vereor+, fear. + + 2. VEL-, VOL-, tear, pluck. + +Vulnus+, wound. + +Vulnerō+, wound. + + VER-, say. + +Verbum+, word. + +Vērō+, in truth. + + VERG-, VRG-, VALG-, slope, press. + +Vergō+, incline. + +Urgeō+, press. + +Vulgō (volgō)+, generally. + + VERT-, turn. + +Ā·vertō+, turn away. + +Con·vertō+, turn around. + +Re·vertō+, return. + +Re·vertor+, return. + +Versō+, turn about, _pass._ dwell. + +Ad·versus+, opposite. + +Dī·versus+, turned away. + +Intr·ōrsus+ [for _intrō·versus_], within. + +R·ūrsus+ [for _re·vorsus_], again. + +Trāns·versus+, at right-angles. + +Ūni·versus+, all. + + VET-, VIT-, year, old. + +In·veterāscō+, grow old in. + +Vetō+, forbid. + + VI-, VIC-, twine. + +Vīnea+, covered shed. + +Vīnum+, wine. + +Vīmen+, willow, withe. + + VIC-, conquer. + +Vincō+, conquer. + +Vīctor+, victorious. + +Prō·vincia+, province. + +Vix+, barely. + + VID-, see. + +Videō+, see. + +In·videō+, envy. + +Prō·videō+, procure. + +Prū·dentia+ [for _prō·videntia_], wisdom. + +Im·prō·vīsō (inp-)+, unexpectedly. + + VIR-, man. + +Vir+, man. + +Virtūs+, valor. + + VOC-, VAG-, call. + +Con·vocō+, call together. + +Re·vocō+, call back. + +Vōx+, voice. + + VOL-, will, wish. + +Voluntās+, wish. + +N·ōlō+ [for _nē·vōlō_], be unwilling. + +Quam·vīs+, howsoever. + + +At+, but. + { +At·que+, and. + { +Āc+, + +Et+, and. + +Et·iam+, even. + +Ad+, to. + +Ap·ud+, among. + + +Ex+, +Ē+, from, out of. + +Extrēmus+, furthest. + + +Locus+ [for _stlocus_], place. + +Con·locō (coll-)+, place. + + +Multus+, much. + +Multitūdō+, large number. + + +Proelium+, battle. + +Proelior+, fight. + + +Superior+, higher. + +Summus+ [for _supimus_], highest + +Suprā+, above. + +Superō+, overcome. + + +Tardus+, slow. + +Tardō+, retard. + + +Trēs+, three. + +Trī·duum+, three days’ time. + +Tribūnus+, military tribune. + +Tertius+, third. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +Errata (noted by transcriber) + +Missing or incorrect punctuation in the vocabulary lists was silently +corrected when it did not affect meaning. Other errors are listed +below. + +WILLIAM C. COLLAR, A.M. [_. after C invisible_] + +Chap. 25: et manipulos laxāre iūssit, [iūssit.] + +Notes: + Chap. 6, Page 26: + 24. ... notwithstanding A. & G., p. 389, Rem. [A. &. G.] + Chap. 8, Line 7: + ... Compare chap. 7, l. 8. [chap 7] + Chap. 26, Page 36: + 16. ... Compare +ab sinistra parte+, p. 35, l. 13 + [_text has “p. 23”, using chapter number in place of page number_] + Chap. 33, Page 40: + 5. +ne quam ... iniūriam+: see p. 39, l. 28, and note + [_note is to simplified text, Chap. 33, l. 5_] + +Vocabulary: + +Con·diciō+, -ōnis, F., [DĪC-, DIC-] [_hyphen after DIC missing_] + +Molestē+, adv. [MAC-, MAG-] [1 MAC-] + +Proximē+ ..., _nearest; most recently [most, recently] + +Trāns·gredior+, 3 ... go over [go, over] + +Etymology: + PED-, tread ... +Ex·pedītus+, unencumbered [unemcumbered]. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Gate to Cæsar, by William C. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/29645-0.zip b/29645-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f5e63b --- /dev/null +++ b/29645-0.zip diff --git a/29645-8.txt b/29645-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5442bc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/29645-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8582 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Gate to Csar, by William C. Collar + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Gate to Csar + +Author: William C. Collar + +Release Date: August 9, 2009 [EBook #29645] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GATE TO CSAR *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Ted Garvin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the +"real" (Unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. Some characters have been +shown in alternative forms: + + [macron or "long" mark rendered as circumflex] + {e} {i} {o} [breve or "short" mark shown in {braces}] + +The breve is very rare. Braces and circumflex accents do not occur +elsewhere in the text. + +As explained in the editor's Introductory Note, readings are given +in two forms. For this e-text, line breaks and numbers were retained +in the simplified version for use with the Notes. In the unchanged +version, each chapter is a single paragraph, with the page-and-line +range given in brackets at the end of each chapter. + +To reduce visual clutter, some _italic_ and +boldface+ markup has been +simplified or omitted.] + + + + + The + + GATE TO CSAR + + by + + WILLIAM C. COLLAR, A.M. + + Head Master Roxbury Latin School + + BOSTON, U.S.A. + GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS + 1895 + + + Copyright, 1891, + By William C. Collar. + All Rights Reserved. + + + Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A. + Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The recent discovery of a work of Aristotle has interested and delighted +the whole learned world; but one may venture to say that if, instead, +abook had been found written in the best period of the Latin language +for the amusement or instruction of youth, by some Roman De Foe, or +Goldsmith, or Lamb, or Burnett, there would be ten times the reason +for rejoicing. Unhappily there is no likelihood that we shall ever +congratulate ourselves on such a "find," for probably no such work ever +existed. What a misfortune that it did not occur to Cicero to divert +himself in some leisure hour by writing a story for Roman youth! +Millions of boys and girls in these later ages would have had good +reason to bless his name. Csar could have done it; but to him, too, the +gods denied such an inspiration, and we must suffer for it. Seeing that +he had composed a treatise on Latin Grammar, one almost wonders that a +mind so original and fertile should not have conceived the idea of +adapting his Gallic War, or some part of it, to the powers and +comprehension of youth. What measureless gratitude would he not have won +from unborn generations of schoolmasters, who have now to struggle +desperately and often unavailingly to make clear to their pupils the +meaning of his intricate periods, and untwist the strands of his knotty +syntax! + +Csar is a difficult author. Some parts of his Gallic War are as hard, +or nearly as hard, as any prose Latin that has come down to us. Yet it +has somehow strangely enough become the fashion to read that work first +in a Latin course. My own conviction is that for young learners a year's +reading in easier Latin is not too much before taking up the less +difficult books of the Gallic War. Even then the transition to Csar +comes with something of a shock; for the learner is soon and often +brought face to face with sentences that seem to him of most bewildering +intricacy, however they may, as commentators sometimes remark, +beautifully illustrate most important principles of Latin order and +construction. There is a sentence in the second book, by no means the +most difficult one to be found, that extends through eighteen +lines,--that is, something more than half a page,--containing twenty-one +distinct ideas, and having the verb separated from its subject by +ninety-four words. + +I know no more disheartening task than that of undertaking to carry a +class unprepared in age and knowledge of the language through Csar's +Gallic War. Yet it is precisely this disheartening task that thousands +of teachers are set to do, or set themselves to do, every year. The +results are often dismal enough. Teachers are blamed, they blame +themselves, they blame their pupils. Pupils may sometimes be stupid, +teachers may lack knowledge of the language and the subject, but the +fault may also lie wholly with the author or with the Latin language +itself; if with the latter, there is no help. Latin, it must be +confessed, is an exceedingly difficult language to learn. All the more +reason then why, in attacking it, every unnecessary obstacle should be +removed. We should make our approaches with caution and skill; we should +take it, if possible, _aperto latere_. We should not begin with a +difficult work; or if, in the dearth of Latin suited to the juvenile +mind, this is deemed unavoidable, common sense suggests the query, _why +not remove provisionally[1] from the text those more intricate parts +that discourage the learner and bar the way of progress_? + + [Footnote 1: It is presumed that the learner will subsequently + read the complete text.] + +Csar knew how to write his own language well; but he wrote for men, he +wrote with compression and in haste, and there are passages in his works +that are tough reading for a good Latin scholar. It is the fashion to +praise Csar's lucidity; but brevity and haste are not conducive to +lucidity. + + "Ther nys no werkman, what so ever he be, + That may bothe werke wel, and hastily. + This wol be doon at leyser parfitly." + +For my part I confess that I sometimes find him obscure. Moreover, when +I am in doubt as to his meaning and appeal to the commentators, Ifind +that they generally disagree and sometimes quarrel about the sense. +Therefore to put young learners to reading Csar as his text stands, +bristling with difficulties, before they have acquired anything more +than a meagre vocabulary and gained a modicum of insight by some +practice in reading easier Latin, is to set them at a task harder than +that which Pharaoh set the Israelites. + +I am of the opinion that, even when a fair working vocabulary has been +acquired through some previous reading, there is no book of the Gallic +War that does not require a certain degree of simplification to bring it +to the level of the powers of young boys and girls. It is this +conviction born of long observation of the vexation of spirit, +discouragement, and waste of time by pupils in wrestling with +difficulties that inevitably floor them, that has prompted me to put my +hand to this work, which, slight as it may seem, has cost me the leisure +of many months. But I shall feel repaid tenfold, if, through this little +book, boys and girls are enabled to read Csar with less waste of time, +more easily, with fresher interest, and added sense of power; if, in +other words, it proves in reality what it is in name, aGate to Csar. + +A few words will be sufficient to explain the principle on which I have +simplified Csar's text, the amount of excision, and the degree of +change. It would have been a comparatively easy task to simplify the +text by the mere process of omission, never deviating from the +_ipsissima verba_ of the author by so much as the change of a mode or +tense. One could do this and still string together the _disjecta membra_ +of the text into something like a connected narrative. But that would be +to preserve the integrity of the words at the expense of everything +else,--inner relation, structure, style, spirit. Or the simplification +might be effected by a virtual rewriting of the text, by amplification +rather than suppression, coupled with changes in the collocation of +words, where the arrangement seemed to obscure the meaning and perplex +the learner. + +My purpose and plan differed essentially from both these methods. My aim +has been, first, to keep the narrative intact; second, to retain as much +of the text as was consistent with the effort to disburden it of its +greater difficulties; third, to make the fewest practicable changes in +what was retained, save the modification of some verb forms, and the +occasional rendering of indirect into direct discourse; fourth, very +rarely to change the position of a word; finally, never to insert a +word, except now and then to supply a form plainly understood, or to +introduce some connective, like _et_, _tum_, _itaque_, _autem_, _ergo_, +_postremo_. + +As to the amount of excision, I find that I have omitted almost exactly +one-fifth of Csar's text. + +If the beginner in Csar reads the simplified text and concurrently +turns the Exercises into Latin, laying firm hold of the grammatical +principles selected for illustration, Ibelieve he will find the +remaining difficulties of the original text not beyond his scope. +Ishould even hope that he would then read with something of the joy of +conscious power. If the reading of the texts and the writing of the +Exercises should require more time than is usually spent on the second +book of Csar, which, however, Idoubt, Ibelieve subsequent progress +would still be rapid and satisfactory enough to amount to a net gain and +saving of time. + +It has seemed best to mark long vowels, except the vowels of final +syllables and of monosyllables, the rules for which can be readily +learned. Ihave, however, marked a few monosyllables, as a constant +reminder to teachers who find their old pronunciation clinging to +certain words. We used to say _h{i}s_, _s{i}c_, _n{o}n_, _qu{i}n_, +_h{o}c_. These words, therefore, Ihave marked. On the other hand, one +is in no danger of saying _d{e}_, _h{i}_, _s{i}_, _pr{o}_, for old +habit would not mislead. + +I take pleasure in acknowledging my obligations to Mr. Alfred G. Rolfe +for several useful criticisms, and to Miss Caroline Ober Stone for +valuable corrections and for carefully reading the proof-sheets as far +as the vocabularies. To Mr. Clarence W. Gleason I am specially indebted. +But for his timely and generous aid in preparing both vocabularies, the +publication of this book must have been very considerably delayed. + +WILLIAM C. COLLAR. + +SEACONNET, July 25, 1891. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + Introductory Note x + Simplified Text 1-22 + Complete Text 23-41 + Notes on Both Texts 43-71 + Exercises on Simplified Text 73-88 + Vocabulary 89-123 + Etymological Vocabulary 125-141 + + + + +NOTE ON THE USE OF THE BOOK. + + +The Simplified Text and the Exercises based upon it are of the first +importance. The _viva voce_ translation of the Exercises, followed by +the writing of them, will illustrate and help to implant in the memory +the most important principles of syntax met with in the text. Let the +teacher insist upon thorough work here, and he may safely omit other +syntactical instruction. + +But little power of reading Latin can be gained without making the +acquisition of a working vocabulary a distinct object. The Latin +synonyms and the Etymological Vocabulary may be made useful agents to +that end. If the words added to each chapter are read aloud, reviewed, +and compared where backward references are made, the learner will +acquire a useful stock of synonyms easily, naturally, and with small +expenditure of time. + +It is often easier to retain in mind a number of words, grouped +according to some principle of similarity or contrast, than a single +word with nothing to hook it to the memory. For this reason it is +recommended that the Etymological Vocabulary be often pressed into the +service. Suppose, for example, the word _conspectus_ occurs in the +lesson. If the teacher will turn to page 138 and have the ten words read +out under the root SPEC, he will multiply several times the chances that +this particular word will be remembered on its next occurrence. He will +have done much more. He will have increased the chances that nine other +words will be lodged in the memory; and to each one a fresh interest +will be added by its being seen in relation, not as an isolated, and +therefore barren, fact. + +The first vocabulary may be used for comparing in the text the different +meanings and uses of the same word. It is through such comparisons that +one gets at the heart and spirit of the language, while cultivating at +the same time a mental habit of great value. + +Having read the Simplified Text, the learner should be well equipped for +wrestling with the difficulties that remain in the unchanged text, for +he is already familiar with the thought and the language. Comparison of +the two texts by the teacher, so far as time permits, may now be made to +illustrate important principles, as of indirect discourse, which are +here and there discussed in the notes. + + + + +CSAR'S GALLIC WAR + + +BOOK II. + +B.C. 57; A.U.C. 697. + + +THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED. + +SIMPLIFIED TEXT. + + +_The Belg form a league against the Romans._ + + 1. Cum esset Caesar in citerire Gallia, crbri ad eum + rmres adferbantur. Litteris item Labini certior fbat + omnes Belgas contra populum Rmnum conirre + obsidsque inter se dare. Conirandi hae erant causae: + prmum verbantur ne ad se exercitus noster addcertur; 5 + deinde ab nnnllis Gallis sollicitbantur. Hi Germnos + ditius in Gallia versri nluerant et populi Rmni + exercitum hiemre atque inveterscere in Gallia moleste + ferbant. Nnnlli mbilitte et levitte animi novis + imperiis studbant. Ab nnnllis etiam sollicitbantur, 10 + quod in Gallia a potentiribus atque iis qui ad condcendos + homines faculttes habbant, vulgo rgna occupbantur; + qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro cnsequi + poterant. + + +crber+, _frequens_. + +vereor+, _timeo_. + +deinde+, _tum_. + +versor+: _maneo_, _sum_. + +moleste+, _graviter_. + +studeo+, _cupio_. + + +_Csar levies two legions and marches against them._ + + 2. Hs nntiis littersque commtus est Caesar. Duas + legines in citerire Gallia novas cnscrpsit. In interirem + Galliam qui hs legines ddceret Q. Pedium + lgtum msit. Ipse, cum prmum pbuli cpia esse + inciperet, ad exercitum vnit. Senones fnitimi Belgis 5 + erant. Ea quae apud Belgas geruntur cgnscunt Caesaremque + de hs rbus certirem faciunt. Hi cnstanter + omnes nntivrunt manus cgi, exercitum in num locum + condci. Tum vro nn dubitvit Caesar qun ad eos + proficscertur. Itaque castra movet dibusque circiter 10 + qundecim ad fnes Belgrum pervenit. + + +nntius+, _rmor_. + +fnitimus+: _vcnus_, _propnquus_. + +gero+: _ago_, _facio_. + +cgo+, _conligo_. + +condco+, _conligo_. + +pervenio+, _accdo_. + + +_The Remi at once show the white feather._ + + 3. Eo de imprvso celeriterque vnit Caesar. Rmi + ad eum lgtos Iccium et Andocumborium msrunt, qui + dxrunt se omnia in fidem atque in potesttem populi + Rmni permittere. "Rmi neque cum Belgis reliquis + cnsnsrunt neque contra populum Rmnum conirvrunt. 5 + Parti sunt obsides dare et Caesaris imperta + facere et eum oppidis recipere et frmento ctersque rbus + iuvre. Reliqui omnes Belgae in armis sunt. Germni, + qui cis Rhnum incolunt, sse cum hs coninxrunt. + Tantus est erum omnium furor ut ne Suessines quidem 10 + dterrre possint Rmi. Suessines frtres Rmrum cnsanguineque + sunt edemque ire et sdem lgibus tuntur. + num imperium numque magistrtum cum iis habent." + + +de imprvso+: _subito_, _repente_. + +permitto+, _ddo_. + +cnsentio+: _coniro_, _me coniungo_. + +dterreo+, _dissudeo_. + + +_Csar learns the number of the enemy's forces._ + + 4. Cum ab hs quaereret quae cvittes quantaequein + armis essent et quid in bello possent, sc reperibat: + plrque Belgae sunt orti ab Germnis Rhnumque antquitus + trducti ibi cnsdrunt, Gallsque qui ea loca + incolbant expulrunt. Sli furunt qui Teutonos Cimbrsque 5 + intra fnes suos ingredi prohiburunt. Quaex + re fbat ut mgnam sibi auctrittem mgnsque spritus + in re mlitri smerent. De numero erum omniase + habre explrta Rmi dcbant. Quantam quisque multitdinem + in commni Belgrum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus 10 + esset cgnverant. Plrimum inter eos Bellovaci + et virtte et auctritte et hominum numero valbant. + Hi poterant cnficere armta mlia centum; polliciti sunt + ex eo numero lcta sexginta ttusque belli imperium + sibi postulbant. Suessines Rmrum erant fnitimi; 15 + ltissimos fercissimsque agros possidbant. Apud eos + fuit rx nostra etiam memoria Divitiacus, ttus Galliae + potentissimus, qui cum mgnae partis hrum reginum + tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuit. Nunc erat rx + Galba; ad hunc propter istitiam prdentiamque suam 20 + belli summa dlta est. + + +quaero+, _interrogo_. + +reperio+, _cgnsco_. + +orior+, _nscor_. + +cnsdo+, _me colloco_. + +spritus+: _adrogantia_, _animi_. + +explro+, _cgnsco_. + +valeo+, _possum_. + +cnficio+, _comparo_. + +ferax+, _fertilis_. + +summa+: _cra_, _imperium_. + + +_He takes hostages from the Remi and crosses the Axona._ + + 5. Caesar omnem sentum ad se convenre prncipumque + lberos obsides ad se addci issit. Quae omnia ab hs + dligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divitiacum Aeduum + mgno opere cohorttus est. Rei pblicae interest manus + hostium distinri, ne cum tanta multitdine no tempore 5 + cnflgendum sit. Id fieri potest, si suas cpias Aedui + in fnes Bellovacrum intrdxerint et erum agros populri + coeperint. Hs mandtis eum ab se dmittit. Postea + Caesar omnes Belgrum cpias in num locum coctas + ad se venre vdit neque iam longe abesse. Hc ab iis 10 + qus mserat explrtribus et ab Rmis cgnvit. Tum + flmen Axonam exercitum trdcere mtrvit atque ibi + castra posuit. Quae res latus num castrrum rpis flminis + mnibat et post eum quae essent tta ab hostibus + reddbat. Commetus etiam ab Rmis reliqusque cvittibus 15 + sine perculo portri poterant. In eo flmine pns + erat. Ibi praesidium pnit et in altera parte flminis + Q. Titurium Sabnum lgtum cum sex cohortibus relquit; + castra in altitdinem pedum XII vllo fossque + duodvginti pedum mnre iubet. 20 + + +iubeo+, _impero_. + +mgno opere+, _vehementer_. + +interest+, _pertinet_. + +distineo+, _dvido_. + +cnflgo+: _pgno_, _dmico_. + +populor+, _vsto_. + +cgo+, _condco_, 2. + +cgnsco+, _reperio_, 4. + +mtro+, _propero_. + +commetus+, _cibus_. + + +_How the Belg lay siege to a town._ + + 6. Ab hs castris oppidum Rmrum nmine Bibrax + aberat mlia passuum octo. Id ex itinere mgno impetu + Belgae oppgnre coeprunt. Aegre eo die sustenttum + est. Gallrum eadem atque Belgrum oppgntio est + haec. Circumiecta multitdine hominum ttis moenibus 5 + undique in mrum lapides iaciunt. Ubi mrus dfnsribus + ndtus est, testdine facta portas succdunt mrumque + subruunt. Quod tum facile fbat. Nam cum tanta + multitdo lapides c tla cnicerent, in mro cnsistendi + potestas erat nlli. Postrmo fnem oppgnandi nox 10 + fcit. Tum Iccius Rmus, qui oppido praefuerat, nntium + ad Caesarem mittit: nisi subsidium sibi submitttur, + sse ditius sustinre nn posse. + + +ttus+, _omnis_. + +undique+, _ex omni parte_. + +ubi+, _cum_. + +ndo+, _prvo_. + +succdo+: _accdo_, _subeo_. + +subruo+, _suffodio_. + +cnsisto+, _sto_. + +praesum+, _praefectus sum_. + +subsidium+, _auxilium_. + +sustineo+, _sustento_. + + +_They abandon the siege and turn against Csar._ + + 7. Eo de media nocte Caesar Numidas et Crtas sagittrios + et funditres Baleres subsidio oppidnis mittit; + qurum adventu hostibus spes potiundi oppidi discessit. + Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morti agrsque Rmrum + dpopulti ad castra Caesaris omnibus cpiis contendrunt 5 + et ab mlibus passuum minus dubus castra + posurunt; quae castra, ut fmo atque gnibus sgnificbtur, + amplius mlibus passuum octo in ltitdinem + patbant. + + +subsidium+, _auxilium_, 6. + +potior+, _occupo_. + +discdo+, _abeo_. + +paulisper+, _nn diu_. + +moror+, _cunctor_. + +dpopulor+, _vsto_. + +contendo+, _mtro_, 5. + +pateo+, _pertineo_. + + +_Csar awaits the attack of the enemy._ + + 8. Caesar prmo propter multitdinem hostiumet + propter eximiam opninem virttis proelio supersedre + statuit; cotdie tamen quid hostis virtte posset et quid + nostri audrent perclitbtur. Locus erat pro castrisad + aciem nstruendam ntra opportnus atque idneus. Is 5 + autem collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex plnitie + ditus tantum adversus in ltitdinem patbat quantum + loci acies nstrcta occupre poterat. Atque ex utrque + parte lateris diectus habbat, et in frntem lniter fastgtus + paultim ad plnitiem redbat. Ab utrque latere 10 + ius collis trnsversam fossam obdxit circiter passuum + quadringentrum et ad extrmas fossas castella cnstituit + ibique tormenta conlocvit, ne hostes ab lateribus pgnantes + suos circumvenre possent. Hc facto dubus + leginibus qus proxime cnscrpserat in castris relctis, 15 + reliquas sex legines pro castris in acie cnstituit. Hostes + item suas cpias ex castris ductas nstrxerant. + + +eximius+: _excellens_, _gregius_. + +opnio+, _fma_. + +supersedeo+, _abstineo_. + +perclitor+: _tento_, _experior_. + +idneus+: _aptus_, _commodus_. + +diectus+, _dclvitas_. + +fastgtus+, _adclvis_. + +conloco+, _pno_. + + +_Finally the enemy make a dash to cross the Axona._ + + 9. Palus erat nn mgna inter nostrum atque hostium + exercitum. Hanc si nostri trnsrent hostes exspectbant. + Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendbtur. + Ubi neutri trnseundae ius paldis initium + faciunt, secundire equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos 5 + in castra redxit. Hostes prtinus ex eo loco ad flmen + Axonam contendrunt, quod esse post nostra castra + dmnstrtum est. Partem surum cpirum trdcere + cnti sunt, ut castellum cui praeerat Q. Titurius lgtus + expgnrent pontemque interscinderent; si minus potuissent, 10 + ut agros Rmrum populrentur commetque + nostros prohibrent. + + +initium+, _prncipium_. + +secundus+, _prsperus_. + +prtinus+: _statim_, _extemplo_, _repente_, _subito_. + +contendo+, _mtro_, 7. + +praesum+, _praefectus sum_, 6. + +interscindo+, _abrumpo_. + +commetus+, _cibus_, 5. + + +_A battle follows, the Belg are defeated and disperse._ + + 10. Caesar omnem equittum et levis armtrae Numidas, + funditres sagittrisque pontem trdcit atque + ad eos contendit. criter in eo loco pgntum est. Hostes + impedtos nostri in flmine adgressi mgnum erum + numerum occdrunt. Prmos qui trnsierant equittu 5 + circumventos interfcrunt. Hostes, ubi de expgnando + oppido spem se fefellisse intellxrunt neque nostrosin + locum inquirem prgredi vdrunt atque ipsos res frmentria + dficere coepit, concilium convocvrunt. Cnstiturunt + optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti. 10 + Cnstiturunt etiam ut qurum in fnes prmum Rmni + exercitum intrdxissent ad eos dfendendos undique + convenrent. Quod eo cnsilio fcrunt, ut potius in suis + quam in alinis fnibus dcertrent. Ad eam sententiam + haec ratio eos ddxit, quod Divitiacum atque Aeduos 15 + fnibus Bellovacrum adpropnqure cgnverant. Hs + persudri ut ditius morrentur nn poterat. + + +armtra+, _arma_. + +criter+, _vehementer_. + +adgredior+, _adorior_. + +occdo+, _concdo_. + +prgredior+: _prcdo_, _prdeo_. + +cnstituo+, _statuo_. + +revertor+, _redeo_. + +dcerto+: _pgno_, _dmico_. + +sententia+, _cnsilium_. + +moror+, _cunctor_, 7. + + +_They are pursued with awful slaughter._ + + 11. Ea re cnstitta, secunda vigilia mgno cum strepitu + c tumultu castris gressi, nllo certo rdine neque + imperio, fcrunt ut cnsimilis fugae profectio vidrtur. + Hc re statim Caesar per specultres cgnita nsidias + veritus exercitum equittumque castris continuit. Prma 5 + lce omnem equittum qui novissimum gmen morrtur + praemsit. T. Labinum lgtum cum leginibus tribus + subsequi issit. Hi novissimos adorti et multa mlia + passuum prsecti mgnam multitdinem erum fugientium + concdrunt. Ii ad quos ventum erat cnsistbant 10 + fortiterque impetum nostrrum sustinbant; sed prires, + quod abesse a perculo vidbantur, exaudto clmre perturbtis + rdinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium pnbant. + Ita sine llo perculo mgnam erum multitdinem + nostri interfcrunt sub occsumque slis dstitrunt sque 15 + in castra, ut erat impertum, recprunt. + + +cnstituo+, _statuo_, 10. + +strepitus+: _clmor_, _fremitus_. + +cnsimilis+, _persimilis_. + +vereor+, _timeo_, 1. + +moror+, _cunctor_, 7. + +subsequor+: _prsequor_, _nsequor_. + +adorior+, _adgredior_, 10. + +concdo+, _occdo_, 10. + +cnsisto+, _sto_, 6. + +sustineo+, _sustento_, 6. + + +_A forced march and attack on Noviodunum. The town surrenders._ + + 12. Postrdie ius dii Caesar in fnes Suessinum + exercitum dxit et mgno itinere cnfecto ad oppidum + Noviodnum contendit. Id ex itinere oppgnre cntus, + quod vacuum ab dfnsribus esse audibat, expgnre + nn potuit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessinum multitdo 5 + in oppidum proxima nocte convnit. Celeriter vneis + ad oppidum ctis, aggere iacto turribusque cnstittis, + mgnitdine operum et celeritte Rmnrum permti + sunt Suessines. Itaque lgtos ad Caesarem de dditine + mittunt et petentibus Rmis ut cnservrentur impetrant. 10 + petrant. + + +cnficio+, _perficio_. + +contendo+, _propero_. + +vacuus+: _carens_, _ndus_. + +interim+, _interea_. + +ago+: _pello_, _dco_, _traho_. + +permoveo+, _commoveo_. + +dditio+, _trditio_. + +impetro+, _cnsequor_. + + +_The Bellovaci also submit at Csar's approach._ + + 13. Caesar obsidibus acceptis armsque omnibusex + oppido trditis in dditinem Suessines accpit exercitumque + in Bellovacos dxit. Qui cum se suaque omnia + in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque abeo + oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter mlia passuum qunque 5 + abesset, omnes mires ntu ex oppido gressi manus + ad Caesarem tendere et vce sgnificre coeprunt ssein + ius fidem c potesttem venre. Item, cum ad oppidum + accessisset, pueri muliersque ex mro passis manibus + suo mre pcem ab Rmnis petirunt. 10 + + +trdo+: _do_, _ddo_. + +me cnfero+: _me recipio_, _eo_. + +gredior+, _exeo_. + +coepi+, _incpi_. + +pueri+, _lberi_. + +pando+, _tendo_. + +ms+, _cnsutdo_. + +peto+, _ro_. + + +_Divitiacus pleads earnestly for the Bellovaci._ + + 14. Pro hs Divitiacus facit verba: "Bellovaci omni + tempore in fide atque amcitia cvittis Aeduae furunt: + impulsi a suis prncipibus, qui dcbant Aeduos omnes + indgnittes contumlisque perferre, ab Aeduis dfcrunt + et populo Rmno bellum intulrunt. Ii qui ius 5 + cnsili prncipes furunt in Britanniam profgrunt. + Petunt nn slum Bellovaci sed etiam pro hs Aeduiut + tua clmentia c mnsutdine in eos tris. Quodsi + fceris, Aedurum auctrittem apud omnes Belgas amplificbis, + qurum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella 10 + incidunt, sustentre cnsurunt." + + +impello+: _incito_, _indco_. + +contumlia+, _iniria_. + +dficio+: _dsero_. + +mnsutdo+, _lnitas_. + +auctritas+, _grtia_. + +amplifico+, _augeo_. + +sustento+, _sustineo_, 6. + +cnsusco+, _soleo_. + + +_The temperance, courage, and patriotism of the Nervii._ + + 15. Caesar honris Divitiaci atque Aedurum causa + sse eos in fidem receptrum et cnservtrum dxit; + quod erat cvitas mgna inter Belgas auctritte, sexcentos + obsides poposcit. Hs trditis omnibusque armis + ex oppido conltis, ab eo loco in fnes Ambinrum pervnit. 5 + Erum fnes Nervii attingbant; qurumde + ntra mribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sc reperibat: + Nllus aditus erat ad eos merctribus; nihil patibantur + vni reliqurumque rrum nferri, quod iis rbus + relanguscere animos et remitti virttem exstimbant: 10 + erant homines feri mgnaeque virttis; increpitbant + atque incsbant reliquos Belgas, qui se populo Rmno + ddidissent. + + +auctritas+, _grtia_, 14. + +posco+, _impero_. + +cnfero+, _cgo_, 2. + +attingo+, _contingo_. + +aditus+, _accessus_. + +patior+, _sino_. + +relangusco+, _effminor_. + +remitto+, _minuo_. + +incso+, _accso_. + +ddo+, _permitto_. + + +_Encamped on the Sabis the Nervii await the coming of Csar._ + + 16. Cum per erum fnes trduum iter fcisset, invenibat + ex captvis Sabim flmen ab castris suis nn + amplius mlia passuum x abesse. Trns id flmen omnes + Nervii cnsderant adventumque ibi Rmnrum exspectbant. + Exspectbantur etiam ab hs Adutucrum cpiae 5 + atque erant in itinere. Mulieres quque per aettemad + pgnam intiles vidrentur in eum locum conicerant, + quo propter paldes exercitui aditus nn esset. + + +cnsdo+, _me colloco_, 4. + +cnicio+, _dpno_. + +aditus+, 15. + + +_They plan to attack Csar's advance guard._ + + 17. Hs rbus cgnitis explrtres centurinsque + praemittit qui locum idneum castris dligant. Cumex + dditciis Belgis reliqusque Gallis complres Caesarem + secti na iter facerent, qudam ex hs nocte ad Nervios + pervnrunt. Hs dmnstrrunt inter singulas legines 5 + impedmentrum mgnum numerum intercdere, neque + esse quicquam negti, cum prma legio in castra vnisset, + hanc sub sarcinis adorri; qua pulsa futrum ut reliquae + legines contra cnsistere nn audrent. Nervii autem + antquitus, quo facilius fnitimrum equittum impedrent, 10 + teneris arboribus incsis atque nflexis, crbrsque + in ltitdinem rmis ntis, et rubis sentibusque interiectis, + effcerant ut nstar mri hae saepes mnmenta + praebrent, quo nn modo nn intrri sed ne perspici + quidem posset. Hs rbus cum iter gminis nostri impedrtur, 15 + nn omittendum sibi cnsilium Nervii exstimvrunt. + + +idneus+: _aptus_, _commodus_,8. + +dligo+, _ligo_. + +intercdo+, _intervenio_. + +sarcinae+: _impedmenta_, _onera_. + +adorior+, _adgredior_, 11. + +cnsisto+, _sto_, 6. + +incdo+, _accdo_. + +nstar+: _frma_, _similitdo_. + +omitto+, _neglego_. + +exstimo+, _puto_. + + +_The Roman camping-ground and the position of the enemy._ + + 18. Loci ntra erat haec, quem locum nostri castris + dlgerant. Collis ab summo acquliter dclvis ad flmen + Sabim, quod supra nminvimus, vergbat. Ab eo flmine + pari adclvitte collis nscbtur, ab superire parte + silvestris ut nn facile intrrsus perspici posset. Intra 5 + eas silvas hostes in occulto sse continbant; in aperto + loco secundum flmen paucae statines equitum vidbantur. + Flminis erat altitdo pedum circiter trium. + + +summum+, _culmen_. + +dclvis+, _prclvis_. + +vergo+, _pertineo_. + +nscor+, _orior_, 4. + +intrrsus+, _intra_. + +in occulto+, _abditus_. + +statio+, _custdia_. + +circiter+, _ad_. + + +_The plan of attack is skilfully carried out by the Nervii._ + + 19. Caesar equittu praemsso subsequbtur omnibus + cpiis. Sed quod ad hostes adpropnqubat, cnsutdine + sua sex legines expedtas dcbat; post eas + ttus exercitus impedmenta conlocrat; inde duae legines, + quae proxime cnscrptae erant, ttum gmen claudbant 5 + praesidique impedmentis erant. Equites nostri, + cum funditribus sagittrisque flmen trnsgressi, cum + hostium equittu proelium commsrunt. Illi se identidem + in silvas ad suos recipibant c rrsus ex silvain + nostros impetum facibant. Interim legines sex, quae 10 + prmae vnerant, opere dmnso castra mnre coeprunt. + Ubi prma impedmenta nostri exercitus ab iis quiin + silvis abditi latbant vsa sunt, subito omnibus cpiis + prvolvrunt impetumque in nostros equites fcrunt. + Hs facile pulsis c prturbtis, incrdibili celeritte ad 15 + flmen dcucurrrunt, ut paene no tempore ad silvaset + in flmine et iam in manibus nostris hostes vidrentur. + Edem autem celeritte adverso colle ad nostra castra + atque eos qui in opere occupti erant contendrunt. + + +subsequor+, _prsequor_, 11. + +conloco+, _pno_, 8. + +trnsgredior+, _trnseo_. + +identidem+, _iterum atque iterum_. + +rrsus+, _iterum_. + +interim+, _interea_, 12. + +dmtior+, _mtior_. + +lateo+, _me clo_. + +prvolo+, _prruo_. + +prturbo+, _fugo_. + +paene+, _fere_. + +contendo+, _propero_, 7. + + +_But the soldiers and lieutenants know what todo._ + + 20. Caesari omnia no tempore erant agenda: vxillum + prpnendum, sgnum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi + mlites, acies nstruenda, mlites cohortandi, sgnum dandum. + Qurum rrum mgnam partem temporis brevitas + et successus hostium impedibat. Sed erat subsidio 5 + scientia atque sus mlitum, quod superiribus proeliis + exercitti, nn minus commode ipsi sibi praescrbere + quam ab aliis docri poterant. Praeterea ab opere singulsque + leginibus singulos lgtos Caesar discdere + vetuerat. Hi propter propnquittem et celerittem 10 + hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium exspectbant, sed + per se quae vidbantur administrbant. + + +prpno+, _ostendo_. + +successus+, _accessus_, 15. + +subsidium+, _auxilium_, 6. + +sus+, _experientia_. + +exercittus+, _pertus_. + +commode+: _apte_, _bene_. + +praescrbo+, _praecipio_. + +veto+, _prohibeo_. + +propnquitas+, _vcnitas_. + +administro+: _prvideo_, _ago_. + + +_Fighting begins before the soldiers can arm themselves._ + + 21. Caesar necessriis rbus impertis ad cohortandos + mlites dcucurrit et ad leginem decimam dvnit. + Mlites nn longire rtine cohorttus quam uti suae + prstinae virttis memoriam retinrent neu perturbrentur + animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinrent, 5 + quod nn longe hostes aberant, proeli committendi sgnum + dedit. Atque in alteram partem item cohortandi + causa profectus pgnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta + fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam partus ad dmicandum + animus, ut nn modo ad nsgnia adcommodanda, sed 10 + etiam ad galeas induendas sctsque tegimenta dtrdenda + tempus dfuerit. Quam in partem quisque ab opere csu + dvnit quaeque prma sgna cnspxit, ad haec cnstitit, + ne in quaerendis suis pgnandi tempus dmitteret. + + +dvenio+, _pervenio_. + +prstinus+: _vetus_, _antquus_. + +perturbo+, _commoveo_, 12. + +sustineo+, _sustento_, 6. + +occurro+, _inc{i}do_. + +exiguitas+, _brevitas_. + +adcommodo+, _apto_. + +induo+, _indco_. + +dtrdo+, _dtraho_. + +csu+, _frte_. + +cnspicio+, _cnspicor_. + +dmitto+, _mitto_. + + +_All is confusion in the battle; the commander can do little._ + + 22. nstrcto exercitu magis ut loci ntra diectusque + collis et necessitas temporis quam ut rei mlitris + ratio atque rdo postulbat, fbat ut aliae legines alia + in parte hostibus resisterent; saepibus autem dnsissimis, + ut ante dmnstrvimus, interiectis prspectus impedibtur, 5 + ut neque certa subsidia conlocri, neque ab no + omnia imperia administrri possent. Itaque in tanta + rrum inquitte, frtnae quoque ventus varii sequbantur. + + +diectus+, _dclvitas_, 8. + +ratio+, _scientia_. + +intericio+, _interpno_. + +administro+, _ago_, 20. + +inquitas+, _varietas_. + +ventus+, _csus_. + + +_The battle seems to be going against Csar._ + + 23. Leginis nnae et decimae mlites, ut in sinistra + parte acie cnstiterant, Atrebates cursu c lassitdine + exanimtos vulneribusque cnfectos celeriter ex loco + superire in flmen compulrunt. Tum eos trnsre + cnantes nsecti, gladiis mgnam partem erum 5 + interfcrunt. Ipsi trnsre flmen nn dubitvrunt etin + locum inquum prgressi, hostes redintegrto proelioin + fugam cnicrunt. Item alia in parte dversae duae + legines, ndecima et octva, ex loco superire in ipsis + flminis rpis proelibantur. At ttis fere a frnte et 10 + ab sinistra parte ndtis castris, omnes Nervii cnfertissimo + gmine, duce Bodugnto, qui summam imperi + tenbat, ad eum locum contendrunt; qurum pars aperto + latere legines circumvenre, pars summum castrrum + locum petere coepit. 15 + + +lassitdo+, _dfatgtio_. + +cnfectus+, _dfessus_. + +compello+, _ago_. + +redintegro+, _renovo_. + +cnfertus+, _dnsus_. + +summa+, _cra_, 4. + +contendo+, _propero_, 12. + +peto+, _accurro_. + + +_It is beginning to look very dark for the Romans._ + + 24. Edem tempore equites nostri levisque armtrae + pedites, qui cum iis na fuerant, cum se in castra reciperent, + hostibus occurrbant c rrsus aliam in partem + fugam petbant; et clnes, praedandi causa gressi, + cum respxissent et hostes in nostris castris versri 5 + vdissent, praecipites fugae sse mandbant. Simul + erum qui cum impedmentis venibant clmor fremitusque + oribtur, alique aliam in partem perterriti ferbantur. + Quibus omnibus rbus permti sunt equites + Trveri, qui auxili causa ab cvitte ad Caesarem mssi 10 + vnerant. Ergo cum multitdine hostium castra complri, + legines premi et paene circumventas tenri, clnes, + equites, funditres in omnes partes fugere vdissent, + dsprtis nostris rbus, domum contendrunt atque Rmnos + pulsos supertsque cvitti renntivrunt. 15 + + +armtra+, _arma_, 10. + +me recipio+, _me cnfero_, 13. + +occurro+, _inc{i}do_, 21. + +gredior+, _exeo_, 13. + +versor+, _sum occuptus_, 1. + +mando+, _commendo_. + +fremitus+, _strepitus_, 11. + +orior+, _nscor_, 4. + +premo+, _urgeo_. + +paene+, _fere_, 19. + +pello+: _fugo_, _prturbo_,19. + +supero+, _vinco_. + + +_Will Csar's coolness and courage save his army?_ + + 25. Caesar ab decimae leginis cohorttine ad dextrum + cornu profectus suos urgri et duodecimae leginis + cnfertos mlites sibi ipsos ad pgnam esse impedmento + vdit. Quartae cohortis omnes centurines occsi sunt + et, sgnifero interfecto, sgnum est mssum. Reliqurum 5 + cohortium omnes fere centurines aut vulnerti aut + occsi sunt, in hs prmiplus P. Sextius Baculus, fortissimus + vir, multis gravibusque vulneribus cnfectus ut iam + se sustinre nn posset. Hs rbus reliquos esse tardires + vdit Caesar et nnnullos dserto proelio excdere c tla 10 + vtre; hostes autem neque a fronte ex nferire loco + subeuntes intermittere et ab utrque latere nstare,et + rem esse in angusto, neque llum esse subsidium quod + submitti posset. Tum vro scto ni mliti dtracto, + quod ipse eo sine scto vnerat, in prmam aciem prcessit, 15 + centurinibusque nmintim appelltis, reliquos + cohorttus mlites sgna nferre et manipulos laxre issit, + quo facilius gladiis ti possent. Cius adventu spe inlta + mlitibus c redintegrto animo paulum hostium impetus + tardtus est. 20 + + +urgeo+, _premo_, 24. + +cnfertus+, _dnsus_, 23. + +sgnifer+, _aquilifer_. + +mitto+, _dmitto_, 21. + +fere+, _paene_, 19. + +cnfectus+, _dfessus_, 23. + +excdo+, _exeo_. + +subeo+, _succdo_. + +intermitto+: _dsino_, _dsisto_. + +nsto+: _urgeo_, _premo_,24. + +dtraho+, _rapio_. + +laxo+, _aperio_. + +nfero+ (2): _do_, _adfero_. + +redintegro+, _renovo_, 23. + + +_A shifting scene. Pull Romans, pull Nervii!_ + + 26. Caesar cum septimam leginem, quae ixta cnstiterat, + item urgri ab hoste vdisset, tribnos mlitum + monuit ut paultim sse legines coniungerent. Quo + facto, cum alius alii subsidium ferret, audcius resistere + c fortius pgnre coeprunt. Interim mlites leginum 5 + durum, quae in novissimo gmine praesidio impedmentis + fuerant, proelio nntito cursu incitto in summo colle + ab hostibus cnspicibantur; et T. Labinus castris hostium + pottus decimam leginem subsidio nostris msit. + Qui cum quo in loco res esset, quantque in perculo castra 10 + et legines et impertor versrtur, cgnvissent, + nihil ad celerittem sibi reliqui fcrunt. + + +ixta+, _prope_. + +cnsisto+, 6. + +urgeo+, 25. + +paultim+, _gradtim_. + +interim+, _interea_, 12. + +cnspicio+, _video_. + +potior+, _occupo_, 7. + +versor+, _sum_, 1. + +cgnsco+, _reperio_, 4. + + +_In the fierce wrestle the brave Nervii go under._ + + 27. Hrum adventu tanta rrum commttio est facta + ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus cnfecti prcubuissent, + proelium redintegrrent; equites vro, ut turpitdinem + fugae virtte dlrent, omnibus in locis pgnae se leginriis + mlitibus praeferrent. At hostes etiam in extrma 5 + spe saltis mximam virttem praestitrunt; nam cum + prmi erum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus comitibus + nsistbant atque ex erum corporibus pgnbant; hs + diectis et coacervtis cadveribus, cteri ut ex tumulo + tla in nostros cnicibant et pla intercepta remittbant: 10 + ut idicri dbret nn nququam tantae virttis homines + ausos esse trnsre ltissimum flmen, ascendere altissimas + rpas, subre inquissimum locum; quae faciliaex + difficillimis animi mgnitdo redgerat. + + +prcumbo+, _prcido_. + +turpitdo+: _gnminia_, _nfmia_. + +dleo+, _exstinguo_. + +extrmus+, _ultimus_. + +praesto+: _praebeo_, _ostento_. + +iaceo+, _prcumbo_. + +coacervo+: _congero_, _cgo_. + +cadver+, _corpus_. + +nququam+, _frstra_. + +redigo+, _facio_. + + +_Why slay the poor remnant? Let them live._ + + 28. Hc proelio facto et prope ad internecinem gente + c nmine Nervirum redcto, mires ntu, qus na + cum pueris mulieribusque in paldes cniectos dxermus, + cnsnsu omnium qui supererant lgtos ad Caesarem + msrunt sque ei ddidrunt. Postea in commemoranda 5 + cvittis calamitte, ex sexcentis ad tres sentres,ex + hominum mlibus LX vix ad qungentos qui arma ferre + possent, sse redctos esse dxrunt. Qus Caesar utin + miseros c supplices sus misericordia vidrtur, 10 + dligentissime cnservvit susque fnibus atque oppidis ti + issit et fnitimis impervit ut ab iniria et maleficiose + susque prohibrent. + + +prope+, _paene_, 19. + +internecio+, _interitus_. + +redigo+, _redco_. + +puer+, _lberi_, 13. + +cnicio+, _dpno_, 16. + +ddo+, _permitto_, 15. + +commemoro+, _nrro_. + +fnitimus+, _vcnus_, 2. + + +_The Aduatuci prepare to make a desperate resistance._ + + 29. Adutuci, qui cum omnibus cpiis auxilio Nerviis + venibant, hc pgna nntita ex itinere domum revertrunt; + cnctis oppidis castellsque dsertis sua omniain + num oppidum gregie ntra mntum contulrunt. + Quod ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rpes 5 + dspectsque habbat, sed na ex parte lniter adclvis + aditus relinqubtur; quem locum duplici altissimo mro + mnierant; tum mgni ponderis saxa et praeactas trabes + in mro conlocbant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teutonsque + prgnti, qui, cum iter in prvinciam nostram atque 10 + taliam facerent, custdiam ex suis c praesidium sex + mlia hominum relqurunt. Hi post erum obitum + multos annos a fnitimis exagitti, cnsnsu erum omnium + hunc sibi domicilio locum dlgrunt. + + +revertor+, _redeo_, 10. + +cnctus+, _omnis_. + +gregie+: _optime_, _eximie_,8. + +dspectus+, _prspectus_. + +lniter+, _paultim_. + +aditus+, _accessus_, 15. + +conloco+, _pno_, 8. + +prgntus+, _ortus_, 4. + +obitus+, _interitus_, 28. + +dligo+, _ligo_, 17. + + +_From their walls they taunt the Romans._ + + 30. c prmo adventu exercitus nostri crbrasex + oppido excursines facibant parvulsque proeliis cum + nostris contendbant; postea vllo pedum XII in circuitu + XV mlium crbrsque castellis circummnti oppido sse + continbant. Ubi vneis ctis aggere exstrcto turrim 5 + procul cnstitui vdrunt, prmum inrdre ex mro atque + increpitre vcibus coeprunt, quod tanta mchintioab + tanto spatio nstruertur: quibusnam manibus aut quibus + vribus praesertim homines tantulae statrae turrim + tanti oneris in mro sse conlocre cnfderent? 10 + + +adventus+, _accessus_, 15. + +crber+, _frequens_, 1. + +excursio+, _ruptio_. + +cnstituo+, _pno_. + +inrdeo+, _drdeo_. + +increpito+, _maledco_. + +tantulus+, _parvulus_. + +onus+, _pondus_. + + +_But soon they lose confidence and offer to surrender._ + + 31. Ubi vro turrim movri et adpropnqure moenibus + vdrunt, nova atque insitta specie commti lgtos + ad Caesarem de pce msrunt, qui ad hunc modum locti + sunt: Adutuci nn exstimant Rmnos sine ope dvna + bellum gerere, qui tantae altitdinis mchintines tanta 5 + celeritte prmovre possint; itaque se suaque omnia + erum potestti permittunt. num petunt: si frte + Caesar pro sua clmentia c mnsutdine statuerit + Adutucos esse cnservandos, ne eos armis dspoliet. + Omnes fere fnitimi sunt inimci c erum virtti invident, 10 + a quibus se dfendere trditis armis nn poterunt. Sibi + praestet, si in eum csum ddcantur, quamvis frtnam + a populo Rmno pati, quam ab inimcis per crucitum + interfici. + + +novus+, _mrus_. + +insittus+: _nsolitus_, _novus_. + +species+, _facies_. + +modus+, _ratio_. + +ops+, _auxilium_. + +permitto+, _ddo_, 15. + +peto+, _ro_, 13. + +mnsutdo+, _lnitas_, 14. + +statuo+, _cnstituo_, 10. + +fere+, _paene_, 25. + +csus+, _ftum_, 22. + +ddco+, _redigo_, 28. + + +_They must disarm, but are promised protection._ + + 32. Ad haec Caesar respondit: "Magis cnsutdine + mea quam merito vestro cvittem cnservbo, si prius + quam mrum aries attigerit, vos ddideritis: sed dditinis + nlla est condicio nisi armis trditis. Id quodin + Nerviis fci faciam fnitimsque imperbo ne quam iniriam 5 + dditciis populi Rmni nferant." Re nntita + ad suos, quae imperrentur facere dxrunt. Armrum + tanta multitdo de mro in fossam quae erat ante oppidum + iacta est, ut prope summam mri aggerisque altitdinem + acervi erum adaequrent, et tamen circiter pars 10 + tertia, ut postea perspectum est, clta atque in oppido + retenta est. Deinde portis patefactis eo die pce sunt + si oppidni. + + +prius quam+, _ante quam_. + +dditio+, _trditio_, 12. + +fnitimus+, _vcnus_, 2. + +nfero+: _fero_, _facio_. + +prope+, _paene_, 28. + +circiter+, _ad_, 19. + +perspicio+, _intellego_. + +patefacio+, _aperio_. + + +_A brave dash for freedom, but a terrible fate._ + + 33. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi mlitsqueex + oppido exre issit. Oppidni cnsilio ante inito,ut + intellctum est, quod dditine facta nostros praesidia + dductros aut dnique indligentius servtros crdiderant, + tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras mntines 5 + ascnsus vidbtur, omnibus cpiis repentnoex + oppido ruptinem fcrunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar + imperrat, gnibus sgnifictine facta ex proximis castellis + eo concursum est. Ibi pgntum est criterab + hostibus in extrma spe saltis inquo loco contra eos 10 + qui ex vllo turribusque tla iacerent, cum in na virtte + omnis spes saltis cnsisteret. Occsis ad hominum + mlibus quattuor reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. Postrdie + ius dii refrctis portis, cum iam dfenderet nmo, + atque intrmssis mlitibus nostris sectinem ius oppidi 15 + niversam Caesar vendidit. Ab iis qui merant capitum + numerus ad eum reltus est mlium qunquginta trium. + + +intellego+, _perspicio_, 32. + +dnique+, _saltem_. + +indligenter+, _neglegenter_. + +arduus+, _difficilis_. + +repentnus+, _subitus_. + +ruptio+, _excursio_, 30. + +sgnifictio+, _sgnum_. + +inquus+, _incommodus_. + +niversus+, _ttus_. + +refero+, _renntio_. + + +_All the maritime nations submit to the Romans._ + + 34. Edem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legine + na mserat ad Venetos, Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas, + Esuvios, Aulercos, Rdones, quae sunt maritimae cvittes + ceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas + cvittes in dicinem potesttemque populi Rmni esse 5 + redctas. + + +attingo+, _tango_. + +dicio+, _imperium_. + +redigo+, _pco_. + + +_Gaul lies crushed and bleeding. Rome rejoices and thanks the gods._ + + 35. Hs rbus gestis omni Gallia pcta, tanta hius + belli ad barbaros opnio perlta est uti ab iis ntinibus + quae trns Rhnum incolerent mitterentur lgtiad + Caesarem, qui se obsides datras, imperta factras pollicrentur. + Qus lgtines Caesar, quod in taliam Illyricumque 5 + properbat, inita proxima aestte ad se reverti + issit. Ipse in Carntes, Andes Turonsque, quae cvittes + propnquae hs locis erant ubi bellum gesserat, + leginibus in hberncula dductis, in taliam profectus + est. Ob esque res ex litteris Caesaris dies qundecim 10 + supplictio dcrta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nlli. + + +pco+, _redigo_, 34. + +opnio+, _fma_, 8. + +propero+, _mtro_, 5. + +ineo+, _incipio_. + +propnquus+: _vcnus_, _fnitimus_,2. + +accido+, _contingo_. + + + + +C. IULI CAESARIS + +DE BELLO GALLICO + + +_LIBER SECUNDUS._ + +B.C. 57; A.U.C. 697. + +THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED. + + +1. Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia in hibernis, ita uti supra +demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur, litterisque item +Labieni certior fiebat omnes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae partem +dixeramus, contra populum Romanum coniurare obsidesque inter se dare. +Coniurandi has esse causas: primum quod vererenturne omni pacata Gallia +ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur; deinde quod ab nonnullis Gallis +sollicitarentur,--partim qui, ut Germanos diutius in Gallia versari +noluerant, ita populi Romani exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in +Gallia moleste ferebant; partim qui mobilitate et levitate animi novis +imperiis studebant; ab nonnullis etiam, quod in Gallia a potentioribus +atque iis quiad conducendos homines facultates habebant, vulgo regna +occupabantur, qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro consequi poterant. +[p.23 l.1-16] + +2. His nuntiis litterisque commotus Caesar duas legiones in citeriore +Gallia novas conscripsit, et inita aestate in interiorem Galliam qui +deduceret Q. Pedium legatum misit. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse +inciperet, ad exercitum venit. Dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque +Gallis, qui finitimi Belgis erant, uti ea quae apud eos gerantur +cognoscant seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. Hi constanter omnes +nuntiaverunt manus cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Tum vero +dubitandum non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur. Re frumentaria +comparata castra movet diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines Belgarum +pervenit. [p.23 l.17-20, p. 24 l. 1-8] + +3. Eo cum de improviso celeriusque omni opinione venisset, Remi, qui +proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legatos Iccium et Andocumborium +primos civitatis miserunt qui dicerent: 'Se suaque omnia in fidem atque +in potestatem populi Romani permittere, neque se cum Belgis reliquis +consensisse neque contra populum Romanum coniurasse, paratosque esse et +obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis recipere et frumento +ceterisque rebus iuvare; reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, +Germanosque qui cis Rhenum incolant sese cum his coniunxisse, tantumque +esse eorum omnium furoremut ne Suessiones quidem, fratres +consanguineosque suos, qui eodem iure et isdem legibus utantur, unum +imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint quin +cum his consentirent.' [p.24 l.9-23] + +4. Cum ab his quaereret quae civitates quantaequein armis essent et +quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat: plerosque Belgas esse ortos ab +Germanis Rhenumque antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi +consedisse Gallosque qui ea loca incolerent expulisse, solosque esse qui +patrum nostrorum memoria, omni Gallia vexata, Teutonos Cimbrosque intra +fines suos ingredi prohibuerint; qua ex re fieri uti earum rerum memoria +magnam sibi auctoritatem magnosque spiritus in re militari sumerent. De +numero eorum omni se habere explorata Remi dicebant, proptera quod +propinquitatibus adfinitatibusque coniuncti, quantam quisque +multitudinemin communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus sit +cognoverint. Plurimuni inter eos Bellovacos et virtute et auctoritate et +hominum numero valere: hos posse conficere armata milia centum, +pollicitos ex eo numero electa sexaginta, totiusque belli imperium sibi +postulare. Suessiones suos esse finitimos: latissimos feracissimosque +agros possidere. Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Divitiacum, +totius Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum tum +etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit: nunc esse regem Galbam;ad hunc +propter iustitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam omnium +voluntate deferri: oppida habere numero XII, polliceri milia armata +quinquaginta; totidem Nervios, qui maxime feri inter ipsos habeantur, +longissimeque absint; quindecim milia Atrebates, Ambianos decem milia, +Moriuos XXV milia, Menapios VII milia; Caletos X milia; Velocasses et +Veromanduos totidem; Aduatucos decem et novem milia; Condrusos, +Eburones, Caeroesos, Paemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, +arbitrari ad XL milia. [p.24 l.24-32, p. 25 l. 1-23] + +5. Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus omnem +senatum ad se convenire principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci +iussit. Quae omniaab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divitiacum +Aeduum magno opere cohortatus docet quanto opere rei publicae +communisque salutis intersit man us hostium distineri, ne cum tanta +multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit. Id fieri posse, si suas copias +Aedui in fines Bellovacorum introduxeriut et eorum agros populari +coeperint. His mandatis eum ab se dimittit. Postquam omnes Belgarum +copias in unum locum coactas adse venire vidit neque iam longe abesse +ab iis quos miserat exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, +quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum traducere maturavit +atque ibi castra posuit. Quae reset latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis +muniebat et post eum quae essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat, et commeatus +ab Remis reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari posset +efficiebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera +parte fluminis Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit. +Castra in altitudinem pedum XII vallo fossaque duodeviginti pedum munire +iubet. [p.25 l.24-32, p. 26 l. 1-14] + +6. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum +octo. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo +die sustentatum est. Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. +Ubi circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus undique in murum +lapides iaci coepti sunt, murusque defensoribus nudatus est, testudine +facta portas succedunt murumque subruunt. Quod tum facile fiebat. Nam +cum tanta multitudo lapides ac tela conicerent,in muro consistendi +potestas erat nulli. Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, Iccius Remus, +summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos, qui tum oppido praefuerat, unus +ex iis qui legati de pace ad Caesarem venerant, nuntiumad eum mittit: +nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse. +[p.26 l.15-29] + +7. Eo de media nocte Caesar isdem ducibus usus qui nuntii ab Iccio +venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et funditores Baleares subsidio +oppidanis mittit; quorum adventu et Remis cum spe defensionis studium +propugnandi accessit, et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi oppidi +discessit. Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum +depopulati, omnibus vicis aedificiisque quos adire potuerant incensis, +ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt et ab milibus passuum +minus duobus castra posuerunt; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus +significabatur, amplius milibus passuum octo in latitudinem patebant. +[p.26 l.30-32, p. 27 l. 1-9] + +8. Caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et propter eximiam +opinionem virtutis proelio supersedere statuit; cotidie tamen +equestribus proeliis quid hostis virtute posset et quid nostri auderent +periclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro +castris ad aciem instruendam natura opportuno atque idoneo--quod is +collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululumex planitie editus tantum +adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies instructa occupare +poterat, atqueex utraque parte lateris deiectus habebat et in frontem +leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat--ab utroque latere eius +collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum quadringentorum et ad +extremas fossas castella constituit ibique tormenta conlocavit,ne, cum +aciem instruxisset, hostes, quod tantum multitudine poterant, ab +lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent. Hoc facto duabus +legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in castris relictis, ut, si quo +opus esset, subsidio duci possent, reliquas sex legiones pro castris in +acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas +instruxerant. [p.27 l.10-30] + +9. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum. Hanc si +nostri transirent hostes exspectabant; nostri autem, si ab illis initium +transeundi fieret, ut impeditos adgrederentur, parati in armis erant. +Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. Ubi neutri +transeundi initium faciunt, secundiore equitum proelio nostris Caesar +suos in castra reduxit. Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam +contenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. Ibi vadis +repertis partem suarum copiarum traducere conati sunt eo consilio, ut, +si possent, castellum cui praeerat Q. Titurius legatus expugnarent +pontemque interscinderent; si minus potuissent, agros Remorum +popularentur, qui magno nobis usui ad bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque +nostros prohiberent. [p.27 l.31-32, p. 28 l. 1-13] + +10. Caesar certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et levis armaturae +Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque ad eos +contendit. Acriter ineo loco pugnatum est. Hostes impeditos nostri in +flumine adgressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt: per eorum corpora +reliquos audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum reppulerunt; +primos qui transierant equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. Hostes, ubi +etde expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo spemse fefellisse +intellexerunt neque nostros in locum iniquiorem progredi pugnandi causa +viderunt, atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio +convocato constituerunt optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti,et, +quorum in fines primum Romani exercitum introduxissent, ad eos +defendendos undique convenirent, ut potius in suis quam in alienis +finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rei frumentariae uterentur. Ad +eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod +Divitiacum atque Aeduos finibus Bellovacorum adpropinquare cognoverant. +His persuaderi ut diutis morarentur neque suis auxilium ferrent non +poterat. [p.28 l.14-32, p. 29 l. 1-2] + +11. Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum strepitu ac tumultu +castris egressi, nullo certo ordine neque imperio, cum sibi quisque +primum itineris locum peteret et domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt +ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. Hac re statim Caesar per +speculatores cognita insidias veritus, quod qua de causa discederent +nondum perspexerat, exercitum equitatumque castris continuit. Prima luce +confirmata re ab exploratoribus omnem equitatum qui novissimum agmen +moraretur praemisit. His Q. Pedium et L. Aurunculeium Cottam legatos +praefecit; T. Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. Hi +novissimos adortiet multa milia passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem +eorum fugientium conciderunt, cum ab extremo agmine ad quos ventum erat +consisterent fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum sustinerent; priores, +quod abessea periculo viderentur neque ulla necessitate neque imperio +continerentur, exaudito clamore perturbatis ordinibus omnes in fuga sibi +praesidium ponerent. Ita sine ullo periculo tantam eorum multitudinem +nostri interfecerunt quantum fuit diei spatium, sub occasumque solis +destiterunt, seque in castra, ut erat imperatum, receperunt. [p.29 +l.3-25] + +12. Postridie eius diei Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga +reciperent, in fines Suessionum, qui proximi Remis erant, exercitum +duxit et magno itinere confecto ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Idex +itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat, +propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem paucis defendentibus +expugnare non potuit. Castris munitis vineas agere quaeque ad +oppugnandum usui erant comparare coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga +Suessionum multitudo in oppidum proxima nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis +ad oppidum actis, aggere iacto turribusque constitutis, magnitudine +operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli neque audierant, et celeritate +Romanorum permoti, legatos ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt et +petentibus Remis ut conservarentur impetrant. [p.29 l.26-32, p. 30 +l.1-8] + +13. Caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis +duobus filiis, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem +Suessiones accepit exercitumque in Bellovacos ducit. Qui cum se suaque +omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque abeo oppido Caesar +cum exercitu circiter milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes maiores natu +ex oppido egressi manus ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare +coeperunt sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque contra populum +Romanum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset castraque ibi +poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro passis manibus suo more pacem ab +Romanis petierunt. [p.30 l.9-20] + +14. Pro his Divitiacus--nam post discessum Belgarum dimissis Aeduorum +copiis ad eum reverterat--facit verba: Bellovacos omni tempore in fide +atque amicitia civitatis Aeduae fuisse: impulsos a suis principibus, +qui dicerent Aeduos ab Caesare in servitutem redactos omnes indignitates +contumeliasque perferre, et ab Aeduis defecisse et populo Romano bellum +intulisse. Qui eius consili principes fuissent, quod intellegerent +quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. +Petere non solum Bellovacos sed etiam pro his Aeduos ut sua clementia ac +mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod si fecerit, Aeduorum auctoritatem apud +omnes Belgas amplificaturum, quorum auxiliis atque opibus,si qua bella +inciderint, sustentare consuerint. [p.30 l.21-32, p. 31 l. 1-2] + +15. Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque Aeduorum causa sese eos in fidem +recepturum et conservaturum dixit; quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas +auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat, sexcentos obsides +poposcit. His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido conlatis, ab eo loco +in fines Ambianorum pervenit, quise suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. +Eorum fines Nervii attingebant; quorum de natura moribusque Caesar cum +quaereret, sic reperiebat: Nullum aditum esse ad eos mercatoribus; nihil +pati vini reliquarumque rerum inferri, quod iis rebus relanguescere +animos eorumet remitti virtutem existimarent: esse homines feros +magnaeque virtutis; increpitare atque incusare reliquos Belgas qui se +populo Romano dedidissent patriamque virtutem proiecissent; confirmare +sese neque legatos missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis accepturos. +[p.31 l.3-18] + +16. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis +Sabim flumen ab castris suis non amplius milia passuum X abesse: trans +id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare +una cum Atrebatis et Veromanduis finitimis suis, nam his utrisque +persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur; exspectari etiam ab +his Aduatucorum copias atque esse in itinere; mulieres quique per +aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum coniecisse, quo +propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset. [p.31 l.19-28] + +17. His rebus cognitis exploratores centurionesque praemittit qui locum +idoneum castris deligant. Cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis +complures Caesarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex +captivis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri +exercitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque his +demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum numerum +intercedere, neque esse quicquam negoti, cum prima legio in castra +venisset, reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent, hanc sub +sarcinis adoriri; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis futurum ut reliquae +contra consistere non auderent. Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem +deferebant, quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque +enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student, sed quicquid possunt, pedestribus +valent copiis) quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad +eos venissent, impedirent, teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis, +crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis, et rubis sentibusque +interiectis, effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimenta praeberent, +quo non modo non intrari sedne perspici quidem posset. His rebus cum +iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii +existimaverunt. [p.31 l.29-32, p. 32 l. 1-20] + +18. Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri castris delegerant. Collis +ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, +vergebat. Abeo flumine pari adclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic +et contrarius, passus circiter ducentos infimus apertus, ab superiore +parte silvestris ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. Intra eas +silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in aperto loco secundum +flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur. Fluminis erat altitudo pedum +circiter trium. [p.32 l.21-30] + +19. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio +ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam +quod ad hostes adpropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones +expeditas ducebat; post eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; +inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant +praesidioque impedimentis erant. Equites nostri, cum funditoribus +sagittariisque flumen transgressi, cum hostium equitatu proelium +commiserunt. Cum se illi identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent ac +rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius quam +quem ad finem porrecta loca aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi +auderent, interim legiones sex, quae primae venerant, opere dimenso +castra munire coeperunt. Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis +qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos +committendi proeli convenerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque +constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis +provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt. His facile pulsis +ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene +uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et iam in manibus nostris hostes +viderentur. Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque +eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt. [p.32 l.31-32, p. 33 +l.1-23] + +20. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, quod +erat insigne cum ad arma concurri oporteret, signum tuba dandum, ab +opere revocandi milites, qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa +processerant arcessendi, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, +signum dandum. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et +successus hostium impediebat. His difficultatibus duae res erant +subsidio--scientia atque usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis +exercitati, quid fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi +praescribere quam ab aliis doceri poterant; et quod ab opere singulisque +legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris +vetuerat. Hi propter propinquitatemet celeritatem hostium nihil iam +Caesaris imperium exspectabant, sed per se quae videbantur +administrabant. [p.33 l.24-32, p. 34 l. 1-6] + +21. Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis ad cohortandos milites quam in +partem fors obtulit decucurrit etad legionem decimam devenit. Milites +non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis +memoriam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter +sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adici +posset, proeli committendi signum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item +cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit +exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut non modo ad +insignia adcommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta +detrudenda tempus defuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit +quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis +pugnandi tempus dimitteret. [p.34 l.7-22] + +22. Instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura deiectusque collis et +necessitas temporis quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, +cum diversis legionibus aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent, +saepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus +impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlocari, neque quid in quaque parte +opus esset provideri, neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant. +Itaque in tanta rerum iniquitate, fortunae quoque eventus varii +sequebantur. [p.34 l.23-31] + +23. Legionis nonae et decimae milites, ut in sinistra parte acie +constiterant, pilis emissis, cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos +vulneribusque confectos Atrebates--nam his ea pars obvenerat--celeriter +ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt et transire conantes insecuti +gladiis magnam partem eorum impeditam interfecerunt. Ipsi transire +flumen non dubitaverunt, et in locum iniquum progressi, rursus +resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in fugam coniecerunt. Item alia +in parte diversae duae legiones, undecima et octava, profligatis +Veromanduis, quibuscum erant congressi, ex loco superiore in ipsis +fluminis ripis proeliabantur. At totis fere a fronteet ab sinistra +parte nudatis castris, cum in dextro cornu legio duodecima et non magno +ab ea intervallo septima constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine +duce Boduognato qui summam imperi tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt; +quorum pars aperto latere legiones circumvenire, pars summum castrorum +locum petere coepit. [p.35 l.1-18] + +24. Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites, qui cum iis +una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra +reciperent, adversis hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem +fugam petebant; et calones, qui ab decumana portaac summo iugo collis +nostros victores flumen transisse conspexerant, praedandi causa egressi, +cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris versari vidissent, +praecipites fugae sese mandabant. Simul eorum qui cum impedimentis +veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam in partem +perterriti ferebantur. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treveri, +quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxili causa ab +civitate ad Caesarem missi venerant, cum multitudine hostium castra +compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, equites, +funditores, Numidas, diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere +vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt; Romanos pulsos +superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos civitati +renuntiaverunt. [p.35 l.19-32, p. 36 l. 1-6] + +25. Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, +ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum conlatis duodecimae legionis +confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit--quartae +cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque interfecto, signo +amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis +aut occisis, in his primipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis +gravibusque vulneribus confecto ut iam se sustinere non posset, reliquos +esse tardiores, et nonnullos ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere ac +tela vitare, hostes neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes +intermittere etab utroque latere instare, et rem esse in angusto vidit, +neque ullum esse subsidium quod submitti posset--scuto ab novissimis uni +militi detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem +processit centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus +milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis +uti possent. Cuius adventu spe inlata militibus ac redintegrato animo, +cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus +operam navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. [p.36 +l.7-28] + +26. Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta constiterat, item urgeri ab +hoste vidisset, tribunes militum monuit ut paulatim sese legiones +coniungerent et conversa signa in hostes inferrent. Quo facto, cum alius +alii subsidium ferret, neque timerent ne aversi ab hoste +circumvenirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt. +Interim milites legionum duarum, quaein novissimo agmine praesidio +impedimentis fuerant, proelio nuntiato cursu incitato in summo colle ab +hostibus conspiciebantur; et T. Labienus castris hostium potituset ex +loco superiore quae res in nostris castris gererentur conspicatus +decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit. Qui cum ex equitum et calonum +fuga, quo in loco res esset, quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones +et imperator versaretur, cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui +fecerunt. [p.36 l.29-32, p. 37 l. 1-12] + +27. Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta ut nostri, etiam qui +vulneribus confecti procubuissent, scutis innixi proelium +redintegrarent; tum calones perterritos hostes conspicati etiam inermes +armatis occurrerent; equites vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute +delerent, omnibus in locis pugnae se legionariis militibus praeferrent. +At hostes etiam in extrema spe salutis tantam virtutem praestiterunt ut, +cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus insisterent atqueex +eorum corporibus pugnarent; his deiectis et coacervatis cadaveribus, qui +superessent ut ex tumulo telain nostros conicerent et pila intercepta +remitterent: ut non nequiquam tantae virtutis homines indicari deberet +ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, +subire iniquissimum locum; quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo +redegerat. [p.37 l.13-28] + +28. Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine +Nerviorum redacto maiores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in +aestuaria ac paludes coniectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum +victoribus nihil impeditum, victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur, omnium qui +supererant consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque ei dediderunt; et +in commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex sexcentis ad tres senatores, ex +hominum milibus LX vix ad quingentos qui arma ferre possent sese +redactos esse dixerunt. Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices usus +misericordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit suisque finibus atque +oppidis uti iussit, et finitimis imperavit ut ab iniuria et maleficio se +suosque prohiberent. [p.37 l.29-32, p. 38 l. 1-9] + +29. Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio +Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum reverterunt; +cunctis oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie +natura munitum contulerunt. Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus +altissimas rapes despectusque haberet, una ex parte leniter adclivis +aditus in latitudinem non amplius ducentorum pedum relinquebatur; quem +locum duplici altissimo muro munierant, tum magni ponderis saxaet +praeacutas trabes in muro conlocabant. Ipsi erantex Cimbris Teutonisque +prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam facerent, +iis impedimentis, quae secum agere ac portare non poterant, citra flumen +Rhenum depositis custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex milia hominum una +reliquerunt. Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis exagitati, +cum alias bellum inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent, consensu eorum +omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt. [p.38 l.10-27] + +30. Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebrasex oppido excursiones +faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum nostris contendebant; postea vallo +pedum XII in circuitu XV milium crebrisque castellis circummuniti oppido +sese continebant. Ubi vineis actis aggere exstructo turrim procul +constitui viderunt, primum inridere ex muro atque increpitare vocibus, +quod tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio instrueretur: quibusnam manibus +aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae staturae--nam plerumque +hominibus Gallis prae magnitudine corporum suorum brevitas nostra +contemptui est--tanti oneris turrimin muro sese conlocare confiderent? +[p.38 l.28-32, p. 39 l. 1-7] + +31. Ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare moenibus viderunt, nova atque +inusitata specie commoti legatesad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad +hunc modum locuti: 'Non existimare Romanos sine ope divina bellum +gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere +possent; se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere' dixerunt. 'Unum +petere ac deprecari: si forte pro sua clementia ac mansuetudine, quam +ipsi ab aliis audirent, statuisset Aduatucos esse conservandos, nese +armis despoliaret. Sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac suae +virtuti invidere; aquibus se defendere traditis armis non possent. Sibi +praestare, si in eum casum deducerentur, quamvis fortunam a populo +Romano pati, quam ab his per cruciatum interfici, inter quos dominari +consuessent.' [p.39 l.8-22] + +32. Ad haec Caesar respondit: 'Se magis consuetudine sua quam merito +eorum civitatem conservaturum,si prius quam murum aries attigisset se +dedidissent; sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis. +Se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum finitimisque imperaturum, ne +quam dediticiis populi Romani iniuriam inferrent.' Re nuntiata ad suos, +quae imperarentur facere dixerunt. Armorum magna multitudine de muro in +fossam quae erat ante oppidum iacta sic ut prope summam muri aggerisque +altitudinem acervi armorum adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, +ut postea perspectum est, celata atque in oppido retenta, portis +patefactis eo die pace sunt usi. [p.39 l.23-32, p. 40 l. 1-3] + +33. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesqueex oppido exire iussit, +ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibus iniuriam acciperent. Illi ante +inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod deditione facta nostros +praesidia deducturos aut denique indiligentius servaturos +crediderant--partim cum iis quae retinuerant et celaverant armis, +partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut +temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxerant--tertia vigilia, qua +minime arduus ad nostras munitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus copiis +repentino ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar +imperarat, ignibus significatione facta ex proximis castellis eo +concursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter est ut a viris +fortibus in extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos qui ex vallo +turribusque tela iacerent pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes +salutis consisteret. Occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor reliqui in +oppidum reiecti sunt. Postridie eius diei refractis portis, cum iam +defenderet nemo, atque intromissis militibus nostris sectionem eius +oppidi universam Caesar vendidit. Ab iis qui emerant capitum numerus ad +eum relatus est milium quinquaginta trium. [p.40 l.4-25] + +34. Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legione una miserat ad Venetos, +Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas, Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt +maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas +civitates in dicionem potestatemque populi Romani esse redactas. [p.40 +l.26-31] + +35. His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata, tanta huius belli ad barbaros +opinio perlata est uti ab iis nationibus, quae trans Rhenum incolerent +mitterentur legatiad Caesarem, qui se obsides daturas, imperata +facturas pollicerentur. Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam +Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se reverti iussit. +Ipse in Carnutes, Andes Turonesque, quae civitates propinquae his locis +erant ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hibernacula deductis, in +Italiam profectus est. Ob easque res ex litteris Caesaris dies quindecim +supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulli. [p.41 +l.1-11] + + + + +NOTES. + + +INTRODUCTORY NOTE.--To translate Latin into English is to express the +meaning of the Latin in English words and in English idiom. But the +meaning must be discovered before it can be expressed. Discovering the +sense is, therefore, aprocess preparatory to translation, but yet +measurably distinct from it. For discovering the meaning, the golden +rule is, _Take words and clauses in the order in which they stand_. If +the first chapter of this book were rendered into English words exactly +in the Latin order, the thought would be readily apprehended by any one +quite unacquainted with Latin. Such a word for word rendering, mental or +oral, is for the beginner a necessary preliminary to translation, but, +Irepeat, must not be confounded with translation. For that, the golden +rule is, _Express the thought in pure English, without admixture of +Latin idiom_. + + +Notes under the heading CHAP. refer to the simplified text; those that +follow, under the heading PAGE, supplement the former and refer to the +unchanged text. The grammatical references are to the Latin Grammars of +Allen & Greenough and Harkness. + +[Transcriber's Note: + +In the printed text, the word "line" recurs at the beginning of each +page. For this e-text, it is repeated at the beginning of each chapter +instead. Page references are included for completeness.] + + +CHAP. 1, + +line 2. +certior fbat+: _he was made more certain_ = _he was +informed_. + ++fbat+: the passive of +facio+. Review the forms. 142; H. 294. + +4. +Conirandi+: pronounce the _i_ of the second syllable like _y_. + +5. +verbantur+: the subject is +Belgae+, understood; supply the same +subject for +sollicitbantur+. + ++ad se+: refers to the subject of +verbantur+. + +6. +Germnos+: subject-accusative of +versri+; _that the Germans should +remain_. + +8. +exercitum+: subject-accusative of +hiemre+ and +inveterscere+. + ++inveterscere+: _get a foothold_; but what is its primary meaning from +its derivation? + +10. +imperiis+: 227 e, 3; H. 385. + +11. +iis+: supply mentally +ab+ beforeit. + +13. +qui+: _and these_, referring to +potentires+, etc. + ++eam rem+: read again the preceding sentence, and you will see to what ++eam rem+ refers. + ++imperio nostro+: _under our_ (i.e. Roman) _rule_. The ablative implies +condition, and the meaning is, _if we should get the sovereignty_. 255, +d, 4; H. 431, 2,(3). + +PAGE 23, + +1. +ita uti+: _as_. + +3. +Labini+: Csar's lieutenant was now in the country of the Sequani. +See a map of +Gallia+. + +4. +quam+: _whose country_. We might expect +quos+ referring to ++Belgas+, but the relative is made to agree with the predicate noun ++partem+. + +6. +has esse causas+: depending on +rmres adferbantur+, like +Belgas +... conirre+ and +obsides ... dare+. 272;H. + +7. +omni ... Gallia+: all except their country. + ++pcta+: the Romans, with cruel humor, called a country "pacified" when +they had enslavedit. + +8. +partim qui+: _some of whom_. + +9. +ut ... ita+: _as ... so_. + +11. +partim qui+: _others of whom_. + +12. +ab nnnllis etiam+: these, then, are the third class by whom it is +said, +Belgae sollicitbantur+: first, the conservative and patriotic; +second, the restless and dissatisfied; third, the selfish and ambitious. + + +CHAP. 2, + +line 2. +interirem Galliam+: _the interior of Gaul_; that is, Gaul +beyond the Alps. Refer constantly to a map. + +3. +qui ... ddceret+: +qui+ refers to +Q. Pedium+, and the clause +qui +... ddceret+ denotes purpose, _to lead_. + +4. +Ipse+: supply +Caesar+. + +6. +Ea+ = +eas res+, as shown by +rbus+ following. + +8. +manus cgi+: _that parties of men were gathering_. The construction +is the same as +Belgas ... conirre+, in chap.1. + +9. +condci+: _was mustering_; a very different meaning in chap.1. + ++qun ... proficscertur+: _to march_. What literally? + +PAGE 23, + +18. +inita aestte+: _when summer had begun_ = _at the beginning of +summer_; marks the time of +ddceret+, not of +msit+. + +PAGE 24, + +1. +Dat negtium+: _he charges_. What literally? + +2. +uti+ (same as +ut+) ... +cgnscant+: _to find out_; the clause +depends on +dat negtium+. + +3. +se+: refers to Caesar. + ++certirem faciant+: compare the passive form in chap.1. + +5. +dubitandum+: in full the sentence would be, +Caesar dubitandum esse +sibi nn exstimvit+; and the word for word rendering, _Csar did not +think an-obligation-of-hesitating to be to himself_. Translate, _he +ought to hesitate_. + + +CHAP. 3, + +line 1. +Eo+: that is, +ad fnes Belgrum+. See the end of chap.2. + +3. +se ... permittere+: here +se+ is the subject-accusative of ++permittere+. + ++in fidem+: _to the protection_. + +6. +Caesaris imperta facere+: _to do what Csar required_. Literally +what? + +7. +oppidis recipere+: in meaning = +in oppida recipere+. + ++cteris+: not _other_, but _all other_. Their submission is abject. + +9. +sse+: not different from +se+. + +10. +Suessines+: the object of +dterrre+. + +12. +ire+: _constitution_. + ++sdem+: oftener written +isdem+, 101,c. + +PAGE 24, + +9. +omni opnine+: _than any one could expect_. 247, b; H. 417. + +10. +ex Belgis+ = +Belgrum+, or +inter Belgas+. + +12. +qui dcerent+: compare +qui ddceret+, p. 23, l. 19, and note on +simplified text. + ++se+: the object (with +sua omnia+ = _their all_) of +permittere+. +Another +se+ must be mentally supplied as the subject of +permittere+. + +18. +incolant+: why not +incolunt+, for it must be translated as if it +were +incolunt+? Because the clause +qui ... incolant+ depends on the +clause +Germnos ... coninxisse+. It is therefore _a dependent clause +of indirect discourse_, and as such must have the subjunctive. +Thoroughly master this, the most important principle of Latin syntax. +Mark how the descriptive clause, +qui ... incolant+, _is framed into_ +the main clause. + ++line+ 19. +furrem+: the politic or cowardly Remi considered the love +of liberty and independence of their brother Belg _blind passion_. + +20. +qui ... tantur+: _though they ... enjoyed._ +qui+, then, must +sometimes be rendered _though he, though they_, etc., but only when the +subjunctive follows. + +21. +tantur+: supply immediately following +atque+. + +22. +ipsis+: refers to +Rmi+. + +23. +qun ... cnsentrent+: _from ... uniting._ Compare +qun ... +proficscertur+, p. 24, l. 6, and note on simplified text. + + +CHAP. 4, + +line 1. +quantae+: refers to extent of country and population. + ++in armis essent+: connect with +quae cvittes+: _what states were in +arms, and how powerful they were_. + +2. +quid in bello possent+: a literal translation, _what they could_ +(do) _in war_, does not convey the meaning. Render, _what force they +could bring into the field_. + +4. +ibi+: +cis Rhnum+. + +6. +ex re+: equivalent to +ex causa+. + +7. +fbat+: _it was coming about._ The Remi said, in direct discourse, ++fit+; and below, +smant+. + ++spritus+: means in the singular _air_, and is here used just as we use +"airs," in the phrase "to put on airs." + +8. +omnia ... explrta+: _full information_. + +9. +Quantam quisque+: notice the order. +Quisque+ likes to stand after ++quantus+, +quotus+, +se+, and +suus+; here it means _each nation_. + +11. +Plrimum ... valbant+: about equivalent to +plrimum poterant+, +_had the most power_. + +18. +cum ... tum+: _not only ... but also_. + +19. +Britanniae+: "the first mention of Britain by a Roman author." + +PAGE 24, + +27. +propter fertilittem+: to be connected with +cnsdisse+. + +28. +incolerent+: why not +incolbant+? See note on p. 24, l. 18, +qui +... incolant+. + +29. +memoria+: _within the memory_; but two lines below, _because of the +memory_. + +PAGE 25, + +10. +nostra etiam memoria+: compare +patrum nostrrum memoria+, p. 24, +l.29. + +13. +obtinuerit+: _held_, not _obtained_, which is usually expressed by ++adsectus est+, +cnsectus est+, or +adeptus est+. + +15. +omnium voluntte+: _with the assent of all_. + +23. +arbitrri+: that is, +Rmos arbitrri+. + + +CHAP. 5, + +line 2. +obsides+: _as hostages_, in apposition with +lberos+. What +would have been the fate of these, if the chieftains had broken their +pledges? + +4. +Ri pblicae interest+: _it concerns the_ (Roman) _republic_. The +real subject of +interest+, represented in English by _it_, is +manus +hostium distinri+. + ++manus+: the subject-accusative of +distinri+, _to be kept from +uniting_. + +6. +ne ... cnflgendum sit+: _that it may not be necessary to fight_. + +7. +intrdxerint+: the Roman way of speaking is: this can be done, if +that _shall be done, or shall have been done_; hence the future perfect. +But mark that such a future or future perfect is often best rendered by +a present. + +9. +coctas ... venre+: _having been assembled ... to be coming_ = _had +assembled ... and were coming_. + +10. +vdit+ = +intellxit+. + ++neque iam+ = +et iam nn+. + ++iis+: take with +explrtribus+. + +13. +quae res+: that is, his crossing the river and fixing his camp +there. + +14. +post eum quae essent+ = +ea quae post eum essent+, _his rear_. What +should you expect in place of +eum+? + ++tta+: goes with the whole expression, +post eum quae essent+. + +16. +portri+: _to be brought down the river to him_. + +19. +in altitdinem+: _to the height_. + +20. +duodvginti pedum+: that is, +in ltitdinem+, _in width_. + +PAGE 25, + +24. +lberliterque rtine prsectus+: lberliter means _in a +generous or kindly manner_; +rtine+ indicates in what sense ++prsectus+ is to be taken, _accompanying with words_; finally, ++prsequor+ has its common meaning of _accompany_, but with the meaning +unusually applied: Csar had encouraged the Remi, and he _accompanies +the encouragement with kind words_. Translate, _Csar encouraging the +Remi and adding kind words_. + +29. +commnis saltis+: by the _common interests_ Csar means those of +the dui and the Romans. + +30. +cnflgendum sit+: compare +dubitandum (esse)+ p. 24, l. 5, and +read the note. Here, as there, +sibi+, referring to Csar and the dui, +must be mentally supplied, showing for whom the duty or necessity of +action (hesitating, fighting) exists. + +31. +Id fieri posse+: depends upon +docet+. To what does +id+ refer? + +PAGE 26, + +1. +Postquam ... vdit ... cgnvit, ... mtrvit+: _when he saw ... +and found out_, (then) ... _he hastened_. + +3. +neque ... cgnvit+: _and from those scouts_, etc., _found out that +they_ (the Belg) _were now not far distant_. + +8. +et+ connects +reddbat+ and +efficibat+, which have the same +subject, +quae res+. The order makes this sentence difficult. Csar +might have written: +et efficibat ut commetus ab Rmis reliqusque +cvittibus sine perculo ad eum portri posset+. The order is so +perplexed and perplexing because Csar wrote in haste, and because he +began with the word which was uppermost in his mind, +commetus+. + + +CHAP. 6, + +line 2. +ex itinere+: _immediately after their march_. + +3. +sustenttum est+: _the Remi held out._ What literally? + +4. +Gallrum ... oppgntio+: _the mode of attacking towns common to the +Gauls and Belg_. + +5. +ttis moenibus+: dative, though by some thought to be an ablative, +_all around the walls_. 