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Collar + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Gate to Cæsar + +Author: William C. Collar + +Release Date: August 9, 2009 [EBook #29645] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GATE TO CÆSAR *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Ted Garvin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> + +<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This text</a> includes characters that +require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +ā ē ī ō ū Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū <i>vowels with macron or “long” mark</i><br> +ĕ ĭ ŏ <i>vowels with breve or “short” mark (very rare)</i></p> + +<p>If any of these characters do not display properly—in +particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the +letter—or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph +appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable +fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file +encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your +browser’s default font.</p> + +<p>As explained in the editor’s Introductory Note, readings are given +in two forms. For this e-text, line breaks and numbers were retained +in the simplified version for use with the Notes. In the unchanged +version, each chapter is a single paragraph.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "titlepage"> + +<h4>THE</h4> + +<h1>GATE TO CÆSAR</h1> + +<h6>BY</h6> + +<h4>WILLIAM C<ins class = "correction" title = " . invisible">. +</ins>COLLAR, A.M.<br> +<span class = "smallest smallcaps"> +Head Master Roxbury Latin School</span></h4> + +<h1> </h1> + +<h4><span class = "smaller">BOSTON, U.S.A.</span><br> +GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS<br> +1895</h4> + +</div> + +<hr> + +<!-- ii --> + +<div class = "titlepage"> + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">Copyright, 1891,</h6> + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">By William C. Collar.</h6> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">All Rights Reserved.</h6> + +<h4> </h4> + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, +U.S.A.</h6> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A.</h6> + +</div> + +<hr> + +<span class = "pagenum">iii</span> + +<h3><a name = "preface" id = "preface">PREFACE.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + + +<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> recent discovery of a work of +Aristotle has interested and delighted the whole learned world; but one +may venture to say that if, instead, a book had been found written +in the best period of the Latin language for the amusement or +instruction of youth, by some Roman De Foe, or Goldsmith, or Lamb, or +Burnett, there would be ten times the reason for rejoicing. Unhappily +there is no likelihood that we shall ever congratulate ourselves on such +a “find,” for probably no such work ever existed. What a misfortune that +it did not occur to Cicero to divert himself in some leisure hour by +writing a story for Roman youth! Millions of boys and girls in these +later ages would have had good reason to bless his name. Cæsar could +have done it; but to him, too, the gods denied such an inspiration, and +we must suffer for it. Seeing that he had composed a treatise on Latin +Grammar, one almost wonders that a mind so original and fertile should +not have conceived the idea of adapting his Gallic War, or some part of +it, to the powers and comprehension of youth. What measureless gratitude +would he not have won from unborn generations of schoolmasters, who have +now to struggle desperately and often unavailingly to make clear to +their pupils the meaning of his intricate periods, and untwist the +strands of his knotty syntax!</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">iv</span> +<p>Cæsar is a difficult author. Some parts of his Gallic War are as +hard, or nearly as hard, as any prose Latin that has come down to us. +Yet it has somehow strangely enough become the fashion to read that work +first in a Latin course. My own conviction is that for young learners a +year’s reading in easier Latin is not too much before taking up the less +difficult books of the Gallic War. Even then the transition to Cæsar +comes with something of a shock; for the learner is soon and often +brought face to face with sentences that seem to him of most bewildering +intricacy, however they may, as commentators sometimes remark, +beautifully illustrate most important principles of Latin order and +construction. There is a sentence in the second book, by no means the +most difficult one to be found, that extends through eighteen +lines,—that is, something more than half a page,—containing +twenty-one distinct ideas, and having the verb separated from its +subject by ninety-four words.</p> + +<p>I know no more disheartening task than that of undertaking to carry a +class unprepared in age and knowledge of the language through Cæsar’s +Gallic War. Yet it is precisely this disheartening task that thousands +of teachers are set to do, or set themselves to do, every year. The +results are often dismal enough. Teachers are blamed, they blame +themselves, they blame their pupils. Pupils may sometimes be stupid, +teachers may lack knowledge of the language and the subject, but the +fault may also lie wholly with the author or with the Latin language +itself; if with the latter, there is no help. Latin, it must be +confessed, is an exceedingly difficult language to learn. All the more +reason then why, in attacking it, every unnecessary obstacle should be +removed. We should make our approaches with caution +<span class = "pagenum">v</span> +and skill; we should take it, if possible, <i>aperto latere</i>. We +should not begin with a difficult work; or if, in the dearth of Latin +suited to the juvenile mind, this is deemed unavoidable, common sense +suggests the query, <i>why not remove provisionally<a class = "tag" name += "tag1" id = "tag1" href = "#note1">1</a> from the text those more +intricate parts that discourage the learner and bar the way of +progress</i>?</p> + +<p>Cæsar knew how to write his own language well; but he wrote for men, +he wrote with compression and in haste, and there are passages in his +works that are tough reading for a good Latin scholar. It is the fashion +to praise Cæsar’s lucidity; but brevity and haste are not conducive to +lucidity.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“Ther nys no werkman, what so ever he be,</p> +<p>That may bothe werke wel, and hastily.</p> +<p>This wol be doon at leyser parfitly.”</p> +</div> + +<p>For my part I confess that I sometimes find him obscure. Moreover, +when I am in doubt as to his meaning and appeal to the commentators, +I find that they generally disagree and sometimes quarrel about the +sense. Therefore to put young learners to reading Cæsar as his text +stands, bristling with difficulties, before they have acquired anything +more than a meagre vocabulary and gained a modicum of insight by some +practice in reading easier Latin, is to set them at a task harder than +that which Pharaoh set the Israelites.</p> + +<p>I am of the opinion that, even when a fair working vocabulary has +been acquired through some previous reading, there is no book of the +Gallic War that does not require a certain degree of simplification to +bring it to the level of the powers of young boys and girls. It is this +conviction born of long observation of the vexation of spirit, +discouragement, and waste of time by pupils in wrestling with +difficulties that +<span class = "pagenum">iv</span> +inevitably floor them, that has prompted me to put my hand to this work, +which, slight as it may seem, has cost me the leisure of many months. +But I shall feel repaid tenfold, if, through this little book, boys and +girls are enabled to read Cæsar with less waste of time, more easily, +with fresher interest, and added sense of power; if, in other words, it +proves in reality what it is in name, a Gate to Cæsar.</p> + +<p>A few words will be sufficient to explain the principle on which I +have simplified Cæsar’s text, the amount of excision, and the degree of +change. It would have been a comparatively easy task to simplify the +text by the mere process of omission, never deviating from the +<i>ipsissima verba</i> of the author by so much as the change of a mode +or tense. One could do this and still string together the <i>disjecta +membra</i> of the text into something like a connected narrative. But +that would be to preserve the integrity of the words at the expense of +everything else,—inner relation, structure, style, spirit. Or the +simplification might be effected by a virtual rewriting of the text, by +amplification rather than suppression, coupled with changes in the +collocation of words, where the arrangement seemed to obscure the +meaning and perplex the learner.</p> + +<p>My purpose and plan differed essentially from both these methods. My +aim has been, first, to keep the narrative intact; second, to retain as +much of the text as was consistent with the effort to disburden it of +its greater difficulties; third, to make the fewest practicable changes +in what was retained, save the modification of some verb forms, and the +occasional rendering of indirect into direct discourse; fourth, very +rarely to change the position of a word; finally, never to insert a +word, except now and then +<span class = "pagenum">vii</span> +to supply a form plainly understood, or to introduce some connective, +like <i>et</i>, <i>tum</i>, <i>itaque</i>, <i>autem</i>, <i>ergo</i>, +<i>postremo</i>.</p> + +<p>As to the amount of excision, I find that I have omitted almost +exactly one-fifth of Cæsar’s text.</p> + +<p>If the beginner in Cæsar reads the simplified text and concurrently +turns the Exercises into Latin, laying firm hold of the grammatical +principles selected for illustration, I believe he will find the +remaining difficulties of the original text not beyond his scope. +I should even hope that he would then read with something of the +joy of conscious power. If the reading of the texts and the writing of +the Exercises should require more time than is usually spent on the +second book of Cæsar, which, however, I doubt, I believe +subsequent progress would still be rapid and satisfactory enough to +amount to a net gain and saving of time.</p> + +<p>It has seemed best to mark long vowels, except the vowels of final +syllables and of monosyllables, the rules for which can be readily +learned. I have, however, marked a few monosyllables, as a constant +reminder to teachers who find their old pronunciation clinging to +certain words. We used to say <i>hĭs</i>, <i>sĭc</i>, <i>nŏn</i>, +<i>quĭn</i>, <i>hŏc</i>. These words, therefore, I have marked. On +the other hand, one is in no danger of saying <i>dĕ</i>, <i>hĭ</i>, +<i>sĭ</i>, <i>prŏ</i>, for old habit would not mislead.</p> + +<p>I take pleasure in acknowledging my obligations to Mr. Alfred G. +Rolfe for several useful criticisms, and to Miss Caroline Ober Stone for +valuable corrections and for carefully reading the proof-sheets as far +as the vocabularies. To Mr. Clarence W. Gleason I am specially indebted. +But for his timely and generous aid in preparing both vocabularies, the +publication of this book must have been very considerably delayed.</p> + +<p class = "right">WILLIAM C. COLLAR.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Seaconnet</span>, July 25, 1891.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a class = "tag" name = "note1" id = "note1" href = "#tag1">1</a> +It is presumed that the learner will subsequently read the complete +text.</p> + + +<!-- viii --> + + +<span class = "pagenum">ix</span> +<h3><a name = "contents" id = "contents">CONTENTS.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<table class = "toc" summary = "table of contents"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number"> +page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Introductory Note</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#intro">x</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Simplified Text</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#text_simple">1-22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Complete Text</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#text_complete">23-41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Notes on Both Texts</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#notes">43-71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Exercises on Simplified Text</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#exercises">73-88</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Vocabulary</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#vocab">89-123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Etymological Vocabulary</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#etym">125-141</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">x</span> +<h4><a name = "intro" id = "intro">NOTE ON THE USE OF THE BOOK.</a></h4> + +<p>The Simplified Text and the Exercises based upon it are of the first +importance. The <i>viva voce</i> translation of the Exercises, followed +by the writing of them, will illustrate and help to implant in the +memory the most important principles of syntax met with in the text. Let +the teacher insist upon thorough work here, and he may safely omit other +syntactical instruction.</p> + +<p>But little power of reading Latin can be gained without making the +acquisition of a working vocabulary a distinct object. The Latin +synonyms and the Etymological Vocabulary may be made useful agents to +that end. If the words added to each chapter are read aloud, reviewed, +and compared where backward references are made, the learner will +acquire a useful stock of synonyms easily, naturally, and with small +expenditure of time.</p> + +<p>It is often easier to retain in mind a number of words, grouped +according to some principle of similarity or contrast, than a single +word with nothing to hook it to the memory. For this reason it is +recommended that the Etymological Vocabulary be often pressed into the +service. Suppose, for example, the word <i>conspectus</i> occurs in the +lesson. If the teacher will turn to page 138 and have the ten words read +out under the root SPEC, he will multiply several times the chances that +this particular word will be remembered on its next occurrence. He will +have done much more. He will have increased the chances that nine other +words will be lodged in the memory; and to each one a fresh interest +will be added by its being seen in relation, not as an isolated, and +therefore barren, fact.</p> + +<p>The first vocabulary may be used for comparing in the text the +different meanings and uses of the same word. It is through such +comparisons that one gets at the heart and spirit of the language, while +cultivating at the same time a mental habit of great value.</p> + +<p>Having read the Simplified Text, the learner should be well equipped +for wrestling with the difficulties that remain in the unchanged text, +for he is already familiar with the thought and the language. Comparison +of the two texts by the teacher, so far as time permits, may now be made +to illustrate important principles, as of indirect discourse, which are +here and there discussed in the notes.</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +In the Simplified and Complete texts, each chapter number is a link to +the corresponding chapter of the other version.</p> + + +<div class = "maintext"> + +<div class = "simpletext"> + +<span class = "pagenum">1</span> + +<h2><a name = "text_simple" id = "text_simple"> +CÆSAR’S GALLIC WAR</a><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Book II.</span><br> +<span class = "subhead">B.C. 57; A.U.C. 697.</span></h2> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h4>THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED.<br> +<span class = "smallcaps"> +Simplified Text.</span></h4> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_1" id = "simple_1"> +The Belgæ form a league against the Romans.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_1">1.</a></b> +Cum esset Caesar in citeriōre Gallia, crēbri ad eum<br> +rūmōres adferēbantur. Litteris item Labiēni certior fīēbat<br> +omnes Belgas contra populum Rōmānum coniūrāre<br> +obsidēsque inter se dare. Coniūrandi hae erant causae:<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +prīmum verēbantur ne ad se exercitus noster addūcerētur;<br> +deinde ab nōnnūllis Gallis sollicitābantur. Hi Germānos<br> +diūtius in Gallia versāri nōluerant et populi Rōmāni<br> +exercitum hiemāre atque inveterāscere in Gallia moleste<br> +ferēbant. Nōnnūlli mōbilitāte et levitāte animi novis<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +imperiis studēbant. Ab nōnnūllis etiam sollicitābantur,<br> +quod in Gallia a potentiōribus atque iis qui ad condūcendos<br> +homines facultātes habēbant, vulgo rēgna occupābantur;<br> +qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro cōnsequi<br> +poterant. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_1">Chapter 1 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_1">Chapter 1 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>crēber</b>, <i>frequens</i>.</p> +<p><b>vereor</b>, <i>timeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>deinde</b>, <i>tum</i>.</p> +<p><b>versor</b>: <i>maneo</i>, <i>sum</i>.</p> +<p><b>moleste</b>, <i>graviter</i>.</p> +<p><b>studeo</b>, <i>cupio</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">2</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_2" id = "simple_2"> +Cæsar levies two legions and marches against them.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_2">2.</a></b> +Hīs nūntiis litterīsque commōtus est Caesar. Duas<br> +legiōnes in citeriōre Gallia novas cōnscrīpsit. In interiōrem<br> +Galliam qui hās legiōnes dēdūceret Q. Pedium<br> +lēgātum mīsit. Ipse, cum prīmum pābuli cōpia esse<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +inciperet, ad exercitum vēnit. Senones fīnitimi Belgis<br> +erant. Ea quae apud Belgas geruntur cōgnōscunt Caesaremque<br> +de hīs rēbus certiōrem faciunt. Hi cōnstanter<br> +omnes nūntiāvērunt manus cōgi, exercitum in ūnum locum<br> +condūci. Tum vēro nōn dubitāvit Caesar quīn ad eos<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +proficīscerētur. Itaque castra movet diēbusque circiter<br> +quīndecim ad fīnes Belgārum pervenit. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_2">Chapter 2 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_2">Chapter 2 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>nūntius</b>, <i>rūmor</i>.</p> +<p><b>fīnitimus</b>: <i>vīcīnus</i>, <i>propīnquus</i>.</p> +<p><b>gero</b>: <i>ago</i>, <i>facio</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōgo</b>, <i>conligo</i>.</p> +<p><b>condūco</b>, <i>conligo</i>.</p> +<p><b>pervenio</b>, <i>accēdo</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_3" id = "simple_3"> +The Remi at once show the white feather.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_3">3.</a></b> +Eo de imprōvīso celeriterque vēnit Caesar. Rēmi<br> +ad eum lēgātos Iccium et Andocumborium mīsērunt, qui<br> +dīxērunt se omnia in fidem atque in potestātem populi<br> +Rōmāni permittere. “Rēmi neque cum Belgis reliquis<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +cōnsēnsērunt neque contra populum Rōmānum coniūrāvērunt.<br> +Parāti sunt obsides dare et Caesaris imperāta<br> +facere et eum oppidis recipere et frūmento cēterīsque rēbus<br> +iuvāre. Reliqui omnes Belgae in armis sunt. Germāni,<br> +qui cis Rhēnum incolunt, sēse cum hīs coniūnxērunt.<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +Tantus est eōrum omnium furor ut ne Suessiōnes quidem<br> +dēterrēre possint Rēmi. Suessiōnes frātres Rēmōrum cōnsanguineīque<br> +sunt eōdemque iūre et īsdem lēgibus ūtuntur.<br> +Ūnum imperium ūnumque magistrātum cum iis habent.” +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_3">Chapter 3 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_3">Chapter 3 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>de imprōvīso</b>: <i>subito</i>, <i>repente</i>.</p> +<p><b>permitto</b>, <i>dēdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsentio</b>: <i>coniūro</i>, <i>me coniungo</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēterreo</b>, <i>dissuādeo</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">3</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_4" id = "simple_4"> +Cæsar learns the number of the enemy’s forces.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_4">4.</a></b> +Cum ab hīs quaereret quae cīvitātes quantaeque in<br> +armis essent et quid in bello possent, sīc reperiēbat:<br> +plērīque Belgae sunt orti ab Germānis Rhēnumque antīquitus<br> +trāducti ibi cōnsēdērunt, Gallōsque qui ea loca<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +incolēbant expulērunt. Sōli fuērunt qui Teutonos Cimbrōsque<br> +intra fīnes suos ingredi prohibuērunt. Qua ex<br> +re fīēbat ut māgnam sibi auctōritātem māgnōsque spīritus<br> +in re mīlitāri sūmerent. De numero eōrum omnia se<br> +habēre explōrāta Rēmi dīcēbant. Quantam quisque multitūdinem<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +in commūni Belgārum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus<br> +esset cōgnōverant. Plūrimum inter eos Bellovaci<br> +et virtūte et auctōritāte et hominum numero valēbant.<br> +Hi poterant cōnficere armāta mīlia centum; polliciti sunt<br> +ex eo numero ēlēcta sexāginta tōtīusque belli imperium<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +sibi postulābant. Suessiōnes Rēmōrum erant fīnitimi;<br> +lātissimos ferācissimōsque agros possidēbant. Apud eos<br> +fuit rēx nostra etiam memoria Divitiacus, tōtīus Galliae<br> +potentissimus, qui cum māgnae partis hārum regiōnum<br> +tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuit. Nunc erat rēx<br> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +Galba; ad hunc propter iūstitiam prūdentiamque suam<br> +belli summa dēlāta est. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_4">Chapter 4 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_4">Chapter 4 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>quaero</b>, <i>interrogo</i>.</p> +<p><b>reperio</b>, <i>cōgnōsco</i>.</p> +<p><b>orior</b>, <i>nāscor</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsīdo</b>, <i>me colloco</i>.</p> +<p><b>spīritus</b>: <i>adrogantia</i>, <i>animi</i>.</p> +<p><b>explōro</b>, <i>cōgnōsco</i>.</p> +<p><b>valeo</b>, <i>possum</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnficio</b>, <i>comparo</i>.</p> +<p><b>ferax</b>, <i>fertilis</i>.</p> +<p><b>summa</b>: <i>cūra</i>, <i>imperium</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_5" id = "simple_5"> +He takes hostages from the Remi and crosses the Axona.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_5">5.</a></b> +Caesar omnem senātum ad se convenīre prīncipumque<br> +līberos obsides ad se addūci iūssit. Quae omnia ab hīs<br> +dīligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divitiacum Aeduum<br> +<span class = "pagenum">4</span> +māgno opere cohortātus est. Rei pūblicae interest manus<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +hostium distinēri, ne cum tanta multitūdine ūno tempore<br> +cōnflīgendum sit. Id fieri potest, si suas cōpias Aedui<br> +in fīnes Bellovacōrum intrōdūxerint et eōrum agros populāri<br> +coeperint. Hīs mandātis eum ab se dīmittit. Postea<br> +Caesar omnes Belgārum cōpias in ūnum locum coāctas<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +ad se venīre vīdit neque iam longe abesse. Hōc ab iis<br> +quōs mīserat explōrātōribus et ab Rēmis cōgnōvit. Tum<br> +flūmen Axonam exercitum trādūcere mātūrāvit atque ibi<br> +castra posuit. Quae res latus ūnum castrōrum rīpis flūminis<br> +mūniēbat et post eum quae essent tūta ab hostibus<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +reddēbat. Commeātus etiam ab Rēmis reliquīsque cīvitātibus<br> +sine perīculo portāri poterant. In eo flūmine pōns<br> +erat. Ibi praesidium pōnit et in altera parte flūminis<br> +Q. Titurium Sabīnum lēgātum cum sex cohortibus relīquit;<br> +castra in altitūdinem pedum <span class = "smallroman">XII</span> vāllo +fossāque<br> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +duodēvīginti pedum mūnīre iubet. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_5">Chapter 5 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_5">Chapter 5 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>iubeo</b>, <i>impero</i>.</p> +<p><b>māgno opere</b>, <i>vehementer</i>.</p> +<p><b>interest</b>, <i>pertinet</i>.</p> +<p><b>distineo</b>, <i>dīvido</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnflīgo</b>: <i>pūgno</i>, <i>dīmico</i>.</p> +<p><b>populor</b>, <i>vāsto</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōgo</b>, <i>condūco</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōgnōsco</b>, <i>reperio</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>mātūro</b>, <i>propero</i>.</p> +<p><b>commeātus</b>, <i>cibus</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_6" id = "simple_6"> +How the Belgæ lay siege to a town.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_6">6.</a></b> +Ab hīs castris oppidum Rēmōrum nōmine Bibrax<br> +aberat mīlia passuum octo. Id ex itinere māgno impetu<br> +Belgae oppūgnāre coepērunt. Aegre eo die sustentātum<br> +est. Gallōrum eadem atque Belgārum oppūgnātio est<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +haec. Circumiecta multitūdine hominum tōtis moenibus<br> +undique in mūrum lapides iaciunt. Ubi mūrus dēfēnsōribus<br> +nūdātus est, testūdine facta portas succēdunt mūrumque<br> +subruunt. Quod tum facile fīēbat. Nam cum tanta<br> +<span class = "pagenum">5</span> +multitūdo lapides āc tēla cōnicerent, in mūro cōnsistendi<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +potestas erat nūlli. Postrēmo fīnem oppūgnandi nox<br> +fēcit. Tum Iccius Rēmus, qui oppido praefuerat, nūntium<br> +ad Caesarem mittit: nisi subsidium sibi submittātur,<br> +sēse diūtius sustinēre nōn posse. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_6">Chapter 6 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_6">Chapter 6 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>tōtus</b>, <i>omnis</i>.</p> +<p><b>undique</b>, <i>ex omni parte</i>.</p> +<p><b>ubi</b>, <i>cum</i>.</p> +<p><b>nūdo</b>, <i>prīvo</i>.</p> +<p><b>succēdo</b>: <i>accēdo</i>, <i>subeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>subruo</b>, <i>suffodio</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsisto</b>, <i>sto</i>.</p> +<p><b>praesum</b>, <i>praefectus sum</i>.</p> +<p><b>subsidium</b>, <i>auxilium</i>.</p> +<p><b>sustineo</b>, <i>sustento</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_7" id = "simple_7"> +They abandon the siege and turn against Cæsar.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_7">7.</a></b> +Eo de media nocte Caesar Numidas et Crētas sagittārios<br> +et funditōres Baleāres subsidio oppidānis mittit;<br> +quōrum adventu hostibus spes potiundi oppidi discessit.<br> +Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morāti agrōsque Rēmōrum<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +dēpopulāti ad castra Caesaris omnibus cōpiis contendērunt<br> +et ab mīlibus passuum minus duōbus castra<br> +posuērunt; quae castra, ut fūmo atque īgnibus sīgnificābātur,<br> +amplius mīlibus passuum octo in lātitūdinem<br> +patēbant. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_7">Chapter 7 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_7">Chapter 7 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>subsidium</b>, <i>auxilium</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>potior</b>, <i>occupo</i>.</p> +<p><b>discēdo</b>, <i>abeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>paulisper</b>, <i>nōn diu</i>.</p> +<p><b>moror</b>, <i>cunctor</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēpopulor</b>, <i>vāsto</i>.</p> +<p><b>contendo</b>, <i>mātūro</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> +<p><b>pateo</b>, <i>pertineo</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_8" id = "simple_8"> +Cæsar awaits the attack of the enemy.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_8">8.</a></b> +Caesar prīmo propter multitūdinem hostium et<br> +propter eximiam opīniōnem virtūtis proelio supersedēre<br> +statuit; cotīdie tamen quid hostis virtūte posset et quid<br> +nostri audērent perīclitābātur. Locus erat pro castris ad<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +aciem īnstruendam nātūra opportūnus atque idōneus. Is<br> +autem collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex plānitie<br> +<span class = "pagenum">6</span> +ēditus tantum adversus in lātitūdinem patēbat quantum<br> +loci acies īnstrūcta occupāre poterat. Atque ex utrāque<br> +parte lateris dēiectus habēbat, et in frōntem lēniter fastīgātus<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +paulātim ad plānitiem redībat. Ab utrōque latere<br> +ēius collis trānsversam fossam obdūxit circiter passuum<br> +quadringentōrum et ad extrēmas fossas castella cōnstituit<br> +ibique tormenta conlocāvit, ne hostes ab lateribus pūgnantes<br> +suos circumvenīre possent. Hōc facto duābus<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +legiōnibus quās proxime cōnscrīpserat in castris relīctis,<br> +reliquas sex legiōnes pro castris in acie cōnstituit. Hostes<br> +item suas cōpias ex castris ēductas īnstrūxerant. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_8">Chapter 8 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_8">Chapter 8 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>eximius</b>: <i>excellens</i>, <i>ēgregius</i>.</p> +<p><b>opīnio</b>, <i>fāma</i>.</p> +<p><b>supersedeo</b>, <i>abstineo</i>.</p> +<p><b>perīclitor</b>: <i>tento</i>, <i>experior</i>.</p> +<p><b>idōneus</b>: <i>aptus</i>, <i>commodus</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēiectus</b>, <i>dēclīvitas</i>.</p> +<p><b>fastīgātus</b>, <i>adclīvis</i>.</p> +<p><b>conloco</b>, <i>pōno</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_9" id = "simple_9"> +Finally the enemy make a dash to cross the Axona.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_9">9.</a></b> +Palus erat nōn māgna inter nostrum atque hostium<br> +exercitum. Hanc si nostri trānsīrent hostes exspectābant.<br> +Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendēbātur.<br> +Ubi neutri trānseundae ēius palūdis initium<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +faciunt, secundiōre equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos<br> +in castra redūxit. Hostes prōtinus ex eo loco ad flūmen<br> +Axonam contendērunt, quod esse post nostra castra<br> +dēmōnstrātum est. Partem suārum cōpiārum trādūcere<br> +cōnāti sunt, ut castellum cui praeerat Q. Titurius lēgātus<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +expūgnārent pontemque interscinderent; si minus potuissent,<br> +ut agros Rēmōrum populārentur commeātūque<br> +nostros prohibērent. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_9">Chapter 9 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_9">Chapter 9 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>initium</b>, <i>prīncipium</i>.</p> +<p><b>secundus</b>, <i>prōsperus</i>.</p> +<p><b>prōtinus</b>: <i>statim</i>, <i>extemplo</i>, <i>repente</i>, +<i>subito</i>.</p> +<p><b>contendo</b>, <i>mātūro</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> +<p><b>praesum</b>, <i>praefectus sum</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>interscindo</b>, <i>abrumpo</i>.</p> +<p><b>commeātus</b>, <i>cibus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">7</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_10" id = "simple_10"> +A battle follows, the Belgæ are defeated and disperse.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_10">10.</a></b> +Caesar omnem equitātum et levis armātūrae Numidas,<br> +funditōres sagittāriōsque pontem trādūcit atque<br> +ad eos contendit. Ācriter in eo loco pūgnātum est. Hostes<br> +impedītos nostri in flūmine adgressi māgnum eōrum<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +numerum occīdērunt. Prīmos qui trānsierant equitātu<br> +circumventos interfēcērunt. Hostes, ubi de expūgnando<br> +oppido spem se fefellisse intellēxērunt neque nostros in<br> +locum inīquiōrem prōgredi vīdērunt atque ipsos res frūmentāria<br> +dēficere coepit, concilium convocāvērunt. Cōnstituērunt<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti.<br> +Cōnstituērunt etiam ut quōrum in fīnes prīmum Rōmāni<br> +exercitum intrōdūxissent ad eos dēfendendos undique<br> +convenīrent. Quod eo cōnsilio fēcērunt, ut potius in suis<br> +quam in aliēnis fīnibus dēcertārent. Ad eam sententiam<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +haec ratio eos dēdūxit, quod Divitiacum atque Aeduos<br> +fīnibus Bellovacōrum adpropīnquāre cōgnōverant. Hīs<br> +persuādēri ut diūtius morārentur nōn poterat. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_10">Chapter 10 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_10">Chapter 10 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>armātūra</b>, <i>arma</i>.</p> +<p><b>ācriter</b>, <i>vehementer</i>.</p> +<p><b>adgredior</b>, <i>adorior</i>.</p> +<p><b>occīdo</b>, <i>concīdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>prōgredior</b>: <i>prōcēdo</i>, <i>prōdeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnstituo</b>, <i>statuo</i>.</p> +<p><b>revertor</b>, <i>redeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēcerto</b>: <i>pūgno</i>, <i>dīmico</i>.</p> +<p><b>sententia</b>, <i>cōnsilium</i>.</p> +<p><b>moror</b>, <i>cunctor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_11" id = "simple_11"> +They are pursued with awful slaughter.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_11">11.</a></b> +Ea re cōnstitūta, secunda vigilia māgno cum strepitu<br> +āc tumultu castris ēgressi, nūllo certo ōrdine neque<br> +imperio, fēcērunt ut cōnsimilis fugae profectio vidērētur.<br> +Hāc re statim Caesar per speculātōres cōgnita īnsidias<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +veritus exercitum equitātumque castris continuit. Prīma<br> +lūce omnem equitātum qui novissimum āgmen morārētur<br> +<span class = "pagenum">8</span> +praemīsit. T. Labiēnum lēgātum cum legiōnibus tribus<br> +subsequi iūssit. Hi novissimos adorti et multa mīlia<br> +passuum prōsecūti māgnam multitūdinem eōrum fugientium<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +concīdērunt. Ii ad quos ventum erat cōnsistēbant<br> +fortiterque impetum nostrōrum sustinēbant; sed priōres,<br> +quod abesse a perīculo vidēbantur, exaudīto clāmōre perturbātis<br> +ōrdinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium pōnēbant.<br> +Ita sine ūllo perīculo māgnam eōrum multitūdinem<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +nostri interfēcērunt sub occāsumque sōlis dēstitērunt sēque<br> +in castra, ut erat imperātum, recēpērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_11">Chapter 11 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_11">Chapter 11 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>cōnstituo</b>, <i>statuo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>strepitus</b>: <i>clāmor</i>, <i>fremitus</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsimilis</b>, <i>persimilis</i>.</p> +<p><b>vereor</b>, <i>timeo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> +<p><b>moror</b>, <i>cunctor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> +<p><b>subsequor</b>: <i>prōsequor</i>, <i>īnsequor</i>.</p> +<p><b>adorior</b>, <i>adgredior</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>concīdo</b>, <i>occīdo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsisto</b>, <i>sto</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>sustineo</b>, <i>sustento</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_12" id = "simple_12"> +A forced march and attack on Noviodunum. The town surrenders.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_12">12.</a></b> +Postrīdie ēius diēi Caesar in fīnes Suessiōnum<br> +exercitum dūxit et māgno itinere cōnfecto ad oppidum<br> +Noviodūnum contendit. Id ex itinere oppūgnāre cōnātus,<br> +quod vacuum ab dēfēnsōribus esse audiēbat, expūgnāre<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +nōn potuit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessiōnum multitūdo<br> +in oppidum proxima nocte convēnit. Celeriter vīneis<br> +ad oppidum āctis, aggere iacto turribusque cōnstitūtis,<br> +māgnitūdine operum et celeritāte Rōmānōrum permōti<br> +sunt Suessiōnes. Itaque lēgātos ad Caesarem de dēditiōne<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +mittunt et petentibus Rēmis ut cōnservārentur impetrant.<br> +petrant. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_12">Chapter 12 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_12">Chapter 12 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>cōnficio</b>, <i>perficio</i>.</p> +<p><b>contendo</b>, <i>propero</i>.</p> +<p><b>vacuus</b>: <i>carens</i>, <i>nūdus</i>.</p> +<p><b>interim</b>, <i>interea</i>.</p> +<p><b>ago</b>: <i>pello</i>, <i>dūco</i>, <i>traho</i>.</p> +<p><b>permoveo</b>, <i>commoveo</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēditio</b>, <i>trāditio</i>.</p> +<p><b>impetro</b>, <i>cōnsequor</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">9</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_13" id = "simple_13"> +The Bellovaci also submit at Cæsar’s approach.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_13">13.</a></b> +Caesar obsidibus acceptis armīsque omnibus ex<br> +oppido trāditis in dēditiōnem Suessiōnes accēpit exercitumque<br> +in Bellovacos dūxit. Qui cum se suaque omnia<br> +in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter mīlia passuum quīnque<br> +abesset, omnes māiōres nātu ex oppido ēgressi manus<br> +ad Caesarem tendere et vōce sīgnificāre coepērunt sēse in<br> +ēius fidem āc potestātem venīre. Item, cum ad oppidum<br> +accessisset, pueri mulierēsque ex mūro passis manibus<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +suo mōre pācem ab Rōmānis petiērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_13">Chapter 13 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_13">Chapter 13 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>trādo</b>: <i>do</i>, <i>dēdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>me cōnfero</b>: <i>me recipio</i>, <i>eo</i>.</p> +<p><b>ēgredior</b>, <i>exeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>coepi</b>, <i>incēpi</i>.</p> +<p><b>pueri</b>, <i>līberi</i>.</p> +<p><b>pando</b>, <i>tendo</i>.</p> +<p><b>mōs</b>, <i>cōnsuētūdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>peto</b>, <i>ōro</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_14" id = "simple_14"> +Divitiacus pleads earnestly for the Bellovaci.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_14">14.</a></b> +Pro hīs Divitiacus facit verba: “Bellovaci omni<br> +tempore in fide atque amīcitia cīvitātis Aeduae fuērunt:<br> +impulsi a suis prīncipibus, qui dīcēbant Aeduos omnes<br> +indīgnitātes contumēliāsque perferre, ab Aeduis dēfēcērunt<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +et populo Rōmāno bellum intulērunt. Ii qui ēius<br> +cōnsili prīncipes fuērunt in Britanniam profūgērunt.<br> +Petunt nōn sōlum Bellovaci sed etiam pro hīs Aedui ut<br> +tua clēmentia āc mānsuētūdine in eos ūtāris. Quod si<br> +fēceris, Aeduōrum auctōritātem apud omnes Belgas amplificābis,<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +quōrum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella<br> +incidunt, sustentāre cōnsuērunt.” +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_14">Chapter 14 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_14">Chapter 14 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>impello</b>: <i>incito</i>, <i>indūco</i>.</p> +<p><b>contumēlia</b>, <i>iniūria</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēficio</b>: <i>dēsero</i>.</p> +<p><b>mānsuētūdo</b>, <i>lēnitas</i>.</p> +<p><b>auctōritas</b>, <i>grātia</i>.</p> +<p><b>amplifico</b>, <i>augeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>sustento</b>, <i>sustineo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsuēsco</b>, <i>soleo</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_15" id = "simple_15"> +The temperance, courage, and patriotism of the Nervii.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_15">15.</a></b> +Caesar honōris Divitiaci atque Aeduōrum causa<br> +sēse eos in fidem receptūrum et cōnservātūrum dīxit;<br> +quod erat cīvitas māgna inter Belgas auctōritāte, sexcentos<br> +obsides poposcit. Hīs trāditis omnibusque armis<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +ex oppido conlātis, ab eo loco in fīnes Ambiānōrum pervēnit.<br> +Eōrum fīnes Nervii attingēbant; quōrum de<br> +nātūra mōribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sīc reperiēbat:<br> +Nūllus aditus erat ad eos mercātōribus; nihil patiēbantur<br> +vīni reliquārumque rērum īnferri, quod iis rēbus<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +relanguēscere animos et remitti virtūtem exīstimābant:<br> +erant homines feri māgnaeque virtūtis; increpitābant<br> +atque incūsābant reliquos Belgas, qui se populo Rōmāno<br> +dēdidissent. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_15">Chapter 15 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_15">Chapter 15 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>auctōritas</b>, <i>grātia</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> +<p><b>posco</b>, <i>impero</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnfero</b>, <i>cōgo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> +<p><b>attingo</b>, <i>contingo</i>.</p> +<p><b>aditus</b>, <i>accessus</i>.</p> +<p><b>patior</b>, <i>sino</i>.</p> +<p><b>relanguēsco</b>, <i>effēminor</i>.</p> +<p><b>remitto</b>, <i>minuo</i>.</p> +<p><b>incūso</b>, <i>accūso</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēdo</b>, <i>permitto</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_16" id = "simple_16"> +Encamped on the Sabis the Nervii await the coming of Cæsar.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_16">16.</a></b> +Cum per eōrum fīnes trīduum iter fēcisset, inveniēbat<br> +ex captīvis Sabim flūmen ab castris suis nōn<br> +amplius mīlia passuum x abesse. Trāns id flūmen omnes<br> +Nervii cōnsēderant adventumque ibi Rōmānōrum exspectābant.<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +Exspectābantur etiam ab hīs Aduātucōrum cōpiae<br> +atque erant in itinere. Mulieres quīque per aetātem ad<br> +pūgnam inūtiles vidērentur in eum locum coniēcerant,<br> +quo propter palūdes exercitui aditus nōn esset. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_16">Chapter 16 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_16">Chapter 16 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>cōnsīdo</b>, <i>me colloco</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnicio</b>, <i>dēpōno</i>.</p> +<p><b>aditus</b>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">11</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_17" id = "simple_17"> +They plan to attack Cæsar’s advance guard.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_17">17.</a></b> +Hīs rēbus cōgnitis explōrātōres centuriōnēsque<br> +praemittit qui locum idōneum castris dēligant. Cum ex<br> +dēditīciis Belgis reliquīsque Gallis complūres Caesarem<br> +secūti ūna iter facerent, quīdam ex hīs nocte ad Nervios<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +pervēnērunt. Hīs dēmōnstrārunt inter singulas legiōnes<br> +impedīmentōrum māgnum numerum intercēdere, neque<br> +esse quicquam negōti, cum prīma legio in castra vēnisset,<br> +hanc sub sarcinis adorīri; qua pulsa futūrum ut reliquae<br> +legiōnes contra cōnsistere nōn audērent. Nervii autem<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +antīquitus, quo facilius fīnitimōrum equitātum impedīrent,<br> +teneris arboribus incīsis atque īnflexis, crēbrīsque<br> +in lātitūdinem rāmis ēnātis, et rubis sentibusque interiectis,<br> +effēcerant ut īnstar mūri hae saepes mūnīmenta<br> +praebērent, quo nōn modo nōn intrāri sed ne perspici<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +quidem posset. Hīs rēbus cum iter āgminis nostri impedīrētur,<br> +nōn omittendum sibi cōnsilium Nervii exīstimāvērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_17">Chapter 17 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_17">Chapter 17 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>idōneus</b>: <i>aptus</i>, <i>commodus</i>, 8.</p> +<p><b>dēligo</b>, <i>ēligo</i>.</p> +<p><b>intercēdo</b>, <i>intervenio</i>.</p> +<p><b>sarcinae</b>: <i>impedīmenta</i>, <i>onera</i>.</p> +<p><b>adorior</b>, <i>adgredior</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsisto</b>, <i>sto</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>incīdo</b>, <i>accīdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>īnstar</b>: <i>fōrma</i>, <i>similitūdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>omitto</b>, <i>neglego</i>.</p> +<p><b>exīstimo</b>, <i>puto</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_18" id = "simple_18"> +The Roman camping-ground and the position of the enemy.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_18">18.</a></b> +Loci nātūra erat haec, quem locum nostri castris<br> +dēlēgerant. Collis ab summo acquāliter dēclīvis ad flūmen<br> +Sabim, quod supra nōmināvimus, vergēbat. Ab eo flūmine<br> +pari adclīvitāte collis nāscēbātur, ab superiōre parte<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +silvestris ut nōn facile intrōrsus perspici posset. Intra<br> +eas silvas hostes in occulto sēse continēbant; in aperto<br> +<span class = "pagenum">12</span> +loco secundum flūmen paucae statiōnes equitum vidēbantur.<br> +Flūminis erat altitūdo pedum circiter trium. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_18">Chapter 18 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_18">Chapter 18 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>summum</b>, <i>culmen</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēclīvis</b>, <i>prōclīvis</i>.</p> +<p><b>vergo</b>, <i>pertineo</i>.</p> +<p><b>nāscor</b>, <i>orior</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>intrōrsus</b>, <i>intra</i>.</p> +<p><b>in occulto</b>, <i>abditus</i>.</p> +<p><b>statio</b>, <i>custōdia</i>.</p> +<p><b>circiter</b>, <i>ad</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_19" id = "simple_19"> +The plan of attack is skilfully carried out by the Nervii.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_19">19.</a></b> +Caesar equitātu praemīsso subsequēbātur omnibus<br> +cōpiis. Sed quod ad hostes adpropīnquābat, cōnsuētūdine<br> +sua sex legiōnes expedītas dūcēbat; post eas<br> +tōtīus exercitus impedīmenta conlocārat; inde duae legiōnes,<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +quae proxime cōnscrīptae erant, tōtum āgmen claudēbant<br> +praesidiōque impedīmentis erant. Equites nostri,<br> +cum funditōribus sagittāriīsque flūmen trānsgressi, cum<br> +hostium equitātu proelium commīsērunt. Illi se identidem<br> +in silvas ad suos recipiēbant āc rūrsus ex silva in<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +nostros impetum faciēbant. Interim legiōnes sex, quae<br> +prīmae vēnerant, opere dīmēnso castra mūnīre coepērunt.<br> +Ubi prīma impedīmenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in<br> +silvis abditi latēbant vīsa sunt, subito omnibus cōpiis<br> +prōvolāvērunt impetumque in nostros equites fēcērunt.<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +Hīs facile pulsis āc prōturbātis, incrēdibili celeritāte ad<br> +flūmen dēcucurrērunt, ut paene ūno tempore ad silvas et<br> +in flūmine et iam in manibus nostris hostes vidērentur.<br> +Eādem autem celeritāte adverso colle ad nostra castra<br> +atque eos qui in opere occupāti erant contendērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_19">Chapter 19 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_19">Chapter 19 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>subsequor</b>, <i>prōsequor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> +<p><b>conloco</b>, <i>pōno</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> +<p><b>trānsgredior</b>, <i>trānseo</i>.</p> +<p><b>identidem</b>, <i>iterum atque iterum</i>.</p> +<p><b>rūrsus</b>, <i>iterum</i>.</p> +<p><b>interim</b>, <i>interea</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> +<p><b>dīmētior</b>, <i>mētior</i>.</p> +<p><b>lateo</b>, <i>me cēlo</i>.</p> +<p><b>prōvolo</b>, <i>prōruo</i>.</p> +<p><b>prōturbo</b>, <i>fugo</i>.</p> +<p><b>paene</b>, <i>fere</i>.</p> +<p><b>contendo</b>, <i>propero</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">13</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_20" id = "simple_20"> +But the soldiers and lieutenants know what to do.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_20">20.</a></b> +Caesari omnia ūno tempore erant agenda: vēxillum<br> +prōpōnendum, sīgnum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi<br> +mīlites, acies īnstruenda, mīlites cohortandi, sīgnum dandum.<br> +Quārum rērum māgnam partem temporis brevitas<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +et successus hostium impediēbat. Sed erat subsidio<br> +scientia atque ūsus mīlitum, quod superiōribus proeliis<br> +exercitāti, nōn minus commode ipsi sibi praescrībere<br> +quam ab aliis docēri poterant. Praeterea ab opere singulīsque<br> +legiōnibus singulos lēgātos Caesar discēdere<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +vetuerat. Hi propter propīnquitātem et celeritātem<br> +hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium exspectābant, sed<br> +per se quae vidēbantur administrābant. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_20">Chapter 20 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_20">Chapter 20 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>prōpōno</b>, <i>ostendo</i>.</p> +<p><b>successus</b>, <i>accessus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +<p><b>subsidium</b>, <i>auxilium</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>ūsus</b>, <i>experientia</i>.</p> +<p><b>exercitātus</b>, <i>perītus</i>.</p> +<p><b>commode</b>: <i>apte</i>, <i>bene</i>.</p> +<p><b>praescrībo</b>, <i>praecipio</i>.</p> +<p><b>veto</b>, <i>prohibeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>propīnquitas</b>, <i>vīcīnitas</i>.</p> +<p><b>administro</b>: <i>prōvideo</i>, <i>ago</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_21" id = "simple_21"> +Fighting begins before the soldiers can arm themselves.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_21">21.</a></b> +Caesar necessāriis rēbus imperātis ad cohortandos<br> +mīlites dēcucurrit et ad legiōnem decimam dēvēnit.<br> +Mīlites nōn longiōre ōrātiōne cohortātus quam uti suae<br> +prīstinae virtūtis memoriam retinērent neu perturbārentur<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinērent,<br> +quod nōn longe hostes aberant, proeli committendi sīgnum<br> +dedit. Atque in alteram partem item cohortandi<br> +causa profectus pūgnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta<br> +fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam parātus ad dīmicandum<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +animus, ut nōn modo ad īnsīgnia adcommodanda, sed<br> +etiam ad galeas induendas scūtīsque tegimenta dētrūdenda<br> +tempus dēfuerit. Quam in partem quisque ab opere cāsu<br> +<span class = "pagenum">14</span> +dēvēnit quaeque prīma sīgna cōnspēxit, ad haec cōnstitit,<br> +ne in quaerendis suis pūgnandi tempus dīmitteret. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_21">Chapter 21 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_21">Chapter 21 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>dēvenio</b>, <i>pervenio</i>.</p> +<p><b>prīstinus</b>: <i>vetus</i>, <i>antīquus</i>.</p> +<p><b>perturbo</b>, <i>commoveo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> +<p><b>sustineo</b>, <i>sustento</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>occurro</b>, <i>incĭdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>exiguitas</b>, <i>brevitas</i>.</p> +<p><b>adcommodo</b>, <i>apto</i>.</p> +<p><b>induo</b>, <i>indūco</i>.</p> +<p><b>dētrūdo</b>, <i>dētraho</i>.</p> +<p><b>cāsu</b>, <i>fōrte</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnspicio</b>, <i>cōnspicor</i>.</p> +<p><b>dīmitto</b>, <i>āmitto</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_22" id = "simple_22"> +All is confusion in the battle; the commander can do little.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_22">22.</a></b> +Īnstrūcto exercitu magis ut loci nātūra dēiectusque<br> +collis et necessitas temporis quam ut rei mīlitāris<br> +ratio atque ōrdo postulābat, fīēbat ut aliae legiōnes alia<br> +in parte hostibus resisterent; saepibus autem dēnsissimis,<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +ut ante dēmōnstrāvimus, interiectis prōspectus impediēbātur,<br> +ut neque certa subsidia conlocāri, neque ab ūno<br> +omnia imperia administrāri possent. Itaque in tanta<br> +rērum inīquitāte, fōrtūnae quoque ēventus varii sequēbantur. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_22">Chapter 22 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_22">Chapter 22 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>dēiectus</b>, <i>dēclīvitas</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> +<p><b>ratio</b>, <i>scientia</i>.</p> +<p><b>intericio</b>, <i>interpōno</i>.</p> +<p><b>administro</b>, <i>ago</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> +<p><b>inīquitas</b>, <i>varietas</i>.</p> +<p><b>ēventus</b>, <i>cāsus</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_23" id = "simple_23"> +The battle seems to be going against Cæsar.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_23">23.</a></b> +Legiōnis nōnae et decimae mīlites, ut in sinistra<br> +parte acie cōnstiterant, Atrebates cursu āc lassitūdine<br> +exanimātos vulneribusque cōnfectos celeriter ex loco<br> +superiōre in flūmen compulērunt. Tum eos trānsīre<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +cōnantes īnsecūti, gladiis māgnam partem eōrum interfēcērunt.<br> +Ipsi trānsīre flūmen nōn dubitāvērunt et in<br> +locum inīquum prōgressi, hostes redintegrāto proelio in<br> +fugam cōniēcērunt. Item alia in parte dīversae duae<br> +legiōnes, ūndecima et octāva, ex loco superiōre in ipsis<br> +<span class = "pagenum">15</span> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +flūminis rīpis proeliābantur. At tōtis fere a frōnte et<br> +ab sinistra parte nūdātis castris, omnes Nervii cōnfertissimo<br> +āgmine, duce Boduōgnāto, qui summam imperi<br> +tenēbat, ad eum locum contendērunt; quōrum pars aperto<br> +latere legiōnes circumvenīre, pars summum castrōrum<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +locum petere coepit. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_23">Chapter 23 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_23">Chapter 23 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>lassitūdo</b>, <i>dēfatīgātio</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnfectus</b>, <i>dēfessus</i>.</p> +<p><b>compello</b>, <i>ago</i>.</p> +<p><b>redintegro</b>, <i>renovo</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnfertus</b>, <i>dēnsus</i>.</p> +<p><b>summa</b>, <i>cūra</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>contendo</b>, <i>propero</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> +<p><b>peto</b>, <i>accurro</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_24" id = "simple_24"> +It is beginning to look very dark for the Romans.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_24">24.</a></b> +Eōdem tempore equites nostri levisque armātūrae<br> +pedites, qui cum iis ūna fuerant, cum se in castra reciperent,<br> +hostibus occurrēbant āc rūrsus aliam in partem<br> +fugam petēbant; et cālōnes, praedandi causa ēgressi,<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +cum respēxissent et hostes in nostris castris versāri<br> +vīdissent, praecipites fugae sēse mandābant. Simul<br> +eōrum qui cum impedīmentis veniēbant clāmor fremitusque<br> +oriēbātur, aliīque aliam in partem perterriti ferēbantur.<br> +Quibus omnibus rēbus permōti sunt equites<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +Trēveri, qui auxili causa ab cīvitāte ad Caesarem mīssi<br> +vēnerant. Ergo cum multitūdine hostium castra complēri,<br> +legiōnes premi et paene circumventas tenēri, cālōnes,<br> +equites, funditōres in omnes partes fugere vīdissent,<br> +dēspērātis nostris rēbus, domum contendērunt atque Rōmānos<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +pulsos superātōsque cīvitāti renūntiāvērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_24">Chapter 24 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_24">Chapter 24 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>armātūra</b>, <i>arma</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>me recipio</b>, <i>me cōnfero</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> +<p><b>occurro</b>, <i>incĭdo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> +<p><b>ēgredior</b>, <i>exeo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> +<p><b>versor</b>, <i>sum occupātus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> +<p><b>mando</b>, <i>commendo</i>.</p> +<p><b>fremitus</b>, <i>strepitus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> +<p><b>orior</b>, <i>nāscor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>premo</b>, <i>urgeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>paene</b>, <i>fere</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> +<p><b>pello</b>: <i>fugo</i>, <i>prōturbo</i>, 19.</p> +<p><b>supero</b>, <i>vinco</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">16</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_25" id = "simple_25"> +Will Cæsar’s coolness and courage save his army?</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_25">25.</a></b> +Caesar ab decimae legiōnis cohortātiōne ad dextrum<br> +cornu profectus suos urgēri et duodecimae legiōnis<br> +cōnfertos mīlites sibi ipsos ad pūgnam esse impedīmento<br> +vīdit. Quartae cohortis omnes centuriōnes occīsi sunt<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +et, sīgnifero interfecto, sīgnum est āmīssum. Reliquārum<br> +cohortium omnes fere centuriōnes aut vulnerāti aut<br> +occīsi sunt, in hīs prīmipīlus P. Sextius Baculus, fortissimus<br> +vir, multis gravibusque vulneribus cōnfectus ut iam<br> +se sustinēre nōn posset. Hīs rēbus reliquos esse tardiōres<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +vīdit Caesar et nōnnullos dēserto proelio excēdere āc tēla<br> +vītāre; hostes autem neque a fronte ex īnferiōre loco<br> +subeuntes intermittere et ab utrōque latere īnstāare, et<br> +rem esse in angusto, neque ūllum esse subsidium quod<br> +submitti posset. Tum vēro scūto ūni mīliti dētracto,<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +quod ipse eo sine scūto vēnerat, in prīmam aciem prōcessit,<br> +centuriōnibusque nōminātim appellātis, reliquos<br> +cohortātus mīlites sīgna īnferre et manipulos laxāre iūssit<ins class = +"correction" title = "text has . for ,">, </ins><br> +quo facilius gladiis ūti possent. Cūius adventu spe inlāta<br> +mīlitibus āc redintegrāto animo paulum hostium impetus<br> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +tardātus est. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_25">Chapter 25 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_25">Chapter 25 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>urgeo</b>, <i>premo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnfertus</b>, <i>dēnsus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> +<p><b>sīgnifer</b>, <i>aquilifer</i>.</p> +<p><b>āmitto</b>, <i>dīmitto</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> +<p><b>fere</b>, <i>paene</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnfectus</b>, <i>dēfessus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> +<p><b>excēdo</b>, <i>exeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>subeo</b>, <i>succēdo</i>.</p> +<p><b>intermitto</b>: <i>dēsino</i>, <i>dēsisto</i>.</p> +<p><b>īnsto</b>: <i>urgeo</i>, <i>premo</i>, 24.</p> +<p><b>dētraho</b>, <i>rapio</i>.</p> +<p><b>laxo</b>, <i>aperio</i>.