228; H. 386,2. + +7. +testdine facta+: _forming a testudo._ What the soldiers did was to +lap their shields over their heads. + +8. +cum+: _since._ What mode follows +cum+ in this sense? + +11. +nntium ... mittit+: one of the expressions that are followed by +the accusative and infinitive; here, +sse ... posse+. Compare in +chapter 1, +certior fbat+, followed by +Belgas ... conirre+; in +chap. 4, +reperibat+, followed by +Belgas ortos esse+, in complete +text. + ++Iccius Rmus+: _Iccius, a Remian_. + +13. +sse+: subject-accusative of +posse+. + +PAGE 26, + +19. +moenibus ... mrum ... mrus ... mrum+: Csar's haste in writing +is often manifest. + +20. +coepti sunt+: it may seem strange that the passive should be used +instead of the active, +coeprunt+; but see 143, a; H. 297,1. + +22. +Quod+: how is a relative after a period often best rendered? For an +example, see note on +qui+, chap. 1, l. 13, simplified text. + +24. +nlli+: mark the emphasis from the position. Many similar cases +occur, notwithstanding A. & G., p. 389, Rem. + ++oppgnandi+ = +oppgntinis+. + +25. +summa nbilitte et grtia+: a descriptive ablative; _aman of the +highest rank and popularity_. + +26. +praefuerat+: render as if an imperfect. The meaning is, he had been +placed in command and was then in command. + ++ex iis+: the same as +erum+. + +27. +lgti+: _as envoy_. Compare the use of +obsides+ as an appositive, +p. 25, l.26. + +28. +submitttur+: can you make out the force of the +sub+? + + +CHAP. 7, + +line 2. +subsidio oppidnis+: _to aid the people in the town_. But what +literally? For the construction, see 233, a; H. 390. + +3. +qurum adventu+: _in consequence of their coming_. + +5. +contendrunt+: the subject is +hostes+, suggested by +hostbus+ in +the preceding sentence. + +6. +ab+: _distant, off, away_; so used chiefly with numerals. + ++ab mlibus passuum minus dubus+: a word for word rendering would be, +_distant thousands of paces less than two_; that is, _less than two +miles distant_. + +PAGE 26, + +3. +neque ... cgnvit+: _and learned from those scouts whom he had sent +and from the Remi that they were now not far distant_. + +30. +sdem ducibus+: _the same persons as guides._ Compare +qui lgti+, +p. 26, l. 27, and note on simplified text. + +PAGE 27, + +3. +apud oppidum+: +ad+ is more usual. + +4. +agros ... dpopulti--vcis aedificisque ... incnsis+: literally, +_having laid waste the fields--the villages and buildings having been +burned_. Mark how the construction changes for want of a deponent verb +in place of +incendo+. + +9. +in ltitdinem+: compare +in altitdinem+, p. 26, l.13. + + +CHAP. 8, + +line 2. +eximiam ... virttis+: _their eminent reputation for valor_. + +3. +quid virtte posset+: _what their real eminence in valor was_. +Compare +quid in bello possent+, chap. 4, l.2. + +7. +tantum ... patbat quantum loci+: render as if +loci+ depended on ++tantum+ instead of +quantum+, _extended over as much spaceas_. + ++adversus+: _facing the enemy_; +adversus+ an adjective, agreeing with ++collis+. + ++in ltitdinem+: _laterally._ Compare chap. 7, l.8. + +8. +ex utrque parte lateris+ = +ex utrque latere+: _on_, not _from_, +_both sides_; so +ab+, below, l.10. + +10. +ad plnitiem redbat+: _gradually resumed_ (impf.) _alevel_. Csar +describes a hill over against the enemy, having steep sides, and a front +only broad enough for his army when arranged for battle. In front the +hill rose with a gentle ascent, and at the top blended with the plain. +It is possible that +lniter fastgtus+ means, as the dictionaries +define this passage and as many editors say, _gently sloping down_; in +which case, +ad plnitiem redbat+ would mean _sank down gradually to +the level at its base_. This attributes an improbable meaning to ++fastgtus+. + +12. +extrmas fossas+: _at the ends of the trenches_; compare in chap. +2, l. 2, +interirem Galliam+, _the interior of Gaul_. + ++castella+: there were, then, four. + +17. +ductas nstrxerant+: to make good English, render as if +ductas+ +were a verb followed by +et+; so, very often, when a perfect participle +and verb are closely connected. + +PAGE 27, + +10. +et ... et+: we do not say _both ... and_ so frequently as we find ++et ... et+ in Latin; accordingly it will generally be found better to +omit in translation the first +et+, and render the second _and also_. + +11. +proelio ... proeliis+: _a decisive battle ... skirmishes_. + +14. +loco+: ablative absolute, _as there was a place_. + +21. +obdxit+: Csar elsewhere commonly uses +perdco+ of running a wall +or trench. Why +obdco+ here? Because the +fossae+ were dug _against_ +the enemy, or to _cover his position_. + +24. +cum ... nstrxisset+: Csar's thought was, according to Latin +idiom, _when I shall have drawn up_, +nstrxero+; but such a future +perfect of direct speech becomes pluperfect subjunctive in narration, +after a past tense in the principal clause. + +24. +quod ... poterant+: _because they were so strong in numbers_. Find +two other similar uses of +possum+. + +27. +si quo opus esset+: _if there should be need of them anywhere_; +not, _if there should be need of any thing_. + +28. +subsidio+: in meaning and construction like +subsidio+, p. 26, +l.32. + + +CHAP. 9, + +line 2. +si ... trnsrent+: _to see if our men would cross this_ +(+hanc+). + +3. +contendbtur+: _there was fighting._ Compare chap. 6, l. 3, ++sustenttum est+. + +4. +neutri+: _neither of the two armies_. + +5. +secundire ... nostris+: _as the cavalry skirmish proved rather +favorable to our men_. + +9. +castellum+: read over again the last half of chap. 5. Csar makes no +mention there of a +castellum+. + +10. +potuissent+: the thought was, according to the Latin idiom, "if we +shall not have been able" (+potuerimus+); but such a future perfect of +direct speech becomes a pluperfect subjunctive in narration after a past +tense. + +PAGE 28, + +1. +nostri autem+, etc.: a difficult sentence; but treat it as directed +in the Introductory Note, p. 43, only observing that +si+ has its usual +meaning of _if_, and +impedtos+, _when they should get stuck fast_, +agrees with +hostes+ understood. + +2. +ut ... adgrederentur+: expresses the purpose of +parti in armis +erant+. + +9. +eo cnsilio+: _with this design_; explained by +ut castellum ... +expgnrent+. + ++possent+: they said to themselves, _if we shall be able_, +poterimus+; +_but if we shall not have succeeded_, +si minus potuerimus+; hence ++potuissent+, when related. See note on +nstrxisset+, p. 27, l.24. + +12. +nbis sui+: compare +subsidio oppidnis+, p. 26, l.32. + + +CHAP. 10, + +line 3. +pgntum est+: contains its own subject, _there was fierce +fighting_. See +contendbtur+, chap. 9, l. 3, and note. + +4. +impedtos+: _while they were struggling_. + +6. +circumventos interfcrunt+: _they surrounded and killed_. Read +again the note on +ductas nstrxerant+, chap. 8, l.17. + +7. +spem+: subject-accusative of +fefellisse+; but translate, _that they +were disappointed in the hope_. + ++neque+: take the negative part with +prgredi+. + +8. +ipsos+: that is, +se ipsos+, namely, +hostes+. + +10. +quemque+: subject-accusative of +reverti+. See also note on chap. +4, l.9. + +11. +qurum ... ad eos+: you will very often find the relative clause +preceding the antecedent. In almost all such cases the English way of +speaking requires us to render the antecedent clause first. + +13. +Quod+: _this_, referring to the last two sentences. + ++eo cnsilio+: _with this design_, explained by the following clause. + +16. +Hs persudri+: depends on +nn poterat+. Why did not Csar write, ++Hi persudri ... nn poterant+, since he means, _these could not be +persuaded_? 230; H. 301,1. + +PAGE 28, + +19. +reliquos ... cnantes+: _the rest ... while they were trying_. + +21. +Hostes+: subject of +cnstiturunt+, l. 25, while a pronoun +referring to +hostes+ may be mentally supplied as subject of ++intellxrunt+ and +vdrunt+. This sentence illustrates an important +principle of Latin order, attention to which will be of great aid in +translation. When the verb of the principal clause and that of the +dependent clause have the same subject, it is commonly expressed in the +principal, and left out in the dependent, clause. In English we do the +opposite. We often begin with the dependent clause; the Latin _frames it +into_ the principal clause. + +21. +ubi+: repeat mentally with +vdrunt+ and +coepit+. + +28. +ad eos dfendendos+: illustrates a very common way of expressing a +purpose. + + +CHAP. 11, + +line 1. +ea re+: that is, to disperse to their homes; chap. 10, l.10. + +2. +gressi+: the subject is +Belgae+, understood. + +3. +cnsimilis+: _altogether like._ What is the force of +con+? + +4. +Caesar+: as the subject of +veritus+ and +continuit+, +Caesar+ seems +strangely placed in the grip of the ablative absolute; but the position +shows by whom the knowledge was got. _Caesar getting wind of this +movement immediately through his spies_. + +5. +veritus+: try always to render a participle so as to show its +logical relation to the main verb, whether of time, cause, contrast, +or what not; here, _because he feared_. + ++castris+: substantially equivalent to +in castris+. + +6. +qui ... morrtur+: compare +qui ddceret+, chap. 2, l. 3, and +note. + +10. +ventum erat+: _they had come._ Compare +sustenttum est+, chap. 6, +l. 3; +contendbtur+, chap. 9, l.3. + +11. +prires+: _those in advance_. + +15. +sub+: _towards._ The idea of _place_ being transferred to that of +time. + +PAGE 29, + +5. +quisque+: see p. 25, l. 3, and note on simplified text. + ++prmum itineris locum+: _the first place on the road_. + +8. +qua ... discderent+: following +quod ... perspxerat+. + +16. +cum ... cnsisterent+: _since the enemy, at the very extremity of +the rear, kept making a stand_. + +18. +prires+: +et+ understood; _while those in advance_. + ++quod+: carry on also into the next clause; _and because they were not +held together_ (+continrentur+). + +21. +sine llo perculo+: two ways of expressing "without any" in this +chapter; for above we have +nllo certo rdine+, _without any definite +order_. + +23. +quantum ... spatium+: _how great a space of time_ (+dii+) _there +was_; that is (they killed as great a number) _as the length of the time +allowed_. + +24. +sque in castra ... recprunt+: and they and their pitiless +commander probably slept well that night. + + +CHAP. 12, + +line 3. +ex itinere+: see chap. 6, l. 2, and note. + ++oppgnre+: means here _carry by assault_. + +5. +omnis ... multitdo+: notice that an adjective and a noun are often +separated by words depending on the noun. Here +ex fuga+ from the +position is almost equivalent to +fugientium+. + +6. +vneis+: wooden frames with sloping roof and covered with hides, to +protect a number of besiegers. + +7. +ctis+: from +ago+, _brought up_; the +vneae+ were often moved on +wheels. + ++aggere iacto+: _when earth had been thrown up for a mound_. This was +done so that wooden towers could be brought up near the walls. + +10. +ut cnservrentur+: mark how often a dependent clause precedes the +one on which it depends. Attention to this will often help in +unravelling a long sentence. Now see +qui ... ddceret+, chap. 2, l. 3; ++quid ... posset et ... audrent+, chap. 8, ll. 3, 4; +qui ... +morrtur+, chap. 11, l.6. + +PAGE 29, + +32. +paucis dfendentibus+: _though the defenders were few_. + +PAGE 30, + +1. +Castris mntis+: _after making a fortified camp._ The first and +most important thing, after selecting the site of a camp, was to +intrench it. That may be all that is meant in this instance. + ++vneas agere+: depends on +coepit+. + ++quaeque ... comparre+: _and to get ready whatever_. + +2. +sui+: compare +subsidio+, p. 26, l.32. + +5. +quae+: _the like of which_. + + +CHAP. 13, + +line 1. +obsidibus acceptis+: _after receiving hostages_. + ++armis ... trditis+: it was Csar's practice to disarm his conquered +enemies. + +3. +Qui cum+: the relative is in the right place in Latin, but we cannot +translate in this order. The natural place for both words is at the +beginning of a clause; but when they come together, the relative takes +precedence. + +5. +circiter ... qunque+: _only about five miles_. + +6. +abesset+: governed by +cum+. + ++mires ntu+: _elders_; +senires+ would notdo. + +7. +sse ... venre+: _they surrendered to him unconditionally_. + +9. +pueri+: _children_, as +homines+ often means _men and women_. + +PAGE 30, + +9. +atque+: _and besides_, or _and in particular_. + +17. +neque ... contendere+: _and that they were not in arms_. + +20. +passis manibus+: pitiful! + + +CHAP. 14, + +line 1. +facit verba+: _intercedes_. + +2. +in fide ... furunt+: _have been faithful and friendly_. + +4. +perferre+: _were enduring._ For the tense, see 336,A. + +5. +ius cnsili prncipes+: _the prime movers in this plan_: ++prncipes+ = +auctres+, _authors_. + +6. +in Britanniam profgrunt+: as lately Boulanger and others have +done. + +8. +clmentia+: said of one who has power to exercise the opposite, ++sevritas+, +crdlitas+. + ++mnsutdine+: said of one who is humane and gentle, opposed to ++feritas+. + +9. +fceris ... amplificbis+: we say, 'if you do this, you will add +to'; in Latin, 'if you shall have done this, you will addto.' + +10. +qua+: 105, d.; H. 190, 1. + ++si qua bella+, etc.: _by whose aid and resources they_ (the dui) _are +accustomed to bear the burden of whatever wars befall them_. + +PAGE 30, + +26. +perferre ... dfcisse+: _were enduring ... had revolted_. + +28. +quod intellegerent+: _seeing_. + +31. +sua+: emphatic; _his own_, that is, _his well-known_. + +32. +quod si fcerit+: _if he should do this_; the subjunctive of the +future perfect, for which there is no separate form; hence the form of +the perfect subjunctive is borrowed. If the tense is named by its form, +it will be called _perfect subjunctive_; if by its meaning, _future +perfect subjunctive_. + +PAGE 31, + +1. +amplifictrum (esse)+: the subject must be inferred from the +subject of +fcerit+. + + +CHAP. 15, + +line 1. +honris ... causa+: _out of regard to Divitiacus_. + +3. +mgna ... auctritte+: _one of great influence_; a predicate +ablative of description; such an ablative must always have a modifier, +as here, +mgna+. The genitive may be used in the same way, as below, ++mgnae virttis+. On the order, see note, chap. 12, l.5. + +6. +qurum+, etc.: translate closely in the order of the Latin; _about +their character and customs, Csar, on inquiry_; so, generally, do your +best to keep close to the Latin order. Read again the Introductory Note, +p.43. + +12. +qui ... ddissent+: _for having surrendered_; what would be the +meaning of +qui ... ddiderant+? + +PAGE 31, + +6. +hominum ... praestbat+: _was the most populous_; what is it +literally? + +12. +pati+: _that they permitted._ Supply +eos+, referring to +Nervii+, +as the subject of +pati+, +esse+, +increpitre+, and +cnfirmre+. + +13. +quod ... exstimrent+: observe in the simplified text +quod ... +exstimbant+; why the difference? + +16. +qui ... ddissent ... pricissent+: _for having surrendered and +renounced_; literally, _since they had surrendered_. + +17. +sse+: subject-accusative of +mssros+. + + +CHAP. 16, + +line 1. +trduum+: _for three days_, accusative of duration. + +2. +Sabim+: now called the Sambre. + +6. +quque+: equivalent to +et eos qui+, _and all suchas_. + ++per aettem+: _by reason of their age_; that is, whether too old or too +young. + +7. +in eum locum ... quo+: _into a place to which._ The idea of the +Latin fully expressed would be, _into a place of such a character_ +(+eum+) _that to it_ (+quo+) _there would be no access for an army_. +319, 2and note; H. 500, I. Compare +qui ... vidrentur+, immediately +preceding. + +8. +exercitui+: _for an army_, not necessarily, _for Csar's army_. + +PAGE 31, + +19. +Cum ... fcisset+: a temporal +cum+ clause is not always best +rendered by _when_, etc.: _after marching for three days_. + +24. +hs ... persuserant+: observe on p. 29, l. 1, an example of the +impersonal construction of +persudeo+ in the passive: +hs persudri +... nn poterat+, _it was not possible for these to be persuaded_. + +27. +cnicisse+: the verb implies hurried action, and so differs from ++dpno+, which Csar uses in Book IV., 19, of putting women and +children in a place of safety. + + +CHAP. 17, + +line 2. +qui ... dligant+: compare +qui ddceret+, chap. 2, l. 3, and +note; +qui ... morrtur+, chap. 11, l.6. + ++Cum+: _since._ See note on chap. 6, l.8. + +5. +dmnstrrunt+: shortened from +dmnstrvrunt+, 128, a, 1; H. 235. + ++inter singulas+: _between each two_; the same mistake, "between each," +is common in English. + +6. +neque ... negti+: _and it was a matter of no difficulty at all_. + +7. +cum ... vnisset+: _when the first legion should reach the camping +ground._ In the direct form, +vnerit+, _shall have reached_; then +regularly such a future perfect is changed to the pluperfect subjunctive +in indirect discourse after a past tense. See note on chap 9, l.10. + +8. +sarcinis+: "Besides his arms, the Roman soldier carried stakes +(+vlli+), used for the palisades of the camp, food and utensils, asaw, +aspade, achain for his prisoners, and other things. He was loaded like +a mule." --LONG. + ++qua pulsa+: _if this legion were beaten_. + ++futrum (esse)+: depends on +dmnstrrunt+; _the result wouldbe_. + +9. +Nervii autem+: _now the Nervii._ +Nervii+ is the subject of ++effcerant+. This long sentence is not so difficult as it at first +seems. Follow closely the Latin order to discover the sense, render ++quo+ _in order that_, +effcerant+ _had caused_, and +nstar+ _like_. + +11. +teneris ... ntis+: _by lopping the trees when young, and +intertwining the branches which grew out thick in a lateral direction_; ++ntis+ from +nscor+. + +12. +interiectis+: it does not appear possible to take this word in +the sense given to it in the dictionaries, _thrown or stuffed in_. So +Moberly translates, "by throwing in brambles and thorns for the present +occasion." But is it to be supposed that this was done everywhere? If +not, how would the Nervii know where to do it? Moreover, what they had +done was done +antquitus+, _from of old_. Translate, therefore, _by +planting among them_. + +14. +quo nn modo nn ... sed ne ... quidem+: this formula, or (without +second +nn+) +nn modo ... sed ne ... quidem+, is usually awkwardly +rendered, _not only not, but not even_. Instead, translate as if the +first member were complete in itself (suppressing +modo+), followed by +_nay, nor even_, thus: _which it was not possible to pass through, nay, +nor even see through_. + +15. +Hs rbus+: _by these obstacles_. + +16. +nn ... cnsilium+: _they ought not to disregard the advice_. + +PAGE 32, + +4. +impedmentrum+: here, _baggage animals_; +impedmentis+, below, +_baggage_. + +9. +Adiuvbat+: the subject is the long sentence following, +Nervii ... +effcerant+. Translate, _this circumstance favored the advice of those +who reported the intelligence, that_ (+quod+). + +10. +nihil ... possent+: compare +quid in bello possent+, p. 24, l. 25; ++quid virtte posset+, p. 27, l.12. + +11. +neque enim+: _and in fact ... not._ Observe that +enim+ here does +not mean _for_. + +12. +pedestribus valent cpiis+: compare +virtte ... valre+, p. 25, +l.5. The ablative is ablative of means. + +13. +ad eos+: that is, the Nervii. + + +CHAP. 18, + +line 1. +quem locum+: _I mean the place which_. + +3. +Ab eo flmine+: that is, on the other side. + +4. +pari adclvitte collis+: _a hill of similar upward slope_; +a descriptive ablative. + ++ab superire parte+: _in the upper part._ +Ab+ not seldom means _on, +in, at, by_, because the idea of removal (_from_) implies previous +contact or nearness, and the latent idea is sometimes the most +important. + +5. +ut+: may be considered as referring to an +ita+ suppressed with ++silvestris+; _so thickly wooded that_. + ++nn ... posset+: _one could not easily see within._ Impersonal +expressions, like +perspici potest+, are common in Latin. Mark the mode +of translation. + +7. +secundum+: _along_, properly _following_, from +sequor+. + +PAGE 32, + +24. +adversus huic et contrrius+: _corresponding to this and right +opposite_. + +25. +passus ... apertus+: _clear of woods for about two hundred paces up +from its base_. + ++nfimus+: +ab nferire parte+. + + +CHAP. 19, + +line 1. +omnibus cpiis+: Csar often uses +cum omnibus cpiis+. + +2. +cnsutdine+: _according to custom_; just as frequently +ex +cnsutdine+. + +4. +conlocrat+: for +conlocverat+. See +dmnstrrunt+, chap. 17, +l.5, and note. + +6. +praesidique impedmentis+: compare +subsidio oppidnis+, chap. 7, +l. 2, and note. + +11. +opere dmnso+: _after laying out the work_; the expression refers +to marking off the ground preparatory to trenching, making a rampart, +etc. + ++castra mnre+: _to make a camp_. + +17. +in manibus nostris+: _close uponus_. + +18. +ad+: _towards_; repeat it mentally before +eos+. + ++adverso colle+: _straight up the hill_; literally, _with the hill +before them_; so perhaps strictly neither an ablative absolute nor an +ablative of the "way by which." + +PAGE 32, + +32. +ratio rdque gminis+: _the plan and the order of marching_. + ++aliter ... c+: _otherwise than, different from what_; this strange +idiom looks like an abridged, colloquial expression; probably it was, +fully expressed, +aliter c aliter+, _one way and another way_. The +order of march was one way and the Belg had reported it another way. +So I have heard a child say, "This is different and that is different," +meaning "this is different from that." + +PAGE 33, + +8. +cum+: _while_; to be repeated mentally with +facerent+. + +10. +neque ... cdentes nsequi audrent+: _and while our men were +hesitating to pursue them when they retreated_. + ++quem ad fnem+: translate as if it were +ad fnem ad quem+, _to the +line to which the level, clear ground extended_. + +15. +ut ... cnfirmverant+: _as they had arranged their order of battle +and ranks within the woods, and as they had encouraged each other +todo_. + + +CHAP. 20, + +line 2. +sgnum tuba dandum (erat)+: in order to call the men to take +their places in the ranks. Some might not see the flag. + +3. +sgnum dandum+: this time the signal is for the charge, or perhaps +to get ready for a charge. + +5. +subsidio+: dative of end or service, but render as if a nominative, +which might have been used, _ahelp_. + +7. +commode+: modifies +praescrbere+. + ++ipsi sibi praescrbere ... poterant+: they could _direct themselves +without any orders_ (+ipsi+). + +11. +nihil+: _not ... at all_; stronger than +nn+. + +12. +per se+: _on their own responsibility_. + ++quae vidbantur+: _whatever seemed best_. + +PAGE 33, + +27. +qui+: does not refer to +mlites+, but to +ii+ understood. + ++aggeris petendi causa+: _for the purpose of seeking materials for a +rampart_. Mark the position of +causa+, always following the genitive +depending onit. + +30. +hs difficulttibus+: _in this strait_; but the words are in the +dative with +subsidio+. Find two other instances of this construction of +two datives. + +32. +quid fieri oportret+: the object of +praescrbere+. + + +CHAP. 21, + +line 1. +necessriis rbus impertis+: when you meet with +res+, ask +yourself exactly what it means, and then find a proper rendering. +Translate, _after giving the necessary orders_. + +4. +prstinae+: this word is often used of what was formerly and still +continues. + ++neu ... animo+: _and not lose presence of mind_. + +6. +quod ... aberant+: gives the reason of the following, not the +preceding, clause. + +8. +pgnantibus occurrit+: _he finds them fighting_. + +8. +Temporis+: mark how the important word comes first. Take this +sentence in thought almost without change in the order of the words, +then translate. + ++tanta ... exiguitas+: _so great was the littleness_ = _such was the +shortness_. Translate, _so short was the time_. + +10. +nsgnia+: "the crests, feathers red and black, and other +decorations which the soldiers had.... On the march the helmet was not +carried on the head. The shields had leather coverings when they were +not in use." --LONG. + +12. +Quam ... dvnit+: _to whatever part of the army each one happened +to come_. + ++ab opere+: that is, making the camp; see chap. 19, l.11. + +13. +quaeque ... cnspxit+: _and whatever standards he caught sight of +first_. + +PAGE 34, + +13. +quo ... posset+: _whither a javelin could be hurled_ = _a javelin +throw_. + +19. +Quam ... in partem+: compare the second line of the chapter. ++quisque+ seems oddly placed, but it is crowded out of the first place, +where it would like to stand, by +quam+. + + +CHAP. 22, + +line 2. +rei mlitris ... rdo+: _military science and arrangement_. + +3. +fibat+: _the result was_. + ++aliae ... parte+: in this idiom the second part only of the thought is +expressed. '_Other legions were fighting in another part_' implies 'some +were fighting in one part of the field.' So +claudus altero pede+, _lame +in the other foot_, implies one foot sound. + +5. +interiectis+: to be taken with +saepibus+. + +6. +ut+: _so that_. +conlocri+: depends on +possent+. + +7. +in+: of reason, _because of_ or _owingto_. + +8. +inquitte+: usually translated _unfavorable condition_, or by some +similar phrase, and such is the common meaning of +inquitas+; but the +context shows that the meaning here is closer to the original sense, +that of _unevenness_; hence we may translate, _owing to such inequality +in the condition of things_. + +PAGE 34, + +25. +cum+: _since_, governs +impedrtur+ as well as +resisterent+. + ++dversis leginibus+: +dversus+ means _turned different ways, not with +united line_; hence here, _disjoined_. Translate, _since, owing to the +legions being separated_. + +28. +neque certa subsidia+: here begins the statement of the result; ++certa subsidia+: subject of +poterant+. + ++neque quid+, etc.: _nor was it possible to foresee what was needed +everywhere_. After +prvidri+ supply mentally +poterat+, of which the +whole preceding clause is the grammatical subject. + + +CHAP. 23, + +line 1. +ut+: _since_. Would the mode of +cnstiterant+ have been the +same, if +cum+ had been used in place of +ut+? + +2. +acie+: an old form of the genitive for +acii+. + ++Atrebates+: object of +compulrunt+. + +6. +Ipsi+: refers to the subject of +interfcrunt+; that is, +leginis +nnae et decimae mlites+. + +8. +dversae+ = +aliae+; what should it mean from its derivation? + +10. +a frnte+: _along the front_. See chap. 18, l. 4, and note. + +11. +ab sinistra parte+: _on the left_. Compare + frnte+, preceding +line, and +ab superire parte+, chap. 18, l. 4, and note. + ++ndtis castris+: _as the camp was left unguarded_. + +13. +aperto latere+: _on their_ (the legions') _exposed flank_. + +14. +summum ... locum+: _the summit occupied by the camp_; +castrrum+ +is a possessive genitive. + +PAGE 35, + +3. +exanimtos ... cnfectos+: _breathless and exhausted by wounds_. + ++hs+: the ninth and tenth legions. + +4. +ea pars+: that is, +ea pars hostium+. + +5. +cnantes+: accusative, agreeing with +Atrebates+ understood, or a +pronoun referring to Atrebates. + +8. +resistentes hostes+: object of +cnicrunt+. + +16. +summam imperi+: _chief command_. + + +CHAP. 24, + +line 2. +cum ... reciperent+: _as they were returning_. + +5. +cum respxissent+: _on looking back_. A +cum+ clause is not always +best translated by a full clause. + +6. +praecipites ... mandbant+: _ran away as fast as they could._ What +literally? + +7. +erum+: depends on +clmor fremitusque+. + +8. +ferbantur+: _began to rush._ Observe the imperfects followed by +perfects. The imperfect paints, the perfect describes. + +10. +auxili causa+: _for the purpose of rendering aid_ = _as +auxiliaries_. + +11. +cum+: _since._ See note, chap. 6, l.8. + ++complri+: this and the following infinitives depend on +vdissent+. + +13. +vdissent+: the subject is +equites Trveri+. + +14. +rbus+: _fortunes._ How might a clause be substituted here in Latin +for the ablative absolute? + +15. +pulsos supertsque+: supply +esse+. + +PAGE 35, + +21. +pulsos+: supply +esse+. + +22. +adversis hostibus occurrbant+: _came straight against the enemy._ +What literally? + +23. +clnes ... c summo iugo+: the +porta decumna+ was the rear gate +of the camp, opposite the +porta praetria+. It appears from this +passage that the place for the +clnes+ was at the back of the camp, +and that in this instance the camp was partly on sloping ground. + +30. +virttis opnio+: _reputation for valor_. + +PAGE 36, + +2. +dversos dissiptsque+: _running in different directions and +scattered_. + +5. +hostes+: subject-accusative of +pottos (esse)+. + + +CHAP. 25, + +line 2. +suos urgri+: _that his men were hard pressed_; the infinitive +depends on +vdit+. + +3. +cnfertos mlites+: _that the soldiers by being crowded together_. + ++sibi ... impedmento+: _hindered one another_. + +8. +ut ... posset+: _so that he could no longer stand_. + +9. +Hs rbus+: _for these reasons_. + ++tardires+: _were losing heart_. + +12. +subeuntes intermittere+: _cease mounting the hill_. + +12. +ab utrque latere+: _on both flanks._ Compare +ab superire parte+, +chap. 18, l.4. + +13. +rem ... angusto+: _that the situation was critical._ What +literally? + +14. +ni+: a peculiar use of +nus+, quite equivalent to _a_; not to be +imitated in writing Latin. + +17. +sgna ... issit+: _he ordered them to advance and at the same time +to open out their ranks_. + +PAGE 36, + +7. +Caesar+: subject of +prcessit+, fifteen lines below. This first +sentence extending through eighteen lines looks very formidable; but if +it is taken in accordance with the Introductory Note, p. 43, the meaning +will be evident. To translate the sentence is more difficult. In +translating, repeat "_and saw_" before the words +quartae cohortis+, and +render the ablative absolutes by clauses, thus: _and saw that all the +captains of the fourth cohort were killed_. Then, +reliquos esse +tardires+, _that the rest_ (inconsequence) _were losing heart_. + +8. +sgnsque ... conltis+: _and since the standards were brought +together._ Try constantly to make out the relation in thought expressed +by participles; that is, whether the idea is that of time, _when, +while_, etc.; of cause, _as, since_; of concession, _though, +notwithstanding_; or of condition, accompanying circumstances, etc., to +be variously rendered. + +16. +ab novissimis+: _in the rear_. So below, l. 21. Compare +ab +sinistra parte+, p. 35, l. 13. In both places in this chapter it would +be easy to make the mistake of taking +ab+ in the sense of +ex+, as a +substitute for the partitive genitive. + +27. +operam nvre cuperet+: "_wished to do his best_." What literally? + + +CHAP. 26, + +line 3. +ut ... coniungerent+: _for the legions gradually to draw +together_. + +7. +proelio nntito+: _on the report of the battle_. + ++cursu incitto+: _quickening their speed._ The participle following is +causal; they began to run because of the report of the battle. + +10. +qui+: refers to +decimam leginem+. What is the grammatical +irregularity, and how is it to be accounted for? + ++cum+: to be taken with +cgnvissent+. + ++quo in loco res esset+: _what the situation was._ What literally? +Account for the subjunctive. + +12. +nihil ... fcrunt+: _left nothing undone in the way of speed_. +What literally? + ++reliqui+: neuter of +reliquus+. A partitive genitive depending on ++nihil+. Find a similar construction in chap.15. + +PAGE 36, + +31. +conversa sgna+: the object of +nferrent+, but most conveniently +rendered as cordinate with it, _to face about and charge_. It is +thought that by this movement the twelfth and the seventh legions formed +a circle or a square. + +PAGE 37, + +1. +neque timrent+: repeat +cum+ mentally from the preceding clause; +_and since they_ (nolonger) _feared_. + ++versi+: literally, _being turned away_; translate, _from their rear +being unguarded_. + + +CHAP. 27, + +line 2. +vulneribus cnfecti+: _badly wounded._ What literally? + ++prcubuissent+: from +prcumbo+. + +3. +vro+: emphasizes +equites+, but is better left untranslated; say, +_while the cavalry_. + +4. +se ... praeferrent+: _thrust themselves before_; a result clause, +dependent on +tanta ... est facta+. + +5. +in extrma spe saltis+: "_when all hope of saving themselves was at +an end_." Here a literal translation would be meaningless or misleading. + +7. +proximi ... nsistbant+: _those nearest would stand upon their +prostrate companions_. + +8. +hs deictis+: _when these_ (inturn) _were thrown down_. + +10. +intercepta remittbant+: _would catch and hurl back._ See +ductas +nstrxerant+, chap. 8, l. 17, and note. + +11. +ut+, etc.: _so that one ought to judge that it was not without +cause that men of such valor._ On +idicre dbret+, compare +perspici +posset+, chap. 18, l. 5, and note. + +13. +quae ... difficillimis+: _things which, most difficult in +themselves_. + ++facilia+: a predicate adjective with +redgerat+. + +PAGE 37, + +15. +innxi+: from +inntor+, agrees with +nostri+. + ++perterritos+: supply +esse+; the subject-accusative is +hostes+. + +16. +inermes+: agrees with +clnes+, _even though unarmed_. + +23. +qui superessent+: _the survivors._ Supply +ii+ as antecedent of ++qui+. + ++ut+: _as_. So used p. 34, l. 23. + +24. +cnicerent+: dependent on +tantam virtutem ... ut+; (sothat) +_those who survived_ (+qui superessent+) _kept hurling_. + + +CHAP. 28, + +line 1. +prope+: modifies +ad+, not +redcto+. + +2. +redcto+: see the last word of the preceding chapter. + ++mires ntu+: see chap. 13, l. 6, and note. + +3. +pueris+: see chap. 13, l. 9, and note. + +4. +cnsnsu ... supererant+: _with the consent of all the survivors_. + +7. +vix ad+: _to barely_; for +ad vix+, as some say. + +8. +in+: _towards_; +erga+ might have been used. + +9. +vidrtur+: not _that he might seem_, but _that he might be seen_. + +11. +se ... prohibrent+: _refrain and keep their dependents from_; ++prohibre+ is appropriate to +suos+, but hardly to +se+. + +PAGE 37, + +31. +aesturia+: "the country lying to the north (the modern Zealand) is +low and marshy, cut up with tidewater inlets and bays." --ALLEN & +GREENOUGH. + +32. +cum vctribus+, etc.: _since they thought there was no obstacle +for the victors, no safety for the vanquished_. + +PAGE 38, + +4. +mlibus LX.+: they had promised fifty thousand; see chap. 4. It was +natural that they should exaggerate their losses. + + +CHAP. 29, + +line 1. +auxilio Nerviis+: compare +subsidio oppidnis+, chap. 7, l. 2, +and note. Find other examples of this construction. + +4. +num oppidum+: supposed to be at the junction of the Sambre and +Meuse. + +5. +ex omnibus in circuitu partibus+: simply, _all round_. + +9. +conlocbant+: there is a reading, +conlocrant+. If that is the true +reading, +tum+ in the preceding line would mean _besides_. + +PAGE 38, + +10. +cum+: _while._ Four lines below +cum+ means _though_. + +16. +aditus ... pedum+: _an approach of two hundred feet in breadth, not +more_; +pedum+ depends on +aditus+. + +21. +iis impedmentis+: take with +dpositis+, two lines below. + +22. +agere c portre+: _drive or carry_. + +24. +na+: _with it_; that is, the plunder. + +25. +cum alias+, etc.: _since they carried on now aggressive now +defensive war._ What literally? + + +CHAP. 30, + +line 1. +prmo adventu+ = +cum prmum advnisset+, _as soon as our army +had got there_. + +3. +pedum XII.+: that is, +in altitdinem+, which is expressed, chap. 5, +l.19. + +4. +oppido+: might have been +in oppido+. Cf. +castris+, chap. 11, l.5. + +5. +vneis ctis+: +ctis+ from +ago+; see chap. 12, l. 6, and note. + ++aggere exstrcto+: an embankment of timber, stones, and earth was begun +at a distance from the walls of a town, wide enough to roll one or more +towers upon, and was carried forward by soldiers working under the +shelter of the +vneae+ up to the defensive works. + +6. +cnstitui+: _being raised_. + +7. +ab tanto spatio+: _so far away._ Compare +ab mlibus+, chap. 7, +l.6, and note. + +8. +quibusnam manibus+: _with what hands, pray_; +nam+ added for +emphasis, to point their sarcasm. + +10. +conlocre+: strangely used for +conloctros (esse)+. The Aduatuci +may have thought that the Romans intended to hoist the tower upon their +wall, or they may have been joking. Which is more likely? + +PAGE 39, + +5. +hominibus ... contemptui+: another pair of datives. Find other +examples. The Italians of the present time do not strike one as +conspicuously shorter than the Germans. + ++mgnitdine+: being contrasted with +brevitas+, is used in the sense +of +altitdine+. + + +CHAP. 31, + +line 1. +movri+: _moving._ This word here has suggested a change of ++conlocre+, in the last line of the preceding chapter, to +mtros+, a +very plausible conjecture, but it spoils the joke of the Aduatuci. + +5. +qui+: _since they._ Compare +qui ... ddidissent+, chap. 15, l. 12, +and note. + +8. +pro sua clmentia+: _according to his well-known clemency_. See +chap. 14, l. 8, and note. What did they think of his clemency when he +sold 53,000 of them into slavery? + +11. +trditis armis+ = +si arma trdidissent+, _if they should surrender +their arms_. + +13. +per crucitum interfici+: _to be tortured to death._ What +literally? + +PAGE 39, + +16. +statuisset+: not _had decided_, but _should decide_. No mistake is +oftener made by beginners than in the rendering of a pluperfect +subjunctive of indirect discourse representing a future perfect of +direct discourse. Such a subjunctive is to be rendered by the auxiliary +_should_, not _had_. To tell whether a pluperfect subjunctive represents +a future perfect, think what form a speaker's words would take, +remembering that the Romans commonly used the future or future perfect +of things really future, while we very often use the present. + + +CHAP. 32, + +line 1. +cnsutdine+: ablative of cause. + +3. +aries+: "a long, strong beam of wood, furnished with an iron head in +the form of a ram's head. It was suspended from a framework by a strong +chain or ropes, and worked by men, who drove it against the wall." +--LONG. + +4. +in Nerviis+: _in the case of the Nervii_; a common meaning of +in+ +with names of persons. + +5. +ne quam ... nferant+: _not to do any harm to those who had +surrendered to the Roman people_. + +7. +facere+: one would expect the future with subject-accusative, +se +factros (esse)+. Compare +conlocre+, for +conloctros esse+, chap. +30, l.10. + +9. +prope ... adaequrent+: _came up almost to the very top_; +summam+ +with +altitdinem+. What literally? + +12. +pce sunt si+ = +conquivrunt+, _kept quiet_. + + +CHAP. 33, + +line 3. +nostros+: _our commanders_, subject-accusative of +dductros+ +and +servtros (esse)+. + ++praesidia+: men stationed in the +castella+; see below. + +4. +dductros ... servtros+: observe how frequently +esse+ is omitted +with the future participle. + ++dnique+: _at any rate._ What is its usual meaning? + +5. +tertia vigilia+: the Romans divided the night into four equal +divisions, watches, of about three hours each. + +9. +eo concursum est+: _the soldiers hurried thither._ What literally? +Find similar constructions in chaps. 6, 9, 10,11. + +10. +in extrma spe saltis+: compare chap. 27, l. 5, and note. The +context shows, however, that the meaning is not quite the same here. +Translate, _as their last chance of saving themselves_. + +14. +nmo+: observe the emphasis from its position. Compare in English, +"Silver and gold have I none." +nmo+ and +nllus+ are often so placed. +Cf. +nlli+, chap. 6, l.10. + +16. +ab iis qui merant+ = +ab emptribus+: _by the purchasers_, who +were the +merctres+, traders who followed the army as hungry sharks +follow a ship. + ++capitum+: we say "souls." It depends on +qunquginta trium+. + +17. +qunquginta trium+: 53,000 captives, probably chained in gangs and +sent to be sold in the Province and in Italy; asource of great gain to +the general. + +PAGE 40, + +4. +mlites ... mlitibus+: another evidence of haste. See p. 26, l. 19, +and note. + +5. +ne quam ... iniriam+: see p. 39, l. 28, and note. + +9. +iis+: with +armis+. Observe the order of the words. + +10. +vminibus intextis+: repeat mentally +ex+ before these words. Some +supply +factis+. + +16. +pgntumque+, etc.: translate as if +hostibus+ and +viris+ were +subjects. + +17. +ut ... dbuit+: _as brave men ought to fight._ What literally? + +18. +iacerent+: the subjunctive shows that the remark is a general one. +The indicative would have a limiting force. The difference can hardly be +brought out in translation. In the former case we may render, _against +men who could throw_; in the latter, _against those who were throwing_. + +20. +ad+ = +circiter+. + + +CHAP. 34, + +line 2. +mserat+: _had sent_, that is, before the defeat of the +Aduatuci. + +5. +dicinem+: _under the sway_; in some texts, +in dditinem+. If that +reading is correct, the meaning would be, _were brought to surrender_. + + +CHAP. 35, + +line 1. +pcta+: see p. 23, l. 7, and note. + +4. +qui ... pollicrentur+: compare p. 23, l. 19, +qui ... ddceret+; +p. 29, l. 12, +qui ... morrtur+; p. 31, l. 30, +qui ... dligant+. + +6. +inita proxima aestte+: see p. 23, l. 18, and note. + +10. +ex litteris+: _in consequence of the letters_. + +11. +supplictio+: a public, religious festival of thanksgiving, decreed +by the senate. "The fifteen days' rejoicing marks the constant fear of +the Gauls which had haunted the Romans ever since the 'dies Alliensis.' +Kraner remarks that the longest 'supplicatio' till this had been one of +twelve days, for Pompeius' success against Mithridates." --MOBERLY. + ++nlli+: see p. 40, l. 22; also p. 26, l. 24, and note. + + + + +EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT. + +The references are to the Grammars of Allen and Greenough, and Harkness. + +The learner is expected, before writing the Exercises, to review the +Latin text, and find therein and commit to memory illustrations of the +grammatical principles selected. + + +CHAPTER I. + + 1. Indirect Discourse: 336, 1and 2; H. 523 andI. + 2. +Cum+ Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II. and2. + 3. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing: 331, f.; H. 498, III. + +1. Csar was in hither Gaul. + +2. Reports were brought into hither Gaul. + +3. While Labienus was in Gaul, the Belg made a league.[1] + +4. A report is brought that[2] the Belg are conspiring. + +5. They are afraid that our army is coming[3] against them. + +6. They are vexed[4] that our army remains in Gaul. + +7. Csar feared that the Belg were conspiring. + +8. Letters kept coming,[5] while they were conspiring. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. made a league: one word in Latin. + 2. Be careful about the _that_ clause in this and the following + sentence. Recall the text to memory and mentally apply the rules. + 3. is coming: use +venio+. + 4. are vexed: in Latin one of the expressions, like +rmres + adferbantur+, requiring the accusative and infinitive. + 5. kept coming: one word in Latin.] + + +CHAPTER II. + + 1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2and N.; H. 497,I. + 2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 1and 2; H. 523 + andI. + +1. In hither Gaul there[1] were two legions. + +2. Two new legions Csar levies. + +3. The two new legions are sent into the interior of Gaul. + +4. Csar sends his lieutenant to lead[2] them.[3] + +5. Pedius was sent to lead the new legions. + +6. The Senones report that the Belgians are gathering.[4] + +7. The Senones informed Csar about the Belgians. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. there: omit. + 2. to lead; do not express a purpose in Latin by the infinitive. + 3. them: +eas+. + 4. are gathering: a passive form in Latin, because the sense is, + _are being collected together_.] + + +CHAPTER III. + + 1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420. + 2. Ablative with +potior+, +tor+, etc.: 249; H. 421,I. + 3. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 2; H. 523,I. + +1. Csar came unexpectedly to the borders of the Remi. + +2. The Remi said they had not combined[1] against the Roman people. + +3. They said they were ready to give hostages. + +4. All the rest of the Belg[2] had joined[3] with the Germans. + +5. They aided Csar with corn and other[4] things. + +6. The Remi and their[5] kinsmen enjoy the same laws. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. they had not combined: _themselves not to have combined_. + 2. of the Belg: not the genitive. + 3. had joined: in Latin, _had joined themselves_, if you use + +coniungo+. + 4. +aliis+. + 5. their: omit.] + + +CHAPTER IV. + + 1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529,1. + 2. Substantive Clauses of Result: 332; H. 501. + +1. Whence[1] did very many of the Belg[2] spring? + +2. Csar asked whence very many of the Belg sprung. + +3. What states are in arms? + +4. Csar asked what states were in arms. + +5. While Divitiacus was king, he was most powerful. + +6. From Galba's foresight and justice it results that he is a powerful +king. + +7. From the valor of the Bellovaci it came about that they demanded the +management[3] of the war. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. Whence: +unde+. + 2. of the Belg: not the genitive. + 3. management: +summa+.] + + +CHAPTER V. + + 1. +Interest+ with Gen. of Person: 222; H. 406, III. + 2. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Subject: 270; H. 538. + 3. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Object: 272 and Rem.; H. 534. + +1. The children of the leading men are brought to Csar as hostages. + +2. He orders all the children to be brought to him.[1] + +3. It concerns Csar for[2] the senate to come to him. + +4. It concerns Divitiacus to send the forces of the dui. + +5. Csar sees that[3] the forces of the Belg are hastening. + +6. He learns that the Axona is not far away. + +7. This river he crossed[4] and protected his camp by means of its +banks. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. him: in Latin, _himself_. + 2. for: not to be expressed in Latin. + 3. that: be careful about _that_-clauses. + 4. he crossed: use +trnseo+.] + + +CHAPTER VI. + + 1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413. + 2. +Cum+ Causal with Subjunctive: 326; H. 517. + 3. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431. + +1. The enemy formed a testudo and advanced close to[1] the wall. + +2. The enemy having hurled stones[2] made a testudo. + +3. Since there were so many,[3] they undermined the wall. + +4. They easily cleared the walls of soldiers. + +5. The Belg having cleared the wall made an attack.[4] + +6. Having made an attack[5] they threw missiles against the wall. + +7. Since the missiles were many, no one was able to stand on the wall. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. advanced close to: one word in Latin. + 2. having hurled stones: say, _stones having been hurled_. Why? + 3. so many: +tot+. + 4. attack: use +impetus+. + 5. having made an attack: not +impetum facti+.] + + +CHAPTER VII. + + 1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416. + 2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 135, b.; H. 231,2. + +1. At midnight archers and slingers were sent by Csar to the town. + +2. On account of the assistance of the archers and slingers, the people +in the town[1] had good hopes. + +3. The enemy had no hope of taking[2] the town, because of the coming of +Csar's soldiers. + +4. Csar, delaying[3] a little while, sent aid to Iccius. + +5. The enemy, after laying waste the fields, hastened against Csar's +camp. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. people in the town: one word in Latin. + 2. of taking: +expgnandi+. + 3. delaying: not present participle.] + + +CHAPTER VIII. + + 1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529,I. + 2. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396, IV. + +1. What can the enemy do by their valor? + +2. Csar tries what the valor of the enemy is capable of.[1] + +3. How much do our men dare? + +4. Csar makes trial of the daring[2] of his men. + +5. How much space can Csar's army occupy? + +6. Csar explains[3] over how much space the hill extended in front. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. is capable of: _can_. + 2. the daring of, etc.: recast the sentence mentally before + translating, thus: _Csar makes trial what his men dare_. + 3. explains: +docet+.] + + +CHAPTER IX. + + 1. Clauses of Purpose: 317 and 1; H. 497,II. + 2. The Gerundive: 113, d, 2 and 296; H. 544,I. + +1. He begins to[1] cross the river. + +2. They began to lead their forces across. + +3. They lead their forces over in order to take the redoubt. + +4. Csar has shown that the river was behind him.[2] + +5. They will cross so as to lay waste the lands of the Remi. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. He begins to: _makes a beginningof_. + 2. him: should it be +eum+ or +se+?] + + +CHAPTER X. + + 1. Passive of Intransitive Verbs: 230; H. 301,1. + 2. Accusative of Limit: 258, b and N. 1; H. 380, II.2. + 3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 331 and N. 1; H. 498. + +1. Those of the Belg who were not killed returned home. + +2. They resolve to fight in their own territories. + +3. They decide that it is best[1] to lead over their army. + +4. Divitiacus cannot be persuaded[2] to advance to an unfavorable place. + +5. The dui were persuaded to return to their homes. + +6. The enemy advancing into the river were surrounded. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. that it is best: _it to be best_. + 2. recast the clause, before trying to turn it into Latin.] + + +CHAPTER XI. + + 1. Ablative of Time: 256; H. 429. + 2. Perfect Participles: 290, d. 1 and 2; H. 550, N.4. + +1. On the departure of the enemy Csar sent ahead all his cavalry. + +2. At sunset the three legions returned[1] into camp. + +3. In the second watch they attacked the enemy's rear. + +4. The Belg, fearing[2] an attack, set out at daybreak. + +5. The spies, having seen[3] the fugitives, bring back word.[4] + +6. Csar, after keeping his soldiers in camp, ordered Labienus to set +out. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. returned: two words in Latin. + 2. fearing: the participle +veritus+ does not usually denote + time _prior_ to that of the main verb in the sentence, like most + perfect participles, but the same time. + 3. having seen: do not say +vsi+. + 4. bring back word: use +renntio+.] + + +CHAPTER XII. + + 1. Ablative of Cause, 245; H. 413. + 2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431. + +1. Csar could not take the town on account of the great number[1] of +the Suessiones. + +2. Owing to[2] the works of the Romans, their "vine" and towers, the +Suessiones send envoys.[3] + +3. The next day Csar made a forced march and[4] tried to take the town. + +4. The townsmen,[5] making a surrender, got their request.[6] + +5. Because of their surrender they got their request. + +6. The surrender made, they were spared. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. great number: one word in Latin. + 2. Owing to: like "on account of," not separately expressed in + Latin. + 3. envoys: use +lgtus+. + 4. made a forced march and: a different turn in Latin. + 5. townsmen: use +oppidnus+. + 6. got their request: one word.] + + +CHAPTER XIII. + + 1. +Cum+ Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II.2. + 2. Constructions with +peto+: 239, c. N. 1; H. 374, 2, N.4. + +1. When the arms had been given up,[1] the elders came forth. + +2. All the elders came out of Bratuspantium and begged Csar for +peace.[2] + +3. Csar, when he had received their submission, asked the men for +their[3] arms. + +4. According to their[4] custom they stretched out their hands and asked +the Romans for peace. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. Render this clause in two ways: first by two words, then by + a full clause. So each of the three following sentences contains + a clause to be rendered in two ways. + 2. Csar for peace: quite otherwise in Latin. + 3. their: omit. + 4. their: is this to be expressed by +erum+?] + + +CHAPTER XIV. + + 1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420. + 2. Ablative with +tor+, etc.: 249; H. 421,I. + +1. Divitiacus intercedes for the conquered Belg. + +2. Divitiacus begs that Csar will show[1] clemency. + +3. Csar will exercise kindness toward the Belg. + +4. By the help of the Belg the dui sustain wars. + +5. Divitiacus says the chiefs had fled to[2] Britain. + +6. If you show[3] clemency, you will increase our influence. + +7. Whatever[4] war befalls, by means of their[5] resources we shall be +able to hold out. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. will show: not the future in Latin. + 2. to: not +ad+. + 3. show: not well rendered by present indicative. + 4. whatever: _if any_. + 5. their: +erum+.] + + +CHAPTER XV. + + 1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396,IV. + 2. Ablative of Quality: 251; H. 419, II. + 3. Causal Relative Sentences: 320, e; H. 517. + +1. The territories of the Nervii border on the Ambiani. + +2. The Nervii blame the Ambiani for having surrendered.[1] + +3. The Nervii have[2] great influence among the Belg. + +4. They use no wine, because it weakens[3] character. + +5. Those men think minds lose energy through wine. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. for having surrendered: turn by a relative clause. + 2. have: say _are_ (men) _of_. + 3. because it weakens: a relative clause with subjunctive, to + indicate their view, as distinguished from a statement of fact.] + + +CHAPTER XVI. + + 1. Comparative +amplius+, etc.: 247, c.; H. 417, N.2. + 2. Accusative of Time and Space: 256 and 257; H. 379. + +1. The Nervii were distant a three days' march. + +2. Csar finds out that they are ten miles distant. + +3. He learns from prisoners what the Nervii are doing.[1] + +4. They have taken a position more than five miles from the Sambre. + +5. He learns from prisoners that he[2] is waited for by the Nervii. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. are doing: be careful about the mode. + 2. that he: _himself_.] + + +CHAPTER XVII. + + 1. Use of +quisquam+: 202, c.; H. 457. + 2. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317; H. 497,I. + 3. Substitutes for Partitive Gen.: 216, c.; H. 397, N.3. + +1. Certain of the Belg went by night to the camp of the Nervii. + +2. Csar says that certain men went[1] to the Nervii. + +3. Many of the prisoners found out about the legions. + +4. They were sent to their friends to report[2] the matter. + +5. To lop trees is a matter[3] of no difficulty at all. + +6. Men were sent ahead to select[4] a suitable place. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. went: _to have gone_. + 2. to report: not the infinitive. + 3. matter, etc.: recast, before trying to turn into Latin. + 4. to select: try two ways.] + + +CHAPTER XVIII. + + 1. Descriptive Ablative: 251; H. 419,II. + 2. Clauses of Result: 319; H. 500, I. andII. + +1. Along the river Sambre were trees[1] of great height.[2] + +2. Among these trees the Nervii keep themselves hidden. + +3. So[3] close together[4] were these trees that the Romans could not +see through. + +4. The river is of such depth that men can cross. + +5. On the open ground are pickets of great courage. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. trees: +arbor+, fem. + 2. height: the same word that means _depth_. + 3. So: +ita+. + 4. close together: +crber+.] + + +CHAPTER XIX. + + 1. Dative of Service: 233 a; H. 390. + 2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469,II. + 3. Ablative of Manner: 248 and Rem.; H. 419, III. + +1. The cavalry of the enemy kept making attacks. + +2. They would attack our horsemen with great courage. + +3. These horsemen had been sent ahead by Csar as a protection to the +camp. + +4. Again and again did the enemy pour forward from the woods, where they +had hidden. + +5. The slingers and archers helped[1] the horsemen. + +6. With great speed they would run as far as[2] the woods. + +7. With wonderful bravery they engage in battle with the Nervii. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. helped: two words in Latin. + 2. as far as: +ad+, or +usquead+.] + + +CHAPTER XX. + + 1. The Gerundive: 113, d.; H. 234. + 2. Dative of Apparent Agent: 232; H. 388. + 3. Ablative of Agent with ++ or +ab+: 246; H. 415,I. + +1. The soldiers are directed[1] by Csar. + +2. The soldiers must be directed by Csar. + +3. The flag was displayed by the soldiers. + +4. The flag had to be displayed by the soldiers. + +5. Experience is often helpful[2] to soldiers. + +6. The work is hindered by[3] the near approach[4] of the enemy. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. are directed: use +doceo+. + 2. helpful: turn by a noun. + 3. by the near approach: why not ++ or +ab+? + 4. near approach: one word.] + + +CHAPTER XXI. + + 1. Ablative of Gerundive with Prepositions: 301; H. 544,2. + 2. Gerundive Construction instead of Gerund: 296; H. 544,1. + 3. Purpose expressed by Gerundive: 318 and b; H. 544, 2, N.2. + +1. In looking for his shield a soldier lost time. + +2. Time is wanting for putting on a helmet. + +3. Seeing[1] the standards, each one went forward. + +4. A line was drawn up[2] to resist[3] the enemy's charge. + +5. Csar encouraged the tenth legion for the purpose of strengthening[4] +their courage. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. seeing: not the gerundive. + 2. A line was drawn up: see chap.xx. + 3. resist: +sustineo+. + 4. strengthening: use +cnfrmo+.] + + +CHAPTER XXII. + + Clauses of Result with +ut (utnn)+: 319; H. 500,II. + +1. So dense was the hedge that it obstructed the view. + +2. The result was that no legion could execute orders. + +3. One legion opposes the foe in one part, another in another. + + +CHAPTER XXIII. + + 1. Place to which: 258; H. 380,I. + 2. Place from which: 258; H. 412, I. + 3. Place in which: 258, 4, and 260, b.; H. 425,1. + +1. The Roman soldiers drive the enemy, exhausted by wounds, into an +unfavorable place. + +2. They followed them up from the left part of the line. + +3. As they attempted[1] to cross the river, agreat part of them were +put to the sword. + +4. In another part many of the Belgians were killed. + +5. On the front the Belg pushed for the camp. + +6. But at last they were put to flight. + + [NOTE.-- + 1. attempted: recast the sentence and express _as they + attempted_ by a participle referring to _a great part_.] + + +CHAPTER XXIV. + + 1. Position of +causa+ with genitive: 245,c. + 2. Temporal Clauses with +cum+: 325; H. 521, II.2. + +1. The Romans see that the horsemen are scared. + +2. Horsemen were coming to Csar to render aid. + +3. When the camp-followers had gone out for the purpose of plundering, +they saw that our men were fleeing. + +4. Seeing the slingers flee,[1] they fled themselves.[2] + + [NOTES.-- + 1. flee, _to flee_. + 2. themselves: use +ipse+.] + + +CHAPTER XXV. + + 1. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a.; H. 431,4. + 2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 290, d.; H. 195,2. + 3. Substitutes for Perf. Act. Partc.: 290, d. 2; H. 550, N.4. + +1. Csar saw that the soldiers of the twelfth legion were hard pushed. + +2. Csar, seeing[1] the soldiers of the twelfth legion hard pushed, went +to the right wing. + +3. As[2] all the standard-bearers were wounded, the standards were lost. + +4. Then Csar snatched a shield from a soldier. + +5. The soldiers renewed their courage and delayed[3] the enemy's attack. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. seeing: not well rendered +videns+; try casting into a + clause--first with +ubi+, then with +cum+. + 2. As ... wounded: use a participial construction. + 3. renewed and delayed: it is better not to turn into Latin by + cordinate verbs.] + + +CHAPTER XXVI. + + 1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 397. + 2. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, I. & II. + 3. Dative of Service and of Object: 233 and a.; H. 390. + +1. One was sent for assistance to another.[1] + +2. The soldiers of two legions guarded the baggage.[2] + +3. He saw in how great peril the camp was. + +4. They will leave nothing undone[3] in point of courage. + +5. He will report to me in what state the armyis. + +6. He saw that the tenth was fighting very bravely. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. another: bring the two forms of +alius+ together. + 2. guarded the baggage: make a different turn. + 3. leave nothing undone: a strange Latin idiom.] + + +CHAPTER XXVII. + + 1. Temporal Clauses with +cum+: 325; H. 521,2. + 2. Clauses of Result with +ut (utnn)+: 319; H. 500,II. + 3. Clauses of Purpose with +ut (ne,utne)+: 317; H. 497,II. + +1. So great is the courage of the Nervii that they fight from the heaps +of corpses. + +2. Ascending[1] very high banks, they displayed the greatest courage. + +3. They dared to cross a wide stream in order to renew the fight. + +4. The cavalry, to wipe out[2] their disgrace, advance even into a +disadvantageous position. + +5. The greatness of their spirit rendered difficult things easy. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. ascending: turn by a clause with +cum+. + 2. To wipe out: not the infinitive.] + + +CHAPTER XXVIII. + + 1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413. + 2. Substitutes for Partitive Genitive: 216, c; H. 397, N.3. + 3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with +ut (ne)+: 331; H. 498. + +1. Of five hundred senators, three were left. + +2. Out of forty (+quadrginta+) thousand men, four hundred were able to +bear arms. + +3. Csar will keep their[1] neighbors from doing[2] harm. + +4. The name and nation of the Nervii are reduced[3] almost to +destruction. + +5. He orders the neighboring people to refrain from doing harm to the +Nervii.[4] + + [NOTES.-- + 1. their: not +suus+. + 2. doing: omit. + 3. reduced: participle used as an adjective in the neuter + plural. + 4. Nervii: genitive.] + + +CHAPTER XXIX. + + 1. Limit of Motion: 258 and b; H. 380 and2. + 2. Accusative of Duration of Time: 256; H. 379. + 3. Locative Ablative with Preps.: 260, b; H. 425,I. + +1. They carry all their property into one town. + +2. During two days they hold out very bravely. + +3. For many years they were harassed by the Gauls. + +4. On two sides they have high rocks; on another, awall. + +5. Leaving six thousand men this side[1] the Rhine, they return[2] home. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. this side: +cis+. + 2. return: commonly +revertor+ in the present, +reverti+ in the + perfect.] + + +CHAPTER XXX. + + 1. Ablative of Time _when_: 256; H. 429. + 2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469,II. + 3. Perfect of Completed Action: 279; H. 471, I. and6. + +1. On the day of our arrival frequent sallies were made by the enemy +from the town. + +2. During the first days they taunted us from the walls. + +3. At a distance the soldiers made an "agger" and a tower. + +4. Then the Aduatuci began to jeer.[1] + +5. Can[2] men of such little stature place a tower on our wall? + + [NOTES.-- + 1. jeer: two words in Latin. + 2. begin with +num+.] + + +CHAPTER XXXI. + + 1. Causal Relative Clauses: 320, e; H. 517. + 2. Dative with certain Intrans. Verbs: 227; H. 385. + 3. Future Conditions less vivid: 307, b; H. 509, N.1. + +1. They surrender to Csar, since he is so powerful.[1] + +2. The envoys say the enemy are jealous of their[2] valor. + +3. It is better to endure death than slavery. + +4. If Csar should rob the Aduatuci of their arms,[3] they would be +killed. + +5. Their enemies would kill them, if they should surrender their arms. + +6. It is better to persuade them to give up their arms. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. is so powerful: _can so much_ (+tantum+). + 2. their: express by the proper form of +suus+. + 3. of their arms: not the genitive.] + + +CHAPTER XXXII. + + 1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416. + 2. Clauses of Result with +ut (utnn)+: 319; H. 500,II. + 3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with +ut (n)+: 331; H. 498. + +1. They order the people to deliver up their arms. + +2. Through Csar's orders, no wrong will be inflicted. + +3. Csar spared, according to his custom, those who had surrendered.[1] + +4. Csar orders the neighbors of the Nervii not to harm them.[2] + +5. There is so great a quantity of arms in the town that a third part is +concealed. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. those who had surrendered: one word in Latin. + 2. them: dative.] + + +CHAPTER XXXIII. + + 1. Causal Clauses with +cum+: 326; H. 517. + 2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a; H. 431, 4. + 3. Pass. of Intrans. Verbs used impersonally: 230; H. 465,1. + +1. [1]The Aduatuci fought very spiritedly. + +2. [1]Thither hasten all the forces of the town. + +3. After the shutting[2] of the gates, the townsmen formed a plan. + +4. Since they had been driven back, they no longer[3] defended +themselves. + +5. Now[4] that the town was occupied, the booty was sold. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. Use the passive construction. + 2. After the shutting: turn in two ways. + 3. no longer: +nn iam+. + 4. Now that the town was occupied: turn in two ways.] + + +CHAPTER XXXIV. + + 1. Ablative of Agent with + (ab)+: 246; H. 415,I. + 2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 330, 2; H. 523,I. + +1. All the maritime states were subdued by Csar. + +2. Csar says that the maritime states have been reduced. + +3. At this time P. Crassus had been sent with one legion. + +4. Crassus informs Csar that one legion has been sent to the Veneti. + +5. The Veneti, to whom one legion had been sent, border on the ocean. + + +CHAPTER XXXV. + + 1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2; H. 497,I. + 2. Verbs of Promising, Hoping, etc.: 380, f.; 535,II. + 3. Dative with Certain Adjectives: 234, a; H. 391,I. + +1. The embassies promised to return[1] the next summer. + +2. Near the Rhine were many nations of barbarians. + +3. These barbarians promised to do Csar's bidding. + +4. The barbarians send men to give[2] hostages. + +5. So great was the joy[3] that a thanksgiving was decreed. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. to return: in the Latin idiom, _themselves to be going to + return_. + 2. to give: put in two ways. + 3. joy: +gaudium+.] + + + + +VOCABULARY. + +If the learner, as often as he refers to this vocabulary for the meaning +of a word, will glance over the group of words given in the Etymological +Vocabulary under the same root, he will find his knowledge of the +relations and meaning of words, and consequently his power to read +Latin, rapidly increase. + + +++ or +Ab (abs)+, prep. w. abl. [APA-], _from, away from_, 6, 13, 18, +24, 25; _at the hands of_, 31, 33; _away, at a distance of_, 1, 30; _in, +on, at_, 23, 25; _by_, 1, 5, 9, etc. + ++Abd+, 3, -did, -ditum [2 DA-], _put away; hide_,19. + ++Absum+, -esse, fu [ES-], _be away from_, 11; _be distant_, 4, 5, 6, +13, 10, 17, 21; with or ab and abl. + ++c+, see +Atque+. + ++Accd (adc-)+, 3, -cess, -cessum [CAD-], _go towards, approach_, 13, +w. ad and acc.; _arise, increase in_, 7, with dat. + ++Accid (adc-)+, 3, -cid, -- [CAD-], _fall to_ or _towards; befall, +happen_, 35; w. dat. + Cf. incid, veni. + ++Accipi (adc-)+, 3, -cp, -ceptum [CAP-], _take to one's self; +accept_, 15; _receive_, 13; _suffer_,33. + ++Acervus+, -, M. [1 AC-], _thing brought to a point; pile, heap_,32. + ++Acis+, - (-e, 23), F. [1 AC-], _edge; line of battle, army_, 8, 9, +19, 20, 23,25. + ++criter+, adv. [1 AC-], _sharply; fiercely, desperately_, 10,33. + ++Ad+, prep. w. acc., _to, towards_, 8, 13, 28, etc.; _up to_, 17; +_near_, 4, 19, 21, 33; _for_, 1, 4, 8, 21, etc.; _after, according +to_,31. + ++Adaequ+, 1 [IC-, AIC-], _make equal to, equal_,32. + ++Adclvis (acc-)+, -e, adj. [CL-], _sloping upward_,29. + Cf. dclvis. + ++Adclvits (acc-)+, -tis, F. [CL-], _upward slope, rise_,18. + Cf. dclvits, diectus. + ++Adcommod (acconm-)+, 1 [2 MA-, MAD-], _fit_ or _adapt to; put +on_,21. + Cf. indu. + ++Addc+, 3, -dx, -ductum [DVC-], _lead_ or _bring to_, 5; _lead up_, +1; w. ad and acc. + ++Ade+, -re, -i, -itum [1 I-], _go to; reach, get at_,7. + ++Adfer (aff-)+, -ferre, attul, alltum [1FER-], _bring_ or _carry +to_,1. + ++Adfnits (aff-)+, -tis, F. [2 FID-], _relationship by marriage_,4. + Cf. propnquits. + ++Adgredior (agg-)+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go to, approach; attack_, +9,10. + Cf. adorior. + ++Adici+, 3, -ic, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _throw to_ or _against; hurl, +cast_,21. + ++Aditus+, -s, M. [1 I-, AI-], _going to, approach_, 16, 29; _access, +admittance_,15. + ++Adiuv+, 1, -iv, -itum [DIV-, DI-, DIAV-], _help, aid_,17. + ++Administr+, 1 [2 MAN-, MI-], _put the hand to; attend to_, 20,22. + ++Adorior+, 4, -ortus [OL-, OR-], _rise up against; attack_, 11,17. + Cf. adgredior. + ++Adpropnqu (app-)+, 1 [PARC-, PLEC-], _come near to, approach_, 10, +31, w. dat.; 19, w. ad and acc. + Cf. sube, succd. + ++Adutuc+, -rum, M., _tribe, originally German, in Belgian Gaul, on +left bank of the Maas_, 4, 16, 29,31. + ++Adventus+, -s, M. [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _coming to_ or _drawing near; +approach, arrival_, 7, 16, 25, 27,30. + Cf. successus, aditus. + ++Adversus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of advert) [VERT-], _turned to_ or +_towards; opposite, in the face_, 8, 18, 24; advers colle, _up hill_, +19; w. dat. + ++Aedificium+, -, N. [AID-; FAC-], _building_,7. + ++Aedu+, -rum, M., _powerful Celtic people between upper courses of +Loire and Seine_, 5, 10, 14,15. + ++Aeduus+, -a, -um, adj., _Aeduan_, 5,14. + ++Aegr+, adv., _with regret_ or _displeasure; barely, with +difficulty_,6. + ++Aequliter+, adv. [IC-, AIC-], _evenly_,18. + ++Aests+, -tis, F. [AID-], _burning season; summer_, 2,35. + ++Aesturium+, -, N. [AID-], _pertaining to rolling; inlet, +sea-marsh_,28. + ++Aets+, -tis, F. [1 I-, AI-], _age, old age_,16. + ++Ager+, -gr, M. [AG-], _cultivated land; land, field_, 4, 5, 7,9. + ++Agger+, -eris, M. [GER-], _that which is brought to a place_, i.e. +_materials for a mound_, 20; _mound, rampart_, 12, 30,32. + ++gmen+, -inis, N. [AG-], _that which is set in motion; marching +column_, 11, 17, 19, 23,26. + ++Ag+, 3, g, ctum [AG-], _put in motion; bring up_, 12, 30; _take +along_, 29; _carry on, do_,20. + ++Alis+, adv. (acc. pl. F. of alius) [2AL- (ALI-)], _at another time_; +alis ... alis, _at one time ... at another_,29. + ++Alinus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 AL-, (ALI-)], _belonging to another, +another's_,10. + ++Aliter+, adv. [2 AL-], _otherwise, in another manner_,19. + ++Alius+, -a, -ud, adj., gen. alus [2AL- (ALI-)], _other, another, +different_, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26,31. + ++Alter+, -era, -erum, adj., gen. -ius [2AL-], _other (oftwo)_, 5, 21; +alter ... alter, _the one ... the other_. + ++Altitd+, -inis, F. [1 AL-], _elevation, height_, 5, 12, 18, 31,32. + ++Altus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AL-], _become great by nourishment; lofty, +high_, 27,29. + ++Ambin+, -rum, M., _Belgian tribe near modern Amiens_, 4,15. + ++Amcitia+, -ae, F. [AM-], _friendship_,14. + ++·mitt+, 3, -ms, -mssum [MIT-], _let go from one's self; lose_,25. + ++Amplific+, 1 [PLE-, PLO-; FAC-], _make larger, increase_,14. + ++Amplius+, adv. (N. compar. of amplus) [ambi-; PLE-, PLO-], _more_, 7, +16,29. + ++Andocumborius+, -, M., _man of high rank among the Remi_,3. + ++Ands+, -ium, M., _tribe of Gaul north of the Loire, modern Anjou_,35. + ++Angustus+, -a, -um, adj., _contracted; narrow, difficult_; +in +angust+, _in a critical state_,25. + ++Animus+, -, M. [AN-], _soul; mind, feelings_, 21; _spirit, courage_, +15, 21, 25, 27; _character_,1. + ++Annus+, -, M., _that which goes round; year_,29. + ++Ante+, [ANT-], _before_; as adv., = ante, _before, formerly_, 12, 22, +33; as prep. w. acc., _before_ (oftime), 35; (ofplace),32. + ++Antquitus+, adv. [ANT-], _from ancient times; in olden times_, 4; +_from of old_,17. + ++Apertus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of aperi) [2PAR-, POR-], _without +covering; open, unobstructed_, 18, 19; _uncovered, exposed_,23. + ++Appell (adp-)+, 1 [PAL-, PEL-], _bring one's self to a person; +accost, address_, 25; _call_,4. + ++Apud+, prep. w. acc. [APA-], _near, among_, 2, 4, 7,14. + ++Arbitror+, 1 [BA-, VA-], _be a hearer_ or _spectator, think, suppose, +believe_, 4, 28; w. acc. and inf. + ++Arbor+, -oris, F. [1 AL-, AR-], _tree_,17. + ++Arcess+, 3, -v, -tum [CAD-], _cause to come to; summon, send +for_,20. + ++Arduus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AL-, AR-, strengthened to ARDH-], +_steep_,33. + ++Aris+, -etis, M., _battering-ram_,32. + ++Arma+, -rum, N. [AR-], _things adapted; arms, weapons_, 3, 4, 9, 13, +etc. + ++Armtra+, -ae, F. [AR-], _arming; equipment_, 10,24. + ++Arm+, 1 [AR-], _furnish with arms; arm, equip_, 4,27. + ++Ascend (adsc-)+, 3, -d, -scnsum [SCAND-], _mount up, climb_,27. + ++Ascnsus (adsc-)+, -s, M. [SCAND-], _ascending; ascent, way up_,33. + ++At+, conj., _but, on the other hand_, 23,27. + ++Atque+ (before vowels and consonants), +c+ (before consonants only), +_and also, and especially, and_, 3, 5, 6, etc.; _as_, 6; _than_,19. + Cf. et and -que. + ++Atrebats+, -um, M., _Belgian people in the region of modern Arras_, 4, +16,23. + ++Atting (adt-)+, 3, -tig, -tctum, [TAG-], _touch against; approach, +reach_, 32; _border upon_, 15,34. + ++Auctrits+, -tis, F. [AVG-], _power, standing, influence_, 4, 14,15. + ++Audcter+, adv. [1 AV-], _boldly_, 10,26. + ++Aude+, 2, ausus [1 AV-], _venture, dare_, 8, 17, 19, 27; w. +complementary infin. + ++Audi+, 4 [2 AV-], _listen to; hear, hear about_, 12, 31, w. acc.; 12, +w. acc. and infin. + ++Aulerc+, -rum, M., _tribe in Bretagne and Normandy_,34. + ++Aurunculius+, -, M., _L. A. Cotta, lieutenant of Csar_,11. + ++Aut+, conj. [2 TA-], _or_ (excluding the other), 30, 33; aut ... aut, +_either ... or_,25. + ++Autem+, postpositive conj. [2 TA-], _but, on the other hand_, 9; +_moreover_,19. + ++Auxilium+, -, N. [AVG-], _aid, support, assistance_, 10, 24, 29; pl. +_auxiliary forces_,14. + Cf. subsidium. + ++·vert+, 3, -t, -sum [VERT-], _turn away from_. + Avers, see note,26. + ++Axona+, -ae, F., _river in country of the Belg_, 5,9. + + +B. + ++Baculus+, -, M., P. Sextius B., _centurion_,25. + ++Baleris+, -e, adj., _Balearic, of the Balearic Islands_,7. + ++Barbarus+, -a, -um, adj., _foreign, non-Roman_,35. + ++Belgae+, -rum, M., _collective name of tribes living in the country +bounded by the Seine, Marne, Moselle, Rhine, and the ocean_, 1, 2, 3, +following. + ++Bellovac+, -rum, M., _strongest tribe of the Belg, north of the +Seine and on right bank of the Oise and Somme_, 4, 5, 10, 13,14. + ++Bellum+, -, N. [DVA-, DVI-], _contest between two; war_, 4, 9, 14, 16, +29, 31,35. + ++Bibrax+, -ctis, F. (N.?), _town of the Remi_,6. + ++Bodugntus+, -, M., _leader of the Nervii_,23. + ++Bratuspantium+, -, N., _chief town of the Bellovaci_,13. + ++Brevits+, -tis, F., _shortness, brevity_, 20,30. + Cf. exiguits. + ++Britannia+, -ae, F., _Britain_, 4,14. + + +C. + ++Cadver+, -eris, N. [CAD-], _that which falls down dead; dead +body_,27. + ++Cad+, 3, cecid, csum [CAD-], _fall_,27. + ++Caeroes+, -rum, M., _German tribe in Belgian Gaul_,4. + ++Caesar+, -aris, M., _Gaius Julius Csar, conqueror of Gaul and author +of the Commentaries_, 1, 2, 5, etc. + ++Calamits+, -tis, F. [SCAL-], _injury, disaster_, 14,28. + ++Calet+, -rum (-s, -um), M., _tribe in Normandy, on the Seine_,4. + ++Cl+, -nis, M., _groom, soldier's servant_, 24, 26,27. + ++Captvus+, -a, -um, adj. [CAP-], _taken prisoner; captive_, 16,17. + ++Caput+, -itis, N. [CAP-], _head; individual, person_,33. + ++Carnts+, -um, M., _important Gallic tribe between the Loire and Seine +rivers_,35. + ++Castellum+, -, N. dim. [SCAD-, CAD-], _redoubt, stronghold_, 8, 9, 29, +30,33. + ++Castra+, -rum, N. [SCAD-, CAD-], _camp_, 2, 5, 6, etc. + ++Csus+, -s, M. [CAD-], _falling; happening; chance_, 21; +_misfortune_,31. + ++Causa+, -ae, F. [CAV-], _cause, reason_, 1, 7, 10, 11; caus, used like +prep. post-positive, _for the sake of, for the purpose of_, 10, 15, 17, +20, 21,24. + ++Cd+, 3, cess, cessum [CAD-], _go; fall back; give way, retreat_,19. + ++Celerits+, -tis, F. [CEL-], _swiftness, quickness_, 12, 19, 20, +26,31. + ++Celeriter+, adv. [CEL-], _swiftly, quickly, promptly_, 3, 12, 23,33. + ++Cl+, 1 [2 CAL-, SCAL-], _hide, conceal_, 32,33. + ++Centum+, num. adj. indeclin. [CEN-], _hundred_,4. + ++Centuri+, -nis, M. [CEN-], _commander of a century, centurion, +captain_, 17,25. + ++Certus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 CER-, CRE-], _determined; definite_, 11; +_certain, regular_, 22; certirem facere, _inform_, 1, 2, 10, 34; w. +acc. and infin. + ++Cter+, -rum, pl. adj. [CA-, CI-], _the others, rest_,3. + Cf. reliqu. + ++Cmbr+, -rum, M., _German tribe which invaded Gaul and the Province +in the second century_, 4,29. + ++Circiter+, adv. [CVR-, CIR-; 1 I-], _going in a circle; about, not far +from_, 2, 8, 13, 18,32. + ++Circuitus+, -s, M. [CVR-, CIR-; 1I-], _going in a circle; +circumference_, 29,30. + ++Circum-+, prep. w. acc. [CVR-, CIR-], _around, about_; here only in +composition. + ++Circumici+, 3, -ic, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _throw around; place +around_,6. + ++Circummni+, 4, [2 MV-], _wall up around; blockade_,30. + ++Circumveni+, 4, -vn, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come around; +surround, outflank_, 8, 10, 23, 24,26. + ++Cis+, prep. w. acc. [CA-, CI-], _on this side, this side of_,3. + ++Citerior+, -us, -ris, adj. [CA-, CI-], _more on this side; hither, +nearer_, 1,2. + ++Citr+, prep. w. acc. [CA-, CI-], _on this side, this side of_,29. + Cf. cis. + ++Cvits+, -tis, F., _citizenship; community_, 3, 4, 5, etc. + ++Clmor+, -ris, M. [1 CAL-], _loud call; shouting_, 11,24. + ++Claud+, 3, -s, -sum, _shut, close_, 33; _close, bring up_,19. + ++Clmentia+, -ae, F. [CL-; 1MAN-, MEN-], _indulgent disposition; +gentleness, mildness_, 14,31. + ++Coacerv+, 1 [1 AC-], _heap up_,27. + ++Coep+, -isse, -ptus (defective verb, with tenses from present stem +lacking) [AP-, OP-], _have begun, began_, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 19, 23,20. + ++Cgnsc+, 3, -gnv, -gnitum [GNA-, GNO-], _understand thoroughly; +perceive, learn, ascertain_, 2, 5, 11, 17, w. acc. and inf.; 4, 26, w. +indir. question; plperf. _knew_,10. + ++Cg+, 3, -g, -ctum [AG-], _drive together, compel; gather, rally_, +2,5. + Cf. condc. + ++Cohors+, -hortis, F., _multitude enclosed; cohort_, 5,25. + ++Cohortti+, -nis, F., _cheering on, urging, encouraging, appeal +to_,25. + ++Cohortor+, 1, _cheer on, urge, call upon_, 5, 20, 21, 25, w. acc.; 21 +foll. by clause w.ut. + ++Collis+, -is, M., _hill_, 8, 18, 19,22. + ++Commetus (conm-)+, -s, M., _going to and fro; train of supplies, +provisions_, 5,9. + ++Com{e}s+, -itis, M., _comrade_. + ++Commemor (conm-)+, 1 [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _keep in mind; mention, +relate_,28. + ++Committ (conm-)+, 3, -ms, mssum [MIT-], _cause to go together; +join_, 19,21. + ++Commod (conm-)+, adv. [2 MA-, MAD-], _duly, aptly; easily, +advantageously_,20. + ++Commove (conm-)+, 2, -mv, -mtum [1MV-, MOV-], _move violently; +startle, alarm, make anxious_, 2,31. + ++Commnis (conm-)+, -e, adj. [2MV-], _serving together; common, +general_, 4,5. + ++Commtti (conm-)+, -nis, F. [1 MV-, MOV-], _change_,27. + ++Compar (conp-)+, 1 [2 PAR-, POR-], _bring_ or _put together; get +ready, provide, procure_, 2,12. + ++Compell (conp-)+, 3, -pul, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-], _drive together, +gather; drive in a body, rout_,23. + ++Comple (conp-)+, 2, -v, -tum [PLE-, PLO-], _fill completely; +fill_,24. + ++Complrs (conp-)+, -a (-ia), gen. -ium, adj. [PLE-, PLO-, PLV-], +_several together, a large number_,17. + ++Con-+, for +scom-+ = +cum+ [SEC-], _with, together_; in composition, +denoting completeness or union; sometimes intensive. + ++Concd+, 3, -cd, -csum [2SAC-, SEC-, SCD-], _cut up entirely; +cut to pieces, destroy_,11. + ++Concilium+, -, N. [1 CAL-], _that which is called together; meeting, +assembly_, 4,10. + ++Concurr+, 3, -curr or -cucurr, -cursum [CEL-, CER-], _run together; +hurry, rally, gather_, 20,33. + ++Condici+, -nis, F., [DC-, DIC-], _talking together; agreement, +stipulation, terms_, 15,32. + ++Condrs+, -rum, M., _Belgic tribe on the Meuse_,4. + ++Condc+, 3, -dx, -ductum [DVC-], _lead together; collect, muster_, +2; _hire_,1. + ++Cnfer+, -ferre, -tul, -ltum [1FER-], _bring_ or _bear together; +gather, collect_, 15, 25, 29; with reflex. pronoun, _betake one's self, +go_,13. + ++Cnfertus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of cnferci), _pressed together; +compact, in close array_, 23; _crowded together_,25. + ++Cnfici+, 3, -fc, -fectum [FAC-], _make completely; perform, +accomplish_, 12; _raise, put in the field_, 4; _exhaust, wear out_, 23, +25,27. + ++Cnfd+, 3, -fsus sum [1 FID-, FD-] _trust entirely; believe, trust +firmly_, 30, w. acc. and infin. + ++Cnfrm+, 1 [2 FER-], _make firm; give assurance, pledge one's self_, +15, w. acc. and infin.; _encourage, reassure_, 19; _confirm_,11. + ++Cnflg+, 3, -x, -ctum [FLAG-, FLIG-], _strike_ or _dash together; +contend, fight_, 5; w. cum and abl. + ++Congredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _step together; meet, have an +engagement with, fight_,23. + Cf. cnflg, pgn. + ++Cnici+, 3, -ic, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _throw together; hurl_, 6, +27; _drive, rout_, 23; _place hastily_, 16,28. + Cf. compell. + ++Coniung+, 3, -inx, -inctum [IV-, IVG-], _draw together, join_, 3, +4,26. + ++Conir+, 1 [IV-, IVG-], _swear together; make a sworn agreement, +conspire_, 1,3. + ++Conloc (coll-)+, 1, _place, station, set_, 8, 19, 22, 29,30. + ++Cnor+, 1, _undertake, attempt_, 9, 10, 12,23. + ++Cnsanguineus+, -a, -um, adj., _possessing the same blood; +kindred_,3. + ++Cnscrb+, 3, -psi, -ptum [SCARP-], _write together_ (ina list); +_enroll, enlist_, 2, 8,19. + ++Cnsnsus+, -s, M. [SENT-], _agreement, harmony, concerted action_, +28,29. + ++Cnsenti+, 4, -sns, -snsum [SENT-], _feel with_, 3; _join hands +(with), make common cause with_, 3; w. cum and abl. + ++Cn-sequor+, 3, -sectus [SEC-], _follow thoroughly; attain, +obtain_,1. + ++Cnserv+, 1 [SAL-, SER-], _keep thoroughly; preserve, save, spare_, +12, 15, 28, 31,32. + ++Cnsd+, 3, -sd, -sessum [SED-, SID-], _sit down together; settle, +take position_, 4,16. + ++Cnsilium+, -, N., _consultation; design, plan of action_, 9, 14, 33; +_advice, suggestion_,17. + ++Cnsimilis+, -e, adj., [2 SA-, SIM-], _altogether like, quite +similar_, 11; w. dat. + ++Cnsist+, 3, -stit, -- [STA-], _make stand; take position, stand_, +6, 23, 26; _make a stand, rally_, 11, 17, 21; _depend upon, be based +on_,33. + ++Cnspectus+, -s, M. [SPEC-], _view, sight_,25. + ++Cnspici+, 3, -spx, -spectum [SPEC-], _look at with attention; +behold, catch sight of, see_, 21, 26, w. acc.; 24, w. acc. and infin. + ++Cnspicor+, 1 [SPEC-], _get a sight of, espy, observe_, 26,27. + Cf. cnspici. + ++Cnstanter+, adv. [STA-], _standing firm; uniformly_,2. + ++Cnstitu+, 3, -u, -tum [STA-], _place together; determine, +appoint_, fix, 11; _set up, place_, 12, 30; _station_, 8, 19; _decide_, +10, w. acc. and infin. + Cf. statu. + ++Cnsusc+, 3, -suv, -sutum [SOVO-, SVO-], _accustom; become +accustomed_; pf. _be accustomed_ (= solre), 14,31. + ++Cnsutd+, -inis, F. [SOVO-, SVO-], _custom, habit_, 17, 19,32. + Cf. ms. + ++Contemptus+, -s, M. [TEM-], _scorn, contempt_,30. + ++Contend+, 3, -d, -ntum [1TA-, TEN-], _strain with all one's might; +march, push on, hasten_, 7, 9, 10, 12, 19, 23, 24; _struggle, contend_, +9, 13,30. + ++Contine+, 2, -u, -tentum [1TA-, TEN-], _hold_ or _keep together; +restrain, hold back_, 11; _keep_, 11, 18,30. + ++Contr+, adv. [SEC-], _against, on the other hand_, 17; as prep., w. +acc., 1, 3, 13,33. + ++Contrrius+, -a, -um, adj. [SEC-], _situated over against, opposite_, +18; w. dat. + ++Contumlia+, -ae, F. [TEM-], _great swelling; disgrace, insult_,14. + ++Convni+, 4, -vn, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come together, meet_, +5, 10, 12; impersonal, _be agreed upon_,19. + ++Convert+, 3, -t, -sum [VERT-], _wholly turn; turn around, turn, +direct_,26. + ++Convoc+, 1 [VOC-], _call together, summon_,10. + ++Cpia+, -ae, F. [AP-, OP-], _ability; ample supply, supply_, 2; pl., +_resources, supplies_, 10; _forces, troops_, 5, 7, 8, etc. + ++Corn+, -s, N. [CAR-], _horn; wing of an army_, 23,25. + ++Corpus+, -oris, N. [1 CER-, CRE-], _what is made; body_, 30; _corpse_, +10,27. + ++Cortex+, -icis, M. and F. [CAR-], _part that splits off; bark_,33. + ++Cotdi+, adv. [CA-; DIV-, DI-], _on every day; daily, regularly_,8. + ++Cotta+, -ae, M., _L. Arunculeius, one of Csar's lieutenants_,11. + ++Crassus+, -, M., _P. Licinius, one of Csar's lieutenants_,34. + ++Crber+, -bra, -brum, adj. [1 CER-, CRE-], _made to increase; thick, +numerous, frequent_, 1, 17,30. + ++Crd+, 3, -did, -ditum [CRAT-; 2DA-], _put trust in; believe_, 33, +w. acc. and infin. + Cf. cnfd. + ++Crs+, -tis, M., _Cretan_,7. + ++Crucitus+, -s, M. [CVR-, CIR-], _torture_,31. + ++Cum+, prep. w. abl. [SEC-], _with, in company with, together with_, 3, +10, 13, etc.; _at same time with_, 5, 7, 16; _with, provided with_, +11,33. + ++Cum+, conj. [CA-, CI-], temporal, _when_, 1, 4, 6, 8, following; cum +prmum, _as soon as_, 2; causal, _as, since_, 11, 17, 22, etc.; +concessive, _although, while_, 29; cum ... tum, _both ... and_,4. + ++Cnctus+, -a, -um, adj. [IV-, IVG-], _all together; all, entire_,29. + ++Cupi+, 3, -v, -tum, _desire eagerly, be eager_,25. + ++Curiosolits+, -um, M. (acc. -s,s), _people of Armoric Gaul_,34. + ++Cursus+, -s, M. [CEL-, CER-], _running, speed_, 23,26. + ++Custdia+, -ae, F. [SCV-, CV-], _guard-keeping; guard, protection_,29. + + +D. + ++D+, prep. w. abl., _from; down from_, 32; of time, _in, about_, 7; +_for, on account of_, 7; _for, about, concerning_, 2, 4, 6, etc. + ++Dbe+ [for dehibe], 2, -u, -itum [HAB-], _have from_; impersonal, +_owe, ought_, 27,33. + ++Decem+, num. adj. indecl. [DEC-], _ten_,4. + ++Dcern+, 3, -crv, -crtum [2CER-, CRE-], _decide; decide upon, +decree_,35. + ++Dcert+, 1 [2 CER-], _fight a decisive battle_,10. + Cf. conflg, congredior, dmic, pgn. + ++Decimus+, -a, -um, adj. [DEC-], _tenth_, 21, 23, 25,26. + ++Dclvis+, -e, adj. [CL-], _inclining down-hill, sloping_,18. + ++Decumnus (deci-)+, -a, -um, adj. [DEC-], _of the tenth cohort_, in the +phrase, decumna porta, _rear gate_, 24, main entrance to a Roman camp. + ++Dcurr+, 3, -cucurr or -curr, -cursum [CEL-, CER-], _run down_, +19,21. + ++Dditcius+, -a, -um, adj. [1 DA-], _one who has surrendered_; as +noun, M., _prisoner of war_, 17; _subjects_,32. + ++Dditi+, -nis, F. [1 DA-], _giving one's self up; surrender_, 12, +13, 32,33. + ++Dd+, 3, -did, -ditum [1 DA-], _give up_ or _away; surrender_, 15, +28,32. + ++Ddc+, 3, -x, -ductum [DVC-], _lead away, bring off_, 2, 33, 35; +_bring (to)_, 10,31. + Cf. redig. + ++Dfend+, 3, -d, -fnsum [FEN-, FEND-], _thrust away; repel_, 29; +_defend_, 10, 12, 31,33. + ++Dfnsi+, -nis, F. [FEN-, FEND-], _protection, defence_,7. + ++Dfnsor+, -ris, M. [FEN-, FEND-], _defender_, 6,12. + ++Dfer+, -ferre, -tul, -ltum [1 FER-], _bear_ or _bring away; bear, +report_, 17, 19; _bestow_, 4; w. ad and acc. + ++Dfici+, 3, -fc, -fectum [FAC-], _make from; give out, fail_, 10; +_revolt (from), forsake, desert_, 14; w. ab and abl. + ++Dici+, 3, -ic, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl down; drive away, +dislodge_,27. + ++Diectus+, -s, M. [IA-, IAC-], _slope, declivity_, 8,22. + Cf. dclvis, adclvis. + ++Deinde+, adv. [2 I-], _from here; thereupon, then, in the next +place_,1. + ++Dle+, 2, -v, -tum [LI-], _wipe out, destroy_,27. + ++Dlig+, 3, -lg, -lctum [1LEG-, LIG-], _choose out; choose, +select_, 17, 18,29. + Cf. lg. + ++Dmnstr+, 1 [1 MAN-, MEN-], _point out, explain, mention_, 1, 9, 22; +w. acc. and infin.,17. + ++Dnique+, adv., _and thereupon, finally; at any rate, at least_,33. + ++Dnsus+, -a, -um, adj., _thick, dense, close_,22. + ++Dpn+, 3, -posu, -positum [1SA-, SI-], _put aside_ or _down; lay +aside, place in safety_,29. + ++Dpopulor+, 1 [SCAL-, SPOL-], _lay waste, ravage_,7. + ++Dprecor+, 1 [PREC-], _avert by praying; petition against, pray to be +spared_,31. + ++Dser+, 3, -u, -tum [1 SER-, SVAR-], _undo, sever connection with; +abandon, desert_, 25,29. + ++Dsist+, 3, -stit, -- [STA-], _remove from; cease, stop_,11. + ++Dspectus+, -s, M. [SPEC-], _looking down upon; opportunity for +distant views, prospect_,29. + ++Dspr+, 1 [SPA-, PA-], _give up hope; despair of_,24. + ++Dspoli+, 1 [SCAL-, SPOL-], _rob, deprive_, 31; w. acc. and abl. + ++Dsum+, -esse, -fu [ES-], _be away; be lacking, fail_,21. + Cf. dfici. + ++Dterre+, 2, -u, -itum [TER-, TERS-], _frighten from; prevent, +deter_,3. + ++Dtrah+, 3, -x, -ctum, _drag from; take from, remove_,25. + ++Dtrd+, 3, -s, -sum, _thrust away; remove_,21. + Cf. dtrah. + ++Dveni+, 4, -vn, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come down into; come +to, reach_, 21; w. prep. and acc. + Cf. adpropnqu. + ++Dexter+, -tra, -trum, adj, _right, on the right hand_, 23,25. + +(+Dici+), -nis, F., no nom. [DIC-, DC-], _sway, control_,34. + ++Dc+, 3, -x, -ctum [DC-, DIC-], _point out by speaking; say, state, +mention_, 1, 3, 4, etc.; w. acc. and infin. + ++Dis+, -, M. and F. [DIV-, DI-], _day_, 2, 5, 6, etc. + ++Difficilis (disf-)+, -e, adj. [FAC-], _not to be done; difficult, +hard_,27. + ++Difficults (disf-)+, -tis, F. [FAC-], _difficulty, strait, +trouble_,20. + ++Dligenter+, adv. [1 LEG-, LIG-], _attentively, scrupulously, with +painstaking_, 5,28. + ++Dmtior+, 4, -mnsus [1 MA-, MAN-], _measure off; stake off, lay out, +survey_,19. + ++Dmic+, 1, _move rapidly back and forth; fight, contend_,21. + Cf. cnflig, congredior, contend. + ++Dmitt+, 3, -ms, mssum [MIT-], _send out in different directions, +despatch_, 5, 14,21. + ++Dripi+, 3, -u, -reptum [RAP-, RVP-], _tear in pieces; sack, +plunder_,17. + ++Discd+, 3, -cess, -cessum [CAD-], _go apart; go away, depart_, 7, +11,20. + ++Discessus+, -s, M. [CAD-], _departure, withdrawal_,14. + ++Dissip+, 1, _scatter, break up_,24. + ++Distine+, 2, -u, -tentum [1TA-, TEN-], _keep apart; prevent union +of, separate_,5. + ++Di+, adv. [DIV-, DI-], _by day; for a long time, long_; compar. +ditius, 1, 6,10. + ++Dversus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of dvert) [VERT-], _turned away from; +facing in different directions_, 22; _different_, 23; _separated_,24. + ++Dvnus+, -a, -um, adj. [DIV-, DI-], _of the gods, divine_,31. + ++Divitiacus+, -, M., _leader of the dui, brother of Dumnorix_, 5, 10, +14, 15; _chieftain of the Suessiones_,4. + ++D+, dare, ded, datum [1 DA-], _give_, 2, 3, 20, 21, 35; inter s, +_exchange_,1. + ++Doce+, 2, -u, -ctum [DIC-, DAC- (DOC-)], _show, teach, explain_, +5,20. + ++Domesticus+, -a, -um, adj. [DOM-], _of home, native, own_,10. + ++Domicilium+, -, N. [DOM-; 2CAL-, SCAL-], _dwelling-place_,29. + ++Dominor+, 1, _lord it, be master_,31. + ++Domus+, -s, F. [DOM-], _home_, 10, 11, 24,29. + ++Dubit+, 1 [DVA-; BA-], _go to and fro; doubt, hesitate_, 2,23. + ++Ducent+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [DVA-, DVI-; CEN-], _two hundred_, +18,29. + ++Dc+, 3, -x, ductum [DVC-], _lead, conduct_, 8, 12, 13,19. + ++Dum+ [for dium], adv. [DIV-, DI-], _while_. + ++Duo+, -ae, -o, num. adj. [DVA-, DVI-], _two_, 2, 7, 8, 9, etc. + ++Duodecimus+, -a, -um, adj. [DVA-, DVI-; DEC-], _twelfth_, 23,25. + ++Duodvgint+, num. adj. indecl. [DVA-, DVI-], _eighteen_,5. + ++Duplex+, -icis, adj. [DVA-; PARC-, PLEC-], _twofold, double_,29. + ++Dux+, -cis, M. [DVC-], _leader_, 23; _guide_,7. + + +E. + +++ or +Ex+, prep. w. abl., _from, out of_, 3, 6, 13, etc.; _after_, 6; +_on_, 8; _in consequence of_,35. + ++Eburns+, -um, M., _Belgian people near the Rhine_,4. + ++ʷditus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of d) [1DA-], _set forth; elevated, +rising_,8. + ++ʷdc+, 3, -x, -ductum [DVC-], _lead out, lead forth_,8. + ++Effici (ecf-)+, 3, -fc, -fectum [FAC-], _work out; bring about, +effect_, 5, 17; w. ut and subj. + ++ʷgredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go out; sally forth_, 24; _depart +from, go forth_, 11,13. + ++ʷgregi+, adv., _out of the flock; remarkably, excellently_,29. + ++ʷlig+, 3, -lg, -lctum [1LEG-, LIG-], _choose out; pick from, +choose_,4. + Cf. dligo. + ++ʷmitt+, 3, -ms, -mssum [MIT-], _send out; hurl, let fly_,23. + ++Em+, 3, m, mptum [EM-], _take in exchange; buy_,33. + ++ʷnscor+, 3, -ntus [GEN-, GN-, GNA-], _grow out, spring up; sprout +forth_,17. + ++Enim+, co-ord. conj., post-positive, _for, in fact_,17. + Cf. nam. + ++E+, adv. (old dat. or abl. N. ofis) [2I-], _there, thither_, 3, 5, +25,33. + ++Equ{e}s+, -itis, M., [2 AC-], _horseman, cavalry-man, knight_, 9, 18, +19, 24, 26,27. + ++Equester+, -tris, -tre, adj. [2 AC-], _of horsemen, cavalry_, 8,9. + ++Equittus+, -s, M. [2 AC-], _riding; cavalry_, 10, 11, 17,19. + ++Erg+, _because of; therefore_. + ++ʷrupti+, -nis, F. [RAP-, RVP-], _bursting forth; sally_,33. + ++Esuvi+, -rum, M., _people in Normandy_,34. + ++Et+, co-ord. conj. _and_, 1, 2, 3, etc.; et ... et, _both ... and_, 3, +4, 5, etc. + ++Etiam+, adv. and conj. _and now; also_, 1, 4, 14, 16, 17, 21; _even, +still_, 4, 25,27. + ++ʷventus+, -s, M. [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _coming forth; outcome, issue, +result_,22. + ++Ex+, see ++. + ++Exagit+, 1 [AG-], _disturb, harass_,29. + ++Exanim+, 1 [AN-], _deprive of life; make breathless_,23. + ++Exaudi+, 4 [2 AV-], _hear distinctly; hear from a distance_,11. + ++Excd+, 3, -cess, -cessum [CAD-], _go out; withdraw, go away_,25. + ++Excursi+, -nis, F. [CEL-, CER-], _running forth; sally_,30. + Cf. rupti. + ++Exe+, -re, -i, -itum [1 I-], _go out; withdraw_,33. + Cf. excd. + ++Exercit+, 1 [ARC-] _(drive out of the enclosure), keep busy; train, +drill_,20. + ++Exercitus+, -s, M. [ARC-], _trained body of men; army_, 1, 2, 5, etc. + ++Exiguits+, -tis, F., _scantiness, shortness_, 21,33. + ++Eximius+, -a, -um [EM-], _taken out from; eminent, excellent, +high_,8. + ++Existm+, 1, _judge, value; judge, think, believe_, 2, 15, 17, 31; w. +acc. and infin. + ++Expedtus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of expedi) [PED-], _unencumbered, in +light marching order_,19. + ++Expell+, 3, -pul, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-], _drive out, banish_,4. + ++Experior+, 4, -pertus [1 PAR-, PER-], _try thoroughly; test, try_,16. + ++Explrtor+, -ris, M. [PLV- (PLOV-)], _searcher out; scout, spy_, 5, +11,17. + Cf. specultor. + ++Explr+, 1 [PLV- (PLOV-)], _search out; try to find out, +reconnoitre_,4. + ++Expgn+, 1 [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _take by storm; take_, 9, 10,12. + ++Ex-spect+, 1 [SPEC-], _look out for greatly; wait for, await_, 9, +16,20. + ++Exstru+, 3, -strx, -strctum [STRV-], _pile up thoroughly; erect, +construct_,30. + ++Extrmus+, -a, -um, adj., _furthest; most distant, extreme_, 5, 8, 25; +_last_, 11, 27,33. + + +F. + ++Facile+, adv. [FAC-], _easily_, 1, 6, 17, 18, 19,25. + ++Facilis+, -e, adj. [FAC-], _able to be done; easy_,27. + ++Faci+, 3, fc, factum; pass. f, f{i}er, factus [FAC-], _do, +perform_, 3, 5, 6, etc.; _make_, 1, 2, 6, etc.; _cause, bring about_, +4,11. + See certus. + ++Facults+, -tis, F. [FAC-], _power of doing; opportunity_; pl. +_resources, facilities_,1. + ++Fall+, 3, fefell, falsum, _cause to stumble; deceive_,10. + ++Fastgtus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of fastg), _brought to a point; +sloping_,8. + Cf. adclvis, dclvis. + ++Ferx+, -cis, adj. [1 FER-], _apt to bear; fertile_,4. + ++Fer+, adv. [2 FER-, FRE-], _nearly, almost_, 23, 25,31. + ++Fer+, ferre, tul, ltum [1 FER-], _bear, bring, carry_, 10, 26, 28; +_bear, endure_, 1, w. acc. and infin.; _rush_ (inpass.),24. + ++Fertilits+, -tis, F. [1 FER-], _fruitfulness, fertility_,4. + ++Ferus+, -a, -um, adj., _wild, fierce, ferocious_, 4,15. + ++Fids+, fid (rare), F. [1 FID-], _trust, confidence; protection_, 3, +13, 14,15. + ++Flius+, -, M., _son_,13. + ++Fnis+, -is, M. [2 FID-], _dividing thing; end, limit_, 6, 19; pl. +_land, territory_, 2, 4, 5, etc. + ++Fnitimus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 FID-], _bordering upon; neighboring_, 2; +pl. _neighbors_, 4, 16, 17, 28, 29,31. + ++F+, f{i}er, _factus, be made, become_, see +faci+. + ++Flmen+, -inis, N., _that which flows; river_, 5, 9, 10, etc. + ++Frs+, frte, nom. and abl. only, F. [1 FER-], _that which brings; +chance_,21. + ++Frte+, adv., abl. of frs, _by chance; perhaps_,31. + ++Fortis+, -e, adj. [2 FER-], _courageous, brave, stout-hearted_, 25,33. + ++Fortiter+, adv. [2 FER-], _bravely, gallantly_, 11, 21,26. + ++Frtna+, -ae, F. [1 FER-], _fortune_, 16, 22,31. + ++Fossa+, -ae, F., _thing dug; ditch_, 5, 8, 12,32. + ++Frter+, -tris, M., _brother_,3. + ++Fremitus+, -s, M., _dull roar; din, noise_,24. + Cf. strepitus. + ++Frns+, -ntis, F. [FVR-, FERV-], _brow; front_, 8, 23,25. + ++Frmentrius+, -a, -um, adj. [1 FVG-, FRVG-], _of grain_; w. res, +_grain supply_, 2,10. + ++Frmentum+, -, N. [1 FVG-, FRVG-], _thing eaten; corn, grain_,3. + ++Fuga+, -ae, F. [2 FVG-], _fleeing; flight, rout_, 11, 12, 23, 24, +26,27. + ++Fugi+, 3, fg, -- [2 FVG-], _flee, fly_, 11,24. + ++Fmus+, -, M., _rushing thing; smoke_,7. + ++Funditor+, -ris, M., _slinger_, 7, 10, 19,24. + ++Furor+, -ris, M. [FVR-], _raging; blind passion, madness_,3. + + +G. + ++Galba+, -ae, M., _king of the Suessiones_, 4,13. + ++Galea+, -ae, F. [2 CAL-, SCAL-], _covering; helmet_,21. + ++Gallia+, -ae, F., _Gaul_, 1, 2, 3, 4,35. + ++Gallus+, -, M., _a Gaul_, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 17, 24,30. + ++Gns+, gentis, F., _what is begotten; race, tribe_,28. + ++Germn+, -rum, M., _Germans_, 1, 3,4. + ++Ger+, 3, gess, gestum [GER-], _bear; carry on, go on with_, 9, 31, +35; pass., _be carried on, take place_, 2, 26; rs gestae, _operations, +campaigns_,35. + ++Gladius+, -, M. [CEL-, CER-], _sword_, 23,25. + ++Grtia+, -ae, F., _favor, popularity, influence_,6. + ++Gravis+, -e, adj., _heavy; severe, serious_,25. + + +H. + ++Habe+, 2 [HAB-], _grasp; have, possess_, 1, 3, 4, 8, 29; with reflex +pronoun, _be_,19. + ++Hberncula+, -rum, N. [HM-], _winter quarters_,35. + ++Hbernus+, -a, -um, adj. [HM-], _belonging to winter_; hberna +(castra), _winter quarters_,1. + ++Hc+, haec, hc, demonstr. pron. [CA-, CI-], _this, this of mine_, 1, +2, 4, etc.; _he, she, it_, 3, 4, 9, etc. + ++Hiem+, 1 [HM-], _pass the winter_,1. + ++Hom+, -inis, M. [HAM-], _man, person_, 1, 4, 6, 15, 27, etc. + ++Hons (honor)+, -ris, M., _honor, distinction_,15. + ++Hostis+, -is, M., _one who hurts; enemy_, 5, 7, 8, 9, etc. + + +I. + ++Iace+, 2, -ui, -- [IA-, IAC-], _be thrown; lie_,27. + ++Iaci+, 3, ic, iactum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl, throw_, 6, 32, 33; _throw +up, construct_,12. + ++Iam+, adv., _at this_ or _that time; now_, 19; neque iam, _and no +longer_, 5, 20, 25,33. + ++Ib+, adv. [2 I-], _in that place, there_, 4, 5, 8, etc. + ++Iccius+, -, M., _Belgian of high rank_, 3, 6,7. + ++ηdem+, eadem, idem, determ. pron. [2I-; 3DA-], _the very; same_, 3, +6, 7, 16, etc. + ++Identidem+, adv. [2 I-], _very same; again and again_,19. + ++Idneus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-], _fit; suitable_, 8,17. + ++gnis+, -is, M. [AG-], _fire; camp-fire_, 7; _signal-fire, beacon_,33. + ++Ille+, -a, -ud, gen. illus, demonstr. pron. [ANA-], _that; that one, +the former_, 9, 33; _latter_,19. + ++Illyricum+, -, N., _coastland on eastern side of upper Adriatic_,35. + ++Impedmentum (inp-)+, -, N. [PED-], _thing entangling; hindrance_, +25; pl., _baggage_, 17, 24, 29; _baggage-train, pack-animals_, 17, 19, +24,26. + Cf. sarcina. + ++Impedi (inp-)+, 4 [PED-], _get the feet in, entangle; hinder, +embarrass, make difficult_, 9, 10, 17, 20, 22, 23,28. + ++Impell (inp-)+, 3, -pul, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-, PVL-], _drive on; +incite, influence_,14. + ++Impertor (inp-)+, -ris, M. [2 PAR-, POR-], _commander_ (inchief), +25,26. + ++Impertum+, -, N., _command_, 3,35. + ++Imperium (inp-)+, -, N. [2 PAR-, POR-], _command, order_, 1, 20, 22; +_chief command, authority_, 4, 23; _power, control_, 1, 3,11. + ++Imper (inp-)+, 1 [2 PAR-, POR-], _put a command upon; impose upon, +command_, 3, 21, 28, 32, 35; _direct, dictate_, 11, 33; w. dat. and +subjunctive w.ut. + ++Impetr (inp-)+, 1 [POT-], _accomplish; obtain, succeed in obtaining a +request_, 12; w. ut and subjunctive. + ++Impetus (inp-)+, -s, M. [PET-], _onset, attack, charge_, 11, 19, 21, +24, 25; _fury, violence_,6. + ++Imprvsus (inp-)+, -a, -um, adj. [VID-], _not foreseen_; d +imprvs, _unexpectedly, without notice_,3. + ++In+, prep. w. acc. and abl. [ANA-], _into, to_, 2, 3, 5; _in_, 5, 8, +29, etc.; _in, within, on_, 1, 2, 8, etc.; _upon, over_, 5, 29, 30; +_among_, 25; _in the case of_,32. + ++Incend+, 3, -d, -cnsum, _put fire in; set on fire_,7. + ++Inc{i}d+, 3, -c{i}d, -- [CAD-], _fall into; happen, occur_,14. + Cf. acc{i}d, veni. + ++Incd+, 3, -cd, -csum [2SAC-, SEC-, SCD-, CD-], _cut into, +notch_,17. + ++Incipi+, 3, -cp, -ceptum [CAP-], _take in hand; begin_, 2; w. +compl. infin. + ++Incit+, 1 [CI-], _set in rapid motion; urge on, hurry, hasten_,26. + Cf. impell. + ++Incol+, 3, -u, -- _inhabit, live in_, 4; _live, dwell_, 3,35. + ++Incrdibilis+, -e, adj. [CRAT-; 2DA-], _not to be believed; +marvellous, incredible_,19. + ++Increpit+, 1, --, --, _make noise against; upbraid, taunt, +abuse_, 15,30. + ++Incs+, 1 [CAV-], _make charges against, accuse, rebuke_,15. + ++Inde+, adv. [2 I-], _from that; then, next_,19. + ++Indgnits+, -tis, F., _unworthiness; outrage, insult_,14. + ++Indligenter+, adv. [1 LEG-, LIG-], _carelessly, listlessly_,33. + ++Indc+, 3, -x, -ductum [DVC-], _lead into; draw on, cover_,33. + ++Indu+, 3, -u, -tum, _put into; put on_,21. + ++Ine+, -re, -v and -i, -itum [1I-], _go into; enter upon, +undertake_, 33; _begin_, 2,35. + ++Inermis+, -e, adj. [AR-], _without armor; unarmed_,27. + ++nferior+, -ius, adj. (compar. of nferus), _lower_, 25; _inferior_,8. + ++nfimus+, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of above), _lowest; lowest part of, +bottom_,18. + ++nfer+, -ferre, -tul, illtum (inlatum) [1FER-], _bring into; make +upon, wage_, 14, 29; _inspire in_, 25; _bring upon, cause, inflict_, 14, +32; _carry forward, advance_, 25, 26; _bring in, import_, 15; w. acc., +or acc. and dat. + ++nflect+, 3, -flx, -flexum, _bend, bend down_,17. + ++Ingredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go into, enter_,4. + ++Inimcus+, -a, -um, adj. [AM-], _not friendly; hostile_,31. + Cf. hostis. + ++Inquits+, -tis, F. [IC-, AIC-], _unevenness, inequality_,22. + ++Inquus+, -a, -um, adj. [IC-, AIC-], _not equal; uneven, unfavorable_, +10, 23, 27,33. + ++Initium+, -, N. [1 I-], _entering upon; beginning_, 9; w. partit. +gen. + ++Iniria+, -ae, F. [IV-, IVG-], _thing done contrary to justice; wrong, +injury, violence_, 28, 32,33. + ++Inntor+, 3, -nxus, _lean upon, prop one's self on_,27. + ++Inrde (irr-)+, 2, -rs, -rsum, _laugh in ridicule; laugh at, +mock_,30. + ++nsequor+, 3, -sectus [SEC-], _follow close upon; follow up, pursue_, +19,23. + ++nsidiae+, -rum, F. [SED-, SID-], _taking a position at; stratagem, +trap, snare_,11. + ++nsgne+, -is, N. [3 SAC-], _distinctive mark; sign, signal_, 20; +_ornament, crest_,21. + ++nsist+, 3, -stit, -- [STA-], _set one's self on; take a stand +on_, 27; w. dat. + ++nstar+, indecl., N., _image_; used as pred. adj., _like, in form of_, +17; w. gen. + ++nst+, 1, -stit, -statrus [STA-], _stand upon; press forward_,25. + ++nstru+, 3, -strx, -strctum [STRV-], _build into; arrange, draw +up_, 8, 20, 22; _build, erect_,30. + ++Intelleg (interl-)+, 3, -lx, -lctum [1LEG-], _choose between; +understand, be aware, know, find out_, 8, 10, 33; w. acc. and infin.; +14, w. indir. quest. + ++Inter+, prep. w. acc. [ANA-], _in the midst; between_, 9, 17; _among_, +1, 4, 6, 15, 19, 24,31. + ++Intercd+, 3, -cess, -cessum [CAD-], _go between; be between, move +between_,17. + ++Intercipi+, 3, -cp, -ceptum [CAP-], _take between; intercept_,27. + ++Intere+, adv. [ANA-; 2 I-] _between these things; in the meantime, +meanwhile_. + ++Interfici+, 3, -fc, -fectum [FAC-], _make to be between, break in +pieces; kill, put to death_, 10, 11, 23, 25,31. + Cf. concd, occd. + ++Interici+, 3, -ic, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl between; place_ or +_plant among_, 17; pass., _intervene_,22. + ++Interim+, adv. [ANA-; 2 I-], _in the meantime, meanwhile_, 9, 12, +19,26. + ++Interior+, -ius, adj., compar. of obsolete interus [ANA-], _inner, +interior of_,2. + ++Intermitt+, 3, -ms, -mssum [MIT-], _make go apart; discontinue, +cease_,25. + ++Interneci+, -nis, F. [1 NEC-, NOC-], _complete destruction, +annihilation_,28. + ++Interscind+, 3, -scid, -scissum [2 SAC-, SEC-, SCD-], _separate +by splitting; cut down, hew away, demolish_,9. + ++Intersum+, -esse, -fu [ES-], _be between; be the concern of, +concern_, 5; w. gen. of price. + ++Intervllum+, -, N. [1 VEL-, VAL-], _space between stakes of a +palisade; distance, interval_,23. + Cf. spatium. + ++Intex+, 3, -u, -xtum [TEC-, TAX-], _weave in; plait_,33. + ++Intr+, prep. w. acc. [ANA-], _on the inside; within_, 4, 18,19. + ++Intr+, 1 [ANA-], _enter, penetrate_,17. + ++Intrdc+, 3, -x, -ductum [DVC-], _lead in, bring in_, 5,10. + ++Intrmitt+, 3, -ms, -mssum [MIT-], _cause to go within; let in, +admit_,33. + ++Intrrsus+, adv. [VERT-], _towards the inside; into the interior, +within_,18. + ++Insittus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AV-], _unusual, strange_,31. + ++Intilis+, -e, adj. [1 AV-], _useless; unserviceable, incapable_, 16; +w. ad and acc. + ++Inveni+, 4, -ven, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come upon; find, +learn_, 16; w. acc. and infin. + Cf. cgnsc. + ++Invetersc+, 3, -v, -- [VET-], _become of long standing; gain a +permanent foothold_,1. + ++Invide+, 2, -vd, -vsum [VID-], _look towards; be jealous of, +envy_,31. + ++Ipse+, -a, -um (gen. ipsus), intensive pron. [2I-; 3SA-], _person_ +or _thing mentioned; self_, 3, 4, 5, etc.; sometimes conveniently +rendered _he, they (the latter)_, 2, 20,29. + ++Is+, ea, id, determ. pron. [2 I-], _person_ or _thing mentioned; he, +that, this_, 1, 2, 3, etc.; akin to talis, foll. by subj. clause, 9,16. + ++Ita+, adv. [2 I-], _in the way stated; so, thus_, 11, 33; w. ut, _in +the way that, just as, as_,1. + ++talia+, -ae, F., _Italy_, 29,35. + ++Itaque+, conj. [2 I-; CA-, CI-], _and so; therefore_, 7,22. + ++Item+, adv. [2 I-], _even so; so, likewise_, 1, 8, 13, 21, 23,26. + ++Iter+, itineris, N. [1 I-], _going; march, route, line of march, road_, +6, 11, 12, 16, 17,29. + ++Iube+, 2, iss, issum [IV-, IVG-], _order, command, bid_, 5, 11, 25, +28, 33, 35; w. acc. and infin. + ++Idic+, 1 [IV-, IVG-; DIC-], _declare what is law; judge, suppose, +think_,27. + ++Iugum+, -, N. [IV-, IVG-], _joining; ridge, chain of hills_,24. + ++Is+, iris, N. [IV-, IVG-], _thing binding; constitution, law_,3. + ++Istitia+, -ae, F. [IV-, IVG-], _uprightness, justice, fairness_,4. + ++Iuv+, 1, iv, itum [DIV-, DI-, DIAV-], _delight; help, assist_,3. + ++Ixt+, adv. [IV-, IVG-], _closely joined; close by, near at hand_,26. + + +L. + ++L.