</p> +<p><b>īnfero</b> (2): <i>do</i>, <i>adfero</i>.</p> +<p><b>redintegro</b>, <i>renovo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_26" id = "simple_26"> +A shifting scene. Pull Romans, pull Nervii!</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_26">26.</a></b> +Caesar cum septimam legiōnem, quae iūxta cōnstiterat,<br> +item urgēri ab hoste vīdisset, tribūnos mīlitum<br> +monuit ut paulātim sēse legiōnes coniungerent. Quo<br> +<span class = "pagenum">17</span> +facto, cum alius alii subsidium ferret, audācius resistere<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +āc fortius pūgnāre coepērunt. Interim mīlites legiōnum<br> +duārum, quae in novissimo āgmine praesidio impedīmentis<br> +fuerant, proelio nūntiāto cursu incitāto in summo colle<br> +ab hostibus cōnspiciēbantur; et T. Labiēnus castris hostium<br> +potītus decimam legiōnem subsidio nostris mīsit.<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +Qui cum quo in loco res esset, quantōque in perīculo castra<br> +et legiōnes et imperātor versārētur, cōgnōvissent,<br> +nihil ad celeritātem sibi reliqui fēcērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_26">Chapter 26 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_26">Chapter 26 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>iūxta</b>, <i>prope</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnsisto</b>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> +<p><b>urgeo</b>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> +<p><b>paulātim</b>, <i>gradātim</i>.</p> +<p><b>interim</b>, <i>interea</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnspicio</b>, <i>video</i>.</p> +<p><b>potior</b>, <i>occupo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> +<p><b>versor</b>, <i>sum</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōgnōsco</b>, <i>reperio</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_27" id = "simple_27"> +In the fierce wrestle the brave Nervii go under.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_27">27.</a></b> +Hōrum adventu tanta rērum commūtātio est facta<br> +ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus cōnfecti prōcubuissent,<br> +proelium redintegrārent; equites vēro, ut turpitūdinem<br> +fugae virtūte dēlērent, omnibus in locis pūgnae se legiōnāriis<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +mīlitibus praeferrent. At hostes etiam in extrēma<br> +spe salūtis māximam virtūtem praestitērunt; nam cum<br> +prīmi eōrum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus comitibus<br> +īnsistēbant atque ex eōrum corporibus pūgnābant; hīs<br> +dēiectis et coacervātis cadāveribus, cēteri ut ex tumulo<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +tēla in nostros cōniciēbant et pīla intercepta remittēbant:<br> +ut iūdicāri dēbēret nōn nēquīquam tantae virtūtis homines<br> +ausos esse trānsīre lātissimum flūmen, ascendere altissimas<br> +rīpas, subīre inīquissimum locum; quae facilia ex<br> +difficillimis animi māgnitūdo redēgerat. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_27">Chapter 27 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_27">Chapter 27 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>prōcumbo</b>, <i>prōcido</i>.</p> +<p><b>turpitūdo</b>: <i>īgnōminia</i>, <i>īnfāmia</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēleo</b>, <i>exstinguo</i>.</p> +<p><b>extrēmus</b>, <i>ultimus</i>.</p> +<p><b>praesto</b>: <i>praebeo</i>, <i>ostento</i>.</p> +<p><b>iaceo</b>, <i>prōcumbo</i>.</p> +<p><b>coacervo</b>: <i>congero</i>, <i>cōgo</i>.</p> +<p><b>cadāver</b>, <i>corpus</i>.</p> +<p><b>nēquīquam</b>, <i>frūstra</i>.</p> +<p><b>redigo</b>, <i>facio</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">18</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_28" id = "simple_28"> +Why slay the poor remnant? Let them live.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_28">28.</a></b> +Hōc proelio facto et prope ad interneciōnem gente<br> +āc nōmine Nerviōrum redācto, māiōres nātu, quōs ūna<br> +cum pueris mulieribusque in palūdes cōniectos dīxerāmus,<br> +cōnsēnsu omnium qui supererant lēgātos ad Caesarem<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +mīsērunt sēque ei dēdidērunt. Postea in commemoranda<br> +cīvitātis calamitāte, ex sexcentis ad tres senātōres, ex<br> +hominum mīlibus <span class = "smallroman">LX</span> vix ad quīngentos +qui arma ferre<br> +possent, sēse redāctos esse dīxērunt. Quōs Caesar ut in<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +miseros āc supplices ūsus misericordia vidērētur,<br> +dīligentissime cōnservāvit suīsque fīnibus atque oppidis ūti<br> +iūssit et fīnitimis imperāvit ut ab iniūria et maleficio se<br> +suōsque prohibērent. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_28">Chapter 28 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_28">Chapter 28 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>prope</b>, <i>paene</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> +<p><b>internecio</b>, <i>interitus</i>.</p> +<p><b>redigo</b>, <i>redūco</i>.</p> +<p><b>puerī</b>, <i>līberi</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> +<p><b>cōnicio</b>, <i>dēpōno</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> +<p><b>dēdo</b>, <i>permitto</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +<p><b>commemoro</b>, <i>nārro</i>.</p> +<p><b>fīnitimus</b>, <i>vīcīnus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_29" id = "simple_29"> +The Aduatuci prepare to make a desperate resistance.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_29">29.</a></b> +Aduātuci, qui cum omnibus cōpiis auxilio Nerviis<br> +veniēbant, hāc pūgna nūntiāta ex itinere domum revertērunt;<br> +cūnctis oppidis castellīsque dēsertis sua omnia in<br> +ūnum oppidum ēgregie nātūra mūnītum contulērunt.<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +Quod ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rūpes<br> +dēspectūsque habēbat, sed ūna ex parte lēniter adclīvis<br> +aditus relinquēbātur; quem locum duplici altissimo mūro<br> +mūnierant; tum māgni ponderis saxa et praeacūtas trabes<br> +in mūro conlocābant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teutonīsque<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +prōgnāti, qui, cum iter in prōvinciam nostram atque<br> +Ītaliam facerent, custōdiam ex suis āc praesidium sex<br> +mīlia hominum relīquērunt. Hi post eōrum obitum<br> +<span class = "pagenum">19</span> +multos annos a fīnitimis exagitāti, cōnsēnsu eōrum omnium<br> +hunc sibi domicilio locum dēlēgērunt. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_29">Chapter 29 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_29">Chapter 29 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>revertor</b>, <i>redeo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>cūnctus</b>, <i>omnis</i>.</p> +<p><b>ēgregie</b>: <i>optime</i>, <i>eximie</i>, 8.</p> +<p><b>dēspectus</b>, <i>prōspectus</i>.</p> +<p><b>lēniter</b>, <i>paulātim</i>.</p> +<p><b>aditus</b>, <i>accessus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +<p><b>conloco</b>, <i>pōno</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> +<p><b>prōgnātus</b>, <i>ortus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> +<p><b>obitus</b>, <i>interitus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> +<p><b>dēligo</b>, <i>ēligo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_30" id = "simple_30"> +From their walls they taunt the Romans.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_30">30.</a></b> +Āc prīmo adventu exercitus nostri crēbras ex<br> +oppido excursiōnes faciēbant parvulīsque proeliis cum<br> +nostris contendēbant; postea vāllo pedum <span class = +"smallroman">XII</span> in circuitu<br> +<span class = "smallroman">XV</span> mīlium crēbrīsque castellis +circummūnīti oppido sēse<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +continēbant. Ubi vīneis āctis aggere exstrūcto turrim<br> +procul cōnstitui vīdērunt, prīmum inrīdēre ex mūro atque<br> +increpitāre vōcibus coepērunt, quod tanta māchinātio ab<br> +tanto spatio īnstruerētur: quibusnam manibus aut quibus<br> +vīribus praesertim homines tantulae statūrae turrim<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +tanti oneris in mūro sēse conlocāre cōnfīderent? +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_30">Chapter 30 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_30">Chapter 30 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>adventus</b>, <i>accessus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +<p><b>crēber</b>, <i>frequens</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> +<p><b>excursio</b>, <i>ēruptio</i>.</p> +<p><b>cōnstituo</b>, <i>pōno</i>.</p> +<p><b>inrīdeo</b>, <i>dērīdeo</i>.</p> +<p><b>increpito</b>, <i>maledīco</i>.</p> +<p><b>tantulus</b>, <i>parvulus</i>.</p> +<p><b>onus</b>, <i>pondus</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_31" id = "simple_31"> +But soon they lose confidence and offer to surrender.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_31">31.</a></b> +Ubi vēro turrim movēri et adpropīnquāre moenibus<br> +vīdērunt, nova atque inūsitāta specie commōti lēgātos<br> +ad Caesarem de pāce mīsērunt, qui ad hunc modum locūti<br> +sunt: Aduātuci nōn exīstimant Rōmānos sine ope dīvīna<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +bellum gerere, qui tantae altitūdinis māchinātiōnes tanta<br> +celeritāte prōmovēre possint; itaque se suaque omnia<br> +eōrum potestāti permittunt. Ūnum petunt: si fōrte<br> +<span class = "pagenum">20</span> +Caesar pro sua clēmentia āc mānsuētūdine statuerit<br> +Aduātucos esse cōnservandos, ne eos armis dēspoliet.<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +Omnes fere fīnitimi sunt inimīci āc eōrum virtūti invident,<br> +a quibus se dēfendere trāditis armis nōn poterunt. Sibi<br> +praestet, si in eum cāsum dēdūcantur, quamvis fōrtūnam<br> +a populo Rōmāno pati, quam ab inimīcis per cruciātum<br> +interfici. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_31">Chapter 31 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_31">Chapter 31 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>novus</b>, <i>mīrus</i>.</p> +<p><b>inūsitātus</b>: <i>īnsolitus</i>, <i>novus</i>.</p> +<p><b>species</b>, <i>facies</i>.</p> +<p><b>modus</b>, <i>ratio</i>.</p> +<p><b>ops</b>, <i>auxilium</i>.</p> +<p><b>permitto</b>, <i>dēdo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> +<p><b>peto</b>, <i>ōro</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> +<p><b>mānsuētūdo</b>, <i>lēnitas</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> +<p><b>statuo</b>, <i>cōnstituo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> +<p><b>fere</b>, <i>paene</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> +<p><b>cāsus</b>, <i>fātum</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> +<p><b>dēdūco</b>, <i>redigo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_32" id = "simple_32"> +They must disarm, but are promised protection.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_32">32.</a></b> +Ad haec Caesar respondit: “Magis cōnsuētūdine<br> +mea quam merito vestro cīvitātem cōnservābo, si prius<br> +quam mūrum aries attigerit, vos dēdideritis: sed dēditiōnis<br> +nūlla est condicio nisi armis trāditis. Id quod in<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +Nerviis fēci faciam fīnitimīsque imperābo ne quam iniūriam<br> +dēditīciis populi Rōmāni īnferant.” Re nūntiāta<br> +ad suos, quae imperārentur facere dīxērunt. Armōrum<br> +tanta multitūdo de mūro in fossam quae erat ante oppidum<br> +iacta est, ut prope summam mūri aggerisque altitūdinem<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +acervi eōrum adaequārent, et tamen circiter pars<br> +tertia, ut postea perspectum est, cēlāta atque in oppido<br> +retenta est. Deinde portis patefactis eo die pāce sunt<br> +ūsi oppidāni. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_32">Chapter 32 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_32">Chapter 32 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>prius quam</b>, <i>ante quam</i>.</p> +<p><b>dēditio</b>, <i>trāditio</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> +<p><b>fīnitimus</b>, <i>vīcīnus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> +<p><b>īnfero</b>: <i>fero</i>, <i>facio</i>.</p> +<p><b>prope</b>, <i>paene</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> +<p><b>circiter</b>, <i>ad</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> +<p><b>perspicio</b>, <i>intellego</i>.</p> +<p><b>patefacio</b>, <i>aperio</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">21</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_33" id = "simple_33"> +A brave dash for freedom, but a terrible fate.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_33">33.</a></b> +Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi mīlitēsque ex<br> +oppido exīre iūssit. Oppidāni cōnsilio ante inito, ut<br> +intellēctum est, quod dēditiōne facta nostros praesidia<br> +dēductūros aut dēnique indīligentius servātūros crēdiderant,<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras mūnītiōnes<br> +ascēnsus vidēbātur, omnibus cōpiis repentīno ex<br> +oppido ēruptiōnem fēcērunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar<br> +imperārat, īgnibus sīgnificātiōne facta ex proximis castellis<br> +eo concursum est. Ibi pūgnātum est ācriter ab<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +hostibus in extrēma spe salūtis inīquo loco contra eos<br> +qui ex vāllo turribusque tēla iacerent, cum in ūna virtūte<br> +omnis spes salūtis cōnsisteret. Occīsis ad hominum<br> +mīlibus quattuor reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. Postrīdie<br> +ēius diēi refrāctis portis, cum iam dēfenderet nēmo,<br> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +atque intrōmīssis mīlitibus nostris sectiōnem ēius oppidi<br> +ūniversam Caesar vendidit. Ab iis qui ēmerant capitum<br> +numerus ad eum relātus est mīlium quīnquāginta trium. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_33">Chapter 33 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_33">Chapter 33 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>intellego</b>, <i>perspicio</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> +<p><b>dēnique</b>, <i>saltem</i>.</p> +<p><b>indīligenter</b>, <i>neglegenter</i>.</p> +<p><b>arduus</b>, <i>difficilis</i>.</p> +<p><b>repentīnus</b>, <i>subitus</i>.</p> +<p><b>ēruptio</b>, <i>excursio</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> +<p><b>sīgnificātio</b>, <i>sīgnum</i>.</p> +<p><b>inīquus</b>, <i>incommodus</i>.</p> +<p><b>ūniversus</b>, <i>tōtus</i>.</p> +<p><b>refero</b>, <i>renūntio</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "simple_34" id = "simple_34"> +All the maritime nations submit to the Romans.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_34">34.</a></b> +Eōdem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legiōne<br> +ūna mīserat ad Venetos, Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas,<br> +Esuvios, Aulercos, Rēdones, quae sunt maritimae cīvitātes<br> +Ōceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +cīvitātes in diciōnem potestātemque populi Rōmāni esse<br> +redāctas. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_34">Chapter 34 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_34">Chapter 34 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>attingo</b>, <i>tango</i>.</p> +<p><b>dicio</b>, <i>imperium</i>.</p> +<p><b>redigo</b>, <i>pāco</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">22</span> +<h5><a name = "simple_35" id = "simple_35"> +Gaul lies crushed and bleeding. Rome rejoices and thanks the +gods.</a></h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#complete_35">35.</a></b> +Hīs rēbus gestis omni Gallia pācāta, tanta hūius<br> +belli ad barbaros opīnio perlāta est uti ab iis nātiōnibus<br> +quae trāns Rhēnum incolerent mitterentur lēgāti ad<br> +Caesarem, qui se obsides datūras, imperāta factūras pollicērentur.<br> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +Quās lēgātiōnes Caesar, quod in Ītaliam Illyricumque<br> +properābat, inita proxima aestāte ad se reverti<br> +iūssit. Ipse in Carnūtes, Andes Turonēsque, quae cīvitātes<br> +propīnquae hīs locis erant ubi bellum gesserat,<br> +legiōnibus in hībernācula dēductis, in Ītaliam profectus<br> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +est. Ob eāsque res ex litteris Caesaris dies quīndecim<br> +supplicātio dēcrēta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nūlli. +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_35">Chapter 35 Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#ex_35">Chapter 35 Exercises</a></span></p> + +<div class = "wordlist"> +<p><b>pāco</b>, <i>redigo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> +<p><b>opīnio</b>, <i>fāma</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> +<p><b>propero</b>, <i>mātūro</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> +<p><b>ineo</b>, <i>incipio</i>.</p> +<p><b>propīnquus</b>: <i>vīcīnus</i>, <i>fīnitimus</i>, 2.</p> +<p><b>accido</b>, <i>contingo</i>.</p> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class = "complete"> + +<span class = "pagenum">23</span> + +<h2><a name = "text_complete" id = "text_complete"> +<span class = "subhead">C. IULI CAESARIS</span></a><br> +<span class = "extended">DE BELLO GALLICO</span></h2> + + +<h4><i>LIBER SECUNDUS.</i></h4> + +<h4><span class = "smaller"><b>B.C. 57; A.U.C. 697.</b></span></h4> + +<h5>THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED.</h5> + +<p class = "mynote"> +Words <a class = "label">underlined in gray</a> are cited in the Notes +for other chapters. They are not active links.</p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_1" id = "complete_1" href = +"#simple_1">1.</a></b> +Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia in hibernis, ita uti supra +demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur, litterisque item +Labieni certior fiebat omnes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae partem +dixeramus, contra populum Romanum coniurare obsidesque inter se dare. +Coniurandi has esse causas: primum quod vererentur ne omni <a class += "label" name = "complete_1a" id = "complete_1a">pacata</a> Gallia ad +eos exercitus noster adduceretur; deinde quod ab nonnullis Gallis +sollicitarentur,—partim qui, ut Germanos diutius in Gallia versari +noluerant, ita populi Romani exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in +Gallia moleste ferebant; partim qui mobilitate et levitate animi novis +imperiis studebant; ab nonnullis etiam, quod in Gallia a potentioribus +atque iis qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant, vulgo +regna occupabantur, qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro consequi +poterant. +<!-- p. 23 l. 1-16 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_1c">Notes to Chapter 1 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_2" id = "complete_2" href = +"#simple_2">2.</a></b> +His nuntiis litterisque commotus Caesar duas legiones in citeriore +Gallia novas conscripsit, et <a class = "label" name = "complete_2a" id += "complete_2a">inita aestate</a> in interiorem Galliam <a class = +"label" name = "complete_2b" id = "complete_2b">qui deduceret</a> +Q. Pedium legatum misit. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse +inciperet, +<span class = "pagenum">24</span> +ad exercitum venit. Dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis, qui +finitimi Belgis erant, uti ea quae apud eos gerantur cognoscant seque de +his rebus certiorem faciant. Hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manus +cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Tum vero <a class = "label" name += "complete_2c" id = "complete_2c">dubitandum</a> non existimavit +<a class = "label" name = "complete_2d" id = "complete_2d">quin ad eos +proficisceretur</a>. Re frumentaria comparata castra movet diebusque +circiter quindecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit. +<!-- p. 23 l. 17-20, p. 24 l. 1-8 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_2c">Notes to Chapter 2 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_3" id = "complete_3" href = +"#simple_3">3.</a></b> +Eo cum de improviso celeriusque omni opinione venisset, Remi, qui +proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legatos Iccium et Andocumborium +primos civitatis miserunt qui dicerent: ‘Se suaque omnia in fidem atque +in potestatem populi Romani permittere, neque se cum Belgis reliquis +consensisse neque contra populum Romanum coniurasse, paratosque esse et +obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis recipere et frumento +ceterisque rebus iuvare; reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, +Germanosque qui cis Rhenum incolant sese cum his coniunxisse, tantumque +esse eorum omnium furorem ut ne Suessiones quidem, fratres +consanguineosque suos, qui eodem iure et isdem legibus utantur, unum +imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint quin +cum his consentirent.’ +<!-- p. 24 l. 9-23 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_3c">Notes to Chapter 3 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_4" id = "complete_4" href = +"#simple_4">4.</a></b> +Cum ab his quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in armis essent et +<a class = "label" name = "complete_4a" id = "complete_4a">quid in bello +possent</a>, sic reperiebat: plerosque Belgas esse ortos ab Germanis +Rhenumque antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse +Gallosque qui ea loca incolerent expulisse, solosque esse qui <a class = +"label" name = "complete_4b" id = "complete_4b">patrum nostrorum +memoria</a>, omni Gallia vexata, Teutonos Cimbrosque intra fines suos +ingredi prohibuerint; qua ex re fieri uti earum rerum memoria magnam +sibi auctoritatem magnosque spiritus in re militari +<span class = "pagenum">25</span> +sumerent. De numero eorum omni se habere explorata Remi dicebant, +proptera quod propinquitatibus adfinitatibusque coniuncti, quantam +<a class = "label" name = "complete_4c" id = "complete_4c">quisque</a> +multitudinem in communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus +sit cognoverint. Plurimuni inter eos Bellovacos <a class = "label" name += "complete_4d" id = "complete_4d">et virtute et auctoritate et hominum +numero valere</a>: hos posse conficere armata milia centum, pollicitos +ex eo numero electa sexaginta, totiusque belli imperium sibi postulare. +Suessiones suos esse finitimos: latissimos feracissimosque agros +possidere. Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Divitiacum, totius +Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum tum etiam +Britanniae imperium obtinuerit: nunc esse regem Galbam; ad hunc +propter iustitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam omnium +voluntate deferri: oppida habere numero <span class = +"smallroman">XII</span>, polliceri milia armata quinquaginta; totidem +Nervios, qui maxime feri inter ipsos habeantur, longissimeque absint; +quindecim milia Atrebates, Ambianos decem milia, Moriuos <span class = +"smallroman">XXV</span> milia, Menapios <span class = +"smallroman">VII</span> milia; Caletos <span class = +"smallroman">X</span> milia; Velocasses et Veromanduos totidem; +Aduatucos decem et novem milia; Condrusos, Eburones, Caeroesos, +Paemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, arbitrari ad <span class = +"smallroman">XL</span> milia. +<!-- p. 24 l. 24-32, p. 25 l. 1-23 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_4c">Notes to Chapter 4 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_5" id = "complete_5" href = +"#simple_5">5.</a></b> +Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus omnem senatum +ad se convenire principumque liberos <a class = "label" name = +"complete_5a" id = "complete_5a">obsides</a> ad se adduci iussit. Quae +omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divitiacum Aeduum +magno opere cohortatus docet quanto opere rei publicae communisque +salutis intersit man us hostium distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine uno +tempore confligendum sit. Id fieri posse, si suas copias Aedui in fines +Bellovacorum introduxeriut et eorum agros populari coeperint. +<span class = "pagenum">26</span> +His mandatis eum ab se dimittit. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias in unum +locum coactas ad se venire vidit neque iam longe abesse ab iis quos +miserat exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, quod est in +extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi castra +posuit. Quae res et latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat et +post eum quae essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat, et commeatus ab Remis +reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari posset +efficiebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera +parte fluminis Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus +relinquit. Castra <a class = "label" name = "complete_5b" id = +"complete_5b">in altitudinem</a> pedum <span class = +"smallroman">XII</span> vallo fossaque duodeviginti pedum munire iubet. +<!-- p. 25 l. 24-32, p. 26 l. 1-14 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_5c">Notes to Chapter 5 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_6" id = "complete_6" href = +"#simple_6">6.</a></b> +Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum octo. +Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo die +sustentatum est. Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. Ubi +circumiecta multitudine hominum totis <a class = "label" name = +"complete_6a" id = "complete_6a">moenibus undique in murum lapides iaci +coepti sunt, murusque defensoribus nudatus est, testudine facta portas +succedunt murumque</a> subruunt. Quod tum facile fiebat. Nam cum tanta +multitudo lapides ac tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas +<a class = "label" name = "complete_6b" id = "complete_6b">erat nulli</a>. +Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, Iccius Remus, summa nobilitate et +gratia inter suos, qui tum oppido praefuerat, unus ex iis <a class = +"label" name = "complete_6c" id = "complete_6c">qui legati</a> de pace +ad Caesarem venerant, nuntium ad eum mittit: nisi subsidium sibi +submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse. +<!-- p. 26 l. 15-29 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_6c">Notes to Chapter 6 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_7" id = "complete_7" href = +"#simple_7">7.</a></b> +Eo de media nocte Caesar isdem ducibus usus qui nuntii ab Iccio +venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et funditores Baleares <a class += "label" name = "complete_7a" id = "complete_7a">subsidio oppidanis</a> +mittit; quorum +<span class = "pagenum">27</span> +adventu et Remis cum spe defensionis studium propugnandi accessit, et +hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi oppidi discessit. Itaque paulisper +apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus vicis +aedificiisque quos adire potuerant incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus +copiis contenderunt et ab milibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt; +quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius milibus +passuum octo in latitudinem patebant. +<!-- p. 26 l. 30-32, p. 27 l. 1-9 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_7c">Notes to Chapter 7 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_8" id = "complete_8" href = +"#simple_8">8.</a></b> +Caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et propter eximiam +opinionem virtutis proelio supersedere statuit; cotidie tamen +equestribus proeliis <a class = "label" name = "complete_8a" id = +"complete_8a">quid hostis virtute posset</a> et quid nostri auderent +periclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro +castris ad aciem instruendam natura opportuno atque idoneo—quod is +collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex planitie editus tantum +adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies instructa occupare +poterat, atque ex utraque parte lateris deiectus habebat et in +frontem leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat—ab +utroque latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum +quadringentorum et ad extremas fossas castella constituit ibique +tormenta conlocavit, ne, cum aciem instruxisset, hostes, quod +tantum multitudine poterant, ab lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire +possent. Hoc facto duabus legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in +castris relictis, ut, si quo opus esset, subsidio duci possent, reliquas +sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex +castris eductas instruxerant. +<!-- p. 27 l. 10-30 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_8c">Notes to Chapter 8 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_9" id = "complete_9" href = +"#simple_9">9.</a></b> +Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum. Hanc si +nostri transirent hostes exspectabant; +<span class = "pagenum">28</span> +nostri autem, si ab illis initium transeundi fieret, ut impeditos +adgrederentur, parati in armis erant. Interim proelio equestri inter +duas acies contendebatur. Ubi neutri transeundi initium faciunt, +secundiore equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos in castra reduxit. Hostes +protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt, quod esse post nostra +castra demonstratum est. Ibi vadis repertis partem suarum copiarum +traducere conati sunt eo consilio, ut, si possent, castellum cui +praeerat Q. Titurius legatus expugnarent pontemque interscinderent; +si minus potuissent, agros Remorum popularentur, qui magno nobis usui ad +bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque nostros prohiberent. +<!-- p. 27 l. 31-32, p. 28 l. 1-13 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_9c">Notes to Chapter 9 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_10" id = "complete_10" href = +"#simple_10">10.</a></b> +Caesar certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et levis armaturae +Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque ad eos +contendit. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. Hostes impeditos nostri +in flumine adgressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt: per eorum corpora +reliquos audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum reppulerunt; +primos qui transierant equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. Hostes, ubi +et de expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo spem se +fefellisse intellexerunt neque nostros in locum iniquiorem progredi +pugnandi causa viderunt, atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit, +concilio convocato constituerunt optimum esse domum suam quemque +reverti, et, quorum in fines primum Romani exercitum +introduxissent, ad eos defendendos undique convenirent, ut potius in +suis quam in alienis finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rei +frumentariae uterentur. Ad eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec +quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod Divitiacum atque Aeduos finibus +Bellovacorum adpropinquare +<span class = "pagenum">29</span> +cognoverant. <a class = "label" name = "complete_10a" id = +"complete_10a">His persuaderi</a> ut diutis morarentur neque suis +auxilium ferrent non poterat. +<!-- p. 28 l. 14-32, p. 29 l. 1-2 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_10c">Notes to Chapter 10 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_11" id = "complete_11" href = +"#simple_11">11.</a></b> +Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum strepitu ac tumultu castris +egressi, nullo certo ordine neque imperio, cum sibi quisque primum +itineris locum peteret et domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt ut +consimilis fugae profectio videretur. Hac re statim Caesar per +speculatores cognita insidias veritus, quod qua de causa discederent +nondum perspexerat, exercitum equitatumque castris continuit. Prima luce +confirmata re ab exploratoribus omnem equitatum <a class = "label" name += "complete_11a" id = "complete_11a">qui novissimum agmen moraretur</a> +praemisit. His Q. Pedium et L. Aurunculeium Cottam legatos +praefecit; T. Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi +iussit. Hi novissimos adorti et multa milia passuum prosecuti +magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conciderunt, cum ab extremo agmine +ad quos ventum erat consisterent fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum +sustinerent; priores, quod abesse a periculo viderentur neque ulla +necessitate neque imperio continerentur, exaudito clamore perturbatis +ordinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium ponerent. Ita sine ullo periculo +tantam eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt quantum fuit diei +spatium, sub occasumque solis destiterunt, seque in castra, ut erat +imperatum, receperunt. +<!-- p. 29 l. 3-25 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_11c">Notes to Chapter 11 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_12" id = "complete_12" href = +"#simple_12">12.</a></b> +Postridie eius diei Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga +reciperent, in fines Suessionum, qui proximi Remis erant, exercitum +duxit et magno itinere confecto ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. +Id ex itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse +audiebat, propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem paucis +defendentibus expugnare non potuit. +<span class = "pagenum">30</span> +Castris munitis vineas agere quaeque ad oppugnandum usui erant comparare +coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessionum multitudo in oppidum proxima +nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis ad oppidum actis, aggere iacto +turribusque constitutis, magnitudine operum, quae neque viderant ante +Galli neque audierant, et celeritate Romanorum permoti, legatos ad +Caesarem de deditione mittunt et petentibus Remis ut conservarentur +impetrant. +<!-- p. 29 l. 26-32, p. 30 l. 1-8 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_12c">Notes to Chapter 12 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_13" id = "complete_13" href = +"#simple_13">13.</a></b> +Caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis +duobus filiis, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem +Suessiones accepit exercitumque in Bellovacos ducit. Qui cum se suaque +omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo oppido +Caesar cum exercitu circiter milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes +maiores natu ex oppido egressi manus ad Caesarem tendere et voce +significare coeperunt sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque +contra populum Romanum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum +accessisset castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro passis +manibus suo more pacem ab Romanis petierunt. +<!-- p. 30 l. 9-20 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_13c">Notes to Chapter 13 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_14" id = "complete_14" href = +"#simple_14">14.</a></b> +Pro his Divitiacus—nam post discessum Belgarum dimissis Aeduorum +copiis ad eum reverterat—facit verba: Bellovacos omni tempore in +fide atque amicitia civitatis Aeduae fuisse: impulsos a suis +principibus, qui dicerent Aeduos ab Caesare in servitutem redactos omnes +indignitates contumeliasque perferre, et ab Aeduis defecisse et populo +Romano bellum intulisse. Qui eius consili principes fuissent, quod +intellegerent quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam +profugisse. Petere non solum Bellovacos sed etiam pro his Aeduos ut sua +clementia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod si fecerit, Aeduorum +auctoritatem apud omnes +<span class = "pagenum">31</span> +Belgas amplificaturum, quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella +inciderint, sustentare consuerint. +<!-- p. 30 l. 21-32, p. 31 l. 1-2 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_14c">Notes to Chapter 14 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_15" id = "complete_15" href = +"#simple_15">15.</a></b> +Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque Aeduorum causa sese eos in fidem +recepturum et conservaturum dixit; quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas +auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat, sexcentos obsides +poposcit. His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido conlatis, ab eo loco +in fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora +dediderunt. Eorum fines Nervii attingebant; quorum de natura moribusque +Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat: Nullum aditum esse ad eos +mercatoribus; nihil pati vini reliquarumque rerum inferri, quod iis +rebus relanguescere animos eorum et remitti virtutem existimarent: +esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis; increpitare atque incusare +reliquos Belgas qui se populo Romano dedidissent patriamque virtutem +proiecissent; confirmare sese neque legatos missuros neque ullam +condicionem pacis accepturos. +<!-- p. 31 l. 3-18 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_15c">Notes to Chapter 15 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_16" id = "complete_16" href = +"#simple_16">16.</a></b> +Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis Sabim +flumen ab castris suis non amplius milia passuum <span class = +"smallroman">X</span> abesse: trans id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse +adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare una cum Atrebatis et Veromanduis +finitimis suis, nam his utrisque persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam +experirentur; exspectari etiam ab his Aduatucorum copias atque esse in +itinere; mulieres quique per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in +eum locum coniecisse, quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset. +<!-- p. 31 l. 19-28 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_16c">Notes to Chapter 16 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_17" id = "complete_17" href = +"#simple_17">17.</a></b> +His rebus cognitis exploratores centurionesque praemittit <a class = +"label" name = "complete_17a" id = "complete_17a">qui locum idoneum +castris deligant</a>. Cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis +complures Caesarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex +<span class = "pagenum">32</span> +captivis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri +exercitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque his +demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum numerum +intercedere, neque esse quicquam negoti, cum prima legio in castra +venisset, reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent, hanc sub +sarcinis adoriri; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis futurum ut reliquae +contra consistere non auderent. Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem +deferebant, quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque +enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student, sed quicquid possunt, pedestribus +valent copiis) quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad +eos venissent, impedirent, teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis, +crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis, et rubis sentibusque +interiectis, effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimenta praeberent, +quo non modo non intrari sed ne perspici quidem posset. His rebus +cum iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium +Nervii existimaverunt. +<!-- p. 31 l. 29-32, p. 32 l. 1-20 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_17c">Notes to Chapter 17 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_18" id = "complete_18" href = +"#simple_18">18.</a></b> +Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri castris delegerant. Collis ab +summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, +vergebat. Ab eo flumine pari adclivitate collis nascebatur adversus +huic et contrarius, passus circiter ducentos infimus apertus, ab +superiore parte silvestris ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. +Intra eas silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in aperto loco +secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur. Fluminis erat +altitudo pedum circiter trium. +<!-- p. 32 l. 21-30 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_18c">Notes to Chapter 18 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_19" id = "complete_19" href = +"#simple_19">19.</a></b> +Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio +ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac +<span class = "pagenum">33</span> +Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam quod ad hostes adpropinquabat, +consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat; post eas totius +exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; inde duae legiones quae proxime +conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis +erant. Equites nostri, cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen +transgressi, cum hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt. Cum se illi +identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros +impetum facerent, neque nostri longius quam quem ad finem porrecta loca +aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi auderent, interim legiones sex, quae +primae venerant, opere dimenso castra munire coeperunt. Ubi prima +impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant visa +sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proeli convenerat, ut intra +silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, +subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites +fecerunt. His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad +flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et +iam in manibus nostris hostes viderentur. Eadem autem celeritate adverso +colle ad nostra castra atque eos qui in opere occupati erant +contenderunt. +<!-- p. 32 l. 31-32, p. 33 l. 1-23 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_19c">Notes to Chapter 19 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_20" id = "complete_20" href = +"#simple_20">20.</a></b> +Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, quod erat +insigne cum ad arma concurri oporteret, signum tuba dandum, ab opere +revocandi milites, qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant +arcessendi, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, signum dandum. Quarum +rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et successus hostium impediebat. +His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio—scientia atque usus +militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitati, quid +<span class = "pagenum">34</span> +fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere quam ab aliis +doceri poterant; et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos +legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat. Hi propter +propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium +exspectabant, sed per se quae videbantur administrabant. +<!-- p. 33 l. 24-32, p. 34 l. 1-6 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_20c">Notes to Chapter 20 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_21" id = "complete_21" href = +"#simple_21">21.</a></b> +Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis ad cohortandos milites quam in partem +fors obtulit decucurrit et ad legionem decimam devenit. Milites non +longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis memoriam +retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter +sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adici +posset, proeli committendi signum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item +cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit +exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut non modo ad +insignia adcommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta +detrudenda tempus defuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit +quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis +pugnandi tempus dimitteret. +<!-- p. 34 l. 7-22 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_21c">Notes to Chapter 21 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_22" id = "complete_22" href = +"#simple_22">22.</a></b> +Instructo exercitu magis <a class = "label" name = "complete_22a" id = +"complete_22a">ut</a> loci natura deiectusque collis et necessitas +temporis quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, cum diversis +legionibus aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent, saepibusque +densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus impediretur, +neque certa subsidia conlocari, neque quid in quaque parte opus esset +provideri, neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant. Itaque in +tanta rerum iniquitate, fortunae quoque eventus varii sequebantur. +<!-- p. 34 l. 23-31 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_22c">Notes to Chapter 22 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">35</span> +<p><b><a name = "complete_23" id = "complete_23" href = +"#simple_23">23.</a></b> +Legionis nonae et decimae milites, ut in sinistra parte acie +constiterant, pilis emissis, cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos +vulneribusque confectos Atrebates—nam his ea pars +obvenerat—celeriter ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt et +transire conantes insecuti gladiis magnam partem eorum impeditam +interfecerunt. Ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt, et in locum +iniquum progressi, rursus resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in +fugam coniecerunt. Item alia in parte diversae duae legiones, undecima +et octava, profligatis Veromanduis, quibuscum erant congressi, ex loco +superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis proeliabantur. At totis fere a +fronte et <a class = "label" name = "complete_23a" id = +"complete_23a">ab sinistra parte</a> nudatis castris, cum in dextro +cornu legio duodecima et non magno ab ea intervallo septima +constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine duce Boduognato qui +summam imperi tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt; quorum pars aperto +latere legiones circumvenire, pars summum castrorum locum petere coepit. +<!-- p. 35 l. 1-18 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_23c">Notes to Chapter 23 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_24" id = "complete_24" href = +"#simple_24">24.</a></b> +Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites, qui cum iis una +fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra +reciperent, adversis hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem +fugam petebant; et calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo +collis nostros victores flumen transisse conspexerant, praedandi causa +egressi, cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris versari +vidissent, praecipites fugae sese mandabant. Simul eorum qui cum +impedimentis veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam in +partem perterriti ferebantur. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites +Treveri, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxili +causa ab civitate ad Caesarem missi venerant, cum multitudine hostium +<span class = "pagenum">36</span> +castra compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, +equites, funditores, Numidas, diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes +fugere vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt; Romanos +pulsos superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos +civitati renuntiaverunt. +<!-- p. 35 l. 19-32, p. 36 l. 1-6 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_24c">Notes to Chapter 24 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_25" id = "complete_25" href = +"#simple_25">25.</a></b> +Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi +suos urgeri signisque in unum locum conlatis duodecimae legionis +confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento +vidit—quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque +interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere +centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis, in his primipilo +P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque vulneribus +confecto ut iam se sustinere non posset, reliquos esse tardiores, et +nonnullos ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere ac tela vitare, hostes +neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere et ab +utroque latere instare, et rem esse in angusto vidit, neque ullum esse +subsidium quod submitti posset—scuto <a class = "label" name = +"complete_25a" id = "complete_25a">ab novissimis</a> uni militi +detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit +centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites signa +inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis uti possent. +Cuius adventu spe inlata militibus ac redintegrato animo, cum pro se +quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam +navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. +<!-- p. 36 l. 7-28 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_25c">Notes to Chapter 25 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_26" id = "complete_26" href = +"#simple_26">26.</a></b> +Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta constiterat, item urgeri ab +hoste vidisset, tribunes militum monuit ut paulatim sese legiones +coniungerent et conversa signa in hostes inferrent. Quo facto, cum alius +<span class = "pagenum">37</span> +alii subsidium ferret, neque timerent ne aversi ab hoste +circumvenirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt. +Interim milites legionum duarum, quae in novissimo agmine praesidio +impedimentis fuerant, proelio nuntiato cursu incitato in summo colle ab +hostibus conspiciebantur; et T. Labienus castris hostium +potitus et ex loco superiore quae res in nostris castris gererentur +conspicatus decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit. Qui cum ex equitum +et calonum fuga, quo in loco res esset, quantoque in periculo et castra +et legiones et imperator versaretur, cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem +sibi reliqui fecerunt. +<!-- p. 36 l. 29-32, p. 37 l. 1-12 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_26c">Notes to Chapter 26 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_27" id = "complete_27" href = +"#simple_27">27.</a></b> +Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta ut nostri, etiam qui +vulneribus confecti procubuissent, scutis innixi proelium +redintegrarent; tum calones perterritos hostes conspicati etiam inermes +armatis occurrerent; equites vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute +delerent, omnibus in locis pugnae se legionariis militibus praeferrent. +At hostes etiam in extrema spe salutis tantam virtutem praestiterunt ut, +cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus insisterent +atque ex eorum corporibus pugnarent; his deiectis et coacervatis +cadaveribus, qui superessent ut ex tumulo tela in nostros +conicerent et pila intercepta remitterent: ut non nequiquam tantae +virtutis homines indicari deberet ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, +ascendere altissimas ripas, subire iniquissimum locum; quae facilia ex +difficillimis animi magnitudo redegerat. +<!-- p. 37 l. 13-28 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_27c">Notes to Chapter 27 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_28" id = "complete_28" href = +"#simple_28">28.</a></b> +Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine Nerviorum +redacto maiores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac +paludes coniectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victoribus nihil +<span class = "pagenum">38</span> +impeditum, victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur, omnium qui supererant +consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque ei dediderunt; et in +commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex sexcentis ad tres senatores, ex +hominum milibus <span class = "smallroman">LX</span> vix ad quingentos +qui arma ferre possent sese redactos esse dixerunt. Quos Caesar, ut in +miseros ac supplices usus misericordia videretur, diligentissime +conservavit suisque finibus atque oppidis uti iussit, et finitimis +imperavit ut ab iniuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent. +<!-- p. 37 l. 29-32, p. 38 l. 1-9 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_28c">Notes to Chapter 28 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_29" id = "complete_29" href = +"#simple_29">29.</a></b> +Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis +venirent, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum reverterunt; cunctis +oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natura +munitum contulerunt. Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas +rapes despectusque haberet, una ex parte leniter adclivis aditus in +latitudinem non amplius ducentorum pedum relinquebatur; quem locum +duplici altissimo muro munierant, tum magni ponderis saxa et +praeacutas trabes in muro conlocabant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris +Teutonisque prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam +facerent, iis impedimentis, quae secum agere ac portare non poterant, +citra flumen Rhenum depositis custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex milia +hominum una reliquerunt. Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis +exagitati, cum alias bellum inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent, +consensu eorum omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt. +<!-- p. 38 l. 10-27 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_29c">Notes to Chapter 29 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_30" id = "complete_30" href = +"#simple_30">30.</a></b> +Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex oppido excursiones +faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum nostris contendebant; postea vallo +pedum <span class = "smallroman">XII</span> in circuitu <span class = +"smallroman">XV</span> milium crebrisque castellis circummuniti oppido +sese continebant. Ubi vineis actis aggere exstructo turrim +<span class = "pagenum">39</span> +procul constitui viderunt, primum inridere ex muro atque increpitare +vocibus, quod tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio instrueretur: quibusnam +manibus aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae +staturae—nam plerumque hominibus Gallis prae magnitudine corporum +suorum brevitas nostra contemptui est—tanti oneris turrim in +muro sese conlocare confiderent? +<!-- p. 38 l. 28-32, p. 39 l. 1-7 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_30c">Notes to Chapter 30 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_31" id = "complete_31" href = +"#simple_31">31.</a></b> +Ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare moenibus viderunt, nova atque inusitata +specie commoti legates ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc +modum locuti: ‘Non existimare Romanos sine ope divina bellum gerere, qui +tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent; se +suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere’ dixerunt. ‘Unum petere ac +deprecari: si forte pro sua clementia ac mansuetudine, quam ipsi ab +aliis audirent, statuisset Aduatucos esse conservandos, ne se armis +despoliaret. Sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac suae virtuti +invidere; a quibus se defendere traditis armis non possent. Sibi +praestare, si in eum casum deducerentur, quamvis fortunam a populo +Romano pati, quam ab his per cruciatum interfici, inter quos dominari +consuessent.’ +<!-- p. 39 l. 8-22 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_31c">Notes to Chapter 31 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_32" id = "complete_32" href = +"#simple_32">32.</a></b> +Ad haec Caesar respondit: ‘Se magis consuetudine sua quam merito eorum +civitatem conservaturum, si prius quam murum aries attigisset se +dedidissent; sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis. +Se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum finitimisque imperaturum, +<a class = "label" name = "complete_32a" id = "complete_32a">ne quam +dediticiis populi Romani iniuriam inferrent</a>.’ Re nuntiata ad suos, +quae imperarentur facere dixerunt. Armorum magna multitudine de muro in +fossam quae erat ante oppidum iacta sic ut prope summam muri aggerisque +altitudinem acervi armorum +<span class = "pagenum">40</span> +adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, ut postea perspectum est, +celata atque in oppido retenta, portis patefactis eo die pace sunt usi. +<!-- p. 39 l. 23-32, p. 40 l. 1-3 --></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_33" id = "complete_33" href = +"#simple_33">33.</a></b> +Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire +iussit, ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibus iniuriam acciperent. Illi +ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod deditione facta nostros +praesidia deducturos aut denique indiligentius servaturos +crediderant—partim cum iis quae retinuerant et celaverant armis, +partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut +temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxerant—tertia vigilia, +qua minime arduus ad nostras munitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus +copiis repentino ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante +Caesar imperarat, ignibus significatione facta ex proximis castellis eo +concursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter est ut a viris +fortibus in extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos qui ex vallo +turribusque tela iacerent pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes +salutis consisteret. Occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor reliqui in +oppidum reiecti sunt. Postridie eius diei refractis portis, cum iam +defenderet <a class = "label" name = "complete_33a" id = +"complete_33a">nemo</a>, atque intromissis militibus nostris sectionem +eius oppidi universam Caesar vendidit. Ab iis qui emerant capitum +numerus ad eum relatus est milium quinquaginta trium. +<!-- p. 40 l. 4-25 --> +<span class = "noteref"> +<a href = "#notes_33c">Notes to Chapter 33 (complete)</a></span></p> + +<p><b><a name = "complete_34" id = "complete_34" href = +"#simple_34">34.</a></b> +Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legione una miserat ad Venetos, +Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas, Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt +maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas +civitates in dicionem potestatemque populi Romani esse redactas. +<!-- p. 40 l. 26-31 --></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">41</span> +<p><b><a name = "complete_35" id = "complete_35" href = +"#simple_35">35.</a></b> +His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata, tanta huius belli ad barbaros +opinio perlata est uti ab iis nationibus, quae trans Rhenum incolerent +mitterentur legati ad Caesarem, qui se obsides daturas, imperata +facturas pollicerentur. Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam +Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se reverti iussit. +Ipse in Carnutes, Andes Turonesque, quae civitates propinquae his locis +erant ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hibernacula deductis, in +Italiam profectus est. Ob easque res ex litteris Caesaris dies quindecim +supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulli. +<!-- p. 41 l. 1-11 --></p> + +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">42</span> + + +<span class = "pagenum">43</span> + +<h3><a name = "notes" id = "notes">NOTES.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Introductory Note.