+, _prnomen Lucius_, 11. + ++Labinus+, -, M., _Titus Labienus, most eminent of Csar's +lieutenants_, 1, 11,26. + ++Lapis+, -idis, M., _stone_,6. + ++Lassitd+, -inis, F. [LAG-], _faintness, exhaustion_,23. + ++Late+, 2, -u, --, _lie hidden; be concealed_,19. + ++Ltitd+, -inis, F. [STER-, STRA-, STLA-], _breadth; width, expanse, +extent_, 7, 8, 12, 29; _lateral direction_,17. + ++Ltus+, -a, -um, adj. [STER-, STRA-, STLA-], _extended; broad, wide_, +4,27. + ++Latus+, -eris, N. [PLAT-], _thing extending; side, flank_, 5, 8, +23,25. + ++Lax+, 1 [LAG], _loose; change to open order, widen_,25. + ++Lgti+, -nis, F. [3 LEG-], _embassy, legation_,35. + ++Lgtus+, -, M. [3 LEG-], _envoy_, 6, 12, 15, 28, 31, 35; +_lieutenant_, 2, 5, 9, 11,20. + ++Legi+, -nis, F. [1 LEG-], _levying; largest military division, +consisting of 10 cohorts; legion_, 2, 8, 17, etc. + ++Leginrius+, -a, -um, adj. [1 LEG-], _belonging to a legion; +legionary_,27. + ++Lniter+, adv. [1 I-], _gently, moderately_, 8,29. + ++Levis+, -e, adj. [2 LEG-], _lightly moving; light_, 10,24. + ++Levits+, -tis, F. [2 LEG-], _lightness; inconstancy, fickleness_,1. + ++Lx+, lgis, F. [3 LEG-], _thing read; written law, law_,3. + Cf. is. + ++Lberliter+, adv. [LIB-; 1 I-], _generously, graciously_,5. + ++Lber+, -errum, M. [LIB-], _those who do as they desire, free +persons; children (offree parents)_,5. + ++Littera+, -ae, F. [LI-], _written character_; pl., _letter, letters; +despatch, despatches_, 1, 2,35. + ++Locus+, -, M., _that placed or situated; place, point, position, +situation_, 2, 4, 5, etc.; _state, condition_, 26; pl., +loca+, -rum, +N., _region, section, tract_, 4,19. + ++Long+, adv. [2 LEG-], _in length; far, at a distance_, 4, 5, 19, +20,21. + ++Longus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 LEG-], _long, lengthy_,21. + ++Loquor+, 3, loctus, _speak, talk_,31. + ++Lx+, lcis, F., _that which shines; light, dawn, daylight_,11. + + +M. + ++Mchinti+, -nis, F., _contrivance, engine, machine_, 30,31. + ++Magis+, adv. [MAC-, MAG-], _in a higher degree; more_, 22,32. + ++Magistrtus+, -s, M. [MAC-, MAG-], _magistracy, ruler_,3. + ++Mgnitd+, -inis, F. [MAC-, MAG-], _greatness, size, height_, 12, +27,30. + ++Mgnus+, -a, -um, adj. [MAC-, MAG-], _increased; great_, 4, 5, 6, etc. + ++Mior+, -ius, adj., compar. of above, _greater_; mior nt, _elder_, +13,28. + ++Maleficium+, -, N. [MAL-; FAC-], _evil-doing; outrage, hostile +act_,28. + Cf. iniria, indgnits. + ++Mand+, 1 [1 MA-, MAN-; 2 DA-], _put into one's hands; give in charge, +enjoin, order_, 5; _entrust, consign_, 24; w. acc. and dat. + ++Manipulus+, -, M. [1 MA-, MAN-; PLE-, PLV-], _thing filling the hand; +(subdivision of a cohort), company, maniple_,25. + ++Mnsutd+, -inis, F. [1 MA-, MAN-; SOVO-, SVO-], _tameness; +gentleness, kindness_, 14,31. + Cf. clmentia. + ++Manus+, -s, F. [1 MA-, MAN-], _measuring thing; hand_, 13, 19, 30; +_band, force_, 2,5. + ++Maritimus (-umus)+, -a, -um, adj., _of the sea; on the coast, +maritime_,34. + ++Mtr+, 1, make ripe; _hasten, make haste_,5. + Cf. contend. + ++Mxim+, adv., superl. of magis, q.v.; _most, very_,4. + ++Medius+, -a, -um, adj., _in the middle; middle of_,7. + ++Memoria+, -ae, F. [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _faculty of remembering; +recollection, memory_, 4,21. + ++Menapi+, -rum, M., _Gallic tribe between the Meuse and Scheld_,4. + ++Merctor+, -ris, M. [2 SMAR-, MER-], _trader_,15. + ++Meritum+, -, N. [2 SMAR-, MER-], _thing deserved; deserts, merit_,32. + ++Mles+, -itis, M. [ML-], _one of the thousand; soldier_, 11, 20, 21, +etc. + ++Mlitris+, -e, adj. [ML-], _of soldiers; pertaining to war, +military_, 4,22. + ++Mlle+, pl. mlia or mllia, num. adj. [ML-], _large number +associated; thousand_, 4, 6, 7, etc. + ++Minim+, adv., superl. of minus, _least_,33. + ++Minor+, -us, adj. [2 MAN-, MI-], _smaller_; minus, N., as adv., _less_, +1, 7, 20; _not_ (= nn),9. + ++Miser+, -era, -erum, adj. [MIS-], _wretched, miserable_,28. + ++Misericordia+, -ae, F. [MIS-], _heart-pity; pity, compassion_,28. + ++Mitt+, 3, ms, mssum [MIT-], _let go; send, despatch_, 2, 3, 5, etc. + ++Mbilits+, -tis, F. [1 MV-, MOV-], _ability to be moved, agility; +fickleness, inconstancy_, 1. Opp. to stabilits. + Cf. levits. + ++Modo+, adv. [2 MA-, MAD-], _in a measure; only, merely_, 17,21. + ++Modus+, -, M. [2 MA-, MAD-], _measuring thing; manner, fashion_,31. + ++Moenia+, -ium, N. [2 MV-], _things that ward off; walls, city walls_, +6,31. + ++Molest+, adv. [MAC-, MAG-], _in a troublesome manner_; molest +ferre, _be annoyed or vexed_, 1; w. acc. and infin. + ++Mone+, 2 [1 MAN-, MEN-], _cause to think; direct_, 26; w. acc., foll. +by clause w.ut. + ++Mora+, -ae, F. [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _stopping, delay_,15. + ++Morin+, -rum, M., _tribe of Belg on Channel, near Calais_,4. + ++Moror+, 1 [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _linger, tarry, delay_, 7, 10,11. + ++Ms+, mris, M. [1 MA-, MAN-], _will; custom, manner_, 13,15. + Cf. cnsutd. + ++Move+, 2, mv, mtum [1 MV-, MOV-], _set in motion; move_, 2,31. + ++Mulier+, -eris, F. [MAL-], _woman, female_, 13, 16,28. + ++Multitd+, -inis, F., _large number, body_, 4, 5, 6, etc.; _quantity, +number_, 10,32. + ++Multus+, -a, -um, adj., _much_, pl. _many_, 11, 25,29. + ++Mnmentum+, -, N. [2 MV-], _means of defence; fortification, +defence_,17. + ++Mni+, 4 [2 MV-], _wall; fortify, erect defences about, protect, +make_, (castra), 5, 12, 19, 20,29. + ++Mnti+, -nis, F. [2 MV-], _fortifying; fortification, works_,33. + ++Mrus+, -, M. [2 MV-], _encircling thing; wall, city wall_, 6, 12, 13, +17, 29, 30,32. + Cf. moenia. + + +N. + ++Nam+, co-ord. conj. [GNA-], _for_, 6, 14, 16, 19, 23, 30; as enclitic, +quisnam, _really, pray_,30. + Cf. the postpositive enim. + ++Nscor+, 3, ntus [GEN-, GNA-], _be born; begin, arise_,18. + ++Nti+, -nis, F. [GEN-, GNA-], _birth; race, people_,35. + Cf. populus, gns. + ++Ntra+, -ae, F. [GEN-, GNA-], _birth; nature, character_, 8, 15, 18, +22,29. + +(+Ntus+, -s), only abl. sing., M. [GEN-, GNA-], _birth_, 13,28. + ++Nv+, 1 [GNA-, GNO-], _perform with knowledge and zeal; do one's best, +exert one's self_,25. + ++N+, adv. and conj. [NA-], _no_; adv., _not_, 3, 17; conj., _that not, +lest_ (after expressions involving fear), 1, 5, 8, etc. + ++Necessrius+, -a, -um, adj. [2 NEC-], _unavoidable; pressing, +urgent_,21. + ++Necessits+, -tis, F. [2 NEC-], _unavoidableness; necessity, +compulsion_, 11; _urgency_,22. + ++Negtium+, -, N., [1 AV-], _not leisure; business, task_, 2; +_trouble, difficulty_,17. + ++Nm+, --, dat. nmin, abl. wanting, M. and F. [HAM-], _no man; +nobody, no one_,33. + ++Neque+ or +nec+, adv. [NA-; CA-, CI-], _and not, and so not_, 3, 5, +10, etc.; neque ... neque, _neither ... nor_, 11, 12, 15,25. + ++Nququam+, adv. [CA-, CI-], _not in any way; to no purpose, in +vain_,27. + ++Nervi+, -rum, M., _most warlike tribe of the Belg_, 4, 15, 16, etc. + ++Neuter+, -tra, -trum, gen. -trus, adj. [CA-, CI-], _neither +(oftwo)_,9. + ++Nve+ or +neu+, conj. [NA-], _and not; and that not_,21. + ++Nihil+, indecl., N. [NA-], _nothing_, 15, 26, 28; as adv., _not at +all_, 17,20. + ++Nisi+, conj. [NA-; SOVO-, SVO-], _if not, unless, except_, 6, 20,32. + ++Nbilits+, -tis, F. [GNA-, GNO-], _being known; high birth_,6. + ++Noct+, adv. [1 NEC-, NOC-], _by night_,33. + ++Nl+, nlle, nlu, --, [VOL-], _not wish; be unwilling_,1. + ++Nmen+, -inis, N. [GNA-, GNO-], _means of knowing; name_, 4, 6,28. + ++Nmintim+, adv. [GNA-, GNO-], _by name, expressly_,25. + ++Nmin+, 1 [GNA-, GNO-], _name, mention_,18. + ++Nn+, adv. [NA-; 2 I-], _not one; not_, 2, 6, 8, etc. + ++Nndum+, adv. [NA-; DIV-], _not yet_,11. + ++Nnnllus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-], _not none; some_, 1,25. + ++Nns+, -a, -um, adj., _ninth_,23. + ++Ns+, nostrum, pl. of ego, pron. [NV-], _we_,9. + ++Noster+, -stra, -strum, poss. pron. [NV-], _our, ours_, 1, 4, 8, etc. + ++Novem+, num. adj., indecl., _nine_,4. + ++Noviodnum+, -, N., _chief town of Suessiones_,12. + ++Novus+, -a, -um, adj. [NV-], _new, fresh_, 1, 2; _strange, novel_, 31; +superl., _last, in the rear_, 11, 25,26. + ++Nox+, -ctis, F. [1 NEC-, NOC-], _night_, 6, 7, 12,17. + ++Nd+, 1, _make bare; bare, strip_, 6; _leave unguarded_,23. + ++Nllus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-], _not any; none, no_, 11, 15, 32; as +dat. of nm, _no one_, 6,35. + ++Numerus+, -, M., _distributed thing; number, amount, numbers_, 4, 10, +17,33. + ++Numida+, -ae, M., _Numidian_, 7, 10,24. + ++Nunc+, adv. [NV-; CA-, CI-], _now, at the present time_,4. + ++Nnti+, 1 [NV-], _announce, report_, 2, 26, 28, 29,32. + ++Nntius+, -, M. [NV-], _person_ or _thing newly come; messenger_, 1; +_message, news_, 2, 6; w. acc. and infin. + + +O. + ++Ob+, prep. w. acc. [APA-], _towards; on account of_,35. + ++Obdc+, 3, -x, -ductum [DVC-], _lead towards; extend, construct_,8. + ++Obitus+ (-s), M. [1 I-], _going to; destruction_,29. + Cf. interneci. + ++Obs{e}s+, -idis, M. and F. [SED-], _one staying in a place; hostage_, +1, 3, 5, 13, 15,35. + ++Obtine+, 2, -u, -tentum [1TA-, TEN-], _lay hold of; have possession +of, hold_,4. + ++Obveni+, 4, -vn, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come in the way of; +come against, meet_, 23; w. dat. + ++Occsus (obc-)+, -s, M. [CAD-], _going down; setting_,11. + ++Occd (obc-)+, 3, -cd, -csum [2SAC-, SCD-, CD-], _strike +against; kill, slay_, 10, 25,33. + ++Occultus (obc-)+, -a, -um, adj. (P.of occul) [2CAL-], _covered +over; hidden, secret_,18. + ++Occup (obc-)+, 1 [CAP-], _take hold of; cover, occupy_, 8; _take +possession of, hold_, 1; pass., _be engaged, occupy one's self_,19. + ++Occurr (obc-)+, 3, -curr, -cursum [CEL-, CER-], _run towards; fall +in with, meet; come against_, 21, 24,27. + Cf. obveni. + ++ceanus+, -, M., _ocean, Atlantic_,34. + ++Octvus+, -a, -um, adj., _eighth_,23. + ++Oct+, num. adj., indecl., _eight_, 6,7. + ++Offer (obf-)+, -ferre, obtul, obltum [1FER-], _bring towards; +offer, bear, carry_,21. + ++Omitt+, 3, -ms, -mssum [MIT-], _let go; neglect, leave +untried_,17. + ++Omnis+, -e, adj. [AP-, OP-], _every, all, entire_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Onus+, -eris, N. [AN-], _burden; bulk, weight_,30. + ++Opera+, -ae, F. [AP-, OP-], _working; work, service_,25. + ++Opni+, -nis, F. [AP-, OP-], _thinking; impression, idea, +expectation_, 8, 35; _reputation_, 8,24. + ++Oportet+, 2, -uit, --, impers. [2PAR-, POR-], _is necessary; must, +ought_, 20; w. pass. infin. or acc. and infin. + ++Oppidnus (obp-)+, -a, -um, adj. [PED-], _of a town_; as noun, M., +_townsman, inhabitant of a town (other than Rome)_, 7,33. + ++Oppidum (obp-)+, -, N. [PED-], _on the ground; town_, 3, 4, 6, etc. + Cf. urbs; vcus. + ++Opportnus (obp-)+, -a, -um, adj. [1PAR-, PER-], _of what is opposite +the harbor; suitable, convenient_,8. + Cf idneus. + ++Oppgnti (obp-)+, -nis, F. [PAC-, PVG-], _act of assaulting; mode +of attack, assault_,6. + ++Oppgn+, 1 [PAC-, PVG-], _fight against; attack, storm_, 6; _carry by +assault_,12. + +(+Ops+), opis, F. (no nom. or dat. sing.) [AP-, OP-], _obtaining thing; +help, aid_, 31; pl., _resources_,14. + ++Optimus+, -a, -um, adj. used as superl. of bonus [AP-, OP-], +_best_,10. + ++Opus+, -eris, N. [AP-, OP-], _obtaining thing; work, siege-work_, 12, +19, 20, 21; quant opere, _how greatly_, mgn opere, _very much_,5. + ++Opus+, indecl. N. (really same word as above) [AP-, OP-], w. est, _is +necessary, is needed_, 8,22. + ++rti+, -nis, F., _speaking; address, speech, words_, 5,21. + ++rd+, -inis, M. [OL-, OR-], _weaving; succession, order_, 11, 19, 22; +_rank, line_, 11,19. + ++Orior+, 4, ortus [OL-, OR-], _bestir one's self; arise, be raised_, 24; +_be descended from_,4. + ++Osism+, -rum, M., _people of Gaul (inBrittany)_,34. + + +P. + ++P.+, abbrev. of Publius, 25, 34. + ++Pbulum+, -, N. [PA-], _thing affecting feeding; fodder, forage_,2. + ++Pc+, 1 [PAC-], _bring to peace; subdue_, 1,35. + ++Paeman+, -rum, M., _German tribe of the Belg_,4. + ++Paene+, adv., _nearly, almost_, 10,24. + ++Pals+, -dis, F., _thing having wet clay; marsh, swamp, morass_, 9, +10,28. + ++Pand+, 3, -d, passum [2 PAT-, PAD-], _cause to go; spread out, +extend_,13. + ++Pr+, paris, adj. [1 PAR-, PER-], _equal_,18. + ++Partus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of par) [2PAR-, POR-], _brought; made +ready, ready, prepared_, 3, 9, 21; w. infin. or expression of purpose. + ++Pars+, partis, F. [2 PAR-, POR-], _that cut; part, portion_, 1, 4, 9, +etc.; _quarter, direction_, 21, 24, 29; _point, side_, 5, 8,22. + ++Partim+, adv. (acc. of Pars) [2 PAR-, POR-], _by a dividing; partly_, +1,33. + ++Parvulus+, -a, -um, dim. adj. [PAV-], _very small; slight, +unimportant_,30. + ++Passus+, -s, M. [1 PAT-], _going; double pace, step, pace_, 8, 18; +mlia passuum, _mile_ (= 5000 feet), 6, 7, 11, 13,16. + ++Patefaci+, 3, -fc, -factum [2PAT-; FAC-], _make open; open, throw +open_,32. + ++Pate+, 2, -u, -- [2 PAT-], _stand open; be open, spread out, +extend_, 7,8. + ++Pater+, -tris, M. [PA-], _accomplisher of protecting or nourishing; +father_,4. + ++Patior+, 3, passus, _suffer, endure_, 31; _suffer, allow_,15. + ++Patrius+, -a, -um, adj. [PA-], _of a father; of one's ancestors, +ancestral_,15. + ++Paucus+, -a, -um, adj. [PAV-], _made to cease_; pl. only, _few_, 18; as +substantive, _afew, small number_,12. + ++Paultim+, adv. [PAV-], _by little and little; gradually, gently_, +8,26. + ++Paulisper+, adv. [PAV-; 1 PAR-], _for a short time_,7. + ++Paul+, adv. (abl. N. of paulus) [PAV-], _by a little; a little_,20. + ++Paululum+, dim. adv. [PAV-], _very little; very slightly_,8. + ++Paulum+, adv. (acc. N. of paulus) [PAV-], _alittle_,25. + ++Px+, pcis, F. [PAC-], _binding thing; peace_, 6, 13, 15, 29, 31,32. + ++Ped{e}s+, -itis, M. [PED-], _one that goes on foot; foot-soldier_,24. + ++Pedester+, -tris, -tre, adj. [PED-], _of infantry, infantry_,17. + ++Pedius+, -, M., _Quintus Pedius_, Csar's nephew, and lieutenant under +him, 2,11. + ++Pellis+, -is, F. [PLE-], _hide, skin_,33. + ++Pell+, 3, pepul, pulsum [PAL-, PEL-], _cause to move; drive, +dislodge_, 24; _rout, defeat_, 17, 19,24. + ++Per+, prep. w. acc. [1 PAR-, PER-], _through; by, by means of_, 11, 20, +31; _on account of_, 16; _through, by way of_, 16; _over_,10. + ++Perfer+, -ferre, -tul, -ltum [1FER-], _carry through; bear, +endure_, 14; _bear, spread among_,35. + ++Perclitor+, 1 [1 PAR-, PER-], _test; prove, make trial_,8. + ++Perculum+, -, N. [1 PAR-, PER-], _means of trying, trial; danger, +peril_, 5, 11,26. + ++Permitt+, 3, -ms, -mssum [MIT-], _let through; yield, give up_, 3, +31; w. acc. and dat. + ++Permove+, 2, -mv, -mtum [1MV-, MOV-], _stir up thoroughly; +disturb, alarm_, 12,24. + ++Perspici+, 3, -spx, -spectum [SPEC-], _see through_, 17, 18; +_perceive clearly, find out, ascertain_, 11, 17,32. + ++Persude+, 2, -s, -sum, _thoroughly advise; prevail upon, persuade_, +10, 16; w. dat. and subjunctive w.ut. + ++Perterre+, 2 [TER-], _thoroughly frighten; demoralize, render +panic-stricken_, 24,27. + Cf. perturb. + ++Pertine+, 2, -u, -- [1 TA-, TEN-], _thoroughly hold; extend +to_,19. + ++Perturb+, 1 [TVR-], _throw into utter confusion; disconcert, alarm_, +11,21. + Cf. permove. + ++Perveni+, 4, -vn, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come quite to; reach, +arrive at_, 2, 11, 15,17. + ++Ps+, pedis, M. [PED-], _going thing; foot_, 5, 18, 29,30. + ++Pet+, 3, -v and -i, -tum [PET-], _fall upon; seek_, 20, 24; _aim +at, make for_, 11, 23; _seek, make request, ask_, 12, 14, w. ut and +subjunct.; _ask, beg_, 13, 31, w. acc. + ++Plum+, -, N. [PIS-], _crushing thing; heavy javelin_, 23,27. + ++Plnitis+ (-), F. [PLAT-], _flatness; level stretch of country, +plain_,8. + ++Plrumque+, adv. (acc. N. of plrusque), _for the most part, +generally_,30. + ++Plrusque+, -raque, -rumque, adj. [PLE-; CA-, CI-], _larger part of; +most of_,4. + ++Plrimus+, -a, -um, adj. (used as superl. of multus) [PLE-, PLO-, +PLV-], _most_; acc. N. as adv., _most_,4. + ++Polliceor+, 2 [LIC-, LIQV-], _offer very much; offer, promise_, 4,35. + ++Pondus+, -eris, N., _weighing thing; weight, bulk_,29. + Cf. onus. + ++Pn+ [for portsin], 3, posu, positum [1SA-, SI-], _let down; place, +establish, pitch_, 5, 7, 8, 13; _place, base on_,11. + ++Pns+, pontis, M. [1 PAT-], _means of going; bridge_, 5, 9,10. + ++Populor+, 1 [SCAL-, SPOL-], _pour out people; lay waste, ravage, raid_, +5,9. + Cf. dpopulor, vst. + ++Populus+, -, M. [PLE-, PLO-], _the many; people, nation_, 1, 3, 13, +etc. + Cf. gns. + ++Porrctus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of porrig) [REG-, RIG-], _stretched +out, stretched forward_,19. + ++Porta+, -ae, F. [1 PAR-, POR-], _thing passed through; gate_, 6, 24, +32,33. + ++Port+, 1 [1 PAR-, POR-], _bear along, carry, convey_, 5,29. + ++Posc+, 3, poposc, -- [PREC-] _ask for urgently; demand, +request_,15. + Cf. pet. + ++Posside+, 2, -sd, -sessum [SED-], _have and hold, possess_,4. + ++Possum+, posse, potu [POT-], _be able, can_, 1, 3, 4, etc.; _amount +to, be influential_ or _powerful_, 4,8. + ++Post+, prep. w. acc. [POS-], _behind; after_, 14, 29; _behind_, 5, +9,19. + ++Poste+, adv. [POS-; 2 I-], _after this; afterwards_, 17, 30,32. + ++Postquam+, conj. [POS-; CA-], _after that; after, as soon as, +when_,5. + ++Postrm+, _at last, finally_. + ++Postrdi+, adv. (contr. from poster di) [POS-; DIV-, DI-], _on the +day after_, 12, 33; w. gen. + ++Postul+, 1 [PREC-], _ask, demand, require_, 4, 22,33. + Cf. posc. + ++Potns+, -entis, adj. [POT-], _able, mighty, powerful_, 1,4. + ++Potests+, -tis, F. [POT-], _ability; power, control_, 3, 31, 34; +_power, ability_,6. + ++Potior+, 4 [POT-], _become master of; get control of, gain_, 7, 24, 26; +w. abl. + ++Potius+, adv. (compar.) [POT-], _rather, preferably_, 10; foll. by +quam. + ++Prae+, prep. w. abl. [PRO-, PRI-, PRAE-], _before; in comparison +with_,30. + ++Praeactus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AC-], _sharpened in front; pointed, +sharpened at the point_,29. + ++Praebe+ [for praehibe], 2 [HAB-], _hold forth; furnish, afford_,17. + ++Praeceps+, -ipitis, adj. [CAP-], _head foremost; headlong, in +haste_,24. + ++Praedor+ [for praehedor], 1, _make booty; plunder, raid_, 17,24. + ++Praefer+, -ferre, -tl, -ltum [1FER-], _bear before; place before, +thrust forward, outdo_, 27; w. acc. and dat. + ++Praefici+, 3, -fc, -fectum [FAC-], _place over; put at the head of, +place in command of_, 11; w. acc. and dat. + ++Praemitt+, 3, -msi, -mssum [MIT-], _send before; send in advance_, +11, 17,19. + ++Praescrb+, 3, -ps, -ptum [SCARP-, SCALP-], _write before; dictate, +prescribe, direct_, 20; w. dat. and indir. question. + ++Praesertim+, adv. [1 SER-, SVAR-], _by an arranging before; +especially, particularly_,30. + ++Praesidium+, -, N. [SED-], _sitting before; guard, defence, support_, +5, 19, 26, 29, 33; _protection, safety_,11. + ++Praest+, 1, -stit, -- [STA-], _stand before; excel_, 15; _put +forth, exhibit_, 27; _be preferable, be better_ (impers.),31. + ++Praesum+, -esse, -fu [ES-], _be before; be in charge of, command_, 6, +9; w. dat. + ++Praetere+, _in addition_. + ++Prem+, 3, press, pressum, _press; push closely, press hard_,24. + ++Prmiplus+, -, M. [PRO-, PRI-; PIS-], _first centurion of the +triarii_,25. + ++Prm+, adv. [PRO-], _at first_,8. + ++Prmum+, adv. (acc. N. of prmus) [PRO-, PRI-], _first thing; first, in +the first place_, 1, 10, 30; cum prmum, _as soon as_,2. + ++Prmus+, -a, -um, adj. [PRO-, PRI-], _first, foremost_, 10, 11, 17, +etc.; as noun, M., _chief, leading man_, 3,13. + ++Prnceps+, -ipis, adj. [PRO-, PRI-; CAP-], _taking first place_; as +noun, _leader, chief_, 5,14. + Cf. prmus. + ++Prior+, -ius, gen. -ris, adj. [PRO-, PRI-], _former; those preceding, +men in front_, 11. Opp. novissim. + ++Prstinus+, -a, -um, adj. [PRO-, PRI-; 1TA-, TEN-] _former; former, +old time_,21. + ++Prius+, adv. (acc. N. of prior) [PRO-, PRI-], _earlier, sooner_, 32; +foll. by quam. + ++Priusquam+, adv., conj. (= prius quam) [PRO-, PRI-; CA-], _sooner +than, before_, 12; w. subj. + Cf. prius quam, 32. + ++Pr+, prep. w. abl. [PRO-, PRI-], _before; in front of, before_, 8; _in +behalf of_, 14; _in proportion to, to the best of one's ability_, 25; +_in accordance with, agreeably to_,31. + ++Prcd+, 3, -cess, -cessum [CAD-], _go forward; advance, proceed_, +20,25. + ++Procul+, adv. [CEL-], _driven forward; at a distance, afar off_,30. + ++Prcumb+, 3, -cubu, -cubitum, _bend forwards; fall forward, sink to +the ground_,27. + ++Proelior+, 1, _fight, contend_,23. + Cf. dmic, congredior. + ++Proelium+, -, N., _fighting, fight_, 23, 25, 26, 27; _skirmish, +engagement, battle_, 8, 9, 20, 21, 28,30. + ++Profecti+, -nis, F. [FAC-], _going away; setting out, +departure_,11. + ++Proficscor+, 3, -fectus [FAC-], _begin to go forward; set out, go, +march_, 2, 21, 25,35. + ++Prflg+, 1 [FLAG-, FLIG-], _strike to the ground; rout, defeat_,23. + Cf. pell, cnici. + ++Profugi+, 3, -fg, -- [2 FVG-], _flee before; flee for refuge, +escape_,14. + ++Prgntus+, -a, -um, adj. [GEN-, GN-, GNA-], _born, descended, sprung +from_,29. + ++Prgredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go forward; advance, proceed_, +10,23. + Cf. prcd. + ++Prohibe+, 2 [HAB-], _hold before; hinder, prevent_, 4, w. acc. and +infin.; _keep from, cut off_, 9, 28, w. acc. and abl. + ++Prici+, 3, -ic, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _cast forward; give up, +abandon, renounce_,15. + ++Prmove+, 2, -mv, -mtum [1MV-, MOV-], _move forward, +advance_,31. + ++Prope+, adv. [PARC-, PLEC-], _near; nearly, almost_, 28,32. + ++Proper+, 1 [2 PAR-, POR-], _hasten, make haste_, 11,35. + ++Propnquits+, -tis, F. [PARC-, PLEC-], _nearness, proximity_, 20; +_family connection, kinship_,4. + Cf. adfnits. + ++Propnquus+, -a, -um, adj. [PARC-, PLEC-], _being near; near, close, +adjacent_, 35, w. dat. + ++Prpn+, 3, -posu, -positum [1SA-, SI-], _place before; put forth, +expose to view, display_,20. + ++Propter+, prep. w. acc. [PARC-, PLEC-], _near; on account of_, 4, 8, +12, 16,20. + ++Proptere+, adv. [PARC-, PLEC-], _on account of that_; foll. by quod, +_for the reason (that), because_, 4; foll. by indic. + ++Prpgn+, 1 [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _fight before; fight in defence, make +defensive sallies_,7. + ++Prsequor+, 3, -sectus [SEC-], _follow onward; pursue, follow after_, +11; _follow, address_,5. + ++Prspectus+, -s, M. [SPEC-], _forward look; out-look, distant view, +prospect_,22. + ++Prtinus+, adv. [1 TA-, TEN-], _before one's self; at once, +immediately_,9. + ++Prturb+, 1 [TVR-], _drive forward; drive off, frighten away_,19. + Cf. pell. + ++Prvide+, 2, -vd, -vsum [VID-], _see before; look out, see, attend +to_,22. + ++Prvincia+, -ae, F. [VIC-], _territory acquired by conquest; +province_,29. + ++Prvol+, 1, -v, --, _fly forth; hasten forth, hurry forward_,19. + ++Proxim+, adv., superl. of prope [PARC-, PLEC-], _nearest; most +recently, last_, 8,19. + ++Proximus+, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of propior, no pos.) [PARC-, PLEC-], +_nearest, closest_, 3, 12, 33; _next, following_, 27, (oftime) 12,35. + ++Prdentia+ (for prvidentia), -ae, F. [VID-], _seeing before; +foresight, wisdom, prudence_,4. + ++Pblicus+, -a, -um, adj. [PLE-, PLO-], _belonging to the people_; w. +rs, _republic, state, government_,5. + ++Puer+, -er, M., _one begotten; boy, child_, 13,28. + ++Pgna+, -ae, F. [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _thrusting thing; fight, battle_, +16, 25, 28,29. + Cf. proelium. + ++Pgn+, 1 [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _fight, contend_, 8, 10, 21, 26, 27,33. + Cf. congredior, contend, dmic, proelior. + + +Q. + ++Q.+, abbrev. for +Quntus+, 2, 5, 9,11. + ++Qu+, adv. (abl. F. of qu) [CA-], _on which side; at what point, +where_,33. + ++Quadringent+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [CEN-], _four hundred_,8. + ++Quaer+, 3, -sv, -stum, _seek; ask, enquire, make enquiry_, 4, 15; +_look for, seek, try to find_,21. + Cf. pet. + ++Quam+, adv. (acc. of qu) [CA-], _in what manner; than_, 10, 19, 20, +21, 22, 31,32. + Cf. c (19). + ++Quamvs+, adv. [CA-; VOL-], _as you will; as much as you like, +any-so-ever, any_,31. + ++Quantus+, -a, -um, adj. [CA-], _how great, how many_, 4, 5, 14, 26, in +indir. quest.; _as great as, as much as_, 8,11. + Cf. tantus. + ++Quartus+, -a, -um, adj., _fourth_,25. + ++Quattuor+, num. adj., indecl., _four_,33. + ++Que+, enclitic conj. [CA-, CI-], _and_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + Joins kindred expressions; sometimes couples a sentence to a + preceding one. + Cf. et, atque. + ++Qu+, quae, quod, rel. and adj. pron. [CA-, CI-], _who, which, what, +that_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Qudam+, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron. [CA-, CI-; 3DA-], _certain +one, some one_,17. + ++Quidem+, adv. [CA-, CI-; 3 DA-], _certainly_; n ... quidem, enclosing +emphatic word or expression, _not even_, 3,17. + ++Qun+, conj. w. subj. [CA-, CI-; NA-], _by which not; but that, that, +from_, 2,3. + ++Qunam (quis-)+, quae-, quod-, interrog. pron. [CA-, CI-], _for who? +who, which, what, pray? what in the world?_30. + ++Qundecim+, num. adj., indecl. [DEC-], _fifteen_, 2, 4, 30,35. + ++Qungent+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [CEN-], _five hundred_,28. + ++Qunqugint+, num. adj., indecl., _fifty_, 4,33. + ++Qunque+, num. adj., indecl., _five_. + ++Quis+, quae, quid? interrog. pron. [CA-, CI-], _who? which? what?_ +4, 8, 11, etc. + Indef. after s and n, _any one, any_, 8, 14, 32,33. + ++Quisquam+, --, quicquam (quidq-), indef. pron. [CA-, CI-], _any, any +at all_, 17; in negative clauses. + ++Quisque+, quae-, quid- (quod-), indef. pron. [CA-, CI-], _each, each +one, every_, 4, 10, 11, 21, 22,25. + ++Quisquis+, --, quicquid (quidq-) or quodquod, indef. rel. pron. +[CA-, CI-], _whatever, whatsoever, everything which_,17. + ++Qu+, rel. adv. (dat. and abl. of qu) [CA-, CI-], _in what place_; +(dat. use) _where, whither_, 16 17, 21; conj. (rel. adv.), = ut e, _by +which, so that, that_,25. + ++Quod+, conj. (acc. N. of qui) [CA-, CI-], _that; in that, because_, 1, +4, 10, etc.; _the fact that_,17. + ++Quoque+, adv. [CA-, CI-], _also, too, as well_, 10, 22; placed after +word to be emphasized. + + +R. + ++Rmus+, -, M., _growing thing; branch_,17. + ++Rati+, -nis, F. [RA-], _reckoning; consideration_, 10; _plan, method, +system_, 19,22. + ++Re-, Red-+, _back, away_, in comp. only. + ++Recipi+, 3, -cp, -ceptum [CAP-], _take back; admit, receive_, 3, +15; with reflex. pron., _recover_, 12; _betake one's self, retreat, go_, +11, 19,24. + Cf. s cnferre. + ++Redd+, 3, -did, -ditum [1DA-], _give back; render_,5. + ++Rede+, -re, -i, -itum [1 I-], _go back; recede, decline, slope +away_,8. + ++Redig+, 3, -g, -ctum [AG-], _drive back; bring down, reduce_, 14, +28, 34; _render_,27. + Cf. redd. + ++Redintegr+, 1 [TAG-], _make whole again; renew, restore_, 23, +25,27. + ++Rdons+, -um, M., _tribe of Brittany_,34. + ++Redc+, 3, -x, -ductum [DVC-], _lead back_,9. + ++Refer+, -ferre, rettul, -ltum [1FER-], _bear back; report, +announce_,33. + Cf. adfer, rennti. + ++Refring+, 3, -frg, -frctum, _break back; break open, tear +open_,33. + ++Regi+, -nis, F. [REG-], _directing, direction; region, district, +locality, country_,4. + ++Rgnum+, -, N. [REG-], _that which rules; power, control_,1. + ++Rici+, 3, -ic, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl back; throw back, drive +back_,33. + ++Relangusc+, 3, -gu, -- [LAG-], _lose energy, be weakened_,15. + ++Relinqu+, 3, -lqu, -lctum [LIC-, LIQV-] _leave behind, leave_, 5, +8,29. + ++Reliquus+, -a, -um, adj. [LIC-, LIQV-], _remaining; other, rest of_, +2, 3, 5, etc.; as noun, M., _the rest, the others_, 10,25. + ++Rm+, -rum, M., _people of Belgium on the Axona_, 3, 4, 5, etc. + ++Remitt+, 3, -ms, -mssum [MIT-], _send back; hurl back, return_, +27; _relax, weaken_,15. + ++Rmus+, -, M., _a Remian_,6. + ++Rennti+, 1 [NV-], _bring back word; announce, report_, 24; w. dat. +and acc. and infin. + Cf. adfer, refer. + ++Repell+, 3, reppul, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-, PVL-], _drive back, +repulse_,10. + Cf. rici. + ++Repentn+, adv. (abl. of repentnus), _suddenly_,33. + ++Reperi+, 4, repper, -pertum [2PAR-, POR-], _produce again; find, +find out, ascertain_, 9; w. acc. and infin., 4,15. + ++Rs+, re, F. [RA-], _thing spoken of; thing, circumstance, matter, +affair, business, fact_, 1, 2, 3, etc.; rs frmentria, _grain-supply, +provisions_, 2; rs pblica, _state, republic_,5. + ++Resist+, 3, -stit, -- [STA-], _stand back; hold one's ground, +maintain one's position, resist_, 22, 23,26. + ++Respici+, 3, -spx, -spectum [SPEC-], _look back, look behind +one_,24. + ++Responde+, 2, -nd, -spnsum, _promise in return; reply, answer_,32. + ++Retine+, 2, -u, -tentum [1TA-, TEN-], _keep back; keep up, +maintain_, 21; _keep back, reserve_, 32,33. + ++Revertor+, 3, -versus (active in perfect, pluperfect, and future +perfect: reverti, reverteram, revertero) [VERT-], _turn back; return, go +back_, 10, 14, 29,35. + ++Revoc+, 1 (VOC-, VAG-), _call back, summon_,20. + ++Rx+, rgis, M. [REG-], _ruler; king, chieftain_, 4,13. + ++Rhnus+, -, M., _the Rhine_, 3, 4, 29,35. + ++Rpa+, -ae, F., _bank, river-bank_, 5, 23,27. + ++Rmnus+, -a, -um, adj., _Roman_, 1, 3, etc.; as noun, M., _Roman_, 10, +12, 13, etc. + ++Rubus+, -, M., _red-colored thing; bramble_,17. + ++Rmor+, -ris, M., _sounding; report, rumor_,1. + ++Rps+, -is, F. [RAP-, RVP-], _broken thing; cliff, steep rock_,29. + ++Rrsus+, adv. [VERT-], _turned back; again, back again_, 19, 23,24. + + +S. + ++Sabnus+, -, M., _Q. Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of Csar_,5. + ++Sabis+, -is, M., _river Sambre in country of Nervii_, 16,18. + ++Saeps+, -is, F. [1 SAC-, SAG-], _hedge_, 17,22. + ++Sagittrius+, -, M. [1 SAC-, SAG-], _of an arrow; archer, bowman_, 7, +10,19. + ++Sals+, -tis, F. [SAL-, SER-], _being well; preservation, salvation, +safety_, 27, 33; _well-being, welfare_,5. + ++Sarcinae+, -rum, F., _bundle; luggage, personal baggage_,17. + ++Saxum+, -, N. [2 SAC-, SEC-], _fragment of rock; rock, stone_,29. + ++Scientia+, -ae, F. [2 SAC-, SEC-, SCI-], _knowing; knowledge_,20. + ++Scrb+, 3, -ps, -ptum [SCARP-, SCALP-], _scratch; write, give an +account_,29. + ++Sctum+, -, N. [SCV-, CV-], _covering thing; shield_, 21, 25, 27,33. + ++Secti+, -nis, F. [2 SAC-, SEC-], _cutting; lot of booty, booty_,33. + ++Secundum+, prep. w. acc. (acc. N. of secundus) [SEC-], _following; in +the direction of, along_,18. + ++Secundus+, -a, -um, adj. [SEC-], _following; second_, 11; _successful, +favorable_,9. + ++Sed+, co-ord. conj., adversative [SOVO-, SVO-], _apart from; but_, 14, +17, 19, 20, 21,32. + ++Sentor+, -ris, M. [SEN-], _old man; elder, senator_,28. + ++Sentus+, -s, M. [SEN-], _office of an old man; council, senate_,5. + ++Senons+, -um, M., _tribe on upper Seine_,2. + ++Sententia+, -ae, F. [SENT-], _thinking; opinion, view_,10. + ++Sents+, -ium, M., _thorns, briars, brambles_,17. + ++Septimus+, -a, -um, adj., _seventh_, 23,26. + ++Sequor+, 3, sectus [SEC-], _follow; go along, accompany_, 17; _follow, +result_,22. + ++Servits+, -tis, F. [1 SER-, SVAR-], _slavery, servitude, +subjection_,14. + ++Serv+, 1 [SAL-, SER-], _save; keep, maintain_,33. + ++Sex+, num. adj., indecl., _six_, 5, 8, 19,29. + ++Sexgint+, num. adj., indecl., _sixty_,4. + ++Sexcent+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [CEN-], _six hundred_, 15,28. + ++S+, conj. [SOVO-, SVO-], _if, in case_, 5, 8, 9, etc.; _to see if, +whether_, 9, w. indir. question. + ++Sc+, adv. [3 SA-; CA-, CI-], _in this manner; so, in such a manner_, +32; _in following manner, as follows_, 4,15. + ++Sgnifer+, -er, M. [3 SAC-; 1FER-], _standard-bearer, ensign_,25. + ++Sgnificti+, -nis, F. [3 SAC-; FAC-], _pointing out; announcement, +signal_,33. + ++Sgnific+, 1 [3 SAC-; FAC-], _show by signs; indicate, show_, 7; +_announce, make known_, 13; w. acc. and infin. + ++Sgnum+, -, N. [3 SAC-], _mark; signal, sign_, 20, 21; _military +standard, ensign_, 21, 25, 26; -- convertere, _face about, wheel_, 26; +-- nferre, _advance to attack, charge_, 25; ad -- cnsistere, _rally +round the standards_,21. + ++Silva+, -ae, F. [2 SER-, SVAL-], _wood, forest_, 18,19. + ++Silvestris+, -e, adj. [2 SER-, SVAL-], _of a wood; wooded_,18. + ++Simul+, adv. [2 SA-, SIM-], _together; at the same time_,24. + ++Sine+, prep. w. abl. [SOVO-], _without_, 5, 11, 15, 25,31. + ++Singulris+, -e, adj. [2 SA-, SEM-, SIM-], _one by one; remarkable, +extraordinary_,24. + Cf. eximius. + ++Singul+, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. [2SA-, SEM-, SIM-], _one to +each; one at a time, separate, single_, 17,20. + ++Sinister+, -tra, -trum, adj. left, _on the left_,23. + ++Sl+, -is, M. [2 SER-, SVAL-], _sun_,11. + ++Sollicit+, 1 [SAL-; CI-], _move violently; stir up, instigate, +incite_,1. + ++Slum+, adv. (acc. N. of slus) [SAL-, SER-], _alone, only_,14. + ++Slus+, -a, -um, adj. [SAL-, SER-], _alone, only, sole_,4. + ++Spatium+, -, N., [SPA-, PA-], _race-course; space, distance_, 17, 30; +_extent, time_,11. + ++Specis+, -i, F. [SPEC-], _seeing; sight, form, appearance_,31. + ++Specultor+, -ris, M. [SPEC-], _searcher; scout, spy_,11. + Cf. explrtor. + ++Sps+, -e, F. [SPA, PA-], _hope, expectation_, 7, 25, 27,33. + ++Spritus+, -s, M., _breathing; feeling, pride, haughtiness_,4. + ++Statim+, adv. [STA-], _in standing; at once, immediately_,11. + Cf. prtinus. + ++Stati+, -nis, F. [STA-], _standing; guard, out-post, picket_,18. + ++Statu+, 3, -u, -tum [STA-], _make stand; fix, determine, decide_, +8,31. + ++Statra+, -ae, F. [STA-], _standing upright; stature, size_,30. + ++Strepitus+, -s, M., _clashing, clatter, noise, din_,11. + Cf. clmor, fremitus. + ++Stude+, 2, -u, -- [SPA-, PA-], _be eager; strive after, be bent +upon, desire_, 1; _devote one's self to, pay attention to_, 17; w. dat. + ++Studium+, -, N. [SPA-, PA-], _zeal, eagerness, enthusiasm_,7. + ++Sub+, prep. w. abl. and acc., _under, beneath_, 17; _near to, toward_, +11,33. + ++Sube+, -re, -i, -itum [1 I-], _go under; go near, approach closely, +come up_, 25,27. + Cf. adpropnqu, succd. + ++Subit+, adv. (abl. of subitus) [1I-], _by coming on stealthily; +suddenly, unexpectedly_, 19; _hastily, offhand_,33. + Cf. repentn. + ++Submitt (summ-)+, 3, -ms, -mssum [MIT-], _send below; send to aid, +despatch, send_, 6, 25; w. dat. + ++Subru (surr-)+, 3, -ru, -rutum, _tear down below; undermine, dig +under_,6. + ++Subsequor+, 3, -sectus [SEC-], _follow closely, pursue_, 11,19. + ++Subsidium+, -, N. [SED-], _sitting behind; reserve forces, reserves_, +22, 25; _aid, assistance, help_, 6, 7, 8, 20,26. + Cf. auxilium. + ++Succd (subc-)+, 3, -cess, -cessum [CAD-], _go below; draw near, +approach closely_,6. + Cf. sube, adpropnqu. + ++Successus (subc-)+, -s, M. [CAD-], _going below; advance, close +approach_,20. + ++Suessins+, -um, M., _German tribe north of the Marne_, 3, 4, 12,13. + ++Su+, sibi, s (ss), reflex. pron. referring to subject or speaker, +[SOVO-, SVO-], _self; of himself, of themselves_, etc., 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Sum+, esse, fu [ES-], _be; exist, be_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Summa+, -ae, F. (f. of summus, sc. rs), _highest (thing); chief +control, general management_, 4,23. + ++Summus+, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of superus), _highest, greatest, +topmost_, 6, 23, 24, 32; _highest part, summit, top_, 18,26. + ++Sm+, 3, -mps, -mptum [EM-], _take, claim, assume_,4. + ++Superior+, -ius, gen. -ris, adj. compar. of superus, _higher, upper_, +18, 23, 26; _preceding, former, past_,20. + Cf. altior; prstinus. + ++Super+, 1, _go over; defeat, vanquish_,24. + Cf. vinc. + ++Supersede+, 2, -sd, -sessum [SED-], _sit over; refrain from, omit, +postpone_, 8; w. abl. + ++Supersum+, -esse, -fu [ES-], _be above; remain, survive_, 27,28. + ++Supplex (subpl-)+, -icis, adj. [PARC-, PLEC-], _folding the knees +beneath; suppliant, beseeching_,28. + ++Supplicti (subpl-)+, -nis, F. [PARC-, PLEC-], _kneeling down; +thanksgiving_,35. + ++Supr+, adv., _on upper side; above, before_, 1, 18,29. + ++Sustent+, 1 [1 TA-, TEN-], _keep holding up; hold out, maintain one's +self_, 6,14. + ++Sustine+, 2, -u, -tentum [1TA-, TEN-], _hold up under; withstand, +sustain_, 11, 21; with reflex. pron., _hold out_, 6; _keep upright, +stand up_,25. + ++Suus+, -a, -um, poss. adj. [SOVO-, SVO-], _of himself, his own, their +own_, etc., 3, 4, 5, etc.; as noun, M., _their (his) countrymen, +friends_, 6, 8, 9, etc.; N., _property, possessions_, 3, 13,29. + + +T. + ++T.+, praenomen _Titus, T. Labienus_, 11,26. + ++Tam+, adv. [2 TA-], _so far; so, to such a degree_,21. + ++Tamen+, adv. [2 TA-], _in so far; still, however; nevertheless_ 8,32. + ++Tantulus+, -a, -um, dim. adj. [2 TA-], _so small; so trifling_,30. + Cf. parvulus. + ++Tantus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 TA-], _of such size; so great, so much_, 3, +5, 6, etc. + ++Tard+, 1, _make slow, retard, check_,25. + ++Tardus+, -a, -um, adj., _slow (weary, exhausted)_,25. + ++Tegimenta (tegu-)+, -rum, N., _means of covering; covering, +cover_,21. + ++Tlum+, -, N. [TEC-], _missile, weapon, javelin_, 6, 10, 21, 25, +27,33. + ++Tempus+, -oris, N. [1 TA-, TEN-], _time_ (ingeneral), 5, 14, 19, 20, +21, 24, 33, 34; _moment_, 19; _time, period, day_, 17, 35; _emergency, +crisis_,22. + ++Tend+, 3, tetend, tentum (tnsum) [1TA-, TEN-], _stretch; stretch +out, extend_,13. + Cf. pand. + ++Tene+, 2, -u, -- [1 TA-, TEN-], _hold, have_, 23; _hold, +surround_,24. + ++Tener+, -era, -erum, adj. [1 TA-, TEN-], _tender, young_,17. + ++Terror+, -ris, M. [TER-, TERS-], _frightening; great fear, fright, +panic_,12. + ++Tertius+, -a, -um, adj., _third_, 1, 32,33. + ++Testd+, -inis, F., _having a shell; tortoise, bulwark of shields_,6. + ++Teuton+, -rum (-s, -um), M., _German tribe_, 4,29. + ++Time+, 2, -u, --, _fear, be afraid, entertain fears_, 26, w. n +followed by subjunctive. + ++Titurius+, -, M., _Q. Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of Csar's_, 5, +9,10. + ++Titus+, -, M., _praenomen of Labienus, Csar's lieutenant_, 11,26. + ++Tormentum+, -, N. [TARC- (TARP-), TREP-], _thing twisted; machine of +war, engine for hurling_,8. + ++Totidem+, adj., indecl. [2 TA-; 3 DA], _just as many, same number +of_,4. + ++Ttus+, -a, -um, gen. totus, adj. [TV-, TO-], _increased; whole, +entire_, 4, 6, 19,23. + ++Trabs+, trabis, F. [TARC- (TARP-), TREP-], _beam, timber_,29. + ++Trd+, 3, -did, -ditum [1DA-], _give over; hand over, give up, +surrender_, 13, 15, 31,32. + ++Trdc+, 3, -x, -ductum [DVC-], _lead over; lead across, bring +over_, 4, 5, 9,10. + ++Trns+, prep. w. acc., _across, over, beyond_, 16,35. + ++Trnse+, -re, -i, -itum [1 I-], _go over; go across, cross_, 9, 10, +23, 24,27. + ++Trnsgredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go over; go across, cross_,19. + Cf. trnse. + ++Trnsversus+, -a, -um, adj. [VERT-], _turned across; crosswise, at +right angles, oblique_,8. + ++Trs+, tria, gen. -ium, num. adj., _three_, 11, 18, 28,33. + ++Trver+, -rum, M., _Celtic tribe on the Moselle_,24. + ++Tribnus+, -, M., _tribune_,26. + ++Trduum+, -, N. [DIV-, DI-, DIAV-], _three days' time_,16. + ++Tuba+, -ae, F., _trumpet_,20. + ++Tum+, adv. [2 TA-], _then, at that time_, 2, 6; _then, in addition, +further_, 27, 29; cum ... tum, _both ... and_,4. + ++Tumultus+, -s, M. [TV-, TVM-], _swelling; confusion, uproar, +noise_,11. + Cf. strepitus. + ++Tumulus+, -, M. [TV-, TVM-] _swelling up; mound, hillock, hill_,27. + ++Turons+, -um (-, -rum), M., _tribe of Gaul on Loire_,35. + ++Turpitd+, -inis, F. [TARC- (TARP-), TREP-], _ugliness; disgrace, +dishonor_,27. + ++Turris+, -is, F. [TVR-], _tower_, 12, 30,33. + ++Ttus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of tueor), _well guarded; safe, secure_, +5,28. + + +U. + ++Ubi+, rel. adv. [CA-, CI-], _in which place; where_, 8, 35; _when, as +soon as_, 6, 8, 9, 10, 19, 25, 30,31. + ++llus+, -a, -um, gen. llus, dim. adj. [2I-], _any one (atall), +any_, 11, 15, 25; w. negative expression. + ++n+, adv. (abl. F. of nus) [2I-], _in one and the same place; at the +same time, together_, 16, 17, 24, 28, 29; foll. by cum and abl. + ++ndecimus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-; DEC-], _eleventh_,23. + ++Undique+, adv. [CA-, CI-], _whencesoever; from every quarter, from all +sides_, 6,10. + ++Unel+, -rum, M., _tribe in Normandy_,34. + ++niversus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-; VERT-], _turned into one; whole, all, +in a mass_,33. + ++Unus+, -a, -um, gen. -us, num. adj. [2I-], _one_, 2, 5, 6, 29, 31, +34; _one, one and the same_, 3, 5, 19, 20; _common, one alone_, 4, 22; +_alone, only_, 33; _a_,25. + ++Urge+, 2, urs, -- [VERG-, VRG-], _press, press hard_, 25,26. + ++sus+, -s, M. [1 AV-], _using; practice, experience_, 20; _use, +advantage_, 9,12. + ++Ut+ or +Ut+, conj. [CA-, CI-], _in what manner; as_, 1, 7, 11, etc., +w. indic.; _in order that, that, to_, 2, 8, 9, etc.; _that, so that_, 3, +4, 5, etc. + ++Uterque+, -traque, -trumque, gen. utrusque, pron. [CA-, CI-], _both +one and the other; each of two, both_, 8, 16,25. + ++tor+, 3, sus [1 AV-], _use, make use of, employ, have_, 3, 7, 10, 25, +28; _use, practise_, 14, 28; _enjoy, maintain_, 32; w. abl. + + +V. + ++Vacuus+, -a, -um, adj., _empty, clear, free, unoccupied_; w. ab and +abl.,12. + ++Vadum+, -, N. [BA-, VA-], _place through which one can go; ford, +crossing_,9. + ++Vale+, 2, -u, -itrus, _be strong, have influence_, 4,17. + ++Vllum+, -, N. [1 VEL-, VAL-], _earthen wall; earth-works, rampart_, +5, 30,33. + ++Varius+, -a, -um, adj., _spotted; changing, different_,22. + ++Vst+, 1, _make empty; lay waste, ravage_. + Cf. populor, dpopulor. + ++Velocasss+, -um, M., _one of the minor Belgian tribes_,4. + ++Vnd+, 3, -did (-ditum) [1DA-], _place for sale; sell_,33. + ++Venell+, see +Unell+. + ++Venet+, -rum, M., _tribe of Bretagne_,34. + ++Veni+, 4, vn, ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come, approach_, 2, 3, 5, +etc. + ++Verbum+, -, N. [VER-], _that spoken; word, discourse, +intercession_,14. + ++Vereor+, 2 [1 VEL-, VER-], _feel awe; fear, be afraid_,11. + ++Verg+, 3, --, -- [VERG-], _bend, incline_,18. + ++Vr+, adv. (abl. N. of vrus) [VER-], _in truth, in fact, but, +however_, 2, 27,31. + ++Veromandu+, -rum, M., _Gallic tribe in modern Picardy_, 4, 16,23. + ++Vers+, 1 [VERT-], _keep turning_; pass., _be engaged in, be occupied +about_, 24; _dwell, remain, be_,1. + ++Vesper+, -er or -eris, M., _evening, nightfall_,33. + ++Vester+, -tra, -trum, _your, yours_. + ++Vet+, 1, -u, -itum [VET-], _leave in old state; advise against, +forbid_,20. + ++Vxillum+, -, N. [VAG-, VEH-], _military ensign, banner, flag_,20. + ++Vx+, 1 [VAG-, VEH-], _keep carrying; harass, overrun_,4. + ++Vctor+, -ris, M. [VIC-], _conqueror, victor_, 28; in appos. +_conquering, victorious_,24. + ++Vcus+, -, M., _row of houses; village, hamlet_,7. + ++Vide+, 2, vd, vsum [VID-], _see, perceive_, 12, 19; _see, know_, 5, +10, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, w. acc. and infin.; pass., _seem, appear_, 11, +16, 18, 28, 33; _seem good, seem best_,20. + ++Vigilia+, -ae, F., _being awake; watch, night-watch_, 11,33. + ++Vmen+, -inis, N. [VI-, VIC-], _means of binding; willow, withe, +wicker-work_,33. + ++Vinc+, 3, vc, vctum [VIC-], _conquer, defeat_,28. + Cf. super. + ++Vnea+, -ae, F. [VI-, VIC-], _shelter for vines; covered shed, movable +shelter_, 12,30. + ++Vnum+, -, N. [VI-, VIC-], _wine_,15. + ++Vir+, vir, M., _male, man_, 25,33. + ++Virts+, -tis, F., _manhood; bravery, valor_, 4, 8, 15, 21, 24, 27, +31,33. + ++Vs+, vim, v, F., _strength, power_,30. + ++Vt+, 1, _shun, try to escape, avoid_,25. + ++Vix+, adv. [VIC-], _with effort; barely, scarcely, hardly_,28. + ++Volunts+, -tis, F. [VOL-], _will, wish, desire_,4. + ++Vx+, vcis, F. [VOC], _that which calls out; voice, utterance_, +13,30. + ++Vulg (volg)+, adv. (abl. of vulgus) [VERG-, VALG-], _among the +people; generally, commonly_,1. + ++Vulner+, 1 [2 VEL-, VOL-], _wound, injure_,25. + ++Vulnus+, -eris, N. [2 VEL-, VOL-], _wound, hurt_, 23, 25,27. + + + + +ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. + + +The relation in meaning of some words in certain groups to the root is +sometimes obscure or even impossible to be traced with absolute +certainty. Sometimes the relation is obscured by the omission in this +vocabulary of an interlinking word, because it does not occur in the +text. Let us take an example close at hand, the root AID- and the noun ++aesturium+. The notion "inlet" seems very remote from the notion +"burn." But +aesturium+ is formed from +aestus+ (for _aedtus_), the +first meaning of which is _the raging of fire, waves or billows of +heat_. As we might expect, asecondary meaning is, _the raging of water, +waves, billows_, in the proper sense. From the force of the suffix ++-rium+, +aesturium+ should mean a _sea-marsh_, or _a tract overflowed +at high tide_; and from this the notion "inlet," the place through which +the tide rushes, comes naturally enough. + +The following roots, with their meanings, have been mostly taken from +the excellent Elementary Latin Dictionary of Dr. Charlton T. Lewis. + + 1. AC-, sharp, pierce. + +Acis+, edge, line of battle. + +Praeactus+, sharpened at the point. + +criter+, sharply. + +Acervus+, heap. + +Coacerv+, heap up. + + 2. AC-, swift. + +Equ{e}s+, horseman. + +Equester+, of horsemen. + +Equittus+, cavalry. + + AG-, drive. + +Ag+, drive, lead. + +Cg+ [for _conag_], drive together, compel. + +Redig+, drive back, reduce. + +Ager+, land. + +gmen+, marching column. + +gnis+, fire. + +Exagit+, harass. + + AID-, burn. + +Aedificium+ [from _aeds, hearth_], building. + +Aests+ [for _aidts_], summer. + +Aesturium+ [for _aidt-_], inlet. + + 1. AL-, AR-, feed, grow, raise. + +Altus+, high. + +Altitd+, height. + +Arduus+, steep. + +Arbor+, tree. + + 2. AL- (ALI-), other, strange. + +Alius+, other. + +Alis+, at some other time. + +Alinus+, another's. + +Aliter+, other-wise. + +Alter+, the other (of two). + + AM-, love. + +Amcus+, friend. + +Amcitia+, friendship. + +Inimcus+, unfriendly, hostile. + + AN-, breathe. + +Animus+, spirit. + +Exanim+, make breathless. + +Onus+ (as the cause of panting), weight. + + ANA-, pronominal stem, third person. + +In+, in, into. + +Inter+, between. + +Intere+, meanwhile. + +Interim+, meanwhile. + +Interior+ [compar. of obs. _interus_], inner. + +Intr+, within. + +Intr+, enter. + +?Ille+ [old form _ollus_, from _onolus_], that one. + + ANT-, before, against. + +Ante+, before, formerly. + +Antquitus+, of old. + + AP-, OP-, lay hold of work, help. + (+Ops+), aid. + +Opus+, work. + +Opera+, exertion, service. + +Cpia+ [for _comopia_], supply. + +Coep+ [for _comapi_], begin. + +Optimus+, best. + +Omnis+ [for _apnis_], all. + +Opni+, impression. + + APA-, _away, from_. + +Ab+, from, by. + +Apud+, among. + +Ob+, against. + + AR-, fit. + +Arm+, arm. + +Arma+, arms. + +Armtra+, equipment. + +Inermis+, unarmed. + + ARC-, shut in, keep off. + +Exercitus+, army. + +Exercittus+, trained. + + 1. AV-, mark, desire, delight. + +Aude+, dare. + +Audcter+, boldly. + + +tor+ [for _avtor_], use. + +sus+, use, experience. + +Insittus+, unusual. + +Intilis+, useless. + +Negtium+ [for _necavtium_], business. + + 2. AV-, mark, notice. + +Audi+, hear. + +Exaudi+, overhear. + + AVG-, grow. + +Auctrits+, power. + +Auxilium+, aid. + + BA-, VA-, VEN-, go. + +Arbitror+ [for _adbatror_], believe. + +Dubit+, doubt, hesitate. + +Vadum+, ford. + +Veni+, come. + +Adventus+, arrival. + +Circumveni+, outflank. + +Conveni+, meet. + +Dveni+, come to. + +ʷventus+, outcome. + +Inveni+, find. + +Obveni+, fall in with. + +Perveni+, arrive at. + + CA-, CI-, pronominal stem, _who_. + +Qu+, who. + +Qudam+, a certain one. + +Quidem+, certainly. + +Qun+ [for _qun_], but that. + +Qu+, where. + +Qu+, whither. + +Quod+, because. + +Quis+, who? + +Qunam+, who, pray? + +Quisquam+, any. + +Nququam+, in vain. + +Quisquis+, whoever. + +Quisque+, each one. + +Quoque+, also. + +Cum (quom)+, when. + +Quam+, than. + +Quamvs+, how-so-ever. + +Postquam+, after. + +Priusquam+, sooner than. + +Quantus+, how great. + +Que+, and. + +Itaque+, and so. + +Neque+, and not. + +Ubi+ [for _qubi_], where. + +Undique+ [for _cundeque_], from all sides. + + +Cter+, the others. + +Cis+, this side of. + +Citerior+, hither. + +Citr+, this side of. + +Ut+ or +Ut+ [for _cut_ or _quot_], as, in order that. + +Uterque+ [for _quoterque_], each. + +Neuter+, neither. + + +Cotdi+, daily. + +Hc+ [for _hce_], this. + +Nunc+ [for _numce_], now. + +Sc+ [for _sce_], so. + + CAD-, fall. + +Cad+, fall. + +Accid (adc-)+, befall. + +Incid+, happen. + +Cadver+, dead body. + +Csus+, happening. + +Occsus (obc-)+, setting. + +Cd+, give way. + +Accd (adc-)+, approach. + +Discd+, depart. + +Discessus+, departure. + +Excd+, withdraw from. + +Intercd+, intervene. + +Prcd+, advance. + +Succd (subc-)+, approach. + +Successus (subc-)+, close approach. + +Arcess+ [for _adcds_], summon. + + 1. CAL-, CAR-, call. + +Concilium+, meeting. + +Clmor+, shouting. + + 2. CAL-, SCAL-, cover, hide. + +Occultus (obc-)+, hidden. + +Galea+, helmet. + +Domicilium+, dwelling-place. + +Cl+, hide. + + CAP-, take, hold. + +Accipi (adc-)+, receive. + +Incipi+, begin. + +Intercipi+, intercept. + +Recipi+, receive. + +Captvus+, captive. + + +Occup (obc-)+, take into possession. + +Caput+, head. + +Praeceps+, headlong. + +Prnceps+, leader. + + CAR-, SCAR-, hard, scrape. + +Cortex+, bark. + +Corn+, horn, wing. + + CAV-, watch. + +Causa+, cause. + +Incs+, accuse. + + CEL-, CER-, strike, drive. + +Gladius+ [for _cladius_], sword. + +Celerits+, swiftness. + +Celeriter+, swiftly. + +Procul+, at a distance. + +Cursus+, running. + +Concurr+, run together. + +Dcurr+, run down. + +Occurr (obc-)+, meet. + +Excursi+, sally. + + CEN-, hundred. + +Centum+, hundred. + +Centuri+, centurion. + +Ducent+, two hundred. + +Quadringent+, four hundred. + +Qungent+, five hundred. + +Sexcent+, six hundred. + + 1. CER-, CRE-, make. + +Crber+, numerous. + +Corpus+, body. + + 2. CER-, CRE-, part. + +Dcern+, decide upon. + +Dcert+, fight decisively. + +Certus+, sure. + + CI-, rouse. + +Incit+, urge on. + +Sollicit (sli-)+, stir up. + + CL-, lean. + +Clmentia+, mildness. + +Adclvis (acc-)+, sloping upward. + +Adclvits (acc-)+, upward slope. + +Dclvis+, sloping downward. + + CRAT-, faith. + +Crdo+, [for _cratd_], believe. + +Incrdibilis+ [for _incratdibilis_], incredible. + + CVR-, CIR-, curve. + +Circum+, around. + +Circiter+, about. + +Circuitus+, circumference. + +Crucitus+, torture. + + 1. DA-, give. + +D+, give. + +Dd+, give up. + +Dditcius+, one who has surrendered. + +Dditi+, surrender. + +ʷditus+ [P. of _d_], rising. + +Redd+, give back. + +Trd+ [for _trnsd_], give over. + +Vnd+ [for _vnumd_], sell. + + 2. DA-, put. + +Abd+, hide. + +Crd+, believe. + +Incrdibilis+, incredible. + +Mand+, commission. + + 3. DA-, pronominal stem, third person. + +ηdem+, the same. + +Qudam+, a certain one. + +Quidem+, indeed. + +Totidem+, just as many. + + DEC-, ten. + +Decem+, ten. + +Decimus+, tenth. + +Decumnus (deci-)+, of the tenth (cohort), in the phrase, + _porta decumna_, the main entrance to a Roman camp. + +ndecimus+, eleventh. + +Duodecimus+, twelfth. + +Qundecim+, fifteen. + + DC-, DIC- (DAC-), show, point. + +Dc+, say. + +Doce+, teach. + +Idic+, judge. + (+Dici+), control. + +Condici+, condition. + + DIV-, DI-, DIAV-, shine. + +Dvnus+, divine. + +Dis+, day. + +Cotdi+, daily. + +Postrdi+ [for _poster di_), next day. + +Trduum+, three days' time. + +Dum+ [for _dium_], while. + +Nndum+, not yet. + +Di+, for a long time. + +Iuv+, [for _diuv_], aid. + +Adiuv+, aid. + + DOM-, build. + +Domus+, home. + +Domicilium+, dwelling-place. + +Domesticus+, of home. + + DVA-, DVI-, apart, two. + +Duo+, two. + +Duodecimus+, twelfth. + +Duodvgint+, eighteen. + +Dubit+, doubt, hesitate. + +Ducent+, two hundred. + +Duplex+, two-fold. + +Bellum+ [for _duellum_], war. + + DVC-, lead. + +Dux+, leader. + +Dc+, lead. + +Addc+, bring to. + +Condc+, gather. + +Ddc+, lead off. + +ʷdc+, lead out. + +Indc+, cover. + +Intrdc+, lead in. + +Obdc+, extend. + +Redc+, lead back. + +Trdc+ [for _trnsdc_], lead across. + + EM-, take. + +Em+, buy. + +Eximius+, excellent. + +Sm+ [for _subim_], take. + + ES-, be, live. + +Sum+ [for _esum_], be. + +Absum+, be away. + +Dsum+, be lacking. + +Intersum+, be between. + +Praesum+, command. + +Supersum+, survive. + + FAC-, put, make. + +Faci+, do. + +F+, passive of _faci_, become. + +Cnfici+, accomplish, wear out. + +Dfici+, fail. + +Effici+, bring about. + +Interfici+, kill. + +Patefaci+, throw open. + +Praefici+, place in command. + +Proficscor+, put one's self forward, set out. + +Profecti+, setting out. + +Facilis+, easy. + +Facile+, easily. + +Aedificium+, building. + +Amplific+, enlarge. + +Difficilis (disf-)+, difficult. + +Difficults (disf-)+, difficulty. + +Facults+, opportunity. + +Maleficium+, outrage. + +Sgnific+, announce. + +Sgnificti+, signal. + + FEN-, FEND-, strike. + +Dfend+, ward off, defend. + +Dfnsi+, defence. + +Dfnsor+, defender. + + 1. FER-, bear. + +Fer+, bear. + +Adfer (aff-)+, bring to. + +Cnfer+, bring together. + +Dfer+, carry. + +nfer+, bring upon. + +Offer (obf-)+, carry. + +Perfer+, endure. + +Praefer+, place before, out-do. + +Refer+, bring back. + +Fertilits+, fertility. + +Ferx+, fertile. + +Frs+, chance. + +Frtna+, fortune. + +Sgnifer+, standard-bearer. + + 2. FER-, FRE-, hold, fix. + +Fer+, almost. + +Cnfrm+, give assurance, reassure. + +Fortis+ [for _forctis_], brave. + +Fortiter+, bravely. + + 1. FID-, FD-, bind, trust. + +Fids+, faith. + +Cnfd+, trust. + + 2. FID-, split. + +Fnis+ [for _fidnis_], limit. + +Fnitimus+, neighboring. + +Adfnits+, connection by marriage. + + FLAG-, FLIG-, strike. + +Cnflg+, contend with. + +Prflg+, defeat. + + 1. FVG-, FRVG-, use, enjoy. + +Frmentum+ [for _frgimentum_], grain. + +Frmentrius+, of grain. + + 2. FVG-, bend, flee. + +Fuga+, flight. + +Fugi+, flee. + +Profugi+, flee. + + FVR-, FERV-, rage, swell. + +Furor+, frenzy. + +?Frns+, front. + + GEN-, GN-, GNA-, beget. + +Nscor (gn-)+, arise. + +ʷnscor+, grow out. + +Ntus+, birth. + +Nti+, nation. + +Ntra+, nature. + +Prgntus+, sprung from. + + GER-, carry. + +Ger+, carry on. + +Agger (adg-)+, mound. + + GNA-, GNO-, know. + +Nam+, for. + +Nv+ [for _gnv_], perform with knowledge and zeal. + +Cgnsc+, learn. + +Nbilits+, high birth. + +Nmen+, name. + +Nmintim+, by name. + +Nmin+, mention. + + GRAD-, walk. + +Adgredior (agg-)+, attack. + +Congredior+, meet. + +ʷgredior+, go from. + +Ingredior+, enter. + +Prgredior+, advance. + +Trnsgredior+, cross. + + HAB-, have. + +Habe+, have. + +Dbe+ [for _dehibe_], owe to. + +Praebe+ [for _praehibe_], furnish. + +Prohibe+, restrain. + + HAM-, man. + +Hom+, man. + +Nm+ [for _nehom_], nobody. + + HM-, cold. + +Hiem+, pass the winter. + +Hbernus+ [for _hiemernus_], of winter. + +Hberncula+, winter quarters. + + 1. I-, AI-, go. + +Ade+, approach. + +Aditus+, approach. + +Circuitus+ [for _circumitus_], circumference. + +Exe+, go forth, set out. + +Ine+, enter upon. + +Initium+, beginning. + +Obitus+, destruction. + +Rede+, return. + +Sube+, approach closely. + +Subit+, suddenly. + +Trnse+, cross. + +Iter+, route. + +Aets+ [for _aevits_], age. + + From +iter+ is the _adv., ending -iter_ or _-ter_, as in + _aequliter_ for _aequaleiter, aliter, audcter, celeriter, + circiter, diligent(t)er, fortiter, lniter, indiligent(t)er_. + + 2. I-, AI-, pronominal stem, third person, demonstrative. + +Is+, this one. + +E+, there. + +Intere+, meanwhile. + +Interim+, meanwhile. + +Poste+, afterwards. + +Proptere+, for the reason (that). + +ηdem+, the same. + +Identidem+ [for _idemetidem_], again and again. + +Ipse+, self. + +Ib+, there. + +Inde+, thence. + +Deinde+, thereupon. + +Ita+, thus. + +Itaque+, therefore. + +Item+, likewise. + +?Idneus+, suitable. + + +nus+ [for _oenus_], one. + +n+, together. + +niversus+, all. + +ndecimus+, eleventh. + +llus+ [for _nulus_], any. + +Nllus+ [for _nenulus_], none. + +Nnnllus+, some. + +Nn+ [_neoenum (num)_], not. + +Nndum+, not yet. + + IA-, IAC-, go, send. + +Iaci+, throw. + +Adici+, hurl. + +Circumici+, place around. + +Cnici+, hurl. + +Dici+, throw down from. + +Diectus+, slope. + +Interici+, place between. + +Prici+, hurl. + +Reici+, hurl back. + +Iace+, lie. + + IC-, AIC-, like. + +Aequliter+, evenly. + +Adaequ+, equal. + +Inquus+, unfavorable. + +Inquits+, inequality. + + IV-, IVG-, bind, yoke. + +Iugum+, ridge. + +Coniung+, join together. + +Cnctus+ [for _cninctus_], all. + +Is+, right. + +Istitia+, justice. + +Conir+, conspire. + +Iniria+, wrong. + +Idic+, judge. + +Iube+, order. + +Ixt+ [for _igist_], close by. + + LAG-, loose. + +Relangusc+, lose energy. + +Lassitd+, exhaustion. + +Lax+, widen. + + 1. LEG-, LIG-, gather. + +Dlig+, choose. + +Dligenter+ [for _disligentter_], scrupulously. + +Indligenter+, carelessly. + +ʷlig+, choose. + +Intelleg+, understand. + +Legi+, legion. + +Leginrius+, of a legion. + + 2. LEG-, run, spring. + +Levis+ [for _legvis_], light. + +Levits+, lightness. + +Longus+, long. + +Long+, far. + + 3. LEG-, lie, be fixed. + +Lx+, law. + +Lgtus+, envoy. + +Lgti+, embassy. + + LI-, pour, smear. + +Littera+, written character. + +Dle+, destroy. + + LIB-, desire. + +Lber+, children (the free). + +Lberliter+, generously. + + LIC-, LIQV-, let, leave. + +Polliceor+ [for _prliceor_], promise. + +Relinqu+, leave behind. + +Reliquus+, remaining. + + 1. MA-, MAN-, measure. + +Manus+, hand. + +Mand+ [for _manusd_], commission. + +Manipulus+, handful, maniple. + +Mnsutd+, gentleness. + +Dmtior+, measure out. + +Ms+, custom. + + 2. MA-, MAD-, measure, moderate. + +Modus+, manner. + +Modo+, only. + +Commod (conm-)+, easily. + +Adcommod (acconm-)+, fit. + + MAC-, MAG-, big. + +Magis+ [for _magius_], more. + +Mxim+, most. + +Mgnus+, great. + +Mgnitd+, greatness. + +Mior+ [for _magior_], greater. + +Magistrtus+, office. + +Molest+, in a troublesome manner. + + MAL-, crush, grind. + +Maleficium+, outrage. + +Mulier+, woman. + + 1. MAN-, MEN-, man, mind, stay. + +Mone+, advise. + +Dmnstr+, point out. + +Clmentia+, kindness. + + 2. MAN-, MI-, small, less. + +Minor+, smaller. + +Minus+, less. + +Minim+, least. + +Administr+, execute. + + ML-, associate. + +Mlle+, thousand. + +Mles+, soldier. + +Mlitris+, of war. + + MIS-, wretched. + +Miser+, wretched. + +Misericordia+, pity. + + MIT-, send, throw. + +Mitt+, send. + +·mitt+, lose. + +Committ (conm-)+, join together. + +Dmitt+, despatch. + +ʷmitt+, let fly. + +Intermitt+, halt. + +Intrmitt+, send in. + +Omitt+ [for _obmitt_], neglect. + +Permitt+, grant. + +Praemitt+, send in advance. + +Remitt+, send back. + +Submitt+, send as aid. + + 1. MV-, MOV-, move. + +Move+, move. + +Commove+, startle. + +Permove+, rouse. + +Prmove+, move forward. + +Mbilits+, nimbleness. + +Commtti+, change. + + 2. MV-, shut, fasten. + +Commnis (conm-)+, common. + +Moenia+, walls. + +Mni+, fortify. + +Circummni+, blockade. + +Mnmentum+, fortification. + +Mnti+, fortification. + +Mrus+ [old _moerus_], wall. + + NA-, no. + +N+, that not, lest. + +Neque+, and not. + +Nve+ or +Neu+, and that not. + +Nihil+, nothing. + +Nisi+ [for _nsi_], if not. + +Nn+ [for _neoenum (num)_], not. + +Nndum+, not yet. + +Qun+ [for _qun_], but that. + + 1. NEC-, NOC-, kill, hurt. + +Interneci+, annihilation. + +Nox+, night. + +Noct+, by night. + + 2. NEC-, bind. + +Necessits+, necessity. + +Necessrius+, necessary. + + NV-, now (pronominal stem). + +Noster+, our. + +Nunc+ [for _numce_], now. + +Novus+, new, fresh. + +Nntius+ [for _noventius_, from obs. _nove_, from _novus_], + messenger. + +Nnti+, report. + +Rennti+, report. + + OL-, OR-, grow, rise. + +Orior+, arise. + +Adorior+, assault. + +rd+, order. + + PA-, feed. + +Pater+, father. + +Patrius+, ancestral. + +Pbulum+, fodder. + + PAC-, PAG-, PVG-, fix, peg. + +Px+, peace. + +Pc+, subdue. + + +Pgn+, fight. + +Expgn+, storm. + +Oppgn (obp-)+, assault. + +Oppgnti (obp-)+, assault. + +Prpgn+, defend. + + PAL-, PEL-, PVL-, drive, scatter. + +Pell+, drive. + +Adpell (app-)+, accost. + +Compell (conp-)+, drive together. + +Expell+, drive out. + +Impell (inp-)+, incite. + +Repell+, drive back. + + 1. PAR-, POR-, PER-, through, far, reach, try. + +Pr+, equal. + +Per+, through. + +Experior+, test. + +Perclitor+, test. + +Perculum+, danger. + +Porta+, gate. + +Port+, bear. + +Opportnus (obp-)+, suitable. + +Paulisper+, for a short time. + + 2. PAR-, POR-, part, breed. + +Partus+, ready. + +Compar (conp-)+, get ready. + +Proper+, hasten. + +Impertor (inp-)+, commander. + +Imper (inp-)+, command. + +Imperium (inp-)+, command. + +Apertus+ [for _abpartus_], open. + +Reperi+, find. + +Pars+, portion. + +Partim+, partly. + +Oportet+ [for _obportet_], is necessary. + + PARC-, PLEC-, bind, weave, fold. + +Duplex+, two-fold. + +Supplex (subp-)+, suppliant. + +Supplicti (subp-)+, thanksgiving. + + +Prope+, near [with metathesis of _r_ and change of _c_ to _p_. + Cf. roots SAC and SCAL]. + +Proximus+ [_superl._ of _propior_], nearest. + +Proxim+, last. + +Propnquus+, near. + +Propnquits+, proximity. + +Adpropnqu (app-)+, approach. + +Propter+, near, on account of. + +Proptere+, for the reason (that). + + 1. PAT-, go. + +Passus+, step. + +Pns+, bridge. + + 2. PAT-, PAD-, spread, open. + +Pate+, extend. + +Patefaci+, open. + +Pand+, extend. + + PAV-, little. + +Paucus+, few. + +Parvulus+, slight. + +Paulum+, a little. + +Paul+, a little. + +Paululum+, very slightly. + +Paultim+, gradually. + +Paulisper+, for a short time. + + PED-, tread. + +Ps+, foot. + +Ped{e}s+, foot-soldier. + +Pedester+, of infantry. + +Expedtus+, unencumbered. + +Impedi (inp-)+, hinder. + +Impedmenta (inp-)+, baggage. + + +Oppidum+ [for _ob-pedum_], town. + +Oppidnus (obp-)+, townsman. + + PET-, fly. + +Pet+, seek. + +Impetus (inp-)+, charge. + + PIS-, crush. + +Plum+ [for _pislum_], spear. + +Prmiplus+, first centurion of the _triarii_. + + PLAT-, spread, flat. + +Latus+ [for _platus_], side. + +Plnitis+ [for _platnitis_], plain. + + PLE-, PLO-, PLV-, fill. + +Comple (conp-)+, fill. + +Plrusque+, the most of. + +Pls+, more. + +Plrimum+, most. + +Complrs (conp-)+, many. + + +Manipulus+, maniple. + +Amplius+, more. + +Amplific+, enlarge. + +?Pellis+, skin. + +Populus+, people. + +Pblicus+ [for _populicus_], belonging to the state. + + PLV-, PLOV-, wash, flow. + +Explr+ [for _explover_], reconnoitre. + +Explrtor+, scout. + + POS-, behind. + +Post+, after. + +Poste+, afterwards. + +Postquam+, after. + +Postrdi+ [for _poster di_], next day. + + POT-, master. + +Potius+, rather. + +Possum+ [for _potis sum_], be able, can. + +Potns+, able. + +Potests+, power. + +Potior+, gain. + +Impetr (inp-)+, obtain. + + PREC-, pray. + +Dprecor+, petition against. + +Posc+ [for _porcsc_], demand. + +Postul+, demand. + + PRO-, PRI-, PRAE-, before. + +Pr+, before. + +Prior+, preceding. + +Priusquam+, sooner than. + +Prstinus+ [for _priustinus_], former. + +Prmus+, first. + +Prmum+, in the first place. + +Prm+, in the first place. + +Prnceps+ [for _prmiceps_], leader. + +Prmiplus+, first centurion of the _triarii_. + +Prae+, before. + + RA-, join, count. + +Rati+, reason. + +Rs+, thing. + + RAP-, RVP-, snatch, break. + +Dripi+ [for _disripi_], sack. + +ʷrupti+, sally. + +Rps+, cliff. + + REG-, RIG-, stretch, guide. + +Porrig+ [for _prreg_], stretch out. + +Regi+, direction. + +Rx+, ruler. + +Rgnum+, control. + + 1. SA-, SI-, sow, strow, sift. + +Pn+ [for _port(pr) sin_], place. + +Dpn+, put off. + +Prpn+, display. + + 2. SA-, SIM-, together, like. + +Singul+, one at a time. + +Singulris+, extraordinary. + +Simul+, at the same time. + +Cnsimilis+, altogether like. + + 3. SA-, pronominal stem. + +Sc+ [for _sce_], so. + +Ipse+, self. + + 1. SAC-, SAG-, fasten. + +Sagittrius+, archer. + +Saeps+ [with _p_ for _c_], hedge. + + 2. SAC-, SEC-, SCD-, CD-, split. + +Saxum+, rock. + +Secti+, booty. + +Scientia+, knowledge. + +Interscind+, cut off. + +Concd+, cut to pieces. + +Incd+, cut into. + +Occd+, kill. + + 3. SAC-, show. + +Sgnum+, signal. + +Sgnifer+, standard-bearer. + +Sgnific+, announce. + +Sgnificti+, signal. + +nsgne+, sign. + + SAL-, SER-, save. + +Sals+, safety. + +Slus+, alone. + +Slum+, only. + +Sollicit (sli)+, stir up. + +Serv+, keep. + +Cnserv+, preserve. + + SCAD-, CAD-, cover. + +Castra+, camp. + +Castellum+, redoubt. + + SCAL-, SCAR- (with _p_ for _c_, SPOL-), scrape. + +Calamits+, [for _scalamits_], disaster. + +Dspoli+, deprive. + +?Populor+, +Dpopulor+, ravage. + + SCAND-, climb. + +Ascend (adsc-)+, mount. + +Ascnsus (adsc-)+, ascent. + + SCARP-, SCALP-, cut, scratch. + +Scrb+, write. + +Cnscrb+, enroll. + +Praescrb+, dictate. + + SCV-, CV-, cover, hide. + +Sctum+, shield. + +Custdia+, guard. + + SEC-, follow. + +Sequor+, follow. + +Cnsequor+, attain. + +nsequor+, follow up. + +Prsequor+, pursue. + +Subsequor+, follow closely. + +Secundus+, favorable. + +Secundum+, according to. + +Con-+ [for _scom-_], with. + +Cum+, with. + +Cpia+ [for _comopia_], supply. + +Contr+, against. + +Contrrius+, opposite. + + SED-, SID-, sit. + +Posside+ [for _prsideo_], own. + +nsidiae+, stratagem. + +Obs{e}s+, hostage. + +Praesidium+, garrison. + +Subsidium+, assistance. + +Supersede+, omit. + +Cnsd+, settle. + + SEN-, old. + +Sentor+, elder, senator. + +Sentus+, senate. + + SENT-, feel. + +Sententia+, opinion. + +Cnsenti+, agree. + +Cnsnsus+, agreement. + + 1. SER-, SVAR-, string, bind. + +Dser+, abandon. + +Praesertim+, especially. + +Servits+, slavery. + + 2. SER-, SVAL-, bright. + +Sl+, sun. + +Silva+, forest. + +Silvestris+, wooded. + + 1. SMAR-, MAR-, think. + +Mora+, delay. + +Moror+, delay. + + +Memoria+, remembrance. + +Commemor (conm-)+, mention. + + 2. SMAR-, MER-, ascribe. + +Meritum+, merit. + +Merctor+, trader. + + SOVO-, SVO-, own. + +Su+, of himself, _etc._ + +Suus+, his, _etc._ + +Cnsusc+, be accustomed. + +Cnsutd+, custom. + +Mnsutd+, gentleness. + + +Sed+, but. + +?S+, if. + +?Sine+, without. + +?Nisi+, if not. + + SPA-, PA-, draw, stretch. + +Spatium+, space. + +Sps+, hope. + +Dspr+, give up hope. + + +?Stude+, strive after. + +?Studium+, eagerness. + + SPEC-, see, spy. + +Cnspici+, espy. + +Perspici+, ascertain. + +Respici+, look back. + +Exspect+, await. + +Cnspicor+, espy. + +Specis+, form. + +Specultor+, spy. + +Cnspectus+, sight. + +Dspectus+, view downward. + +Prspectus+, view forward. + + STA-, stand, set. + +Cnstanter+, uniformly. + +nst+, press forward. + +Praest+, excel, show. + +Cnsist+, take position. + +Dsist+, stop. + +nsist+, take a stand. + +Resist+, resist. + +Statu+, determine. + +Cnstitu+, determine. + +Statim+, at once. + +Stati+, picket. + +Statra+, stature. + + STER-, STRA-, STLA-, strow, spread. + +Ltus+ [old, _stltus_], broad. + +Ltitd+, width. + + STRV-, spread, heap. + +Exstru+, erect. + +nstru+, arrange. + + 1. TA-, TEN-, stretch. + +Prstinus+ [for _priustinus_], former. + +Prtinus+, at once. + +Tener+, tender. + +Tene+, hold. + +Contine+, restrain, keep. + +Distine+, separate. + +Obtine+, hold. + +Pertine+, extend to. + +Retine+, detain. + +Sustine+ [for _substine_], sustain. + +Sustent+ [for _substent_], hold out. + +Tend+, stretch. + +Contend+, hasten. + +?Tempus+, time. + + 2. TA-, pronominal stem, third person, demonstrative. + +Tam+, so. + +Tantus+, so great. + +Tantulus+, so trifling. + +Tamen+, still. + +Totidem+, just as many. + +Tum+, then. + + Also the final element in _autem, aut, ita, itaque, ut_. + + TAG-, touch, seize. + +Atting (adt-)+, touch. + +Redintegr+, renew. + + TARC- (TARP-), TREP-, turn, twist. + +Tormentum+, engine for hurling. + +Turpitd+, disgrace. + +Trabs+, beam. + + TEC-, TAX-, weave, arrange. + +Intex+, weave in. + +Tlum+ (for _teclum_), spear. + + TEM-, TAN-, cut. + +Contemptus+, contempt. + +Contumlia+, insult. + + TER-, TREM-, TERS-, shake, scare. + +Dterre+, prevent. + +Perterre+, thoroughly frighten. + +Terror+, fright. + + TV-, TVM-, TAV-, TO-, swell. + +Tumulus+, mound. + +Tumultus+, uproar. + +Ttus+, whole. + + TVR-, harry, crowd. + +Perturb+, throw into confusion. + +Prturb+, drive off, + +?Turris+, tower. + + VAG-, VEH-, move, carry. + +Vxillum+, flag. + +Vx+, harass. + + 1. VEL-, VAL-, VER-, cover, guard. + +Vllum+, rampart. + +Intervllum+, distance. + +Vereor+, fear. + + 2. VEL-, VOL-, tear, pluck. + +Vulnus+, wound. + +Vulner+, wound. + + VER-, say. + +Verbum+, word. + +Vr+, in truth. + + VERG-, VRG-, VALG-, slope, press. + +Verg+, incline. + +Urge+, press. + +Vulg (volg)+, generally. + + VERT-, turn. + +·vert+, turn away. + +Convert+, turn around. + +Revert+, return. + +Revertor+, return. + +Vers+, turn about, _pass._ dwell. + +Adversus+, opposite. + +Dversus+, turned away. + +Intrrsus+ [for _intrversus_], within. + +Rrsus+ [for _revorsus_], again. + +Trnsversus+, at right-angles. + +niversus+, all. + + VET-, VIT-, year, old. + +Invetersc+, grow old in. + +Vet+, forbid. + + VI-, VIC-, twine. + +Vnea+, covered shed. + +Vnum+, wine. + +Vmen+, willow, withe. + + VIC-, conquer. + +Vinc+, conquer. + +Vctor+, victorious. + +Prvincia+, province. + +Vix+, barely. + + VID-, see. + +Vide+, see. + +Invide+, envy. + +Prvide+, procure. + +Prdentia+ [for _prvidentia_], wisdom. + +Imprvs (inp-)+, unexpectedly. + + VIR-, man. + +Vir+, man. + +Virts+, valor. + + VOC-, VAG-, call. + +Convoc+, call together. + +Revoc+, call back. + +Vx+, voice. + + VOL-, will, wish. + +Volunts+, wish. + +Nl+ [for _nvl_], be unwilling. + +Quamvs+, howsoever. + + +At+, but. + { +Atque+, and. + { +c+, + +Et+, and. + +Etiam+, even. + +Ad+, to. + +Apud+, among. + + +Ex+, ++, from, out of. + +Extrmus+, furthest. + + +Locus+ [for _stlocus_], place. + +Conloc (coll-)+, place. + + +Multus+, much. + +Multitd+, large number. + + +Proelium+, battle. + +Proelior+, fight. + + +Superior+, higher. + +Summus+ [for _supimus_], highest + +Supr+, above. + +Super+, overcome. + + +Tardus+, slow. + +Tard+, retard. + + +Trs+, three. + +Trduum+, three days' time. + +Tribnus+, military tribune. + +Tertius+, third. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +Errata (noted by transcriber) + +Missing or incorrect punctuation in the vocabulary lists was silently +corrected when it did not affect meaning. Other errors are listed +below. + +WILLIAM C. COLLAR, A.M. [_. after C invisible_] + +Chap. 25: et manipulos laxre issit, [issit.] + +Notes: + Chap. 6, Page 26: + 24. ... notwithstanding A. & G., p. 389, Rem. [A. &. G.] + Chap. 8, Line 7: + ... Compare chap. 7, l.8. [chap 7] + Chap. 26, Page 36: + 16. ... Compare +ab sinistra parte+, p. 35, l. 13 + [_text has "p. 23", using chapter number in place of page number_] + Chap. 33, Page 40: + 5. +ne quam ... iniriam+: see p. 39, l. 28, and note + [_note is to simplified text, Chap. 33, l. 5_] + +Vocabulary: + +Condici+, -nis, F., [DC-, DIC-] [_hyphen after DIC missing_] + +Molest+, adv. [MAC-, MAG-] [1 MAC-] + +Proxim+ ..., _nearest; most recently [most, recently] + +Trnsgredior+, 3 ... go over [go, over] + +Etymology: + PED-, tread ... +Expedtus+, unencumbered [unemcumbered]. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Gate to Csar, by William C. 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Collar + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Gate to Cæsar + +Author: William C. Collar + +Release Date: August 9, 2009 [EBook #29645] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GATE TO CÆSAR *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Ted Garvin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> + +<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This text</a> includes characters that +require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +ā ē ī ō ū Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū <i>vowels with macron or “long” mark</i><br> +ĕ ĭ ŏ <i>vowels with breve or “short” mark (very rare)</i></p> + +<p>If any of these characters do not display properly—in +particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the +letter—or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph +appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable +fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file +encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your +browser’s default font.</p> + +<p>As explained in the editor’s Introductory Note, readings are given +in two forms. For this e-text, line breaks and numbers were retained +in the simplified version for use with the Notes. In the unchanged +version, each chapter is a single paragraph.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "titlepage"> + +<h4>THE</h4> + +<h1>GATE TO CÆSAR</h1> + +<h6>BY</h6> + +<h4>WILLIAM C<ins class = "correction" title = " . invisible">. +</ins>COLLAR, A.M.<br> +<span class = "smallest smallcaps"> +Head Master Roxbury Latin School</span></h4> + +<h1> </h1> + +<h4><span class = "smaller">BOSTON, U.S.A.</span><br> +GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS<br> +1895</h4> + +</div> + +<hr> + +<!-- ii --> + +<div class = "titlepage"> + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">Copyright, 1891,</h6> + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">By William C. Collar.</h6> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">All Rights Reserved.</h6> + +<h4> </h4> + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, +U.S.A.</h6> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A.</h6> + +</div> + +<hr> + +<span class = "pagenum">iii</span> + +<h3><a name = "preface" id = "preface">PREFACE.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + + +<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> recent discovery of a work of +Aristotle has interested and delighted the whole learned world; but one +may venture to say that if, instead, a book had been found written +in the best period of the Latin language for the amusement or +instruction of youth, by some Roman De Foe, or Goldsmith, or Lamb, or +Burnett, there would be ten times the reason for rejoicing. Unhappily +there is no likelihood that we shall ever congratulate ourselves on such +a “find,” for probably no such work ever existed. What a misfortune that +it did not occur to Cicero to divert himself in some leisure hour by +writing a story for Roman youth! Millions of boys and girls in these +later ages would have had good reason to bless his name. Cæsar could +have done it; but to him, too, the gods denied such an inspiration, and +we must suffer for it. Seeing that he had composed a treatise on Latin +Grammar, one almost wonders that a mind so original and fertile should +not have conceived the idea of adapting his Gallic War, or some part of +it, to the powers and comprehension of youth. What measureless gratitude +would he not have won from unborn generations of schoolmasters, who have +now to struggle desperately and often unavailingly to make clear to +their pupils the meaning of his intricate periods, and untwist the +strands of his knotty syntax!</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">iv</span> +<p>Cæsar is a difficult author. Some parts of his Gallic War are as +hard, or nearly as hard, as any prose Latin that has come down to us. +Yet it has somehow strangely enough become the fashion to read that work +first in a Latin course. My own conviction is that for young learners a +year’s reading in easier Latin is not too much before taking up the less +difficult books of the Gallic War. Even then the transition to Cæsar +comes with something of a shock; for the learner is soon and often +brought face to face with sentences that seem to him of most bewildering +intricacy, however they may, as commentators sometimes remark, +beautifully illustrate most important principles of Latin order and +construction. There is a sentence in the second book, by no means the +most difficult one to be found, that extends through eighteen +lines,—that is, something more than half a page,—containing +twenty-one distinct ideas, and having the verb separated from its +subject by ninety-four words.</p> + +<p>I know no more disheartening task than that of undertaking to carry a +class unprepared in age and knowledge of the language through Cæsar’s +Gallic War. Yet it is precisely this disheartening task that thousands +of teachers are set to do, or set themselves to do, every year. The +results are often dismal enough. Teachers are blamed, they blame +themselves, they blame their pupils. Pupils may sometimes be stupid, +teachers may lack knowledge of the language and the subject, but the +fault may also lie wholly with the author or with the Latin language +itself; if with the latter, there is no help. Latin, it must be +confessed, is an exceedingly difficult language to learn. All the more +reason then why, in attacking it, every unnecessary obstacle should be +removed. We should make our approaches with caution +<span class = "pagenum">v</span> +and skill; we should take it, if possible, <i>aperto latere</i>. We +should not begin with a difficult work; or if, in the dearth of Latin +suited to the juvenile mind, this is deemed unavoidable, common sense +suggests the query, <i>why not remove provisionally<a class = "tag" name += "tag1" id = "tag1" href = "#note1">1</a> from the text those more +intricate parts that discourage the learner and bar the way of +progress</i>?</p> + +<p>Cæsar knew how to write his own language well; but he wrote for men, +he wrote with compression and in haste, and there are passages in his +works that are tough reading for a good Latin scholar. It is the fashion +to praise Cæsar’s lucidity; but brevity and haste are not conducive to +lucidity.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“Ther nys no werkman, what so ever he be,</p> +<p>That may bothe werke wel, and hastily.</p> +<p>This wol be doon at leyser parfitly.”</p> +</div> + +<p>For my part I confess that I sometimes find him obscure. Moreover, +when I am in doubt as to his meaning and appeal to the commentators, +I find that they generally disagree and sometimes quarrel about the +sense. Therefore to put young learners to reading Cæsar as his text +stands, bristling with difficulties, before they have acquired anything +more than a meagre vocabulary and gained a modicum of insight by some +practice in reading easier Latin, is to set them at a task harder than +that which Pharaoh set the Israelites.</p> + +<p>I am of the opinion that, even when a fair working vocabulary has +been acquired through some previous reading, there is no book of the +Gallic War that does not require a certain degree of simplification to +bring it to the level of the powers of young boys and girls. It is this +conviction born of long observation of the vexation of spirit, +discouragement, and waste of time by pupils in wrestling with +difficulties that +<span class = "pagenum">iv</span> +inevitably floor them, that has prompted me to put my hand to this work, +which, slight as it may seem, has cost me the leisure of many months. +But I shall feel repaid tenfold, if, through this little book, boys and +girls are enabled to read Cæsar with less waste of time, more easily, +with fresher interest, and added sense of power; if, in other words, it +proves in reality what it is in name, a Gate to Cæsar.</p> + +<p>A few words will be sufficient to explain the principle on which I +have simplified Cæsar’s text, the amount of excision, and the degree of +change. It would have been a comparatively easy task to simplify the +text by the mere process of omission, never deviating from the +<i>ipsissima verba</i> of the author by so much as the change of a mode +or tense. One could do this and still string together the <i>disjecta +membra</i> of the text into something like a connected narrative. But +that would be to preserve the integrity of the words at the expense of +everything else,—inner relation, structure, style, spirit. Or the +simplification might be effected by a virtual rewriting of the text, by +amplification rather than suppression, coupled with changes in the +collocation of words, where the arrangement seemed to obscure the +meaning and perplex the learner.</p> + +<p>My purpose and plan differed essentially from both these methods. My +aim has been, first, to keep the narrative intact; second, to retain as +much of the text as was consistent with the effort to disburden it of +its greater difficulties; third, to make the fewest practicable changes +in what was retained, save the modification of some verb forms, and the +occasional rendering of indirect into direct discourse; fourth, very +rarely to change the position of a word; finally, never to insert a +word, except now and then +<span class = "pagenum">vii</span> +to supply a form plainly understood, or to introduce some connective, +like <i>et</i>, <i>tum</i>, <i>itaque</i>, <i>autem</i>, <i>ergo</i>, +<i>postremo</i>.</p> + +<p>As to the amount of excision, I find that I have omitted almost +exactly one-fifth of Cæsar’s text.</p> + +<p>If the beginner in Cæsar reads the simplified text and concurrently +turns the Exercises into Latin, laying firm hold of the grammatical +principles selected for illustration, I believe he will find the +remaining difficulties of the original text not beyond his scope. +I should even hope that he would then read with something of the +joy of conscious power. If the reading of the texts and the writing of +the Exercises should require more time than is usually spent on the +second book of Cæsar, which, however, I doubt, I believe +subsequent progress would still be rapid and satisfactory enough to +amount to a net gain and saving of time.</p> + +<p>It has seemed best to mark long vowels, except the vowels of final +syllables and of monosyllables, the rules for which can be readily +learned. I have, however, marked a few monosyllables, as a constant +reminder to teachers who find their old pronunciation clinging to +certain words. We used to say <i>hĭs</i>, <i>sĭc</i>, <i>nŏn</i>, +<i>quĭn</i>, <i>hŏc</i>. These words, therefore, I have marked. On +the other hand, one is in no danger of saying <i>dĕ</i>, <i>hĭ</i>, +<i>sĭ</i>, <i>prŏ</i>, for old habit would not mislead.</p> + +<p>I take pleasure in acknowledging my obligations to Mr. Alfred G. +Rolfe for several useful criticisms, and to Miss Caroline Ober Stone for +valuable corrections and for carefully reading the proof-sheets as far +as the vocabularies. To Mr. Clarence W. Gleason I am specially indebted. +But for his timely and generous aid in preparing both vocabularies, the +publication of this book must have been very considerably delayed.</p> + +<p class = "right">WILLIAM C. COLLAR.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Seaconnet</span>, July 25, 1891.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a class = "tag" name = "note1" id = "note1" href = "#tag1">1</a> +It is presumed that the learner will subsequently read the complete +text.</p> + + +<!-- viii --> + + +<span class = "pagenum">ix</span> +<h3><a name = "contents" id = "contents">CONTENTS.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<table class = "toc" summary = "table of contents"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number"> +page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Introductory Note</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#intro">x</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Simplified Text</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#text_simple">1-22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Complete Text</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#text_complete">23-41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Notes on Both Texts</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#notes">43-71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Exercises on Simplified Text</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#exercises">73-88</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Vocabulary</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#vocab">89-123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Etymological Vocabulary</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#etym">125-141</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">x</span> +<h4><a name = "intro" id = "intro">NOTE ON THE USE OF THE BOOK.</a></h4> + +<p>The Simplified Text and the Exercises based upon it are of the first +importance. The <i>viva voce</i> translation of the Exercises, followed +by the writing of them, will illustrate and help to implant in the +memory the most important principles of syntax met with in the text. Let +the teacher insist upon thorough work here, and he may safely omit other +syntactical instruction.</p> + +<p>But little power of reading Latin can be gained without making the +acquisition of a working vocabulary a distinct object. The Latin +synonyms and the Etymological Vocabulary may be made useful agents to +that end. If the words added to each chapter are read aloud, reviewed, +and compared where backward references are made, the learner will +acquire a useful stock of synonyms easily, naturally, and with small +expenditure of time.</p> + +<p>It is often easier to retain in mind a number of words, grouped +according to some principle of similarity or contrast, than a single +word with nothing to hook it to the memory. For this reason it is +recommended that the Etymological Vocabulary be often pressed into the +service. Suppose, for example, the word <i>conspectus</i> occurs in the +lesson. If the teacher will turn to page 138 and have the ten words read +out under the root SPEC, he will multiply several times the chances that +this particular word will be remembered on its next occurrence. He will +have done much more. He will have increased the chances that nine other +words will be lodged in the memory; and to each one a fresh interest +will be added by its being seen in relation, not as an isolated, and +therefore barren, fact.</p> + +<p>The first vocabulary may be used for comparing in the text the +different meanings and uses of the same word. It is through such +comparisons that one gets at the heart and spirit of the language, while +cultivating at the same time a mental habit of great value.</p> + +<p>Having read the Simplified Text, the learner should be well equipped +for wrestling with the difficulties that remain in the unchanged text, +for he is already familiar with the thought and the language. Comparison +of the two texts by the teacher, so far as time permits, may now be made +to illustrate important principles, as of indirect discourse, which are +here and there discussed in the notes.</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +In the Simplified and Complete texts, each chapter number is a link to +the corresponding chapter of the other version.</p> + + +<div class = "maintext"> + +<div class = "simpletext"> + +<span class = "pagenum">1</span> + +<h2><a name = "text_simple" id = "text_simple"> +CÆSAR’S GALLIC WAR</a><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Book II.</span><br> +<span class = "subhead">B.C. 57; A.U.C. 697.</span></h2> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h4>THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED.<br> +<span class = "smallcaps"> +Simplified Text.</span></h4> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_1" id = "simple_1"> +The Belgæ form a league against the Romans.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_1">1.</a></b> +Cum esset Caesar in citeriōre Gallia, crēbri ad eum<br> +rūmōres adferēbantur. Litteris item Labiēni certior fīēbat<br> +omnes Belgas contra populum Rōmānum coniūrāre<br> +obsidēsque inter se dare. Coniūrandi hae erant causae:<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +prīmum verēbantur ne ad se exercitus noster addūcerētur;<br> +deinde ab nōnnūllis Gallis sollicitābantur. Hi Germānos<br> +diūtius in Gallia versāri nōluerant et populi Rōmāni<br> +exercitum hiemāre atque inveterāscere in Gallia moleste<br> +ferēbant. Nōnnūlli mōbilitāte et levitāte animi novis<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +imperiis studēbant. Ab nōnnūllis etiam sollicitābantur,<br> +quod in Gallia a potentiōribus atque iis qui ad condūcendos<br> +homines facultātes habēbant, vulgo rēgna occupābantur;<br> +qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro cōnsequi<br> +poterant. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_1">Chapter 1 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_1">Chapter 1 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>crēber</b>, <i>frequens</i>.</p> +<p><b>vereor</b>, <i>timeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>deinde</b>, <i>tum</i>.</p> +<p><b>versor</b>: <i>maneo</i>, <i>sum</i>.</p> +<p><b>moleste</b>, <i>graviter</i>.</p> +<p><b>studeo</b>, <i>cupio</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">2</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_2" id = "simple_2"> +Cæsar levies two legions and marches against them.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_2">2.</a></b> +Hīs nūntiis litterīsque commōtus est Caesar. Duas<br> +legiōnes in citeriōre Gallia novas cōnscrīpsit. In interiōrem<br> +Galliam qui hās legiōnes dēdūceret Q. Pedium<br> +lēgātum mīsit. Ipse, cum prīmum pābuli cōpia esse<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +inciperet, ad exercitum vēnit. Senones fīnitimi Belgis<br> +erant. Ea quae apud Belgas geruntur cōgnōscunt Caesaremque<br> +de hīs rēbus certiōrem faciunt. Hi cōnstanter<br> +omnes nūntiāvērunt manus cōgi, exercitum in ūnum locum<br> +condūci. Tum vēro nōn dubitāvit Caesar quīn ad eos<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +proficīscerētur. Itaque castra movet diēbusque circiter<br> +quīndecim ad fīnes Belgārum pervenit. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_2">Chapter 2 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_2">Chapter 2 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>nūntius</b>, <i>rūmor</i>.</p> +<p><b>fīnitimus</b>: <i>vīcīnus</i>, <i>propīnquus</i>.</p> +<p><b>gero</b>: <i>ago</i>, <i>facio</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōgo</b>, <i>conligo</i>.</p> +<p><b>condūco</b>, <i>conligo</i>.</p> +<p><b>pervenio</b>, <i>accēdo</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_3" id = "simple_3"> +The Remi at once show the white feather.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_3">3.</a></b> +Eo de imprōvīso celeriterque vēnit Caesar. Rēmi<br> +ad eum lēgātos Iccium et Andocumborium mīsērunt, qui<br> +dīxērunt se omnia in fidem atque in potestātem populi<br> +Rōmāni permittere. “Rēmi neque cum Belgis reliquis<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +cōnsēnsērunt neque contra populum Rōmānum coniūrāvērunt.<br> +Parāti sunt obsides dare et Caesaris imperāta<br> +facere et eum oppidis recipere et frūmento cēterīsque rēbus<br> +iuvāre. Reliqui omnes Belgae in armis sunt. Germāni,<br> +qui cis Rhēnum incolunt, sēse cum hīs coniūnxērunt.<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +Tantus est eōrum omnium furor ut ne Suessiōnes quidem<br> +dēterrēre possint Rēmi. Suessiōnes frātres Rēmōrum cōnsanguineīque<br> +sunt eōdemque iūre et īsdem lēgibus ūtuntur.<br> +Ūnum imperium ūnumque magistrātum cum iis habent.” +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_3">Chapter 3 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_3">Chapter 3 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>de imprōvīso</b>: <i>subito</i>, <i>repente</i>.</p> +<p><b>permitto</b>, <i>dēdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsentio</b>: <i>coniūro</i>, <i>me coniungo</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēterreo</b>, <i>dissuādeo</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">3</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_4" id = "simple_4"> +Cæsar learns the number of the enemy’s forces.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_4">4.</a></b> +Cum ab hīs quaereret quae cīvitātes quantaeque in<br> +armis essent et quid in bello possent, sīc reperiēbat:<br> +plērīque Belgae sunt orti ab Germānis Rhēnumque antīquitus<br> +trāducti ibi cōnsēdērunt, Gallōsque qui ea loca<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +incolēbant expulērunt. Sōli fuērunt qui Teutonos Cimbrōsque<br> +intra fīnes suos ingredi prohibuērunt. Qua ex<br> +re fīēbat ut māgnam sibi auctōritātem māgnōsque spīritus<br> +in re mīlitāri sūmerent. De numero eōrum omnia se<br> +habēre explōrāta Rēmi dīcēbant. Quantam quisque multitūdinem<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +in commūni Belgārum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus<br> +esset cōgnōverant. Plūrimum inter eos Bellovaci<br> +et virtūte et auctōritāte et hominum numero valēbant.<br> +Hi poterant cōnficere armāta mīlia centum; polliciti sunt<br> +ex eo numero ēlēcta sexāginta tōtīusque belli imperium<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +sibi postulābant. Suessiōnes Rēmōrum erant fīnitimi;<br> +lātissimos ferācissimōsque agros possidēbant. Apud eos<br> +fuit rēx nostra etiam memoria Divitiacus, tōtīus Galliae<br> +potentissimus, qui cum māgnae partis hārum regiōnum<br> +tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuit. Nunc erat rēx<br> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +Galba; ad hunc propter iūstitiam prūdentiamque suam<br> +belli summa dēlāta est. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_4">Chapter 4 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_4">Chapter 4 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>quaero</b>, <i>interrogo</i>.</p> +<p><b>reperio</b>, <i>cōgnōsco</i>.</p> +<p><b>orior</b>, <i>nāscor</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsīdo</b>, <i>me colloco</i>.</p> +<p><b>spīritus</b>: <i>adrogantia</i>, <i>animi</i>.</p> +<p><b>explōro</b>, <i>cōgnōsco</i>.</p> +<p><b>valeo</b>, <i>possum</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnficio</b>, <i>comparo</i>.</p> +<p><b>ferax</b>, <i>fertilis</i>.</p> +<p><b>summa</b>: <i>cūra</i>, <i>imperium</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_5" id = "simple_5"> +He takes hostages from the Remi and crosses the Axona.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_5">5.</a></b> +Caesar omnem senātum ad se convenīre prīncipumque<br> +līberos obsides ad se addūci iūssit. Quae omnia ab hīs<br> +dīligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divitiacum Aeduum<br> +<span class = "pagenum">4</span> +māgno opere cohortātus est. Rei pūblicae interest manus<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +hostium distinēri, ne cum tanta multitūdine ūno tempore<br> +cōnflīgendum sit. Id fieri potest, si suas cōpias Aedui<br> +in fīnes Bellovacōrum intrōdūxerint et eōrum agros populāri<br> +coeperint. Hīs mandātis eum ab se dīmittit. Postea<br> +Caesar omnes Belgārum cōpias in ūnum locum coāctas<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +ad se venīre vīdit neque iam longe abesse. Hōc ab iis<br> +quōs mīserat explōrātōribus et ab Rēmis cōgnōvit. Tum<br> +flūmen Axonam exercitum trādūcere mātūrāvit atque ibi<br> +castra posuit. Quae res latus ūnum castrōrum rīpis flūminis<br> +mūniēbat et post eum quae essent tūta ab hostibus<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +reddēbat. Commeātus etiam ab Rēmis reliquīsque cīvitātibus<br> +sine perīculo portāri poterant. In eo flūmine pōns<br> +erat. Ibi praesidium pōnit et in altera parte flūminis<br> +Q. Titurium Sabīnum lēgātum cum sex cohortibus relīquit;<br> +castra in altitūdinem pedum <span class = "smallroman">XII</span> vāllo +fossāque<br> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +duodēvīginti pedum mūnīre iubet. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_5">Chapter 5 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_5">Chapter 5 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>iubeo</b>, <i>impero</i>.</p> +<p><b>māgno opere</b>, <i>vehementer</i>.</p> +<p><b>interest</b>, <i>pertinet</i>.</p> +<p><b>distineo</b>, <i>dīvido</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnflīgo</b>: <i>pūgno</i>, <i>dīmico</i>.</p> +<p><b>populor</b>, <i>vāsto</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōgo</b>, <i>condūco</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōgnōsco</b>, <i>reperio</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>mātūro</b>, <i>propero</i>.</p> +<p><b>commeātus</b>, <i>cibus</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_6" id = "simple_6"> +How the Belgæ lay siege to a town.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_6">6.</a></b> +Ab hīs castris oppidum Rēmōrum nōmine Bibrax<br> +aberat mīlia passuum octo. Id ex itinere māgno impetu<br> +Belgae oppūgnāre coepērunt. Aegre eo die sustentātum<br> +est. Gallōrum eadem atque Belgārum oppūgnātio est<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +haec. Circumiecta multitūdine hominum tōtis moenibus<br> +undique in mūrum lapides iaciunt. Ubi mūrus dēfēnsōribus<br> +nūdātus est, testūdine facta portas succēdunt mūrumque<br> +subruunt. Quod tum facile fīēbat. Nam cum tanta<br> +<span class = "pagenum">5</span> +multitūdo lapides āc tēla cōnicerent, in mūro cōnsistendi<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +potestas erat nūlli. Postrēmo fīnem oppūgnandi nox<br> +fēcit. Tum Iccius Rēmus, qui oppido praefuerat, nūntium<br> +ad Caesarem mittit: nisi subsidium sibi submittātur,<br> +sēse diūtius sustinēre nōn posse. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_6">Chapter 6 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_6">Chapter 6 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>tōtus</b>, <i>omnis</i>.</p> +<p><b>undique</b>, <i>ex omni parte</i>.</p> +<p><b>ubi</b>, <i>cum</i>.</p> +<p><b>nūdo</b>, <i>prīvo</i>.</p> +<p><b>succēdo</b>: <i>accēdo</i>, <i>subeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>subruo</b>, <i>suffodio</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsisto</b>, <i>sto</i>.</p> +<p><b>praesum</b>, <i>praefectus sum</i>.</p> +<p><b>subsidium</b>, <i>auxilium</i>.</p> +<p><b>sustineo</b>, <i>sustento</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_7" id = "simple_7"> +They abandon the siege and turn against Cæsar.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_7">7.</a></b> +Eo de media nocte Caesar Numidas et Crētas sagittārios<br> +et funditōres Baleāres subsidio oppidānis mittit;<br> +quōrum adventu hostibus spes potiundi oppidi discessit.<br> +Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morāti agrōsque Rēmōrum<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +dēpopulāti ad castra Caesaris omnibus cōpiis contendērunt<br> +et ab mīlibus passuum minus duōbus castra<br> +posuērunt; quae castra, ut fūmo atque īgnibus sīgnificābātur,<br> +amplius mīlibus passuum octo in lātitūdinem<br> +patēbant. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_7">Chapter 7 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_7">Chapter 7 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>subsidium</b>, <i>auxilium</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>potior</b>, <i>occupo</i>.</p> +<p><b>discēdo</b>, <i>abeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>paulisper</b>, <i>nōn diu</i>.</p> +<p><b>moror</b>, <i>cunctor</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēpopulor</b>, <i>vāsto</i>.</p> +<p><b>contendo</b>, <i>mātūro</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> +<p><b>pateo</b>, <i>pertineo</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_8" id = "simple_8"> +Cæsar awaits the attack of the enemy.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_8">8.</a></b> +Caesar prīmo propter multitūdinem hostium et<br> +propter eximiam opīniōnem virtūtis proelio supersedēre<br> +statuit; cotīdie tamen quid hostis virtūte posset et quid<br> +nostri audērent perīclitābātur. Locus erat pro castris ad<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +aciem īnstruendam nātūra opportūnus atque idōneus. Is<br> +autem collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex plānitie<br> +<span class = "pagenum">6</span> +ēditus tantum adversus in lātitūdinem patēbat quantum<br> +loci acies īnstrūcta occupāre poterat. Atque ex utrāque<br> +parte lateris dēiectus habēbat, et in frōntem lēniter fastīgātus<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +paulātim ad plānitiem redībat. Ab utrōque latere<br> +ēius collis trānsversam fossam obdūxit circiter passuum<br> +quadringentōrum et ad extrēmas fossas castella cōnstituit<br> +ibique tormenta conlocāvit, ne hostes ab lateribus pūgnantes<br> +suos circumvenīre possent. Hōc facto duābus<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +legiōnibus quās proxime cōnscrīpserat in castris relīctis,<br> +reliquas sex legiōnes pro castris in acie cōnstituit. Hostes<br> +item suas cōpias ex castris ēductas īnstrūxerant. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_8">Chapter 8 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_8">Chapter 8 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>eximius</b>: <i>excellens</i>, <i>ēgregius</i>.</p> +<p><b>opīnio</b>, <i>fāma</i>.</p> +<p><b>supersedeo</b>, <i>abstineo</i>.</p> +<p><b>perīclitor</b>: <i>tento</i>, <i>experior</i>.</p> +<p><b>idōneus</b>: <i>aptus</i>, <i>commodus</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēiectus</b>, <i>dēclīvitas</i>.</p> +<p><b>fastīgātus</b>, <i>adclīvis</i>.</p> +<p><b>conloco</b>, <i>pōno</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_9" id = "simple_9"> +Finally the enemy make a dash to cross the Axona.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_9">9.</a></b> +Palus erat nōn māgna inter nostrum atque hostium<br> +exercitum. Hanc si nostri trānsīrent hostes exspectābant.<br> +Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendēbātur.<br> +Ubi neutri trānseundae ēius palūdis initium<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +faciunt, secundiōre equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos<br> +in castra redūxit. Hostes prōtinus ex eo loco ad flūmen<br> +Axonam contendērunt, quod esse post nostra castra<br> +dēmōnstrātum est. Partem suārum cōpiārum trādūcere<br> +cōnāti sunt, ut castellum cui praeerat Q. Titurius lēgātus<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +expūgnārent pontemque interscinderent; si minus potuissent,<br> +ut agros Rēmōrum populārentur commeātūque<br> +nostros prohibērent. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_9">Chapter 9 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_9">Chapter 9 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>initium</b>, <i>prīncipium</i>.</p> +<p><b>secundus</b>, <i>prōsperus</i>.</p> +<p><b>prōtinus</b>: <i>statim</i>, <i>extemplo</i>, <i>repente</i>, +<i>subito</i>.</p> +<p><b>contendo</b>, <i>mātūro</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> +<p><b>praesum</b>, <i>praefectus sum</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>interscindo</b>, <i>abrumpo</i>.</p> +<p><b>commeātus</b>, <i>cibus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">7</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_10" id = "simple_10"> +A battle follows, the Belgæ are defeated and disperse.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_10">10.</a></b> +Caesar omnem equitātum et levis armātūrae Numidas,<br> +funditōres sagittāriōsque pontem trādūcit atque<br> +ad eos contendit. Ācriter in eo loco pūgnātum est. Hostes<br> +impedītos nostri in flūmine adgressi māgnum eōrum<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +numerum occīdērunt. Prīmos qui trānsierant equitātu<br> +circumventos interfēcērunt. Hostes, ubi de expūgnando<br> +oppido spem se fefellisse intellēxērunt neque nostros in<br> +locum inīquiōrem prōgredi vīdērunt atque ipsos res frūmentāria<br> +dēficere coepit, concilium convocāvērunt. Cōnstituērunt<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti.<br> +Cōnstituērunt etiam ut quōrum in fīnes prīmum Rōmāni<br> +exercitum intrōdūxissent ad eos dēfendendos undique<br> +convenīrent. Quod eo cōnsilio fēcērunt, ut potius in suis<br> +quam in aliēnis fīnibus dēcertārent. Ad eam sententiam<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +haec ratio eos dēdūxit, quod Divitiacum atque Aeduos<br> +fīnibus Bellovacōrum adpropīnquāre cōgnōverant. Hīs<br> +persuādēri ut diūtius morārentur nōn poterat. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_10">Chapter 10 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_10">Chapter 10 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>armātūra</b>, <i>arma</i>.</p> +<p><b>ācriter</b>, <i>vehementer</i>.</p> +<p><b>adgredior</b>, <i>adorior</i>.</p> +<p><b>occīdo</b>, <i>concīdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>prōgredior</b>: <i>prōcēdo</i>, <i>prōdeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnstituo</b>, <i>statuo</i>.</p> +<p><b>revertor</b>, <i>redeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēcerto</b>: <i>pūgno</i>, <i>dīmico</i>.</p> +<p><b>sententia</b>, <i>cōnsilium</i>.</p> +<p><b>moror</b>, <i>cunctor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_11" id = "simple_11"> +They are pursued with awful slaughter.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_11">11.</a></b> +Ea re cōnstitūta, secunda vigilia māgno cum strepitu<br> +āc tumultu castris ēgressi, nūllo certo ōrdine neque<br> +imperio, fēcērunt ut cōnsimilis fugae profectio vidērētur.<br> +Hāc re statim Caesar per speculātōres cōgnita īnsidias<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +veritus exercitum equitātumque castris continuit. Prīma<br> +lūce omnem equitātum qui novissimum āgmen morārētur<br> +<span class = "pagenum">8</span> +praemīsit. T. Labiēnum lēgātum cum legiōnibus tribus<br> +subsequi iūssit. Hi novissimos adorti et multa mīlia<br> +passuum prōsecūti māgnam multitūdinem eōrum fugientium<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +concīdērunt. Ii ad quos ventum erat cōnsistēbant<br> +fortiterque impetum nostrōrum sustinēbant; sed priōres,<br> +quod abesse a perīculo vidēbantur, exaudīto clāmōre perturbātis<br> +ōrdinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium pōnēbant.<br> +Ita sine ūllo perīculo māgnam eōrum multitūdinem<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +nostri interfēcērunt sub occāsumque sōlis dēstitērunt sēque<br> +in castra, ut erat imperātum, recēpērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_11">Chapter 11 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_11">Chapter 11 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>cōnstituo</b>, <i>statuo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>strepitus</b>: <i>clāmor</i>, <i>fremitus</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsimilis</b>, <i>persimilis</i>.</p> +<p><b>vereor</b>, <i>timeo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> +<p><b>moror</b>, <i>cunctor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> +<p><b>subsequor</b>: <i>prōsequor</i>, <i>īnsequor</i>.</p> +<p><b>adorior</b>, <i>adgredior</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>concīdo</b>, <i>occīdo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsisto</b>, <i>sto</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>sustineo</b>, <i>sustento</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_12" id = "simple_12"> +A forced march and attack on Noviodunum. The town surrenders.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_12">12.</a></b> +Postrīdie ēius diēi Caesar in fīnes Suessiōnum<br> +exercitum dūxit et māgno itinere cōnfecto ad oppidum<br> +Noviodūnum contendit. Id ex itinere oppūgnāre cōnātus,<br> +quod vacuum ab dēfēnsōribus esse audiēbat, expūgnāre<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +nōn potuit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessiōnum multitūdo<br> +in oppidum proxima nocte convēnit. Celeriter vīneis<br> +ad oppidum āctis, aggere iacto turribusque cōnstitūtis,<br> +māgnitūdine operum et celeritāte Rōmānōrum permōti<br> +sunt Suessiōnes. Itaque lēgātos ad Caesarem de dēditiōne<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +mittunt et petentibus Rēmis ut cōnservārentur impetrant.<br> +petrant. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_12">Chapter 12 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_12">Chapter 12 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>cōnficio</b>, <i>perficio</i>.</p> +<p><b>contendo</b>, <i>propero</i>.</p> +<p><b>vacuus</b>: <i>carens</i>, <i>nūdus</i>.</p> +<p><b>interim</b>, <i>interea</i>.</p> +<p><b>ago</b>: <i>pello</i>, <i>dūco</i>, <i>traho</i>.</p> +<p><b>permoveo</b>, <i>commoveo</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēditio</b>, <i>trāditio</i>.</p> +<p><b>impetro</b>, <i>cōnsequor</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">9</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_13" id = "simple_13"> +The Bellovaci also submit at Cæsar’s approach.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_13">13.</a></b> +Caesar obsidibus acceptis armīsque omnibus ex<br> +oppido trāditis in dēditiōnem Suessiōnes accēpit exercitumque<br> +in Bellovacos dūxit. Qui cum se suaque omnia<br> +in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter mīlia passuum quīnque<br> +abesset, omnes māiōres nātu ex oppido ēgressi manus<br> +ad Caesarem tendere et vōce sīgnificāre coepērunt sēse in<br> +ēius fidem āc potestātem venīre. Item, cum ad oppidum<br> +accessisset, pueri mulierēsque ex mūro passis manibus<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +suo mōre pācem ab Rōmānis petiērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_13">Chapter 13 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_13">Chapter 13 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>trādo</b>: <i>do</i>, <i>dēdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>me cōnfero</b>: <i>me recipio</i>, <i>eo</i>.</p> +<p><b>ēgredior</b>, <i>exeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>coepi</b>, <i>incēpi</i>.</p> +<p><b>pueri</b>, <i>līberi</i>.</p> +<p><b>pando</b>, <i>tendo</i>.</p> +<p><b>mōs</b>, <i>cōnsuētūdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>peto</b>, <i>ōro</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_14" id = "simple_14"> +Divitiacus pleads earnestly for the Bellovaci.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_14">14.</a></b> +Pro hīs Divitiacus facit verba: “Bellovaci omni<br> +tempore in fide atque amīcitia cīvitātis Aeduae fuērunt:<br> +impulsi a suis prīncipibus, qui dīcēbant Aeduos omnes<br> +indīgnitātes contumēliāsque perferre, ab Aeduis dēfēcērunt<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +et populo Rōmāno bellum intulērunt. Ii qui ēius<br> +cōnsili prīncipes fuērunt in Britanniam profūgērunt.<br> +Petunt nōn sōlum Bellovaci sed etiam pro hīs Aedui ut<br> +tua clēmentia āc mānsuētūdine in eos ūtāris. Quod si<br> +fēceris, Aeduōrum auctōritātem apud omnes Belgas amplificābis,<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +quōrum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella<br> +incidunt, sustentāre cōnsuērunt.” +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_14">Chapter 14 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_14">Chapter 14 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>impello</b>: <i>incito</i>, <i>indūco</i>.</p> +<p><b>contumēlia</b>, <i>iniūria</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēficio</b>: <i>dēsero</i>.</p> +<p><b>mānsuētūdo</b>, <i>lēnitas</i>.</p> +<p><b>auctōritas</b>, <i>grātia</i>.</p> +<p><b>amplifico</b>, <i>augeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>sustento</b>, <i>sustineo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsuēsco</b>, <i>soleo</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_15" id = "simple_15"> +The temperance, courage, and patriotism of the Nervii.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_15">15.</a></b> +Caesar honōris Divitiaci atque Aeduōrum causa<br> +sēse eos in fidem receptūrum et cōnservātūrum dīxit;<br> +quod erat cīvitas māgna inter Belgas auctōritāte, sexcentos<br> +obsides poposcit. Hīs trāditis omnibusque armis<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +ex oppido conlātis, ab eo loco in fīnes Ambiānōrum pervēnit.<br> +Eōrum fīnes Nervii attingēbant; quōrum de<br> +nātūra mōribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sīc reperiēbat:<br> +Nūllus aditus erat ad eos mercātōribus; nihil patiēbantur<br> +vīni reliquārumque rērum īnferri, quod iis rēbus<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +relanguēscere animos et remitti virtūtem exīstimābant:<br> +erant homines feri māgnaeque virtūtis; increpitābant<br> +atque incūsābant reliquos Belgas, qui se populo Rōmāno<br> +dēdidissent. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_15">Chapter 15 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_15">Chapter 15 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>auctōritas</b>, <i>grātia</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> +<p><b>posco</b>, <i>impero</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnfero</b>, <i>cōgo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> +<p><b>attingo</b>, <i>contingo</i>.</p> +<p><b>aditus</b>, <i>accessus</i>.</p> +<p><b>patior</b>, <i>sino</i>.</p> +<p><b>relanguēsco</b>, <i>effēminor</i>.</p> +<p><b>remitto</b>, <i>minuo</i>.</p> +<p><b>incūso</b>, <i>accūso</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēdo</b>, <i>permitto</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_16" id = "simple_16"> +Encamped on the Sabis the Nervii await the coming of Cæsar.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_16">16.</a></b> +Cum per eōrum fīnes trīduum iter fēcisset, inveniēbat<br> +ex captīvis Sabim flūmen ab castris suis nōn<br> +amplius mīlia passuum x abesse. Trāns id flūmen omnes<br> +Nervii cōnsēderant adventumque ibi Rōmānōrum exspectābant.<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +Exspectābantur etiam ab hīs Aduātucōrum cōpiae<br> +atque erant in itinere. Mulieres quīque per aetātem ad<br> +pūgnam inūtiles vidērentur in eum locum coniēcerant,<br> +quo propter palūdes exercitui aditus nōn esset. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_16">Chapter 16 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_16">Chapter 16 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>cōnsīdo</b>, <i>me colloco</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnicio</b>, <i>dēpōno</i>.</p> +<p><b>aditus</b>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">11</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_17" id = "simple_17"> +They plan to attack Cæsar’s advance guard.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_17">17.</a></b> +Hīs rēbus cōgnitis explōrātōres centuriōnēsque<br> +praemittit qui locum idōneum castris dēligant. Cum ex<br> +dēditīciis Belgis reliquīsque Gallis complūres Caesarem<br> +secūti ūna iter facerent, quīdam ex hīs nocte ad Nervios<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +pervēnērunt. Hīs dēmōnstrārunt inter singulas legiōnes<br> +impedīmentōrum māgnum numerum intercēdere, neque<br> +esse quicquam negōti, cum prīma legio in castra vēnisset,<br> +hanc sub sarcinis adorīri; qua pulsa futūrum ut reliquae<br> +legiōnes contra cōnsistere nōn audērent. Nervii autem<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +antīquitus, quo facilius fīnitimōrum equitātum impedīrent,<br> +teneris arboribus incīsis atque īnflexis, crēbrīsque<br> +in lātitūdinem rāmis ēnātis, et rubis sentibusque interiectis,<br> +effēcerant ut īnstar mūri hae saepes mūnīmenta<br> +praebērent, quo nōn modo nōn intrāri sed ne perspici<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +quidem posset. Hīs rēbus cum iter āgminis nostri impedīrētur,<br> +nōn omittendum sibi cōnsilium Nervii exīstimāvērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_17">Chapter 17 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_17">Chapter 17 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>idōneus</b>: <i>aptus</i>, <i>commodus</i>, 8.</p> +<p><b>dēligo</b>, <i>ēligo</i>.</p> +<p><b>intercēdo</b>, <i>intervenio</i>.</p> +<p><b>sarcinae</b>: <i>impedīmenta</i>, <i>onera</i>.</p> +<p><b>adorior</b>, <i>adgredior</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsisto</b>, <i>sto</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>incīdo</b>, <i>accīdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>īnstar</b>: <i>fōrma</i>, <i>similitūdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>omitto</b>, <i>neglego</i>.</p> +<p><b>exīstimo</b>, <i>puto</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_18" id = "simple_18"> +The Roman camping-ground and the position of the enemy.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_18">18.</a></b> +Loci nātūra erat haec, quem locum nostri castris<br> +dēlēgerant. Collis ab summo acquāliter dēclīvis ad flūmen<br> +Sabim, quod supra nōmināvimus, vergēbat. Ab eo flūmine<br> +pari adclīvitāte collis nāscēbātur, ab superiōre parte<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +silvestris ut nōn facile intrōrsus perspici posset. Intra<br> +eas silvas hostes in occulto sēse continēbant; in aperto<br> +<span class = "pagenum">12</span> +loco secundum flūmen paucae statiōnes equitum vidēbantur.<br> +Flūminis erat altitūdo pedum circiter trium. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_18">Chapter 18 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_18">Chapter 18 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>summum</b>, <i>culmen</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēclīvis</b>, <i>prōclīvis</i>.</p> +<p><b>vergo</b>, <i>pertineo</i>.</p> +<p><b>nāscor</b>, <i>orior</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>intrōrsus</b>, <i>intra</i>.</p> +<p><b>in occulto</b>, <i>abditus</i>.</p> +<p><b>statio</b>, <i>custōdia</i>.</p> +<p><b>circiter</b>, <i>ad</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_19" id = "simple_19"> +The plan of attack is skilfully carried out by the Nervii.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_19">19.</a></b> +Caesar equitātu praemīsso subsequēbātur omnibus<br> +cōpiis. Sed quod ad hostes adpropīnquābat, cōnsuētūdine<br> +sua sex legiōnes expedītas dūcēbat; post eas<br> +tōtīus exercitus impedīmenta conlocārat; inde duae legiōnes,<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +quae proxime cōnscrīptae erant, tōtum āgmen claudēbant<br> +praesidiōque impedīmentis erant. Equites nostri,<br> +cum funditōribus sagittāriīsque flūmen trānsgressi, cum<br> +hostium equitātu proelium commīsērunt. Illi se identidem<br> +in silvas ad suos recipiēbant āc rūrsus ex silva in<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +nostros impetum faciēbant. Interim legiōnes sex, quae<br> +prīmae vēnerant, opere dīmēnso castra mūnīre coepērunt.<br> +Ubi prīma impedīmenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in<br> +silvis abditi latēbant vīsa sunt, subito omnibus cōpiis<br> +prōvolāvērunt impetumque in nostros equites fēcērunt.<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +Hīs facile pulsis āc prōturbātis, incrēdibili celeritāte ad<br> +flūmen dēcucurrērunt, ut paene ūno tempore ad silvas et<br> +in flūmine et iam in manibus nostris hostes vidērentur.<br> +Eādem autem celeritāte adverso colle ad nostra castra<br> +atque eos qui in opere occupāti erant contendērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_19">Chapter 19 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_19">Chapter 19 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>subsequor</b>, <i>prōsequor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> +<p><b>conloco</b>, <i>pōno</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> +<p><b>trānsgredior</b>, <i>trānseo</i>.</p> +<p><b>identidem</b>, <i>iterum atque iterum</i>.</p> +<p><b>rūrsus</b>, <i>iterum</i>.</p> +<p><b>interim</b>, <i>interea</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> +<p><b>dīmētior</b>, <i>mētior</i>.</p> +<p><b>lateo</b>, <i>me cēlo</i>.</p> +<p><b>prōvolo</b>, <i>prōruo</i>.</p> +<p><b>prōturbo</b>, <i>fugo</i>.</p> +<p><b>paene</b>, <i>fere</i>.</p> +<p><b>contendo</b>, <i>propero</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">13</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_20" id = "simple_20"> +But the soldiers and lieutenants know what to do.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_20">20.</a></b> +Caesari omnia ūno tempore erant agenda: vēxillum<br> +prōpōnendum, sīgnum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi<br> +mīlites, acies īnstruenda, mīlites cohortandi, sīgnum dandum.<br> +Quārum rērum māgnam partem temporis brevitas<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +et successus hostium impediēbat. Sed erat subsidio<br> +scientia atque ūsus mīlitum, quod superiōribus proeliis<br> +exercitāti, nōn minus commode ipsi sibi praescrībere<br> +quam ab aliis docēri poterant. Praeterea ab opere singulīsque<br> +legiōnibus singulos lēgātos Caesar discēdere<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +vetuerat. Hi propter propīnquitātem et celeritātem<br> +hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium exspectābant, sed<br> +per se quae vidēbantur administrābant. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_20">Chapter 20 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_20">Chapter 20 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>prōpōno</b>, <i>ostendo</i>.</p> +<p><b>successus</b>, <i>accessus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +<p><b>subsidium</b>, <i>auxilium</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>ūsus</b>, <i>experientia</i>.</p> +<p><b>exercitātus</b>, <i>perītus</i>.</p> +<p><b>commode</b>: <i>apte</i>, <i>bene</i>.</p> +<p><b>praescrībo</b>, <i>praecipio</i>.</p> +<p><b>veto</b>, <i>prohibeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>propīnquitas</b>, <i>vīcīnitas</i>.</p> +<p><b>administro</b>: <i>prōvideo</i>, <i>ago</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_21" id = "simple_21"> +Fighting begins before the soldiers can arm themselves.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_21">21.</a></b> +Caesar necessāriis rēbus imperātis ad cohortandos<br> +mīlites dēcucurrit et ad legiōnem decimam dēvēnit.<br> +Mīlites nōn longiōre ōrātiōne cohortātus quam uti suae<br> +prīstinae virtūtis memoriam retinērent neu perturbārentur<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinērent,<br> +quod nōn longe hostes aberant, proeli committendi sīgnum<br> +dedit. Atque in alteram partem item cohortandi<br> +causa profectus pūgnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta<br> +fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam parātus ad dīmicandum<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +animus, ut nōn modo ad īnsīgnia adcommodanda, sed<br> +etiam ad galeas induendas scūtīsque tegimenta dētrūdenda<br> +tempus dēfuerit. Quam in partem quisque ab opere cāsu<br> +<span class = "pagenum">14</span> +dēvēnit quaeque prīma sīgna cōnspēxit, ad haec cōnstitit,<br> +ne in quaerendis suis pūgnandi tempus dīmitteret. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_21">Chapter 21 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_21">Chapter 21 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>dēvenio</b>, <i>pervenio</i>.</p> +<p><b>prīstinus</b>: <i>vetus</i>, <i>antīquus</i>.</p> +<p><b>perturbo</b>, <i>commoveo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> +<p><b>sustineo</b>, <i>sustento</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>occurro</b>, <i>incĭdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>exiguitas</b>, <i>brevitas</i>.</p> +<p><b>adcommodo</b>, <i>apto</i>.</p> +<p><b>induo</b>, <i>indūco</i>.</p> +<p><b>dētrūdo</b>, <i>dētraho</i>.</p> +<p><b>cāsu</b>, <i>fōrte</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnspicio</b>, <i>cōnspicor</i>.</p> +<p><b>dīmitto</b>, <i>āmitto</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_22" id = "simple_22"> +All is confusion in the battle; the commander can do little.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_22">22.</a></b> +Īnstrūcto exercitu magis ut loci nātūra dēiectusque<br> +collis et necessitas temporis quam ut rei mīlitāris<br> +ratio atque ōrdo postulābat, fīēbat ut aliae legiōnes alia<br> +in parte hostibus resisterent; saepibus autem dēnsissimis,<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +ut ante dēmōnstrāvimus, interiectis prōspectus impediēbātur,<br> +ut neque certa subsidia conlocāri, neque ab ūno<br> +omnia imperia administrāri possent. Itaque in tanta<br> +rērum inīquitāte, fōrtūnae quoque ēventus varii sequēbantur. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_22">Chapter 22 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_22">Chapter 22 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>dēiectus</b>, <i>dēclīvitas</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> +<p><b>ratio</b>, <i>scientia</i>.</p> +<p><b>intericio</b>, <i>interpōno</i>.</p> +<p><b>administro</b>, <i>ago</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> +<p><b>inīquitas</b>, <i>varietas</i>.</p> +<p><b>ēventus</b>, <i>cāsus</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_23" id = "simple_23"> +The battle seems to be going against Cæsar.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_23">23.</a></b> +Legiōnis nōnae et decimae mīlites, ut in sinistra<br> +parte acie cōnstiterant, Atrebates cursu āc lassitūdine<br> +exanimātos vulneribusque cōnfectos celeriter ex loco<br> +superiōre in flūmen compulērunt. Tum eos trānsīre<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +cōnantes īnsecūti, gladiis māgnam partem eōrum interfēcērunt.<br> +Ipsi trānsīre flūmen nōn dubitāvērunt et in<br> +locum inīquum prōgressi, hostes redintegrāto proelio in<br> +fugam cōniēcērunt. Item alia in parte dīversae duae<br> +legiōnes, ūndecima et octāva, ex loco superiōre in ipsis<br> +<span class = "pagenum">15</span> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +flūminis rīpis proeliābantur. At tōtis fere a frōnte et<br> +ab sinistra parte nūdātis castris, omnes Nervii cōnfertissimo<br> +āgmine, duce Boduōgnāto, qui summam imperi<br> +tenēbat, ad eum locum contendērunt; quōrum pars aperto<br> +latere legiōnes circumvenīre, pars summum castrōrum<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +locum petere coepit. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_23">Chapter 23 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_23">Chapter 23 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>lassitūdo</b>, <i>dēfatīgātio</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnfectus</b>, <i>dēfessus</i>.</p> +<p><b>compello</b>, <i>ago</i>.</p> +<p><b>redintegro</b>, <i>renovo</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnfertus</b>, <i>dēnsus</i>.</p> +<p><b>summa</b>, <i>cūra</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>contendo</b>, <i>propero</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> +<p><b>peto</b>, <i>accurro</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_24" id = "simple_24"> +It is beginning to look very dark for the Romans.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_24">24.</a></b> +Eōdem tempore equites nostri levisque armātūrae<br> +pedites, qui cum iis ūna fuerant, cum se in castra reciperent,<br> +hostibus occurrēbant āc rūrsus aliam in partem<br> +fugam petēbant; et cālōnes, praedandi causa ēgressi,<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +cum respēxissent et hostes in nostris castris versāri<br> +vīdissent, praecipites fugae sēse mandābant. Simul<br> +eōrum qui cum impedīmentis veniēbant clāmor fremitusque<br> +oriēbātur, aliīque aliam in partem perterriti ferēbantur.<br> +Quibus omnibus rēbus permōti sunt equites<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +Trēveri, qui auxili causa ab cīvitāte ad Caesarem mīssi<br> +vēnerant. Ergo cum multitūdine hostium castra complēri,<br> +legiōnes premi et paene circumventas tenēri, cālōnes,<br> +equites, funditōres in omnes partes fugere vīdissent,<br> +dēspērātis nostris rēbus, domum contendērunt atque Rōmānos<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +pulsos superātōsque cīvitāti renūntiāvērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_24">Chapter 24 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_24">Chapter 24 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>armātūra</b>, <i>arma</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>me recipio</b>, <i>me cōnfero</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> +<p><b>occurro</b>, <i>incĭdo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> +<p><b>ēgredior</b>, <i>exeo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> +<p><b>versor</b>, <i>sum occupātus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> +<p><b>mando</b>, <i>commendo</i>.</p> +<p><b>fremitus</b>, <i>strepitus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> +<p><b>orior</b>, <i>nāscor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>premo</b>, <i>urgeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>paene</b>, <i>fere</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> +<p><b>pello</b>: <i>fugo</i>, <i>prōturbo</i>, 19.</p> +<p><b>supero</b>, <i>vinco</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">16</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_25" id = "simple_25"> +Will Cæsar’s coolness and courage save his army?</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_25">25.</a></b> +Caesar ab decimae legiōnis cohortātiōne ad dextrum<br> +cornu profectus suos urgēri et duodecimae legiōnis<br> +cōnfertos mīlites sibi ipsos ad pūgnam esse impedīmento<br> +vīdit. Quartae cohortis omnes centuriōnes occīsi sunt<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +et, sīgnifero interfecto, sīgnum est āmīssum. Reliquārum<br> +cohortium omnes fere centuriōnes aut vulnerāti aut<br> +occīsi sunt, in hīs prīmipīlus P. Sextius Baculus, fortissimus<br> +vir, multis gravibusque vulneribus cōnfectus ut iam<br> +se sustinēre nōn posset. Hīs rēbus reliquos esse tardiōres<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +vīdit Caesar et nōnnullos dēserto proelio excēdere āc tēla<br> +vītāre; hostes autem neque a fronte ex īnferiōre loco<br> +subeuntes intermittere et ab utrōque latere īnstāare, et<br> +rem esse in angusto, neque ūllum esse subsidium quod<br> +submitti posset. Tum vēro scūto ūni mīliti dētracto,<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +quod ipse eo sine scūto vēnerat, in prīmam aciem prōcessit,<br> +centuriōnibusque nōminātim appellātis, reliquos<br> +cohortātus mīlites sīgna īnferre et manipulos laxāre iūssit<ins class = +"correction" title = "text has . for ,">, </ins><br> +quo facilius gladiis ūti possent. Cūius adventu spe inlāta<br> +mīlitibus āc redintegrāto animo paulum hostium impetus<br> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +tardātus est. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_25">Chapter 25 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_25">Chapter 25 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>urgeo</b>, <i>premo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnfertus</b>, <i>dēnsus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> +<p><b>sīgnifer</b>, <i>aquilifer</i>.</p> +<p><b>āmitto</b>, <i>dīmitto</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> +<p><b>fere</b>, <i>paene</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnfectus</b>, <i>dēfessus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> +<p><b>excēdo</b>, <i>exeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>subeo</b>, <i>succēdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>intermitto</b>: <i>dēsino</i>, <i>dēsisto</i>.</p> +<p><b>īnsto</b>: <i>urgeo</i>, <i>premo</i>, 24.</p> +<p><b>dētraho</b>, <i>rapio</i>.</p> +<p><b>laxo</b>, <i>aperio</i>.</p> +<p><b>īnfero</b> (2): <i>do</i>, <i>adfero</i>.</p> +<p><b>redintegro</b>, <i>renovo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_26" id = "simple_26"> +A shifting scene. Pull Romans, pull Nervii!</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_26">26.</a></b> +Caesar cum septimam legiōnem, quae iūxta cōnstiterat,<br> +item urgēri ab hoste vīdisset, tribūnos mīlitum<br> +monuit ut paulātim sēse legiōnes coniungerent. Quo<br> +<span class = "pagenum">17</span> +facto, cum alius alii subsidium ferret, audācius resistere<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +āc fortius pūgnāre coepērunt. Interim mīlites legiōnum<br> +duārum, quae in novissimo āgmine praesidio impedīmentis<br> +fuerant, proelio nūntiāto cursu incitāto in summo colle<br> +ab hostibus cōnspiciēbantur; et T. Labiēnus castris hostium<br> +potītus decimam legiōnem subsidio nostris mīsit.<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +Qui cum quo in loco res esset, quantōque in perīculo castra<br> +et legiōnes et imperātor versārētur, cōgnōvissent,<br> +nihil ad celeritātem sibi reliqui fēcērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_26">Chapter 26 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_26">Chapter 26 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>iūxta</b>, <i>prope</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsisto</b>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>urgeo</b>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> +<p><b>paulātim</b>, <i>gradātim</i>.</p> +<p><b>interim</b>, <i>interea</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnspicio</b>, <i>video</i>.</p> +<p><b>potior</b>, <i>occupo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> +<p><b>versor</b>, <i>sum</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōgnōsco</b>, <i>reperio</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_27" id = "simple_27"> +In the fierce wrestle the brave Nervii go under.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_27">27.</a></b> +Hōrum adventu tanta rērum commūtātio est facta<br> +ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus cōnfecti prōcubuissent,<br> +proelium redintegrārent; equites vēro, ut turpitūdinem<br> +fugae virtūte dēlērent, omnibus in locis pūgnae se legiōnāriis<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +mīlitibus praeferrent. At hostes etiam in extrēma<br> +spe salūtis māximam virtūtem praestitērunt; nam cum<br> +prīmi eōrum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus comitibus<br> +īnsistēbant atque ex eōrum corporibus pūgnābant; hīs<br> +dēiectis et coacervātis cadāveribus, cēteri ut ex tumulo<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +tēla in nostros cōniciēbant et pīla intercepta remittēbant:<br> +ut iūdicāri dēbēret nōn nēquīquam tantae virtūtis homines<br> +ausos esse trānsīre lātissimum flūmen, ascendere altissimas<br> +rīpas, subīre inīquissimum locum; quae facilia ex<br> +difficillimis animi māgnitūdo redēgerat. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_27">Chapter 27 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_27">Chapter 27 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>prōcumbo</b>, <i>prōcido</i>.</p> +<p><b>turpitūdo</b>: <i>īgnōminia</i>, <i>īnfāmia</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēleo</b>, <i>exstinguo</i>.</p> +<p><b>extrēmus</b>, <i>ultimus</i>.</p> +<p><b>praesto</b>: <i>praebeo</i>, <i>ostento</i>.</p> +<p><b>iaceo</b>, <i>prōcumbo</i>.</p> +<p><b>coacervo</b>: <i>congero</i>, <i>cōgo</i>.</p> +<p><b>cadāver</b>, <i>corpus</i>.</p> +<p><b>nēquīquam</b>, <i>frūstra</i>.</p> +<p><b>redigo</b>, <i>facio</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">18</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_28" id = "simple_28"> +Why slay the poor remnant? Let them live.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_28">28.</a></b> +Hōc proelio facto et prope ad interneciōnem gente<br> +āc nōmine Nerviōrum redācto, māiōres nātu, quōs ūna<br> +cum pueris mulieribusque in palūdes cōniectos dīxerāmus,<br> +cōnsēnsu omnium qui supererant lēgātos ad Caesarem<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +mīsērunt sēque ei dēdidērunt. Postea in commemoranda<br> +cīvitātis calamitāte, ex sexcentis ad tres senātōres, ex<br> +hominum mīlibus <span class = "smallroman">LX</span> vix ad quīngentos +qui arma ferre<br> +possent, sēse redāctos esse dīxērunt. Quōs Caesar ut in<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +miseros āc supplices ūsus misericordia vidērētur,<br> +dīligentissime cōnservāvit suīsque fīnibus atque oppidis ūti<br> +iūssit et fīnitimis imperāvit ut ab iniūria et maleficio se<br> +suōsque prohibērent. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_28">Chapter 28 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_28">Chapter 28 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>prope</b>, <i>paene</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> +<p><b>internecio</b>, <i>interitus</i>.</p> +<p><b>redigo</b>, <i>redūco</i>.</p> +<p><b>puerī</b>, <i>līberi</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnicio</b>, <i>dēpōno</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> +<p><b>dēdo</b>, <i>permitto</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +<p><b>commemoro</b>, <i>nārro</i>.</p> +<p><b>fīnitimus</b>, <i>vīcīnus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_29" id = "simple_29"> +The Aduatuci prepare to make a desperate resistance.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_29">29.</a></b> +Aduātuci, qui cum omnibus cōpiis auxilio Nerviis<br> +veniēbant, hāc pūgna nūntiāta ex itinere domum revertērunt;<br> +cūnctis oppidis castellīsque dēsertis sua omnia in<br> +ūnum oppidum ēgregie nātūra mūnītum contulērunt.<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +Quod ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rūpes<br> +dēspectūsque habēbat, sed ūna ex parte lēniter adclīvis<br> +aditus relinquēbātur; quem locum duplici altissimo mūro<br> +mūnierant; tum māgni ponderis saxa et praeacūtas trabes<br> +in mūro conlocābant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teutonīsque<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +prōgnāti, qui, cum iter in prōvinciam nostram atque<br> +Ītaliam facerent, custōdiam ex suis āc praesidium sex<br> +mīlia hominum relīquērunt. Hi post eōrum obitum<br> +<span class = "pagenum">19</span> +multos annos a fīnitimis exagitāti, cōnsēnsu eōrum omnium<br> +hunc sibi domicilio locum dēlēgērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_29">Chapter 29 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_29">Chapter 29 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>revertor</b>, <i>redeo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>cūnctus</b>, <i>omnis</i>.</p> +<p><b>ēgregie</b>: <i>optime</i>, <i>eximie</i>, 8.</p> +<p><b>dēspectus</b>, <i>prōspectus</i>.</p> +<p><b>lēniter</b>, <i>paulātim</i>.</p> +<p><b>aditus</b>, <i>accessus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +<p><b>conloco</b>, <i>pōno</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> +<p><b>prōgnātus</b>, <i>ortus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>obitus</b>, <i>interitus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> +<p><b>dēligo</b>, <i>ēligo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_30" id = "simple_30"> +From their walls they taunt the Romans.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_30">30.</a></b> +Āc prīmo adventu exercitus nostri crēbras ex<br> +oppido excursiōnes faciēbant parvulīsque proeliis cum<br> +nostris contendēbant; postea vāllo pedum <span class = +"smallroman">XII</span> in circuitu<br> +<span class = "smallroman">XV</span> mīlium crēbrīsque castellis +circummūnīti oppido sēse<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +continēbant. Ubi vīneis āctis aggere exstrūcto turrim<br> +procul cōnstitui vīdērunt, prīmum inrīdēre ex mūro atque<br> +increpitāre vōcibus coepērunt, quod tanta māchinātio ab<br> +tanto spatio īnstruerētur: quibusnam manibus aut quibus<br> +vīribus praesertim homines tantulae statūrae turrim<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +tanti oneris in mūro sēse conlocāre cōnfīderent? +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_30">Chapter 30 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_30">Chapter 30 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>adventus</b>, <i>accessus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +<p><b>crēber</b>, <i>frequens</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> +<p><b>excursio</b>, <i>ēruptio</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnstituo</b>, <i>pōno</i>.</p> +<p><b>inrīdeo</b>, <i>dērīdeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>increpito</b>, <i>maledīco</i>.</p> +<p><b>tantulus</b>, <i>parvulus</i>.</p> +<p><b>onus</b>, <i>pondus</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_31" id = "simple_31"> +But soon they lose confidence and offer to surrender.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_31">31.</a></b> +Ubi vēro turrim movēri et adpropīnquāre moenibus<br> +vīdērunt, nova atque inūsitāta specie commōti lēgātos<br> +ad Caesarem de pāce mīsērunt, qui ad hunc modum locūti<br> +sunt: Aduātuci nōn exīstimant Rōmānos sine ope dīvīna<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +bellum gerere, qui tantae altitūdinis māchinātiōnes tanta<br> +celeritāte prōmovēre possint; itaque se suaque omnia<br> +eōrum potestāti permittunt. Ūnum petunt: si fōrte<br> +<span class = "pagenum">20</span> +Caesar pro sua clēmentia āc mānsuētūdine statuerit<br> +Aduātucos esse cōnservandos, ne eos armis dēspoliet.<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +Omnes fere fīnitimi sunt inimīci āc eōrum virtūti invident,<br> +a quibus se dēfendere trāditis armis nōn poterunt. Sibi<br> +praestet, si in eum cāsum dēdūcantur, quamvis fōrtūnam<br> +a populo Rōmāno pati, quam ab inimīcis per cruciātum<br> +interfici. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_31">Chapter 31 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_31">Chapter 31 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>novus</b>, <i>mīrus</i>.</p> +<p><b>inūsitātus</b>: <i>īnsolitus</i>, <i>novus</i>.</p> +<p><b>species</b>, <i>facies</i>.</p> +<p><b>modus</b>, <i>ratio</i>.</p> +<p><b>ops</b>, <i>auxilium</i>.</p> +<p><b>permitto</b>, <i>dēdo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +<p><b>peto</b>, <i>ōro</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> +<p><b>mānsuētūdo</b>, <i>lēnitas</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> +<p><b>statuo</b>, <i>cōnstituo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>fere</b>, <i>paene</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> +<p><b>cāsus</b>, <i>fātum</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> +<p><b>dēdūco</b>, <i>redigo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_32" id = "simple_32"> +They must disarm, but are promised protection.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_32">32.</a></b> +Ad haec Caesar respondit: “Magis cōnsuētūdine<br> +mea quam merito vestro cīvitātem cōnservābo, si prius<br> +quam mūrum aries attigerit, vos dēdideritis: sed dēditiōnis<br> +nūlla est condicio nisi armis trāditis. Id quod in<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +Nerviis fēci faciam fīnitimīsque imperābo ne quam iniūriam<br> +dēditīciis populi Rōmāni īnferant.” Re nūntiāta<br> +ad suos, quae imperārentur facere dīxērunt. Armōrum<br> +tanta multitūdo de mūro in fossam quae erat ante oppidum<br> +iacta est, ut prope summam mūri aggerisque altitūdinem<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +acervi eōrum adaequārent, et tamen circiter pars<br> +tertia, ut postea perspectum est, cēlāta atque in oppido<br> +retenta est. Deinde portis patefactis eo die pāce sunt<br> +ūsi oppidāni. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_32">Chapter 32 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_32">Chapter 32 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>prius quam</b>, <i>ante quam</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēditio</b>, <i>trāditio</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> +<p><b>fīnitimus</b>, <i>vīcīnus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> +<p><b>īnfero</b>: <i>fero</i>, <i>facio</i>.</p> +<p><b>prope</b>, <i>paene</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> +<p><b>circiter</b>, <i>ad</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> +<p><b>perspicio</b>, <i>intellego</i>.</p> +<p><b>patefacio</b>, <i>aperio</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">21</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_33" id = "simple_33"> +A brave dash for freedom, but a terrible fate.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_33">33.</a></b> +Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi mīlitēsque ex<br> +oppido exīre iūssit. Oppidāni cōnsilio ante inito, ut<br> +intellēctum est, quod dēditiōne facta nostros praesidia<br> +dēductūros aut dēnique indīligentius servātūros crēdiderant,<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras mūnītiōnes<br> +ascēnsus vidēbātur, omnibus cōpiis repentīno ex<br> +oppido ēruptiōnem fēcērunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar<br> +imperārat, īgnibus sīgnificātiōne facta ex proximis castellis<br> +eo concursum est. Ibi pūgnātum est ācriter ab<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +hostibus in extrēma spe salūtis inīquo loco contra eos<br> +qui ex vāllo turribusque tēla iacerent, cum in ūna virtūte<br> +omnis spes salūtis cōnsisteret. Occīsis ad hominum<br> +mīlibus quattuor reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. Postrīdie<br> +ēius diēi refrāctis portis, cum iam dēfenderet nēmo,<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +atque intrōmīssis mīlitibus nostris sectiōnem ēius oppidi<br> +ūniversam Caesar vendidit. Ab iis qui ēmerant capitum<br> +numerus ad eum relātus est mīlium quīnquāginta trium. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_33">Chapter 33 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_33">Chapter 33 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>intellego</b>, <i>perspicio</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> +<p><b>dēnique</b>, <i>saltem</i>.</p> +<p><b>indīligenter</b>, <i>neglegenter</i>.</p> +<p><b>arduus</b>, <i>difficilis</i>.</p> +<p><b>repentīnus</b>, <i>subitus</i>.</p> +<p><b>ēruptio</b>, <i>excursio</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> +<p><b>sīgnificātio</b>, <i>sīgnum</i>.</p> +<p><b>inīquus</b>, <i>incommodus</i>.</p> +<p><b>ūniversus</b>, <i>tōtus</i>.</p> +<p><b>refero</b>, <i>renūntio</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_34" id = "simple_34"> +All the maritime nations submit to the Romans.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_34">34.</a></b> +Eōdem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legiōne<br> +ūna mīserat ad Venetos, Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas,<br> +Esuvios, Aulercos, Rēdones, quae sunt maritimae cīvitātes<br> +Ōceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +cīvitātes in diciōnem potestātemque populi Rōmāni esse<br> +redāctas. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_34">Chapter 34 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_34">Chapter 34 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>attingo</b>, <i>tango</i>.</p> +<p><b>dicio</b>, <i>imperium</i>.</p> +<p><b>redigo</b>, <i>pāco</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">22</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_35" id = "simple_35"> +Gaul lies crushed and bleeding. Rome rejoices and thanks the +gods.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_35">35.</a></b> +Hīs rēbus gestis omni Gallia pācāta, tanta hūius<br> +belli ad barbaros opīnio perlāta est uti ab iis nātiōnibus<br> +quae trāns Rhēnum incolerent mitterentur lēgāti ad<br> +Caesarem, qui se obsides datūras, imperāta factūras pollicērentur.<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +Quās lēgātiōnes Caesar, quod in Ītaliam Illyricumque<br> +properābat, inita proxima aestāte ad se reverti<br> +iūssit. Ipse in Carnūtes, Andes Turonēsque, quae cīvitātes<br> +propīnquae hīs locis erant ubi bellum gesserat,<br> +legiōnibus in hībernācula dēductis, in Ītaliam profectus<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +est. Ob eāsque res ex litteris Caesaris dies quīndecim<br> +supplicātio dēcrēta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nūlli. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_35">Chapter 35 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_35">Chapter 35 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>pāco</b>, <i>redigo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> +<p><b>opīnio</b>, <i>fāma</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> +<p><b>propero</b>, <i>mātūro</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> +<p><b>ineo</b>, <i>incipio</i>.</p> +<p><b>propīnquus</b>: <i>vīcīnus</i>, <i>fīnitimus</i>, 2.</p> +<p><b>accido</b>, <i>contingo</i>.</p> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class = "complete"> + +<span class = "pagenum">23</span> + +<h2><a name = "text_complete" id = "text_complete"> +<span class = "subhead">C. IULI CAESARIS</span></a><br> +<span class = "extended">DE BELLO GALLICO</span></h2> + + +<h4><i>LIBER SECUNDUS.</i></h4> + +<h4><span class = "smaller"><b>B.C. 57; A.U.C. 697.</b></span></h4> + +<h5>THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED.</h5> + +<p class = "mynote"> +Words <a class = "label">underlined in gray</a> are cited in the Notes +for other chapters. They are not active links.</p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_1" id = "complete_1" href = +"#simple_1">1.</a></b> +Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia in hibernis, ita uti supra +demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur, litterisque item +Labieni certior fiebat omnes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae partem +dixeramus, contra populum Romanum coniurare obsidesque inter se dare. +Coniurandi has esse causas: primum quod vererentur ne omni <a class += "label" name = "complete_1a" id = "complete_1a">pacata</a> Gallia ad +eos exercitus noster adduceretur; deinde quod ab nonnullis Gallis +sollicitarentur,—partim qui, ut Germanos diutius in Gallia versari +noluerant, ita populi Romani exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in +Gallia moleste ferebant; partim qui mobilitate et levitate animi novis +imperiis studebant; ab nonnullis etiam, quod in Gallia a potentioribus +atque iis qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant, vulgo +regna occupabantur, qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro consequi +poterant. +<!-- p. 23 l. 1-16 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_1c">Notes to Chapter 1 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_2" id = "complete_2" href = +"#simple_2">2.</a></b> +His nuntiis litterisque commotus Caesar duas legiones in citeriore +Gallia novas conscripsit, et <a class = "label" name = "complete_2a" id += "complete_2a">inita aestate</a> in interiorem Galliam <a class = +"label" name = "complete_2b" id = "complete_2b">qui deduceret</a> +Q. Pedium legatum misit. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse +inciperet, +<span class = "pagenum">24</span> +ad exercitum venit. Dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis, qui +finitimi Belgis erant, uti ea quae apud eos gerantur cognoscant seque de +his rebus certiorem faciant. Hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manus +cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Tum vero <a class = "label" name += "complete_2c" id = "complete_2c">dubitandum</a> non existimavit +<a class = "label" name = "complete_2d" id = "complete_2d">quin ad eos +proficisceretur</a>. Re frumentaria comparata castra movet diebusque +circiter quindecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit. +<!-- p. 23 l. 17-20, p. 24 l. 1-8 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_2c">Notes to Chapter 2 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_3" id = "complete_3" href = +"#simple_3">3.</a></b> +Eo cum de improviso celeriusque omni opinione venisset, Remi, qui +proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legatos Iccium et Andocumborium +primos civitatis miserunt qui dicerent: ‘Se suaque omnia in fidem atque +in potestatem populi Romani permittere, neque se cum Belgis reliquis +consensisse neque contra populum Romanum coniurasse, paratosque esse et +obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis recipere et frumento +ceterisque rebus iuvare; reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, +Germanosque qui cis Rhenum incolant sese cum his coniunxisse, tantumque +esse eorum omnium furorem ut ne Suessiones quidem, fratres +consanguineosque suos, qui eodem iure et isdem legibus utantur, unum +imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint quin +cum his consentirent.’ +<!-- p. 24 l. 9-23 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_3c">Notes to Chapter 3 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_4" id = "complete_4" href = +"#simple_4">4.</a></b> +Cum ab his quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in armis essent et +<a class = "label" name = "complete_4a" id = "complete_4a">quid in bello +possent</a>, sic reperiebat: plerosque Belgas esse ortos ab Germanis +Rhenumque antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse +Gallosque qui ea loca incolerent expulisse, solosque esse qui <a class = +"label" name = "complete_4b" id = "complete_4b">patrum nostrorum +memoria</a>, omni Gallia vexata, Teutonos Cimbrosque intra fines suos +ingredi prohibuerint; qua ex re fieri uti earum rerum memoria magnam +sibi auctoritatem magnosque spiritus in re militari +<span class = "pagenum">25</span> +sumerent. De numero eorum omni se habere explorata Remi dicebant, +proptera quod propinquitatibus adfinitatibusque coniuncti, quantam +<a class = "label" name = "complete_4c" id = "complete_4c">quisque</a> +multitudinem in communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus +sit cognoverint. Plurimuni inter eos Bellovacos <a class = "label" name += "complete_4d" id = "complete_4d">et virtute et auctoritate et hominum +numero valere</a>: hos posse conficere armata milia centum, pollicitos +ex eo numero electa sexaginta, totiusque belli imperium sibi postulare. +Suessiones suos esse finitimos: latissimos feracissimosque agros +possidere. Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Divitiacum, totius +Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum tum etiam +Britanniae imperium obtinuerit: nunc esse regem Galbam; ad hunc +propter iustitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam omnium +voluntate deferri: oppida habere numero <span class = +"smallroman">XII</span>, polliceri milia armata quinquaginta; totidem +Nervios, qui maxime feri inter ipsos habeantur, longissimeque absint; +quindecim milia Atrebates, Ambianos decem milia, Moriuos <span class = +"smallroman">XXV</span> milia, Menapios <span class = +"smallroman">VII</span> milia; Caletos <span class = +"smallroman">X</span> milia; Velocasses et Veromanduos totidem; +Aduatucos decem et novem milia; Condrusos, Eburones, Caeroesos, +Paemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, arbitrari ad <span class = +"smallroman">XL</span> milia. +<!-- p. 24 l. 24-32, p. 25 l. 1-23 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_4c">Notes to Chapter 4 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_5" id = "complete_5" href = +"#simple_5">5.</a></b> +Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus omnem senatum +ad se convenire principumque liberos <a class = "label" name = +"complete_5a" id = "complete_5a">obsides</a> ad se adduci iussit. Quae +omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divitiacum Aeduum +magno opere cohortatus docet quanto opere rei publicae communisque +salutis intersit man us hostium distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine uno +tempore confligendum sit. Id fieri posse, si suas copias Aedui in fines +Bellovacorum introduxeriut et eorum agros populari coeperint. +<span class = "pagenum">26</span> +His mandatis eum ab se dimittit. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias in unum +locum coactas ad se venire vidit neque iam longe abesse ab iis quos +miserat exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, quod est in +extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi castra +posuit. Quae res et latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat et +post eum quae essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat, et commeatus ab Remis +reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari posset +efficiebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera +parte fluminis Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus +relinquit. Castra <a class = "label" name = "complete_5b" id = +"complete_5b">in altitudinem</a> pedum <span class = +"smallroman">XII</span> vallo fossaque duodeviginti pedum munire iubet. +<!-- p. 25 l. 24-32, p. 26 l. 1-14 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_5c">Notes to Chapter 5 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_6" id = "complete_6" href = +"#simple_6">6.</a></b> +Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum octo. +Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo die +sustentatum est. Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. Ubi +circumiecta multitudine hominum totis <a class = "label" name = +"complete_6a" id = "complete_6a">moenibus undique in murum lapides iaci +coepti sunt, murusque defensoribus nudatus est, testudine facta portas +succedunt murumque</a> subruunt. Quod tum facile fiebat. Nam cum tanta +multitudo lapides ac tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas +<a class = "label" name = "complete_6b" id = "complete_6b">erat nulli</a>. +Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, Iccius Remus, summa nobilitate et +gratia inter suos, qui tum oppido praefuerat, unus ex iis <a class = +"label" name = "complete_6c" id = "complete_6c">qui legati</a> de pace +ad Caesarem venerant, nuntium ad eum mittit: nisi subsidium sibi +submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse. +<!-- p. 26 l. 15-29 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_6c">Notes to Chapter 6 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_7" id = "complete_7" href = +"#simple_7">7.</a></b> +Eo de media nocte Caesar isdem ducibus usus qui nuntii ab Iccio +venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et funditores Baleares <a class += "label" name = "complete_7a" id = "complete_7a">subsidio oppidanis</a> +mittit; quorum +<span class = "pagenum">27</span> +adventu et Remis cum spe defensionis studium propugnandi accessit, et +hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi oppidi discessit. Itaque paulisper +apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus vicis +aedificiisque quos adire potuerant incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus +copiis contenderunt et ab milibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt; +quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius milibus +passuum octo in latitudinem patebant. +<!-- p. 26 l. 30-32, p. 27 l. 1-9 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_7c">Notes to Chapter 7 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_8" id = "complete_8" href = +"#simple_8">8.</a></b> +Caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et propter eximiam +opinionem virtutis proelio supersedere statuit; cotidie tamen +equestribus proeliis <a class = "label" name = "complete_8a" id = +"complete_8a">quid hostis virtute posset</a> et quid nostri auderent +periclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro +castris ad aciem instruendam natura opportuno atque idoneo—quod is +collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex planitie editus tantum +adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies instructa occupare +poterat, atque ex utraque parte lateris deiectus habebat et in +frontem leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat—ab +utroque latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum +quadringentorum et ad extremas fossas castella constituit ibique +tormenta conlocavit, ne, cum aciem instruxisset, hostes, quod +tantum multitudine poterant, ab lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire +possent. Hoc facto duabus legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in +castris relictis, ut, si quo opus esset, subsidio duci possent, reliquas +sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex +castris eductas instruxerant. +<!-- p. 27 l. 10-30 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_8c">Notes to Chapter 8 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_9" id = "complete_9" href = +"#simple_9">9.</a></b> +Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum. Hanc si +nostri transirent hostes exspectabant; +<span class = "pagenum">28</span> +nostri autem, si ab illis initium transeundi fieret, ut impeditos +adgrederentur, parati in armis erant. Interim proelio equestri inter +duas acies contendebatur. Ubi neutri transeundi initium faciunt, +secundiore equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos in castra reduxit. Hostes +protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt, quod esse post nostra +castra demonstratum est. Ibi vadis repertis partem suarum copiarum +traducere conati sunt eo consilio, ut, si possent, castellum cui +praeerat Q. Titurius legatus expugnarent pontemque interscinderent; +si minus potuissent, agros Remorum popularentur, qui magno nobis usui ad +bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque nostros prohiberent. +<!-- p. 27 l. 31-32, p. 28 l. 1-13 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_9c">Notes to Chapter 9 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_10" id = "complete_10" href = +"#simple_10">10.</a></b> +Caesar certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et levis armaturae +Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque ad eos +contendit. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. Hostes impeditos nostri +in flumine adgressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt: per eorum corpora +reliquos audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum reppulerunt; +primos qui transierant equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. Hostes, ubi +et de expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo spem se +fefellisse intellexerunt neque nostros in locum iniquiorem progredi +pugnandi causa viderunt, atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit, +concilio convocato constituerunt optimum esse domum suam quemque +reverti, et, quorum in fines primum Romani exercitum +introduxissent, ad eos defendendos undique convenirent, ut potius in +suis quam in alienis finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rei +frumentariae uterentur. Ad eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec +quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod Divitiacum atque Aeduos finibus +Bellovacorum adpropinquare +<span class = "pagenum">29</span> +cognoverant. <a class = "label" name = "complete_10a" id = +"complete_10a">His persuaderi</a> ut diutis morarentur neque suis +auxilium ferrent non poterat. +<!-- p. 28 l. 14-32, p. 29 l. 1-2 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_10c">Notes to Chapter 10 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_11" id = "complete_11" href = +"#simple_11">11.</a></b> +Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum strepitu ac tumultu castris +egressi, nullo certo ordine neque imperio, cum sibi quisque primum +itineris locum peteret et domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt ut +consimilis fugae profectio videretur. Hac re statim Caesar per +speculatores cognita insidias veritus, quod qua de causa discederent +nondum perspexerat, exercitum equitatumque castris continuit. Prima luce +confirmata re ab exploratoribus omnem equitatum <a class = "label" name += "complete_11a" id = "complete_11a">qui novissimum agmen moraretur</a> +praemisit. His Q. Pedium et L. Aurunculeium Cottam legatos +praefecit; T. Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi +iussit. Hi novissimos adorti et multa milia passuum prosecuti +magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conciderunt, cum ab extremo agmine +ad quos ventum erat consisterent fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum +sustinerent; priores, quod abesse a periculo viderentur neque ulla +necessitate neque imperio continerentur, exaudito clamore perturbatis +ordinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium ponerent. Ita sine ullo periculo +tantam eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt quantum fuit diei +spatium, sub occasumque solis destiterunt, seque in castra, ut erat +imperatum, receperunt. +<!-- p. 29 l. 3-25 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_11c">Notes to Chapter 11 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_12" id = "complete_12" href = +"#simple_12">12.</a></b> +Postridie eius diei Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga +reciperent, in fines Suessionum, qui proximi Remis erant, exercitum +duxit et magno itinere confecto ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. +Id ex itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse +audiebat, propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem paucis +defendentibus expugnare non potuit. +<span class = "pagenum">30</span> +Castris munitis vineas agere quaeque ad oppugnandum usui erant comparare +coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessionum multitudo in oppidum proxima +nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis ad oppidum actis, aggere iacto +turribusque constitutis, magnitudine operum, quae neque viderant ante +Galli neque audierant, et celeritate Romanorum permoti, legatos ad +Caesarem de deditione mittunt et petentibus Remis ut conservarentur +impetrant. +<!-- p. 29 l. 26-32, p. 30 l. 1-8 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_12c">Notes to Chapter 12 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_13" id = "complete_13" href = +"#simple_13">13.</a></b> +Caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis +duobus filiis, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem +Suessiones accepit exercitumque in Bellovacos ducit. Qui cum se suaque +omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo oppido +Caesar cum exercitu circiter milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes +maiores natu ex oppido egressi manus ad Caesarem tendere et voce +significare coeperunt sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque +contra populum Romanum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum +accessisset castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro passis +manibus suo more pacem ab Romanis petierunt. +<!-- p. 30 l. 9-20 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_13c">Notes to Chapter 13 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_14" id = "complete_14" href = +"#simple_14">14.</a></b> +Pro his Divitiacus—nam post discessum Belgarum dimissis Aeduorum +copiis ad eum reverterat—facit verba: Bellovacos omni tempore in +fide atque amicitia civitatis Aeduae fuisse: impulsos a suis +principibus, qui dicerent Aeduos ab Caesare in servitutem redactos omnes +indignitates contumeliasque perferre, et ab Aeduis defecisse et populo +Romano bellum intulisse. Qui eius consili principes fuissent, quod +intellegerent quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam +profugisse. Petere non solum Bellovacos sed etiam pro his Aeduos ut sua +clementia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod si fecerit, Aeduorum +auctoritatem apud omnes +<span class = "pagenum">31</span> +Belgas amplificaturum, quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella +inciderint, sustentare consuerint. +<!-- p. 30 l. 21-32, p. 31 l. 1-2 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_14c">Notes to Chapter 14 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_15" id = "complete_15" href = +"#simple_15">15.</a></b> +Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque Aeduorum causa sese eos in fidem +recepturum et conservaturum dixit; quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas +auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat, sexcentos obsides +poposcit. His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido conlatis, ab eo loco +in fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora +dediderunt. Eorum fines Nervii attingebant; quorum de natura moribusque +Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat: Nullum aditum esse ad eos +mercatoribus; nihil pati vini reliquarumque rerum inferri, quod iis +rebus relanguescere animos eorum et remitti virtutem existimarent: +esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis; increpitare atque incusare +reliquos Belgas qui se populo Romano dedidissent patriamque virtutem +proiecissent; confirmare sese neque legatos missuros neque ullam +condicionem pacis accepturos. +<!-- p. 31 l. 3-18 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_15c">Notes to Chapter 15 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_16" id = "complete_16" href = +"#simple_16">16.</a></b> +Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis Sabim +flumen ab castris suis non amplius milia passuum <span class = +"smallroman">X</span> abesse: trans id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse +adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare una cum Atrebatis et Veromanduis +finitimis suis, nam his utrisque persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam +experirentur; exspectari etiam ab his Aduatucorum copias atque esse in +itinere; mulieres quique per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in +eum locum coniecisse, quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset. +<!-- p. 31 l. 19-28 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_16c">Notes to Chapter 16 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_17" id = "complete_17" href = +"#simple_17">17.</a></b> +His rebus cognitis exploratores centurionesque praemittit <a class = +"label" name = "complete_17a" id = "complete_17a">qui locum idoneum +castris deligant</a>. Cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis +complures Caesarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex +<span class = "pagenum">32</span> +captivis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri +exercitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque his +demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum numerum +intercedere, neque esse quicquam negoti, cum prima legio in castra +venisset, reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent, hanc sub +sarcinis adoriri; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis futurum ut reliquae +contra consistere non auderent. Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem +deferebant, quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque +enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student, sed quicquid possunt, pedestribus +valent copiis) quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad +eos venissent, impedirent, teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis, +crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis, et rubis sentibusque +interiectis, effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimenta praeberent, +quo non modo non intrari sed ne perspici quidem posset. His rebus +cum iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium +Nervii existimaverunt. +<!-- p. 31 l. 29-32, p. 32 l. 1-20 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_17c">Notes to Chapter 17 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_18" id = "complete_18" href = +"#simple_18">18.</a></b> +Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri castris delegerant. Collis ab +summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, +vergebat. Ab eo flumine pari adclivitate collis nascebatur adversus +huic et contrarius, passus circiter ducentos infimus apertus, ab +superiore parte silvestris ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. +Intra eas silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in aperto loco +secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur. Fluminis erat +altitudo pedum circiter trium. +<!-- p. 32 l. 21-30 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_18c">Notes to Chapter 18 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_19" id = "complete_19" href = +"#simple_19">19.</a></b> +Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio +ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac +<span class = "pagenum">33</span> +Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam quod ad hostes adpropinquabat, +consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat; post eas totius +exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; inde duae legiones quae proxime +conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis +erant. Equites nostri, cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen +transgressi, cum hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt. Cum se illi +identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros +impetum facerent, neque nostri longius quam quem ad finem porrecta loca +aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi auderent, interim legiones sex, quae +primae venerant, opere dimenso castra munire coeperunt. Ubi prima +impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant visa +sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proeli convenerat, ut intra +silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, +subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites +fecerunt. His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad +flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et +iam in manibus nostris hostes viderentur. Eadem autem celeritate adverso +colle ad nostra castra atque eos qui in opere occupati erant +contenderunt. +<!-- p. 32 l. 31-32, p. 33 l. 1-23 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_19c">Notes to Chapter 19 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_20" id = "complete_20" href = +"#simple_20">20.</a></b> +Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, quod erat +insigne cum ad arma concurri oporteret, signum tuba dandum, ab opere +revocandi milites, qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant +arcessendi, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, signum dandum. Quarum +rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et successus hostium impediebat. +His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio—scientia atque usus +militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitati, quid +<span class = "pagenum">34</span> +fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere quam ab aliis +doceri poterant; et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos +legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat. Hi propter +propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium +exspectabant, sed per se quae videbantur administrabant. +<!-- p. 33 l. 24-32, p. 34 l. 1-6 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_20c">Notes to Chapter 20 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_21" id = "complete_21" href = +"#simple_21">21.</a></b> +Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis ad cohortandos milites quam in partem +fors obtulit decucurrit et ad legionem decimam devenit. Milites non +longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis memoriam +retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter +sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adici +posset, proeli committendi signum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item +cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit +exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut non modo ad +insignia adcommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta +detrudenda tempus defuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit +quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis +pugnandi tempus dimitteret. +<!-- p. 34 l. 7-22 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_21c">Notes to Chapter 21 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_22" id = "complete_22" href = +"#simple_22">22.</a></b> +Instructo exercitu magis <a class = "label" name = "complete_22a" id = +"complete_22a">ut</a> loci natura deiectusque collis et necessitas +temporis quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, cum diversis +legionibus aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent, saepibusque +densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus impediretur, +neque certa subsidia conlocari, neque quid in quaque parte opus esset +provideri, neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant. Itaque in +tanta rerum iniquitate, fortunae quoque eventus varii sequebantur. +<!-- p. 34 l. 23-31 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_22c">Notes to Chapter 22 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">35</span> +<p><b><a name = "complete_23" id = "complete_23" href = +"#simple_23">23.</a></b> +Legionis nonae et decimae milites, ut in sinistra parte acie +constiterant, pilis emissis, cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos +vulneribusque confectos Atrebates—nam his ea pars +obvenerat—celeriter ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt et +transire conantes insecuti gladiis magnam partem eorum impeditam +interfecerunt. Ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt, et in locum +iniquum progressi, rursus resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in +fugam coniecerunt. Item alia in parte diversae duae legiones, undecima +et octava, profligatis Veromanduis, quibuscum erant congressi, ex loco +superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis proeliabantur. At totis fere a +fronte et <a class = "label" name = "complete_23a" id = +"complete_23a">ab sinistra parte</a> nudatis castris, cum in dextro +cornu legio duodecima et non magno ab ea intervallo septima +constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine duce Boduognato qui +summam imperi tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt; quorum pars aperto +latere legiones circumvenire, pars summum castrorum locum petere coepit. +<!-- p. 35 l. 1-18 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_23c">Notes to Chapter 23 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_24" id = "complete_24" href = +"#simple_24">24.</a></b> +Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites, qui cum iis una +fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra +reciperent, adversis hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem +fugam petebant; et calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo +collis nostros victores flumen transisse conspexerant, praedandi causa +egressi, cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris versari +vidissent, praecipites fugae sese mandabant. Simul eorum qui cum +impedimentis veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam in +partem perterriti ferebantur. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites +Treveri, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxili +causa ab civitate ad Caesarem missi venerant, cum multitudine hostium +<span class = "pagenum">36</span> +castra compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, +equites, funditores, Numidas, diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes +fugere vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt; Romanos +pulsos superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos +civitati renuntiaverunt. +<!-- p. 35 l. 19-32, p. 36 l. 1-6 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_24c">Notes to Chapter 24 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_25" id = "complete_25" href = +"#simple_25">25.</a></b> +Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi +suos urgeri signisque in unum locum conlatis duodecimae legionis +confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento +vidit—quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque +interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere +centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis, in his primipilo +P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque vulneribus +confecto ut iam se sustinere non posset, reliquos esse tardiores, et +nonnullos ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere ac tela vitare, hostes +neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere et ab +utroque latere instare, et rem esse in angusto vidit, neque ullum esse +subsidium quod submitti posset—scuto <a class = "label" name = +"complete_25a" id = "complete_25a">ab novissimis</a> uni militi +detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit +centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites signa +inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis uti possent. +Cuius adventu spe inlata militibus ac redintegrato animo, cum pro se +quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam +navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. +<!-- p. 36 l. 7-28 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_25c">Notes to Chapter 25 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_26" id = "complete_26" href = +"#simple_26">26.</a></b> +Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta constiterat, item urgeri ab +hoste vidisset, tribunes militum monuit ut paulatim sese legiones +coniungerent et conversa signa in hostes inferrent. Quo facto, cum alius +<span class = "pagenum">37</span> +alii subsidium ferret, neque timerent ne aversi ab hoste +circumvenirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt. +Interim milites legionum duarum, quae in novissimo agmine praesidio +impedimentis fuerant, proelio nuntiato cursu incitato in summo colle ab +hostibus conspiciebantur; et T. Labienus castris hostium +potitus et ex loco superiore quae res in nostris castris gererentur +conspicatus decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit. Qui cum ex equitum +et calonum fuga, quo in loco res esset, quantoque in periculo et castra +et legiones et imperator versaretur, cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem +sibi reliqui fecerunt. +<!-- p. 36 l. 29-32, p. 37 l. 1-12 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_26c">Notes to Chapter 26 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_27" id = "complete_27" href = +"#simple_27">27.</a></b> +Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta ut nostri, etiam qui +vulneribus confecti procubuissent, scutis innixi proelium +redintegrarent; tum calones perterritos hostes conspicati etiam inermes +armatis occurrerent; equites vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute +delerent, omnibus in locis pugnae se legionariis militibus praeferrent. +At hostes etiam in extrema spe salutis tantam virtutem praestiterunt ut, +cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus insisterent +atque ex eorum corporibus pugnarent; his deiectis et coacervatis +cadaveribus, qui superessent ut ex tumulo tela in nostros +conicerent et pila intercepta remitterent: ut non nequiquam tantae +virtutis homines indicari deberet ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, +ascendere altissimas ripas, subire iniquissimum locum; quae facilia ex +difficillimis animi magnitudo redegerat. +<!-- p. 37 l. 13-28 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_27c">Notes to Chapter 27 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_28" id = "complete_28" href = +"#simple_28">28.</a></b> +Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine Nerviorum +redacto maiores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac +paludes coniectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victoribus nihil +<span class = "pagenum">38</span> +impeditum, victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur, omnium qui supererant +consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque ei dediderunt; et in +commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex sexcentis ad tres senatores, ex +hominum milibus <span class = "smallroman">LX</span> vix ad quingentos +qui arma ferre possent sese redactos esse dixerunt. Quos Caesar, ut in +miseros ac supplices usus misericordia videretur, diligentissime +conservavit suisque finibus atque oppidis uti iussit, et finitimis +imperavit ut ab iniuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent. +<!-- p. 37 l. 29-32, p. 38 l. 1-9 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_28c">Notes to Chapter 28 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_29" id = "complete_29" href = +"#simple_29">29.</a></b> +Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis +venirent, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum reverterunt; cunctis +oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natura +munitum contulerunt. Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas +rapes despectusque haberet, una ex parte leniter adclivis aditus in +latitudinem non amplius ducentorum pedum relinquebatur; quem locum +duplici altissimo muro munierant, tum magni ponderis saxa et +praeacutas trabes in muro conlocabant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris +Teutonisque prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam +facerent, iis impedimentis, quae secum agere ac portare non poterant, +citra flumen Rhenum depositis custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex milia +hominum una reliquerunt. Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis +exagitati, cum alias bellum inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent, +consensu eorum omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt. +<!-- p. 38 l. 10-27 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_29c">Notes to Chapter 29 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_30" id = "complete_30" href = +"#simple_30">30.</a></b> +Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex oppido excursiones +faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum nostris contendebant; postea vallo +pedum <span class = "smallroman">XII</span> in circuitu <span class = +"smallroman">XV</span> milium crebrisque castellis circummuniti oppido +sese continebant. Ubi vineis actis aggere exstructo turrim +<span class = "pagenum">39</span> +procul constitui viderunt, primum inridere ex muro atque increpitare +vocibus, quod tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio instrueretur: quibusnam +manibus aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae +staturae—nam plerumque hominibus Gallis prae magnitudine corporum +suorum brevitas nostra contemptui est—tanti oneris turrim in +muro sese conlocare confiderent? +<!-- p. 38 l. 28-32, p. 39 l. 1-7 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_30c">Notes to Chapter 30 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_31" id = "complete_31" href = +"#simple_31">31.</a></b> +Ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare moenibus viderunt, nova atque inusitata +specie commoti legates ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc +modum locuti: ‘Non existimare Romanos sine ope divina bellum gerere, qui +tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent; se +suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere’ dixerunt. ‘Unum petere ac +deprecari: si forte pro sua clementia ac mansuetudine, quam ipsi ab +aliis audirent, statuisset Aduatucos esse conservandos, ne se armis +despoliaret. Sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac suae virtuti +invidere; a quibus se defendere traditis armis non possent. Sibi +praestare, si in eum casum deducerentur, quamvis fortunam a populo +Romano pati, quam ab his per cruciatum interfici, inter quos dominari +consuessent.’ +<!-- p. 39 l. 8-22 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_31c">Notes to Chapter 31 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_32" id = "complete_32" href = +"#simple_32">32.</a></b> +Ad haec Caesar respondit: ‘Se magis consuetudine sua quam merito eorum +civitatem conservaturum, si prius quam murum aries attigisset se +dedidissent; sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis. +Se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum finitimisque imperaturum, +<a class = "label" name = "complete_32a" id = "complete_32a">ne quam +dediticiis populi Romani iniuriam inferrent</a>.’ Re nuntiata ad suos, +quae imperarentur facere dixerunt. Armorum magna multitudine de muro in +fossam quae erat ante oppidum iacta sic ut prope summam muri aggerisque +altitudinem acervi armorum +<span class = "pagenum">40</span> +adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, ut postea perspectum est, +celata atque in oppido retenta, portis patefactis eo die pace sunt usi. +<!-- p. 39 l. 23-32, p. 40 l. 1-3 --></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_33" id = "complete_33" href = +"#simple_33">33.</a></b> +Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire +iussit, ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibus iniuriam acciperent. Illi +ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod deditione facta nostros +praesidia deducturos aut denique indiligentius servaturos +crediderant—partim cum iis quae retinuerant et celaverant armis, +partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut +temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxerant—tertia vigilia, +qua minime arduus ad nostras munitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus +copiis repentino ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante +Caesar imperarat, ignibus significatione facta ex proximis castellis eo +concursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter est ut a viris +fortibus in extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos qui ex vallo +turribusque tela iacerent pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes +salutis consisteret. Occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor reliqui in +oppidum reiecti sunt. Postridie eius diei refractis portis, cum iam +defenderet <a class = "label" name = "complete_33a" id = +"complete_33a">nemo</a>, atque intromissis militibus nostris sectionem +eius oppidi universam Caesar vendidit. Ab iis qui emerant capitum +numerus ad eum relatus est milium quinquaginta trium. +<!-- p. 40 l. 4-25 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_33c">Notes to Chapter 33 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_34" id = "complete_34" href = +"#simple_34">34.</a></b> +Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legione una miserat ad Venetos, +Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas, Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt +maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas +civitates in dicionem potestatemque populi Romani esse redactas. +<!-- p. 40 l. 26-31 --></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">41</span> +<p><b><a name = "complete_35" id = "complete_35" href = +"#simple_35">35.</a></b> +His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata, tanta huius belli ad barbaros +opinio perlata est uti ab iis nationibus, quae trans Rhenum incolerent +mitterentur legati ad Caesarem, qui se obsides daturas, imperata +facturas pollicerentur. Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam +Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se reverti iussit. +Ipse in Carnutes, Andes Turonesque, quae civitates propinquae his locis +erant ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hibernacula deductis, in +Italiam profectus est. Ob easque res ex litteris Caesaris dies quindecim +supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulli. +<!-- p. 41 l. 1-11 --></p> + +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">42</span> + + +<span class = "pagenum">43</span> + +<h3><a name = "notes" id = "notes">NOTES.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Introductory Note.</span>—To +translate Latin into English is to express the meaning of the Latin in +English words and in English idiom. But the meaning must be discovered +before it can be expressed. Discovering the sense is, therefore, +a process preparatory to translation, but yet measurably distinct +from it. For discovering the meaning, the golden rule is, <i>Take words +and clauses in the order in which they stand</i>. If the first chapter +of this book were rendered into English words exactly in the Latin +order, the thought would be readily apprehended by any one quite +unacquainted with Latin. Such a word for word rendering, mental or oral, +is for the beginner a necessary preliminary to translation, but, +I repeat, must not be confounded with translation. For that, the +golden rule is, <i>Express the thought in pure English, without +admixture of Latin idiom</i>.</p> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<p>Notes under the heading <span class = "smallcaps">Chap.</span> refer +to the simplified text; those that follow, under the heading <span class += "smallcaps">Page</span>, supplement the former and refer to the +unchanged text. The grammatical references are to the Latin Grammars of +Allen & Greenough and Harkness.</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +In the printed text, the word “line” recurs at the beginning of each +page. For this e-text, it is repeated at the beginning of each chapter +instead. Cross-references to other chapters of the complete text lead to +the exact word or phrase cited; other links lead to the beginning of the +chapter (“Simplified” text) or Note section.</p> + +<div class = "notes"> + +<h5><a name = "notes_1" id = "notes_1" href = "#simple_1"> +Chap. 1,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>certior fīēbat</b>: <i>he was made more certain</i> = <i>he +was informed</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>fīēbat</b>: the passive of <b>facio</b>. Review the forms. 142; H. +294.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>Coniūrandi</b>: pronounce the <i>i</i> of the second +syllable like <i>y</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>verēbantur</b>: the subject is <b>Belgae</b>, +understood; supply the same subject for <b>sollicitābantur</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ad se</b>: refers to the subject of <b>verēbantur</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>Germānos</b>: subject-accusative of <b>versāri</b>; +<i>that the Germans should remain</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>exercitum</b>: subject-accusative of <b>hiemāre</b> and +<b>inveterāscere</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>inveterāscere</b>: <i>get a foothold</i>; but what is its primary +meaning from its derivation?</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">44</span> +<p>10. <b>imperiis</b>: 227 e, 3; H. 385.</p> + +<p>11. <b>iis</b>: supply mentally <b>ab</b> before it.</p> + +<p>13. <b>qui</b>: <i>and these</i>, referring to <b>potentiōres</b>, +etc.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>eam rem</b>: read again the preceding sentence, and you will see to +what <b>eam rem</b> refers.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>imperio nostro</b>: <i>under our</i> (i.e. Roman) <i>rule</i>. The +ablative implies condition, and the meaning is, <i>if we should get the +sovereignty</i>. 255, d, 4; H. 431, 2, (3).</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_1c" id = "notes_1c" href = "#complete_1"> +Page 23</a>,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>ita uti</b>: <i>as</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>Labiēni</b>: Cæsar’s lieutenant was now in the country +of the Sequani. See a map of <b>Gallia</b>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>quam</b>: <i>whose country</i>. We might expect +<b>quos</b> referring to <b>Belgas</b>, but the relative is made to +agree with the predicate noun <b>partem</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>has esse causas</b>: depending on <b>rūmōres +adferēbantur</b>, like <b>Belgas ... coniūrāre</b> and <b>obsides ... +dare</b>. 272; H.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>omni ... Gallia</b>: all except their country.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>pācāta</b>: the Romans, with cruel humor, called a country “pacified” +when they had enslaved it.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>partim qui</b>: <i>some of whom</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>ut ... ita</b>: <i>as ... so</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>partim qui</b>: <i>others of whom</i>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>ab nōnnūllis etiam</b>: these, then, are the third class by +whom it is said, <b>Belgae sollicitābantur</b>: first, the conservative +and patriotic; second, the restless and dissatisfied; third, the selfish +and ambitious.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_2" id = "notes_2" href = "#simple_2"> +Chap. 2,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>interiōrem Galliam</b>: <i>the interior of Gaul</i>; that is, +Gaul beyond the Alps. Refer constantly to a map.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>qui ... dēdūceret</b>: <b>qui</b> refers to <b>Q. +Pedium</b>, and the clause <b>qui ... dēdūceret</b> denotes purpose, +<i>to lead</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>Ipse</b>: supply <b>Caesar</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>Ea</b> = <b>eas res</b>, as shown by <b>rēbus</b> +following.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>manus cōgi</b>: <i>that parties of men were +gathering</i>. The construction is the same as <b>Belgas ... +coniūrāre</b>, in <a href = "#simple_1">chap. 1</a>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>condūci</b>: <i>was mustering</i>; a very different +meaning in <a href = "#simple_1">chap. 1</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quīn ... proficīscerētur</b>: <i>to march</i>. What literally?</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">45</span> +<h5><a name = "notes_2c" id = "notes_2c" href = "#complete_2"> +Page 23</a>,</h5> + +<p>18. <b>inita aestāte</b>: <i>when summer had begun</i> = <i>at the +beginning of summer</i>; marks the time of <b>dēdūceret</b>, not of +<b>mīsit</b>.</p> + +<h5>Page 24,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>Dat negōtium</b>: <i>he charges</i>. What literally?</p> + +<p> 2. <b>uti</b> (same as <b>ut</b>) ... <b>cōgnōscant</b>: <i>to +find out</i>; the clause depends on <b>dat negōtium</b>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>se</b>: refers to Caesar.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>certiōrem faciant</b>: compare the passive form in <a href = +"#simple_1">chap. 1</a>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>dubitandum</b>: in full the sentence would be, <b>Caesar +dubitandum esse sibi nōn exīstimāvit</b>; and the word for word +rendering, <i>Cæsar did not think an-obligation-of-hesitating to be to +himself</i>. Translate, <i>he ought to hesitate</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_3" id = "notes_3" href = "#simple_3"> +Chap. 3,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>Eo</b>: that is, <b>ad fīnes Belgārum</b>. See the end of +<a href = "#simple_2">chap. 2</a>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>se ... permittere</b>: here <b>se</b> is the +subject-accusative of <b>permittere</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>in fidem</b>: <i>to the protection</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>Caesaris imperāta facere</b>: <i>to do what Cæsar +required</i>. Literally what?</p> + +<p> 7. <b>oppidis recipere</b>: in meaning = <b>in oppida +recipere</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>cēteris</b>: not <i>other</i>, but <i>all other</i>. Their submission +is abject.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>sēse</b>: not different from <b>se</b>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>Suessiōnes</b>: the object of <b>dēterrēre</b>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>iūre</b>: <i>constitution</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>īsdem</b>: oftener written <b>iīsdem</b>, 101, c.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_3c" id = "notes_3c" href = "#complete_3"> +Page 24</a>,</h5> + +<p> 9. <b>omni opīniōne</b>: <i>than any one could expect</i>. +247, b; H. 417.</p> + +<p>10. <b>ex Belgis</b> = <b>Belgārum</b>, or <b>inter Belgas</b>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>qui dīcerent</b>: compare <b>qui dēdūceret</b>, <a href = +"#complete_2b">p. 23, l. 19</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_2">note</a> on simplified text.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>se</b>: the object (with <b>sua omnia</b> = <i>their all</i>) of +<b>permittere</b>. Another <b>se</b> must be mentally supplied as the +subject of <b>permittere</b>.</p> + +<p>18. <b>incolant</b>: why not <b>incolunt</b>, for it must be +translated as if it were <b>incolunt</b>? Because the clause <b>qui ... +incolant</b> depends on the clause <b>Germānos ... coniūnxisse</b>. +<span class = "pagenum">46</span> +It is therefore <i>a dependent clause of indirect discourse</i>, and as +such must have the subjunctive. Thoroughly master this, the most +important principle of Latin syntax. Mark how the descriptive clause, +<b>qui ... incolant</b>, <i>is framed into</i> the main clause.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>line</b> 19. <b>furōrem</b>: the politic or cowardly Remi considered +the love of liberty and independence of their brother Belgæ <i>blind +passion</i>.</p> + +<p>20. <b>qui ... ūtantur</b>: <i>though they ... enjoyed.</i> +<b>qui</b>, then, must sometimes be rendered <i>though he</i>, <i>though +they</i>, etc., but only when the subjunctive follows.</p> + +<p>21. <b>ūtantur</b>: supply immediately following <b>atque</b>.</p> + +<p>22. <b>ipsis</b>: refers to <b>Rēmi</b>.</p> + +<p>23. <b>quīn ... cōnsentīrent</b>: <i>from ... uniting.</i> Compare +<b>quīn ... proficīscerētur</b>, <a href = "#complete_2d">p. 24, +l. 6</a>, and <a href = "#notes_2">note</a> on simplified text.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_4" id = "notes_4" href = "#simple_4"> +Chap. 4,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>quantae</b>: refers to extent of country and population.</p> + +<p><b>in armis essent</b>: connect with <b>quae cīvitātes</b>: <i>what +states were in arms, and how powerful they were</i>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>quid in bello possent</b>: a literal translation, +<i>what they could</i> (do) <i>in war</i>, does not convey the meaning. +Render, <i>what force they could bring into the field</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>ibi</b>: <b>cis Rhēnum</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>ex re</b>: equivalent to <b>ex causa</b>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>fīēbat</b>: <i>it was coming about.</i> The Remi said, +in direct discourse, <b>fit</b>; and below, <b>sūmant</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>spīritus</b>: means in the singular <i>air</i>, and is here used just +as we use “airs,” in the phrase “to put on airs.”</p> + +<p> 8. <b>omnia ... explōrāta</b>: <i>full information</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>Quantam quisque</b>: notice the order. <b>Quisque</b> +likes to stand after <b>quantus</b>, <b>quotus</b>, <b>se</b>, and +<b>suus</b>; here it means <i>each nation</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>Plūrimum ... valēbant</b>: about equivalent to <b>plūrimum +poterant</b>, <i>had the most power</i>.</p> + +<p>18. <b>cum ... tum</b>: <i>not only ... but also</i>.</p> + +<p>19. <b>Britanniae</b>: “the first mention of Britain by a Roman +author.”</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">47</span> +<h5><a name = "notes_4c" id = "notes_4c" href = "#complete_4"> +Page 24</a>,</h5> + +<p>27. <b>propter fertilitātem</b>: to be connected with +<b>cōnsēdisse</b>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>incolerent</b>: why not <b>incolēbant</b>? See <a href = +"#notes_3c">note on p. 24, l. 18</a>, <b>qui ... +incolant</b>.</p> + +<p>29. <b>memoria</b>: <i>within the memory</i>; but two lines below, +<i>because of the memory</i>.</p> + +<h5>Page 25,</h5> + +<p>10. <b>nostra etiam memoria</b>: compare <b>patrum nostrōrum +memoria</b>, <a href = "#complete_4b">p. 24, l. 29</a>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>obtinuerit</b>: <i>held</i>, not <i>obtained</i>, which is +usually expressed by <b>adsecūtus est</b>, <b>cōnsecūtus est</b>, or +<b>adeptus est</b>.</p> + +<p>15. <b>omnium voluntāte</b>: <i>with the assent of all</i>.</p> + +<p>23. <b>arbitrāri</b>: that is, <b>Rēmos arbitrāri</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_5" id = "notes_5" href = "#simple_5"> +Chap. 5,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>obsides</b>: <i>as hostages</i>, in apposition with +<b>līberos</b>. What would have been the fate of these, if the +chieftains had broken their pledges?</p> + +<p> 4. <b>Rēi pūblicae interest</b>: <i>it concerns the</i> +(Roman) <i>republic</i>. The real subject of <b>interest</b>, +represented in English by <i>it</i>, is <b>manus hostium +distinēri</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>manus</b>: the subject-accusative of <b>distinēri</b>, <i>to be kept +from uniting</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>ne ... cōnflīgendum sit</b>: <i>that it may not be +necessary to fight</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>intrōdūxerint</b>: the Roman way of speaking is: this +can be done, if that <i>shall be done, or shall have been done</i>; +hence the future perfect. But mark that such a future or future perfect +is often best rendered by a present.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>coāctas ... venīre</b>: <i>having been assembled ... to +be coming</i> = <i>had assembled ... and were coming</i>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>vīdit</b> = <b>intellēxit</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>neque iam</b> = <b>et iam nōn</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>iis</b>: take with <b>explōrātōribus</b>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>quae res</b>: that is, his crossing the river and fixing his +camp there.</p> + +<p>14. <b>post eum quae essent</b> = <b>ea quae post eum essent</b>, +<i>his rear</i>. What should you expect in place of <b>eum</b>?</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>tūta</b>: goes with the whole expression, <b>post eum quae +essent</b>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">48</span> +<p>16. <b>portāri</b>: <i>to be brought down the river to him</i>.</p> + +<p>19. <b>in altitūdinem</b>: <i>to the height</i>.</p> + +<p>20. <b>duodēvīginti pedum</b>: that is, <b>in lātitūdinem</b>, <i>in +width</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_5c" id = "notes_5c" href = "#complete_5"> +Page 25</a>,</h5> + +<p>24. <b>līberāliterque ōrātiōne prōsecūtus</b>: līberāliter means +<i>in a generous or kindly manner</i>; <b>ōrātiōne</b> indicates in what +sense <b>prōsecūtus</b> is to be taken, <i>accompanying with words</i>; +finally, <b>prōsequor</b> has its common meaning of <i>accompany</i>, +but with the meaning unusually applied: Cæsar had encouraged the Remi, +and he <i>accompanies the encouragement with kind words</i>. Translate, +<i>Cæsar encouraging the Remi and adding kind words</i>.</p> + +<p>29. <b>commūnis salūtis</b>: by the <i>common interests</i> Cæsar +means those of the Ædui and the Romans.</p> + +<p>30. <b>cōnflīgendum sit</b>: compare <b>dubitandum</b> (<b>esse</b>) +<a href = "#complete_2c">p. 24, l. 5</a>, and read the <a href += "#notes_2c">note</a>. Here, as there, <b>sibi</b>, referring to Cæsar +and the Ædui, must be mentally supplied, showing for whom the duty or +necessity of action (hesitating, fighting) exists.</p> + +<p>31. <b>Id fieri posse</b>: depends upon <b>docet</b>. To what does +<b>id</b> refer?</p> + +<h5>Page 26,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>Postquam ... vīdit ... cōgnōvit, ... mātūrāvit</b>: +<i>when he saw ... and found out</i>, (then) ... <i>he hastened</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>neque ... cōgnōvit</b>: <i>and from those scouts</i>, +etc., <i>found out that they</i> (the Belgæ) <i>were now not far +distant</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>et</b> connects <b>reddēbat</b> and <b>efficiēbat</b>, +which have the same subject, <b>quae res</b>. The order makes this +sentence difficult. Cæsar might have written: <b>et efficiēbat ut +commeātus ab Rēmis reliquīsque cīvitātibus sine perīculo ad eum portāri +posset</b>. The order is so perplexed and perplexing because Cæsar wrote +in haste, and because he began with the word which was uppermost in his +mind, <b>commeātus</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_6" id = "notes_6" href = "#simple_6"> +Chap. 6,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>ex itinere</b>: <i>immediately after their march</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>sustentātum est</b>: <i>the Remi held out.</i> What +literally?</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">49</span> +<p> 4. <b>Gallōrum ... oppūgnātio</b>: <i>the mode of attacking +towns common to the Gauls and Belgæ</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>tōtis moenibus</b>: dative, though by some thought to be +an ablative, <i>all around the walls</i>. 228; H. 386, 2.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>testūdine facta</b>: <i>forming a testudo.</i> What the +soldiers did was to lap their shields over their heads.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>cum</b>: <i>since.</i> What mode follows <b>cum</b> in +this sense?</p> + +<p>11. <b>nūntium ... mittit</b>: one of the expressions that are +followed by the accusative and infinitive; here, <b>sēse ... posse</b>. +Compare in <a href = "#simple_1">chapter 1</a>, <b>certior fīēbat</b>, +followed by <b>Belgas ... coniūrāre</b>; in <a href = "#simple_4">chap. +4</a>, <b>reperiēbat</b>, followed by <b>Belgas ortos esse</b>, in +complete text.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>Iccius Rēmus</b>: <i>Iccius, a Remian</i>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>sēse</b>: subject-accusative of <b>posse</b>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_6c" id = "notes_6c" href = "#complete_6"> +Page 26</a>,</h5> + +<p>19. <b>moenibus ... mūrum ... mūrus ... mūrum</b>: Cæsar’s haste in +writing is often manifest.</p> + +<p>20. <b>coepti sunt</b>: it may seem strange that the passive should +be used instead of the active, <b>coepērunt</b>; but see 143, a; H. +297, 1.</p> + +<p>22. <b>Quod</b>: how is a relative after a period often best +rendered? For an example, see <a href = "#notes_1">note on <b>qui</b>, +chap. 1, l. 13</a>, simplified text.</p> + +<p>24. <b>nūlli</b>: mark the emphasis from the position. Many similar +cases occur, notwithstanding A. <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘&.’">& </ins>G., p. 389, Rem.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>oppūgnandi</b> = <b>oppūgnātiōnis</b>.</p> + +<p>25. <b>summa nōbilitāte et grātia</b>: a descriptive ablative; +<i>a man of the highest rank and popularity</i>.</p> + +<p>26. <b>praefuerat</b>: render as if an imperfect. The meaning is, he +had been placed in command and was then in command.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ex iis</b>: the same as <b>eōrum</b>.</p> + +<p>27. <b>lēgāti</b>: <i>as envoys</i>. Compare the use of +<b>obsides</b> as an appositive, <a href = "#complete_5a">p. 25, +l. 26</a>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>submittātur</b>: can you make out the force of the +<b>sub</b>?</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_7" id = "notes_7" href = "#simple_7"> +Chap. 7,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>subsidio oppidānis</b>: <i>to aid the people in the town</i>. +But what literally? For the construction, see 233, a; H. 390.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">50</span> +<p> 3. <b>quōrum adventu</b>: <i>in consequence of their +coming</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>contendērunt</b>: the subject is <b>hostes</b>, +suggested by <b>hostībus</b> in the preceding sentence.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>ab</b>: <i>distant</i>, <i>off</i>, <i>away</i>; so used +chiefly with numerals.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ab mīlibus passuum minus duōbus</b>: a word for word rendering would +be, <i>distant thousands of paces less than two</i>; that is, <i>less +than two miles distant</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_7c" id = "notes_7c" href = "#complete_7"> +Page 26</a>,</h5> + +<p> 3. <b>neque ... cōgnōvit</b>: <i>and learned from those scouts +whom he had sent and from the Remi that they were now not far +distant</i>.</p> + +<p>30. <b>īsdem ducibus</b>: <i>the same persons as guides.</i> Compare +<b>qui lēgāti</b>, <a href = "#complete_6c">p. 26, l. 27</a>, +and <a href = "#notes_6">note</a> on simplified text.</p> + +<h5>Page 27,</h5> + +<p> 3. <b>apud oppidum</b>: <b>ad</b> is more usual.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>agros ... dēpopulāti—vīcis aedificiīsque ... +incēnsis</b>: literally, <i>having laid waste the fields—the +villages and buildings having been burned</i>. Mark how the construction +changes for want of a deponent verb in place of <b>incendo</b>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>in lātitūdinem</b>: compare <b>in altitūdinem</b>, +<a href = "#complete_5b">p. 26, l. 13</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_8" id = "notes_8" href = "#simple_8"> +Chap. 8,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>eximiam ... virtūtis</b>: <i>their eminent reputation for +valor</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>quid virtūte posset</b>: <i>what their real eminence in +valor was</i>. Compare <b>quid in bello possent</b>, <a href = +"#simple_4">chap. 4, l. 2</a>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>tantum ... patēbat quantum loci</b>: render as if +<b>loci</b> depended on <b>tantum</b> instead of <b>quantum</b>, +<i>extended over as much space as</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>adversus</b>: <i>facing the enemy</i>; <b>adversus</b> an adjective, +agreeing with <b>collis</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>in lātitūdinem</b>: <i>laterally.</i> Compare <a href = +"#simple_7">chap<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins>7, +l. 8</a>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>ex utrāque parte lateris</b> = <b>ex utrōque latere</b>: +<i>on</i>, not <i>from</i>, <i>both sides</i>; so <b>ab</b>, below, +l. 10.</p> + +<p>10. <b>ad plānitiem redībat</b>: <i>gradually resumed</i> (impf.) +<i>a level</i>. Cæsar describes a hill over against the enemy, +having steep sides, and a front only broad enough for his army when +arranged for battle. In front the hill rose with a gentle ascent, and at +the top blended with the plain. It is possible that <b>lēniter +fastīgātus</b> means, as the dictionaries +<span class = "pagenum">51</span> +define this passage and as many editors say, <i>gently sloping down</i>; +in which case, <b>ad plānitiem redībat</b> would mean <i>sank down +gradually to the level at its base</i>. This attributes an improbable +meaning to <b>fastīgātus</b>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>extrēmas fossas</b>: <i>at the ends of the trenches</i>; +compare in <a href = "#simple_2">chap. 2, l. 2</a>, <b>interiōrem +Galliam</b>, <i>the interior of Gaul</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>castella</b>: there were, then, four.</p> + +<p>17. <b>ēductas īnstrūxerant</b>: to make good English, render as if +<b>ēductas</b> were a verb followed by <b>et</b>; so, very often, when a +perfect participle and verb are closely connected.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_8c" id = "notes_8c" href = "#complete_8"> +Page 27</a>,</h5> + +<p>10. <b>et ... et</b>: we do not say <i>both ... and</i> so frequently +as we find <b>et ... et</b> in Latin; accordingly it will generally be +found better to omit in translation the first <b>et</b>, and render the +second <i>and also</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>proelio ... proeliis</b>: <i>a decisive battle ... +skirmishes</i>.</p> + +<p>14. <b>loco</b>: ablative absolute, <i>as there was a place</i>.</p> + +<p>21. <b>obdūxit</b>: Cæsar elsewhere commonly uses <b>perdūco</b> of +running a wall or trench. Why <b>obdūco</b> here? Because the +<b>fossae</b> were dug <i>against</i> the enemy, or to <i>cover his +position</i>.</p> + +<p>24. <b>cum ... īnstrūxisset</b>: Cæsar’s thought was, according to +Latin idiom, <i>when I shall have drawn up</i>, <b>īnstrūxero</b>; but +such a future perfect of direct speech becomes pluperfect subjunctive in +narration, after a past tense in the principal clause.</p> + +<p>24. <b>quod ... poterant</b>: <i>because they were so strong in +numbers</i>. Find two other similar uses of <b>possum</b>.</p> + +<p>27. <b>si quo opus esset</b>: <i>if there should be need of them +anywhere</i>; not, <i>if there should be need of any thing</i>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>subsidio</b>: in meaning and construction like +<b>subsidio</b>, <a href = "#complete_7a">p. 26, +l. 32</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_9" id = "notes_9" href = "#simple_9"> +Chap. 9,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>si ... trānsīrent</b>: <i>to see if our men would cross +this</i> (<b>hanc</b>).</p> + +<p> 3. <b>contendēbātur</b>: <i>there was fighting.</i> Compare +<a href = "#simple_6">chap. 6, l. 3</a>, <b>sustentātum est</b>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>neutri</b>: <i>neither of the two armies</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>secundiōre ... nostris</b>: <i>as the cavalry skirmish +proved rather favorable to our men</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">52</span> +<p> 9. <b>castellum</b>: read over again the last half of <a href += "#simple_5">chap. 5</a>. Cæsar makes no mention there of a +<b>castellum</b>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>potuissent</b>: the thought was, according to the Latin idiom, +“if we shall not have been able” (<b>potuerimus</b>); but such a future +perfect of direct speech becomes a pluperfect subjunctive in narration +after a past tense.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_9c" id = "notes_9c" href = "#complete_9"> +Page 28</a>,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>nostri autem</b>, etc.: a difficult sentence; but treat +it as directed in the <a href = "#notes">Introductory Note</a>, +p. 43, only observing that <b>si</b> has its usual meaning of +<i>if</i>, and <b>impedītos</b>, <i>when they should get stuck fast</i>, +agrees with <b>hostes</b> understood.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>ut ... adgrederentur</b>: expresses the purpose of +<b>parāti in armis erant</b>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>eo cōnsilio</b>: <i>with this design</i>; explained by +<b>ut castellum ... expūgnārent</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>possent</b>: they said to themselves, <i>if we shall be able</i>, +<b>poterimus</b>; <i>but if we shall not have succeeded</i>, <b>si minus +potuerimus</b>; hence <b>potuissent</b>, when related. See <a href = +"#notes_8c">note on <b>īnstrūxisset</b>, p. 27, l. 24</a>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>nōbis ūsui</b>: compare <b>subsidio oppidānis</b>, <a href = +"#complete_7a">p. 26, l. 32</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_10" id = "notes_10" href = "#simple_10"> +Chap. 10,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 3. <b>pūgnātum est</b>: contains its own subject, <i>there was +fierce fighting</i>. See <b>contendēbātur</b>, <a href = +"#simple_9">chap. 9, l. 3</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_9">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>impedītos</b>: <i>while they were struggling</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>circumventos interfēcērunt</b>: <i>they surrounded and +killed</i>. Read again the <a href = "#notes_8">note on <b>ēductas +īnstrūxerant</b>, chap. 8, l. 17</a>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>spem</b>: subject-accusative of <b>fefellisse</b>; but +translate, <i>that they were disappointed in the hope</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>neque</b>: take the negative part with <b>prōgredi</b>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>ipsos</b>: that is, <b>se ipsos</b>, namely, +<b>hostes</b>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>quemque</b>: subject-accusative of <b>reverti</b>. See also +<a href = "#notes_4">note on chap. 4, l. 9</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>quōrum ... ad eos</b>: you will very often find the relative +clause preceding the antecedent. In almost all such cases the English +way of speaking requires us to render the antecedent clause first.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">53</span> +<p>13. <b>Quod</b>: <i>this</i>, referring to the last two +sentences.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>eo cōnsilio</b>: <i>with this design</i>, explained by the following +clause.</p> + +<p>16. <b>Hīs persuādēri</b>: depends on <b>nōn poterat</b>. Why did not +Cæsar write, <b>Hi persuādēri ... nōn poterant</b>, since he means, +<i>these could not be persuaded</i>? 230; H. 301, 1.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_10c" id = "notes_10c" href = "#complete_10"> +Page 28</a>,</h5> + +<p>19. <b>reliquos ... cōnantes</b>: <i>the rest ... while they were +trying</i>.</p> + +<p>21. <b>Hostes</b>: subject of <b>cōnstituērunt</b>, l. 25, while +a pronoun referring to <b>hostes</b> may be mentally supplied as subject +of <b>intellēxērunt</b> and <b>vīdērunt</b>. This sentence illustrates +an important principle of Latin order, attention to which will be of +great aid in translation. When the verb of the principal clause and that +of the dependent clause have the same subject, it is commonly expressed +in the principal, and left out in the dependent, clause. In English we +do the opposite. We often begin with the dependent clause; the Latin +<i>frames it into</i> the principal clause.</p> + +<p>21. <b>ubi</b>: repeat mentally with <b>vīdērunt</b> and +<b>coepit</b>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>ad eos dēfendendos</b>: illustrates a very common way of +expressing a purpose.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_11" id = "notes_11" href = "#simple_11"> +Chap. 11,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>ea re</b>: that is, to disperse to their homes; <a href = +"#simple_10">chap. 10, l. 10</a>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>ēgressi</b>: the subject is <b>Belgae</b>, +understood.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>cōnsimilis</b>: <i>altogether like.</i> What is the +force of <b>con</b>?</p> + +<p> 4. <b>Caesar</b>: as the subject of <b>veritus</b> and +<b>continuit</b>, <b>Caesar</b> seems strangely placed in the grip of +the ablative absolute; but the position shows by whom the knowledge was +got. <i>Caesar getting wind of this movement immediately through his +spies</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>veritus</b>: try always to render a participle so as to +show its logical relation to the main verb, whether of time, cause, +contrast, or what not; here, <i>because he feared</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>castris</b>: substantially equivalent to <b>in castris</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>qui ... morārētur</b>: compare <b>qui dēdūceret</b>, +<a href = "#simple_2">chap. 2, l. 3</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_2">note</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">54</span> +<p>10. <b>ventum erat</b>: <i>they had come.</i> Compare <b>sustentātum +est</b>, <a href = "#simple_6">chap. 6, l. 3</a>; +<b>contendēbātur</b>, <a href = "#simple_9">chap. 9, l. 3</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>priōres</b>: <i>those in advance</i>.</p> + +<p>15. <b>sub</b>: <i>towards.</i> The idea of <i>place</i> being +transferred to that of time.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_11c" id = "notes_11c" href = "#complete_11"> +Page 29</a>,</h5> + +<p> 5. <b>quisque</b>: see <a href = "#complete_4c">p. 25, +l. 3</a>, and <a href = "#notes_4">note</a> on simplified text.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>prīmum itineris locum</b>: <i>the first place on the road</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>qua ... discēderent</b>: following <b>quod ... +perspēxerat</b>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>cum ... cōnsisterent</b>: <i>since the enemy, at the very +extremity of the rear, kept making a stand</i>.</p> + +<p>18. <b>priōres</b>: <b>et</b> understood; <i>while those in +advance</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quod</b>: carry on also into the next clause; <i>and because they +were not held together</i> (<b>continērentur</b>).</p> + +<p>21. <b>sine ūllo perīculo</b>: two ways of expressing “without any” +in this chapter; for above we have <b>nūllo certo ōrdine</b>, <i>without +any definite order</i>.</p> + +<p>23. <b>quantum ... spatium</b>: <i>how great a space of time</i> +(<b>diēi</b>) <i>there was</i>; that is (they killed as great a number) +<i>as the length of the time allowed</i>.</p> + +<p>24. <b>sēque in castra ... recēpērunt</b>: and they and their +pitiless commander probably slept well that night.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_12" id = "notes_12" href = "#simple_12"> +Chap. 12,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 3. <b>ex itinere</b>: see <a href = "#simple_6">chap. 6, +l. 2</a>, and <a href = "#notes_6">note</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>oppūgnāre</b>: means here <i>carry by assault</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>omnis ... multitūdo</b>: notice that an adjective and a +noun are often separated by words depending on the noun. Here <b>ex +fuga</b> from the position is almost equivalent to +<b>fugientium</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>vīneis</b>: wooden frames with sloping roof and covered +with hides, to protect a number of besiegers.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>āctis</b>: from <b>ago</b>, <i>brought up</i>; the +<b>vīneae</b> were often moved on wheels.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>aggere iacto</b>: <i>when earth had been thrown up for a mound</i>. +This was done so that wooden towers could be brought up near the +walls.</p> + +<p>10. <b>ut cōnservārentur</b>: mark how often a dependent clause +precedes the one on which it depends. Attention to this +<span class = "pagenum">55</span> +will often help in unravelling a long sentence. Now see <b>qui ... +dēdūceret</b>, <a href = "#simple_2">chap. 2, l. 3</a>; <b>quid ... +posset et ... audērent</b>, <a href = "#simple_8">chap. 8, ll. +3, 4</a>; <b>qui ... morārētur</b>, <a href = "#simple_11">chap. +11, l. 6</a>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_12c" id = "notes_12c" href = "#complete_12"> +Page 29</a>,</h5> + +<p>32. <b>paucis dēfendentibus</b>: <i>though the defenders were +few</i>.</p> + +<h5>Page 30,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>Castris mūnītis</b>: <i>after making a fortified +camp.</i> The first and most important thing, after selecting the site +of a camp, was to intrench it. That may be all that is meant in this +instance.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>vīneas agere</b>: depends on <b>coepit</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quaeque ... comparāre</b>: <i>and to get ready whatever</i>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>ūsui</b>: compare <b>subsidio</b>, <a href = +"#complete_7a">p. 26, l. 32</a>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>quae</b>: <i>the like of which</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_13" id = "notes_13" href = "#simple_13"> +Chap. 13,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>obsidibus acceptis</b>: <i>after receiving hostages</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>armis ... trāditis</b>: it was Cæsar’s practice to disarm his +conquered enemies.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>Qui cum</b>: the relative is in the right place in +Latin, but we cannot translate in this order. The natural place for both +words is at the beginning of a clause; but when they come together, the +relative takes precedence.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>circiter ... quīnque</b>: <i>only about five +miles</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>abesset</b>: governed by <b>cum</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>māiōres nātu</b>: <i>elders</i>; <b>seniōres</b> would +not do.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>sēse ... venīre</b>: <i>they surrendered to him +unconditionally</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>pueri</b>: <i>children</i>, as <b>homines</b> often +means <i>men and women</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_13c" id = "notes_13c" href = "#complete_13"> +Page 30</a>,</h5> + +<p> 9. <b>atque</b>: <i>and besides</i>, or <i>and in +particular</i>.</p> + +<p>17. <b>neque ... contendere</b>: <i>and that they were not in +arms</i>.</p> + +<p>20. <b>passis manibus</b>: pitiful!</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_14" id = "notes_14" href = "#simple_14"> +Chap. 14,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>facit verba</b>: <i>intercedes</i>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>in fide ... fuērunt</b>: <i>have been faithful and +friendly</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>perferre</b>: <i>were enduring.</i> For the tense, see +336, A.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">56</span> +<p> 5. <b>ēius cōnsili prīncipes</b>: <i>the prime movers in this +plan</i>: <b>prīncipes</b> = <b>auctōres</b>, <i>authors</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>in Britanniam profūgērunt</b>: as lately Boulanger and +others have done.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>clēmentia</b>: said of one who has power to exercise the +opposite, <b>sevēritas</b>, <b>crūdēlitas</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>mānsuētūdine</b>: said of one who is humane and gentle, opposed to +<b>feritas</b>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>fēceris ... amplificābis</b>: we say, ‘if you do this, +you will add to’; in Latin, ‘if you shall have done this, you will +add to.’</p> + +<p>10. <b>qua</b>: 105, d.; H. 190, 1.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>si qua bella</b>, etc.: <i>by whose aid and resources they</i> (the +Ædui) <i>are accustomed to bear the burden of whatever wars befall +them</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_14c" id = "notes_14c" href = "#complete_14"> +Page 30</a>,</h5> + +<p>26. <b>perferre ... dēfēcisse</b>: <i>were enduring ... had +revolted</i>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>quod intellegerent</b>: <i>seeing</i>.</p> + +<p>31. <b>sua</b>: emphatic; <i>his own</i>, that is, <i>his +well-known</i>.</p> + +<p>32. <b>quod si fēcerit</b>: <i>if he should do this</i>; the +subjunctive of the future perfect, for which there is no separate form; +hence the form of the perfect subjunctive is borrowed. If the tense is +named by its form, it will be called <i>perfect subjunctive</i>; if by +its meaning, <i>future perfect subjunctive</i>.</p> + +<h5>Page 31,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>amplificātūrum</b> (<b>esse</b>): the subject must be +inferred from the subject of <b>fēcerit</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_15" id = "notes_15" href = "#simple_15"> +Chap. 15,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>honōris ... causa</b>: <i>out of regard to +Divitiacus</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>māgna ... auctōritāte</b>: <i>one of great +influence</i>; a predicate ablative of description; such an ablative +must always have a modifier, as here, <b>māgna</b>. The genitive may be +used in the same way, as below, <b>māgnae virtūtis</b>. On the order, +see <a href = "#notes_12">note, chap. 12, l. 5</a>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>quōrum</b>, etc.: translate closely in the order of the +Latin; <i>about their character and customs, Cæsar, on inquiry</i>; so, +generally, do your best to keep close to the Latin order. Read again the +<a href = "#notes">Introductory Note</a>, p. 43.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">57</span> +<p>12. <b>qui ... dēdissent</b>: <i>for having surrendered</i>; what +would be the meaning of <b>qui ... dēdiderant</b>?</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_15c" id = "notes_15c" href = "#complete_15"> +Page 31</a>,</h5> + +<p> 6. <b>hominum ... praestābat</b>: <i>was the most +populous</i>; what is it literally?</p> + +<p>12. <b>pati</b>: <i>that they permitted.</i> Supply <b>eos</b>, +referring to <b>Nervii</b>, as the subject of <b>pati</b>, <b>esse</b>, +<b>increpitāre</b>, and <b>cōnfirmāre</b>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>quod ... exīstimārent</b>: observe in the simplified text +<b>quod ... exīstimābant</b>; why the difference?</p> + +<p>16. <b>qui ... dēdissent ... prōiēcissent</b>: <i>for having +surrendered and renounced</i>; literally, <i>since they had +surrendered</i>.</p> + +<p>17. <b>sēse</b>: subject-accusative of <b>mīssūros</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_16" id = "notes_16" href = "#simple_16"> +Chap. 16,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>trīduum</b>: <i>for three days</i>, accusative of +duration.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>Sabim</b>: now called the Sambre.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>quīque</b>: equivalent to <b>et eos qui</b>, <i>and all +such as</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>per aetātem</b>: <i>by reason of their age</i>; that is, whether too +old or too young.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>in eum locum ... quo</b>: <i>into a place to which.</i> +The idea of the Latin fully expressed would be, <i>into a place of such +a character</i> (<b>eum</b>) <i>that to it</i> (<b>quo</b>) <i>there +would be no access for an army</i>. 319, 2 and note; H. +500, I. Compare <b>qui ... vidērentur</b>, immediately +preceding.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>exercitui</b>: <i>for an army</i>, not necessarily, +<i>for Cæsar’s army</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_16c" id = "notes_16c" href = "#complete_16"> +Page 31</a>,</h5> + +<p>19. <b>Cum ... fēcisset</b>: a temporal <b>cum</b> clause is not +always best rendered by <i>when</i>, etc.: <i>after marching for three +days</i>.</p> + +<p>24. <b>hīs ... persuāserant</b>: observe on <a href = +"#complete_10a">p. 29, l. 1</a>, an example of the impersonal +construction of <b>persuādeo</b> in the passive: <b>hīs persuādēri ... +nōn poterat</b>, <i>it was not possible for these to be +persuaded</i>.</p> + +<p>27. <b>cōniēcisse</b>: the verb implies hurried action, and so +differs from <b>dēpōno</b>, which Cæsar uses in Book IV., 19, of putting +women and children in a place of safety.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">58</span> +<h5><a name = "notes_17" id = "notes_17" href = "#simple_17"> +Chap. 17,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>qui ... dēligant</b>: compare <b>qui dēdūceret</b>, <a href = +"#simple_2">chap. 2, l. 3</a>, and <a href = "#notes_2">note</a>; +<b>qui ... morārētur</b>, <a href = "#simple_11">chap. 11, +l. 6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>Cum</b>: <i>since.</i> See <a href = "#notes_6">note on chap. 6, +l. 8</a>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>dēmōnstrārunt</b>: shortened from +<b>dēmōnstrāvērunt</b>, 128, a, 1; H. 235.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>inter singulas</b>: <i>between each two</i>; the same mistake, +“between each,” is common in English.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>neque ... negōti</b>: <i>and it was a matter of no +difficulty at all</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>cum ... vēnisset</b>: <i>when the first legion should +reach the camping ground.</i> In the direct form, <b>vēnerit</b>, +<i>shall have reached</i>; then regularly such a future perfect is +changed to the pluperfect subjunctive in indirect discourse after a past +tense. See <a href = "#notes_9">note on chap 9, l. 10</a>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>sarcinis</b>: “Besides his arms, the Roman soldier +carried stakes (<b>vālli</b>), used for the palisades of the camp, food +and utensils, a saw, a spade, a chain for his prisoners, +and other things. He was loaded like a mule.” —<span class = +"smallcaps">Long.</span></p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>qua pulsa</b>: <i>if this legion were beaten</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>futūrum</b> (<b>esse</b>): depends on <b>dēmōnstrārunt</b>; <i>the +result would be</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>Nervii autem</b>: <i>now the Nervii.</i> <b>Nervii</b> +is the subject of <b>effēcerant</b>. This long sentence is not so +difficult as it at first seems. Follow closely the Latin order to +discover the sense, render <b>quo</b> <i>in order that</i>, +<b>effēcerant</b> <i>had caused</i>, and <b>īnstar</b> <i>like</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>teneris ... ēnātis</b>: <i>by lopping the trees when young, +and intertwining the branches which grew out thick in a lateral +direction</i>; <b>ēnātis</b> from <b>ēnāscor</b>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>interiectis</b>: it does not appear possible to take this word +in the sense given to it in the dictionaries, <i>thrown or stuffed +in</i>. So Moberly translates, “by throwing in brambles and thorns for +the present occasion.” But is it to be supposed that this was done +everywhere? If not, how would the Nervii know where to do it? Moreover, +what they had done was done <b>antīquitus</b>, <i>from of old</i>. +Translate, therefore, <i>by planting among them</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">59</span> +<p>14. <b>quo nōn modo nōn ... sed ne ... quidem</b>: this formula, or +(without second <b>nōn</b>) <b>nōn modo ... sed ne ... quidem</b>, is +usually awkwardly rendered, <i>not only not, but not even</i>. Instead, +translate as if the first member were complete in itself (suppressing +<b>modo</b>), followed by <i>nay, nor even</i>, thus: <i>which it was +not possible to pass through, nay, nor even see through</i>.</p> + +<p>15. <b>Hīs rēbus</b>: <i>by these obstacles</i>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>nōn ... cōnsilium</b>: <i>they ought not to disregard the +advice</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_17c" id = "notes_17c" href = "#complete_17"> +Page 32</a>,</h5> + +<p> 4. <b>impedīmentōrum</b>: here, <i>baggage animals</i>; +<b>impedīmentis</b>, below, <i>baggage</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>Adiuvābat</b>: the subject is the long sentence +following, <b>Nervii ... effēcerant</b>. Translate, <i>this circumstance +favored the advice of those who reported the intelligence, that</i> +(<b>quod</b>).</p> + +<p>10. <b>nihil ... possent</b>: compare +<b>quid in bello possent</b>, <a href = "#complete_4a">p. 24, +l. 25</a>; +<b>quid virtūte posset</b>, <a href = "#complete_8a">p. 27, +l. 12</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>neque enim</b>: <i>and in fact ... not.</i> Observe that +<b>enim</b> here does not mean <i>for</i>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>pedestribus valent cōpiis</b>: compare <b>virtūte ... +valēre</b>, <a href = "#complete_4d">p. 25, l. 5</a>. The +ablative is ablative of means.</p> + +<p>13. <b>ad eos</b>: that is, the Nervii.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_18" id = "notes_18" href = "#simple_18"> +Chap. 18,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>quem locum</b>: <i>I mean the place which</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>Ab eo flūmine</b>: that is, on the other side.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>pari adclīvitāte collis</b>: <i>a hill of similar upward +slope</i>; a descriptive ablative.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ab superiōre parte</b>: <i>in the upper part.</i> <b>Ab</b> not +seldom means <i>on</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>at</i>, <i>by</i>, because the +idea of removal (<i>from</i>) implies previous contact or nearness, and +the latent idea is sometimes the most important.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>ut</b>: may be considered as referring to an <b>ita</b> +suppressed with <b>silvestris</b>; <i>so thickly wooded that</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>nōn ... posset</b>: <i>one could not easily see within.</i> +Impersonal expressions, like <b>perspici potest</b>, are common in +Latin. Mark the mode of translation.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>secundum</b>: <i>along</i>, properly <i>following</i>, +from <b>sequor</b>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">60</span> +<h5><a name = "notes_18c" id = "notes_18c" href = "#complete_18"> +Page 32</a>,</h5> + +<p>24. <b>adversus huic et contrārius</b>: <i>corresponding to this and +right opposite</i>.</p> + +<p>25. <b>passus ... apertus</b>: <i>clear of woods for about two +hundred paces up from its base</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>īnfimus</b>: <b>ab īnferiōre parte</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_19" id = "notes_19" href = "#simple_19"> +Chap. 19,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>omnibus cōpiis</b>: Cæsar often uses <b>cum omnibus +cōpiis</b>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>cōnsuētūdine</b>: <i>according to custom</i>; just as +frequently <b>ex cōnsuētūdine</b>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>conlocārat</b>: for <b>conlocāverat</b>. See +<b>dēmōnstrārunt</b>, <a href = "#simple_17">chap. 17, l. 5</a>, +and <a href = "#notes_17">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>praesidiōque impedīmentis</b>: compare <b>subsidio +oppidānis</b>, <a href = "#simple_7">chap. 7, l. 2</a>, and <a href += "#notes_7">note</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>opere dīmēnso</b>: <i>after laying out the work</i>; the +expression refers to marking off the ground preparatory to trenching, +making a rampart, etc.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>castra mūnīre</b>: <i>to make a camp</i>.</p> + +<p>17. <b>in manibus nostris</b>: <i>close upon us</i>.</p> + +<p>18. <b>ad</b>: <i>towards</i>; repeat it mentally before +<b>eos</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>adverso colle</b>: <i>straight up the hill</i>; literally, <i>with +the hill before them</i>; so perhaps strictly neither an ablative +absolute nor an ablative of the “way by which.”</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_19c" id = "notes_19c" href = "#complete_19"> +Page 32</a>,</h5> + +<p>32. <b>ratio ōrdōque āgminis</b>: <i>the plan and the order of +marching</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>aliter ... āc</b>: <i>otherwise than</i>, <i>different from what</i>; +this strange idiom looks like an abridged, colloquial expression; +probably it was, fully expressed, <b>aliter āc aliter</b>, <i>one way +and another way</i>. The order of march was one way and the Belgæ had +reported it another way. So I have heard a child say, “This is different +and that is different,” meaning “this is different from that.”</p> + +<h5>Page 33,</h5> + +<p> 8. <b>cum</b>: <i>while</i>; to be repeated mentally with +<b>facerent</b>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>neque ... cēdentes īnsequi audērent</b>: <i>and while our men +were hesitating to pursue them when they retreated</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quem ad fīnem</b>: translate as if it were <b>ad fīnem ad quem</b>, +<i>to the line to which the level, clear ground extended</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">61</span> +<p>15. <b>ut ... cōnfirmāverant</b>: <i>as they had arranged their order +of battle and ranks within the woods, and as they had encouraged each +other to do</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_20" id = "notes_20" href = "#simple_20"> +Chap. 20,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>sīgnum tuba dandum</b> (<b>erat</b>): in order to call the +men to take their places in the ranks. Some might not see the flag.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>sīgnum dandum</b>: this time the signal is for the +charge, or perhaps to get ready for a charge.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>subsidio</b>: dative of end or service, but render as if +a nominative, which might have been used, <i>a help</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>commode</b>: modifies <b>praescrībere</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ipsi sibi praescrībere ... poterant</b>: they could <i>direct +themselves without any orders</i> (<b>ipsi</b>).</p> + +<p>11. <b>nihil</b>: <i>not ... at all</i>; stronger than +<b>nōn</b>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>per se</b>: <i>on their own responsibility</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quae vidēbantur</b>: <i>whatever seemed best</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_20c" id = "notes_20c" href = "#complete_20"> +Page 33</a>,</h5> + +<p>27. <b>qui</b>: does not refer to <b>mīlites</b>, but to <b>ii</b> +understood.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>aggeris petendi causa</b>: <i>for the purpose of seeking materials +for a rampart</i>. Mark the position of <b>causa</b>, always following +the genitive depending on it.</p> + +<p>30. <b>hīs difficultātibus</b>: <i>in this strait</i>; but the words +are in the dative with <b>subsidio</b>. Find two other instances of this +construction of two datives.</p> + +<p>32. <b>quid fieri oportēret</b>: the object of +<b>praescrībere</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_21" id = "notes_21" href = "#simple_21"> +Chap. 21,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>necessāriis rēbus imperātis</b>: when you meet with +<b>res</b>, ask yourself exactly what it means, and then find a proper +rendering. Translate, <i>after giving the necessary orders</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>prīstinae</b>: this word is often used of what was +formerly and still continues.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>neu ... animo</b>: <i>and not lose presence of mind</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>quod ... aberant</b>: gives the reason of the following, +not the preceding, clause.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>pūgnantibus occurrit</b>: <i>he finds them +fighting</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">62</span> +<p> 8. <b>Temporis</b>: mark how the important word comes first. +Take this sentence in thought almost without change in the order of the +words, then translate.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>tanta ... exiguitas</b>: <i>so great was the littleness</i> = <i>such +was the shortness</i>. Translate, <i>so short was the time</i>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>īnsīgnia</b>: “the crests, feathers red and black, and other +decorations which the soldiers had.... On the march the helmet was not +carried on the head. The shields had leather coverings when they were +not in use.” —<span class = "smallcaps">Long</span>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>Quam ... dēvēnit</b>: <i>to whatever part of the army each one +happened to come</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ab opere</b>: that is, making the camp; see <a href = +"#simple_19">chap. 19, l. 11</a>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>quaeque ... cōnspēxit</b>: <i>and whatever standards he caught +sight of first</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_21c" id = "notes_21c" href = "#complete_21"> +Page 34</a>,</h5> + +<p>13. <b>quo ... posset</b>: <i>whither a javelin could be hurled</i> = +<i>a javelin throw</i>.</p> + +<p>19. <b>Quam ... in partem</b>: compare the second line of the +chapter. <b>quisque</b> seems oddly placed, but it is crowded out of the +first place, where it would like to stand, by <b>quam</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_22" id = "notes_22" href = "#simple_22"> +Chap. 22,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>rei mīlitāris ... ōrdo</b>: <i>military science and +arrangement</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>fiēbat</b>: <i>the result was</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>aliae ... parte</b>: in this idiom the second part only of the +thought is expressed. ‘<i>Other legions were fighting in another +part</i>’ implies ‘some were fighting in one part of the field.’ So +<b>claudus altero pede</b>, <i>lame in the other foot</i>, implies one +foot sound.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>interiectis</b>: to be taken with <b>saepibus</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>ut</b>: <i>so that</i>. <b>conlocāri</b>: depends on +<b>possent</b>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>in</b>: of reason, <i>because of</i> or +<i>owing to</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>inīquitāte</b>: usually translated <i>unfavorable +condition</i>, or by some similar phrase, and such is the common meaning +of <b>inīquitas</b>; but the context shows that the meaning here is +closer to the original sense, that of <i>unevenness</i>; hence we may +translate, <i>owing to such inequality in the condition of +things</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">63</span> +<h5><a name = "notes_22c" id = "notes_22c" href = "#complete_22"> +Page 34</a>,</h5> + +<p>25. <b>cum</b>: <i>since</i>, governs <b>impedīrētur</b> as well as +<b>resisterent</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>dīversis legiōnibus</b>: <b>dīversus</b> means <i>turned different +ways, not with united line</i>; hence here, <i>disjoined</i>. Translate, +<i>since, owing to the legions being separated</i>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>neque certa subsidia</b>: here begins the statement of the +result; <b>certa subsidia</b>: subject of <b>poterant</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>neque quid</b>, etc.: <i>nor was it possible to foresee what was +needed everywhere</i>. After <b>prōvidēri</b> supply mentally +<b>poterat</b>, of which the whole preceding clause is the grammatical +subject.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_23" id = "notes_23" href = "#simple_23"> +Chap. 23,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>ut</b>: <i>since</i>. Would the mode of <b>cōnstiterant</b> +have been the same, if <b>cum</b> had been used in place of +<b>ut</b>?</p> + +<p> 2. <b>acie</b>: an old form of the genitive for +<b>aciēi</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>Atrebates</b>: object of <b>compulērunt</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>Ipsi</b>: refers to the subject of <b>interfēcērunt</b>; +that is, <b>legiōnis nōnae et decimae mīlites</b>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>dīversae</b> = <b>aliae</b>; what should it mean from +its derivation?</p> + +<p>10. <b>a frōnte</b>: <i>along the front</i>. See <a href = +"#simple_18">chap. 18, l. 4</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_18">note</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>ab sinistra parte</b>: <i>on the left</i>. Compare <b>ā +frōnte</b>, preceding line, and <b>ab superiōre parte</b>, <a href = +"#simple_18">chap. 18, l. 4</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_18">note</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>nūdātis castris</b>: <i>as the camp was left unguarded</i>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>aperto latere</b>: <i>on their</i> (the legions’) <i>exposed +flank</i>.</p> + +<p>14. <b>summum ... locum</b>: <i>the summit occupied by the camp</i>; +<b>castrōrum</b> is a possessive genitive.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_23c" id = "notes_23c" href = "#complete_23"> +Page 35</a>,</h5> + +<p> 3. <b>exanimātos ... cōnfectos</b>: <i>breathless and +exhausted by wounds</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>hīs</b>: the ninth and tenth legions.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>ea pars</b>: that is, <b>ea pars hostium</b>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>cōnantes</b>: accusative, agreeing with <b>Atrebates</b> +understood, or a pronoun referring to Atrebates.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>resistentes hostes</b>: object of +<b>cōniēcērunt</b>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>summam imperi</b>: <i>chief command</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_24" id = "notes_24" href = "#simple_24"> +Chap. 24,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>cum ... reciperent</b>: <i>as they were returning</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>cum respēxissent</b>: <i>on looking back</i>. A +<b>cum</b> clause is not always best translated by a full clause.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">64</span> +<p> 6. <b>praecipites ... mandābant</b>: <i>ran away as fast as +they could.</i> What literally?</p> + +<p> 7. <b>eōrum</b>: depends on <b>clāmor fremitusque</b>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>ferēbantur</b>: <i>began to rush.</i> Observe the +imperfects followed by perfects. The imperfect paints, the perfect +describes.</p> + +<p>10. <b>auxili causa</b>: <i>for the purpose of rendering aid</i> = +<i>as auxiliaries</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>cum</b>: <i>since.</i> See <a href = "#notes_6">note, chap. 6, +l. 8</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>complēri</b>: this and the following infinitives depend on +<b>vīdissent</b>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>vīdissent</b>: the subject is <b>equites Trēveri</b>.</p> + +<p>14. <b>rēbus</b>: <i>fortunes.</i> How might a clause be substituted +here in Latin for the ablative absolute?</p> + +<p>15. <b>pulsos superātōsque</b>: supply <b>esse</b>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_24c" id = "notes_24c" href = "#complete_24"> +Page 35</a>,</h5> + +<p>21. <b>pulsos</b>: supply <b>esse</b>.</p> + +<p>22. <b>adversis hostibus occurrēbant</b>: <i>came straight against +the enemy.</i> What literally?</p> + +<p>23. <b>cālōnes ... āc summo iugo</b>: the <b>porta decumāna</b> was +the rear gate of the camp, opposite the <b>porta praetōria</b>. It +appears from this passage that the place for the <b>cālōnes</b> was at +the back of the camp, and that in this instance the camp was partly on +sloping ground.</p> + +<p>30. <b>virtūtis opīnio</b>: <i>reputation for valor</i>.</p> + +<h5>Page 36,</h5> + +<p> 2. <b>dīversos dissipātōsque</b>: <i>running in different +directions and scattered</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>hostes</b>: subject-accusative of <b>potītos</b> +(<b>esse</b>).</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_25" id = "notes_25" href = "#simple_25"> +Chap. 25,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>suos urgēri</b>: <i>that his men were hard pressed</i>; the +infinitive depends on <b>vīdit</b>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>cōnfertos mīlites</b>: <i>that the soldiers by being +crowded together</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>sibi ... impedīmento</b>: <i>hindered one another</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>ut ... posset</b>: <i>so that he could no longer +stand</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>Hīs rēbus</b>: <i>for these reasons</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>tardiōres</b>: <i>were losing heart</i>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>subeuntes intermittere</b>: <i>cease mounting the +hill</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">65</span> +<p>12. <b>ab utrōque latere</b>: <i>on both flanks.</i> Compare <b>ab +superiōre parte</b>, <a href = "#simple_18">chap. 18, l. 4</a>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>rem ... angusto</b>: <i>that the situation was critical.</i> +What literally?</p> + +<p>14. <b>ūni</b>: a peculiar use of <b>ūnus</b>, quite equivalent to +<i>a</i>; not to be imitated in writing Latin.</p> + +<p>17. <b>sīgna ... iūssit</b>: <i>he ordered them to advance and at the +same time to open out their ranks</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_25c" id = "notes_25c" href = "#complete_25"> +Page 36</a>,</h5> + +<p> 7. <b>Caesar</b>: subject of <b>prōcessit</b>, fifteen lines +below. This first sentence extending through eighteen lines looks very +formidable; but if it is taken in accordance with the <a href = +"#notes">Introductory Note</a>, p. 43, the meaning will be evident. +To translate the sentence is more difficult. In translating, repeat +“<i>and saw</i>” before the words <b>quartae cohortis</b>, and render +the ablative absolutes by clauses, thus: <i>and saw that all the +captains of the fourth cohort were killed</i>. Then, <b>reliquos esse +tardiōres</b>, <i>that the rest</i> (in consequence) <i>were losing +heart</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>sīgnīsque ... conlātis</b>: <i>and since the standards +were brought together.</i> Try constantly to make out the relation in +thought expressed by participles; that is, whether the idea is that of +time, <i>when</i>, <i>while</i>, etc.; of cause, <i>as</i>, +<i>since</i>; of concession, <i>though</i>, <i>notwithstanding</i>; or +of condition, accompanying circumstances, etc., to be variously +rendered.</p> + +<p>16. <b>ab novissimis</b>: <i>in the rear</i>. So below, <a href = +"#complete_25a">l. 21</a>. Compare <b>ab sinistra parte</b>, +<a href = "#complete_23a">p. <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘23’ (chapter number)">35</ins>, l. 13</a>. In both places in +this chapter it would be easy to make the mistake of taking <b>ab</b> in +the sense of <b>ex</b>, as a substitute for the partitive genitive.</p> + +<p>27. <b>operam nāvāre cuperet</b>: “<i>wished to do his best</i>.” +What literally?</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_26" id = "notes_26" href = "#simple_26"> +Chap. 26,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 3. <b>ut ... coniungerent</b>: <i>for the legions gradually to draw +together</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>proelio nūntiāto</b>: <i>on the report of the +battle</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>cursu incitāto</b>: <i>quickening their speed.</i> The participle +following is causal; they began to run because of the report of the +battle.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">66</span> +<p>10. <b>qui</b>: refers to <b>decimam legiōnem</b>. What is the +grammatical irregularity, and how is it to be accounted for?</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>cum</b>: to be taken with <b>cōgnōvissent</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quo in loco res esset</b>: <i>what the situation was.</i> What +literally? Account for the subjunctive.</p> + +<p>12. <b>nihil ... fēcērunt</b>: <i>left nothing undone in the way of +speed</i>. What literally?</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>reliqui</b>: neuter of <b>reliquus</b>. A partitive genitive +depending on <b>nihil</b>. Find a similar construction in <a href = +"#simple_15">chap. 15</a>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_26c" id = "notes_26c" href = "#complete_26"> +Page 36</a>,</h5> + +<p>31. <b>conversa sīgna</b>: the object of <b>īnferrent</b>, but most +conveniently rendered as coördinate with it, <i>to face about and +charge</i>. It is thought that by this movement the twelfth and the +seventh legions formed a circle or a square.</p> + +<h5>Page 37,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>neque timērent</b>: repeat <b>cum</b> mentally from the +preceding clause; <i>and since they</i> (no longer) +<i>feared</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>āversi</b>: literally, <i>being turned away</i>; translate, <i>from +their rear being unguarded</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_27" id = "notes_27" href = "#simple_27"> +Chap. 27,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>vulneribus cōnfecti</b>: <i>badly wounded.</i> What +literally?</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>prōcubuissent</b>: from <b>prōcumbo</b>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>vēro</b>: emphasizes <b>equites</b>, but is better left +untranslated; say, <i>while the cavalry</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>se ... praeferrent</b>: <i>thrust themselves before</i>; +a result clause, dependent on <b>tanta ... est facta</b>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>in extrēma spe salūtis</b>: “<i>when all hope of saving +themselves was at an end</i>.” Here a literal translation would be +meaningless or misleading.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>proximi ... īnsistēbant</b>: <i>those nearest would +stand upon their prostrate companions</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>hīs deiēctis</b>: <i>when these</i> (in turn) +<i>were thrown down</i>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>intercepta remittēbant</b>: <i>would catch and hurl back.</i> +See <b>ēductas īnstrūxerant</b>, <a href = "#simple_8">chap. 8, +l. 17</a>, and <a href = "#notes_8">note</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>ut</b>, etc.: <i>so that one ought to judge that it was not +without cause that men of such valor.</i> On <b>iūdicāre dēbēret</b>, +compare <b>perspici posset</b>, <a href = "#simple_18">chap. 18, +l. 5</a>, and <a href = "#notes_18">note</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">67</span> +<p>13. <b>quae ... difficillimis</b>: <i>things which, most difficult in +themselves</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>facilia</b>: a predicate adjective with <b>redēgerat</b>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_27c" id = "notes_27c" href = "#complete_27"> +Page 37</a>,</h5> + +<p>15. <b>innīxi</b>: from <b>innītor</b>, agrees with +<b>nostri</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>perterritos</b>: supply <b>esse</b>; the subject-accusative is +<b>hostes</b>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>inermes</b>: agrees with <b>cālōnes</b>, <i>even though +unarmed</i>.</p> + +<p>23. <b>qui superessent</b>: <i>the survivors.</i> Supply <b>ii</b> as +antecedent of <b>qui</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ut</b>: <i>as</i>. So used <a href = "#complete_22a">p. 34, +l. 23</a>.</p> + +<p>24. <b>cōnicerent</b>: dependent on <b>tantam virtutem ... ut</b>; +(so that) <i>those who survived</i> (<b>qui superessent</b>) +<i>kept hurling</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_28" id = "notes_28" href = "#simple_28"> +Chap. 28,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>prope</b>: modifies <b>ad</b>, not <b>redācto</b>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>redācto</b>: see the last word of the preceding +chapter.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>māiōres nātu</b>: see <a href = "#simple_13">chap. 13, l. 6</a>, +and <a href = "#notes_13">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>pueris</b>: see <a href = "#simple_13">chap. 13, +l. 9</a>, and <a href = "#notes_13">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>cōnsēnsu ... supererant</b>: <i>with the consent of all +the survivors</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>vix ad</b>: <i>to barely</i>; for <b>ad vix</b>, as some +say.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>in</b>: <i>towards</i>; <b>erga</b> might have been +used.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>vidērētur</b>: not <i>that he might seem</i>, but +<i>that he might be seen</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>se ... prohibērent</b>: <i>refrain and keep their dependents +from</i>; <b>prohibēre</b> is appropriate to <b>suos</b>, but hardly to +<b>se</b>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_28c" id = "notes_28c" href = "#complete_28"> +Page 37</a>,</h5> + +<p>31. <b>aestuāria</b>: “the country lying to the north (the modern +Zealand) is low and marshy, cut up with tidewater inlets and bays.” +—<span class = "smallcaps">Allen & Greenough.</span></p> + +<p>32. <b>cum vīctōribus</b>, etc.: <i>since they thought there was no +obstacle for the victors, no safety for the vanquished</i>.</p> + +<h5>Page 38,</h5> + +<p> 4. <b>mīlibus <span class = "smallroman">LX.</span></b>: they +had promised fifty thousand; see <a href = "#simple_4">chap. 4</a>. It +was natural that they should exaggerate their losses.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_29" id = "notes_29" href = "#simple_29"> +Chap. 29,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>auxilio Nerviis</b>: compare <b>subsidio oppidānis</b>, +<a href = "#simple_7">chap. 7, l. 2</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_7">note</a>. Find other examples of this construction.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>ūnum oppidum</b>: supposed to be at the junction of the +Sambre and Meuse.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>ex omnibus in circuitu partibus</b>: simply, <i>all +round</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">68</span> +<p> 9. <b>conlocābant</b>: there is a reading, <b>conlocārant</b>. +If that is the true reading, <b>tum</b> in the preceding line would mean +<i>besides</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_29c" id = "notes_29c" href = "#complete_29"> +Page 38</a>,</h5> + +<p>10. <b>cum</b>: <i>while.</i> Four lines below <b>cum</b> means +<i>though</i>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>aditus ... pedum</b>: <i>an approach of two hundred feet in +breadth, not more</i>; <b>pedum</b> depends on <b>aditus</b>.</p> + +<p>21. <b>iis impedīmentis</b>: take with <b>dēpositis</b>, two lines +below.</p> + +<p>22. <b>agere āc portāre</b>: <i>drive or carry</i>.</p> + +<p>24. <b>ūna</b>: <i>with it</i>; that is, the plunder.</p> + +<p>25. <b>cum alias</b>, etc.: <i>since they carried on now aggressive +now defensive war.</i> What literally?</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_30" id = "notes_30" href = "#simple_30"> +Chap. 30,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>prīmo adventu</b> = <b>cum prīmum advēnisset</b>, <i>as soon +as our army had got there</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>pedum <span class = "smallroman">XII.</span></b>: that +is, <b>in altitūdinem</b>, which is expressed, <a href = +"#simple_5">chap. 5, l. 19</a>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>oppido</b>: might have been <b>in oppido</b>. Cf. +<b>castris</b>, <a href = "#simple_11">chap. 11, l. 5</a>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>vīneis āctis</b>: <b>āctis</b> from <b>ago</b>; see +<a href = "#simple_12">chap. 12, l. 6</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_12">note</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>aggere exstrūcto</b>: an embankment of timber, stones, and earth was +begun at a distance from the walls of a town, wide enough to roll one or +more towers upon, and was carried forward by soldiers working under the +shelter of the <b>vīneae</b> up to the defensive works.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>cōnstitui</b>: <i>being raised</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>ab tanto spatio</b>: <i>so far away.</i> Compare <b>ab +mīlibus</b>, <a href = "#simple_7">chap. 7, l. 6</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_7">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>quibusnam manibus</b>: <i>with what hands, pray</i>; +<b>nam</b> added for emphasis, to point their sarcasm.</p> + +<p>10. <b>conlocāre</b>: strangely used for <b>conlocātūros</b> +(<b>esse</b>). The Aduatuci may have thought that the Romans intended to +hoist the tower upon their wall, or they may have been joking. Which is +more likely?</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_30c" id = "notes_30c" href = "#complete_30"> +Page 39</a>,</h5> + +<p> 5. <b>hominibus ... contemptui</b>: another pair of datives. +Find other examples. The Italians of the present time do not strike one +as conspicuously shorter than the Germans.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">69</span> +<p class = "second"> +<b>māgnitūdine</b>: being contrasted with <b>brevitas</b>, is used in +the sense of <b>altitūdine</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_31" id = "notes_31" href = "#simple_31"> +Chap. 31,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>movēri</b>: <i>moving.</i> This word here has suggested a +change of <b>conlocāre</b>, in the last line of the preceding chapter, +to <b>mōtūros</b>, a very plausible conjecture, but it spoils the joke +of the Aduatuci.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>qui</b>: <i>since they.</i> Compare <b>qui ... +dēdidissent</b>, <a href = "#simple_15">chap. 15, l. 12</a>, and +<a href = "#notes_15">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>pro sua clēmentia</b>: <i>according to his well-known +clemency</i>. See <a href = "#simple_14">chap. 14, l. 8</a>, and +<a href = "#notes_14">note</a>. What did they think of his clemency when he +sold 53,000 of them into slavery?</p> + +<p>11. <b>trāditis armis</b> = <b>si arma trādidissent</b>, <i>if they +should surrender their arms</i>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>per cruciātum interfici</b>: <i>to be tortured to death.</i> +What literally?</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_31c" id = "notes_31c" href = "#complete_31"> +Page 39</a>,</h5> + +<p>16. <b>statuisset</b>: not <i>had decided</i>, but <i>should +decide</i>. No mistake is oftener made by beginners than in the +rendering of a pluperfect subjunctive of indirect discourse representing +a future perfect of direct discourse. Such a subjunctive is to be +rendered by the auxiliary <i>should</i>, not <i>had</i>. To tell whether +a pluperfect subjunctive represents a future perfect, think what form a +speaker’s words would take, remembering that the Romans commonly used +the future or future perfect of things really future, while we very +often use the present.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_32" id = "notes_32" href = "#simple_32"> +Chap. 32,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>cōnsuētūdine</b>: ablative of cause.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>aries</b>: “a long, strong beam of wood, furnished with +an iron head in the form of a ram’s head. It was suspended from a +framework by a strong chain or ropes, and worked by men, who drove it +against the wall.” —<span class = "smallcaps">Long.</span></p> + +<p> 4. <b>in Nerviis</b>: <i>in the case of the Nervii</i>; a +common meaning of <b>in</b> with names of persons.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>ne quam ... īnferant</b>: <i>not to do any harm to those +who had surrendered to the Roman people</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">70</span> +<p> 7. <b>facere</b>: one would expect the future with +subject-accusative, <b>se factūros</b> (<b>esse</b>). Compare +<b>conlocāre</b>, for <b>conlocātūros esse</b>, <a href = +"#simple_30">chap. 30, l. 10</a>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>prope ... adaequārent</b>: <i>came up almost to the very +top</i>; <b>summam</b> with <b>altitūdinem</b>. What literally?</p> + +<p>12. <b>pāce sunt ūsi</b> = <b>conquiēvērunt</b>, <i>kept +quiet</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_33" id = "notes_33" href = "#simple_33"> +Chap. 33,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 3. <b>nostros</b>: <i>our commanders</i>, subject-accusative of +<b>dēductūros</b> and <b>servātūros</b> (<b>esse</b>).</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>praesidia</b>: men stationed in the <b>castella</b>; see below.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>dēductūros ... servātūros</b>: observe how frequently +<b>esse</b> is omitted with the future participle.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>dēnique</b>: <i>at any rate.</i> What is its usual meaning?</p> + +<p> 5. <b>tertia vigilia</b>: the Romans divided the night into +four equal divisions, watches, of about three hours each.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>eo concursum est</b>: <i>the soldiers hurried +thither.</i> What literally? Find similar constructions in chaps. +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>in extrēma spe salūtis</b>: compare <a href = +"#simple_27">chap. 27, l. 5</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_27">note</a>. The context shows, however, that the meaning is +not quite the same here. Translate, <i>as their last chance of saving +themselves</i>.</p> + +<p>14. <b>nēmo</b>: observe the emphasis from its position. Compare in +English, “Silver and gold have I none.” <b>nēmo</b> and <b>nūllus</b> +are often so placed. Cf. <b>nūlli</b>, <a href = "#simple_6">chap. 6, +l. 10</a>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>ab iis qui ēmerant</b> = <b>ab emptōribus</b>: <i>by the +purchasers</i>, who were the <b>mercātōres</b>, traders who followed the +army as hungry sharks follow a ship.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>capitum</b>: we say “souls.” It depends on <b>quīnquāginta +trium</b>.</p> + +<p>17. <b>quīnquāginta trium</b>: 53,000 captives, probably chained in +gangs and sent to be sold in the Province and in Italy; a source of +great gain to the general.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_33c" id = "notes_33c" href = "#complete_33"> +Page 40</a>,</h5> + +<p> 4. <b>mīlites ... mīlitibus</b>: another evidence of haste. +See <a href = "#complete_6a">p. 26, l. 19</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_6c">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>ne quam ... iniūriam</b>: see <a href = +"#complete_32a">p. 39, l. 28</a>, and <a href = "#notes_32"><ins +class = "correction" title = "note to simplified text, Chap. 32 l. 5">note</ins></a>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>iis</b>: with <b>armis</b>. Observe the order of the +words.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">71</span> +<p>10. <b>vīminibus intextis</b>: repeat mentally <b>ex</b> before these +words. Some supply <b>factis</b>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>pūgnātumque</b>, etc.: translate as if <b>hostibus</b> and +<b>viris</b> were subjects.</p> + +<p>17. <b>ut ... dēbuit</b>: <i>as brave men ought to fight.</i> What +literally?</p> + +<p>18. <b>iacerent</b>: the subjunctive shows that the remark is a +general one. The indicative would have a limiting force. The difference +can hardly be brought out in translation. In the former case we may +render, <i>against men who could throw</i>; in the latter, <i>against +those who were throwing</i>.</p> + +<p>20. <b>ad</b> = <b>circiter</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_34" id = "notes_34" href = "#simple_34"> +Chap. 34,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>mīserat</b>: <i>had sent</i>, that is, before the defeat of +the Aduatuci.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>diciōnem</b>: <i>under the sway</i>; in some texts, +<b>in dēditiōnem</b>. If that reading is correct, the meaning would be, +<i>were brought to surrender</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_35" id = "notes_35" href = "#simple_35"> +Chap. 35,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>pācāta</b>: see <a href = "#complete_1a">p. 23, +l. 7</a>, and <a href = "#notes_1c">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>qui ... pollicērentur</b>: compare +<a href = "#complete_2b">p. 23, l. 19</a>, <b>qui ... dēdūceret</b>; +<a href = "#complete_11a">p. 29, l. 12</a>, <b>qui ... morārētur</b>; +<a href = "#complete_17a">p. 31, l. 30</a>, <b>qui ... +dēligant</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>inita proxima aestāte</b>: see <a href = +"#complete_2a">p. 23, l. 18</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_2c">note</a>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>ex litteris</b>: <i>in consequence of the letters</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>supplicātio</b>: a public, religious festival of thanksgiving, +decreed by the senate. “The fifteen days’ rejoicing marks the constant +fear of the Gauls which had haunted the Romans ever since the ‘dies +Alliensis.’ Kraner remarks that the longest ‘supplicatio’ till this had +been one of twelve days, for Pompeius’ success against Mithridates.” +—<span class = "smallcaps">Moberly.</span></p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>nūlli</b>: see <a href = "#complete_33a">p. 40, l. 22</a>; also +<a href = "#complete_6b">p. 26, l. 24</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_6c">note</a>.</p> + +</div> +<!-- end div notes --> + +<!-- 72 --> + +<div class = "exercise"> + +<span class = "pagenum">73</span> + +<h3><a name = "exercises" id = "exercises"> +EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +The references are to the Grammars of Allen and Greenough, and +Harkness.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +The learner is expected, before writing the Exercises, to review the +Latin text, and find therein and commit to memory illustrations of the +grammatical principles selected.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_1" id = "ex_1" href = "#simple_1"> +Chapter I.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Indirect Discourse: 336, 1 and 2; H. 523 and I.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Cum</b> Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II. +and 2.</p> + +<p>3. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing: 331, f.; H. 498, III.</p> +</div> + + +<p>1. Cæsar was in hither Gaul.</p> + +<p>2. Reports were brought into hither Gaul.</p> + +<p>3. While Labienus was in Gaul, the Belgæ made a +league.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>4. A report is brought that<sup>2</sup> the Belgæ are conspiring.</p> + +<p>5. They are afraid that our army is coming<sup>3</sup> against +them.</p> + +<p>6. They are vexed<sup>4</sup> that our army remains in Gaul.</p> + +<p>7. Cæsar feared that the Belgæ were conspiring.</p> + +<p>8. Letters kept coming,<sup>5</sup> while they were conspiring.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> made a league: one word in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> Be careful about the <i>that</i> clause in this and +the following sentence. Recall the text to memory and mentally apply the +rules. +<sup>3</sup> is coming: use <b>venio</b>. +<sup>4</sup> are vexed: in Latin one of the expressions, like +<b>rūmōres adferēbantur</b>, requiring the accusative and +infinitive. +<sup>5</sup> kept coming: one word in Latin.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_2" id = "ex_2" href = "#simple_2"> +Chapter II.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2 and N.; H. +497, I.</p> + +<p>2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 1 and 2; H. 523 +and I.</p> +</div> + + +<p>1. In hither Gaul there<sup>1</sup> were two legions.</p> + +<p>2. Two new legions Cæsar levies.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">74</span> +<p>3. The two new legions are sent into the interior of Gaul.</p> + +<p>4. Cæsar sends his lieutenant to lead<sup>2</sup> +them.<sup>3</sup></p> + +<p>5. Pedius was sent to lead the new legions.</p> + +<p>6. The Senones report that the Belgians are +gathering.<sup>4</sup></p> + +<p>7. The Senones informed Cæsar about the Belgians.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> there: omit. +<sup>2</sup> to lead; do not express a purpose in Latin by the +infinitive. +<sup>3</sup> them: <b>eas</b>. +<sup>4</sup> are gathering: a passive form in Latin, because the +sense is, <i>are being collected together</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_3" id = "ex_3" href = "#simple_3"> +Chapter III.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420.</p> + +<p>2. Ablative with <b>potior</b>, <b>ūtor</b>, etc.: 249; H. +421, I.</p> + +<p>3. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 2; H. +523, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Cæsar came unexpectedly to the borders of the Remi.</p> + +<p>2. The Remi said they had not combined<sup>1</sup> against the Roman +people.</p> + +<p>3. They said they were ready to give hostages.</p> + +<p>4. All the rest of the Belgæ<sup>2</sup> had joined<sup>3</sup> with +the Germans.</p> + +<p>5. They aided Cæsar with corn and other<sup>4</sup> things.</p> + +<p>6. The Remi and their<sup>5</sup> kinsmen enjoy the same laws.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> they had not combined: <i>themselves not to have +combined</i>. +<sup>2</sup> of the Belgæ: not the genitive. +<sup>3</sup> had joined: in Latin, <i>had joined themselves</i>, if +you use <b>coniungo</b>. +<sup>4</sup> <b>aliis</b>. +<sup>5</sup> their: omit.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_4" id = "ex_4" href = "#simple_4"> +Chapter IV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, 1.</p> + +<p>2. Substantive Clauses of Result: 332; H. 501.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Whence<sup>1</sup> did very many of the Belgæ<sup>2</sup> +spring?</p> + +<p>2. Cæsar asked whence very many of the Belgæ sprung.</p> + +<p>3. What states are in arms?</p> + +<p>4. Cæsar asked what states were in arms.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">75</span> +<p>5. While Divitiacus was king, he was most powerful.</p> + +<p>6. From Galba’s foresight and justice it results that he is a +powerful king.</p> + +<p>7. From the valor of the Bellovaci it came about that they demanded +the management<sup>3</sup> of the war.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> Whence: <b>unde</b>. +<sup>2</sup> of the Belgæ: not the genitive. +<sup>3</sup> management: <b>summa</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_5" id = "ex_5" href = "#simple_5"> +Chapter V.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. <b>Interest</b> with Gen. of Person: 222; H. 406, III.</p> + +<p>2. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Subject: 270; H. 538.</p> + +<p>3. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Object: 272 and Rem.; H. 534.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The children of the leading men are brought to Cæsar as +hostages.</p> + +<p>2. He orders all the children to be brought to him.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>3. It concerns Cæsar for<sup>2</sup> the senate to come to him.</p> + +<p>4. It concerns Divitiacus to send the forces of the Ædui.</p> + +<p>5. Cæsar sees that<sup>3</sup> the forces of the Belgæ are +hastening.</p> + +<p>6. He learns that the Axona is not far away.</p> + +<p>7. This river he crossed<sup>4</sup> and protected his camp by means +of its banks.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> him: in Latin, <i>himself</i>. +<sup>2</sup> for: not to be expressed in Latin. +<sup>3</sup> that: be careful about <i>that</i>-clauses. +<sup>4</sup> he crossed: use <b>trānseo</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_6" id = "ex_6" href = "#simple_6"> +Chapter VI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Cum</b> Causal with Subjunctive: 326; H. 517.</p> + +<p>3. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The enemy formed a testudo and advanced close to<sup>1</sup> the +wall.</p> + +<p>2. The enemy having hurled stones<sup>2</sup> made a testudo.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">76</span> +<p>3. Since there were so many,<sup>3</sup> they undermined the +wall.</p> + +<p>4. They easily cleared the walls of soldiers.</p> + +<p>5. The Belgæ having cleared the wall made an attack.<sup>4</sup></p> + +<p>6. Having made an attack<sup>5</sup> they threw missiles against the +wall.</p> + +<p>7. Since the missiles were many, no one was able to stand on the +wall.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> advanced close to: one word in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> having hurled stones: say, <i>stones having been +hurled</i>. Why? +<sup>3</sup> so many: <b>tot</b>. +<sup>4</sup> attack: use <b>impetus</b>. +<sup>5</sup> having made an attack: not <b>impetum facti</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_7" id = "ex_7" href = "#simple_7"> +Chapter VII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416.</p> + +<p>2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 135, b.; H. 231, 2.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. At midnight archers and slingers were sent by Cæsar to the +town.</p> + +<p>2. On account of the assistance of the archers and slingers, the +people in the town<sup>1</sup> had good hopes.</p> + +<p>3. The enemy had no hope of taking<sup>2</sup> the town, because of +the coming of Cæsar’s soldiers.</p> + +<p>4. Cæsar, delaying<sup>3</sup> a little while, sent aid to +Iccius.</p> + +<p>5. The enemy, after laying waste the fields, hastened against Cæsar’s +camp.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> people in the town: one word in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> of taking: <b>expūgnandi</b>. +<sup>3</sup> delaying: not present participle.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_8" id = "ex_8" href = "#simple_8"> +Chapter VIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, I.</p> + +<p>2. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396, IV.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. What can the enemy do by their valor?</p> + +<p>2. Cæsar tries what the valor of the enemy is capable +of.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">77</span> +<p>3. How much do our men dare?</p> + +<p>4. Cæsar makes trial of the daring<sup>2</sup> of his men.</p> + +<p>5. How much space can Cæsar’s army occupy?</p> + +<p>6. Cæsar explains<sup>3</sup> over how much space the hill extended +in front.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> is capable of: <i>can</i>. +<sup>2</sup> the daring of, etc.: recast the sentence mentally +before translating, thus: <i>Cæsar makes trial what his men +dare</i>. +<sup>3</sup> explains: <b>docet</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_9" id = "ex_9" href = "#simple_9"> +Chapter IX.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Clauses of Purpose: 317 and 1; H. 497, II.</p> + +<p>2. The Gerundive: 113, d, 2 and 296; H. 544, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. He begins to<sup>1</sup> cross the river.</p> + +<p>2. They began to lead their forces across.</p> + +<p>3. They lead their forces over in order to take the redoubt.</p> + +<p>4. Cæsar has shown that the river was behind him.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p>5. They will cross so as to lay waste the lands of the Remi.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> He begins to: <i>makes a beginning of</i>. +<sup>2</sup> him: should it be <b>eum</b> or <b>se</b>?</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_10" id = "ex_10" href = "#simple_10"> +Chapter X.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Passive of Intransitive Verbs: 230; H. 301, 1.</p> + +<p>2. Accusative of Limit: 258, b and N. 1; H. 380, II. 2.</p> + +<p>3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 331 and N. 1; H. 498.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Those of the Belgæ who were not killed returned home.</p> + +<p>2. They resolve to fight in their own territories.</p> + +<p>3. They decide that it is best<sup>1</sup> to lead over their +army.</p> + +<p>4. Divitiacus cannot be persuaded<sup>2</sup> to advance to an +unfavorable place.</p> + +<p>5. The Ædui were persuaded to return to their homes.</p> + +<p>6. The enemy advancing into the river were surrounded.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> that it is best: <i>it to be best</i>. +<sup>2</sup> recast the clause, before trying to turn it into +Latin.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">78</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_11" id = "ex_11" href = "#simple_11"> +Chapter XI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Time: 256; H. 429.