</span>—To +translate Latin into English is to express the meaning of the Latin in +English words and in English idiom. But the meaning must be discovered +before it can be expressed. Discovering the sense is, therefore, +a process preparatory to translation, but yet measurably distinct +from it. For discovering the meaning, the golden rule is, <i>Take words +and clauses in the order in which they stand</i>. If the first chapter +of this book were rendered into English words exactly in the Latin +order, the thought would be readily apprehended by any one quite +unacquainted with Latin. Such a word for word rendering, mental or oral, +is for the beginner a necessary preliminary to translation, but, +I repeat, must not be confounded with translation. For that, the +golden rule is, <i>Express the thought in pure English, without +admixture of Latin idiom</i>.</p> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<p>Notes under the heading <span class = "smallcaps">Chap.</span> refer +to the simplified text; those that follow, under the heading <span class += "smallcaps">Page</span>, supplement the former and refer to the +unchanged text. The grammatical references are to the Latin Grammars of +Allen & Greenough and Harkness.</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +In the printed text, the word “line” recurs at the beginning of each +page. For this e-text, it is repeated at the beginning of each chapter +instead. Cross-references to other chapters of the complete text lead to +the exact word or phrase cited; other links lead to the beginning of the +chapter (“Simplified” text) or Note section.</p> + +<div class = "notes"> + +<h5><a name = "notes_1" id = "notes_1" href = "#simple_1"> +Chap. 1,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>certior fīēbat</b>: <i>he was made more certain</i> = <i>he +was informed</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>fīēbat</b>: the passive of <b>facio</b>. Review the forms. 142; H. +294.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>Coniūrandi</b>: pronounce the <i>i</i> of the second +syllable like <i>y</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>verēbantur</b>: the subject is <b>Belgae</b>, +understood; supply the same subject for <b>sollicitābantur</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ad se</b>: refers to the subject of <b>verēbantur</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>Germānos</b>: subject-accusative of <b>versāri</b>; +<i>that the Germans should remain</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>exercitum</b>: subject-accusative of <b>hiemāre</b> and +<b>inveterāscere</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>inveterāscere</b>: <i>get a foothold</i>; but what is its primary +meaning from its derivation?</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">44</span> +<p>10. <b>imperiis</b>: 227 e, 3; H. 385.</p> + +<p>11. <b>iis</b>: supply mentally <b>ab</b> before it.</p> + +<p>13. <b>qui</b>: <i>and these</i>, referring to <b>potentiōres</b>, +etc.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>eam rem</b>: read again the preceding sentence, and you will see to +what <b>eam rem</b> refers.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>imperio nostro</b>: <i>under our</i> (i.e. Roman) <i>rule</i>. The +ablative implies condition, and the meaning is, <i>if we should get the +sovereignty</i>. 255, d, 4; H. 431, 2, (3).</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_1c" id = "notes_1c" href = "#complete_1"> +Page 23</a>,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>ita uti</b>: <i>as</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>Labiēni</b>: Cæsar’s lieutenant was now in the country +of the Sequani. See a map of <b>Gallia</b>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>quam</b>: <i>whose country</i>. We might expect +<b>quos</b> referring to <b>Belgas</b>, but the relative is made to +agree with the predicate noun <b>partem</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>has esse causas</b>: depending on <b>rūmōres +adferēbantur</b>, like <b>Belgas ... coniūrāre</b> and <b>obsides ... +dare</b>. 272; H.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>omni ... Gallia</b>: all except their country.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>pācāta</b>: the Romans, with cruel humor, called a country “pacified” +when they had enslaved it.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>partim qui</b>: <i>some of whom</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>ut ... ita</b>: <i>as ... so</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>partim qui</b>: <i>others of whom</i>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>ab nōnnūllis etiam</b>: these, then, are the third class by +whom it is said, <b>Belgae sollicitābantur</b>: first, the conservative +and patriotic; second, the restless and dissatisfied; third, the selfish +and ambitious.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_2" id = "notes_2" href = "#simple_2"> +Chap. 2,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>interiōrem Galliam</b>: <i>the interior of Gaul</i>; that is, +Gaul beyond the Alps. Refer constantly to a map.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>qui ... dēdūceret</b>: <b>qui</b> refers to <b>Q. +Pedium</b>, and the clause <b>qui ... dēdūceret</b> denotes purpose, +<i>to lead</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>Ipse</b>: supply <b>Caesar</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>Ea</b> = <b>eas res</b>, as shown by <b>rēbus</b> +following.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>manus cōgi</b>: <i>that parties of men were +gathering</i>. The construction is the same as <b>Belgas ... +coniūrāre</b>, in <a href = "#simple_1">chap. 1</a>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>condūci</b>: <i>was mustering</i>; a very different +meaning in <a href = "#simple_1">chap. 1</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quīn ... proficīscerētur</b>: <i>to march</i>. What literally?</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">45</span> +<h5><a name = "notes_2c" id = "notes_2c" href = "#complete_2"> +Page 23</a>,</h5> + +<p>18. <b>inita aestāte</b>: <i>when summer had begun</i> = <i>at the +beginning of summer</i>; marks the time of <b>dēdūceret</b>, not of +<b>mīsit</b>.</p> + +<h5>Page 24,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>Dat negōtium</b>: <i>he charges</i>. What literally?</p> + +<p> 2. <b>uti</b> (same as <b>ut</b>) ... <b>cōgnōscant</b>: <i>to +find out</i>; the clause depends on <b>dat negōtium</b>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>se</b>: refers to Caesar.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>certiōrem faciant</b>: compare the passive form in <a href = +"#simple_1">chap. 1</a>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>dubitandum</b>: in full the sentence would be, <b>Caesar +dubitandum esse sibi nōn exīstimāvit</b>; and the word for word +rendering, <i>Cæsar did not think an-obligation-of-hesitating to be to +himself</i>. Translate, <i>he ought to hesitate</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_3" id = "notes_3" href = "#simple_3"> +Chap. 3,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>Eo</b>: that is, <b>ad fīnes Belgārum</b>. See the end of +<a href = "#simple_2">chap. 2</a>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>se ... permittere</b>: here <b>se</b> is the +subject-accusative of <b>permittere</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>in fidem</b>: <i>to the protection</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>Caesaris imperāta facere</b>: <i>to do what Cæsar +required</i>. Literally what?</p> + +<p> 7. <b>oppidis recipere</b>: in meaning = <b>in oppida +recipere</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>cēteris</b>: not <i>other</i>, but <i>all other</i>. Their submission +is abject.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>sēse</b>: not different from <b>se</b>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>Suessiōnes</b>: the object of <b>dēterrēre</b>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>iūre</b>: <i>constitution</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>īsdem</b>: oftener written <b>iīsdem</b>, 101, c.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_3c" id = "notes_3c" href = "#complete_3"> +Page 24</a>,</h5> + +<p> 9. <b>omni opīniōne</b>: <i>than any one could expect</i>. +247, b; H. 417.</p> + +<p>10. <b>ex Belgis</b> = <b>Belgārum</b>, or <b>inter Belgas</b>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>qui dīcerent</b>: compare <b>qui dēdūceret</b>, <a href = +"#complete_2b">p. 23, l. 19</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_2">note</a> on simplified text.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>se</b>: the object (with <b>sua omnia</b> = <i>their all</i>) of +<b>permittere</b>. Another <b>se</b> must be mentally supplied as the +subject of <b>permittere</b>.</p> + +<p>18. <b>incolant</b>: why not <b>incolunt</b>, for it must be +translated as if it were <b>incolunt</b>? Because the clause <b>qui ... +incolant</b> depends on the clause <b>Germānos ... coniūnxisse</b>. +<span class = "pagenum">46</span> +It is therefore <i>a dependent clause of indirect discourse</i>, and as +such must have the subjunctive. Thoroughly master this, the most +important principle of Latin syntax. Mark how the descriptive clause, +<b>qui ... incolant</b>, <i>is framed into</i> the main clause.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>line</b> 19. <b>furōrem</b>: the politic or cowardly Remi considered +the love of liberty and independence of their brother Belgæ <i>blind +passion</i>.</p> + +<p>20. <b>qui ... ūtantur</b>: <i>though they ... enjoyed.</i> +<b>qui</b>, then, must sometimes be rendered <i>though he</i>, <i>though +they</i>, etc., but only when the subjunctive follows.</p> + +<p>21. <b>ūtantur</b>: supply immediately following <b>atque</b>.</p> + +<p>22. <b>ipsis</b>: refers to <b>Rēmi</b>.</p> + +<p>23. <b>quīn ... cōnsentīrent</b>: <i>from ... uniting.</i> Compare +<b>quīn ... proficīscerētur</b>, <a href = "#complete_2d">p. 24, +l. 6</a>, and <a href = "#notes_2">note</a> on simplified text.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_4" id = "notes_4" href = "#simple_4"> +Chap. 4,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>quantae</b>: refers to extent of country and population.</p> + +<p><b>in armis essent</b>: connect with <b>quae cīvitātes</b>: <i>what +states were in arms, and how powerful they were</i>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>quid in bello possent</b>: a literal translation, +<i>what they could</i> (do) <i>in war</i>, does not convey the meaning. +Render, <i>what force they could bring into the field</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>ibi</b>: <b>cis Rhēnum</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>ex re</b>: equivalent to <b>ex causa</b>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>fīēbat</b>: <i>it was coming about.</i> The Remi said, +in direct discourse, <b>fit</b>; and below, <b>sūmant</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>spīritus</b>: means in the singular <i>air</i>, and is here used just +as we use “airs,” in the phrase “to put on airs.”</p> + +<p> 8. <b>omnia ... explōrāta</b>: <i>full information</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>Quantam quisque</b>: notice the order. <b>Quisque</b> +likes to stand after <b>quantus</b>, <b>quotus</b>, <b>se</b>, and +<b>suus</b>; here it means <i>each nation</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>Plūrimum ... valēbant</b>: about equivalent to <b>plūrimum +poterant</b>, <i>had the most power</i>.</p> + +<p>18. <b>cum ... tum</b>: <i>not only ... but also</i>.</p> + +<p>19. <b>Britanniae</b>: “the first mention of Britain by a Roman +author.”</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">47</span> +<h5><a name = "notes_4c" id = "notes_4c" href = "#complete_4"> +Page 24</a>,</h5> + +<p>27. <b>propter fertilitātem</b>: to be connected with +<b>cōnsēdisse</b>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>incolerent</b>: why not <b>incolēbant</b>? See <a href = +"#notes_3c">note on p. 24, l. 18</a>, <b>qui ... +incolant</b>.</p> + +<p>29. <b>memoria</b>: <i>within the memory</i>; but two lines below, +<i>because of the memory</i>.</p> + +<h5>Page 25,</h5> + +<p>10. <b>nostra etiam memoria</b>: compare <b>patrum nostrōrum +memoria</b>, <a href = "#complete_4b">p. 24, l. 29</a>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>obtinuerit</b>: <i>held</i>, not <i>obtained</i>, which is +usually expressed by <b>adsecūtus est</b>, <b>cōnsecūtus est</b>, or +<b>adeptus est</b>.</p> + +<p>15. <b>omnium voluntāte</b>: <i>with the assent of all</i>.</p> + +<p>23. <b>arbitrāri</b>: that is, <b>Rēmos arbitrāri</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_5" id = "notes_5" href = "#simple_5"> +Chap. 5,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>obsides</b>: <i>as hostages</i>, in apposition with +<b>līberos</b>. What would have been the fate of these, if the +chieftains had broken their pledges?</p> + +<p> 4. <b>Rēi pūblicae interest</b>: <i>it concerns the</i> +(Roman) <i>republic</i>. The real subject of <b>interest</b>, +represented in English by <i>it</i>, is <b>manus hostium +distinēri</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>manus</b>: the subject-accusative of <b>distinēri</b>, <i>to be kept +from uniting</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>ne ... cōnflīgendum sit</b>: <i>that it may not be +necessary to fight</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>intrōdūxerint</b>: the Roman way of speaking is: this +can be done, if that <i>shall be done, or shall have been done</i>; +hence the future perfect. But mark that such a future or future perfect +is often best rendered by a present.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>coāctas ... venīre</b>: <i>having been assembled ... to +be coming</i> = <i>had assembled ... and were coming</i>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>vīdit</b> = <b>intellēxit</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>neque iam</b> = <b>et iam nōn</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>iis</b>: take with <b>explōrātōribus</b>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>quae res</b>: that is, his crossing the river and fixing his +camp there.</p> + +<p>14. <b>post eum quae essent</b> = <b>ea quae post eum essent</b>, +<i>his rear</i>. What should you expect in place of <b>eum</b>?</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>tūta</b>: goes with the whole expression, <b>post eum quae +essent</b>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">48</span> +<p>16. <b>portāri</b>: <i>to be brought down the river to him</i>.</p> + +<p>19. <b>in altitūdinem</b>: <i>to the height</i>.</p> + +<p>20. <b>duodēvīginti pedum</b>: that is, <b>in lātitūdinem</b>, <i>in +width</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_5c" id = "notes_5c" href = "#complete_5"> +Page 25</a>,</h5> + +<p>24. <b>līberāliterque ōrātiōne prōsecūtus</b>: līberāliter means +<i>in a generous or kindly manner</i>; <b>ōrātiōne</b> indicates in what +sense <b>prōsecūtus</b> is to be taken, <i>accompanying with words</i>; +finally, <b>prōsequor</b> has its common meaning of <i>accompany</i>, +but with the meaning unusually applied: Cæsar had encouraged the Remi, +and he <i>accompanies the encouragement with kind words</i>. Translate, +<i>Cæsar encouraging the Remi and adding kind words</i>.</p> + +<p>29. <b>commūnis salūtis</b>: by the <i>common interests</i> Cæsar +means those of the Ædui and the Romans.</p> + +<p>30. <b>cōnflīgendum sit</b>: compare <b>dubitandum</b> (<b>esse</b>) +<a href = "#complete_2c">p. 24, l. 5</a>, and read the <a href += "#notes_2c">note</a>. Here, as there, <b>sibi</b>, referring to Cæsar +and the Ædui, must be mentally supplied, showing for whom the duty or +necessity of action (hesitating, fighting) exists.</p> + +<p>31. <b>Id fieri posse</b>: depends upon <b>docet</b>. To what does +<b>id</b> refer?</p> + +<h5>Page 26,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>Postquam ... vīdit ... cōgnōvit, ... mātūrāvit</b>: +<i>when he saw ... and found out</i>, (then) ... <i>he hastened</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>neque ... cōgnōvit</b>: <i>and from those scouts</i>, +etc., <i>found out that they</i> (the Belgæ) <i>were now not far +distant</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>et</b> connects <b>reddēbat</b> and <b>efficiēbat</b>, +which have the same subject, <b>quae res</b>. The order makes this +sentence difficult. Cæsar might have written: <b>et efficiēbat ut +commeātus ab Rēmis reliquīsque cīvitātibus sine perīculo ad eum portāri +posset</b>. The order is so perplexed and perplexing because Cæsar wrote +in haste, and because he began with the word which was uppermost in his +mind, <b>commeātus</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_6" id = "notes_6" href = "#simple_6"> +Chap. 6,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>ex itinere</b>: <i>immediately after their march</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>sustentātum est</b>: <i>the Remi held out.</i> What +literally?</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">49</span> +<p> 4. <b>Gallōrum ... oppūgnātio</b>: <i>the mode of attacking +towns common to the Gauls and Belgæ</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>tōtis moenibus</b>: dative, though by some thought to be +an ablative, <i>all around the walls</i>. 228; H. 386, 2.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>testūdine facta</b>: <i>forming a testudo.</i> What the +soldiers did was to lap their shields over their heads.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>cum</b>: <i>since.</i> What mode follows <b>cum</b> in +this sense?</p> + +<p>11. <b>nūntium ... mittit</b>: one of the expressions that are +followed by the accusative and infinitive; here, <b>sēse ... posse</b>. +Compare in <a href = "#simple_1">chapter 1</a>, <b>certior fīēbat</b>, +followed by <b>Belgas ... coniūrāre</b>; in <a href = "#simple_4">chap. +4</a>, <b>reperiēbat</b>, followed by <b>Belgas ortos esse</b>, in +complete text.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>Iccius Rēmus</b>: <i>Iccius, a Remian</i>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>sēse</b>: subject-accusative of <b>posse</b>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_6c" id = "notes_6c" href = "#complete_6"> +Page 26</a>,</h5> + +<p>19. <b>moenibus ... mūrum ... mūrus ... mūrum</b>: Cæsar’s haste in +writing is often manifest.</p> + +<p>20. <b>coepti sunt</b>: it may seem strange that the passive should +be used instead of the active, <b>coepērunt</b>; but see 143, a; H. +297, 1.</p> + +<p>22. <b>Quod</b>: how is a relative after a period often best +rendered? For an example, see <a href = "#notes_1">note on <b>qui</b>, +chap. 1, l. 13</a>, simplified text.</p> + +<p>24. <b>nūlli</b>: mark the emphasis from the position. Many similar +cases occur, notwithstanding A. <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘&.’">& </ins>G., p. 389, Rem.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>oppūgnandi</b> = <b>oppūgnātiōnis</b>.</p> + +<p>25. <b>summa nōbilitāte et grātia</b>: a descriptive ablative; +<i>a man of the highest rank and popularity</i>.</p> + +<p>26. <b>praefuerat</b>: render as if an imperfect. The meaning is, he +had been placed in command and was then in command.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ex iis</b>: the same as <b>eōrum</b>.</p> + +<p>27. <b>lēgāti</b>: <i>as envoys</i>. Compare the use of +<b>obsides</b> as an appositive, <a href = "#complete_5a">p. 25, +l. 26</a>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>submittātur</b>: can you make out the force of the +<b>sub</b>?</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_7" id = "notes_7" href = "#simple_7"> +Chap. 7,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>subsidio oppidānis</b>: <i>to aid the people in the town</i>. +But what literally? For the construction, see 233, a; H. 390.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">50</span> +<p> 3. <b>quōrum adventu</b>: <i>in consequence of their +coming</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>contendērunt</b>: the subject is <b>hostes</b>, +suggested by <b>hostībus</b> in the preceding sentence.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>ab</b>: <i>distant</i>, <i>off</i>, <i>away</i>; so used +chiefly with numerals.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ab mīlibus passuum minus duōbus</b>: a word for word rendering would +be, <i>distant thousands of paces less than two</i>; that is, <i>less +than two miles distant</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_7c" id = "notes_7c" href = "#complete_7"> +Page 26</a>,</h5> + +<p> 3. <b>neque ... cōgnōvit</b>: <i>and learned from those scouts +whom he had sent and from the Remi that they were now not far +distant</i>.</p> + +<p>30. <b>īsdem ducibus</b>: <i>the same persons as guides.</i> Compare +<b>qui lēgāti</b>, <a href = "#complete_6c">p. 26, l. 27</a>, +and <a href = "#notes_6">note</a> on simplified text.</p> + +<h5>Page 27,</h5> + +<p> 3. <b>apud oppidum</b>: <b>ad</b> is more usual.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>agros ... dēpopulāti—vīcis aedificiīsque ... +incēnsis</b>: literally, <i>having laid waste the fields—the +villages and buildings having been burned</i>. Mark how the construction +changes for want of a deponent verb in place of <b>incendo</b>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>in lātitūdinem</b>: compare <b>in altitūdinem</b>, +<a href = "#complete_5b">p. 26, l. 13</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_8" id = "notes_8" href = "#simple_8"> +Chap. 8,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>eximiam ... virtūtis</b>: <i>their eminent reputation for +valor</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>quid virtūte posset</b>: <i>what their real eminence in +valor was</i>. Compare <b>quid in bello possent</b>, <a href = +"#simple_4">chap. 4, l. 2</a>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>tantum ... patēbat quantum loci</b>: render as if +<b>loci</b> depended on <b>tantum</b> instead of <b>quantum</b>, +<i>extended over as much space as</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>adversus</b>: <i>facing the enemy</i>; <b>adversus</b> an adjective, +agreeing with <b>collis</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>in lātitūdinem</b>: <i>laterally.</i> Compare <a href = +"#simple_7">chap<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins>7, +l. 8</a>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>ex utrāque parte lateris</b> = <b>ex utrōque latere</b>: +<i>on</i>, not <i>from</i>, <i>both sides</i>; so <b>ab</b>, below, +l. 10.</p> + +<p>10. <b>ad plānitiem redībat</b>: <i>gradually resumed</i> (impf.) +<i>a level</i>. Cæsar describes a hill over against the enemy, +having steep sides, and a front only broad enough for his army when +arranged for battle. In front the hill rose with a gentle ascent, and at +the top blended with the plain. It is possible that <b>lēniter +fastīgātus</b> means, as the dictionaries +<span class = "pagenum">51</span> +define this passage and as many editors say, <i>gently sloping down</i>; +in which case, <b>ad plānitiem redībat</b> would mean <i>sank down +gradually to the level at its base</i>. This attributes an improbable +meaning to <b>fastīgātus</b>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>extrēmas fossas</b>: <i>at the ends of the trenches</i>; +compare in <a href = "#simple_2">chap. 2, l. 2</a>, <b>interiōrem +Galliam</b>, <i>the interior of Gaul</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>castella</b>: there were, then, four.</p> + +<p>17. <b>ēductas īnstrūxerant</b>: to make good English, render as if +<b>ēductas</b> were a verb followed by <b>et</b>; so, very often, when a +perfect participle and verb are closely connected.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_8c" id = "notes_8c" href = "#complete_8"> +Page 27</a>,</h5> + +<p>10. <b>et ... et</b>: we do not say <i>both ... and</i> so frequently +as we find <b>et ... et</b> in Latin; accordingly it will generally be +found better to omit in translation the first <b>et</b>, and render the +second <i>and also</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>proelio ... proeliis</b>: <i>a decisive battle ... +skirmishes</i>.</p> + +<p>14. <b>loco</b>: ablative absolute, <i>as there was a place</i>.</p> + +<p>21. <b>obdūxit</b>: Cæsar elsewhere commonly uses <b>perdūco</b> of +running a wall or trench. Why <b>obdūco</b> here? Because the +<b>fossae</b> were dug <i>against</i> the enemy, or to <i>cover his +position</i>.</p> + +<p>24. <b>cum ... īnstrūxisset</b>: Cæsar’s thought was, according to +Latin idiom, <i>when I shall have drawn up</i>, <b>īnstrūxero</b>; but +such a future perfect of direct speech becomes pluperfect subjunctive in +narration, after a past tense in the principal clause.</p> + +<p>24. <b>quod ... poterant</b>: <i>because they were so strong in +numbers</i>. Find two other similar uses of <b>possum</b>.</p> + +<p>27. <b>si quo opus esset</b>: <i>if there should be need of them +anywhere</i>; not, <i>if there should be need of any thing</i>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>subsidio</b>: in meaning and construction like +<b>subsidio</b>, <a href = "#complete_7a">p. 26, +l. 32</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_9" id = "notes_9" href = "#simple_9"> +Chap. 9,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>si ... trānsīrent</b>: <i>to see if our men would cross +this</i> (<b>hanc</b>).</p> + +<p> 3. <b>contendēbātur</b>: <i>there was fighting.</i> Compare +<a href = "#simple_6">chap. 6, l. 3</a>, <b>sustentātum est</b>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>neutri</b>: <i>neither of the two armies</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>secundiōre ... nostris</b>: <i>as the cavalry skirmish +proved rather favorable to our men</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">52</span> +<p> 9. <b>castellum</b>: read over again the last half of <a href += "#simple_5">chap. 5</a>. Cæsar makes no mention there of a +<b>castellum</b>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>potuissent</b>: the thought was, according to the Latin idiom, +“if we shall not have been able” (<b>potuerimus</b>); but such a future +perfect of direct speech becomes a pluperfect subjunctive in narration +after a past tense.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_9c" id = "notes_9c" href = "#complete_9"> +Page 28</a>,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>nostri autem</b>, etc.: a difficult sentence; but treat +it as directed in the <a href = "#notes">Introductory Note</a>, +p. 43, only observing that <b>si</b> has its usual meaning of +<i>if</i>, and <b>impedītos</b>, <i>when they should get stuck fast</i>, +agrees with <b>hostes</b> understood.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>ut ... adgrederentur</b>: expresses the purpose of +<b>parāti in armis erant</b>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>eo cōnsilio</b>: <i>with this design</i>; explained by +<b>ut castellum ... expūgnārent</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>possent</b>: they said to themselves, <i>if we shall be able</i>, +<b>poterimus</b>; <i>but if we shall not have succeeded</i>, <b>si minus +potuerimus</b>; hence <b>potuissent</b>, when related. See <a href = +"#notes_8c">note on <b>īnstrūxisset</b>, p. 27, l. 24</a>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>nōbis ūsui</b>: compare <b>subsidio oppidānis</b>, <a href = +"#complete_7a">p. 26, l. 32</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_10" id = "notes_10" href = "#simple_10"> +Chap. 10,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 3. <b>pūgnātum est</b>: contains its own subject, <i>there was +fierce fighting</i>. See <b>contendēbātur</b>, <a href = +"#simple_9">chap. 9, l. 3</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_9">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>impedītos</b>: <i>while they were struggling</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>circumventos interfēcērunt</b>: <i>they surrounded and +killed</i>. Read again the <a href = "#notes_8">note on <b>ēductas +īnstrūxerant</b>, chap. 8, l. 17</a>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>spem</b>: subject-accusative of <b>fefellisse</b>; but +translate, <i>that they were disappointed in the hope</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>neque</b>: take the negative part with <b>prōgredi</b>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>ipsos</b>: that is, <b>se ipsos</b>, namely, +<b>hostes</b>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>quemque</b>: subject-accusative of <b>reverti</b>. See also +<a href = "#notes_4">note on chap. 4, l. 9</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>quōrum ... ad eos</b>: you will very often find the relative +clause preceding the antecedent. In almost all such cases the English +way of speaking requires us to render the antecedent clause first.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">53</span> +<p>13. <b>Quod</b>: <i>this</i>, referring to the last two +sentences.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>eo cōnsilio</b>: <i>with this design</i>, explained by the following +clause.</p> + +<p>16. <b>Hīs persuādēri</b>: depends on <b>nōn poterat</b>. Why did not +Cæsar write, <b>Hi persuādēri ... nōn poterant</b>, since he means, +<i>these could not be persuaded</i>? 230; H. 301, 1.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_10c" id = "notes_10c" href = "#complete_10"> +Page 28</a>,</h5> + +<p>19. <b>reliquos ... cōnantes</b>: <i>the rest ... while they were +trying</i>.</p> + +<p>21. <b>Hostes</b>: subject of <b>cōnstituērunt</b>, l. 25, while +a pronoun referring to <b>hostes</b> may be mentally supplied as subject +of <b>intellēxērunt</b> and <b>vīdērunt</b>. This sentence illustrates +an important principle of Latin order, attention to which will be of +great aid in translation. When the verb of the principal clause and that +of the dependent clause have the same subject, it is commonly expressed +in the principal, and left out in the dependent, clause. In English we +do the opposite. We often begin with the dependent clause; the Latin +<i>frames it into</i> the principal clause.