</p> + +<p>2. Perfect Participles: 290, d. 1 and 2; H. 550, N. 4.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. On the departure of the enemy Cæsar sent ahead all his +cavalry.</p> + +<p>2. At sunset the three legions returned<sup>1</sup> into camp.</p> + +<p>3. In the second watch they attacked the enemy’s rear.</p> + +<p>4. The Belgæ, fearing<sup>2</sup> an attack, set out at daybreak.</p> + +<p>5. The spies, having seen<sup>3</sup> the fugitives, bring back +word.<sup>4</sup></p> + +<p>6. Cæsar, after keeping his soldiers in camp, ordered Labienus to set +out.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> returned: two words in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> fearing: the participle <b>veritus</b> does not +usually denote time <i>prior</i> to that of the main verb in the +sentence, like most perfect participles, but the same time. +<sup>3</sup> having seen: do not say <b>vīsi</b>. +<sup>4</sup> bring back word: use <b>renūntio</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_12" id = "ex_12" href = "#simple_12"> +Chapter XII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Cause, 245; H. 413.</p> + +<p>2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Cæsar could not take the town on account of the great +number<sup>1</sup> of the Suessiones.</p> + +<p>2. Owing to<sup>2</sup> the works of the Romans, their “vineæ” and +towers, the Suessiones send envoys.<sup>3</sup></p> + +<p>3. The next day Cæsar made a forced march and<sup>4</sup> tried to +take the town.</p> + +<p>4. The townsmen,<sup>5</sup> making a surrender, got their +request.<sup>6</sup></p> + +<p>5. Because of their surrender they got their request.</p> + +<p>6. The surrender made, they were spared.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> great number: one word in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> Owing to: like “on account of,” not separately +expressed in Latin. +<sup>3</sup> envoys: use <b>lēgātus</b>. +<sup>4</sup> made a forced march and: a different turn in +Latin. +<sup>5</sup> townsmen: use <b>oppidānus</b>. +<sup>6</sup> got their request: one word.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">79</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_13" id = "ex_13" href = "#simple_13"> +Chapter XIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. <b>Cum</b> Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II. 2.</p> + +<p>2. Constructions with <b>peto</b>: 239, c. N. 1; H. 374, 2, +N. 4.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. When the arms had been given up,<sup>1</sup> the elders came +forth.</p> + +<p>2. All the elders came out of Bratuspantium and begged Cæsar for +peace.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p>3. Cæsar, when he had received their submission, asked the men for +their<sup>3</sup> arms.</p> + +<p>4. According to their<sup>4</sup> custom they stretched out their +hands and asked the Romans for peace.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> Render this clause in two ways: first by two words, then by +a full clause. So each of the three following sentences contains a +clause to be rendered in two ways. +<sup>2</sup> Cæsar for peace: quite otherwise in Latin. +<sup>3</sup> their: omit. +<sup>4</sup> their: is this to be expressed by <b>eōrum</b>?</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_14" id = "ex_14" href = "#simple_14"> +Chapter XIV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420.</p> + +<p>2. Ablative with <b>ūtor</b>, etc.: 249; H. 421, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Divitiacus intercedes for the conquered Belgæ.</p> + +<p>2. Divitiacus begs that Cæsar will show<sup>1</sup> clemency.</p> + +<p>3. Cæsar will exercise kindness toward the Belgæ.</p> + +<p>4. By the help of the Belgæ the Ædui sustain wars.</p> + +<p>5. Divitiacus says the chiefs had fled to<sup>2</sup> Britain.</p> + +<p>6. If you show<sup>3</sup> clemency, you will increase our +influence.</p> + +<p>7. Whatever<sup>4</sup> war befalls, by means of their<sup>5</sup> +resources we shall be able to hold out.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> will show: not the future in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> to: not <b>ad</b>. +<sup>3</sup> show: not well rendered by present indicative. +<sup>4</sup> whatever: <i>if any</i>. +<sup>5</sup> their: <b>eōrum</b>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">80</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_15" id = "ex_15" href = "#simple_15"> +Chapter XV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396, IV.</p> + +<p>2. Ablative of Quality: 251; H. 419, II.</p> + +<p>3. Causal Relative Sentences: 320, e; H. 517.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The territories of the Nervii border on the Ambiani.</p> + +<p>2. The Nervii blame the Ambiani for having +surrendered.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>3. The Nervii have<sup>2</sup> great influence among the Belgæ.</p> + +<p>4. They use no wine, because it weakens<sup>3</sup> character.</p> + +<p>5. Those men think minds lose energy through wine.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> for having surrendered: turn by a relative clause. +<sup>2</sup> have: say <i>are</i> (men) <i>of</i>. +<sup>3</sup> because it weakens: a relative clause with +subjunctive, to indicate their view, as distinguished from a statement +of fact.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_16" id = "ex_16" href = "#simple_16"> +Chapter XVI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Comparative <b>amplius</b>, etc.: 247, c.; H. 417, N. 2.</p> + +<p>2. Accusative of Time and Space: 256 and 257; H. 379.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The Nervii were distant a three days’ march.</p> + +<p>2. Cæsar finds out that they are ten miles distant.</p> + +<p>3. He learns from prisoners what the Nervii are +doing.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>4. They have taken a position more than five miles from the +Sambre.</p> + +<p>5. He learns from prisoners that he<sup>2</sup> is waited for by the +Nervii.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> are doing: be careful about the mode. +<sup>2</sup> that he: <i>himself</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_17" id = "ex_17" href = "#simple_17"> +Chapter XVII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Use of <b>quisquam</b>: 202, c.; H. 457.</p> + +<p>2. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317; H. 497, I.</p> + +<p>3. Substitutes for Partitive Gen.: 216, c.; H. 397, N. 3.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Certain of the Belgæ went by night to the camp of the Nervii.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">81</span> +<p>2. Cæsar says that certain men went<sup>1</sup> to the Nervii.</p> + +<p>3. Many of the prisoners found out about the legions.</p> + +<p>4. They were sent to their friends to report<sup>2</sup> the +matter.</p> + +<p>5. To lop trees is a matter<sup>3</sup> of no difficulty at all.</p> + +<p>6. Men were sent ahead to select<sup>4</sup> a suitable place.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> went: <i>to have gone</i>. +<sup>2</sup> to report: not the infinitive. +<sup>3</sup> matter, etc.: recast, before trying to turn into +Latin. +<sup>4</sup> to select: try two ways.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_18" id = "ex_18" href = "#simple_18"> +Chapter XVIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Descriptive Ablative: 251; H. 419, II.</p> + +<p>2. Clauses of Result: 319; H. 500, I. and II.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Along the river Sambre were trees<sup>1</sup> of great +height.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p>2. Among these trees the Nervii keep themselves hidden.</p> + +<p>3. So<sup>3</sup> close together<sup>4</sup> were these trees that +the Romans could not see through.</p> + +<p>4. The river is of such depth that men can cross.</p> + +<p>5. On the open ground are pickets of great courage.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> trees: <b>arbor</b>, fem. +<sup>2</sup> height: the same word that means <i>depth</i>. +<sup>3</sup> So: <b>ita</b>. +<sup>4</sup> close together: <b>crēber</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_19" id = "ex_19" href = "#simple_19"> +Chapter XIX.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Dative of Service: 233 a; H. 390.</p> + +<p>2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469, II.</p> + +<p>3. Ablative of Manner: 248 and Rem.; H. 419, III.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The cavalry of the enemy kept making attacks.</p> + +<p>2. They would attack our horsemen with great courage.</p> + +<p>3. These horsemen had been sent ahead by Cæsar as a protection to the +camp.</p> + +<p>4. Again and again did the enemy pour forward from the woods, where +they had hidden.</p> + +<p>5. The slingers and archers helped<sup>1</sup> the horsemen.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">82</span> +<p>6. With great speed they would run as far as<sup>2</sup> the +woods.</p> + +<p>7. With wonderful bravery they engage in battle with the Nervii.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> helped: two words in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> as far as: <b>ad</b>, or <b>usque ad</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_20" id = "ex_20" href = "#simple_20"> +Chapter XX.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. The Gerundive: 113, d.; H. 234.</p> + +<p>2. Dative of Apparent Agent: 232; H. 388.</p> + +<p>3. Ablative of Agent with <b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b>: 246; H. +415, I.</p> +</div> + + +<p>1. The soldiers are directed<sup>1</sup> by Cæsar.</p> + +<p>2. The soldiers must be directed by Cæsar.</p> + +<p>3. The flag was displayed by the soldiers.</p> + +<p>4. The flag had to be displayed by the soldiers.</p> + +<p>5. Experience is often helpful<sup>2</sup> to soldiers.</p> + +<p>6. The work is hindered by<sup>3</sup> the near approach<sup>4</sup> +of the enemy.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> are directed: use <b>doceo</b>. +<sup>2</sup> helpful: turn by a noun. +<sup>3</sup> by the near approach: why not <b>ā</b> or +<b>ab</b>? +<sup>4</sup> near approach: one word.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_21" id = "ex_21" href = "#simple_21"> +Chapter XXI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Gerundive with Prepositions: 301; H. 544, 2.</p> + +<p>2. Gerundive Construction instead of Gerund: 296; H. 544, 1.</p> + +<p>3. Purpose expressed by Gerundive: 318 and b; H. 544, 2, +N. 2.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. In looking for his shield a soldier lost time.</p> + +<p>2. Time is wanting for putting on a helmet.</p> + +<p>3. Seeing<sup>1</sup> the standards, each one went forward.</p> + +<p>4. A line was drawn up<sup>2</sup> to resist<sup>3</sup> the enemy’s +charge.</p> + +<p>5. Cæsar encouraged the tenth legion for the purpose of +strengthening<sup>4</sup> their courage.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> seeing: not the gerundive. +<sup>2</sup> A line was drawn up: see chap. xx. +<sup>3</sup> resist: <b>sustineo</b>. +<sup>4</sup> strengthening: use <b>cōnfīrmo</b>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">83</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_22" id = "ex_22" href = "#simple_22"> +Chapter XXII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>Clauses of Result with <b>ut</b> (<b>ut nōn</b>): 319; H. +500, II.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. So dense was the hedge that it obstructed the view.</p> + +<p>2. The result was that no legion could execute orders.</p> + +<p>3. One legion opposes the foe in one part, another in another.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_23" id = "ex_23" href = "#simple_23"> +Chapter XXIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Place to which: 258; H. 380, I.</p> + +<p>2. Place from which: 258; H. 412, I.</p> + +<p>3. Place in which: 258, 4, and 260, b.; H. 425, 1.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The Roman soldiers drive the enemy, exhausted by wounds, into an +unfavorable place.</p> + +<p>2. They followed them up from the left part of the line.</p> + +<p>3. As they attempted<sup>1</sup> to cross the river, a great +part of them were put to the sword.</p> + +<p>4. In another part many of the Belgians were killed.</p> + +<p>5. On the front the Belgæ pushed for the camp.</p> + +<p>6. But at last they were put to flight.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Note.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> attempted: recast the sentence and express <i>as they +attempted</i> by a participle referring to <i>a great part</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_24" id = "ex_24" href = "#simple_24"> +Chapter XXIV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Position of <b>causa</b> with genitive: 245, c.</p> + +<p>2. Temporal Clauses with <b>cum</b>: 325; H. 521, II. 2.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The Romans see that the horsemen are scared.</p> + +<p>2. Horsemen were coming to Cæsar to render aid.</p> + +<p>3. When the camp-followers had gone out for the purpose of +plundering, they saw that our men were fleeing.</p> + +<p>4. Seeing the slingers flee,<sup>1</sup> they fled +themselves.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> flee, <i>to flee</i>. +<sup>2</sup> themselves: use <b>ipse</b>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">84</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_25" id = "ex_25" href = "#simple_25"> +Chapter XXV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a.; H. 431, 4.</p> + +<p>2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 290, d.; H. 195, 2.</p> + +<p>3. Substitutes for Perf. Act. Partc.: 290, d. 2; H. 550, +N. 4.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Cæsar saw that the soldiers of the twelfth legion were hard +pushed.</p> + +<p>2. Cæsar, seeing<sup>1</sup> the soldiers of the twelfth legion hard +pushed, went to the right wing.</p> + +<p>3. As<sup>2</sup> all the standard-bearers were wounded, the +standards were lost.</p> + +<p>4. Then Cæsar snatched a shield from a soldier.</p> + +<p>5. The soldiers renewed their courage and delayed<sup>3</sup> the +enemy’s attack.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> seeing: not well rendered <b>videns</b>; try casting into a +clause—first with <b>ubi</b>, then with <b>cum</b>. +<sup>2</sup> As ... wounded: use a participial construction. +<sup>3</sup> renewed and delayed: it is better not to turn into +Latin by coördinate verbs.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_26" id = "ex_26" href = "#simple_26"> +Chapter XXVI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 397.</p> + +<p>2. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, I. & II.</p> + +<p>3. Dative of Service and of Object: 233 and a.; H. 390.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. One was sent for assistance to another.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>2. The soldiers of two legions guarded the baggage.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p>3. He saw in how great peril the camp was.</p> + +<p>4. They will leave nothing undone<sup>3</sup> in point of +courage.</p> + +<p>5. He will report to me in what state the army is.</p> + +<p>6. He saw that the tenth was fighting very bravely.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> another: bring the two forms of <b>alius</b> +together. +<sup>2</sup> guarded the baggage: make a different turn. +<sup>3</sup> leave nothing undone: a strange Latin idiom.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">85</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_27" id = "ex_27" href = "#simple_27"> +Chapter XXVII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Temporal Clauses with <b>cum</b>: 325; H. 521, 2.</p> + +<p>2. Clauses of Result with <b>ut</b> (<b>ut nōn</b>): 319; H. +500, II.</p> + +<p>3. Clauses of Purpose with <b>ut</b> (<b>ne, ut ne</b>): +317; H. 497, II.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. So great is the courage of the Nervii that they fight from the +heaps of corpses.</p> + +<p>2. Ascending<sup>1</sup> very high banks, they displayed the greatest +courage.</p> + +<p>3. They dared to cross a wide stream in order to renew the fight.</p> + +<p>4. The cavalry, to wipe out<sup>2</sup> their disgrace, advance even +into a disadvantageous position.</p> + +<p>5. The greatness of their spirit rendered difficult things easy.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> ascending: turn by a clause with <b>cum</b>. +<sup>2</sup> To wipe out: not the infinitive.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_28" id = "ex_28" href = "#simple_28"> +Chapter XXVIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413.</p> + +<p>2. Substitutes for Partitive Genitive: 216, c; H. 397, N. 3.</p> + +<p>3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with <b>ut</b> (<b>ne</b>): 331; H. +498.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Of five hundred senators, three were left.</p> + +<p>2. Out of forty (<b>quadrāginta</b>) thousand men, four hundred were +able to bear arms.</p> + +<p>3. Cæsar will keep their<sup>1</sup> neighbors from doing<sup>2</sup> +harm.</p> + +<p>4. The name and nation of the Nervii are reduced<sup>3</sup> almost +to destruction.</p> + +<p>5. He orders the neighboring people to refrain from doing harm to the +Nervii.<sup>4</sup></p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> their: not <b>suus</b>. +<sup>2</sup> doing: omit. +<sup>3</sup> reduced: participle used as an adjective in the neuter +plural. +<sup>4</sup> Nervii: genitive.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">86</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_29" id = "ex_29" href = "#simple_29"> +Chapter XXIX.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Limit of Motion: 258 and b; H. 380 and 2.</p> + +<p>2. Accusative of Duration of Time: 256; H. 379.</p> + +<p>3. Locative Ablative with Preps.: 260, b; H. 425, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. They carry all their property into one town.</p> + +<p>2. During two days they hold out very bravely.</p> + +<p>3. For many years they were harassed by the Gauls.</p> + +<p>4. On two sides they have high rocks; on another, a wall.</p> + +<p>5. Leaving six thousand men this side<sup>1</sup> the Rhine, they +return<sup>2</sup> home.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> this side: <b>cis</b>. +<sup>2</sup> return: commonly <b>revertor</b> in the present, +<b>reverti</b> in the perfect.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_30" id = "ex_30" href = "#simple_30"> +Chapter XXX.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Time <i>when</i>: 256; H. 429.</p> + +<p>2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469, II.</p> + +<p>3. Perfect of Completed Action: 279; H. 471, I. and 6.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. On the day of our arrival frequent sallies were made by the enemy +from the town.</p> + +<p>2. During the first days they taunted us from the walls.</p> + +<p>3. At a distance the soldiers made an “agger” and a tower.</p> + +<p>4. Then the Aduatuci began to jeer.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>5. Can<sup>2</sup> men of such little stature place a tower on our +wall?</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> jeer: two words in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> begin with <b>num</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_31" id = "ex_31" href = "#simple_31"> +Chapter XXXI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Causal Relative Clauses: 320, e; H. 517.</p> + +<p>2. Dative with certain Intrans. Verbs: 227; H. 385.</p> + +<p>3. Future Conditions less vivid: 307, b; H. 509, N. 1.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. They surrender to Cæsar, since he is so powerful.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>2. The envoys say the enemy are jealous of their<sup>2</sup> +valor.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">87</span> +<p>3. It is better to endure death than slavery.</p> + +<p>4. If Cæsar should rob the Aduatuci of their arms,<sup>3</sup> they +would be killed.</p> + +<p>5. Their enemies would kill them, if they should surrender their +arms.</p> + +<p>6. It is better to persuade them to give up their arms.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> is so powerful: <i>can so much</i> (<b>tantum</b>). +<sup>2</sup> their: express by the proper form of +<b>suus</b>. +<sup>3</sup> of their arms: not the genitive.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_32" id = "ex_32" href = "#simple_32"> +Chapter XXXII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416.</p> + +<p>2. Clauses of Result with <b>ut</b> (<b>ut nōn</b>): 319; H. +500, II.</p> + +<p>3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with <b>ut</b> (<b>nē</b>): 331; H. +498.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. They order the people to deliver up their arms.</p> + +<p>2. Through Cæsar’s orders, no wrong will be inflicted.</p> + +<p>3. Cæsar spared, according to his custom, those who had +surrendered.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>4. Cæsar orders the neighbors of the Nervii not to harm +them.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p>5. There is so great a quantity of arms in the town that a third part +is concealed.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> those who had surrendered: one word in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> them: dative.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_33" id = "ex_33" href = "#simple_33"> +Chapter XXXIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Causal Clauses with <b>cum</b>: 326; H. 517.</p> + +<p>2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a; H. 431, 4.</p> + +<p>3. Pass. of Intrans. Verbs used impersonally: 230; H. +465, 1.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <sup>1</sup>The Aduatuci fought very spiritedly.</p> + +<p>2. <sup>1</sup>Thither hasten all the forces of the town.</p> + +<p>3. After the shutting<sup>2</sup> of the gates, the townsmen formed a +plan.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">88</span> +<p>4. Since they had been driven back, they no longer<sup>3</sup> +defended themselves.</p> + +<p>5. Now<sup>4</sup> that the town was occupied, the booty was +sold.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> Use the passive construction. +<sup>2</sup> After the shutting: turn in two ways. +<sup>3</sup> no longer: <b>nōn iam</b>. +<sup>4</sup> Now that the town was occupied: turn in two ways.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_34" id = "ex_34" href = "#simple_34"> +Chapter XXXIV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Agent with <b>ā</b> (<b>ab</b>): 246; H. +415, I.</p> + +<p>2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 330, 2; H. +523, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. All the maritime states were subdued by Cæsar.</p> + +<p>2. Cæsar says that the maritime states have been reduced.</p> + +<p>3. At this time P. Crassus had been sent with one legion.</p> + +<p>4. Crassus informs Cæsar that one legion has been sent to the +Veneti.</p> + +<p>5. The Veneti, to whom one legion had been sent, border on the +ocean.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_35" id = "ex_35" href = "#simple_35"> +Chapter XXXV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2; H. 497, I.</p> + +<p>2. Verbs of Promising, Hoping, etc.: 380, f.; 535, II.</p> + +<p>3. Dative with Certain Adjectives: 234, a; H. 391, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The embassies promised to return<sup>1</sup> the next summer.</p> + +<p>2. Near the Rhine were many nations of barbarians.</p> + +<p>3. These barbarians promised to do Cæsar’s bidding.</p> + +<p>4. The barbarians send men to give<sup>2</sup> hostages.</p> + +<p>5. So great was the joy<sup>3</sup> that a thanksgiving was +decreed.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> to return: in the Latin idiom, <i>themselves to be going to +return</i>. +<sup>2</sup> to give: put in two ways. +<sup>3</sup> joy: <b>gaudium</b>.</p> + +</div> + +<!-- end div exercise --> + + +<span class = "pagenum">89</span> + +<h3><a name = "vocab" id = "vocab"> +VOCABULARY.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +If the learner, as often as he refers to this vocabulary for the meaning +of a word, will glance over the group of words given in the Etymological +Vocabulary under the same root, he will find his knowledge of the +relations and meaning of words, and consequently his power to read +Latin, rapidly increase.</p> + +<div class = "mynote"> + +<p><i>To reduce visual distraction, links in the Vocabulary are unmarked +except when you mouse over them.</i> This feature may be overridden by +your own browser settings. All chapter references and roots are +linked.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +The numbers at the end of most entries refer to chapters 1-35 in the +“simplified” text.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +Roots in the form [APA-] or [2 DA-] are listed in the Etymological +Vocabulary. Brackets [ ] are in the original.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#vocab_A"> A </a> +<a href = "#vocab_B"> B </a> +<a href = "#vocab_C"> C </a> +<a href = "#vocab_D"> D </a> +<a href = "#vocab_E"> E </a> +<a href = "#vocab_F"> F </a> +<a href = "#vocab_G"> G </a> +<a href = "#vocab_H"> H </a> +<a href = "#vocab_I"> IJ </a> +<a href = "#vocab_L"> L </a><br> +<a href = "#vocab_M"> M </a> +<a href = "#vocab_N"> N </a> +<a href = "#vocab_O"> O </a> +<a href = "#vocab_P"> P </a> +<a href = "#vocab_Q"> Q </a> +<a href = "#vocab_R"> R </a> +<a href = "#vocab_S"> S </a> +<a href = "#vocab_T"> T </a> +<a href = "#vocab_U"> U </a> +<a href = "#vocab_V"> V </a> +</p> +</div> + +<div class = "vocab"> + +<h5><a name = "vocab_A" id = "vocab_A" href = "#vocab">A</a></h5> + +<p><b>Ā</b> or <b>Ab</b> (<b>abs</b>), prep. w. abl. [<a href = +"#root_APA">APA-</a>], <i>from</i>, <i>away from</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>at the hands of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>away</i>, <i>at a distance of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>in</i>, <i>on</i>, <i>at</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>by</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Ab·dō</b>, <b>3</b>, -didī, -ditum [<a href = "#root_2DA">2 +DA-</a>], <i>put away</i>; <i>hide</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ab·sum</b>, -esse, āfuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be away +from</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>be distant</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; with ā or ab and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Āc</b>, see <b>At·que</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cēdō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go towards</i>, <i>approach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, w. ad and acc.; <i>arise</i>, <i>increase +in</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, with dat.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cidō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -cidī, — [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>fall to</i> or <i>towards</i>; <i>befall</i>, +<i>happen</i>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; w. dat.<br> +Cf. incidō, ēveniō.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cipiō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -cēpī, -ceptum [<a href = +"#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>take to one’s self</i>; <i>accept</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; <i>receive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>; <i>suffer</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Acervus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1AC">1 AC-</a>], <i>thing brought to a point</i>; <i>pile</i>, +<i>heap</i>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aciēs</b>, ēī- (-e, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>), <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1AC">1 AC-</a>], <i>edge</i>; <i>line of battle</i>, +<i>army</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ācr·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1AC">1 AC-</a>], +<i>sharply</i>; <i>fiercely</i>, <i>desperately</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad</b>, prep. w. acc., <i>to</i>, <i>towards</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, etc.; <i>up to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; <i>near</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>for</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, etc.; <i>after</i>, <i>according +to</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·aequō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_IC">IC-, AIC-</a>], +<i>make equal to</i>, <i>equal</i>, <a href = +"#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·clīvis</b> (<b>acc-</b>), -e, adj. [<a href = +"#root_CLI">CLĪ-</a>], <i>sloping upward</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. dēclīvis.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·clīvitās</b> (<b>acc-</b>), -ātis, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_CLI">CLĪ-</a>], <i>upward +slope</i>, <i>rise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.<br> +Cf. dēclīvitās, dēiectus.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·com·modō</b> (<b>acconm-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = +"#root_2MA">2 MA-, MAD-</a>], <i>fit</i> or <i>adapt to</i>; <i>put +on</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. induō.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dūxī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead</i> or <i>bring to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>; <i>lead up</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>; w. ad and acc.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·eō</b>, -īre, -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>go +to</i>; <i>reach</i>, <i>get at</i>, <a href = +"#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·ferō</b> (<b>aff-</b>), -ferre, attulī, allātum [<a href = +"#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>bring</i> or <i>carry to</i>, <a href += "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">90</span> +<p><b>Ad·fīnitās</b> (<b>aff-</b>), -ātis, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_2FID">2 FID-</a>], +<i>relationship by marriage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.<br> +Cf. propīnquitās.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·gredior</b> (<b>agg-</b>), <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>go to</i>, <i>approach</i>; <i>attack</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.<br> +Cf. adorior.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>throw to</i> or <i>against</i>; <i>hurl</i>, +<i>cast</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·itus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1I">1 I-, AI-</a>], <i>going to</i>, <i>approach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>access</i>, <i>admittance</i>, <a +href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·iuvō</b>, <b>1</b>, -iūvī, -iūtum [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, +DI-, DIAV-</a>], <i>help</i>, <i>aid</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·ministrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2MAN">2 MAN-, +MI-</a>], <i>put the hand to</i>; <i>attend to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·orior</b>, <b>4</b>, -ortus [<a href = "#root_OL">OL-, +OR-</a>], <i>rise up against</i>; <i>attack</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.<br> +Cf. adgredior.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·propīnquō</b> (<b>app-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = +"#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>come near to</i>, <i>approach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, w. dat.; 19, w. ad and acc.<br> +Cf. subeō, succēdō.</p> + +<p><b>Aduātucī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>tribe, originally German, in Belgian Gaul, on left bank of the +Maas</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·ventus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_BA">BA-, VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>coming to</i> or <i>drawing +near</i>; <i>approach</i>, <i>arrival</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.<br> +Cf. successus, aditus.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·versus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of advertō) [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turned to</i> or <i>towards</i>; +<i>opposite</i>, <i>in the face</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; adversō colle, <i>up hill</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Aedi·ficium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_AID">AID-</a>; <a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], +<i>building</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aeduī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>powerful Celtic people between upper courses of Loire and Seine</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aeduus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>Aeduan</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aegrē</b>, adv., <i>with regret</i> or <i>displeasure</i>; +<i>barely</i>, <i>with difficulty</i>, <a href = +"#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aequāl·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_IC">IC-, AIC-</a>], +<i>evenly</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aestās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AID">AID-</a>], <i>burning season</i>; <i>summer</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aestuārium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_AID">AID-</a>], <i>pertaining to rolling</i>; <i>inlet</i>, +<i>sea-marsh</i>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aetās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1I">1 I-, AI-</a>], <i>age</i>, <i>old age</i>, <a href = +"#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ager</b>, -grī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AG">AG-</a>], <i>cultivated land</i>; <i>land</i>, <i>field</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ag·ger</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_GER">GER-</a>], <i>that which is brought to a place</i>, i.e. +<i>materials for a mound</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>mound</i>, <i>rampart</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Āgmen</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AG">AG-</a>], <i>that which is set in motion</i>; <i>marching +column</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Agō</b>, <b>3</b>, ēgī, āctum [<a href = "#root_AG">AG-</a>], +<i>put in motion</i>; <i>bring up</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>take along</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>carry on</i>, <i>do</i>, <a href += "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aliās</b>, adv. (acc. pl. <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> of +alius) [<a href = "#root_2AL">2 AL- (ALI-)</a>], <i>at another time</i>; +aliās ... aliās, <i>at one time ... at another</i>, <a href = +"#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aliēnus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2AL">2 AL- +(ALI-)</a>], <i>belonging to another</i>, <i>another’s</i>, <a href += "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Al·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2AL">2 AL-</a>], +<i>otherwise</i>, <i>in another manner</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Alius</b>, -a, -ud, adj., gen. alīus [<a href = "#root_2AL">2 AL- +(ALI-)</a>], <i>other</i>, <i>another</i>, <i>different</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Alter</b>, -era, -erum, adj., gen. -ius [<a href = "#root_2AL">2 +AL-</a>], <i>other</i> (<i>of two</i>), +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; alter ... alter, <i>the one ... the +other</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">91</span> +<p><b>Altitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_1AL">1 AL-</a>], <i>elevation</i>, <i>height</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Altus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1AL">1 AL-</a>], +<i>become great by nourishment</i>; <i>lofty</i>, <i>high</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ambiānī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Belgian tribe near modern Amiens</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Amīcitia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AM">AM-</a>], <i>friendship</i>, <a href = +"#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ā·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>let go from one’s self</i>; +<i>lose</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ampli·ficō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-</a>; +<a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>make larger</i>, +<i>increase</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Am·plius</b>, adv. (<span class = "smallroman">N.</span> compar. +of amplus) [ambi-; <a href = "#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-</a>], <i>more</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Andocumborius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>man of high rank among the Remi</i>, <a href = +"#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Andēs</b>, -ium, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe of +Gaul north of the Loire, modern Anjou</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Angustus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>contracted</i>; <i>narrow</i>, +<i>difficult</i>; <b>in angustō</b>, <i>in a critical state</i>, <a +href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Animus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AN">AN-</a>], <i>soul</i>; <i>mind</i>, <i>feelings</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>spirit</i>, <i>courage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; <i>character</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Annus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>that which +goes round</i>; <i>year</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ante</b>, [<a href = "#root_ANT">ANT-</a>], <i>before</i>; as +adv., = anteā, <i>before</i>, <i>formerly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; as prep. w. acc., <i>before</i> +(of time), +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; (of place), <a href = +"#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Antīquitus</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_ANT">ANT-</a>], <i>from +ancient times</i>; <i>in olden times</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>; <i>from of old</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>A·pertus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of aperiō) [<a href = +"#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>without covering</i>; <i>open</i>, +<i>unobstructed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>uncovered</i>, <i>exposed</i>, <a +href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ap·pellō</b> (<b>adp-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAL">PAL-, +PEL-</a>], <i>bring one’s self to a person</i>; <i>accost</i>, +<i>address</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>call</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ap·ud</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_APA">APA-</a>], +<i>near</i>, <i>among</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ar·bitror</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, VA-</a>], <i>be +a hearer</i> or <i>spectator</i>, <i>think</i>, <i>suppose</i>, +<i>believe</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; w. acc. and inf.</p> + +<p><b>Arbor</b>, -oris, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1AL">1 AL-, AR-</a>], <i>tree</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ar·cessō</b>, <b>3</b>, -īvī, -ītum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>cause to come to</i>; <i>summon</i>, <i>send +for</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Arduus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1AL">1 AL-, AR-</a>, +strengthened to ARDH-], <i>steep</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ariēs</b>, -etis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>battering-ram</i>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Arma</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AR">AR-</a>], <i>things adapted</i>; <i>arms</i>, <i>weapons</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Armātūra</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AR">AR-</a>], <i>arming</i>; <i>equipment</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Armō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_AR">AR-</a>], <i>furnish with +arms</i>; <i>arm</i>, <i>equip</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>A·scendō</b> (<b>adsc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -dī, -scēnsum [<a href = +"#root_SCAND">SCAND-</a>], <i>mount up</i>, <i>climb</i>, <a href = +"#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>A·scēnsus</b> (<b>adsc-</b>), -ūs, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_SCAND">SCAND-</a>], +<i>ascending</i>; <i>ascent</i>, <i>way up</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>At</b>, conj., <i>but</i>, <i>on the other hand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>At·que</b> (before vowels and consonants), <b>āc</b> (before +consonants only), <i>and also</i>, <i>and especially</i>, <i>and</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.; <i>as</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>than</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.<br> +Cf. et and -que.</p> + +<p><b>Atrebatēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Belgian people in the region of modern Arras</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">92</span> +<p><b>At·tingō</b> (<b>adt-</b>), <b>3</b>, -tigī, -tāctum, [<a href = +"#root_TAG">TAG-</a>], <i>touch against</i>; <i>approach</i>, +<i>reach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; <i>border upon</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Auctōritās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_AVG">AVG-</a>], <i>power</i>, <i>standing</i>, +<i>influence</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Audāc·ter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], +<i>boldly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Audeō</b>, <b>2</b>, ausus [<a href = "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], +<i>venture</i>, <i>dare</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; w. complementary infin.</p> + +<p><b>Audiō</b>, <b>4</b> [<a href = "#root_2AV">2 AV-</a>], <i>listen +to</i>; <i>hear</i>, <i>hear about</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, w. acc.; 12, w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Aulercī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +in Bretagne and Normandy</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aurunculēius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>L. +A. Cotta, lieutenant of Cæsar</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Au·t</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], <i>or</i> +(excluding the other), +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; aut ... aut, <i>either ... +or</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Au·tem</b>, postpositive conj. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], +<i>but</i>, <i>on the other hand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>; <i>moreover</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Auxilium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AVG">AVG-</a>], <i>aid</i>, <i>support</i>, <i>assistance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; pl. <i>auxiliary forces</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.<br> +Cf. subsidium.</p> + +<p><b>Ā·vertō</b>, <b>3</b>, -tī, -sum [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turn away from</i>.<br> +Aversī, see note, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Axona</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>river in +country of the Belgæ</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_B" id = "vocab_B" href = "#vocab">B.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Baculus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, P. Sextius +B., <i>centurion</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Baleāris</b>, -e, adj., <i>Balearic, of the Balearic +Islands</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Barbarus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>foreign</i>, +<i>non-Roman</i>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Belgae</b>, -ārum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>collective name of tribes living in the country bounded by the Seine, +Marne, Moselle, Rhine, and the ocean</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, following.</p> + +<p><b>Bellovacī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>strongest tribe of the Belgæ, north of the Seine and on right bank of +the Oise and Somme</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bellum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_DVA">DVA-, DVI-</a>], <i>contest between two</i>; <i>war</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bibrax</b>, -ctis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> (<span +class = "smallroman">N.</span>?), <i>town of the Remi</i>, <a href += "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Boduōgnātus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>leader of the Nervii</i>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bratuspantium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>chief town of the Bellovaci</i>, <a href = +"#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Brevitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>shortness</i>, <i>brevity</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.<br> +Cf. exiguitās.</p> + +<p><b>Britannia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>Britain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_C" id = "vocab_C" href = "#vocab">C.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Cadāver</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>that which falls down dead</i>; <i>dead +body</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cadō</b>, <b>3</b>, cecidī, cāsum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>fall</i>, <a href = +"#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Caeroesī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>German tribe in Belgian Gaul</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Caesar</b>, -aris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Gaius +Julius Cæsar, conqueror of Gaul and author of the Commentaries</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Calamitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SCAL">SCAL-</a>], <i>injury</i>, <i>disaster</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Caletī</b>, -ōrum (-ēs, -um), <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe in Normandy, on the Seine</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">93</span> +<p><b>Cālō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>groom</i>, <i>soldier’s servant</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Captīvus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], +<i>taken prisoner</i>; <i>captive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Caput</b>, -itis, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>head</i>; <i>individual</i>, +<i>person</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Carnūtēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>important Gallic tribe between the Loire and Seine +rivers</i>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Castellum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> dim. [<a +href = "#root_SCAD">SCAD-, CAD-</a>], <i>redoubt</i>, <i>stronghold</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Castra</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SCAD">SCAD-, CAD-</a>], <i>camp</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Cāsus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>falling</i>; <i>happening</i>; <i>chance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>misfortune</i>, <a href = +"#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Causa</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CAV">CAV-</a>], <i>cause</i>, <i>reason</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; causā, used like prep. post-positive, +<i>for the sake of</i>, <i>for the purpose of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, cessī, cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go</i>; <i>fall back</i>; <i>give way</i>, +<i>retreat</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Celeritās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_CEL">CEL-</a>], <i>swiftness</i>, <i>quickness</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Celer·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CEL">CEL-</a>], +<i>swiftly</i>, <i>quickly</i>, <i>promptly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cēlō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2CAL">2 CAL-, SCAL-</a>], +<i>hide</i>, <i>conceal</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Centum</b>, num. adj. indeclin. [<a href = "#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], +<i>hundred</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Centuriō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], <i>commander of a century</i>, +<i>centurion</i>, <i>captain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Certus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2CER">2 CER-, +CRE-</a>], <i>determined</i>; <i>definite</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>certain</i>, <i>regular</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; certiōrem facere, <i>inform</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Cēterī</b>, -ōrum, pl. adj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>the others</i>, <i>rest</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.<br> +Cf. reliquī.</p> + +<p><b>Cīmbrī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>German +tribe which invaded Gaul and the Province in the second century</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Circi·ter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CVR">CVR-, CIR-</a>; <a href += "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>going in a circle</i>; <i>about</i>, <i>not +far from</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Circu·itus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_CVR">CVR-, CIR-</a>; <a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>going +in a circle</i>; <i>circumference</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Circum-</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_CVR">CVR-, CIR-</a>], +<i>around</i>, <i>about</i>; here only in composition.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = +"#root_IA">IA-, IAC-</a>], <i>throw around</i>; <i>place +around</i>, <a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·mūniō</b>, <b>4</b>, [<a href = "#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], +<i>wall up around</i>; <i>blockade</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -vēnī, -ventum [<a href = +"#root_BA">BA-, VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come around</i>; <i>surround</i>, +<i>outflank</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cis</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>on +this side</i>, <i>this side of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Citerior</b>, -us, -ōris, adj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, +CI-</a>], <i>more on this side</i>; <i>hither</i>, <i>nearer</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Citrā</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>on this side</i>, <i>this side of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. cis.</p> + +<p><b>Cīvitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span><ins class += "correction" title = ", missing">, </ins><i>citizenship</i>; +<i>community</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Clāmor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1CAL">1 CAL-</a>], <i>loud call</i>; <i>shouting</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Claudō</b>, <b>3</b>, -sī, -sum, <i>shut</i>, <i>close</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>close</i>, <i>bring up</i>, <a +href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Clē·mentia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_CLI">CLĪ-</a>; <a href = "#root_1MAN">1 MAN-, MEN-</a>], +<i>indulgent disposition</i>; <i>gentleness</i>, <i>mildness</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Co·acervō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1AC">1 AC-</a>], <i>heap +up</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">94</span> +<p><b>Co·epī</b>, -isse, -ptus (defective verb, with tenses from present +stem lacking) [<a href = "#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>have begun</i>, +<i>began</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cō·gnōscō</b>, <b>3</b>, -gnōvī, -gnitum [<a href = +"#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], <i>understand thoroughly</i>; +<i>perceive</i>, <i>learn</i>, <i>ascertain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, w. acc. and inf.; 4, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, w. indir. question; plperf. +<i>knew</i>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cō·gō</b>, <b>3</b>, -ēgī, -āctum [<a href = "#root_AG">AG-</a>], +<i>drive together</i>, <i>compel</i>; <i>gather</i>, <i>rally</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.<br> +Cf. condūcō.</p> + +<p><b>Co·hors</b>, -hortis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>multitude enclosed</i>; <i>cohort</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Co·hortātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>cheering on</i>, <i>urging</i>, <i>encouraging</i>, <i>appeal +to</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Co·hortor</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>cheer on</i>, <i>urge</i>, <i>call +upon</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, w. acc.; 21 foll. by clause +w. ut.</p> + +<p><b>Collis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>hill</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·meātus</b> (<b>conm-</b>), -ūs, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>going to and fro</i>; <i>train of +supplies</i>, <i>provisions</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·ĕs</b>, -itis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>comrade</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·memorō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1SMAR">1 +SMAR-, MAR-</a>], <i>keep in mind</i>; <i>mention</i>, +<i>relate</i>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mittō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), <b>3</b>, -mīsī, mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>cause to go together</i>; <i>join</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·modē</b> (<b>conm-</b>), adv. [<a href = "#root_2MA">2 MA-, +MAD-</a>], <i>duly</i>, <i>aptly</i>; <i>easily</i>, +<i>advantageously</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·moveō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), <b>2</b>, -mōvī, -mōtum [<a href = +"#root_1MV">1 MV-, MOV-</a>], <i>move violently</i>; <i>startle</i>, +<i>alarm</i>, <i>make anxious</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mūnis</b> (<b>conm-</b>), -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_2MV">2 +MV-</a>], <i>serving together</i>; <i>common</i>, <i>general</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mūtātiō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), -ōnis, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_1MV">1 MV-, MOV-</a>], +<i>change</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·parō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 +PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>bring</i> or <i>put together</i>; <i>get ready</i>, +<i>provide</i>, <i>procure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·pellō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), <b>3</b>, -pulī, -pulsum [<a href = +"#root_PAL">PAL-, PEL-</a>], <i>drive together</i>, <i>gather</i>; +<i>drive in a body</i>, <i>rout</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·pleō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), <b>2</b>, -ēvī, -ētum [<a href = +"#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-</a>], <i>fill completely</i>; +<i>fill</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·plūrēs</b> (<b>conp-</b>), -a (-ia), gen. -ium, adj. [<a href += "#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-, PLV-</a>], <i>several together</i>, <i>a large +number</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con-</b>, for <b>scom-</b> = <b>cum</b> [<a href = +"#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], <i>with</i>, <i>together</i>; in composition, +denoting completeness or union; sometimes intensive.</p> + +<p><b>Con·cīdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cīdī, -cīsum [<a href = "#root_2SAC">2 +SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-</a>], <i>cut up entirely</i>; <i>cut to pieces</i>, +<i>destroy</i>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·cilium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_1CAL">1 CAL-</a>], <i>that which is called together</i>; +<i>meeting</i>, <i>assembly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·currō</b>, <b>3</b>, -currī or -cucurrī, -cursum [<a href = +"#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>run together</i>; <i>hurry</i>, +<i>rally</i>, <i>gather</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·diciō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, [<a +href = "#root_DIC">DĪC-</a>, DIC<ins class = "correction" title = "- missing">-</ins>], <i>talking together</i>; <i>agreement</i>, +<i>stipulation</i>, <i>terms</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Condrūsī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Belgic tribe on the Meuse</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dūxī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead together</i>; <i>collect</i>, +<i>muster</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; <i>hire</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·ferō</b>, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 +FER-</a>], <i>bring</i> or <i>bear together</i>; <i>gather</i>, +<i>collect</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; with reflex. pronoun, <i>betake one’s +self</i>, <i>go</i>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">95</span> +<p><b>Cōn·fertus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of cōn·ferciō), <i>pressed +together</i>; <i>compact</i>, <i>in close array</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>crowded together</i>, <a href = +"#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·ficiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -fectum [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>make completely</i>; <i>perform</i>, +<i>accomplish</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>; <i>raise</i>, <i>put in the field</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>; <i>exhaust</i>, <i>wear out</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·fīdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fīsus sum [<a href = "#root_1FID">1 FID-, +FĪD-</a>] <i>trust entirely</i>; <i>believe</i>, <i>trust firmly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·fīrmō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2FER">2 FER-</a>], +<i>make firm</i>; <i>give assurance</i>, <i>pledge one’s self</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, w. acc. and infin.; <i>encourage</i>, +<i>reassure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>confirm</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·flīgō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ctum [<a href = "#root_FLAG">FLAG-, +FLIG-</a>], <i>strike</i> or <i>dash together</i>; <i>contend</i>, +<i>fight</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>; w. cum and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Con·gredior</b>, <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>step together</i>; <i>meet</i>, <i>have an +engagement with</i>, <i>fight</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.<br> +Cf. cōnflīgō, pūgnō.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>throw together</i>; <i>hurl</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; <i>drive</i>, <i>rout</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>place hastily</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.<br> +Cf. compellō.</p> + +<p><b>Con·iungō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iūnxī, -iūnctum [<a href = +"#root_IV">IV-<ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">, +</ins>IVG-</a>], <i>draw together</i>, <i>join</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·iūrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], +<i>swear together</i>; <i>make a sworn agreement</i>, <i>conspire</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·locō</b> (<b>coll-</b>), <b>1</b>, <i>place</i>, +<i>station</i>, <i>set</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōnor</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>undertake</i>, <i>attempt</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sanguineus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>possessing the same +blood</i>; <i>kindred</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·scrībō</b>, <b>3</b>, -psi, -ptum [<a href = +"#root_SCARP">SCARP-</a>], <i>write together</i> (in a list); +<i>enroll</i>, <i>enlist</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sēnsus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_SENT">SENT-</a>], <i>agreement</i>, <i>harmony</i>, +<i>concerted action</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sentiō</b>, <b>4</b>, -sēnsī, -sēnsum [<a href = +"#root_SENT">SENT-</a>], <i>feel with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>; <i>join hands</i> (<i>with</i>), <i>make +common cause with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>; w. cum and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn-sequor</b>, <b>3</b>, -secūtus [<a href = +"#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], <i>follow thoroughly</i>; <i>attain</i>, +<i>obtain</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·servō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SAL">SAL-, SER-</a>], +<i>keep thoroughly</i>; <i>preserve</i>, <i>save</i>, <i>spare</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sīdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -sēdī, -sessum [<a href = +"#root_SED">SED-, SID-</a>], <i>sit down together</i>; <i>settle</i>, +<i>take position</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·silium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>consultation</i>; <i>design</i>, <i>plan of action</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>advice</i>, <i>suggestion</i>, <a +href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·similis</b>, -e, adj., [<a href = "#root_2SA">2 SA-, +SIM-</a>], <i>altogether like</i>, <i>quite similar</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sistō</b>, <b>3</b>, -stitī, — [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>make stand</i>; <i>take position</i>, +<i>stand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; <i>make a stand</i>, <i>rally</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>depend upon</i>, <i>be based +on</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spectus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>view</i>, <i>sight</i>, <a href += "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spiciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -spēxī, -spectum [<a href = +"#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>look at with attention</i>; <i>behold</i>, +<i>catch sight of</i>, <i>see</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, w. acc.; 24, w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spicor</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], +<i>get a sight of</i>, <i>espy</i>, <i>observe</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.<br> +Cf. cōnspiciō.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·stanter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_STA">STA-</a>], +<i>standing firm</i>; <i>uniformly</i>, <a href = +"#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">96</span> +<p><b>Cōn·stituō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -ūtum [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>place together</i>; <i>determine</i>, +<i>appoint</i>, fix, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>set up</i>, <i>place</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>station</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>decide</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, w. acc. and infin.<br> +Cf. statuō.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·suēscō</b>, <b>3</b>, -suēvī, -suētum [<a href = +"#root_SOVO">SOVO-, SVO-</a>], <i>accustom</i>; <i>become +accustomed</i>; pf. <i>be accustomed</i> (= solēre), +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·suētūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, SVO-</a>], <i>custom</i>, <i>habit</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.<br> +Cf. mōs.</p> + +<p><b>Con·temptus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_TEM">TEM-</a>], <i>scorn</i>, <i>contempt</i>, <a +href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tendō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dī, -ntum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, +TEN-</a>], <i>strain with all one’s might</i>; <i>march</i>, <i>push +on</i>, <i>hasten</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>struggle</i>, <i>contend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -tentum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 +TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>hold</i> or <i>keep together</i>; <i>restrain</i>, +<i>hold back</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>keep</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·trā</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>against</i>, <i>on the other hand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; as prep., w. acc., +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·trārius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>situated over against</i>, <i>opposite</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tumēlia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_TEM">TEM-</a>], <i>great swelling</i>; <i>disgrace</i>, +<i>insult</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·vēniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -vēnī, -ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, +VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come together</i>, <i>meet</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>; impersonal, <i>be agreed +upon</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Convertō</b>, <b>3</b>, -tī, -sum [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>wholly turn</i>; <i>turn around</i>, +<i>turn</i>, <i>direct</i>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·vocō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_VOC">VOC-</a>], <i>call +together</i>, <i>summon</i>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>C·ōpia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>ability</i>; <i>ample supply</i>, +<i>supply</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; pl., <i>resources</i>, <i>supplies</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>; <i>forces</i>, <i>troops</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Cornū</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CAR">CAR-</a>], <i>horn</i>; <i>wing of an army</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Corpus</b>, -oris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1CER">1 CER-, CRE-</a>], <i>what is made</i>; <i>body</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>corpse</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cortex</b>, -icis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> and <span +class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_CAR">CAR-</a>], <i>part +that splits off</i>; <i>bark</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cotī·diē</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], <i>on every day</i>; <i>daily</i>, +<i>regularly</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cotta</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>L. +Arunculeius, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Crassus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>P. +Licinius, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants</i>, <a href = +"#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Crēber</b>, -bra, -brum, adj. [<a href = "#root_1CER">1 CER-, +CRE-</a>], <i>made to increase</i>; <i>thick</i>, <i>numerous</i>, +<i>frequent</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Crēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -didī, -ditum [<a href = +"#root_CRAT">CRAT-</a>; <a href = "#root_2DA">2 DA-</a>], <i>put trust +in</i>; <i>believe</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>, w. acc. and infin.<br> +Cf. cōnfīdō.</p> + +<p><b>Crēs</b>, -ētis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Cretan</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cruciātus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_CVR">CVR-, CIR-</a>], <i>torture</i>, <a href = +"#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cum</b>, prep. w. abl. [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>with</i>, <i>in company with</i>, <i>together with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, etc.; <i>at same time with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; <i>with</i>, <i>provided with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cum</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], temporal, +<i>when</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, following; cum prīmum, <i>as soon as</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; causal, <i>as</i>, <i>since</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, etc.; concessive, <i>although</i>, +<i>while</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; cum ... tum, <i>both ... and</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>C·ūnctus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], +<i>all together</i>; <i>all</i>, <i>entire</i>, <a href = +"#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cupiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -īvī, -ītum, <i>desire eagerly</i>, <i>be +eager</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">97</span> +<p><b>Curiosolitēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> (acc. +-ēs, ās), <i>people of Armoric Gaul</i>, <a href = +"#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cursus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>running</i>, <i>speed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Custōdia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SCV">SCV-, CV-</a>], <i>guard-keeping</i>; <i>guard</i>, +<i>protection</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_D" id = "vocab_D" href = "#vocab">D.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Dē</b>, prep. w. abl., <i>from</i>; <i>down from</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; of time, <i>in</i>, <i>about</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>; <i>for</i>, <i>on account of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>; <i>for</i>, <i>about</i>, +<i>concerning</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·beō</b> [for dehibeō], <b>2</b>, -uī, -itum [<a href = +"#root_HAB">HAB-</a>], <i>have from</i>; impersonal, <i>owe</i>, +<i>ought</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Decem</b>, num. adj. indecl. [<a href = "#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], +<i>ten</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·cernō</b>, <b>3</b>, -crēvī, -crētum [<a href = "#root_2CER">2 +CER-, CRE-</a>], <i>decide</i>; <i>decide upon</i>, +<i>decree</i>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·certō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2CER">2 CER-</a>], +<i>fight a decisive battle</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.<br> +Cf. conflīgō, congredior, dīmicō, pūgnō.</p> + +<p><b>Decimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], +<i>tenth</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·clīvis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_CLI">CLĪ-</a>], +<i>inclining down-hill</i>, <i>sloping</i>, <a href = +"#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Decumānus</b> (<b>deci-</b>), -a, -um, adj. [<a href = +"#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], <i>of the tenth cohort</i>, in the phrase, +decumāna porta, <i>rear gate</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, main entrance to a Roman camp.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·currō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cucurrī or -currī, -cursum [<a href = +"#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>run down</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ditīcius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 DA-</a>], +<i>one who has surrendered</i>; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>prisoner of war</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; <i>subjects</i>, <a href = +"#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ditiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_1DA">1 DA-</a>], <i>giving one’s self up</i>; <i>surrender</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·dō</b>, <b>3</b>, -didī, -ditum [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 +DA-</a>], <i>give up</i> or <i>away</i>; <i>surrender</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead away</i>, <i>bring off</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>bring</i> (<i>to</i>), +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.<br> +Cf. redigō.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fendō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dī, -fēnsum [<a href = "#root_FEN">FEN-, +FEND-</a>], <i>thrust away</i>; <i>repel</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>defend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fēnsiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_FEN">FEN-, FEND-</a>], <i>protection</i>, +<i>defence</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fēnsor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_FEN">FEN-, FEND-</a>], <i>defender</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ferō</b>, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 +FER-</a>], <i>bear</i> or <i>bring away</i>; <i>bear</i>, <i>report</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>bestow</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>; w. ad and acc.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ficiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -fectum [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>make from</i>; <i>give out</i>, <i>fail</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>; <i>revolt</i> (<i>from</i>), +<i>forsake</i>, <i>desert</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>; w. ab and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>hurl down</i>; <i>drive away</i>, <i>dislodge</i>, <a +href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·iectus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_IA">IA-, IAC-</a>], <i>slope</i>, <i>declivity</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.<br> +Cf. dēclīvis, adclīvis.</p> + +<p><b>De·inde</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>from +here</i>; <i>thereupon</i>, <i>then</i>, <i>in the next +place</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·leō</b>, <b>2</b>, -ēvī, -ētum [<a href = "#root_LI">LI-</a>], +<i>wipe out</i>, <i>destroy</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ligō</b>, <b>3</b>, -lēgī, -lēctum [<a href = "#root_1LEG">1 +LEG-, LIG-</a>], <i>choose out</i>; <i>choose</i>, <i>select</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. ēlīgō.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·mōnstrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1MAN">1 MAN-, +MEN-</a>], <i>point out</i>, <i>explain</i>, <i>mention</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; w. acc. and infin., <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">98</span> +<p><b>Dēnique</b>, adv., <i>and thereupon</i>, <i>finally</i>; <i>at any +rate</i>, <i>at least</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dēnsus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>thick</i>, <i>dense</i>, +<i>close</i>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·pōnō</b>, <b>3</b>, -posuī, -positum [<a href = "#root_1SA">1 +SA-, SI-</a>], <i>put aside</i> or <i>down</i>; <i>lay aside</i>, +<i>place in safety</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·populor</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SCAL">SCAL-, +SPOL-</a>], <i>lay waste</i>, <i>ravage</i>, <a href = +"#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·precor</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PREC">PREC-</a>], +<i>avert by praying</i>; <i>petition against</i>, <i>pray to be +spared</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·serō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -tum [<a href = "#root_1SER">1 SER-, +SVAR-</a>], <i>undo</i>, <i>sever connection with</i>; <i>abandon</i>, +<i>desert</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·sistō</b>, <b>3</b>, -stitī, — [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>remove from</i>; <i>cease</i>, +<i>stop</i>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spectus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>looking down upon</i>; <i>opportunity for +distant views</i>, <i>prospect</i>, <a href = +"#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spērō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SPA">SPA-, PA-</a>], +<i>give up hope</i>; <i>despair of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spoliō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SCAL">SCAL-, SPOL-</a>], +<i>rob</i>, <i>deprive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; w. acc. and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·sum</b>, -esse, -fuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be +away</i>; <i>be lacking</i>, <i>fail</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. dēficiō.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·terreō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -itum [<a href = "#root_TER">TER-, +TERS-</a>], <i>frighten from</i>; <i>prevent</i>, <i>deter</i>, <a +href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·trahō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ctum, <i>drag from</i>; <i>take +from</i>, <i>remove</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·trūdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -sī, -sum, <i>thrust away</i>; +<i>remove</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. dētrahō.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -vēnī, -ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, +VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come down into</i>; <i>come to</i>, <i>reach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; w. prep. and acc.<br> +Cf. adpropīnquō.</p> + +<p><b>Dexter</b>, -tra, -trum, adj, <i>right</i>, <i>on the right +hand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p>(<b>Diciō</b>), -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, no nom. +[<a href = "#root_DIC">DIC-, DĪC-</a>], <i>sway</i>, +<i>control</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dīcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ctum [<a href = "#root_DIC">DĪC-, +DIC-</a>], <i>point out by speaking</i>; <i>say</i>, <i>state</i>, +<i>mention</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, etc.; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Diēs</b>, -ēī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> and <span +class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], +<i>day</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Dif·ficilis</b> (<b>disf-</b>), -e, adj. [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>not to be done</i>; <i>difficult</i>, +<i>hard</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dif·ficultās</b> (<b>disf-</b>), -ātis, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], +<i>difficulty</i>, <i>strait</i>, <i>trouble</i>, <a href = +"#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·ligen·ter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1LEG">1 LEG-, LIG-</a>], +<i>attentively</i>, <i>scrupulously</i>, <i>with painstaking</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·mētior</b>, <b>4</b>, -mēnsus [<a href = "#root_1MA">1 MA-, +MAN-</a>], <i>measure off</i>; <i>stake off</i>, <i>lay out</i>, +<i>survey</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·micō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>move rapidly back and forth</i>; +<i>fight</i>, <i>contend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. cōnfligō, congredior, contendō.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>send out in different directions</i>, +<i>despatch</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·ripiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -reptum [<a href = "#root_RAP">RAP-, +RVP-</a>], <i>tear in pieces</i>; <i>sack</i>, <i>plunder</i>, <a +href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·cēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go apart</i>; <i>go away</i>, <i>depart</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·cessus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>departure</i>, <i>withdrawal</i>, <a +href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·sipō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>scatter</i>, <i>break up</i>, <a +href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -tentum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 +TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>keep apart</i>; <i>prevent union of</i>, +<i>separate</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Diū</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], <i>by +day</i>; <i>for a long time</i>, <i>long</i>; compar. diūtius, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">99</span> +<p><b>Dī·versus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of dīvertō) [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turned away from</i>; <i>facing in different +directions</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; <i>different</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>separated</i>, <a href = +"#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dīvīnus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], +<i>of the gods</i>, <i>divine</i>, <a href = +"#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Divitiacus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>leader of the Ædui, brother of Dumnorix</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; <i>chieftain of the +Suessiones</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dō</b>, dare, dedī, datum [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 DA-</a>], +<i>give</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; inter sē, <i>exchange</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Doceō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -ctum [<a href = "#root_DIC">DIC-, DAC- +(DOC-)</a>], <i>show</i>, <i>teach</i>, <i>explain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Domesticus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_DOM">DOM-</a>], +<i>of home</i>, <i>native</i>, <i>own</i>, <a href = +"#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Domi·cilium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_DOM">DOM-</a>; <a href = "#root_2CAL">2 CAL-, SCAL-</a>], +<i>dwelling-place</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dominor</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>lord it</i>, <i>be master</i>, <a +href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Domus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_DOM">DOM-</a>], <i>home</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Du·bitō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_DVA">DVA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_BA">BA-</a>], <i>go to and fro</i>; <i>doubt</i>, +<i>hesitate</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Du·centī</b>, -ae, -a, num. adj. [<a href = "#root_DVA">DVA-, +DVI-</a>; <a href = "#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], <i>two hundred</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, ductum [<a href = "#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], +<i>lead</i>, <i>conduct</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dum</b> [for dium], adv. [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], +<i>while</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Duo</b>, -ae, -o, num. adj. [<a href = "#root_DVA">DVA-, +DVI-</a>], <i>two</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Duo·decimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_DVA">DVA-, +DVI-</a>; <a href = "#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], <i>twelfth</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Duo·dē·vīgintī</b>, num. adj. indecl. [<a href = +"#root_DVA">DVA-, DVI-</a>], <i>eighteen</i>, <a href = +"#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Du·plex</b>, -icis, adj. [<a href = "#root_DVA">DVA-</a>; <a href += "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>twofold</i>, <i>double</i>, <a +href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dux</b>, -cis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>leader</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>guide</i>, <a href = +"#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_E" id = "vocab_E" href = "#vocab">E.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Ē</b> or <b>Ex</b>, prep. w. abl., <i>from</i>, <i>out of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, etc.; <i>after</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>on</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>; <i>in consequence of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eburōnēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Belgian people near the Rhine</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ditus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of ēdō) [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 +DA-</a>], <i>set forth</i>; <i>elevated</i>, <i>rising</i>, <a href += "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead out</i>, <i>lead forth</i>, <a href += "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ef·ficiō</b> (<b>ecf-</b>), <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -fectum [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>work out</i>; <i>bring about</i>, +<i>effect</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; w. ut and subj.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·gredior</b>, <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>go out</i>; <i>sally forth</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>depart from</i>, <i>go forth</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·gregiē</b>, adv., <i>out of the flock</i>; <i>remarkably</i>, +<i>excellently</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ligō</b>, <b>3</b>, -lēgī, -lēctum [<a href = "#root_1LEG">1 +LEG-, LIG-</a>], <i>choose out</i>; <i>pick from</i>, <i>choose</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.<br> +Cf. dēligo.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>send out</i>; <i>hurl</i>, <i>let +fly</i>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Emō</b>, <b>3</b>, ēmī, ēmptum [<a href = "#root_EM">EM-</a>], +<i>take in exchange</i>; <i>buy</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·nāscor</b>, <b>3</b>, -nātus [<a href = "#root_GEN">GEN-, GN-, +GNA-</a>], <i>grow out</i>, <i>spring up</i>; <i>sprout +forth</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Enim</b>, co-ord. conj., post-positive, <i>for</i>, <i>in +fact</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.<br> +Cf. nam.</p> + +<p><b>Eō</b>, adv. (old dat. or abl. <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> of is) [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], +<i>there</i>, <i>thither</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">100</span> +<p><b>Equĕs</b>, -itis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, [<a href = +"#root_2AC">2 AC-</a>], <i>horseman</i>, <i>cavalry-man</i>, +<i>knight</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Equester</b>, -tris, -tre, adj. [<a href = "#root_2AC">2 AC-</a>], +<i>of horsemen</i>, <i>cavalry</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Equitātus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_2AC">2 AC-</a>], <i>riding</i>; <i>cavalry</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ergō</b>, <i>because of</i>; <i>therefore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ruptiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_RAP">RAP-, RVP-</a>], <i>bursting forth</i>; +<i>sally</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Esuviī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>people +in Normandy</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Et</b>, co-ord. conj. <i>and</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.; et ... et, <i>both ... and</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Et·iam</b>, adv. and conj. <i>and now</i>; <i>also</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>even</i>, <i>still</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ventus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_BA">BA-, VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>coming forth</i>; <i>outcome</i>, +<i>issue</i>, <i>result</i>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex</b>, see <b>Ē</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·agitō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_AG">AG-</a>], +<i>disturb</i>, <i>harass</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·animō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_AN">AN-</a>], <i>deprive +of life</i>; <i>make breathless</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·audiō</b>, <b>4</b> [<a href = "#root_2AV">2 AV-</a>], <i>hear +distinctly</i>; <i>hear from a distance</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·cēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go out</i>; <i>withdraw</i>, <i>go +away</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·cursiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>running forth</i>; <i>sally</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.<br> +Cf. ēruptiō.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·eō</b>, -īre, -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>go +out</i>; <i>withdraw</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.<br> +Cf. excēdō.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·ercitō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_ARC">ARC-</a>] (<i>drive +out of the enclosure</i>), <i>keep busy</i>; <i>train</i>, +<i>drill</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·ercitus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_ARC">ARC-</a>], <i>trained body of men</i>; <i>army</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·iguitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>scantiness</i>, <i>shortness</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·imius</b>, -a, -um [<a href = "#root_EM">EM-</a>], <i>taken out +from</i>; <i>eminent</i>, <i>excellent</i>, <i>high</i>, <a href = +"#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·istīmō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>judge</i>, <i>value</i>; <i>judge</i>, +<i>think</i>, <i>believe</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·pedītus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of expediō) [<a href = +"#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>unencumbered</i>, <i>in light marching +order</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·pellō</b>, <b>3</b>, -pulī, -pulsum [<a href = +"#root_PAL">PAL-, PEL-</a>], <i>drive out</i>, <i>banish</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·perior</b>, <b>4</b>, -pertus [<a href = "#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, +PER-</a>], <i>try thoroughly</i>; <i>test</i>, <i>try</i>, <a href += "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·plōrātor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_PLV">PLV- (PLOV-)</a>], <i>searcher out</i>; <i>scout</i>, +<i>spy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.<br> +Cf. speculātor.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·plōrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PLV">PLV- (PLOV-)</a>], +<i>search out</i>; <i>try to find out</i>, <i>reconnoitre</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·pūgnō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-, PAG-, +PVG-</a>], <i>take by storm</i>; <i>take</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex-spectō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], +<i>look out for greatly</i>; <i>wait for</i>, <i>await</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·struō</b>, <b>3</b>, -strūxī, -strūctum [<a href = +"#root_STRV">STRV-</a>], <i>pile up thoroughly</i>; <i>erect</i>, +<i>construct</i>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Extrēmus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>furthest</i>; <i>most distant</i>, +<i>extreme</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>last</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_F" id = "vocab_F" href = "#vocab">F.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Facile</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>easily</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Facilis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>able to +be done</i>; <i>easy</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">101</span> +<p><b>Faciō</b>, <b>3</b>, fēcī, factum; pass. fīō, fĭerī, factus [<a +href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>do</i>, <i>perform</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.; <i>make</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.; <i>cause</i>, <i>bring about</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +See certus.</p> + +<p><b>Facultās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>power of doing</i>; <i>opportunity</i>; +pl. <i>resources</i>, <i>facilities</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fallō</b>, <b>3</b>, fefellī, falsum, <i>cause to stumble</i>; +<i>deceive</i>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fastīgātus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of fastīgō), <i>brought to a +point</i>; <i>sloping</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.<br> +Cf. adclīvis, dēclīvis.</p> + +<p><b>Ferāx</b>, -ācis, adj. [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>apt +to bear</i>; <i>fertile</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ferē</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2FER">2 FER-, FRE-</a>], +<i>nearly</i>, <i>almost</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ferō</b>, ferre, tulī, lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], +<i>bear</i>, <i>bring</i>, <i>carry</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; <i>bear</i>, <i>endure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, w. acc. and infin.; <i>rush</i> +(in pass.), <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fertilitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>fruitfulness</i>, +<i>fertility</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ferus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>wild</i>, <i>fierce</i>, +<i>ferocious</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fidēs</b>, fidē (rare), <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1FID">1 FID-</a>], <i>trust</i>, <i>confidence</i>; +<i>protection</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fīlius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>son</i>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fīnis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2FID">2 FID-</a>], <i>dividing thing</i>; <i>end</i>, +<i>limit</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; pl. <i>land</i>, <i>territory</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Fīnitimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2FID">2 FID-</a>], +<i>bordering upon</i>; <i>neighboring</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; pl. <i>neighbors</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fīō</b>, fĭerī, <i>factus</i>, <i>be made</i>, <i>become</i>, see +<b>faciō</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Flūmen</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, <i>that +which flows</i>; <i>river</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Fōrs</b>, fōrte, nom. and abl. only, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>that +which brings</i>; <i>chance</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fōrte</b>, adv., abl. of fōrs, <i>by chance</i>; +<i>perhaps</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fortis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_2FER">2 FER-</a>], +<i>courageous</i>, <i>brave</i>, <i>stout-hearted</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2FER">2 FER-</a>], +<i>bravely</i>, <i>gallantly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fōrtūna</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>fortune</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fossa</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>thing +dug</i>; <i>ditch</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frāter</b>, -tris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>brother</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fremitus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>dull +roar</i>; <i>din</i>, <i>noise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.<br> +Cf. strepitus.</p> + +<p><b>Frōns</b>, -ntis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_FVR">FVR-, FERV-</a>], <i>brow</i>; <i>front</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frūmentārius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1FVG">1 FVG-, +FRVG-</a>], <i>of grain</i>; w. res, <i>grain supply</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frūmentum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1FVG">1 FVG-, FRVG-</a>], <i>thing eaten</i>; <i>corn</i>, +<i>grain</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fuga</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2FVG">2 FVG-</a>], <i>fleeing</i>; <i>flight</i>, <i>rout</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fugiō</b>, <b>3</b>, fūgī, — [<a href = "#root_2FVG">2 +FVG-</a>], <i>flee</i>, <i>fly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fūmus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>rushing +thing</i>; <i>smoke</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Funditor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>slinger</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Furor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_FVR">FVR-</a>], <i>raging</i>; <i>blind passion</i>, +<i>madness</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_G" id = "vocab_G" href = "#vocab">G.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Galba</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>king of +the Suessiones</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Galea</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2CAL">2 CAL-, SCAL-</a>], <i>covering</i>; <i>helmet</i>, <a +href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">102</span> +<p><b>Gallia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>Gaul</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gallus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>a +Gaul</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gēns</b>, gentis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>what is +begotten</i>; <i>race</i>, <i>tribe</i>, <a href = +"#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Germānī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Germans</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gerō</b>, <b>3</b>, gessī, gestum [<a href = +"#root_GER">GER-</a>], <i>bear</i>; <i>carry on</i>, <i>go on with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; pass., <i>be carried on</i>, <i>take +place</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; rēs gestae, <i>operations</i>, +<i>campaigns</i>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gladius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>sword</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Grātia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>favor</i>, <i>popularity</i>, <i>influence</i>, <a href = +"#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gravis</b>, -e, adj., <i>heavy</i>; <i>severe</i>, +<i>serious</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_H" id = "vocab_H" href = "#vocab">H.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Habeō</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_HAB">HAB-</a>], +<i>grasp</i>; <i>have</i>, <i>possess</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; with reflex pronoun, <i>be</i>, <a +href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hībernācula</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a +href = "#root_HIM">HĪM-</a>], <i>winter quarters</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hībernus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_HIM">HĪM-</a>], +<i>belonging to winter</i>; hīberna (castra), <i>winter +quarters</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hī·c</b>, haec, hōc, demonstr. pron. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, +CI-</a>], <i>this</i>, <i>this of mine</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, etc.; <i>he</i>, <i>she</i>, <i>it</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Hiemō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_HIM">HĪM-</a>], <i>pass the +winter</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Homō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_HAM">HAM-</a>], <i>man</i>, <i>person</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Honōs</b> (<b>honor</b>), -ōris, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>honor</i>, <i>distinction</i>, <a href = +"#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hostis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>one who +hurts</i>; <i>enemy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_I" id = "vocab_I" href = "#vocab">I.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Iaceō</b>, <b>2</b>, -ui, — [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-<ins +class = "correction" title = ", missing">, </ins>IAC-</a>], <i>be +thrown</i>; <i>lie</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iaciō</b>, <b>3</b>, iēcī, iactum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>hurl</i>, <i>throw</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>throw up</i>, +<i>construct</i>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iam</b>, adv., <i>at this</i> or <i>that time</i>; <i>now</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; neque iam, <i>and no longer</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ibī</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>in that +place</i>, <i>there</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Iccius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Belgian +of high rank</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ī·dem</b>, eadem, idem, determ. pron. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 +I-</a>; <a href = "#root_3DA">3 DA-</a>], <i>the very</i>; <i>same</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Iden·t·idem</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>very +same</i>; <i>again and again</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>I·dōneus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], +<i>fit</i>; <i>suitable</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īgnis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AG">AG-</a>], <i>fire</i>; <i>camp-fire</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>; <i>signal-fire</i>, <i>beacon</i>, <a +href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ille</b>, -a, -ud, gen. illīus, demonstr. pron. [<a href = +"#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], <i>that</i>; <i>that one</i>, <i>the former</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>latter</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Illyricum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>coastland on eastern side of upper Adriatic</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pedīmentum</b> (<b>inp-</b>), -ī, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = "#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>thing +entangling</i>; <i>hindrance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; pl., <i>baggage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>baggage-train</i>, +<i>pack-animals</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.<br> +Cf. sarcina.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pediō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), <b>4</b> [<a href = +"#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>get the feet in</i>, <i>entangle</i>; +<i>hinder</i>, <i>embarrass</i>, <i>make difficult</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pellō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), <b>3</b>, -pulī, -pulsum [<a href = +"#root_PAL">PAL-, PEL-, PVL-</a>], <i>drive on</i>; <i>incite</i>, +<i>influence</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">103</span> +<p><b>Im·perātor</b> (<b>inp-</b>), -ōris, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], +<i>commander</i> (in chief), +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perātum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>command</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perium</b> (<b>inp-</b>), -ī, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], +<i>command</i>, <i>order</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; <i>chief command</i>, <i>authority</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>power</i>, <i>control</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 +PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>put a command upon</i>; <i>impose upon</i>, +<i>command</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>direct</i>, <i>dictate</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; w. dat. and subjunctive w. ut.</p> + +<p><b>Im·petrō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = +"#root_POT">POT-</a>], <i>accomplish</i>; <i>obtain</i>, <i>succeed in +obtaining a request</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>; w. ut and subjunctive.</p> + +<p><b>Im·petus</b> (<b>inp-</b>), -ūs, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_PET">PET-</a>], <i>onset</i>, +<i>attack</i>, <i>charge</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>fury</i>, <i>violence</i>, <a +href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·prō·vīsus</b> (<b>inp-</b>), -a, -um, adj. [<a href = +"#root_VID">VID-</a>], <i>not foreseen</i>; dē imprōvīsō, +<i>unexpectedly</i>, <i>without notice</i>, <a href = +"#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In</b>, prep. w. acc. and abl. [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], +<i>into</i>, <i>to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>; <i>in</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, etc.; <i>in</i>, <i>within</i>, +<i>on</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.; <i>upon</i>, <i>over</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>among</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>in the case of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·cendō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dī, -cēnsum, <i>put fire in</i>; <i>set +on fire</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·cĭdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cĭdī, — [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>fall into</i>; <i>happen</i>, <i>occur</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.<br> +Cf. accĭdō, ēveniō.</p> + +<p><b>In·cīdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cīdī, -cīsum [<a href = "#root_2SAC">2 +SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-</a>], <i>cut into</i>, <i>notch</i>, <a +href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·cipiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cēpī, -ceptum [<a href = +"#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>take in hand</i>; <i>begin</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; w. compl. infin.</p> + +<p><b>In·citō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_CI">CI-</a>], <i>set in +rapid motion</i>; <i>urge on</i>, <i>hurry</i>, <i>hasten</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.<br> +Cf. impellō.</p> + +<p><b>In·colō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, — <i>inhabit</i>, <i>live +in</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>; <i>live</i>, <i>dwell</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·crē·dibilis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_CRAT">CRAT-</a>; +<a href = "#root_2DA">2 DA-</a>], <i>not to be believed</i>; +<i>marvellous</i>, <i>incredible</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·crepitō</b>, <b>1</b>, —, —, <i>make noise +against</i>; <i>upbraid</i>, <i>taunt</i>, <i>abuse</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·cūsō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_CAV">CAV-</a>], <i>make +charges against</i>, <i>accuse</i>, <i>rebuke</i>, <a href = +"#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inde</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>from that</i>; +<i>then</i>, <i>next</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·dīgnitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>unworthiness</i>; <i>outrage</i>, <i>insult</i>, <a href = +"#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·dī·ligen·ter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1LEG">1 LEG-, +LIG-</a>], <i>carelessly</i>, <i>listlessly</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead into</i>; <i>draw on</i>, +<i>cover</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ind·uō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -ūtum, <i>put into</i>; <i>put +on</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·eō</b>, -īre, -īvī and -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 +I-</a>], <i>go into</i>; <i>enter upon</i>, <i>undertake</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>begin</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·ermis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_AR">AR-</a>], <i>without +armor</i>; <i>unarmed</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īnferior</b>, -ius, adj. (compar. of īnferus), <i>lower</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>inferior</i>, <a href = +"#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īnfimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of above), <i>lowest</i>; +<i>lowest part of</i>, <i>bottom</i>, <a href = +"#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·ferō</b>, -ferre, -tulī, illātum (inlatum) [<a href = +"#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>bring into</i>; <i>make upon</i>, +<i>wage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>inspire in</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>bring upon</i>, <i>cause</i>, +<i>inflict</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; <i>carry forward</i>, <i>advance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; <i>bring in</i>, <i>import</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; w. acc., or acc. and dat.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">104</span> +<p><b>Īn·flectō</b>, <b>3</b>, -flēxī, -flexum, <i>bend</i>, <i>bend +down</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·gredior</b>, <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>go into</i>, <i>enter</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·imīcus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_AM">AM-</a>], +<i>not friendly</i>; <i>hostile</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.<br> +Cf. hostis.</p> + +<p><b>In·īquitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_IC">IC-, AIC-</a>], <i>unevenness</i>, +<i>inequality</i>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·īquus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_IC">IC-, AIC-</a>], +<i>not equal</i>; <i>uneven</i>, <i>unfavorable</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·itium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>entering upon</i>; <i>beginning</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>; w. partit. gen.</p> + +<p><b>In·iūria</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], <i>thing done contrary to justice</i>; +<i>wrong</i>, <i>injury</i>, <i>violence</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·nītor</b>, <b>3</b>, -nīxus, <i>lean upon</i>, <i>prop one’s +self on</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·rīdeō</b> (<b>irr-</b>), <b>2</b>, -rīsī, -rīsum, <i>laugh in +ridicule</i>; <i>laugh at</i>, <i>mock</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sequor</b>, <b>3</b>, -secūtus [<a href = +"#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], <i>follow close upon</i>; <i>follow up</i>, +<i>pursue</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sidiae</b>, -ārum, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SED">SED-, SID-</a>], <i>taking a position at</i>; +<i>stratagem</i>, <i>trap</i>, <i>snare</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sīgne</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_3SAC">3 SAC-</a>], <i>distinctive mark</i>; <i>sign</i>, +<i>signal</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>ornament</i>, <i>crest</i>, <a +href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sistō</b>, <b>3</b>, -stitī, — [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>set one’s self on</i>; <i>take a stand on</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·star</b>, indecl., <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>image</i>; used as pred. adj., <i>like</i>, <i>in form of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; w. gen.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·stō</b>, <b>1</b>, -stitī, -statūrus [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>stand upon</i>; <i>press forward</i>, <a +href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·struō</b>, <b>3</b>, -strūxī, -strūctum [<a href = +"#root_STRV">STRV-</a>], <i>build into</i>; <i>arrange</i>, <i>draw +up</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; <i>build</i>, <i>erect</i>, <a href += "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intel·legō</b> (<b>interl-</b>), <b>3</b>, -lēxī, -lēctum [<a href += "#root_1LEG">1 LEG-</a>], <i>choose between</i>; <i>understand</i>, +<i>be aware</i>, <i>know</i>, <i>find out</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; w. acc. and infin.; 14, w. indir. +quest.</p> + +<p><b>Inter</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], <i>in +the midst</i>; <i>between</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; <i>among</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·cēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go between</i>; <i>be between</i>, <i>move +between</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·cipiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cēpī, -ceptum [<a href = +"#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>take between</i>; <i>intercept</i>, <a +href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·eā</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_2I">2 I-</a>] <i>between these things</i>; <i>in the +meantime</i>, <i>meanwhile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·ficiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -fectum [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>make to be between</i>, <i>break in +pieces</i>; <i>kill</i>, <i>put to death</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.<br> +Cf. concīdō, occīdō.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = +"#root_IA">IA-, IAC-</a>], <i>hurl between</i>; <i>place</i> or <i>plant +among</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; pass., <i>intervene</i>, <a href = +"#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·im</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>in the meantime</i>, <i>meanwhile</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Interior</b>, -ius, adj., compar. of obsolete interus [<a href = +"#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], <i>inner</i>, <i>interior of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>make go apart</i>; <i>discontinue</i>, +<i>cease</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·neciō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1NEC">1 NEC-, NOC-</a>], <i>complete destruction</i>, +<i>annihilation</i>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·scindō</b>, <b>3</b>, -scidī, -scissum +<span class = "pagenum">105</span> +[<a href = "#root_2SAC">2 SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-</a>], <i>separate by +splitting</i>; <i>cut down</i>, <i>hew away</i>, +<i>demolish</i>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·sum</b>, -esse, -fuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be +between</i>; <i>be the concern of</i>, <i>concern</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>; w. gen. of price.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·vāllum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1VEL">1 VEL-, VAL-</a>], <i>space between stakes of a +palisade</i>; <i>distance</i>, <i>interval</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.<br> +Cf. spatium.</p> + +<p><b>In·texō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -xtum [<a href = "#root_TEC">TEC-, +TAX-</a>], <i>weave in</i>; <i>plait</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intrā</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], <i>on +the inside</i>; <i>within</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], +<i>enter</i>, <i>penetrate</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead in</i>, <i>bring in</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>cause to go within</i>; <i>let in</i>, +<i>admit</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intr·ōrsus</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], +<i>towards the inside</i>; <i>into the interior</i>, +<i>within</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·ūsitātus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], +<i>unusual</i>, <i>strange</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·ūtilis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], +<i>useless</i>; <i>unserviceable</i>, <i>incapable</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; w. ad and acc.</p> + +<p><b>In·veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -venī, -ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, +VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come upon</i>; <i>find</i>, <i>learn</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; w. acc. and infin.<br> +Cf. cōgnōscō.</p> + +<p><b>In·veterāscō</b>, <b>3</b>, -āvī, — [<a href = +"#root_VET">VET-</a>], <i>become of long standing</i>; <i>gain a +permanent foothold</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·videō</b>, <b>2</b>, -vīdī, -vīsum [<a href = +"#root_VID">VID-</a>], <i>look towards</i>; <i>be jealous of</i>, +<i>envy</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>I·pse</b>, -a, -um (gen. ipsīus), intensive pron. [<a href = +"#root_2I">2 I-</a>; <a href = "#root_3SA">3 SA-</a>], <i>person</i> or +<i>thing mentioned</i>; <i>self</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.; sometimes conveniently rendered +<i>he</i>, <i>they</i> (<i>the latter</i>), +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Is</b>, ea, id, determ. pron. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], +<i>person</i> or <i>thing mentioned</i>; <i>he</i>, <i>that</i>, +<i>this</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.; akin to talis, foll. by subj. +clause, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ita</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>in the way +stated</i>; <i>so</i>, <i>thus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; w. ut, <i>in the way that</i>, <i>just +as</i>, <i>as</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ītalia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>Italy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ita·que</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>; <a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>and so</i>; <i>therefore</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Item</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>even so</i>; +<i>so</i>, <i>likewise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iter</b>, itineris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>going</i>; <i>march</i>, <i>route</i>, +<i>line of march</i>, <i>road</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iubeō</b>, <b>2</b>, iūssī, iūssum [<a href = "#root_IV">IV-, +IVG-</a>], <i>order</i>, <i>command</i>, <i>bid</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Iū·dicō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>; <a href += "#root_DIC">DIC-</a>], <i>declare what is law</i>; <i>judge</i>, +<i>suppose</i>, <i>think</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iugum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], <i>joining</i>; <i>ridge</i>, <i>chain of +hills</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iūs</b>, iūris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], <i>thing binding</i>; <i>constitution</i>, +<i>law</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iūstitia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], <i>uprightness</i>, <i>justice</i>, +<i>fairness</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iuvō</b>, <b>1</b>, iūvī, iūtum [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-, +DIAV-</a>], <i>delight</i>; <i>help</i>, <i>assist</i>, <a href = +"#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iūxtā</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], <i>closely +joined</i>; <i>close by</i>, <i>near at hand</i>, <a href = +"#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_L" id = "vocab_L" href = "#vocab">L.</a></h5> + +<p><b>L.</b>, <i>prænomen Lucius</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Labiēnus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Titus +Labienus, +<span class = "pagenum">106</span> +most eminent of Cæsar’s lieutenants</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lapis</b>, -idis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>stone</i>, <a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lassitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_LAG">LAG-</a>], <i>faintness</i>, +<i>exhaustion</i>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lateō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, —, <i>lie hidden</i>; <i>be +concealed</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lātitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_STER">STER-, STRA-, STLA-</a>], <i>breadth</i>; <i>width</i>, +<i>expanse</i>, <i>extent</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>lateral direction</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lātus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_STER">STER-, STRA-, +STLA-</a>], <i>extended</i>; <i>broad</i>, <i>wide</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Latus</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PLAT">PLAT-</a>], <i>thing extending</i>; <i>side</i>, +<i>flank</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Laxō</b>, <b>1</b> [LAG], <i>loose</i>; <i>change to open +order</i>, <i>widen</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lēgātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_3LEG">3 LEG-</a>], <i>embassy</i>, <i>legation</i>, <a +href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lēgātus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_3LEG">3 LEG-</a>], <i>envoy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>lieutenant</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Legiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1LEG">1 LEG-</a>], <i>levying</i>; <i>largest military division, +consisting of 10 cohorts</i>; <i>legion</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Legiōnārius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1LEG">1 +LEG-</a>], <i>belonging to a legion</i>; <i>legionary</i>, <a href += "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lēn·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>gently</i>, +<i>moderately</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Levis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_2LEG">2 LEG-</a>], +<i>lightly moving</i>; <i>light</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Levitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_2LEG">2 LEG-</a>], <i>lightness</i>; <i>inconstancy</i>, +<i>fickleness</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lēx</b>, lēgis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_3LEG">3 LEG-</a>], <i>thing read</i>; <i>written law</i>, +<i>law</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.<br> +Cf. iūs.</p> + +<p><b>Līberāl·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_LIB">LIB-</a>; <a href = +"#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>generously</i>, <i>graciously</i>, <a href += "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Līberī</b>, -erōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_LIB">LIB-</a>], <i>those who do as they desire</i>, <i>free +persons</i>; <i>children</i> (<i>of free parents</i>), <a href += "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Littera</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_LI">LI-</a>], <i>written character</i>; pl., <i>letter</i>, +<i>letters</i>; <i>despatch</i>, <i>despatches</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Locus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>that +placed or situated</i>; <i>place</i>, <i>point</i>, <i>position</i>, +<i>situation</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.; <i>state</i>, <i>condition</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; pl., <b>loca</b>, -ōrum, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span>, <i>region</i>, <i>section</i>, <i>tract</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Longē</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2LEG">2 LEG-</a>], <i>in +length</i>; <i>far</i>, <i>at a distance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Longus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2LEG">2 LEG-</a>], +<i>long</i>, <i>lengthy</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Loquor</b>, <b>3</b>, locūtus, <i>speak</i>, <i>talk</i>, <a +href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lūx</b>, lūcis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>that +which shines</i>; <i>light</i>, <i>dawn</i>, <i>daylight</i>, <a +href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_M" id = "vocab_M" href = "#vocab">M.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Māchinātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>contrivance</i>, <i>engine</i>, <i>machine</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Magis</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_MAC">MAC-, MAG-</a>], <i>in a +higher degree</i>; <i>more</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Magistrātus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_MAC">MAC-, MAG-</a>], <i>magistracy</i>, +<i>ruler</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Māgnitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_MAC">MAC-, MAG-</a>], <i>greatness</i>, <i>size</i>, +<i>height</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Māgnus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_MAC">MAC-, MAG-</a>], +<i>increased</i>; <i>great</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Māior</b>, -ius, adj., compar. of above, <i>greater</i>; māior +nātū, <i>elder</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Male·ficium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_MAL">MAL-</a>; <a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], +<i>evil-doing</i>; <i>outrage</i>, <i>hostile act</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.<br> +Cf. iniūria, indīgnitās.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">107</span> +<p><b>Man·dō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1MA">1 MA-, MAN-</a>; +<a href = "#root_2DA">2 DA-</a>], <i>put into one’s hands</i>; <i>give in +charge</i>, <i>enjoin</i>, <i>order</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>; <i>entrust</i>, <i>consign</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; w. acc. and dat.</p> + +<p><b>Mani·pulus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_1MA">1 MA-, MAN-</a>; <a href = "#root_PLE">PLE-, PLV-</a>], +<i>thing filling the hand</i>; (<i>subdivision of a cohort</i>), +<i>company</i>, <i>maniple</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mān·suētūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1MA">1 MA-, MAN-</a>; <a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, +SVO-</a>], <i>tameness</i>; <i>gentleness</i>, <i>kindness</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.<br> +Cf. clēmentia.</p> + +<p><b>Manus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1MA">1 MA-, MAN-</a>], <i>measuring thing</i>; <i>hand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>band</i>, <i>force</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Maritimus</b> (<b>-umus</b>), -a, -um, adj., <i>of the sea</i>; +<i>on the coast</i>, <i>maritime</i>, <a href = +"#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mātūrō</b>, <b>1</b>, make ripe; <i>hasten</i>, <i>make haste</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.<br> +Cf. contendō.</p> + +<p><b>Māximē</b>, adv., superl. of magis, q.v.; <i>most</i>, +<i>very</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Medius</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>in the middle</i>; <i>middle +of</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Memoria</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1SMAR">1 SMAR-, MAR-</a>], <i>faculty of remembering</i>; +<i>recollection</i>, <i>memory</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Menapiī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Gallic tribe between the Meuse and Scheld</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mercātor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_2SMAR">2 SMAR-, MER-</a>], <i>trader</i>, <a href = +"#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Meritum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SMAR">2 SMAR-, MER-</a>], <i>thing deserved</i>; <i>deserts</i>, +<i>merit</i>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mīles</b>, -itis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_MIL">MĪL-</a>], <i>one of the thousand</i>; <i>soldier</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Mīlitāris</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_MIL">MĪL-</a>], <i>of +soldiers</i>; <i>pertaining to war</i>, <i>military</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mīlle</b>, pl. mīlia or mīllia, num. adj. [<a href = +"#root_MIL">MĪL-</a>], <i>large number associated</i>; <i>thousand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Minimē</b>, adv., superl. of minus, <i>least</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Minor</b>, -us, adj. [<a href = "#root_2MAN">2 MAN-, MI-</a>], +<i>smaller</i>; minus, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, as adv., +<i>less</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>not</i> (= nōn), <a href = +"#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Miser</b>, -era, -erum, adj. [<a href = "#root_MIS">MIS-</a>], +<i>wretched</i>, <i>miserable</i>, <a href = +"#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Miseri·cordia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_MIS">MIS-</a>], <i>heart-pity</i>; <i>pity</i>, +<i>compassion</i>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, mīsī, mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>let go</i>; <i>send</i>, <i>despatch</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Mōbilitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1MV">1 MV-, MOV-</a>], <i>ability to be moved</i>, +<i>agility</i>; <i>fickleness</i>, <i>inconstancy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>. Opp. to stabilitās.<br> +Cf. levitās.</p> + +<p><b>Modo</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2MA">2 MA-, MAD-</a>], <i>in a +measure</i>; <i>only</i>, <i>merely</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Modus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2MA">2 MA-, MAD-</a>], <i>measuring thing</i>; <i>manner</i>, +<i>fashion</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Moenia</b>, -ium, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], <i>things that ward off</i>; <i>walls</i>, +<i>city walls</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Molestē</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_MAC"><ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘1 MAC’">MAC-</ins>, MAG-</a>], <i>in a troublesome +manner</i>; molestē ferre, <i>be annoyed or vexed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Moneō</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_1MAN">1 MAN-, MEN-</a>], +<i>cause to think</i>; <i>direct</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; w. acc., foll. by clause +w. ut.</p> + +<p><b>Mora</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1SMAR">1 SMAR-, MAR-</a>], <i>stopping</i>, <i>delay</i>, <a +href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Morinī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +of Belgæ on Channel, near Calais</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Moror</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1SMAR">1 SMAR-, MAR-</a>], +<i>linger</i>, <i>tarry</i>, <i>delay</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mōs</b>, mōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1MA">1 MA-, MAN-</a>], +<span class = "pagenum">108</span> +<i>will</i>; <i>custom</i>, <i>manner</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.<br> +Cf. cōnsuētūdō.</p> + +<p><b>Moveō</b>, <b>2</b>, mōvī, mōtum [<a href = "#root_1MV">1 MV-, +MOV-</a>], <i>set in motion</i>; <i>move</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mulier</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_MAL">MAL-</a>], <i>woman</i>, <i>female</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Multitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>large number</i>, <i>body</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.; <i>quantity</i>, <i>number</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Multus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>much</i>, pl. <i>many</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mūnīmentum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], <i>means of defence</i>; <i>fortification</i>, +<i>defence</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mūniō</b>, <b>4</b> [<a href = "#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], +<i>wall</i>; <i>fortify</i>, <i>erect defences about</i>, +<i>protect</i>, <i>make</i>, (castra), +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mūnītiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], <i>fortifying</i>; <i>fortification</i>, +<i>works</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mūrus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], <i>encircling thing</i>; <i>wall</i>, <i>city +wall</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.<br> +Cf. moenia.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_N" id = "vocab_N" href = "#vocab">N.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Nam</b>, co-ord. conj. [<a href = "#root_GNA">GNA-</a>], +<i>for</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; as enclitic, quisnam, <i>really</i>, +<i>pray</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.<br> +Cf. the postpositive enim.</p> + +<p><b>Nāscor</b>, <b>3</b>, nātus [<a href = "#root_GEN">GEN-, +GNA-</a>], <i>be born</i>; <i>begin</i>, <i>arise</i>, <a href = +"#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_GEN">GEN-, GNA-</a>], <i>birth</i>; <i>race</i>, <i>people</i>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.<br> +Cf. populus, gēns.</p> + +<p><b>Nātūra</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_GEN">GEN-, GNA-</a>], <i>birth</i>; <i>nature</i>, +<i>character</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p>(<b>Nātus</b>, -ūs), only abl. sing., <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_GEN">GEN-, GNA-</a>], +<i>birth</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nāvō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], +<i>perform with knowledge and zeal</i>; <i>do one’s best</i>, <i>exert +one’s self</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nē</b>, adv. and conj. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>], <i>no</i>; +adv., <i>not</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; conj., <i>that not</i>, <i>lest</i> +(after expressions involving fear), +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Necessārius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2NEC">2 +NEC-</a>], <i>unavoidable</i>; <i>pressing</i>, <i>urgent</i>, <a +href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Necessitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_2NEC">2 NEC-</a>], <i>unavoidableness</i>; +<i>necessity</i>, <i>compulsion</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>urgency</i>, <a href = +"#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Neg·ōtium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, [<a href += "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], <i>not leisure</i>; <i>business</i>, +<i>task</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; <i>trouble</i>, <i>difficulty</i>, <a +href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·mō</b>, —, dat. nēminī, abl. wanting, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> and <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_HAM">HAM-</a>], <i>no man</i>; <i>nobody</i>, <i>no +one</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ne·que</b> or <b>nec</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>; +<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>and not</i>, <i>and so not</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, etc.; neque ... neque, <i>neither ... +nor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·quī·quam</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>not +in any way</i>; <i>to no purpose</i>, <i>in vain</i>, <a href = +"#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nerviī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>most +warlike tribe of the Belgæ</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Neuter</b>, -tra, -trum, gen. -trīus, adj. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>neither</i> (<i>of two</i>), <a +href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·ve</b> or <b>neu</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>], +<i>and not</i>; <i>and that not</i>, <a href = +"#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nihil</b>, indecl., <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_NA">NA-</a>], <i>nothing</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; as adv., <i>not at all</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ni·si</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_SOVO">SOVO-, SVO-</a>], <i>if not</i>, <i>unless</i>, +<i>except</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōbilitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], <i>being known</i>; <i>high +birth</i>, <a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">109</span> +<p><b>Noctū</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1NEC">1 NEC-, NOC-</a>], <i>by +night</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōlō</b>, nōlle, nōluī, —, [<a href = "#root_VOL">VOL-</a>], +<i>not wish</i>; <i>be unwilling</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōmen</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], <i>means of knowing</i>; <i>name</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōminātim</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], <i>by +name</i>, <i>expressly</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōminō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], +<i>name</i>, <i>mention</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>not one</i>; <i>not</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·dum</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_DIV">DIV-</a>], <i>not yet</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·nūllus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], +<i>not none</i>; <i>some</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōnūs</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>ninth</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōs</b>, nostrum, pl. of ego, pron. [<a href = +"#root_NV">NV-</a>], <i>we</i>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Noster</b>, -stra, -strum, poss. pron. [<a href = +"#root_NV">NV-</a>], <i>our</i>, <i>ours</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Novem</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>nine</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Noviodūnum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, <i>chief +town of Suessiones</i>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Novus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_NV">NV-</a>], +<i>new</i>, <i>fresh</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; <i>strange</i>, <i>novel</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; superl., <i>last</i>, <i>in the rear</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nox</b>, -ctis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1NEC">1 NEC-, NOC-</a>], <i>night</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nūdō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>make bare</i>; <i>bare</i>, <i>strip</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>leave unguarded</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>N·ūllus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>not +any</i>; <i>none</i>, <i>no</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; as dat. of nēmō, <i>no one</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Numerus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>distributed thing</i>; <i>number</i>, <i>amount</i>, <i>numbers</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Numida</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Numidian</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nun·c</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_NV">NV-</a>; <a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>now</i>, <i>at the present +time</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nūntiō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_NV">NV-</a>], +<i>announce</i>, <i>report</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nūntius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_NV">NV-</a>], <i>person</i> or <i>thing newly come</i>; +<i>messenger</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>; <i>message</i>, <i>news</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_O" id = "vocab_O" href = "#vocab">O.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Ob</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_APA">APA-</a>], +<i>towards</i>; <i>on account of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead towards</i>; <i>extend</i>, +<i>construct</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·itus</b> (-ūs), <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>going to</i>; <i>destruction</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. interneciō.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·sĕs</b>, -idis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> and <span +class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_SED">SED-</a>], <i>one +staying in a place</i>; <i>hostage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -tentum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, +TEN-</a>], <i>lay hold of</i>; <i>have possession of</i>, +<i>hold</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -vēnī, -ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, +VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come in the way of</i>; <i>come against</i>, +<i>meet</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cāsus</b> (<b>obc-</b>), -ūs, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>going +down</i>; <i>setting</i>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cīdō</b> (<b>obc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -cīdī, -cīsum [<a href = +"#root_2SAC">2 SAC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-</a>], <i>strike against</i>; +<i>kill</i>, <i>slay</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cultus</b> (<b>obc-</b>), -a, -um, adj. (P. of occulō) [<a +href = "#root_2CAL">2 CAL-</a>], <i>covered over</i>; <i>hidden</i>, +<i>secret</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Oc·cupō</b> (<b>obc-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], +<i>take hold of</i>; <i>cover</i>, <i>occupy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>; <i>take possession of</i>, <i>hold</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>; pass., <i>be engaged</i>, <i>occupy one’s +self</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·currō</b> (<b>obc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -currī, -cursum [<a href = +"#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>run towards</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">110</span> +<i>fall in with</i>, <i>meet</i>; <i>come against</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.<br> +Cf. obveniō.</p> + +<p><b>Ōceanus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>ocean</i>, <i>Atlantic</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Octāvus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>eighth</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Octō</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>eight</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Of·ferō</b> (<b>obf-</b>), -ferre, obtulī, oblātum [<a href = +"#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>bring towards</i>; <i>offer</i>, +<i>bear</i>, <i>carry</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>O·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>let go</i>; <i>neglect</i>, <i>leave +untried</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Omnis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], +<i>every</i>, <i>all</i>, <i>entire</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Onus</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AN">AN-</a>], <i>burden</i>; <i>bulk</i>, <i>weight</i>, <a +href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Opera</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>working</i>; <i>work</i>, +<i>service</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Opīniō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>thinking</i>; <i>impression</i>, +<i>idea</i>, <i>expectation</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>reputation</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>O·portet</b>, <b>2</b>, -uit, —, impers. [<a href = +"#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>is necessary</i>; <i>must</i>, +<i>ought</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; w. pass. infin. or acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pidānus</b> (<b>obp-</b>), -a, -um, adj. [<a href = +"#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>of a town</i>; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>townsman</i>, <i>inhabitant of a town</i> +(<i>other than Rome</i>), +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pidum</b> (<b>obp-</b>), -ī, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = "#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>on the +ground</i>; <i>town</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.<br> +Cf. urbs; vīcus.</p> + +<p><b>Op·portūnus</b> (<b>obp-</b>), -a, -um, adj. [<a href = +"#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, PER-</a>], <i>of what is opposite the harbor</i>; +<i>suitable</i>, <i>convenient</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.<br> +Cf idōneus.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pūgnātiō</b> (<b>obp-</b>), -ōnis, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-, PVG-</a>], <i>act of +assaulting</i>; <i>mode of attack</i>, <i>assault</i>, <a href = +"#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pūgnō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-, PVG-</a>], +<i>fight against</i>; <i>attack</i>, <i>storm</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>carry by assault</i>, <a href = +"#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p>(<b>Ops</b>), opis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> (no nom. or +dat. sing.) [<a href = "#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>obtaining thing</i>; +<i>help</i>, <i>aid</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; pl., <i>resources</i>, <a href = +"#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Optimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. used as superl. of bonus [<a href += "#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>best</i>, <a href = +"#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Opus</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>obtaining thing</i>; <i>work</i>, +<i>siege-work</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; quantō opere, <i>how greatly</i>, māgnō +opere, <i>very much</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Opus</b>, indecl. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> (really +same word as above) [<a href = "#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], w. est, <i>is +necessary</i>, <i>is needed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ōrātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>speaking</i>; <i>address</i>, <i>speech</i>, <i>words</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ōrdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_OL">OL-, OR-</a>], <i>weaving</i>; <i>succession</i>, +<i>order</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; <i>rank</i>, <i>line</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Orior</b>, <b>4</b>, ortus [<a href = "#root_OL">OL-, OR-</a>], +<i>bestir one’s self</i>; <i>arise</i>, <i>be raised</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>be descended from</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Osismī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>people +of Gaul</i> (<i>in Brittany</i>), <a href = +"#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_P" id = "vocab_P" href = "#vocab">P.</a></h5> + +<p><b>P.</b>, abbrev. of Publius, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pābulum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PA">PA-</a>], <i>thing affecting feeding</i>; <i>fodder</i>, +<i>forage</i>, <a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pācō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-</a>], <i>bring to +peace</i>; <i>subdue</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paemanī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span><ins class += "correction" title = ", missing">, </ins><i>German tribe of the +Belgæ</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paene</b>, adv., <i>nearly</i>, <i>almost</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">111</span> +<p><b>Palūs</b>, -ūdis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>thing +having wet clay</i>; <i>marsh</i>, <i>swamp</i>, <i>morass</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pandō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dī, passum [<a href = "#root_2PAT">2 PAT-, +PAD-</a>], <i>cause to go</i>; <i>spread out</i>, <i>extend</i>, <a +href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pār</b>, paris, adj. [<a href = "#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, PER-</a>], +<i>equal</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Parātus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of parō) [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 +PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>brought</i>; <i>made ready</i>, <i>ready</i>, +<i>prepared</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; w. infin. or expression of purpose.</p> + +<p><b>Pars</b>, partis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>that cut</i>; <i>part</i>, +<i>portion</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.; <i>quarter</i>, <i>direction</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>point</i>, <i>side</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Partim</b>, adv. (acc. of Pars) [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, +POR-</a>], <i>by a dividing</i>; <i>partly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Parvulus</b>, -a, -um, dim. adj. [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], +<i>very small</i>; <i>slight</i>, <i>unimportant</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Passus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1PAT">1 PAT-</a>], <i>going</i>; <i>double pace</i>, <i>step</i>, +<i>pace</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>; mīlia passuum, <i>mile</i> (= 5000 feet), +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pate·faciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -factum [<a href = "#root_2PAT">2 +PAT-</a>; <a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>make open</i>; +<i>open</i>, <i>throw open</i>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pateō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, — [<a href = "#root_2PAT">2 +PAT-</a>], <i>stand open</i>; <i>be open</i>, <i>spread out</i>, +<i>extend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pater</b>, -tris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PA">PA-</a>], <i>accomplisher of protecting or nourishing</i>; +<i>father</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Patior</b>, <b>3</b>, passus, <i>suffer</i>, <i>endure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; <i>suffer</i>, <i>allow</i>, <a href += "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Patrius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PA">PA-</a>], <i>of a +father</i>; <i>of one’s ancestors</i>, <i>ancestral</i>, <a href = +"#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paucus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], +<i>made to cease</i>; pl. only, <i>few</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>; as substantive, <i>a few</i>, +<i>small number</i>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paulātim</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], <i>by little +and little</i>; <i>gradually</i>, <i>gently</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paulis·per</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>; <a href = +"#root_1PAR">1 PAR-</a>], <i>for a short time</i>, <a href = +"#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paulō</b>, adv. (abl. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +paulus) [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], <i>by a little</i>; <i>a +little</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paululum</b>, dim. adv. [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], <i>very +little</i>; <i>very slightly</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paulum</b>, adv. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +paulus) [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], <i>a little</i>, <a +href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pāx</b>, pācis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PAC">PAC-</a>], <i>binding thing</i>; <i>peace</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pedĕs</b>, -itis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>one that goes on foot</i>; +<i>foot-soldier</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pedester</b>, -tris, -tre, adj. [<a href = "#root_PED">PED-</a>], +<i>of infantry</i>, <i>infantry</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pedius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Quintus +Pedius</i>, Cæsar’s nephew, and lieutenant under him, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pellis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PLE">PLE-</a>], <i>hide</i>, <i>skin</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pellō</b>, <b>3</b>, pepulī, pulsum [<a href = "#root_PAL">PAL-, +PEL-</a>], <i>cause to move</i>; <i>drive</i>, <i>dislodge</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>rout</i>, <i>defeat</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, PER-</a>], +<i>through</i>; <i>by</i>, <i>by means of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; <i>on account of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; <i>through</i>, <i>by way of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; <i>over</i>, <a href = +"#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per·ferō</b>, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 +FER-</a>], <i>carry through</i>; <i>bear</i>, <i>endure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>; <i>bear</i>, <i>spread among</i>, <a +href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Perīclitor</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, +PER-</a>], <i>test</i>; <i>prove</i>, <i>make trial</i>, <a href = +"#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Perīculum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, PER-</a>], +<span class = "pagenum">112</span> +<i>means of trying</i>, <i>trial</i>; <i>danger</i>, <i>peril</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>let through</i>; <i>yield</i>, <i>give up</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; w. acc. and dat.</p> + +<p><b>Per·moveō</b>, <b>2</b>, -mōvī, -mōtum [<a href = "#root_1MV">1 +MV-, MOV-</a>], <i>stir up thoroughly</i>; <i>disturb</i>, <i>alarm</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per·spiciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -spēxī, -spectum [<a href = +"#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>see through</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>; <i>perceive clearly</i>, <i>find out</i>, +<i>ascertain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per·suādeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -sī, -sum, <i>thoroughly advise</i>; +<i>prevail upon</i>, <i>persuade</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; w. dat. and subjunctive w. ut.</p> + +<p><b>Per·terreō</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_TER">TER-</a>], +<i>thoroughly frighten</i>; <i>demoralize</i>, <i>render +panic-stricken</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.<br> +Cf. perturbō.</p> + +<p><b>Per·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, — [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 +TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>thoroughly hold</i>; <i>extend to</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per·turbō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_TVR">TVR-</a>], <i>throw +into utter confusion</i>; <i>disconcert</i>, <i>alarm</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. permoveō.</p> + +<p><b>Per·veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -vēnī, -ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, +VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come quite to</i>; <i>reach</i>, <i>arrive at</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pēs</b>, pedis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>going thing</i>; <i>foot</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Petō</b>, <b>3</b>, -īvī and -iī, -ītum [<a href = +"#root_PET">PET-</a>], <i>fall upon</i>; <i>seek</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>aim at</i>, <i>make for</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>seek</i>, <i>make request</i>, +<i>ask</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, w. ut and subjunct.; <i>ask</i>, +<i>beg</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, w. acc.</p> + +<p><b>Pīlum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PIS">PIS-</a>], <i>crushing thing</i>; <i>heavy javelin</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Plānitiēs</b> (-ēī), <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_PLAT">PLAT-</a>], <i>flatness</i>; <i>level stretch of +country</i>, <i>plain</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Plērum·que</b>, adv. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +plērusque), <i>for the most part</i>, <i>generally</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Plērus·que</b>, -raque, -rumque, adj. [<a href = +"#root_PLE">PLE-</a>; <a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>larger part +of</i>; <i>most of</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Plūrimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (used as superl. of multus) [<a +href = "#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-, PLV-</a>], <i>most</i>; acc. <span class += "smallroman">N.</span> as adv., <i>most</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pol·liceor</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_LIC">LIC-, LIQV-</a>], +<i>offer very much</i>; <i>offer</i>, <i>promise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pondus</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>weighing thing</i>; <i>weight</i>, <i>bulk</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. onus.</p> + +<p><b>Pōnō</b> [for portsinō], <b>3</b>, posuī, positum [<a href = +"#root_1SA">1 SA-, SI-</a>], <i>let down</i>; <i>place</i>, +<i>establish</i>, <i>pitch</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>; <i>place</i>, <i>base on</i>, <a +href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pōns</b>, pontis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1PAT">1 PAT-</a>], <i>means of going</i>; <i>bridge</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Populor</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SCAL">SCAL-, SPOL-</a>], +<i>pour out people</i>; <i>lay waste</i>, <i>ravage</i>, <i>raid</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.<br> +Cf. dēpopulor, vāstō.</p> + +<p><b>Populus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-</a>], <i>the many</i>; <i>people</i>, +<i>nation</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, etc.<br> +Cf. gēns.</p> + +<p><b>Por·rēctus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of porrigō) [<a href = +"#root_REG">REG-, RIG-</a>], <i>stretched out</i>, <i>stretched +forward</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Porta</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>thing passed through</i>; +<i>gate</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Portō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, POR-</a>], +<i>bear along</i>, <i>carry</i>, <i>convey</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Poscō</b>, <b>3</b>, poposcī, — [<a href = +"#root_PREC">PREC-</a>] <i>ask for urgently</i>; <i>demand</i>, +<i>request</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.<br> +Cf. petō.</p> + +<p><b>Pos·sideō</b>, <b>2</b>, -sēdī, -sessum [<a href = +"#root_SED">SED-</a>], <i>have and hold</i>, <i>possess</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pos·sum</b>, posse, potuī [<a href = "#root_POT">POT-</a>], +<span class = "pagenum">113</span> +<i>be able</i>, <i>can</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, etc.; <i>amount to</i>, <i>be +influential</i> or <i>powerful</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Post</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_POS">POS-</a>], +<i>behind</i>; <i>after</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>behind</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Post·eā</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_POS">POS-</a>; <a href = +"#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>after this</i>; <i>afterwards</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Post·quam</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_POS">POS-</a>; <a href = +"#root_CA">CA-</a>], <i>after that</i>; <i>after</i>, <i>as soon as</i>, +<i>when</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Postrēmō</b>, <i>at last</i>, <i>finally</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Postrī·diē</b>, adv. (contr. from posterō diē) [<a href = +"#root_POS">POS-</a>; <a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], <i>on the +day after</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; w. gen.</p> + +<p><b>Postulō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PREC">PREC-</a>], +<i>ask</i>, <i>demand</i>, <i>require</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.<br> +Cf. poscō.</p> + +<p><b>Potēns</b>, -entis, adj. [<a href = "#root_POT">POT-</a>], +<i>able</i>, <i>mighty</i>, <i>powerful</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Potestās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_POT">POT-</a>], <i>ability</i>; <i>power</i>, <i>control</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>; <i>power</i>, <i>ability</i>, <a +href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Potior</b>, <b>4</b> [<a href = "#root_POT">POT-</a>], <i>become +master of</i>; <i>get control of</i>, <i>gain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; w. abl.</p> + +<p><b>Potius</b>, adv. (compar.) [<a href = "#root_POT">POT-</a>], +<i>rather</i>, <i>preferably</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>; foll. by quam.</p> + +<p><b>Prae</b>, prep. w. abl. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-, +PRAE-</a>], <i>before</i>; <i>in comparison with</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·acūtus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1AC">1 AC-</a>], +<i>sharpened in front</i>; <i>pointed</i>, <i>sharpened at the +point</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·beō</b> [for praehibeō], <b>2</b> [<a href = +"#root_HAB">HAB-</a>], <i>hold forth</i>; <i>furnish</i>, +<i>afford</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ceps</b>, -ipitis, adj. [<a href = "#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], +<i>head foremost</i>; <i>headlong</i>, <i>in haste</i>, <a href = +"#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·dor</b> [for praehedor], <b>1</b>, <i>make booty</i>; +<i>plunder</i>, <i>raid</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ferō</b>, -ferre, -tūlī, -lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 +FER-</a>], <i>bear before</i>; <i>place before</i>, <i>thrust +forward</i>, <i>outdo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; w. acc. and dat.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ficiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -fectum [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>place over</i>; <i>put at the head of</i>, +<i>place in command of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; w. acc. and dat.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsi, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>send before</i>; <i>send in advance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·scrībō</b>, <b>3</b>, -psī, -ptum [<a href = +"#root_SCARP">SCARP-, SCALP-</a>], <i>write before</i>; <i>dictate</i>, +<i>prescribe</i>, <i>direct</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; w. dat. and indir. question.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sertim</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1SER">1 SER-, SVAR-</a>], +<i>by an arranging before</i>; <i>especially</i>, +<i>particularly</i>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sidium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_SED">SED-</a>], <i>sitting before</i>; <i>guard</i>, +<i>defence</i>, <i>support</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>protection</i>, <i>safety</i>, <a +href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·stō</b>, <b>1</b>, -stitī, — [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>stand before</i>; <i>excel</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; <i>put forth</i>, <i>exhibit</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; <i>be preferable</i>, <i>be better</i> +(impers.), <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sum</b>, -esse, -fuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be +before</i>; <i>be in charge of</i>, <i>command</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Praeter·eā</b>, <i>in addition</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Premō</b>, <b>3</b>, pressī, pressum, <i>press</i>; <i>push +closely</i>, <i>press hard</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmi·pīlus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>; <a href = "#root_PIS">PIS-</a>], <i>first +centurion of the triarii</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmō</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-</a>], <i>at +first</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmum</b>, adv. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +prīmus) [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>], <i>first thing</i>; +<i>first</i>, <i>in the first place</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; cum prīmum, <i>as soon as</i>, <a +href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, +<span class = "pagenum">114</span> +PRI-</a>], <i>first</i>, <i>foremost</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, etc.; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>chief</i>, <i>leading man</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prīn·ceps</b>, -ipis, adj. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>; +<a href = "#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>taking first place</i>; as noun, +<i>leader</i>, <i>chief</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.<br> +Cf. prīmus.</p> + +<p><b>Prior</b>, -ius, gen. -ōris, adj. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, +PRI-</a>], <i>former</i>; <i>those preceding</i>, <i>men in front</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>. Opp. novissimī.</p> + +<p><b>Prīs·tinus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, +PRI-</a>; <a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, TEN-</a>] <i>former</i>; +<i>former</i>, <i>old time</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prius</b>, adv. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +prior) [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>], <i>earlier</i>, +<i>sooner</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; foll. by quam.</p> + +<p><b>Prius·quam</b>, adv., conj. (= prius quam) [<a href = +"#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>; <a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>], <i>sooner +than</i>, <i>before</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>; w. subj.<br> +Cf. prius quam, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō</b>, prep. w. abl. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>], +<i>before</i>; <i>in front of</i>, <i>before</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>; <i>in behalf of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>; <i>in proportion to</i>, <i>to the best +of one’s ability</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>in accordance with</i>, <i>agreeably +to</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·cēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go forward</i>; <i>advance</i>, +<i>proceed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·cul</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CEL">CEL-</a>], <i>driven +forward</i>; <i>at a distance</i>, <i>afar off</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·cumbō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cubuī, -cubitum, <i>bend forwards</i>; +<i>fall forward</i>, <i>sink to the ground</i>, <a href = +"#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Proelior</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>fight</i>, <i>contend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.<br> +Cf. dīmicō, congredior.</p> + +<p><b>Proelium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>fighting</i>, <i>fight</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; <i>skirmish</i>, <i>engagement</i>, +<i>battle</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·fectiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>going away</i>; <i>setting out</i>, +<i>departure</i>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·ficīscor</b>, <b>3</b>, -fectus [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>begin to go forward</i>; <i>set out</i>, +<i>go</i>, <i>march</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·flīgō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_FLAG">FLAG-, FLIG-</a>], +<i>strike to the ground</i>; <i>rout</i>, <i>defeat</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.<br> +Cf. pellō, cōniciō.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·fugiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fūgī, — [<a href = "#root_2FVG">2 +FVG-</a>], <i>flee before</i>; <i>flee for refuge</i>, +<i>escape</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·gnātus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_GEN">GEN-, GN-, +GNA-</a>], <i>born</i>, <i>descended</i>, <i>sprung from</i>, <a +href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·gredior</b>, <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>go forward</i>; <i>advance</i>, +<i>proceed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.<br> +Cf. prōcēdō.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·hibeō</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_HAB">HAB-</a>], <i>hold +before</i>; <i>hinder</i>, <i>prevent</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, w. acc. and infin.; <i>keep from</i>, +<i>cut off</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, w. acc. and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>cast forward</i>; <i>give up</i>, <i>abandon</i>, +<i>renounce</i>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·moveō</b>, <b>2</b>, -mōvī, -mōtum [<a href = "#root_1MV">1 +MV-, MOV-</a>], <i>move forward</i>, <i>advance</i>, <a href = +"#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prope</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], +<i>near</i>; <i>nearly</i>, <i>almost</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·perō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], +<i>hasten</i>, <i>make haste</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Propīnquitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>nearness</i>, +<i>proximity</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>family connection</i>, <i>kinship</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.<br> +Cf. adfīnitās.</p> + +<p><b>Propīnquus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, +PLEC-</a>], <i>being near</i>; <i>near</i>, <i>close</i>, +<i>adjacent</i>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>, w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·pōnō</b>, <b>3</b>, -posuī, -positum [<a href = "#root_1SA">1 +SA-, SI-</a>], <i>place before</i>; <i>put forth</i>, <i>expose to +view</i>, <i>display</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prop·ter</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, +<span class = "pagenum">115</span> +PLEC-</a>], <i>near</i>; <i>on account of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Propter·eā</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], +<i>on account of that</i>; foll. by quod, <i>for the reason</i> +(<i>that</i>), <i>because</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>; foll. by indic.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·pūgnō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-, PAG-, +PVG-</a>], <i>fight before</i>; <i>fight in defence</i>, <i>make +defensive sallies</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·sequor</b>, <b>3</b>, -secūtus [<a href = +"#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], <i>follow onward</i>; <i>pursue</i>, <i>follow +after</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>follow</i>, <i>address</i>, <a +href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·spectus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>forward look</i>; <i>out-look</i>, +<i>distant view</i>, <i>prospect</i>, <a href = +"#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·tinus</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, TEN-</a>], +<i>before one’s self</i>; <i>at once</i>, <i>immediately</i>, <a +href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·turbō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_TVR">TVR-</a>], <i>drive +forward</i>; <i>drive off</i>, <i>frighten away</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.<br> +Cf. pellō.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·videō</b>, <b>2</b>, -vīdī, -vīsum [<a href = +"#root_VID">VID-</a>], <i>see before</i>; <i>look out</i>, <i>see</i>, +<i>attend to</i>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·vincia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_VIC">VIC-</a>], <i>territory acquired by conquest</i>; +<i>province</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·volō</b>, <b>1</b>, -āvī, —, <i>fly forth</i>; <i>hasten +forth</i>, <i>hurry forward</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Proximē</b>, adv., superl. of prope [<a href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, +PLEC-</a>], <i>nearest</i>; <i>most<ins class = "correction" title = +"text has superfluous ,"> </ins>recently</i>, <i>last</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Proximus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of propior, no pos.) [<a href += "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>nearest</i>, <i>closest</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>next</i>, <i>following</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, (of time) 12, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prū·dentia</b> (for prō·videntia), -ae, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_VID">VID-</a>], <i>seeing +before</i>; <i>foresight</i>, <i>wisdom</i>, <i>prudence</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pūblicus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PLE">PLE-, +PLO-</a>], <i>belonging to the people</i>; w. rēs, <i>republic</i>, +<i>state</i>, <i>government</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Puer</b>, -erī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>one +begotten</i>; <i>boy</i>, <i>child</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pūgna</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PAC">PAC-, PAG-, PVG-</a>], <i>thrusting thing</i>; <i>fight</i>, +<i>battle</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. proelium.</p> + +<p><b>Pūgnō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-, PAG-, PVG-</a>], +<i>fight</i>, <i>contend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.<br> +Cf. congredior, contendō, dīmicō, proelior.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_Q" id = "vocab_Q" href = "#vocab">Q.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Q.</b>, abbrev. for <b>Quīntus</b>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quā</b>, adv. (abl. <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> of quī) +[<a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>], <i>on which side</i>; <i>at what +point</i>, <i>where</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quadrin·gentī</b>, -ae, -a, num. adj. [<a href = +"#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], <i>four hundred</i>, <a href = +"#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quaerō</b>, <b>3</b>, -sīvī, -sītum, <i>seek</i>; <i>ask</i>, +<i>enquire</i>, <i>make enquiry</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; <i>look for</i>, <i>seek</i>, <i>try to +find</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. petō.</p> + +<p><b>Quam</b>, adv. (acc. of quī) [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>], <i>in +what manner</i>; <i>than</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.<br> +Cf. āc (19).</p> + +<p><b>Quam·vīs</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_VOL">VOL-</a>], <i>as you will</i>; <i>as much as you like</i>, +<i>any-so-ever</i>, <i>any</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quantus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>], <i>how +great</i>, <i>how many</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, in indir. quest.; <i>as great as</i>, +<i>as much as</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +Cf. tantus.</p> + +<p><b>Quartus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>fourth</i>, <a href = +"#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quattuor</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>four</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Que</b>, enclitic conj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>and</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.<br> +Joins kindred expressions; sometimes +<span class = "pagenum">116</span> +couples a sentence to a preceding one.<br> +Cf. et, atque.</p> + +<p><b>Quī</b>, quae, quod, rel. and adj. pron. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>who</i>, <i>which</i>, <i>what</i>, +<i>that</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Quī·dam</b>, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>; <a href = "#root_3DA">3 DA-</a>], <i>certain +one</i>, <i>some one</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Qui·dem</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>; <a href = +"#root_3DA">3 DA-</a>], <i>certainly</i>; nē ... quidem, enclosing +emphatic word or expression, <i>not even</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quī·n</b>, conj. w. subj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>; +<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>], <i>by which not</i>; <i>but that</i>, +<i>that</i>, <i>from</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quī·nam</b> (<b>quis-</b>), quae-, quod-, interrog. pron. [<a href += "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>for who? who</i>, <i>which</i>, +<i>what</i>, <i>pray? what in the world?</i> 30.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn·decim</b>, num. adj., indecl. [<a href = +"#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], <i>fifteen</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn·gentī</b>, -ae, -a, num. adj. [<a href = +"#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], <i>five hundred</i>, <a href = +"#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quīnquā·gintā</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>fifty</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quīnque</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>five</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quis</b>, quae, quid? interrog. pron. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, +CI-</a>], <i>who? which? what?</i> 4, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, etc.<br> +Indef. after sī and nē, <i>any one</i>, <i>any</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quis·quam</b>, —, quicquam (quidq-), indef. pron. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>any</i>, <i>any at all</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; in negative clauses.</p> + +<p><b>Quis·que</b>, quae-, quid- (quod-), indef. pron. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>each</i>, <i>each one</i>, <i>every</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quis·quis</b>, —, quicquid (quidq-) or quodquod, indef. +rel. pron. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>whatever</i>, +<i>whatsoever</i>, <i>everything which</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quō</b>, rel. adv. (dat. and abl. of quī) [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>in what place</i>; (dat. use) <i>where</i>, +<i>whither</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a> 17, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; conj. (rel. adv.), = ut eō, <i>by +which</i>, <i>so that</i>, <i>that</i>, <a href = +"#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quod</b>, conj. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of qui) +[<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>that</i>; <i>in that</i>, +<i>because</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, etc.; <i>the fact that</i>, <a href += "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quo·que</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>also</i>, <i>too</i>, <i>as well</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; placed after word to be emphasized.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_R" id = "vocab_R" href = "#vocab">R.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Rāmus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>growing +thing</i>; <i>branch</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ratiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_RA">RA-</a>], <i>reckoning</i>; <i>consideration</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>; <i>plan</i>, <i>method</i>, +<i>system</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re-, Red-</b>, <i>back</i>, <i>away</i>, in comp. only.</p> + +<p><b>Re·cipiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cēpī, -ceptum [<a href = +"#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>take back</i>; <i>admit</i>, <i>receive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; with reflex. pron., <i>recover</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>; <i>betake one’s self</i>, <i>retreat</i>, +<i>go</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.<br> +Cf. sē cōnferre.</p> + +<p><b>Red·dō</b>, <b>3</b>, -didī, -ditum [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 +DA-</a>], <i>give back</i>; <i>render</i>, <a href = +"#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Red·eō</b>, -īre, -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], +<i>go back</i>; <i>recede</i>, <i>decline</i>, <i>slope +away</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Red·igō</b>, <b>3</b>, -ēgī, -āctum [<a href = +"#root_AG">AG-</a>], <i>drive back</i>; <i>bring down</i>, +<i>reduce</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>; <i>render</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.<br> +Cf. reddō.</p> + +<p><b>Red·in·tegrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_TAG">TAG-</a>], +<i>make whole again</i>; <i>renew</i>, <i>restore</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēdonēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +of Brittany</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">117</span> +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "· invisible"><b>Re·dūcō</b></ins>, +<b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = "#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead +back</i>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·ferō</b>, -ferre, rettulī, -lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 +FER-</a>], <i>bear back</i>; <i>report</i>, <i>announce</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.<br> +Cf. adferō, renūntiō.</p> + +<p><b>Re·fringō</b>, <b>3</b>, -frēgī, -frāctum, <i>break back</i>; +<i>break open</i>, <i>tear open</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Regiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_REG">REG-</a>], <i>directing</i>, <i>direction</i>; +<i>region</i>, <i>district</i>, <i>locality</i>, <i>country</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēgnum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_REG">REG-</a>], <i>that which rules</i>; <i>power</i>, +<i>control</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rē·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>hurl back</i>; <i>throw back</i>, <i>drive +back</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·languēscō</b>, <b>3</b>, -guī, — [<a href = +"#root_LAG">LAG-</a>], <i>lose energy</i>, <i>be weakened</i>, <a +href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·linquō</b>, <b>3</b>, -līquī, -līctum [<a href = +"#root_LIC">LIC-, LIQV-</a>] <i>leave behind</i>, <i>leave</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·liquus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_LIC">LIC-, +LIQV-</a>], <i>remaining</i>; <i>other</i>, <i>rest of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>the rest</i>, <i>the others</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēmī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>people +of Belgium on the Axona</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Re·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>send back</i>; <i>hurl back</i>, +<i>return</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; <i>relax</i>, <i>weaken</i>, <a href += "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēmus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>a +Remian</i>, <a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·nūntiō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_NV">NV-</a>], <i>bring +back word</i>; <i>announce</i>, <i>report</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; w. dat. and acc. and infin.<br> +Cf. adferō, referō.</p> + +<p><b>Re·pellō</b>, <b>3</b>, reppulī, -pulsum [<a href = +"#root_PAL">PAL-, PEL-, PVL-</a>], <i>drive back</i>, <i>repulse</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.<br> +Cf. rēiciō.</p> + +<p><b>Repentīnō</b>, adv. (abl. of repentīnus), <i>suddenly</i>, <a +href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·periō</b>, <b>4</b>, repperī, -pertum [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 +PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>produce again</i>; <i>find</i>, <i>find out</i>, +<i>ascertain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>; w. acc. and infin., +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēs</b>, reī, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_RA">RA-</a>], <i>thing spoken of</i>; <i>thing</i>, +<i>circumstance</i>, <i>matter</i>, <i>affair</i>, <i>business</i>, +<i>fact</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.; rēs frūmentāria, <i>grain-supply</i>, +<i>provisions</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; rēs pūblica, <i>state</i>, +<i>republic</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·sistō</b>, <b>3</b>, -stitī, — [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>stand back</i>; <i>hold one’s ground</i>, +<i>maintain one’s position</i>, <i>resist</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·spiciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -spēxī, -spectum [<a href = +"#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>look back</i>, <i>look behind +one</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·spondeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -ndī, -spōnsum, <i>promise in +return</i>; <i>reply</i>, <i>answer</i>, <a href = +"#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -tentum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, +TEN-</a>], <i>keep back</i>; <i>keep up</i>, <i>maintain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>keep back</i>, <i>reserve</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·vertor</b>, <b>3</b>, -versus (active in perfect, pluperfect, +and future perfect: reverti, reverteram, revertero) [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turn back</i>; <i>return</i>, <i>go +back</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·vocō</b>, <b>1</b> (<a href = "#root_VOC">VOC-, VAG-</a>), +<i>call back</i>, <i>summon</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēx</b>, rēgis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_REG">REG-</a>], <i>ruler</i>; <i>king</i>, <i>chieftain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rhēnus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>the +Rhine</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rīpa</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>bank</i>, +<i>river-bank</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rōmānus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>Roman</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Roman</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, etc.