</p> + +<p>21. <b>ubi</b>: repeat mentally with <b>vīdērunt</b> and +<b>coepit</b>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>ad eos dēfendendos</b>: illustrates a very common way of +expressing a purpose.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_11" id = "notes_11" href = "#simple_11"> +Chap. 11,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>ea re</b>: that is, to disperse to their homes; <a href = +"#simple_10">chap. 10, l. 10</a>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>ēgressi</b>: the subject is <b>Belgae</b>, +understood.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>cōnsimilis</b>: <i>altogether like.</i> What is the +force of <b>con</b>?</p> + +<p> 4. <b>Caesar</b>: as the subject of <b>veritus</b> and +<b>continuit</b>, <b>Caesar</b> seems strangely placed in the grip of +the ablative absolute; but the position shows by whom the knowledge was +got. <i>Caesar getting wind of this movement immediately through his +spies</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>veritus</b>: try always to render a participle so as to +show its logical relation to the main verb, whether of time, cause, +contrast, or what not; here, <i>because he feared</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>castris</b>: substantially equivalent to <b>in castris</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>qui ... morārētur</b>: compare <b>qui dēdūceret</b>, +<a href = "#simple_2">chap. 2, l. 3</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_2">note</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">54</span> +<p>10. <b>ventum erat</b>: <i>they had come.</i> Compare <b>sustentātum +est</b>, <a href = "#simple_6">chap. 6, l. 3</a>; +<b>contendēbātur</b>, <a href = "#simple_9">chap. 9, l. 3</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>priōres</b>: <i>those in advance</i>.</p> + +<p>15. <b>sub</b>: <i>towards.</i> The idea of <i>place</i> being +transferred to that of time.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_11c" id = "notes_11c" href = "#complete_11"> +Page 29</a>,</h5> + +<p> 5. <b>quisque</b>: see <a href = "#complete_4c">p. 25, +l. 3</a>, and <a href = "#notes_4">note</a> on simplified text.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>prīmum itineris locum</b>: <i>the first place on the road</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>qua ... discēderent</b>: following <b>quod ... +perspēxerat</b>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>cum ... cōnsisterent</b>: <i>since the enemy, at the very +extremity of the rear, kept making a stand</i>.</p> + +<p>18. <b>priōres</b>: <b>et</b> understood; <i>while those in +advance</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quod</b>: carry on also into the next clause; <i>and because they +were not held together</i> (<b>continērentur</b>).</p> + +<p>21. <b>sine ūllo perīculo</b>: two ways of expressing “without any” +in this chapter; for above we have <b>nūllo certo ōrdine</b>, <i>without +any definite order</i>.</p> + +<p>23. <b>quantum ... spatium</b>: <i>how great a space of time</i> +(<b>diēi</b>) <i>there was</i>; that is (they killed as great a number) +<i>as the length of the time allowed</i>.</p> + +<p>24. <b>sēque in castra ... recēpērunt</b>: and they and their +pitiless commander probably slept well that night.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_12" id = "notes_12" href = "#simple_12"> +Chap. 12,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 3. <b>ex itinere</b>: see <a href = "#simple_6">chap. 6, +l. 2</a>, and <a href = "#notes_6">note</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>oppūgnāre</b>: means here <i>carry by assault</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>omnis ... multitūdo</b>: notice that an adjective and a +noun are often separated by words depending on the noun. Here <b>ex +fuga</b> from the position is almost equivalent to +<b>fugientium</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>vīneis</b>: wooden frames with sloping roof and covered +with hides, to protect a number of besiegers.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>āctis</b>: from <b>ago</b>, <i>brought up</i>; the +<b>vīneae</b> were often moved on wheels.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>aggere iacto</b>: <i>when earth had been thrown up for a mound</i>. +This was done so that wooden towers could be brought up near the +walls.</p> + +<p>10. <b>ut cōnservārentur</b>: mark how often a dependent clause +precedes the one on which it depends. Attention to this +<span class = "pagenum">55</span> +will often help in unravelling a long sentence. Now see <b>qui ... +dēdūceret</b>, <a href = "#simple_2">chap. 2, l. 3</a>; <b>quid ... +posset et ... audērent</b>, <a href = "#simple_8">chap. 8, ll. +3, 4</a>; <b>qui ... morārētur</b>, <a href = "#simple_11">chap. +11, l. 6</a>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_12c" id = "notes_12c" href = "#complete_12"> +Page 29</a>,</h5> + +<p>32. <b>paucis dēfendentibus</b>: <i>though the defenders were +few</i>.</p> + +<h5>Page 30,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>Castris mūnītis</b>: <i>after making a fortified +camp.</i> The first and most important thing, after selecting the site +of a camp, was to intrench it. That may be all that is meant in this +instance.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>vīneas agere</b>: depends on <b>coepit</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quaeque ... comparāre</b>: <i>and to get ready whatever</i>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>ūsui</b>: compare <b>subsidio</b>, <a href = +"#complete_7a">p. 26, l. 32</a>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>quae</b>: <i>the like of which</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_13" id = "notes_13" href = "#simple_13"> +Chap. 13,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>obsidibus acceptis</b>: <i>after receiving hostages</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>armis ... trāditis</b>: it was Cæsar’s practice to disarm his +conquered enemies.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>Qui cum</b>: the relative is in the right place in +Latin, but we cannot translate in this order. The natural place for both +words is at the beginning of a clause; but when they come together, the +relative takes precedence.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>circiter ... quīnque</b>: <i>only about five +miles</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>abesset</b>: governed by <b>cum</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>māiōres nātu</b>: <i>elders</i>; <b>seniōres</b> would +not do.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>sēse ... venīre</b>: <i>they surrendered to him +unconditionally</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>pueri</b>: <i>children</i>, as <b>homines</b> often +means <i>men and women</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_13c" id = "notes_13c" href = "#complete_13"> +Page 30</a>,</h5> + +<p> 9. <b>atque</b>: <i>and besides</i>, or <i>and in +particular</i>.</p> + +<p>17. <b>neque ... contendere</b>: <i>and that they were not in +arms</i>.</p> + +<p>20. <b>passis manibus</b>: pitiful!</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_14" id = "notes_14" href = "#simple_14"> +Chap. 14,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>facit verba</b>: <i>intercedes</i>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>in fide ... fuērunt</b>: <i>have been faithful and +friendly</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>perferre</b>: <i>were enduring.</i> For the tense, see +336, A.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">56</span> +<p> 5. <b>ēius cōnsili prīncipes</b>: <i>the prime movers in this +plan</i>: <b>prīncipes</b> = <b>auctōres</b>, <i>authors</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>in Britanniam profūgērunt</b>: as lately Boulanger and +others have done.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>clēmentia</b>: said of one who has power to exercise the +opposite, <b>sevēritas</b>, <b>crūdēlitas</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>mānsuētūdine</b>: said of one who is humane and gentle, opposed to +<b>feritas</b>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>fēceris ... amplificābis</b>: we say, ‘if you do this, +you will add to’; in Latin, ‘if you shall have done this, you will +add to.’</p> + +<p>10. <b>qua</b>: 105, d.; H. 190, 1.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>si qua bella</b>, etc.: <i>by whose aid and resources they</i> (the +Ædui) <i>are accustomed to bear the burden of whatever wars befall +them</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_14c" id = "notes_14c" href = "#complete_14"> +Page 30</a>,</h5> + +<p>26. <b>perferre ... dēfēcisse</b>: <i>were enduring ... had +revolted</i>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>quod intellegerent</b>: <i>seeing</i>.</p> + +<p>31. <b>sua</b>: emphatic; <i>his own</i>, that is, <i>his +well-known</i>.</p> + +<p>32. <b>quod si fēcerit</b>: <i>if he should do this</i>; the +subjunctive of the future perfect, for which there is no separate form; +hence the form of the perfect subjunctive is borrowed. If the tense is +named by its form, it will be called <i>perfect subjunctive</i>; if by +its meaning, <i>future perfect subjunctive</i>.</p> + +<h5>Page 31,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>amplificātūrum</b> (<b>esse</b>): the subject must be +inferred from the subject of <b>fēcerit</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_15" id = "notes_15" href = "#simple_15"> +Chap. 15,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>honōris ... causa</b>: <i>out of regard to +Divitiacus</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>māgna ... auctōritāte</b>: <i>one of great +influence</i>; a predicate ablative of description; such an ablative +must always have a modifier, as here, <b>māgna</b>. The genitive may be +used in the same way, as below, <b>māgnae virtūtis</b>. On the order, +see <a href = "#notes_12">note, chap. 12, l. 5</a>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>quōrum</b>, etc.: translate closely in the order of the +Latin; <i>about their character and customs, Cæsar, on inquiry</i>; so, +generally, do your best to keep close to the Latin order. Read again the +<a href = "#notes">Introductory Note</a>, p. 43.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">57</span> +<p>12. <b>qui ... dēdissent</b>: <i>for having surrendered</i>; what +would be the meaning of <b>qui ... dēdiderant</b>?</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_15c" id = "notes_15c" href = "#complete_15"> +Page 31</a>,</h5> + +<p> 6. <b>hominum ... praestābat</b>: <i>was the most +populous</i>; what is it literally?</p> + +<p>12. <b>pati</b>: <i>that they permitted.</i> Supply <b>eos</b>, +referring to <b>Nervii</b>, as the subject of <b>pati</b>, <b>esse</b>, +<b>increpitāre</b>, and <b>cōnfirmāre</b>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>quod ... exīstimārent</b>: observe in the simplified text +<b>quod ... exīstimābant</b>; why the difference?</p> + +<p>16. <b>qui ... dēdissent ... prōiēcissent</b>: <i>for having +surrendered and renounced</i>; literally, <i>since they had +surrendered</i>.</p> + +<p>17. <b>sēse</b>: subject-accusative of <b>mīssūros</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_16" id = "notes_16" href = "#simple_16"> +Chap. 16,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>trīduum</b>: <i>for three days</i>, accusative of +duration.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>Sabim</b>: now called the Sambre.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>quīque</b>: equivalent to <b>et eos qui</b>, <i>and all +such as</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>per aetātem</b>: <i>by reason of their age</i>; that is, whether too +old or too young.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>in eum locum ... quo</b>: <i>into a place to which.</i> +The idea of the Latin fully expressed would be, <i>into a place of such +a character</i> (<b>eum</b>) <i>that to it</i> (<b>quo</b>) <i>there +would be no access for an army</i>. 319, 2 and note; H. +500, I. Compare <b>qui ... vidērentur</b>, immediately +preceding.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>exercitui</b>: <i>for an army</i>, not necessarily, +<i>for Cæsar’s army</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_16c" id = "notes_16c" href = "#complete_16"> +Page 31</a>,</h5> + +<p>19. <b>Cum ... fēcisset</b>: a temporal <b>cum</b> clause is not +always best rendered by <i>when</i>, etc.: <i>after marching for three +days</i>.</p> + +<p>24. <b>hīs ... persuāserant</b>: observe on <a href = +"#complete_10a">p. 29, l. 1</a>, an example of the impersonal +construction of <b>persuādeo</b> in the passive: <b>hīs persuādēri ... +nōn poterat</b>, <i>it was not possible for these to be +persuaded</i>.</p> + +<p>27. <b>cōniēcisse</b>: the verb implies hurried action, and so +differs from <b>dēpōno</b>, which Cæsar uses in Book IV., 19, of putting +women and children in a place of safety.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">58</span> +<h5><a name = "notes_17" id = "notes_17" href = "#simple_17"> +Chap. 17,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>qui ... dēligant</b>: compare <b>qui dēdūceret</b>, <a href = +"#simple_2">chap. 2, l. 3</a>, and <a href = "#notes_2">note</a>; +<b>qui ... morārētur</b>, <a href = "#simple_11">chap. 11, +l. 6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>Cum</b>: <i>since.</i> See <a href = "#notes_6">note on chap. 6, +l. 8</a>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>dēmōnstrārunt</b>: shortened from +<b>dēmōnstrāvērunt</b>, 128, a, 1; H. 235.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>inter singulas</b>: <i>between each two</i>; the same mistake, +“between each,” is common in English.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>neque ... negōti</b>: <i>and it was a matter of no +difficulty at all</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>cum ... vēnisset</b>: <i>when the first legion should +reach the camping ground.</i> In the direct form, <b>vēnerit</b>, +<i>shall have reached</i>; then regularly such a future perfect is +changed to the pluperfect subjunctive in indirect discourse after a past +tense. See <a href = "#notes_9">note on chap 9, l. 10</a>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>sarcinis</b>: “Besides his arms, the Roman soldier +carried stakes (<b>vālli</b>), used for the palisades of the camp, food +and utensils, a saw, a spade, a chain for his prisoners, +and other things. He was loaded like a mule.” —<span class = +"smallcaps">Long.</span></p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>qua pulsa</b>: <i>if this legion were beaten</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>futūrum</b> (<b>esse</b>): depends on <b>dēmōnstrārunt</b>; <i>the +result would be</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>Nervii autem</b>: <i>now the Nervii.</i> <b>Nervii</b> +is the subject of <b>effēcerant</b>. This long sentence is not so +difficult as it at first seems. Follow closely the Latin order to +discover the sense, render <b>quo</b> <i>in order that</i>, +<b>effēcerant</b> <i>had caused</i>, and <b>īnstar</b> <i>like</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>teneris ... ēnātis</b>: <i>by lopping the trees when young, +and intertwining the branches which grew out thick in a lateral +direction</i>; <b>ēnātis</b> from <b>ēnāscor</b>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>interiectis</b>: it does not appear possible to take this word +in the sense given to it in the dictionaries, <i>thrown or stuffed +in</i>. So Moberly translates, “by throwing in brambles and thorns for +the present occasion.” But is it to be supposed that this was done +everywhere? If not, how would the Nervii know where to do it? Moreover, +what they had done was done <b>antīquitus</b>, <i>from of old</i>. +Translate, therefore, <i>by planting among them</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">59</span> +<p>14. <b>quo nōn modo nōn ... sed ne ... quidem</b>: this formula, or +(without second <b>nōn</b>) <b>nōn modo ... sed ne ... quidem</b>, is +usually awkwardly rendered, <i>not only not, but not even</i>. Instead, +translate as if the first member were complete in itself (suppressing +<b>modo</b>), followed by <i>nay, nor even</i>, thus: <i>which it was +not possible to pass through, nay, nor even see through</i>.</p> + +<p>15. <b>Hīs rēbus</b>: <i>by these obstacles</i>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>nōn ... cōnsilium</b>: <i>they ought not to disregard the +advice</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_17c" id = "notes_17c" href = "#complete_17"> +Page 32</a>,</h5> + +<p> 4. <b>impedīmentōrum</b>: here, <i>baggage animals</i>; +<b>impedīmentis</b>, below, <i>baggage</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>Adiuvābat</b>: the subject is the long sentence +following, <b>Nervii ... effēcerant</b>. Translate, <i>this circumstance +favored the advice of those who reported the intelligence, that</i> +(<b>quod</b>).</p> + +<p>10. <b>nihil ... possent</b>: compare +<b>quid in bello possent</b>, <a href = "#complete_4a">p. 24, +l. 25</a>; +<b>quid virtūte posset</b>, <a href = "#complete_8a">p. 27, +l. 12</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>neque enim</b>: <i>and in fact ... not.</i> Observe that +<b>enim</b> here does not mean <i>for</i>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>pedestribus valent cōpiis</b>: compare <b>virtūte ... +valēre</b>, <a href = "#complete_4d">p. 25, l. 5</a>. The +ablative is ablative of means.</p> + +<p>13. <b>ad eos</b>: that is, the Nervii.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_18" id = "notes_18" href = "#simple_18"> +Chap. 18,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>quem locum</b>: <i>I mean the place which</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>Ab eo flūmine</b>: that is, on the other side.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>pari adclīvitāte collis</b>: <i>a hill of similar upward +slope</i>; a descriptive ablative.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ab superiōre parte</b>: <i>in the upper part.</i> <b>Ab</b> not +seldom means <i>on</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>at</i>, <i>by</i>, because the +idea of removal (<i>from</i>) implies previous contact or nearness, and +the latent idea is sometimes the most important.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>ut</b>: may be considered as referring to an <b>ita</b> +suppressed with <b>silvestris</b>; <i>so thickly wooded that</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>nōn ... posset</b>: <i>one could not easily see within.</i> +Impersonal expressions, like <b>perspici potest</b>, are common in +Latin. Mark the mode of translation.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>secundum</b>: <i>along</i>, properly <i>following</i>, +from <b>sequor</b>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">60</span> +<h5><a name = "notes_18c" id = "notes_18c" href = "#complete_18"> +Page 32</a>,</h5> + +<p>24. <b>adversus huic et contrārius</b>: <i>corresponding to this and +right opposite</i>.</p> + +<p>25. <b>passus ... apertus</b>: <i>clear of woods for about two +hundred paces up from its base</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>īnfimus</b>: <b>ab īnferiōre parte</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_19" id = "notes_19" href = "#simple_19"> +Chap. 19,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>omnibus cōpiis</b>: Cæsar often uses <b>cum omnibus +cōpiis</b>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>cōnsuētūdine</b>: <i>according to custom</i>; just as +frequently <b>ex cōnsuētūdine</b>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>conlocārat</b>: for <b>conlocāverat</b>. See +<b>dēmōnstrārunt</b>, <a href = "#simple_17">chap. 17, l. 5</a>, +and <a href = "#notes_17">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>praesidiōque impedīmentis</b>: compare <b>subsidio +oppidānis</b>, <a href = "#simple_7">chap. 7, l. 2</a>, and <a href += "#notes_7">note</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>opere dīmēnso</b>: <i>after laying out the work</i>; the +expression refers to marking off the ground preparatory to trenching, +making a rampart, etc.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>castra mūnīre</b>: <i>to make a camp</i>.</p> + +<p>17. <b>in manibus nostris</b>: <i>close upon us</i>.</p> + +<p>18. <b>ad</b>: <i>towards</i>; repeat it mentally before +<b>eos</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>adverso colle</b>: <i>straight up the hill</i>; literally, <i>with +the hill before them</i>; so perhaps strictly neither an ablative +absolute nor an ablative of the “way by which.”</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_19c" id = "notes_19c" href = "#complete_19"> +Page 32</a>,</h5> + +<p>32. <b>ratio ōrdōque āgminis</b>: <i>the plan and the order of +marching</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>aliter ... āc</b>: <i>otherwise than</i>, <i>different from what</i>; +this strange idiom looks like an abridged, colloquial expression; +probably it was, fully expressed, <b>aliter āc aliter</b>, <i>one way +and another way</i>. The order of march was one way and the Belgæ had +reported it another way. So I have heard a child say, “This is different +and that is different,” meaning “this is different from that.”</p> + +<h5>Page 33,</h5> + +<p> 8. <b>cum</b>: <i>while</i>; to be repeated mentally with +<b>facerent</b>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>neque ... cēdentes īnsequi audērent</b>: <i>and while our men +were hesitating to pursue them when they retreated</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quem ad fīnem</b>: translate as if it were <b>ad fīnem ad quem</b>, +<i>to the line to which the level, clear ground extended</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">61</span> +<p>15. <b>ut ... cōnfirmāverant</b>: <i>as they had arranged their order +of battle and ranks within the woods, and as they had encouraged each +other to do</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_20" id = "notes_20" href = "#simple_20"> +Chap. 20,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>sīgnum tuba dandum</b> (<b>erat</b>): in order to call the +men to take their places in the ranks. Some might not see the flag.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>sīgnum dandum</b>: this time the signal is for the +charge, or perhaps to get ready for a charge.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>subsidio</b>: dative of end or service, but render as if +a nominative, which might have been used, <i>a help</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>commode</b>: modifies <b>praescrībere</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ipsi sibi praescrībere ... poterant</b>: they could <i>direct +themselves without any orders</i> (<b>ipsi</b>).</p> + +<p>11. <b>nihil</b>: <i>not ... at all</i>; stronger than +<b>nōn</b>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>per se</b>: <i>on their own responsibility</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quae vidēbantur</b>: <i>whatever seemed best</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_20c" id = "notes_20c" href = "#complete_20"> +Page 33</a>,</h5> + +<p>27. <b>qui</b>: does not refer to <b>mīlites</b>, but to <b>ii</b> +understood.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>aggeris petendi causa</b>: <i>for the purpose of seeking materials +for a rampart</i>. Mark the position of <b>causa</b>, always following +the genitive depending on it.</p> + +<p>30. <b>hīs difficultātibus</b>: <i>in this strait</i>; but the words +are in the dative with <b>subsidio</b>. Find two other instances of this +construction of two datives.</p> + +<p>32. <b>quid fieri oportēret</b>: the object of +<b>praescrībere</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_21" id = "notes_21" href = "#simple_21"> +Chap. 21,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>necessāriis rēbus imperātis</b>: when you meet with +<b>res</b>, ask yourself exactly what it means, and then find a proper +rendering. Translate, <i>after giving the necessary orders</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>prīstinae</b>: this word is often used of what was +formerly and still continues.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>neu ... animo</b>: <i>and not lose presence of mind</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>quod ... aberant</b>: gives the reason of the following, +not the preceding, clause.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>pūgnantibus occurrit</b>: <i>he finds them +fighting</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">62</span> +<p> 8. <b>Temporis</b>: mark how the important word comes first. +Take this sentence in thought almost without change in the order of the +words, then translate.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>tanta ... exiguitas</b>: <i>so great was the littleness</i> = <i>such +was the shortness</i>. Translate, <i>so short was the time</i>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>īnsīgnia</b>: “the crests, feathers red and black, and other +decorations which the soldiers had.... On the march the helmet was not +carried on the head. The shields had leather coverings when they were +not in use.” —<span class = "smallcaps">Long</span>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>Quam ... dēvēnit</b>: <i>to whatever part of the army each one +happened to come</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ab opere</b>: that is, making the camp; see <a href = +"#simple_19">chap. 19, l. 11</a>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>quaeque ... cōnspēxit</b>: <i>and whatever standards he caught +sight of first</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_21c" id = "notes_21c" href = "#complete_21"> +Page 34</a>,</h5> + +<p>13. <b>quo ... posset</b>: <i>whither a javelin could be hurled</i> = +<i>a javelin throw</i>.</p> + +<p>19. <b>Quam ... in partem</b>: compare the second line of the +chapter. <b>quisque</b> seems oddly placed, but it is crowded out of the +first place, where it would like to stand, by <b>quam</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_22" id = "notes_22" href = "#simple_22"> +Chap. 22,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>rei mīlitāris ... ōrdo</b>: <i>military science and +arrangement</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>fiēbat</b>: <i>the result was</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>aliae ... parte</b>: in this idiom the second part only of the +thought is expressed. ‘<i>Other legions were fighting in another +part</i>’ implies ‘some were fighting in one part of the field.’ So +<b>claudus altero pede</b>, <i>lame in the other foot</i>, implies one +foot sound.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>interiectis</b>: to be taken with <b>saepibus</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>ut</b>: <i>so that</i>. <b>conlocāri</b>: depends on +<b>possent</b>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>in</b>: of reason, <i>because of</i> or +<i>owing to</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>inīquitāte</b>: usually translated <i>unfavorable +condition</i>, or by some similar phrase, and such is the common meaning +of <b>inīquitas</b>; but the context shows that the meaning here is +closer to the original sense, that of <i>unevenness</i>; hence we may +translate, <i>owing to such inequality in the condition of +things</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">63</span> +<h5><a name = "notes_22c" id = "notes_22c" href = "#complete_22"> +Page 34</a>,</h5> + +<p>25. <b>cum</b>: <i>since</i>, governs <b>impedīrētur</b> as well as +<b>resisterent</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>dīversis legiōnibus</b>: <b>dīversus</b> means <i>turned different +ways, not with united line</i>; hence here, <i>disjoined</i>. Translate, +<i>since, owing to the legions being separated</i>.</p> + +<p>28. <b>neque certa subsidia</b>: here begins the statement of the +result; <b>certa subsidia</b>: subject of <b>poterant</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>neque quid</b>, etc.: <i>nor was it possible to foresee what was +needed everywhere</i>. After <b>prōvidēri</b> supply mentally +<b>poterat</b>, of which the whole preceding clause is the grammatical +subject.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_23" id = "notes_23" href = "#simple_23"> +Chap. 23,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>ut</b>: <i>since</i>. Would the mode of <b>cōnstiterant</b> +have been the same, if <b>cum</b> had been used in place of +<b>ut</b>?</p> + +<p> 2. <b>acie</b>: an old form of the genitive for +<b>aciēi</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>Atrebates</b>: object of <b>compulērunt</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>Ipsi</b>: refers to the subject of <b>interfēcērunt</b>; +that is, <b>legiōnis nōnae et decimae mīlites</b>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>dīversae</b> = <b>aliae</b>; what should it mean from +its derivation?</p> + +<p>10. <b>a frōnte</b>: <i>along the front</i>. See <a href = +"#simple_18">chap. 18, l. 4</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_18">note</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>ab sinistra parte</b>: <i>on the left</i>. Compare <b>ā +frōnte</b>, preceding line, and <b>ab superiōre parte</b>, <a href = +"#simple_18">chap. 18, l. 4</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_18">note</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>nūdātis castris</b>: <i>as the camp was left unguarded</i>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>aperto latere</b>: <i>on their</i> (the legions’) <i>exposed +flank</i>.</p> + +<p>14. <b>summum ... locum</b>: <i>the summit occupied by the camp</i>; +<b>castrōrum</b> is a possessive genitive.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_23c" id = "notes_23c" href = "#complete_23"> +Page 35</a>,</h5> + +<p> 3. <b>exanimātos ... cōnfectos</b>: <i>breathless and +exhausted by wounds</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>hīs</b>: the ninth and tenth legions.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>ea pars</b>: that is, <b>ea pars hostium</b>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>cōnantes</b>: accusative, agreeing with <b>Atrebates</b> +understood, or a pronoun referring to Atrebates.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>resistentes hostes</b>: object of +<b>cōniēcērunt</b>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>summam imperi</b>: <i>chief command</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_24" id = "notes_24" href = "#simple_24"> +Chap. 24,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>cum ... reciperent</b>: <i>as they were returning</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>cum respēxissent</b>: <i>on looking back</i>. A +<b>cum</b> clause is not always best translated by a full clause.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">64</span> +<p> 6. <b>praecipites ... mandābant</b>: <i>ran away as fast as +they could.</i> What literally?</p> + +<p> 7. <b>eōrum</b>: depends on <b>clāmor fremitusque</b>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>ferēbantur</b>: <i>began to rush.</i> Observe the +imperfects followed by perfects. The imperfect paints, the perfect +describes.</p> + +<p>10. <b>auxili causa</b>: <i>for the purpose of rendering aid</i> = +<i>as auxiliaries</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>cum</b>: <i>since.</i> See <a href = "#notes_6">note, chap. 6, +l. 8</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>complēri</b>: this and the following infinitives depend on +<b>vīdissent</b>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>vīdissent</b>: the subject is <b>equites Trēveri</b>.</p> + +<p>14. <b>rēbus</b>: <i>fortunes.</i> How might a clause be substituted +here in Latin for the ablative absolute?</p> + +<p>15. <b>pulsos superātōsque</b>: supply <b>esse</b>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_24c" id = "notes_24c" href = "#complete_24"> +Page 35</a>,</h5> + +<p>21. <b>pulsos</b>: supply <b>esse</b>.</p> + +<p>22. <b>adversis hostibus occurrēbant</b>: <i>came straight against +the enemy.</i> What literally?</p> + +<p>23. <b>cālōnes ... āc summo iugo</b>: the <b>porta decumāna</b> was +the rear gate of the camp, opposite the <b>porta praetōria</b>. It +appears from this passage that the place for the <b>cālōnes</b> was at +the back of the camp, and that in this instance the camp was partly on +sloping ground.</p> + +<p>30. <b>virtūtis opīnio</b>: <i>reputation for valor</i>.</p> + +<h5>Page 36,</h5> + +<p> 2. <b>dīversos dissipātōsque</b>: <i>running in different +directions and scattered</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>hostes</b>: subject-accusative of <b>potītos</b> +(<b>esse</b>).</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_25" id = "notes_25" href = "#simple_25"> +Chap. 25,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>suos urgēri</b>: <i>that his men were hard pressed</i>; the +infinitive depends on <b>vīdit</b>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>cōnfertos mīlites</b>: <i>that the soldiers by being +crowded together</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>sibi ... impedīmento</b>: <i>hindered one another</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>ut ... posset</b>: <i>so that he could no longer +stand</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>Hīs rēbus</b>: <i>for these reasons</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>tardiōres</b>: <i>were losing heart</i>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>subeuntes intermittere</b>: <i>cease mounting the +hill</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">65</span> +<p>12. <b>ab utrōque latere</b>: <i>on both flanks.</i> Compare <b>ab +superiōre parte</b>, <a href = "#simple_18">chap. 18, l. 4</a>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>rem ... angusto</b>: <i>that the situation was critical.</i> +What literally?</p> + +<p>14. <b>ūni</b>: a peculiar use of <b>ūnus</b>, quite equivalent to +<i>a</i>; not to be imitated in writing Latin.</p> + +<p>17. <b>sīgna ... iūssit</b>: <i>he ordered them to advance and at the +same time to open out their ranks</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_25c" id = "notes_25c" href = "#complete_25"> +Page 36</a>,</h5> + +<p> 7. <b>Caesar</b>: subject of <b>prōcessit</b>, fifteen lines +below. This first sentence extending through eighteen lines looks very +formidable; but if it is taken in accordance with the <a href = +"#notes">Introductory Note</a>, p. 43, the meaning will be evident. +To translate the sentence is more difficult. In translating, repeat +“<i>and saw</i>” before the words <b>quartae cohortis</b>, and render +the ablative absolutes by clauses, thus: <i>and saw that all the +captains of the fourth cohort were killed</i>. Then, <b>reliquos esse +tardiōres</b>, <i>that the rest</i> (in consequence) <i>were losing +heart</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>sīgnīsque ... conlātis</b>: <i>and since the standards +were brought together.</i> Try constantly to make out the relation in +thought expressed by participles; that is, whether the idea is that of +time, <i>when</i>, <i>while</i>, etc.; of cause, <i>as</i>, +<i>since</i>; of concession, <i>though</i>, <i>notwithstanding</i>; or +of condition, accompanying circumstances, etc., to be variously +rendered.</p> + +<p>16. <b>ab novissimis</b>: <i>in the rear</i>. So below, <a href = +"#complete_25a">l. 21</a>. Compare <b>ab sinistra parte</b>, +<a href = "#complete_23a">p. <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘23’ (chapter number)">35</ins>, l. 13</a>. In both places in +this chapter it would be easy to make the mistake of taking <b>ab</b> in +the sense of <b>ex</b>, as a substitute for the partitive genitive.</p> + +<p>27. <b>operam nāvāre cuperet</b>: “<i>wished to do his best</i>.” +What literally?</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_26" id = "notes_26" href = "#simple_26"> +Chap. 26,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 3. <b>ut ... coniungerent</b>: <i>for the legions gradually to draw +together</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>proelio nūntiāto</b>: <i>on the report of the +battle</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>cursu incitāto</b>: <i>quickening their speed.</i> The participle +following is causal; they began to run because of the report of the +battle.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">66</span> +<p>10. <b>qui</b>: refers to <b>decimam legiōnem</b>. What is the +grammatical irregularity, and how is it to be accounted for?</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>cum</b>: to be taken with <b>cōgnōvissent</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>quo in loco res esset</b>: <i>what the situation was.</i> What +literally? Account for the subjunctive.</p> + +<p>12. <b>nihil ... fēcērunt</b>: <i>left nothing undone in the way of +speed</i>. What literally?</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>reliqui</b>: neuter of <b>reliquus</b>. A partitive genitive +depending on <b>nihil</b>. Find a similar construction in <a href = +"#simple_15">chap. 15</a>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_26c" id = "notes_26c" href = "#complete_26"> +Page 36</a>,</h5> + +<p>31. <b>conversa sīgna</b>: the object of <b>īnferrent</b>, but most +conveniently rendered as coördinate with it, <i>to face about and +charge</i>. It is thought that by this movement the twelfth and the +seventh legions formed a circle or a square.</p> + +<h5>Page 37,</h5> + +<p> 1. <b>neque timērent</b>: repeat <b>cum</b> mentally from the +preceding clause; <i>and since they</i> (no longer) +<i>feared</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>āversi</b>: literally, <i>being turned away</i>; translate, <i>from +their rear being unguarded</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_27" id = "notes_27" href = "#simple_27"> +Chap. 27,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>vulneribus cōnfecti</b>: <i>badly wounded.</i> What +literally?</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>prōcubuissent</b>: from <b>prōcumbo</b>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>vēro</b>: emphasizes <b>equites</b>, but is better left +untranslated; say, <i>while the cavalry</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>se ... praeferrent</b>: <i>thrust themselves before</i>; +a result clause, dependent on <b>tanta ... est facta</b>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>in extrēma spe salūtis</b>: “<i>when all hope of saving +themselves was at an end</i>.” Here a literal translation would be +meaningless or misleading.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>proximi ... īnsistēbant</b>: <i>those nearest would +stand upon their prostrate companions</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>hīs deiēctis</b>: <i>when these</i> (in turn) +<i>were thrown down</i>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>intercepta remittēbant</b>: <i>would catch and hurl back.</i> +See <b>ēductas īnstrūxerant</b>, <a href = "#simple_8">chap. 8, +l. 17</a>, and <a href = "#notes_8">note</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>ut</b>, etc.: <i>so that one ought to judge that it was not +without cause that men of such valor.</i> On <b>iūdicāre dēbēret</b>, +compare <b>perspici posset</b>, <a href = "#simple_18">chap. 18, +l. 5</a>, and <a href = "#notes_18">note</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">67</span> +<p>13. <b>quae ... difficillimis</b>: <i>things which, most difficult in +themselves</i>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>facilia</b>: a predicate adjective with <b>redēgerat</b>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_27c" id = "notes_27c" href = "#complete_27"> +Page 37</a>,</h5> + +<p>15. <b>innīxi</b>: from <b>innītor</b>, agrees with +<b>nostri</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>perterritos</b>: supply <b>esse</b>; the subject-accusative is +<b>hostes</b>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>inermes</b>: agrees with <b>cālōnes</b>, <i>even though +unarmed</i>.</p> + +<p>23. <b>qui superessent</b>: <i>the survivors.</i> Supply <b>ii</b> as +antecedent of <b>qui</b>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>ut</b>: <i>as</i>. So used <a href = "#complete_22a">p. 34, +l. 23</a>.</p> + +<p>24. <b>cōnicerent</b>: dependent on <b>tantam virtutem ... ut</b>; +(so that) <i>those who survived</i> (<b>qui superessent</b>) +<i>kept hurling</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_28" id = "notes_28" href = "#simple_28"> +Chap. 28,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>prope</b>: modifies <b>ad</b>, not <b>redācto</b>.</p> + +<p> 2. <b>redācto</b>: see the last word of the preceding +chapter.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>māiōres nātu</b>: see <a href = "#simple_13">chap. 13, l. 6</a>, +and <a href = "#notes_13">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>pueris</b>: see <a href = "#simple_13">chap. 13, +l. 9</a>, and <a href = "#notes_13">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>cōnsēnsu ... supererant</b>: <i>with the consent of all +the survivors</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>vix ad</b>: <i>to barely</i>; for <b>ad vix</b>, as some +say.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>in</b>: <i>towards</i>; <b>erga</b> might have been +used.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>vidērētur</b>: not <i>that he might seem</i>, but +<i>that he might be seen</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>se ... prohibērent</b>: <i>refrain and keep their dependents +from</i>; <b>prohibēre</b> is appropriate to <b>suos</b>, but hardly to +<b>se</b>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_28c" id = "notes_28c" href = "#complete_28"> +Page 37</a>,</h5> + +<p>31. <b>aestuāria</b>: “the country lying to the north (the modern +Zealand) is low and marshy, cut up with tidewater inlets and bays.” +—<span class = "smallcaps">Allen & Greenough.</span></p> + +<p>32. <b>cum vīctōribus</b>, etc.: <i>since they thought there was no +obstacle for the victors, no safety for the vanquished</i>.</p> + +<h5>Page 38,</h5> + +<p> 4. <b>mīlibus <span class = "smallroman">LX.</span></b>: they +had promised fifty thousand; see <a href = "#simple_4">chap. 4</a>. It +was natural that they should exaggerate their losses.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_29" id = "notes_29" href = "#simple_29"> +Chap. 29,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>auxilio Nerviis</b>: compare <b>subsidio oppidānis</b>, +<a href = "#simple_7">chap. 7, l. 2</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_7">note</a>. Find other examples of this construction.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>ūnum oppidum</b>: supposed to be at the junction of the +Sambre and Meuse.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>ex omnibus in circuitu partibus</b>: simply, <i>all +round</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">68</span> +<p> 9. <b>conlocābant</b>: there is a reading, <b>conlocārant</b>. +If that is the true reading, <b>tum</b> in the preceding line would mean +<i>besides</i>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_29c" id = "notes_29c" href = "#complete_29"> +Page 38</a>,</h5> + +<p>10. <b>cum</b>: <i>while.</i> Four lines below <b>cum</b> means +<i>though</i>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>aditus ... pedum</b>: <i>an approach of two hundred feet in +breadth, not more</i>; <b>pedum</b> depends on <b>aditus</b>.</p> + +<p>21. <b>iis impedīmentis</b>: take with <b>dēpositis</b>, two lines +below.</p> + +<p>22. <b>agere āc portāre</b>: <i>drive or carry</i>.</p> + +<p>24. <b>ūna</b>: <i>with it</i>; that is, the plunder.</p> + +<p>25. <b>cum alias</b>, etc.: <i>since they carried on now aggressive +now defensive war.</i> What literally?</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_30" id = "notes_30" href = "#simple_30"> +Chap. 30,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>prīmo adventu</b> = <b>cum prīmum advēnisset</b>, <i>as soon +as our army had got there</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>pedum <span class = "smallroman">XII.</span></b>: that +is, <b>in altitūdinem</b>, which is expressed, <a href = +"#simple_5">chap. 5, l. 19</a>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>oppido</b>: might have been <b>in oppido</b>. Cf. +<b>castris</b>, <a href = "#simple_11">chap. 11, l. 5</a>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>vīneis āctis</b>: <b>āctis</b> from <b>ago</b>; see +<a href = "#simple_12">chap. 12, l. 6</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_12">note</a>.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>aggere exstrūcto</b>: an embankment of timber, stones, and earth was +begun at a distance from the walls of a town, wide enough to roll one or +more towers upon, and was carried forward by soldiers working under the +shelter of the <b>vīneae</b> up to the defensive works.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>cōnstitui</b>: <i>being raised</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <b>ab tanto spatio</b>: <i>so far away.</i> Compare <b>ab +mīlibus</b>, <a href = "#simple_7">chap. 7, l. 6</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_7">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>quibusnam manibus</b>: <i>with what hands, pray</i>; +<b>nam</b> added for emphasis, to point their sarcasm.</p> + +<p>10. <b>conlocāre</b>: strangely used for <b>conlocātūros</b> +(<b>esse</b>). The Aduatuci may have thought that the Romans intended to +hoist the tower upon their wall, or they may have been joking. Which is +more likely?</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_30c" id = "notes_30c" href = "#complete_30"> +Page 39</a>,</h5> + +<p> 5. <b>hominibus ... contemptui</b>: another pair of datives. +Find other examples. The Italians of the present time do not strike one +as conspicuously shorter than the Germans.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">69</span> +<p class = "second"> +<b>māgnitūdine</b>: being contrasted with <b>brevitas</b>, is used in +the sense of <b>altitūdine</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_31" id = "notes_31" href = "#simple_31"> +Chap. 31,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>movēri</b>: <i>moving.</i> This word here has suggested a +change of <b>conlocāre</b>, in the last line of the preceding chapter, +to <b>mōtūros</b>, a very plausible conjecture, but it spoils the joke +of the Aduatuci.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>qui</b>: <i>since they.</i> Compare <b>qui ... +dēdidissent</b>, <a href = "#simple_15">chap. 15, l. 12</a>, and +<a href = "#notes_15">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 8. <b>pro sua clēmentia</b>: <i>according to his well-known +clemency</i>. See <a href = "#simple_14">chap. 14, l. 8</a>, and +<a href = "#notes_14">note</a>. What did they think of his clemency when he +sold 53,000 of them into slavery?</p> + +<p>11. <b>trāditis armis</b> = <b>si arma trādidissent</b>, <i>if they +should surrender their arms</i>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>per cruciātum interfici</b>: <i>to be tortured to death.</i> +What literally?</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_31c" id = "notes_31c" href = "#complete_31"> +Page 39</a>,</h5> + +<p>16. <b>statuisset</b>: not <i>had decided</i>, but <i>should +decide</i>. No mistake is oftener made by beginners than in the +rendering of a pluperfect subjunctive of indirect discourse representing +a future perfect of direct discourse. Such a subjunctive is to be +rendered by the auxiliary <i>should</i>, not <i>had</i>. To tell whether +a pluperfect subjunctive represents a future perfect, think what form a +speaker’s words would take, remembering that the Romans commonly used +the future or future perfect of things really future, while we very +often use the present.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_32" id = "notes_32" href = "#simple_32"> +Chap. 32,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>cōnsuētūdine</b>: ablative of cause.</p> + +<p> 3. <b>aries</b>: “a long, strong beam of wood, furnished with +an iron head in the form of a ram’s head. It was suspended from a +framework by a strong chain or ropes, and worked by men, who drove it +against the wall.” —<span class = "smallcaps">Long.</span></p> + +<p> 4. <b>in Nerviis</b>: <i>in the case of the Nervii</i>; a +common meaning of <b>in</b> with names of persons.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>ne quam ... īnferant</b>: <i>not to do any harm to those +who had surrendered to the Roman people</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">70</span> +<p> 7. <b>facere</b>: one would expect the future with +subject-accusative, <b>se factūros</b> (<b>esse</b>). Compare +<b>conlocāre</b>, for <b>conlocātūros esse</b>, <a href = +"#simple_30">chap. 30, l. 10</a>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>prope ... adaequārent</b>: <i>came up almost to the very +top</i>; <b>summam</b> with <b>altitūdinem</b>. What literally?</p> + +<p>12. <b>pāce sunt ūsi</b> = <b>conquiēvērunt</b>, <i>kept +quiet</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_33" id = "notes_33" href = "#simple_33"> +Chap. 33,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 3. <b>nostros</b>: <i>our commanders</i>, subject-accusative of +<b>dēductūros</b> and <b>servātūros</b> (<b>esse</b>).</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>praesidia</b>: men stationed in the <b>castella</b>; see below.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>dēductūros ... servātūros</b>: observe how frequently +<b>esse</b> is omitted with the future participle.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>dēnique</b>: <i>at any rate.</i> What is its usual meaning?</p> + +<p> 5. <b>tertia vigilia</b>: the Romans divided the night into +four equal divisions, watches, of about three hours each.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>eo concursum est</b>: <i>the soldiers hurried +thither.</i> What literally? Find similar constructions in chaps. +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>in extrēma spe salūtis</b>: compare <a href = +"#simple_27">chap. 27, l. 5</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_27">note</a>. The context shows, however, that the meaning is +not quite the same here. Translate, <i>as their last chance of saving +themselves</i>.</p> + +<p>14. <b>nēmo</b>: observe the emphasis from its position. Compare in +English, “Silver and gold have I none.” <b>nēmo</b> and <b>nūllus</b> +are often so placed. Cf. <b>nūlli</b>, <a href = "#simple_6">chap. 6, +l. 10</a>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>ab iis qui ēmerant</b> = <b>ab emptōribus</b>: <i>by the +purchasers</i>, who were the <b>mercātōres</b>, traders who followed the +army as hungry sharks follow a ship.</p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>capitum</b>: we say “souls.” It depends on <b>quīnquāginta +trium</b>.</p> + +<p>17. <b>quīnquāginta trium</b>: 53,000 captives, probably chained in +gangs and sent to be sold in the Province and in Italy; a source of +great gain to the general.</p> + +<h5><a name = "notes_33c" id = "notes_33c" href = "#complete_33"> +Page 40</a>,</h5> + +<p> 4. <b>mīlites ... mīlitibus</b>: another evidence of haste. +See <a href = "#complete_6a">p. 26, l. 19</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_6c">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>ne quam ... iniūriam</b>: see <a href = +"#complete_32a">p. 39, l. 28</a>, and <a href = "#notes_32"><ins +class = "correction" title = "note to simplified text, Chap. 32 l. 5">note</ins></a>.</p> + +<p> 9. <b>iis</b>: with <b>armis</b>. Observe the order of the +words.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">71</span> +<p>10. <b>vīminibus intextis</b>: repeat mentally <b>ex</b> before these +words. Some supply <b>factis</b>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>pūgnātumque</b>, etc.: translate as if <b>hostibus</b> and +<b>viris</b> were subjects.</p> + +<p>17. <b>ut ... dēbuit</b>: <i>as brave men ought to fight.</i> What +literally?</p> + +<p>18. <b>iacerent</b>: the subjunctive shows that the remark is a +general one. The indicative would have a limiting force. The difference +can hardly be brought out in translation. In the former case we may +render, <i>against men who could throw</i>; in the latter, <i>against +those who were throwing</i>.</p> + +<p>20. <b>ad</b> = <b>circiter</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_34" id = "notes_34" href = "#simple_34"> +Chap. 34,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 2. <b>mīserat</b>: <i>had sent</i>, that is, before the defeat of +the Aduatuci.</p> + +<p> 5. <b>diciōnem</b>: <i>under the sway</i>; in some texts, +<b>in dēditiōnem</b>. If that reading is correct, the meaning would be, +<i>were brought to surrender</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "notes_35" id = "notes_35" href = "#simple_35"> +Chap. 35,</a></h5> + +<p class = "first"> +line 1. <b>pācāta</b>: see <a href = "#complete_1a">p. 23, +l. 7</a>, and <a href = "#notes_1c">note</a>.</p> + +<p> 4. <b>qui ... pollicērentur</b>: compare +<a href = "#complete_2b">p. 23, l. 19</a>, <b>qui ... dēdūceret</b>; +<a href = "#complete_11a">p. 29, l. 12</a>, <b>qui ... morārētur</b>; +<a href = "#complete_17a">p. 31, l. 30</a>, <b>qui ... +dēligant</b>.</p> + +<p> 6. <b>inita proxima aestāte</b>: see <a href = +"#complete_2a">p. 23, l. 18</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_2c">note</a>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>ex litteris</b>: <i>in consequence of the letters</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>supplicātio</b>: a public, religious festival of thanksgiving, +decreed by the senate. “The fifteen days’ rejoicing marks the constant +fear of the Gauls which had haunted the Romans ever since the ‘dies +Alliensis.’ Kraner remarks that the longest ‘supplicatio’ till this had +been one of twelve days, for Pompeius’ success against Mithridates.” +—<span class = "smallcaps">Moberly.</span></p> + +<p class = "second"> +<b>nūlli</b>: see <a href = "#complete_33a">p. 40, l. 22</a>; also +<a href = "#complete_6b">p. 26, l. 24</a>, and <a href = +"#notes_6c">note</a>.</p> + +</div> +<!-- end div notes --> + +<!-- 72 --> + +<div class = "exercise"> + +<span class = "pagenum">73</span> + +<h3><a name = "exercises" id = "exercises"> +EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +The references are to the Grammars of Allen and Greenough, and +Harkness.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +The learner is expected, before writing the Exercises, to review the +Latin text, and find therein and commit to memory illustrations of the +grammatical principles selected.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_1" id = "ex_1" href = "#simple_1"> +Chapter I.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Indirect Discourse: 336, 1 and 2; H. 523 and I.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Cum</b> Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II. +and 2.</p> + +<p>3. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing: 331, f.; H. 498, III.</p> +</div> + + +<p>1. Cæsar was in hither Gaul.</p> + +<p>2. Reports were brought into hither Gaul.</p> + +<p>3. While Labienus was in Gaul, the Belgæ made a +league.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>4. A report is brought that<sup>2</sup> the Belgæ are conspiring.</p> + +<p>5. They are afraid that our army is coming<sup>3</sup> against +them.</p> + +<p>6. They are vexed<sup>4</sup> that our army remains in Gaul.</p> + +<p>7. Cæsar feared that the Belgæ were conspiring.</p> + +<p>8. Letters kept coming,<sup>5</sup> while they were conspiring.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> made a league: one word in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> Be careful about the <i>that</i> clause in this and +the following sentence. Recall the text to memory and mentally apply the +rules. +<sup>3</sup> is coming: use <b>venio</b>. +<sup>4</sup> are vexed: in Latin one of the expressions, like +<b>rūmōres adferēbantur</b>, requiring the accusative and +infinitive. +<sup>5</sup> kept coming: one word in Latin.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_2" id = "ex_2" href = "#simple_2"> +Chapter II.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2 and N.; H. +497, I.</p> + +<p>2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 1 and 2; H. 523 +and I.</p> +</div> + + +<p>1. In hither Gaul there<sup>1</sup> were two legions.</p> + +<p>2. Two new legions Cæsar levies.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">74</span> +<p>3. The two new legions are sent into the interior of Gaul.</p> + +<p>4. Cæsar sends his lieutenant to lead<sup>2</sup> +them.<sup>3</sup></p> + +<p>5. Pedius was sent to lead the new legions.</p> + +<p>6. The Senones report that the Belgians are +gathering.<sup>4</sup></p> + +<p>7. The Senones informed Cæsar about the Belgians.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> there: omit. +<sup>2</sup> to lead; do not express a purpose in Latin by the +infinitive. +<sup>3</sup> them: <b>eas</b>. +<sup>4</sup> are gathering: a passive form in Latin, because the +sense is, <i>are being collected together</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_3" id = "ex_3" href = "#simple_3"> +Chapter III.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420.</p> + +<p>2. Ablative with <b>potior</b>, <b>ūtor</b>, etc.: 249; H. +421, I.</p> + +<p>3. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 2; H. +523, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Cæsar came unexpectedly to the borders of the Remi.</p> + +<p>2. The Remi said they had not combined<sup>1</sup> against the Roman +people.</p> + +<p>3. They said they were ready to give hostages.</p> + +<p>4. All the rest of the Belgæ<sup>2</sup> had joined<sup>3</sup> with +the Germans.</p> + +<p>5. They aided Cæsar with corn and other<sup>4</sup> things.</p> + +<p>6. The Remi and their<sup>5</sup> kinsmen enjoy the same laws.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> they had not combined: <i>themselves not to have +combined</i>. +<sup>2</sup> of the Belgæ: not the genitive. +<sup>3</sup> had joined: in Latin, <i>had joined themselves</i>, if +you use <b>coniungo</b>. +<sup>4</sup> <b>aliis</b>. +<sup>5</sup> their: omit.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_4" id = "ex_4" href = "#simple_4"> +Chapter IV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, 1.</p> + +<p>2. Substantive Clauses of Result: 332; H. 501.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Whence<sup>1</sup> did very many of the Belgæ<sup>2</sup> +spring?</p> + +<p>2. Cæsar asked whence very many of the Belgæ sprung.</p> + +<p>3. What states are in arms?</p> + +<p>4. Cæsar asked what states were in arms.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">75</span> +<p>5. While Divitiacus was king, he was most powerful.</p> + +<p>6. From Galba’s foresight and justice it results that he is a +powerful king.</p> + +<p>7. From the valor of the Bellovaci it came about that they demanded +the management<sup>3</sup> of the war.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> Whence: <b>unde</b>. +<sup>2</sup> of the Belgæ: not the genitive. +<sup>3</sup> management: <b>summa</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_5" id = "ex_5" href = "#simple_5"> +Chapter V.