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">118</span> +<p><b>Rubus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>red-colored thing</i>; <i>bramble</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rūmor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>sounding</i>; <i>report</i>, <i>rumor</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rūpēs</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_RAP">RAP-, RVP-</a>], <i>broken thing</i>; <i>cliff</i>, <i>steep +rock</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>R·ūrsus</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turned +back</i>; <i>again</i>, <i>back again</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_S" id = "vocab_S" href = "#vocab">S.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Sabīnus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Q. +Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of Cæsar</i>, <a href = +"#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sabis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>river +Sambre in country of Nervii</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Saepēs</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1SAC">1 SAC-, SAG-</a>], <i>hedge</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sagittārius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_1SAC">1 SAC-, SAG-</a>], <i>of an arrow</i>; <i>archer</i>, +<i>bowman</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Salūs</b>, -ūtis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SAL">SAL-, SER-</a>], <i>being well</i>; <i>preservation</i>, +<i>salvation</i>, <i>safety</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>well-being</i>, +<i>welfare</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sarcinae</b>, -ārum, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>bundle</i>; <i>luggage</i>, <i>personal baggage</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Saxum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SAC">2 SAC-, SEC-</a>], <i>fragment of rock</i>; <i>rock</i>, +<i>stone</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scientia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SAC">2 SAC-, SEC-, SCI-</a>], <i>knowing</i>; +<i>knowledge</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scrībō</b>, <b>3</b>, -psī, -ptum [<a href = "#root_SCARP">SCARP-, +SCALP-</a>], <i>scratch</i>; <i>write</i>, <i>give an +account</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scūtum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SCV">SCV-, CV-</a>], <i>covering thing</i>; <i>shield</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sectiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SAC">2 SAC-, SEC-</a>], <i>cutting</i>; <i>lot of booty</i>, +<i>booty</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Secundum</b>, prep. w. acc. (acc. <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> of secundus) [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>following</i>; <i>in the direction of</i>, <i>along</i>, <a href += "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Secundus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>following</i>; <i>second</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>successful</i>, +<i>favorable</i>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sed</b>, co-ord. conj., adversative [<a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, +SVO-</a>], <i>apart from</i>; <i>but</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Senātor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_SEN">SEN-</a>], <i>old man</i>; <i>elder</i>, +<i>senator</i>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Senātus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SEN">SEN-</a>], <i>office of an old man</i>; <i>council</i>, +<i>senate</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Senonēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +on upper Seine</i>, <a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sententia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_SENT">SENT-</a>], <i>thinking</i>; <i>opinion</i>, +<i>view</i>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sentēs</b>, -ium, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span><ins class = +"correction" title = ", missing">, </ins><i>thorns</i>, <i>briars</i>, +<i>brambles</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Septimus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>seventh</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sequor</b>, <b>3</b>, secūtus [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>follow</i>; <i>go along</i>, <i>accompany</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; <i>follow</i>, <i>result</i>, <a +href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Servitūs</b>, -ūtis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_1SER">1 SER-, SVAR-</a>], <i>slavery</i>, <i>servitude</i>, +<i>subjection</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Servō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SAL">SAL-, SER-</a>], +<i>save</i>; <i>keep</i>, <i>maintain</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sex</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>six</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sexāgintā</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>sixty</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sex·centī</b>, -ae, -a, num. adj. [<a href = +"#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], <i>six hundred</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sī</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, SVO-</a>], <i>if</i>, +<i>in case</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.; <i>to see if</i>, <i>whether</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, w. indir. question.</p> + +<p><b>Sī·c</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_3SA">3 SA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>in this manner</i>; <i>so</i>, <i>in such a +manner</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; <i>in following manner</i>, <i>as +follows</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·fer</b>, -erī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_3SAC">3 SAC-</a>; <a href = "#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], +<i>standard-bearer</i>, <i>ensign</i>, <a href = +"#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">119</span> +<p><b>Sīgni·ficātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_3SAC">3 SAC-</a>; <a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], +<i>pointing out</i>; <i>announcement</i>, <i>signal</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·ficō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_3SAC">3 SAC-</a>; +<a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>show by signs</i>; <i>indicate</i>, +<i>show</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>; <i>announce</i>, <i>make known</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgnum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_3SAC">3 SAC-</a>], <i>mark</i>; <i>signal</i>, <i>sign</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>military standard</i>, <i>ensign</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; — convertere, <i>face about</i>, +<i>wheel</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; — īnferre, <i>advance to +attack</i>, <i>charge</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; ad — cōnsistere, <i>rally round the +standards</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Silva</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SER">2 SER-, SVAL-</a>], <i>wood</i>, <i>forest</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Silvestris</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_2SER">2 SER-, +SVAL-</a>], <i>of a wood</i>; <i>wooded</i>, <a href = +"#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Simul</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2SA">2 SA-, SIM-</a>], +<i>together</i>; <i>at the same time</i>, <a href = +"#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Si·ne</b>, prep. w. abl. [<a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-</a>], +<i>without</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Singulāris</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_2SA">2 SA-, SEM-, +SIM-</a>], <i>one by one</i>; <i>remarkable</i>, <i>extraordinary</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.<br> +Cf. eximius.</p> + +<p><b>Singulī</b>, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. [<a href = "#root_2SA">2 +SA-, SEM-, SIM-</a>], <i>one to each</i>; <i>one at a time</i>, +<i>separate</i>, <i>single</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sinister</b>, -tra, -trum, adj. left, <i>on the left</i>, <a +href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sōl</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SER">2 SER-, SVAL-</a>], <i>sun</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Solli·citō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SAL">SAL-</a>; <a href += "#root_CI">CI-</a>], <i>move violently</i>; <i>stir up</i>, +<i>instigate</i>, <i>incite</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sōlum</b>, adv. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +sōlus) [<a href = "#root_SAL">SAL-, SER-</a>], <i>alone</i>, +<i>only</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sōlus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_SAL">SAL-, SER-</a>], +<i>alone</i>, <i>only</i>, <i>sole</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Spatium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, [<a href = +"#root_SPA">SPA-, PA-</a>], <i>race-course</i>; <i>space</i>, +<i>distance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>extent</i>, <i>time</i>, <a href += "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Speciēs</b>, -iēī, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>seeing</i>; <i>sight</i>, <i>form</i>, +<i>appearance</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Speculātor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>searcher</i>; <i>scout</i>, +<i>spy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +Cf. explōrātor.</p> + +<p><b>Spēs</b>, -eī, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [SPA, <a href += "#root_PA">PA-</a>], <i>hope</i>, <i>expectation</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Spīritus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>breathing</i>; <i>feeling</i>, <i>pride</i>, +<i>haughtiness</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Statim</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>in +standing</i>; <i>at once</i>, <i>immediately</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +Cf. prōtinus.</p> + +<p><b>Statiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>standing</i>; <i>guard</i>, <i>out-post</i>, +<i>picket</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Statuō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -ūtum [<a href = "#root_STA">STA-</a>], +<i>make stand</i>; <i>fix</i>, <i>determine</i>, <i>decide</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Statūra</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>standing upright</i>; <i>stature</i>, +<i>size</i>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Strepitus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>clashing</i>, <i>clatter</i>, <i>noise</i>, <i>din</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +Cf. clāmor, fremitus.</p> + +<p><b>Studeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, — [<a href = "#root_SPA">SPA-, +PA-</a>], <i>be eager</i>; <i>strive after</i>, <i>be bent upon</i>, +<i>desire</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>; <i>devote one’s self to</i>, <i>pay +attention to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Studium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SPA">SPA-, PA-</a>], <i>zeal</i>, <i>eagerness</i>, +<i>enthusiasm</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sub</b>, prep. w. abl. and acc., <i>under</i>, <i>beneath</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; <i>near to</i>, <i>toward</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·eō</b>, -īre, -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], +<i>go under</i>; <i>go near</i>, <i>approach closely</i>, <i>come +up</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.<br> +Cf. adpropīnquō, succēdō.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·itō</b>, adv. (abl. of subitus) [<a href = "#root_1I">1 +I-</a>], <i>by coming on stealthily</i>; <i>suddenly</i>, +<i>unexpectedly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>hastily</i>, <i>offhand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.<br> +Cf. repentīnō.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">120</span> +<p><b>Sub·mittō</b> (<b>summ-</b>), <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>send below</i>; <i>send to aid</i>, +<i>despatch</i>, <i>send</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·ruō</b> (<b>surr-</b>), <b>3</b>, -ruī, -rutum, <i>tear down +below</i>; <i>undermine</i>, <i>dig under</i>, <a href = +"#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·sequor</b>, <b>3</b>, -secūtus [<a href = +"#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], <i>follow closely</i>, <i>pursue</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·sidium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_SED">SED-</a>], <i>sitting behind</i>; <i>reserve forces</i>, +<i>reserves</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>aid</i>, <i>assistance</i>, +<i>help</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.<br> +Cf. auxilium.</p> + +<p><b>Suc·cēdō</b> (<b>subc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go below</i>; <i>draw near</i>, <i>approach +closely</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.<br> +Cf. subeō, adpropīnquō.</p> + +<p><b>Suc·cessus</b> (<b>subc-</b>), -ūs, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>going +below</i>; <i>advance</i>, <i>close approach</i>, <a href = +"#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Suessiōnēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>German tribe north of the Marne</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Suī</b>, sibi, sē (sēsē), reflex. pron. referring to subject or +speaker, [<a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, SVO-</a>], <i>self</i>; <i>of +himself</i>, <i>of themselves</i>, etc., +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Sum</b>, esse, fuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be</i>; +<i>exist</i>, <i>be</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Summa</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> (f. of +summus, sc. rēs), <i>highest</i> (<i>thing</i>); <i>chief control</i>, +<i>general management</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Summus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of superus), <i>highest</i>, +<i>greatest</i>, <i>topmost</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; <i>highest part</i>, <i>summit</i>, +<i>top</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sū·mō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mpsī, -mptum [<a href = "#root_EM">EM-</a>], +<i>take</i>, <i>claim</i>, <i>assume</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Superior</b>, -ius, gen. -ōris, adj. compar. of superus, +<i>higher</i>, <i>upper</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; <i>preceding</i>, <i>former</i>, +<i>past</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.<br> +Cf. altior; prīstinus.</p> + +<p><b>Superō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>go over</i>; <i>defeat</i>, +<i>vanquish</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.<br> +Cf. vincō.</p> + +<p><b>Super·sedeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -sēdī, -sessum [<a href = +"#root_SED">SED-</a>], <i>sit over</i>; <i>refrain from</i>, +<i>omit</i>, <i>postpone</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>; w. abl.</p> + +<p><b>Super·sum</b>, -esse, -fuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be +above</i>; <i>remain</i>, <i>survive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sup·plex</b> (<b>subpl-</b>), -icis, adj. [<a href = +"#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>folding the knees beneath</i>; +<i>suppliant</i>, <i>beseeching</i>, <a href = +"#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sup·plicātiō</b> (<b>subpl-</b>)<ins class = "correction" title = +", missing">, </ins>-ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>kneeling down</i>; +<i>thanksgiving</i>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Suprā</b>, adv., <i>on upper side</i>; <i>above</i>, +<i>before</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sus·tentō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, TEN-</a>], +<i>keep holding up</i>; <i>hold out</i>, <i>maintain one’s self</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sus·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -tentum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 +TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>hold up under</i>; <i>withstand</i>, <i>sustain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; with reflex. pron., <i>hold out</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>keep upright</i>, <i>stand +up</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Suus</b>, -a, -um, poss. adj. [<a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, +SVO-</a>], <i>of himself</i>, <i>his own</i>, <i>their own</i>, etc., +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>their (his) countrymen</i>, <i>friends</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.; <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>property</i>, <i>possessions</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_T" id = "vocab_T" href = "#vocab">T.</a></h5> + +<p><b>T.</b>, praenomen <i>Titus</i>, <i>T. Labienus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tam</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], <i>so far</i>; +<i>so</i>, <i>to such a degree</i>, <a href = +"#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tamen</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], <i>in so +far</i>; <i>still</i>, <i>however</i>; <i>nevertheless</i> 8, <a +href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">121</span> +<p><b>Tantulus</b>, -a, -um, dim. adj. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 +TA-</a>], <i>so small</i>; <i>so trifling</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.<br> +Cf. parvulus.</p> + +<p><b>Tantus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], <i>of +such size</i>; <i>so great</i>, <i>so much</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Tardō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>make slow</i>, <i>retard</i>, +<i>check</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tardus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>slow</i> (<i>weary, +exhausted</i>), <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tegimenta</b> (<b>tegu-</b>), -ōrum, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span>, <i>means of covering</i>; <i>covering</i>, +<i>cover</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tēlum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TEC">TEC-</a>], <i>missile</i>, <i>weapon</i>, <i>javelin</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tempus</b>, -oris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1TA">1 TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>time</i> (in general), +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>; <i>moment</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>time</i>, <i>period</i>, <i>day</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>emergency</i>, <i>crisis</i>, <a +href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tendō</b>, <b>3</b>, tetendī, tentum (tēnsum) [<a href = +"#root_1TA">1 TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>stretch</i>; <i>stretch out</i>, +<i>extend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.<br> +Cf. pandō.</p> + +<p><b>Teneō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, — [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, +TEN-</a>], <i>hold</i>, <i>have</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>hold</i>, <i>surround</i>, <a +href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tener</b>, -era, -erum, adj. [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, +TEN-</a>], <i>tender</i>, <i>young</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Terror</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TER">TER-, TERS-</a>], <i>frightening</i>; <i>great fear</i>, +<i>fright</i>, <i>panic</i>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tertius</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>third</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Testūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>having a shell</i>; <i>tortoise</i>, <i>bulwark of +shields</i>, <a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Teutonī</b>, -ōrum (-ēs, -um), <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>German tribe</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Timeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, —, <i>fear</i>, <i>be afraid</i>, +<i>entertain fears</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, w. nē followed by subjunctive.</p> + +<p><b>Titurius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Q. +Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of Cæsar’s</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Titus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>praenomen +of Labienus, Cæsar’s lieutenant</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tormentum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TARC">TARC- (TARP-), TREP-</a>], <i>thing twisted</i>; <i>machine +of war</i>, <i>engine for hurling</i>, <a href = +"#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tot·idem</b>, adj., indecl. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>; 3 +DA], <i>just as many</i>, <i>same number of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tōtus</b>, -a, -um, gen. totīus, adj. [<a href = "#root_TV">TV-, +TO-</a>], <i>increased</i>; <i>whole</i>, <i>entire</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trabs</b>, trabis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TARC">TARC- (TARP-), TREP-</a>], <i>beam</i>, +<i>timber</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trā·dō</b>, <b>3</b>, -didī, -ditum [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 +DA-</a>], <i>give over</i>; <i>hand over</i>, <i>give up</i>, +<i>surrender</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trā·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead over</i>; <i>lead across</i>, <i>bring +over</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns</b>, prep. w. acc., <i>across</i>, <i>over</i>, +<i>beyond</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·eō</b>, -īre, -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], +<i>go over</i>; <i>go across</i>, <i>cross</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·gredior</b>, <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>go<ins class = "correction" title = "text has superfluous ,"> </ins>over</i>; <i>go across</i>, <i>cross</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.<br> +Cf. trānseō.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·versus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turned across</i>; <i>crosswise</i>, <i>at +right angles</i>, <i>oblique</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trēs</b>, tria, gen. -ium, num. adj., <i>three</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trēverī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Celtic tribe on the Moselle</i>, <a href = +"#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tribūnus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>tribune</i>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trī·duum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-, DIAV-</a>], <i>three days’ time</i>, <a href += "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">122</span> +<p><b>Tuba</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>trumpet</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tum</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], <i>then</i>, +<i>at that time</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>then</i>, <i>in addition</i>, +<i>further</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; cum ... tum, <i>both ... and</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tumultus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TV">TV-, TVM-</a>], <i>swelling</i>; <i>confusion</i>, +<i>uproar</i>, <i>noise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +Cf. strepitus.</p> + +<p><b>Tumulus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TV">TV-, TVM-</a>] <i>swelling up</i>; <i>mound</i>, +<i>hillock</i>, <i>hill</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Turonēs</b>, -um (-ī, -ōrum), <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe of Gaul on Loire</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Turpitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_TARC">TARC- (TARP-), TREP-</a>], <i>ugliness</i>; +<i>disgrace</i>, <i>dishonor</i>, <a href = +"#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Turris</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TVR">TVR-</a>], <i>tower</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tūtus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of tueor), <i>well guarded</i>; +<i>safe</i>, <i>secure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_U" id = "vocab_U" href = "#vocab">U.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Ubi</b>, rel. adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>in +which place</i>; <i>where</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>when</i>, <i>as soon as</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ūllus</b>, -a, -um, gen. ūllīus, dim. adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 +I-</a>], <i>any one</i> (<i>at all</i>), <i>any</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; w. negative expression.</p> + +<p><b>Ūnā</b>, adv. (abl. <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> of ūnus) +[<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>in one and the same place</i>; <i>at +the same time</i>, <i>together</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; foll. by cum and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Ūn·decimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>; +<a href = "#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], <i>eleventh</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Undi·que</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>whencesoever</i>; <i>from every quarter</i>, <i>from all sides</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Uneīlī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +in Normandy</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ūni·versus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>; +<a href = "#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turned into one</i>; <i>whole</i>, +<i>all</i>, <i>in a mass</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Unus</b>, -a, -um, gen. -īus, num. adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 +I-</a>], <i>one</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>; <i>one</i>, <i>one and the same</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>common</i>, <i>one alone</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a><ins class = "correction" title = "text has ; for ,">, </ins><i>alone</i>, <i>only</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>a</i>, <a href = +"#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Urgeō</b>, <b>2</b>, ursī, — [<a href = "#root_VERG">VERG-, +VRG-</a>], <i>press</i>, <i>press hard</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ūsus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], <i>using</i>; <i>practice</i>, +<i>experience</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>use</i>, <i>advantage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ut</b> or <b>Utī</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>in what manner</i>; <i>as</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, etc., w. indic.; <i>in order that</i>, +<i>that</i>, <i>to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.; <i>that</i>, <i>so that</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Uter·que</b>, -traque, -trumque, gen. utrīusque, pron. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>both one and the other</i>; <i>each of +two</i>, <i>both</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ūtor</b>, <b>3</b>, ūsus [<a href = "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], +<i>use</i>, <i>make use of</i>, <i>employ</i>, <i>have</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; <i>use</i>, <i>practise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; <i>enjoy</i>, <i>maintain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; w. abl.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_V" id = "vocab_V" href = "#vocab">V.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Vacuus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>empty</i>, <i>clear</i>, +<i>free</i>, <i>unoccupied</i>; w. ab and abl., <a href = +"#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vadum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_BA">BA-, VA-</a>], <i>place through which one can go</i>; +<i>ford</i>, <i>crossing</i>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Valeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -itūrus, <i>be strong</i>, <i>have +influence</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vāllum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1VEL">1 VEL-, VAL-</a>], <i>earthen wall</i>; <i>earth-works</i>, +<i>rampart</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Varius</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>spotted</i>; <i>changing</i>, +<i>different</i>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">123</span> +<p><b>Vāstō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>make empty</i>; <i>lay waste</i>, +<i>ravage</i>.<br> +Cf. populor, dēpopulor.</p> + +<p><b>Velocassēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>one +of the minor Belgian tribes</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "· invisible"><b>Vēn·dō</b></ins>, +<b>3</b>, -didī (-ditum) [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 DA-</a>], <i>place for +sale</i>; <i>sell</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Venellī</b>, see <b>Unellī</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Venetī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +of Bretagne</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, vēnī, ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, VA-, +VEN-</a>], <i>come</i>, <i>approach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Verbum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VER">VER-</a>], <i>that spoken</i>; <i>word</i>, +<i>discourse</i>, <i>intercession</i>, <a href = +"#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vereor</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_1VEL">1 VEL-, VER-</a>], +<i>feel awe</i>; <i>fear</i>, <i>be afraid</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vergō</b>, <b>3</b>, —, — [<a href = +"#root_VERG">VERG-</a>], <i>bend</i>, <i>incline</i>, <a href = +"#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vērō</b>, adv. (abl. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +vērus) [<a href = "#root_VER">VER-</a>], <i>in truth</i>, <i>in +fact</i>, <i>but</i>, <i>however</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Veromanduī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Gallic tribe in modern Picardy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Versō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>keep +turning</i>; pass., <i>be engaged in</i>, <i>be occupied about</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>dwell</i>, <i>remain</i>, +<i>be</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vesper</b>, -erī or -eris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>evening</i>, <i>nightfall</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vester</b>, -tra, -trum, <i>your</i>, <i>yours</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vetō</b>, <b>1</b>, -uī, -itum [<a href = "#root_VET">VET-</a>], +<i>leave in old state</i>; <i>advise against</i>, <i>forbid</i>, <a +href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vēxillum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VAG">VAG-, VEH-</a>], <i>military ensign</i>, <i>banner</i>, +<i>flag</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vēxō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_VAG">VAG-, VEH-</a>], <i>keep +carrying</i>; <i>harass</i>, <i>overrun</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vīctor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VIC">VIC-</a>], <i>conqueror</i>, <i>victor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; in appos. <i>conquering</i>, +<i>victorious</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vīcus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>row of +houses</i>; <i>village</i>, <i>hamlet</i>, <a href = +"#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Videō</b>, <b>2</b>, vīdī, vīsum [<a href = "#root_VID">VID-</a>], +<i>see</i>, <i>perceive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>see</i>, <i>know</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, w. acc. and infin.; pass., <i>seem</i>, +<i>appear</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>seem good</i>, <i>seem +best</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vigilia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>being +awake</i>; <i>watch</i>, <i>night-watch</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vīmen</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VI">VI-, VIC-</a>], <i>means of binding</i>; <i>willow</i>, +<i>withe</i>, <i>wicker-work</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vincō</b>, <b>3</b>, vīcī, vīctum [<a href = +"#root_VIC">VIC-</a>], <i>conquer</i>, <i>defeat</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.<br> +Cf. superō.</p> + +<p><b>Vīnea</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VI">VI-, VIC-</a>], <i>shelter for vines</i>; <i>covered +shed</i>, <i>movable shelter</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vīnum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VI">VI-, VIC-</a>], <i>wine</i>, <a href = +"#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vir</b>, virī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>male</i>, +<i>man</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Virtūs</b>, -ūtis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>manhood</i>; <i>bravery</i>, <i>valor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vīs</b>, vim, vī, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>strength</i>, <i>power</i>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vītō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>shun</i>, <i>try to escape</i>, +<i>avoid</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vix</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_VIC">VIC-</a>], <i>with +effort</i>; <i>barely</i>, <i>scarcely</i>, <i>hardly</i>, <a href += "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Voluntās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_VOL">VOL-</a>], <i>will</i>, <i>wish</i>, +<i>desire</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vōx</b>, vōcis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [VOC], +<i>that which calls out</i>; <i>voice</i>, <i>utterance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vulgō</b> (<b>volgō</b>), adv. (abl. of vulgus) [<a href = +"#root_VERG">VERG-, VALG-</a>], <i>among the people</i>; +<i>generally</i>, <i>commonly</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vulnerō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2VEL">2 VEL-, VOL-</a>], +<i>wound</i>, <i>injure</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vulnus</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2VEL">2 VEL-, VOL-</a>], <i>wound</i>, <i>hurt</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +</div> +<!-- end div vocab --> + +<!-- 124 --> + +<span class = "pagenum">125</span> + +<h3><a name = "etym" id = "etym"> +ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +The relation in meaning of some words in certain groups to the root is +sometimes obscure or even impossible to be traced with absolute +certainty. Sometimes the relation is obscured by the omission in this +vocabulary of an interlinking word, because it does not occur in the +text. Let us take an example close at hand, the root AID- and the noun +<b>aestuārium</b>. The notion “inlet” seems very remote from the notion +“burn.” But <b>aestuārium</b> is formed from <b>aestus</b> (for +<i>aedtus</i>), the first meaning of which is <i>the raging of fire, +waves or billows of heat</i>. As we might expect, a secondary +meaning is, <i>the raging of water, waves, billows</i>, in the proper +sense. From the force of the suffix <b>-ārium</b>, <b>aestuārium</b> +should mean a <i>sea-marsh</i>, or <i>a tract overflowed at high +tide</i>; and from this the notion “inlet,” the place through which the +tide rushes, comes naturally enough.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +The following roots, with their meanings, have been mostly taken from +the excellent Elementary Latin Dictionary of Dr. Charlton T. Lewis.</p> + +<div class = "etymology"> + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1AC" id = "root_1AC">1. AC-</a>, sharp, pierce.</p> + +<p><b>Aciēs</b>, edge, line of battle.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·acūtus</b>, sharpened at the point.</p> + +<p><b>Ācr·iter</b>, sharply.</p> + +<p><b>Acervus</b>, heap.</p> + +<p><b>Co·acervō</b>, heap up.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2AC" id = "root_2AC">2. AC-</a>, swift.</p> + +<p><b>Equĕs</b>, horseman.</p> + +<p><b>Equester</b>, of horsemen.</p> + +<p><b>Equitātus</b>, cavalry.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AG" id = "root_AG">AG-</a>, drive.</p> + +<p><b>Agō</b>, drive, lead.</p> + +<p><b>Cō·gō</b> [for <i>con·agō</i>], drive together, compel.</p> + +<p><b>Red·igō</b>, drive back, reduce.</p> + +<p><b>Ager</b>, land.</p> + +<p><b>Āgmen</b>, marching column.</p> + +<p><b>Īgnis</b>, fire.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·agitō</b>, harass.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AID" id = "root_AID">AID-</a>, burn.</p> + +<p><b>Aedi·ficium</b> [from <i>aedēs</i>, <i>hearth</i>], building.</p> + +<p><b>Aestās</b> [for <i>aid·tās</i>], summer.</p> + +<p><b>Aestuārium</b> [for <i>aid·t-</i>], inlet.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1AL" id = "root_1AL">1. AL-</a>, AR-, feed, grow, +raise.</p> + +<p><b>Altus</b>, high.</p> + +<p><b>Altitūdō</b>, height.</p> + +<p><b>Arduus</b>, steep.</p> + +<p><b>Arbor</b>, tree.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2AL" id = "root_2AL">2. AL-</a> (ALI-), other, +strange.</p> + +<p><b>Alius</b>, other.</p> + +<p><b>Aliās</b>, at some other time.</p> + +<p><b>Aliēnus</b>, another’s.</p> + +<p><b>Al·iter</b>, other-wise.</p> + +<p><b>Alter</b>, the other (of two).</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AM" id = "root_AM">AM-</a>, love.</p> + +<p><b>Amīcus</b>, friend.</p> + +<p><b>Amīcitia</b>, friendship.</p> + +<p><b>In·imīcus</b>, unfriendly, hostile.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">126</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AN" id = "root_AN">AN-</a>, breathe.</p> + +<p><b>Animus</b>, spirit.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·animō</b>, make breathless.</p> + +<p><b>Onus</b> (as the cause of panting), weight.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_ANA" id = "root_ANA">ANA-</a>, pronominal stem, third +person.</p> + +<p><b>In</b>, in, into.</p> + +<p><b>Inter</b>, between.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·eā</b>, meanwhile.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·im</b>, meanwhile.</p> + +<p><b>Interior</b> [compar. of obs. <i>interus</i>], inner.</p> + +<p><b>Intrā</b>, within.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō</b>, enter.</p> + +<p><b>?Ille</b> [old form <i>ollus</i>, from <i>onolus</i>], that +one.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_ANT" id = "root_ANT">ANT-</a>, before, against.</p> + +<p><b>Ante</b>, before, formerly.</p> + +<p><b>Antīquitus</b>, of old.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AP" id = "root_AP">AP-</a>, OP-, lay hold of work, +help.</p> + +<p>(<b>Ops</b>), aid.</p> + +<p><b>Opus</b>, work.</p> + +<p><b>Opera</b>, exertion, service.</p> + +<p><b>C·ōpia</b> [for <i>com·opia</i>], supply.</p> + +<p><b>Co·epī</b> [for <i>com·apiō</i>], begin.</p> + +<p><b>Optimus</b>, best.</p> + +<p><b>Omnis</b> [for <i>apnis</i>], all.</p> + +<p><b>Opīniō</b>, impression.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_APA" id = "root_APA">APA-</a>, <i>away</i>, +<i>from</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ab</b>, from, by.</p> + +<p><b>Ap·ud</b>, among.</p> + +<p><b>Ob</b>, against.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AR" id = "root_AR">AR-</a>, fit.</p> + +<p><b>Armō</b>, arm.</p> + +<p><b>Arma</b>, arms.</p> + +<p><b>Armātūra</b>, equipment.</p> + +<p><b>In·ermis</b>, unarmed.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_ARC" id = "root_ARC">ARC-</a>, shut in, keep off.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·ercitus</b>, army.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·ercitātus</b>, trained.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1AV" id = "root_1AV">1. AV-</a>, mark, desire, +delight.</p> + +<p><b>Audeō</b>, dare.</p> + +<p><b>Audāc·ter</b>, boldly.</p> + + +<p><b>Ūtor</b> [for <i>avtor</i>], use.</p> + +<p><b>Ūsus</b>, use, experience.</p> + +<p><b>In·ūsitātus</b>, unusual.</p> + +<p><b>In·ūtilis</b>, useless.</p> + +<p><b>Neg·ōtium</b> [for <i>nec·avtium</i>], business.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2AV" id = "root_2AV">2. AV-</a>, mark, notice.</p> + +<p><b>Audiō</b>, hear.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·audiō</b>, overhear.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AVG" id = "root_AVG">AVG-</a>, grow.</p> + +<p><b>Auctōritās</b>, power.</p> + +<p><b>Auxilium</b>, aid.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_BA" id = "root_BA">BA-</a>, VA-, VEN-, go.</p> + +<p><b>Ar·bitror</b> [for <i>ad·batror</i>], believe.</p> + +<p><b>Du·bitō</b>, doubt, hesitate.</p> + +<p><b>Vadum</b>, ford.</p> + +<p><b>Veniō</b>, come.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·ventus</b>, arrival.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·veniō</b>, outflank.</p> + +<p><b>Con·veniō</b>, meet.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·veniō</b>, come to.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">127</span> +<p><b>Ē·ventus</b>, outcome.</p> + +<p><b>In·veniō</b>, find.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·veniō</b>, fall in with.</p> + +<p><b>Per·veniō</b>, arrive at.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CA" id = "root_CA">CA-</a>, CI-, pronominal stem, +<i>who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quī</b>, who.</p> + +<p><b>Quī·dam</b>, a certain one.</p> + +<p><b>Qui·dem</b>, certainly.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn</b> [for <i>quī·nē</i>], but that.</p> + +<p><b>Quā</b>, where.</p> + +<p><b>Quō</b>, whither.</p> + +<p><b>Quod</b>, because.</p> + +<p><b>Quis</b>, who?</p> + +<p><b>Quī·nam</b>, who, pray?</p> + +<p><b>Quis·quam</b>, any.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·quī·quam</b>, in vain.</p> + +<p><b>Quis·quis</b>, whoever.</p> + +<p><b>Quis·que</b>, each one.</p> + +<p><b>Quo·que</b>, also.</p> + +<p><b>Cum</b> (<b>quom</b>), when.</p> + +<p><b>Quam</b>, than.</p> + +<p><b>Quam·vīs</b>, how-so-ever.</p> + +<p><b>Post·quam</b>, after.</p> + +<p><b>Prius·quam</b>, sooner than.</p> + +<p><b>Quantus</b>, how great.</p> + +<p><b>Que</b>, and.</p> + +<p><b>Ita·que</b>, and so.</p> + +<p><b>Ne·que</b>, and not.</p> + +<p><b>Ubi</b> [for <i>quō·bi</i>], where.</p> + +<p><b>Undi·que</b> [for <i>cunde·que</i>], from all sides.</p> + + +<p><b>Cēterī</b>, the others.</p> + +<p><b>Cis</b>, this side of.</p> + +<p><b>Citerior</b>, hither.</p> + +<p><b>Citrā</b>, this side of.</p> + +<p><b>Ut</b> or <b>Utī</b> [for <i>cutī</i> or <i>quotī</i>], as, in +order that.</p> + +<p><b>Uter·que</b> [for <i>quoter·que</i>], each.</p> + +<p><b>Ne·uter</b>, neither.</p> + + +<p><b>Cotī·diē</b>, daily.</p> + +<p><b>Hī·c</b> [for <i>hī·ce</i>], this.</p> + +<p><b>Nun·c</b> [for <i>num·ce</i>], now.</p> + +<p><b>Sī·c</b> [for <i>sī·ce</i>], so.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CAD" id = "root_CAD">CAD-</a>, fall.</p> + +<p><b>Cadō</b>, fall.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cidō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), befall.</p> + +<p><b>In·cidō</b>, happen.</p> + +<p><b>Cadāver</b>, dead body.</p> + +<p><b>Cāsus</b>, happening.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cāsus</b> (<b>obc-</b>), setting.</p> + +<p><b>Cēdō</b>, give way.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cēdō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), approach.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·cēdō</b>, depart.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·cessus</b>, departure.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·cēdō</b>, withdraw from.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·cēdō</b>, intervene.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·cēdō</b>, advance.</p> + +<p><b>Suc·cēdō</b> (<b>subc-</b>), approach.</p> + +<p><b>Suc·cessus</b> (<b>subc-</b>), close approach.</p> + +<p><b>Ar·cessō</b> [for <i>ad·cēdsō</i>], summon.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1CAL" id = "root_1CAL">1. CAL-</a>, CAR-, call.</p> + +<p><b>Con·cilium</b>, meeting.</p> + +<p><b>Clāmor</b>, shouting.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2CAL" id = "root_2CAL">2. CAL-</a>, SCAL-, cover, +hide.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cultus</b> (<b>obc-</b>), hidden.</p> + +<p><b>Galea</b>, helmet.</p> + +<p><b>Domi·cilium</b>, dwelling-place.</p> + +<p><b>Cēlō</b>, hide.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">128</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CAP" id = "root_CAP">CAP-</a>, take, hold.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cipiō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), receive.</p> + +<p><b>In·cipiō</b>, begin.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·cipiō</b>, intercept.</p> + +<p><b>Re·cipiō</b>, receive.</p> + +<p><b>Captīvus</b>, captive.</p> + + +<p><b>Oc·cupō</b> (<b>obc-</b>), take into possession.</p> + +<p><b>Caput</b>, head.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ceps</b>, headlong.</p> + +<p><b>Prīn·ceps</b>, leader.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CAR" id = "root_CAR">CAR-</a>, SCAR-, hard, scrape.</p> + +<p><b>Cortex</b>, bark.</p> + +<p><b>Cornū</b>, horn, wing.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CAV" id = "root_CAV">CAV-</a>, watch.</p> + +<p><b>Causa</b>, cause.</p> + +<p><b>In·cūsō</b>, accuse.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CEL" id = "root_CEL">CEL-</a>, CER-, strike, drive.</p> + +<p><b>Gladius</b> [for <i>cladius</i>], sword.</p> + +<p><b>Celeritās</b>, swiftness.</p> + +<p><b>Celer·iter</b>, swiftly.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·cul</b>, at a distance.</p> + +<p><b>Cursus</b>, running.</p> + +<p><b>Con·currō</b>, run together.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·currō</b>, run down.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·currō</b> (<b>obc-</b>), meet.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·cursiō</b>, sally.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CEN" id = "root_CEN">CEN-</a>, hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Centum</b>, hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Centuriō</b>, centurion.</p> + +<p><b>Du·centī</b>, two hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Quadrin·gentī</b>, four hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn·gentī</b>, five hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Sex·centī</b>, six hundred.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1CER" id = "root_1CER">1. CER-</a>, CRE-, make.</p> + +<p><b>Crēber</b>, numerous.</p> + +<p><b>Corpus</b>, body.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2CER" id = "root_2CER">2. CER-</a>, CRE-, part.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·cernō</b>, decide upon.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·certō</b>, fight decisively.</p> + +<p><b>Certus</b>, sure.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CI" id = "root_CI">CI-</a>, rouse.</p> + +<p><b>In·citō</b>, urge on.</p> + +<p><b>Solli·citō</b> (<b>sōli-</b>), stir up.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CLI" id = "root_CLI">CLĪ-</a>, lean.</p> + +<p><b>Clē·mentia</b>, mildness.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·clīvis</b> (<b>acc-</b>), sloping upward.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·clīvitās</b> (<b>acc-</b>), upward slope.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·clīvis</b>, sloping downward.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CRAT" id = "root_CRAT">CRAT-</a>, faith.</p> + +<p><b>Crē·do</b>, [for <i>crat·dō</i>], believe.</p> + +<p><b>In·crē·dibilis</b> [for <i>in·crat·dibilis</i>], incredible.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CVR" id = "root_CVR">CVR-</a>, CIR-, curve.</p> + +<p><b>Circum</b>, around.</p> + +<p><b>Circi·ter</b>, about.</p> + +<p><b>Circu·itus</b>, circumference.</p> + +<p><b>Cruciātus</b>, torture.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1DA" id = "root_1DA">1. DA-</a>, give.</p> + +<p><b>Dō</b>, give.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·dō</b>, give up.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ditīcius</b>, one who has surrendered.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ditiō</b>, surrender.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ditus</b> [P. of <i>ē·dō</i>], rising.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">129</span> +<p><b>Red·dō</b>, give back.</p> + +<p><b>Trā·dō</b> [for <i>trāns·dō</i>], give over.</p> + +<p><b>Vēn·dō</b> [for <i>vēnum·dō</i>], sell.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2DA" id = "root_2DA">2. DA-</a>, put.</p> + +<p><b>Ab·dō</b>, hide.</p> + +<p><b>Crē·dō</b>, believe.</p> + +<p><b>In·crē·dibilis</b>, incredible.</p> + +<p><b>Man·dō</b>, commission.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_3DA" id = "root_3DA">3. DA-</a>, pronominal stem, third +person.</p> + +<p><b>Ī·dem</b>, the same.</p> + +<p><b>Quī·dam</b>, a certain one.</p> + +<p><b>Qui·dem</b>, indeed.</p> + +<p><b>Tot·idem</b>, just as many.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DEC" id = "root_DEC">DEC-</a>, ten.</p> + +<p><b>Decem</b>, ten.</p> + +<p><b>Decimus</b>, tenth.</p> + +<p><b>Decumānus</b> (<b>deci-</b>), of the tenth (cohort), in the +phrase, <i>porta decumāna</i>, the main entrance to a Roman camp.</p> + +<p><b>Ūn·decimus</b>, eleventh.</p> + +<p><b>Duo·decimus</b>, twelfth.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn·decim</b>, fifteen.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DIC" id = "root_DIC">DĪC-</a>, DIC- (DAC-), show, +point.</p> + +<p><b>Dīcō</b>, say.</p> + +<p><b>Doceō</b>, teach.</p> + +<p><b>Iū·dicō</b>, judge.</p> + +<p>(<b>Diciō</b>), control.</p> + +<p><b>Con·diciō</b>, condition.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DIV" id = "root_DIV">DIV-</a>, DI-, DIAV-, shine.</p> + +<p><b>Dīvīnus</b>, divine.</p> + +<p><b>Diēs</b>, day.</p> + +<p><b>Cotī·diē</b>, daily.</p> + +<p><b>Postrī·diē</b> [for <i>posterō diē</i>), next day.</p> + +<p><b>Trī·duum</b>, three days’ time.</p> + +<p><b>Dum</b> [for <i>dium</i>], while.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·dum</b>, not yet.</p> + +<p><b>Diū</b>, for a long time.</p> + +<p><b>Iuvō</b>, [for <i>diuvō</i>], aid.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·iuvō</b>, aid.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DOM" id = "root_DOM">DOM-</a>, build.</p> + +<p><b>Domus</b>, home.</p> + +<p><b>Domi·cilium</b>, dwelling-place.</p> + +<p><b>Domesticus</b>, of home.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DVA" id = "root_DVA">DVA-</a>, DVI-, apart, two.</p> + +<p><b>Duo</b>, two.</p> + +<p><b>Duo·decimus</b>, twelfth.</p> + +<p><b>Duo·dē·vīgintī</b>, eighteen.</p> + +<p><b>Du·bitō</b>, doubt, hesitate.</p> + +<p><b>Du·centī</b>, two hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Du·plex</b>, two-fold.</p> + +<p><b>Bellum</b> [for <i>duellum</i>], war.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DVC" id = "root_DVC">DVC-</a>, lead.</p> + +<p><b>Dux</b>, leader.</p> + +<p><b>Dūcō</b>, lead.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·dūcō</b>, bring to.</p> + +<p><b>Con·dūcō</b>, gather.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·dūcō</b>, lead off.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·dūcō</b>, lead out.</p> + +<p><b>In·dūcō</b>, cover.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō·dūcō</b>, lead in.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·dūcō</b>, extend.</p> + +<p><b>Re·dūcō</b>, lead back.</p> + +<p><b>Trā·dūcō</b> [for <i>trāns·dūcō</i>], lead across.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">130</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_EM" id = "root_EM">EM-</a>, take.</p> + +<p><b>Emō</b>, buy.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·imius</b>, excellent.</p> + +<p><b>Sū·mō</b> [for <i>sub·imō</i>], take.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_ES" id = "root_ES">ES-</a>, be, live.</p> + +<p><b>Sum</b> [for <i>esum</i>], be.</p> + +<p><b>Ab·sum</b>, be away.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·sum</b>, be lacking.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·sum</b>, be between.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sum</b>, command<ins class = "correction" title = "text has , for .">. </ins></p> + +<p><b>Super·sum</b>, survive.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_FAC" id = "root_FAC">FAC-</a>, put, make.</p> + +<p><b>Faciō</b>, do.</p> + +<p><b>Fīō</b>, passive of <i>faciō</i>, become.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·ficiō</b>, accomplish, wear out.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ficiō</b>, fail.</p> + +<p><b>Ef·ficiō</b>, bring about.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·ficiō</b>, kill.</p> + +<p><b>Pate·faciō</b>, throw open.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ficiō</b>, place in command.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·ficīscor</b>, put one’s self forward, set out.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·fectiō</b>, setting out.</p> + +<p><b>Facilis</b>, easy.</p> + +<p><b>Facile</b>, easily.</p> + +<p><b>Aedi·ficium</b>, building.</p> + +<p><b>Ampli·ficō</b>, enlarge.</p> + +<p><b>Dif·ficilis</b> (<b>disf-</b>), difficult.</p> + +<p><b>Dif·ficultās</b> (<b>disf-</b>), difficulty.</p> + +<p><b>Facultās</b>, opportunity.</p> + +<p><b>Male·ficium</b>, outrage.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·ficō</b>, announce.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·ficātiō</b>, signal.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_FEN" id = "root_FEN">FEN-</a>, FEND-, strike.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fendō</b>, ward off, defend.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fēnsiō</b>, defence.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fēnsor</b>, defender.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1FER" id = "root_1FER">1. FER-</a>, bear.</p> + +<p><b>Ferō</b>, bear<ins class = "correction" title = "text has , for .">. </ins></p> + +<p><b>Ad·ferō</b> (<b>aff-</b>), bring to.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·ferō</b>, bring together.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ferō</b>, carry.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·ferō</b>, bring upon.</p> + +<p><b>Of·ferō</b> (<b>obf-</b>), carry.</p> + +<p><b>Per·ferō</b>, endure.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ferō</b>, place before, out-do.</p> + +<p><b>Re·ferō</b>, bring back.</p> + +<p><b>Fertilitās</b>, fertility.</p> + +<p><b>Ferāx</b>, fertile.</p> + +<p><b>Fōrs</b>, chance.</p> + +<p><b>Fōrtūna</b>, fortune.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·fer</b>, standard-bearer.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2FER" id = "root_2FER">2. FER-</a>, FRE-, hold, fix.</p> + +<p><b>Ferē</b>, almost.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·fīrmō</b>, give assurance, reassure.</p> + +<p><b>Fortis</b> [for <i>forctis</i>], brave.</p> + +<p><b>Fort·iter</b>, bravely<ins class = "correction" title = "text has , for .">. </ins></p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1FID" id = "root_1FID">1. FID-</a>, FĪD-, bind, +trust.</p> + +<p><b>Fidēs</b>, faith.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·fīdō</b>, trust.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2FID" id = "root_2FID">2. FID-</a>, split.</p> + +<p><b>Fīnis</b> [for <i>fidnis</i>], limit.</p> + +<p><b>Fīnitimus</b>, neighboring.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·fīnitās</b>, connection by marriage.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_FLAG" id = "root_FLAG">FLAG-</a>, FLIG-, strike.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·flīgō</b>, contend with.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·flīgō</b>, defeat.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">131</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1FVG" id = "root_1FVG">1. FVG-</a>, FRVG-, use, +enjoy.</p> + +<p><b>Frūmentum</b> [for <i>frūgimentum</i>], grain.</p> + +<p><b>Frūmentārius</b>, of grain.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2FVG" id = "root_2FVG">2. FVG-</a>, bend, flee.</p> + +<p><b>Fuga</b>, flight.</p> + +<p><b>Fugiō</b>, flee.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·fugiō</b>, flee.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_FVR" id = "root_FVR">FVR-</a>, FERV-, rage, swell.</p> + +<p><b>Furor</b>, frenzy.</p> + +<p><b>?Frōns</b>, front.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_GEN" id = "root_GEN">GEN-</a>, GN-, GNA-, beget.</p> + +<p><b>Nāscor</b> (<b>gn-</b>), arise.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·nāscor</b>, grow out.</p> + +<p><b>Nātus</b>, birth.</p> + +<p><b>Nātiō</b>, nation.</p> + +<p><b>Nātūra</b>, nature.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·gnātus</b>, sprung from.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_GER" id = "root_GER">GER-</a>, carry.</p> + +<p><b>Gerō</b>, carry on.</p> + +<p><b>Ag·ger</b> (<b>adg-</b>), mound.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_GNA" id = "root_GNA">GNA-</a>, GNO-, know.</p> + +<p><b>Nam</b>, for.</p> + +<p><b>Nāvō</b> [for <i>gnāvō</i>], perform with knowledge and zeal.</p> + +<p><b>Cō·gnōscō</b>, learn.</p> + +<p><b>Nōbilitās</b>, high birth.</p> + +<p><b>Nōmen</b>, name.</p> + +<p><b>Nōminātim</b>, by name.</p> + +<p><b>Nōminō</b>, mention.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_GRAD" id = "root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>, walk.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·gredior</b> (<b>agg-</b>), attack.</p> + +<p><b>Con·gredior</b><ins class = "correction" title = "text has . for ,"> </ins>meet.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·gredior</b>, go from.</p> + +<p><b>In·gredior</b>, enter.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·gredior</b>, advance.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·gredior</b>, cross.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_HAB" id = "root_HAB">HAB-</a>, have.</p> + +<p><b>Habeō</b>, have.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·beō</b> [for <i>de·hibeō</i>], owe to.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·beō</b> [for <i>prae·hibeō</i>], furnish.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·hibeō</b>, restrain.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_HAM" id = "root_HAM">HAM-</a>, man.</p> + +<p><b>Homō</b>, man.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·mō</b> [for <i>ne·homō</i>], nobody.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_HIM" id = "root_HIM">HĪM-</a>, cold.</p> + +<p><b>Hiemō</b>, pass the winter.</p> + +<p><b>Hībernus</b> [for <i>hiemernus</i>], of winter.</p> + +<p><b>Hībernācula</b>, winter quarters.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1I" id = "root_1I">1. I-</a>, AI-, go.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·eō</b>, approach.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·itus</b>, approach.</p> + +<p><b>Circu·itus</b> [for <i>circum·itus</i>], circumference.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·eō</b>, go forth, set out.</p> + +<p><b>In·eō</b>, enter upon.</p> + +<p><b>In·itium</b>, beginning.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·itus</b>, destruction.</p> + +<p><b>Red·eō</b>, return.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·eō</b>, approach closely.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·itō</b>, suddenly.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·eō</b>, cross.</p> + +<p><b>Iter</b>, route.</p> + +<p><b>Aetās</b> [for <i>aevitās</i>], age.</p> + +<p>From <b>iter</b> is the <i>adv.</i>, <i>ending -iter</i> or +<i>-ter</i>, as in <i>aequāl·iter</i> for <i>aequale·iter</i>, +<i>al·iter</i>, <i>audāc·ter</i>, <i>celer·iter</i>, <i>circi·ter</i>, +<i>diligent·(t)er</i>, <i>fort·iter</i>, <i>lēn·iter</i>, +<i>in·diligent·(t)er</i>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">132</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2I" id = "root_2I">2. I-</a>, AI-, pronominal stem, +third person, demonstrative.</p> + +<p><b>Is</b>, this one.</p> + +<p><b>Eō</b>, there.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·eā</b>, meanwhile.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·im</b>, meanwhile.</p> + +<p><b>Post·eā</b>, afterwards.</p> + +<p><b>Propter·eā</b>, for the reason (that).</p> + +<p><b>Ī·dem</b>, the same.</p> + +<p><b>Iden·t·idem</b> [for <i>idem·et·idem</i>], again and again.</p> + +<p><b>I·pse</b>, self.</p> + +<p><b>Ibī</b>, there.</p> + +<p><b>Inde</b>, thence.</p> + +<p><b>De·inde</b>, thereupon.</p> + +<p><b>Ita</b>, thus.</p> + +<p><b>Ita·que</b>, therefore.</p> + +<p><b>Item</b>, likewise.</p> + +<p><b>?I·dōneus</b>, suitable.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Ūnus</b> [for <i>oenus</i>], one.</p> + +<p><b>Ūnā</b>, together.</p> + +<p><b>Ūni·versus</b>, all.</p> + +<p><b>Ūn·decimus</b>, eleventh.</p> + +<p><b>Ūllus</b> [for <i>ūnulus</i>], any.</p> + +<p><b>Nūllus</b> [for <i>ne·ūnulus</i>], none.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·nūllus</b>, some.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn</b> [<i>ne·oenum</i> (<i>ūnum</i>)], not.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·dum</b>, not yet.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_IA" id = "root_IA">IA-</a>, IAC-, go, send.</p> + +<p><b>Iaciō</b>, throw.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·iciō</b>, hurl.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·iciō</b>, place around.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·iciō</b>, hurl.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·iciō</b>, throw down from.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·iectus</b>, slope.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·iciō</b>, place between.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·iciō</b>, hurl.</p> + +<p><b>Re·iciō</b>, hurl back.</p> + +<p><b>Iaceō</b>, lie.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_IC" id = "root_IC">IC-</a>, AIC-, like.</p> + +<p><b>Aequāl·iter</b>, evenly.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·aequō</b>, equal.</p> + +<p><b>In·īquus</b>, unfavorable.</p> + +<p><b>In·īquitās</b>, inequality.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_IV" id = "root_IV">IV-</a>, IVG-, bind, yoke.</p> + +<p><b>Iugum</b>, ridge.</p> + +<p><b>Con·iungō</b>, join together.</p> + +<p><b>Cūnctus</b> [for <i>cōn·iūnctus</i>], all.</p> + +<p><b>Iūs</b>, right.</p> + +<p><b>Iūstitia</b>, justice.</p> + +<p><b>Con·iūrō</b>, conspire.</p> + +<p><b>In·iūria</b>, wrong.</p> + +<p><b>Iū·dicō</b>, judge.</p> + +<p><b>Iubeō</b>, order.</p> + +<p><b>Iūxtā</b> [for <i>iūgistā</i>], close by.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_LAG" id = "root_LAG">LAG-</a>, loose.</p> + +<p><b>Re·languēscō</b>, lose energy.</p> + +<p><b>Lassitūdō</b>, exhaustion.</p> + +<p><b>Laxō</b>, widen.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1LEG" id = "root_1LEG">1. LEG-</a>, LIG-, gather.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ligō</b>, choose.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·ligen·ter</b> [for <i>dis·ligent·ter</i>], scrupulously.</p> + +<p><b>In·dī·ligen·ter</b>, carelessly.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ligō</b>, choose.</p> + +<p><b>Intel·legō</b>, understand.</p> + +<p><b>Legiō</b>, legion.</p> + +<p><b>Legiōnārius</b>, of a legion.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2LEG" id = "root_2LEG">2. LEG-</a>, run, spring.</p> + +<p><b>Levis</b> [for <i>legvis</i>], light.</p> + +<p><b>Levitās</b>, lightness.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">133</span> +<p><b>Longus</b>, long.</p> + +<p><b>Longē</b>, far.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_3LEG" id = "root_3LEG">3. LEG-</a>, lie, be fixed.</p> + +<p><b>Lēx</b>, law.</p> + +<p><b>Lēgātus</b>, envoy.</p> + +<p><b>Lēgātiō</b>, embassy.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_LI" id = "root_LI">LI-</a>, pour, smear.</p> + +<p><b>Littera</b>, written character.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·leō</b>, destroy.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_LIB" id = "root_LIB">LIB-</a>, desire.</p> + +<p><b>Līberī</b>, children (the free).</p> + +<p><b>Līberāl·iter</b>, generously.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_LIC" id = "root_LIC">LIC-</a>, LIQV-, let, leave.</p> + +<p><b>Pol·liceor</b> [for <i>prō·liceor</i>], promise.</p> + +<p><b>Re·linquō</b>, leave behind.</p> + +<p><b>Re·liquus</b>, remaining.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1MA" id = "root_1MA">1. MA-</a>, MAN-, measure.</p> + +<p><b>Manus</b>, hand.</p> + +<p><b>Man·dō</b> [for <i>manus·dō</i>], commission.</p> + +<p><b>Mani·pulus</b>, handful, maniple.</p> + +<p><b>Mān·suētūdō</b>, gentleness.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·mētior</b>, measure out.</p> + +<p><b>Mōs</b>, custom.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2MA" id = "root_2MA">2. MA-</a>, MAD-, measure, +moderate.</p> + +<p><b>Modus</b>, manner.</p> + +<p><b>Modo</b>, only.</p> + +<p><b>Com·modē</b> (<b>conm-</b>), easily.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·com·modō</b> (<b>acconm-</b>), fit.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_MAC" id = "root_MAC">MAC-</a>, MAG-, big.</p> + +<p><b>Magis</b> [for <i>magius</i>], more.</p> + +<p><b>Māximē</b>, most.</p> + +<p><b>Māgnus</b>, great.</p> + +<p><b>Māgnitūdō</b>, greatness.</p> + +<p><b>Māior</b> [for <i>magior</i>], greater.</p> + +<p><b>Magistrātus</b>, office.</p> + +<p><b>Molestē</b>, in a troublesome manner.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_MAL" id = "root_MAL">MAL-</a>, crush, grind.</p> + +<p><b>Male·ficium</b>, outrage.</p> + +<p><b>Mulier</b>, woman.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1MAN" id = "root_1MAN">1. MAN-</a>, MEN-, man, mind, +stay.</p> + +<p><b>Moneō</b>, advise.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·mōnstrō</b>, point out.</p> + +<p><b>Clē·mentia</b>, kindness.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2MAN" id = "root_2MAN">2. MAN-</a>, MI-, small, +less.</p> + +<p><b>Minor</b>, smaller.</p> + +<p><b>Minus</b>, less.</p> + +<p><b>Minimē</b>, least.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·ministrō</b>, execute.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_MIL" id = "root_MIL">MĪL-</a>, associate.</p> + +<p><b>Mīlle</b>, thousand.</p> + +<p><b>Mīles</b>, soldier.</p> + +<p><b>Mīlitāris</b>, of war.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_MIS" id = "root_MIS">MIS-</a>, wretched.</p> + +<p><b>Miser</b>, wretched.</p> + +<p><b>Miseri·cordia</b>, pity.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_MIT" id = "root_MIT">MIT-</a>, send, throw.</p> + +<p><b>Mittō</b>, send.</p> + +<p><b>Ā·mittō</b>, lose.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mittō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), join together.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·mittō</b>, despatch.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·mittō</b>, let fly.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">134</span> +<p><b>Inter·mittō</b>, halt.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō·mittō</b>, send in.</p> + +<p><b>O·mittō</b> [for <i>ob·mittō</i>], neglect.</p> + +<p><b>Per·mittō</b>, grant.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·mittō</b>, send in advance.</p> + +<p><b>Re·mittō</b>, send back.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·mittō</b>, send as aid.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1MV" id = "root_1MV">1. MV-</a>, MOV-, move.</p> + +<p><b>Moveō</b>, move.</p> + +<p><b>Com·moveō</b>, startle.</p> + +<p><b>Per·moveō</b>, rouse.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·moveō</b>, move forward.</p> + +<p><b>Mōbilitās</b>, nimbleness.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mūtātiō</b>, change.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2MV" id = "root_2MV">2. MV-</a>, shut, fasten.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mūnis</b> (<b>conm-</b>), common.</p> + +<p><b>Moenia</b>, walls.</p> + +<p><b>Mūniō</b>, fortify.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·mūniō</b>, blockade.</p> + +<p><b>Mūnīmentum</b>, fortification.</p> + +<p><b>Mūnītiō</b>, fortification.</p> + +<p><b>Mūrus</b> [old <i>moerus</i>], wall.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_NA" id = "root_NA">NA-</a>, no.</p> + +<p><b>Nē</b>, that not, lest.</p> + +<p><b>Ne·que</b>, and not.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·ve</b> or <b>Neu</b>, and that not.</p> + +<p><b>Ni·hil</b>, nothing.</p> + +<p><b>Ni·si</b> [for <i>nē·si</i>], if not.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn</b> [for <i>ne·oenum</i> (<i>ūnum</i>)], not.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·dum</b>, not yet.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn</b> [for <i>quī·nē</i>], but that.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1NEC" id = "root_1NEC">1. NEC-</a>, NOC-, kill, +hurt.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·neciō</b>, annihilation.</p> + +<p><b>Nox</b>, night.</p> + +<p><b>Noctū</b>, by night.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2NEC" id = "root_2NEC">2. NEC-</a>, bind.</p> + +<p><b>Necessitās</b>, necessity.</p> + +<p><b>Necessārius</b>, necessary.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_NV" id = "root_NV">NV-</a>, now (pronominal stem).</p> + +<p><b>Noster</b>, our.</p> + +<p><b>Nunc</b> [for <i>num·ce</i>], now.</p> + +<p><b>Novus</b>, new, fresh.</p> + +<p><b>Nūntius</b> [for <i>noventius</i>, from obs. <i>noveō</i>, from +<i>novus</i>], messenger.</p> + +<p><b>Nūntiō</b>, report.</p> + +<p><b>Re·nūntiō</b>, report.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_OL" id = "root_OL">OL-</a>, OR-, grow, rise.</p> + +<p><b>Orior</b>, arise.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·orior</b>, assault.</p> + +<p><b>Ōrdō</b>, order.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PA" id = "root_PA">PA-</a>, feed.</p> + +<p><b>Pater</b>, father.</p> + +<p><b>Patrius</b>, ancestral.</p> + +<p><b>Pābulum</b>, fodder.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PAC" id = "root_PAC">PAC-</a>, PAG-, PVG-, fix, peg.</p> + +<p><b>Pāx</b>, peace.</p> + +<p><b>Pācō</b>, subdue.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Pūgnō</b>, fight.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·pūgnō</b>, storm.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pūgnō</b> (<b>obp-</b>), assault.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pūgnātiō</b> (<b>obp-</b>), assault.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·pūgnō</b>, defend.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PAL" id = "root_PAL">PAL-</a>, PEL-, PVL-, drive, +scatter.</p> + +<p><b>Pellō</b>, drive.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·pellō</b> (<b>app-</b>), accost.</p> + +<p><b>Com·pellō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), drive together.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">135</span> +<p><b>Ex·pellō</b>, drive out.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pellō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), incite.</p> + +<p><b>Re·pellō</b>, drive back.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1PAR" id = "root_1PAR">1. PAR-</a>, POR-, PER-, through, +far, reach, try.</p> + +<p><b>Pār</b>, equal.</p> + +<p><b>Per</b>, through.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·perior</b>, test.</p> + +<p><b>Perīclitor</b>, test.</p> + +<p><b>Perīculum</b>, danger.</p> + +<p><b>Porta</b>, gate.</p> + +<p><b>Portō</b>, bear.</p> + +<p><b>Op·portūnus</b> (<b>obp-</b>), suitable.</p> + +<p><b>Paulis·per</b>, for a short time.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2PAR" id = "root_2PAR">2. PAR-</a>, POR-, part, +breed.</p> + +<p><b>Parātus</b>, ready.</p> + +<p><b>Com·parō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), get ready.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·perō</b>, hasten.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perātor</b> (<b>inp-</b>), commander.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), command.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perium</b> (<b>inp-</b>), command.</p> + +<p><b>A·pertus</b> [for <i>ab·partus</i>], open.</p> + +<p><b>Re·periō</b>, find.</p> + +<p><b>Pars</b>, portion.</p> + +<p><b>Partim</b>, partly.</p> + +<p><b>O·portet</b> [for <i>ob·portet</i>], is necessary.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PARC" id = "root_PARC">PARC-</a>, PLEC-, bind, weave, +fold.</p> + +<p><b>Du·plex</b>, two-fold.</p> + +<p><b>Sup·plex</b> (<b>subp-</b>), suppliant.</p> + +<p><b>Sup·plicātiō</b> (<b>subp-</b>), thanksgiving.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Prope</b>, near [with metathesis of <i>r</i> and change of <i>c</i> +to <i>p</i>. Cf. roots SAC and SCAL].</p> + +<p><b>Proximus</b> [<i>superl.</i> of <i>propior</i>], nearest.</p> + +<p><b>Proximē</b>, last.</p> + +<p><b>Propīnquus</b>, near.</p> + +<p><b>Propīnquitās</b>, proximity.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·propīnquō</b> (<b>app-</b>), approach.</p> + +<p><b>Propter</b>, near, on account of.</p> + +<p><b>Propter·eā</b>, for the reason (that).</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1PAT" id = "root_1PAT">1. PAT-</a>, go.</p> + +<p><b>Passus</b>, step.</p> + +<p><b>Pōns</b>, bridge.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2PAT" id = "root_2PAT">2. PAT-</a>, PAD-, spread, +open.</p> + +<p><b>Pateō</b>, extend.</p> + +<p><b>Pate·faciō</b>, open.</p> + +<p><b>Pandō</b>, extend.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PAV" id = "root_PAV">PAV-</a>, little.</p> + +<p><b>Paucus</b>, few.</p> + +<p><b>Parvulus</b>, slight.</p> + +<p><b>Paulum</b>, a little.</p> + +<p><b>Paulō</b>, a little.</p> + +<p><b>Paululum</b>, very slightly.</p> + +<p><b>Paulātim</b>, gradually.</p> + +<p><b>Paulis·per</b>, for a short time.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PED" id = "root_PED">PED-</a>, tread.</p> + +<p><b>Pēs</b>, foot.</p> + +<p><b>Pedĕs</b>, foot-soldier.</p> + +<p><b>Pedester</b>, of infantry.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·pedītus</b>, <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘unemcumbered’">unencumbered</ins>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pediō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), hinder.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pedīmenta</b> (<b>inp-</b>), baggage.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Op·pidum</b> [for <i>ob-pedum</i>], town.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pidānus</b> (<b>obp-</b>), townsman.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PET" id = "root_PET">PET-</a>, fly.</p> + +<p><b>Petō</b>, seek.</p> + +<p><b>Im·petus</b> (<b>inp-</b>), charge.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">136</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PIS" id = "root_PIS">PIS-</a>, crush.</p> + +<p><b>Pīlum</b> [for <i>pislum</i>], spear.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmi·pīlus</b>, first centurion of the <i>triarii</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PLAT" id = "root_PLAT">PLAT-</a>, spread, flat.</p> + +<p><b>Latus</b> [for <i>platus</i>], side.</p> + +<p><b>Plānitiēs</b> [for <i>platnitiēs</i>], plain.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PLE" id = "root_PLE">PLE-</a>, PLO-, PLV-, fill.</p> + +<p><b>Com·pleō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), fill.</p> + +<p><b>Plērus·que</b>, the most of.</p> + +<p><b>Plūs</b>, more.</p> + +<p><b>Plūrimum</b>, most.</p> + +<p><b>Com·plūrēs</b> (<b>conp-</b>), many.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Mani·pulus</b>, maniple.</p> + +<p><b>Am·plius</b>, more.</p> + +<p><b>Ampli·ficō</b>, enlarge.</p> + +<p><b>?Pellis</b>, skin.</p> + +<p><b>Populus</b>, people.</p> + +<p><b>Pūblicus</b> [for <i>populicus</i>], belonging to the state.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PLV" id = "root_PLV">PLV-</a>, PLOV-, wash, flow.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·plōrō</b> [for <i>ex·ploverō</i>], reconnoitre.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·plōrātor</b>, scout.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_POS" id = "root_POS">POS-</a>, behind.</p> + +<p><b>Post</b>, after.</p> + +<p><b>Post·eā</b>, afterwards.</p> + +<p><b>Post·quam</b>, after.</p> + +<p><b>Postrī·diē</b> [for <i>posterō diē</i>], next day.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_POT" id = "root_POT">POT-</a>, master.</p> + +<p><b>Potius</b>, rather.</p> + +<p><b>Pos·sum</b> [for <i>potis sum</i>], be able, can.</p> + +<p><b>Potēns</b>, able.</p> + +<p><b>Potestās</b>, power.</p> + +<p><b>Potior</b>, gain.</p> + +<p><b>Im·petrō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), obtain.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PREC" id = "root_PREC">PREC-</a>, pray.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·precor</b>, petition against.</p> + +<p><b>Poscō</b> [for <i>porcscō</i>], demand.</p> + +<p><b>Postulō</b>, demand.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PRO" id = "root_PRO">PRO-</a>, PRI-, PRAE-, before.</p> + +<p><b>Prō</b>, before.</p> + +<p><b>Prior</b>, preceding.</p> + +<p><b>Prius·quam</b>, sooner than.</p> + +<p><b>Prīs·tinus</b> [for <i>prius·tinus</i>], former.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmus</b>, first.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmum</b>, in the first place.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmō</b>, in the first place.</p> + +<p><b>Prīn·ceps</b> [for <i>prīmi·ceps</i>], leader.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmi·pīlus</b>, first centurion of the <i>triarii</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae</b>, before.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_RA" id = "root_RA">RA-</a>, join, count.</p> + +<p><b>Ratiō</b>, reason.</p> + +<p><b>Rēs</b>, thing.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_RAP" id = "root_RAP">RAP-</a>, RVP-, snatch, break.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·ripiō</b> [for <i>dis·ripiō</i>], sack.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ruptiō</b>, sally.</p> + +<p><b>Rūpēs</b>, cliff.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_REG" id = "root_REG">REG-</a>, RIG-, stretch, guide.</p> + +<p><b>Por·rigō</b> [for <i>prō·regō</i>], stretch out.</p> + +<p><b>Regiō</b>, direction.</p> + +<p><b>Rēx</b>, ruler.</p> + +<p><b>Rēgnum</b>, control.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">137</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1SA" id = "root_1SA">1. SA-</a>, SI-, sow, strow, +sift.</p> + +<p><b>Pōnō</b> [for <i>port·(prō) sinō</i>], place.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·pōnō</b>, put off.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·pōnō</b>, display.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2SA" id = "root_2SA">2. SA-</a>, SIM-, together, +like.</p> + +<p><b>Singulī</b>, one at a time.</p> + +<p><b>Singulāris</b>, extraordinary.</p> + +<p><b>Simul</b>, at the same time.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·similis</b>, altogether like.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_3SA" id = "root_3SA">3. SA-</a>, pronominal stem.</p> + +<p><b>Sī·c</b> [for <i>sī·ce</i>], so.</p> + +<p><b>I·pse</b>, self.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1SAC" id = "root_1SAC">1. SAC-</a>, SAG-, fasten.</p> + +<p><b>Sagittārius</b>, archer.</p> + +<p><b>Saepēs</b> [with <i>p</i> for <i>c</i>], hedge.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2SAC" id = "root_2SAC">2. SAC-</a>, SEC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-, +split.</p> + +<p><b>Saxum</b>, rock.</p> + +<p><b>Sectiō</b>, booty.</p> + +<p><b>Scientia</b>, knowledge.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·scindō</b>, cut off.</p> + +<p><b>Con·cīdō</b>, cut to pieces.</p> + +<p><b>In·cīdō</b>, cut into.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cīdō</b>, kill.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_3SAC" id = "root_3SAC">3. SAC-</a>, show.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgnum</b>, signal.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·fer</b>, standard-bearer.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·ficō</b>, announce.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·ficātiō</b>, signal.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sīgne</b>, sign.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SAL" id = "root_SAL">SAL-</a>, SER-, save.</p> + +<p><b>Salūs</b>, safety.</p> + +<p><b>Sōlus</b>, alone.</p> + +<p><b>Sōlum</b>, only.</p> + +<p><b>Solli·citō</b> (<b>sōli</b>), stir up.</p> + +<p><b>Servō</b>, keep.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·servō</b>, preserve.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SCAD" id = "root_SCAD">SCAD-</a>, CAD-, cover.</p> + +<p><b>Castra</b>, camp.</p> + +<p><b>Castellum</b>, redoubt.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SCAL" id = "root_SCAL">SCAL-</a>, SCAR- (with <i>p</i> +for <i>c</i>, SPOL-), scrape.</p> + +<p><b>Calamitās</b>, [for <i>scalamitās</i>], disaster.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spoliō</b>, deprive.</p> + +<p><b>?Populor</b>, <b>Dē·populor</b>, ravage.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SCAND" id = "root_SCAND">SCAND-</a>, climb.</p> + +<p><b>A·scendō</b> (<b>adsc-</b>), mount.</p> + +<p><b>A·scēnsus</b> (<b>adsc-</b>), ascent.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SCARP" id = "root_SCARP">SCARP-</a>, SCALP-, cut, +scratch.</p> + +<p><b>Scrībō</b>, write.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·scrībō</b>, enroll.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·scrībō</b>, dictate.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SCV" id = "root_SCV">SCV-</a>, CV-, cover, hide.</p> + +<p><b>Scūtum</b>, shield.</p> + +<p><b>Custōdia</b>, guard.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SEC" id = "root_SEC">SEC-</a>, follow.</p> + +<p><b>Sequor</b>, follow.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sequor</b>, attain.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sequor</b>, follow up.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·sequor</b>, pursue.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·sequor</b>, follow closely.</p> + +<p><b>Secundus</b>, favorable.</p> + +<p><b>Secundum</b>, according to.</p> + +<p><b>Con-</b> [for <i>scom-</i>], with.</p> + +<p><b>Cum</b>, with.</p> + +<p><b>Cōpia</b> [for <i>com·opia</i>], supply.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">138</span> +<p><b>Con·trā</b>, against.</p> + +<p><b>Con·trārius</b>, opposite.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SED" id = "root_SED">SED-</a>, SID-, sit.</p> + +<p><b>Pos·sideō</b> [for <i>prō·sideo</i>], own.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sidiae</b>, stratagem.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·sĕs</b>, hostage.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sidium</b>, garrison.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·sidium</b>, assistance.</p> + +<p><b>Super·sedeō</b>, omit.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sīdō</b>, settle.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SEN" id = "root_SEN">SEN-</a>, old.</p> + +<p><b>Senātor</b>, elder, senator.</p> + +<p><b>Senātus</b>, senate.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SENT" id = "root_SENT">SENT-</a>, feel.</p> + +<p><b>Sententia</b>, opinion.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sentiō</b>, agree.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sēnsus</b>, agreement.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1SER" id = "root_1SER">1. SER-</a>, SVAR-, string, +bind.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·serō</b>, abandon.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sertim</b>, especially.</p> + +<p><b>Servitūs</b>, slavery.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2SER" id = "root_2SER">2. SER-</a>, SVAL-, bright.</p> + +<p><b>Sōl</b>, sun.</p> + +<p><b>Silva</b>, forest.</p> + +<p><b>Silvestris</b>, wooded.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1SMAR" id = "root_1SMAR">1. SMAR-</a>, MAR-, think.</p> + +<p><b>Mora</b>, delay.</p> + +<p><b>Moror</b>, delay.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Memoria</b>, remembrance.</p> + +<p><b>Com·memorō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), mention.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2SMAR" id = "root_2SMAR">2. SMAR-</a>, MER-, +ascribe.</p> + +<p><b>Meritum</b>, merit.</p> + +<p><b>Mercātor</b>, trader.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SOVO" id = "root_SOVO">SOVO-</a>, SVO-, own.</p> + +<p><b>Suī</b>, of himself, <i>etc.</i></p> + +<p><b>Suus</b>, his, <i>etc.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cōn·suēscō</b>, be accustomed.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·suētūdō</b>, custom.</p> + +<p><b>Mān·suētūdō</b>, gentleness.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Sed</b>, but.</p> + +<p><b>?Sī</b>, if.</p> + +<p><b>?Si·ne</b>, without.</p> + +<p><b>?Ni·si</b>, if not.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SPA" id = "root_SPA">SPA-</a>, PA-, draw, stretch.</p> + +<p><b>Spatium</b>, space.</p> + +<p><b>Spēs</b>, hope.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spērō</b>, give up hope.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>?Studeō</b>, strive after.</p> + +<p><b>?Studium</b>, eagerness.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SPEC" id = "root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>, see, spy.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spiciō</b>, espy.</p> + +<p><b>Per·spiciō</b>, ascertain.</p> + +<p><b>Re·spiciō</b>, look back.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·spectō</b>, await.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spicor</b>, espy.</p> + +<p><b>Speciēs</b>, form.</p> + +<p><b>Speculātor</b>, spy.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spectus</b>, sight.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spectus</b>, view downward.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·spectus</b>, view forward.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_STA" id = "root_STA">STA-</a>, stand, set.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·stanter</b>, uniformly.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·stō</b>, press forward.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·stō</b>, excel, show.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sistō</b>, take position.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·sistō</b>, stop.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sistō</b>, take a stand.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">139</span> +<p><b>Re·sistō</b>, resist.</p> + +<p><b>Statuō</b>, determine.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·stituō</b>, determine.</p> + +<p><b>Statim</b>, at once.</p> + +<p><b>Statiō</b>, picket.</p> + +<p><b>Statūra</b>, stature.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_STER" id = "root_STER">STER-</a>, STRA-, STLA-, strow, +spread.</p> + +<p><b>Lātus</b> [old, <i>stlātus</i>], broad.</p> + +<p><b>Lātitūdō</b>, width.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_STRV" id = "root_STRV">STRV-</a>, spread, heap.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·struō</b>, erect.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·struō</b>, arrange.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1TA" id = "root_1TA">1. TA-</a>, TEN-, stretch.</p> + +<p><b>Prīs·tinus</b> [for <i>prius·tinus</i>], former.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·tinus</b>, at once.</p> + +<p><b>Tener</b>, tender.</p> + +<p><b>Teneō</b>, hold.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tineō</b>, restrain, keep.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·tineō</b>, separate.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·tineō</b>, hold.</p> + +<p><b>Per·tineō</b>, extend to.</p> + +<p><b>Re·tineō</b>, detain.</p> + +<p><b>Sus·tineō</b> [for <i>subs·tineō</i>], sustain.</p> + +<p><b>Sus·tentō</b> [for <i>subs·tentō</i>], hold out.</p> + +<p><b>Tendō</b>, stretch.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tendō</b>, hasten.</p> + +<p><b>?Tempus</b>, time.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2TA" id = "root_2TA">2. TA-</a>, pronominal stem, third +person, demonstrative.</p> + +<p><b>Tam</b>, so.</p> + +<p><b>Tantus</b>, so great.</p> + +<p><b>Tantulus</b>, so trifling.</p> + +<p><b>Tamen</b>, still.</p> + +<p><b>Tot·idem</b>, just as many.</p> + +<p><b>Tum</b>, then.</p> + +<p>Also the final element in <i>au·tem</i>, <i>au·t</i>, <i>i·ta</i>, +<i>i·ta·que</i>, <i>u·t</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TAG" id = "root_TAG">TAG-</a>, touch, seize.</p> + +<p><b>At·tingō</b> (<b>adt-</b>), touch.</p> + +<p><b>Red·in·tegrō</b>, renew.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TARC" id = "root_TARC">TARC-</a> (TARP-), TREP-, turn, +twist.</p> + +<p><b>Tormentum</b>, engine for hurling.</p> + +<p><b>Turpitūdō</b>, disgrace.</p> + +<p><b>Trabs</b>, beam.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TEC" id = "root_TEC">TEC-</a>, TAX-, weave, arrange.</p> + +<p><b>In·texō</b>, weave in.</p> + +<p><b>Tēlum</b> (for <i>teclum</i>), spear.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TEM" id = "root_TEM">TEM-</a>, TAN-, cut.</p> + +<p><b>Con·temptus</b>, contempt.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tumēlia</b>, insult.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TER" id = "root_TER">TER-</a>, TREM-, TERS-, shake, +scare.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·terreō</b>, prevent.</p> + +<p><b>Per·terreō</b>, thoroughly frighten.</p> + +<p><b>Terror</b>, fright.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TV" id = "root_TV">TV-</a>, TVM-, TAV-, TO-, swell.</p> + +<p><b>Tumulus</b>, mound.</p> + +<p><b>Tumultus</b>, uproar.</p> + +<p><b>Tōtus</b>, whole.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TVR" id = "root_TVR">TVR-</a>, harry, crowd.</p> + +<p><b>Per·turbō</b>, throw into confusion.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·turbō</b>, drive off,</p> + +<p><b>?Turris</b>, tower.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">140</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VAG" id = "root_VAG">VAG-</a>, VEH-, move, carry.</p> + +<p><b>Vēxillum</b>, flag.</p> + +<p><b>Vēxō</b>, harass.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1VEL" id = "root_1VEL">1. VEL-</a>, VAL-, VER-, cover, +guard.</p> + +<p><b>Vāllum</b>, rampart.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·vāllum</b>, distance.</p> + +<p><b>Vereor</b>, fear.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2VEL" id = "root_2VEL">2. VEL-</a>, VOL-, tear, +pluck.</p> + +<p><b>Vulnus</b>, wound.</p> + +<p><b>Vulnerō</b>, wound.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VER" id = "root_VER">VER-</a>, say.</p> + +<p><b>Verbum</b>, word.</p> + +<p><b>Vērō</b>, in truth.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VERG" id = "root_VERG">VERG-</a>, VRG-, VALG-, slope, +press.</p> + +<p><b>Vergō</b>, incline.</p> + +<p><b>Urgeō</b>, press.</p> + +<p><b>Vulgō</b> (<b>volgō</b>), generally.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VERT" id = "root_VERT">VERT-</a>, turn.</p> + +<p><b>Ā·vertō</b>, turn away.</p> + +<p><b>Con·vertō</b>, turn around.</p> + +<p><b>Re·vertō</b>, return.</p> + +<p><b>Re·vertor</b>, return.</p> + +<p><b>Versō</b>, turn about, <i>pass.</i> dwell.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·versus</b>, opposite.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·versus</b>, turned away.</p> + +<p><b>Intr·ōrsus</b> [for <i>intrō·versus</i>], within.</p> + +<p><b>R·ūrsus</b> [for <i>re·vorsus</i>], again.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·versus</b>, at right-angles.</p> + +<p><b>Ūni·versus</b>, all.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VET" id = "root_VET">VET-</a>, VIT-, year, old.</p> + +<p><b>In·veterāscō</b>, grow old in.</p> + +<p><b>Vetō</b>, forbid.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VI" id = "root_VI">VI-</a>, VIC-, twine.</p> + +<p><b>Vīnea</b>, covered shed.</p> + +<p><b>Vīnum</b>, wine.</p> + +<p><b>Vīmen</b>, willow, withe.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VIC" id = "root_VIC">VIC-</a>, conquer.</p> + +<p><b>Vincō</b>, conquer.</p> + +<p><b>Vīctor</b>, victorious.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·vincia</b>, province.</p> + +<p><b>Vix</b>, barely.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VID" id = "root_VID">VID-</a>, see.</p> + +<p><b>Videō</b>, see.</p> + +<p><b>In·videō</b>, envy.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·videō</b>, procure.</p> + +<p><b>Prū·dentia</b> [for <i>prō·videntia</i>], wisdom.</p> + +<p><b>Im·prō·vīsō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), unexpectedly.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VIR" id = "root_VIR">VIR-</a>, man.</p> + +<p><b>Vir</b>, man.</p> + +<p><b>Virtūs</b>, valor.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VOC" id = "root_VOC">VOC-</a>, VAG-, call.</p> + +<p><b>Con·vocō</b>, call together.</p> + +<p><b>Re·vocō</b>, call back.</p> + +<p><b>Vōx</b>, voice.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VOL" id = "root_VOL">VOL-</a>, will, wish.</p> + +<p><b>Voluntās</b>, wish.</p> + +<p><b>N·ōlō</b> [for <i>nē·vōlō</i>], be unwilling.</p> + +<p><b>Quam·vīs</b>, howsoever.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">141</span> +<p class = "space"> +<b>At</b>, but.</p> + +<table class = "bracket"> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket"> +<p><b>At·que</b>,</p> +<p><b>Āc</b>,</p></td> +<td>and.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><b>Et</b>, and.</p> + +<p><b>Et·iam</b>, even.</p> + +<p><b>Ad</b>, to.</p> + +<p><b>Ap·ud</b>, among.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Ex</b>, <b>Ē</b>, from, out of.</p> + +<p><b>Extrēmus</b>, furthest.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Locus</b> [for <i>stlocus</i>], place.</p> + +<p><b>Con·locō</b> (<b>coll-</b>), place.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Multus</b>, much.</p> + +<p><b>Multitūdō</b>, large number.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Proelium</b>, battle.</p> + +<p><b>Proelior</b>, fight.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Superior</b>, higher.</p> + +<p><b>Summus</b> [for <i>supimus</i>], highest</p> + +<p><b>Suprā</b>, above.</p> + +<p><b>Superō</b>, overcome.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Tardus</b>, slow.</p> + +<p><b>Tardō</b>, retard.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Trēs</b>, three.</p> + +<p><b>Trī·duum</b>, three days’ time.</p> + +<p><b>Tribūnus</b>, military tribune.</p> + +<p><b>Tertius</b>, third.</p> + +</div> +<!-- end div etymology --> + +</div> +<!-- end div maintext --> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Gate to Cæsar, by William C. 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