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. <b>Interest</b> with Gen. of Person: 222; H. 406, III.</p> + +<p>2. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Subject: 270; H. 538.</p> + +<p>3. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Object: 272 and Rem.; H. 534.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The children of the leading men are brought to Cæsar as +hostages.</p> + +<p>2. He orders all the children to be brought to him.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>3. It concerns Cæsar for<sup>2</sup> the senate to come to him.</p> + +<p>4. It concerns Divitiacus to send the forces of the Ædui.</p> + +<p>5. Cæsar sees that<sup>3</sup> the forces of the Belgæ are +hastening.</p> + +<p>6. He learns that the Axona is not far away.</p> + +<p>7. This river he crossed<sup>4</sup> and protected his camp by means +of its banks.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> him: in Latin, <i>himself</i>. +<sup>2</sup> for: not to be expressed in Latin. +<sup>3</sup> that: be careful about <i>that</i>-clauses. +<sup>4</sup> he crossed: use <b>trānseo</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_6" id = "ex_6" href = "#simple_6"> +Chapter VI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Cum</b> Causal with Subjunctive: 326; H. 517.</p> + +<p>3. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The enemy formed a testudo and advanced close to<sup>1</sup> the +wall.</p> + +<p>2. The enemy having hurled stones<sup>2</sup> made a testudo.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">76</span> +<p>3. Since there were so many,<sup>3</sup> they undermined the +wall.</p> + +<p>4. They easily cleared the walls of soldiers.</p> + +<p>5. The Belgæ having cleared the wall made an attack.<sup>4</sup></p> + +<p>6. Having made an attack<sup>5</sup> they threw missiles against the +wall.</p> + +<p>7. Since the missiles were many, no one was able to stand on the +wall.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> advanced close to: one word in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> having hurled stones: say, <i>stones having been +hurled</i>. Why? +<sup>3</sup> so many: <b>tot</b>. +<sup>4</sup> attack: use <b>impetus</b>. +<sup>5</sup> having made an attack: not <b>impetum facti</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_7" id = "ex_7" href = "#simple_7"> +Chapter VII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416.</p> + +<p>2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 135, b.; H. 231, 2.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. At midnight archers and slingers were sent by Cæsar to the +town.</p> + +<p>2. On account of the assistance of the archers and slingers, the +people in the town<sup>1</sup> had good hopes.</p> + +<p>3. The enemy had no hope of taking<sup>2</sup> the town, because of +the coming of Cæsar’s soldiers.</p> + +<p>4. Cæsar, delaying<sup>3</sup> a little while, sent aid to +Iccius.</p> + +<p>5. The enemy, after laying waste the fields, hastened against Cæsar’s +camp.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> people in the town: one word in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> of taking: <b>expūgnandi</b>. +<sup>3</sup> delaying: not present participle.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_8" id = "ex_8" href = "#simple_8"> +Chapter VIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, I.</p> + +<p>2. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396, IV.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. What can the enemy do by their valor?</p> + +<p>2. Cæsar tries what the valor of the enemy is capable +of.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">77</span> +<p>3. How much do our men dare?</p> + +<p>4. Cæsar makes trial of the daring<sup>2</sup> of his men.</p> + +<p>5. How much space can Cæsar’s army occupy?</p> + +<p>6. Cæsar explains<sup>3</sup> over how much space the hill extended +in front.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> is capable of: <i>can</i>. +<sup>2</sup> the daring of, etc.: recast the sentence mentally +before translating, thus: <i>Cæsar makes trial what his men +dare</i>. +<sup>3</sup> explains: <b>docet</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_9" id = "ex_9" href = "#simple_9"> +Chapter IX.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Clauses of Purpose: 317 and 1; H. 497, II.</p> + +<p>2. The Gerundive: 113, d, 2 and 296; H. 544, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. He begins to<sup>1</sup> cross the river.</p> + +<p>2. They began to lead their forces across.</p> + +<p>3. They lead their forces over in order to take the redoubt.</p> + +<p>4. Cæsar has shown that the river was behind him.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p>5. They will cross so as to lay waste the lands of the Remi.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> He begins to: <i>makes a beginning of</i>. +<sup>2</sup> him: should it be <b>eum</b> or <b>se</b>?</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_10" id = "ex_10" href = "#simple_10"> +Chapter X.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Passive of Intransitive Verbs: 230; H. 301, 1.</p> + +<p>2. Accusative of Limit: 258, b and N. 1; H. 380, II. 2.</p> + +<p>3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 331 and N. 1; H. 498.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Those of the Belgæ who were not killed returned home.</p> + +<p>2. They resolve to fight in their own territories.</p> + +<p>3. They decide that it is best<sup>1</sup> to lead over their +army.</p> + +<p>4. Divitiacus cannot be persuaded<sup>2</sup> to advance to an +unfavorable place.</p> + +<p>5. The Ædui were persuaded to return to their homes.</p> + +<p>6. The enemy advancing into the river were surrounded.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> that it is best: <i>it to be best</i>. +<sup>2</sup> recast the clause, before trying to turn it into +Latin.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">78</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_11" id = "ex_11" href = "#simple_11"> +Chapter XI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Time: 256; H. 429.</p> + +<p>2. Perfect Participles: 290, d. 1 and 2; H. 550, N. 4.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. On the departure of the enemy Cæsar sent ahead all his +cavalry.</p> + +<p>2. At sunset the three legions returned<sup>1</sup> into camp.</p> + +<p>3. In the second watch they attacked the enemy’s rear.</p> + +<p>4. The Belgæ, fearing<sup>2</sup> an attack, set out at daybreak.</p> + +<p>5. The spies, having seen<sup>3</sup> the fugitives, bring back +word.<sup>4</sup></p> + +<p>6. Cæsar, after keeping his soldiers in camp, ordered Labienus to set +out.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> returned: two words in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> fearing: the participle <b>veritus</b> does not +usually denote time <i>prior</i> to that of the main verb in the +sentence, like most perfect participles, but the same time. +<sup>3</sup> having seen: do not say <b>vīsi</b>. +<sup>4</sup> bring back word: use <b>renūntio</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_12" id = "ex_12" href = "#simple_12"> +Chapter XII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Cause, 245; H. 413.</p> + +<p>2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Cæsar could not take the town on account of the great +number<sup>1</sup> of the Suessiones.</p> + +<p>2. Owing to<sup>2</sup> the works of the Romans, their “vineæ” and +towers, the Suessiones send envoys.<sup>3</sup></p> + +<p>3. The next day Cæsar made a forced march and<sup>4</sup> tried to +take the town.</p> + +<p>4. The townsmen,<sup>5</sup> making a surrender, got their +request.<sup>6</sup></p> + +<p>5. Because of their surrender they got their request.</p> + +<p>6. The surrender made, they were spared.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> great number: one word in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> Owing to: like “on account of,” not separately +expressed in Latin. +<sup>3</sup> envoys: use <b>lēgātus</b>. +<sup>4</sup> made a forced march and: a different turn in +Latin. +<sup>5</sup> townsmen: use <b>oppidānus</b>. +<sup>6</sup> got their request: one word.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">79</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_13" id = "ex_13" href = "#simple_13"> +Chapter XIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. <b>Cum</b> Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II. 2.</p> + +<p>2. Constructions with <b>peto</b>: 239, c. N. 1; H. 374, 2, +N. 4.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. When the arms had been given up,<sup>1</sup> the elders came +forth.</p> + +<p>2. All the elders came out of Bratuspantium and begged Cæsar for +peace.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p>3. Cæsar, when he had received their submission, asked the men for +their<sup>3</sup> arms.</p> + +<p>4. According to their<sup>4</sup> custom they stretched out their +hands and asked the Romans for peace.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> Render this clause in two ways: first by two words, then by +a full clause. So each of the three following sentences contains a +clause to be rendered in two ways. +<sup>2</sup> Cæsar for peace: quite otherwise in Latin. +<sup>3</sup> their: omit. +<sup>4</sup> their: is this to be expressed by <b>eōrum</b>?</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_14" id = "ex_14" href = "#simple_14"> +Chapter XIV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420.</p> + +<p>2. Ablative with <b>ūtor</b>, etc.: 249; H. 421, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Divitiacus intercedes for the conquered Belgæ.</p> + +<p>2. Divitiacus begs that Cæsar will show<sup>1</sup> clemency.</p> + +<p>3. Cæsar will exercise kindness toward the Belgæ.</p> + +<p>4. By the help of the Belgæ the Ædui sustain wars.</p> + +<p>5. Divitiacus says the chiefs had fled to<sup>2</sup> Britain.</p> + +<p>6. If you show<sup>3</sup> clemency, you will increase our +influence.</p> + +<p>7. Whatever<sup>4</sup> war befalls, by means of their<sup>5</sup> +resources we shall be able to hold out.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> will show: not the future in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> to: not <b>ad</b>. +<sup>3</sup> show: not well rendered by present indicative. +<sup>4</sup> whatever: <i>if any</i>. +<sup>5</sup> their: <b>eōrum</b>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">80</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_15" id = "ex_15" href = "#simple_15"> +Chapter XV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396, IV.</p> + +<p>2. Ablative of Quality: 251; H. 419, II.</p> + +<p>3. Causal Relative Sentences: 320, e; H. 517.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The territories of the Nervii border on the Ambiani.</p> + +<p>2. The Nervii blame the Ambiani for having +surrendered.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>3. The Nervii have<sup>2</sup> great influence among the Belgæ.</p> + +<p>4. They use no wine, because it weakens<sup>3</sup> character.</p> + +<p>5. Those men think minds lose energy through wine.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> for having surrendered: turn by a relative clause. +<sup>2</sup> have: say <i>are</i> (men) <i>of</i>. +<sup>3</sup> because it weakens: a relative clause with +subjunctive, to indicate their view, as distinguished from a statement +of fact.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_16" id = "ex_16" href = "#simple_16"> +Chapter XVI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Comparative <b>amplius</b>, etc.: 247, c.; H. 417, N. 2.</p> + +<p>2. Accusative of Time and Space: 256 and 257; H. 379.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The Nervii were distant a three days’ march.</p> + +<p>2. Cæsar finds out that they are ten miles distant.</p> + +<p>3. He learns from prisoners what the Nervii are +doing.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>4. They have taken a position more than five miles from the +Sambre.</p> + +<p>5. He learns from prisoners that he<sup>2</sup> is waited for by the +Nervii.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> are doing: be careful about the mode. +<sup>2</sup> that he: <i>himself</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_17" id = "ex_17" href = "#simple_17"> +Chapter XVII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Use of <b>quisquam</b>: 202, c.; H. 457.</p> + +<p>2. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317; H. 497, I.</p> + +<p>3. Substitutes for Partitive Gen.: 216, c.; H. 397, N. 3.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Certain of the Belgæ went by night to the camp of the Nervii.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">81</span> +<p>2. Cæsar says that certain men went<sup>1</sup> to the Nervii.</p> + +<p>3. Many of the prisoners found out about the legions.</p> + +<p>4. They were sent to their friends to report<sup>2</sup> the +matter.</p> + +<p>5. To lop trees is a matter<sup>3</sup> of no difficulty at all.</p> + +<p>6. Men were sent ahead to select<sup>4</sup> a suitable place.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> went: <i>to have gone</i>. +<sup>2</sup> to report: not the infinitive. +<sup>3</sup> matter, etc.: recast, before trying to turn into +Latin. +<sup>4</sup> to select: try two ways.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_18" id = "ex_18" href = "#simple_18"> +Chapter XVIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Descriptive Ablative: 251; H. 419, II.</p> + +<p>2. Clauses of Result: 319; H. 500, I. and II.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Along the river Sambre were trees<sup>1</sup> of great +height.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p>2. Among these trees the Nervii keep themselves hidden.</p> + +<p>3. So<sup>3</sup> close together<sup>4</sup> were these trees that +the Romans could not see through.</p> + +<p>4. The river is of such depth that men can cross.</p> + +<p>5. On the open ground are pickets of great courage.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> trees: <b>arbor</b>, fem. +<sup>2</sup> height: the same word that means <i>depth</i>. +<sup>3</sup> So: <b>ita</b>. +<sup>4</sup> close together: <b>crēber</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_19" id = "ex_19" href = "#simple_19"> +Chapter XIX.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Dative of Service: 233 a; H. 390.</p> + +<p>2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469, II.</p> + +<p>3. Ablative of Manner: 248 and Rem.; H. 419, III.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The cavalry of the enemy kept making attacks.</p> + +<p>2. They would attack our horsemen with great courage.</p> + +<p>3. These horsemen had been sent ahead by Cæsar as a protection to the +camp.</p> + +<p>4. Again and again did the enemy pour forward from the woods, where +they had hidden.</p> + +<p>5. The slingers and archers helped<sup>1</sup> the horsemen.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">82</span> +<p>6. With great speed they would run as far as<sup>2</sup> the +woods.</p> + +<p>7. With wonderful bravery they engage in battle with the Nervii.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> helped: two words in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> as far as: <b>ad</b>, or <b>usque ad</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_20" id = "ex_20" href = "#simple_20"> +Chapter XX.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. The Gerundive: 113, d.; H. 234.</p> + +<p>2. Dative of Apparent Agent: 232; H. 388.</p> + +<p>3. Ablative of Agent with <b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b>: 246; H. +415, I.</p> +</div> + + +<p>1. The soldiers are directed<sup>1</sup> by Cæsar.</p> + +<p>2. The soldiers must be directed by Cæsar.</p> + +<p>3. The flag was displayed by the soldiers.</p> + +<p>4. The flag had to be displayed by the soldiers.</p> + +<p>5. Experience is often helpful<sup>2</sup> to soldiers.</p> + +<p>6. The work is hindered by<sup>3</sup> the near approach<sup>4</sup> +of the enemy.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> are directed: use <b>doceo</b>. +<sup>2</sup> helpful: turn by a noun. +<sup>3</sup> by the near approach: why not <b>ā</b> or +<b>ab</b>? +<sup>4</sup> near approach: one word.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_21" id = "ex_21" href = "#simple_21"> +Chapter XXI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Gerundive with Prepositions: 301; H. 544, 2.</p> + +<p>2. Gerundive Construction instead of Gerund: 296; H. 544, 1.</p> + +<p>3. Purpose expressed by Gerundive: 318 and b; H. 544, 2, +N. 2.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. In looking for his shield a soldier lost time.</p> + +<p>2. Time is wanting for putting on a helmet.</p> + +<p>3. Seeing<sup>1</sup> the standards, each one went forward.</p> + +<p>4. A line was drawn up<sup>2</sup> to resist<sup>3</sup> the enemy’s +charge.</p> + +<p>5. Cæsar encouraged the tenth legion for the purpose of +strengthening<sup>4</sup> their courage.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> seeing: not the gerundive. +<sup>2</sup> A line was drawn up: see chap. xx. +<sup>3</sup> resist: <b>sustineo</b>. +<sup>4</sup> strengthening: use <b>cōnfīrmo</b>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">83</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_22" id = "ex_22" href = "#simple_22"> +Chapter XXII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>Clauses of Result with <b>ut</b> (<b>ut nōn</b>): 319; H. +500, II.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. So dense was the hedge that it obstructed the view.</p> + +<p>2. The result was that no legion could execute orders.</p> + +<p>3. One legion opposes the foe in one part, another in another.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_23" id = "ex_23" href = "#simple_23"> +Chapter XXIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Place to which: 258; H. 380, I.</p> + +<p>2. Place from which: 258; H. 412, I.</p> + +<p>3. Place in which: 258, 4, and 260, b.; H. 425, 1.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The Roman soldiers drive the enemy, exhausted by wounds, into an +unfavorable place.</p> + +<p>2. They followed them up from the left part of the line.</p> + +<p>3. As they attempted<sup>1</sup> to cross the river, a great +part of them were put to the sword.</p> + +<p>4. In another part many of the Belgians were killed.</p> + +<p>5. On the front the Belgæ pushed for the camp.</p> + +<p>6. But at last they were put to flight.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Note.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> attempted: recast the sentence and express <i>as they +attempted</i> by a participle referring to <i>a great part</i>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_24" id = "ex_24" href = "#simple_24"> +Chapter XXIV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Position of <b>causa</b> with genitive: 245, c.</p> + +<p>2. Temporal Clauses with <b>cum</b>: 325; H. 521, II. 2.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The Romans see that the horsemen are scared.</p> + +<p>2. Horsemen were coming to Cæsar to render aid.</p> + +<p>3. When the camp-followers had gone out for the purpose of +plundering, they saw that our men were fleeing.</p> + +<p>4. Seeing the slingers flee,<sup>1</sup> they fled +themselves.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> flee, <i>to flee</i>. +<sup>2</sup> themselves: use <b>ipse</b>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">84</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_25" id = "ex_25" href = "#simple_25"> +Chapter XXV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a.; H. 431, 4.</p> + +<p>2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 290, d.; H. 195, 2.</p> + +<p>3. Substitutes for Perf. Act. Partc.: 290, d. 2; H. 550, +N. 4.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Cæsar saw that the soldiers of the twelfth legion were hard +pushed.</p> + +<p>2. Cæsar, seeing<sup>1</sup> the soldiers of the twelfth legion hard +pushed, went to the right wing.</p> + +<p>3. As<sup>2</sup> all the standard-bearers were wounded, the +standards were lost.</p> + +<p>4. Then Cæsar snatched a shield from a soldier.</p> + +<p>5. The soldiers renewed their courage and delayed<sup>3</sup> the +enemy’s attack.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> seeing: not well rendered <b>videns</b>; try casting into a +clause—first with <b>ubi</b>, then with <b>cum</b>. +<sup>2</sup> As ... wounded: use a participial construction. +<sup>3</sup> renewed and delayed: it is better not to turn into +Latin by coördinate verbs.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_26" id = "ex_26" href = "#simple_26"> +Chapter XXVI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 397.</p> + +<p>2. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, I. & II.</p> + +<p>3. Dative of Service and of Object: 233 and a.; H. 390.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. One was sent for assistance to another.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>2. The soldiers of two legions guarded the baggage.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p>3. He saw in how great peril the camp was.</p> + +<p>4. They will leave nothing undone<sup>3</sup> in point of +courage.</p> + +<p>5. He will report to me in what state the army is.</p> + +<p>6. He saw that the tenth was fighting very bravely.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> another: bring the two forms of <b>alius</b> +together. +<sup>2</sup> guarded the baggage: make a different turn. +<sup>3</sup> leave nothing undone: a strange Latin idiom.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">85</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_27" id = "ex_27" href = "#simple_27"> +Chapter XXVII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Temporal Clauses with <b>cum</b>: 325; H. 521, 2.</p> + +<p>2. Clauses of Result with <b>ut</b> (<b>ut nōn</b>): 319; H. +500, II.</p> + +<p>3. Clauses of Purpose with <b>ut</b> (<b>ne, ut ne</b>): +317; H. 497, II.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. So great is the courage of the Nervii that they fight from the +heaps of corpses.</p> + +<p>2. Ascending<sup>1</sup> very high banks, they displayed the greatest +courage.</p> + +<p>3. They dared to cross a wide stream in order to renew the fight.</p> + +<p>4. The cavalry, to wipe out<sup>2</sup> their disgrace, advance even +into a disadvantageous position.</p> + +<p>5. The greatness of their spirit rendered difficult things easy.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> ascending: turn by a clause with <b>cum</b>. +<sup>2</sup> To wipe out: not the infinitive.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_28" id = "ex_28" href = "#simple_28"> +Chapter XXVIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413.</p> + +<p>2. Substitutes for Partitive Genitive: 216, c; H. 397, N. 3.</p> + +<p>3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with <b>ut</b> (<b>ne</b>): 331; H. +498.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. Of five hundred senators, three were left.</p> + +<p>2. Out of forty (<b>quadrāginta</b>) thousand men, four hundred were +able to bear arms.</p> + +<p>3. Cæsar will keep their<sup>1</sup> neighbors from doing<sup>2</sup> +harm.</p> + +<p>4. The name and nation of the Nervii are reduced<sup>3</sup> almost +to destruction.</p> + +<p>5. He orders the neighboring people to refrain from doing harm to the +Nervii.<sup>4</sup></p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> their: not <b>suus</b>. +<sup>2</sup> doing: omit. +<sup>3</sup> reduced: participle used as an adjective in the neuter +plural. +<sup>4</sup> Nervii: genitive.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">86</span> +<h5><a name = "ex_29" id = "ex_29" href = "#simple_29"> +Chapter XXIX.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Limit of Motion: 258 and b; H. 380 and 2.</p> + +<p>2. Accusative of Duration of Time: 256; H. 379.</p> + +<p>3. Locative Ablative with Preps.: 260, b; H. 425, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. They carry all their property into one town.</p> + +<p>2. During two days they hold out very bravely.</p> + +<p>3. For many years they were harassed by the Gauls.</p> + +<p>4. On two sides they have high rocks; on another, a wall.</p> + +<p>5. Leaving six thousand men this side<sup>1</sup> the Rhine, they +return<sup>2</sup> home.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> this side: <b>cis</b>. +<sup>2</sup> return: commonly <b>revertor</b> in the present, +<b>reverti</b> in the perfect.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_30" id = "ex_30" href = "#simple_30"> +Chapter XXX.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Time <i>when</i>: 256; H. 429.</p> + +<p>2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469, II.</p> + +<p>3. Perfect of Completed Action: 279; H. 471, I. and 6.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. On the day of our arrival frequent sallies were made by the enemy +from the town.</p> + +<p>2. During the first days they taunted us from the walls.</p> + +<p>3. At a distance the soldiers made an “agger” and a tower.</p> + +<p>4. Then the Aduatuci began to jeer.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>5. Can<sup>2</sup> men of such little stature place a tower on our +wall?</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> jeer: two words in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> begin with <b>num</b>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_31" id = "ex_31" href = "#simple_31"> +Chapter XXXI.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Causal Relative Clauses: 320, e; H. 517.</p> + +<p>2. Dative with certain Intrans. Verbs: 227; H. 385.</p> + +<p>3. Future Conditions less vivid: 307, b; H. 509, N. 1.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. They surrender to Cæsar, since he is so powerful.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>2. The envoys say the enemy are jealous of their<sup>2</sup> +valor.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">87</span> +<p>3. It is better to endure death than slavery.</p> + +<p>4. If Cæsar should rob the Aduatuci of their arms,<sup>3</sup> they +would be killed.</p> + +<p>5. Their enemies would kill them, if they should surrender their +arms.</p> + +<p>6. It is better to persuade them to give up their arms.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> is so powerful: <i>can so much</i> (<b>tantum</b>). +<sup>2</sup> their: express by the proper form of +<b>suus</b>. +<sup>3</sup> of their arms: not the genitive.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_32" id = "ex_32" href = "#simple_32"> +Chapter XXXII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416.</p> + +<p>2. Clauses of Result with <b>ut</b> (<b>ut nōn</b>): 319; H. +500, II.</p> + +<p>3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with <b>ut</b> (<b>nē</b>): 331; H. +498.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. They order the people to deliver up their arms.</p> + +<p>2. Through Cæsar’s orders, no wrong will be inflicted.</p> + +<p>3. Cæsar spared, according to his custom, those who had +surrendered.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>4. Cæsar orders the neighbors of the Nervii not to harm +them.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<p>5. There is so great a quantity of arms in the town that a third part +is concealed.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> those who had surrendered: one word in Latin. +<sup>2</sup> them: dative.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_33" id = "ex_33" href = "#simple_33"> +Chapter XXXIII.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Causal Clauses with <b>cum</b>: 326; H. 517.</p> + +<p>2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a; H. 431, 4.</p> + +<p>3. Pass. of Intrans. Verbs used impersonally: 230; H. +465, 1.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <sup>1</sup>The Aduatuci fought very spiritedly.</p> + +<p>2. <sup>1</sup>Thither hasten all the forces of the town.</p> + +<p>3. After the shutting<sup>2</sup> of the gates, the townsmen formed a +plan.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">88</span> +<p>4. Since they had been driven back, they no longer<sup>3</sup> +defended themselves.</p> + +<p>5. Now<sup>4</sup> that the town was occupied, the booty was +sold.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> Use the passive construction. +<sup>2</sup> After the shutting: turn in two ways. +<sup>3</sup> no longer: <b>nōn iam</b>. +<sup>4</sup> Now that the town was occupied: turn in two ways.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_34" id = "ex_34" href = "#simple_34"> +Chapter XXXIV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Ablative of Agent with <b>ā</b> (<b>ab</b>): 246; H. +415, I.</p> + +<p>2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 330, 2; H. +523, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. All the maritime states were subdued by Cæsar.</p> + +<p>2. Cæsar says that the maritime states have been reduced.</p> + +<p>3. At this time P. Crassus had been sent with one legion.</p> + +<p>4. Crassus informs Cæsar that one legion has been sent to the +Veneti.</p> + +<p>5. The Veneti, to whom one legion had been sent, border on the +ocean.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_35" id = "ex_35" href = "#simple_35"> +Chapter XXXV.</a></h5> + +<div class = "grammar"> +<p>1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2; H. 497, I.</p> + +<p>2. Verbs of Promising, Hoping, etc.: 380, f.; 535, II.</p> + +<p>3. Dative with Certain Adjectives: 234, a; H. 391, I.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The embassies promised to return<sup>1</sup> the next summer.</p> + +<p>2. Near the Rhine were many nations of barbarians.</p> + +<p>3. These barbarians promised to do Cæsar’s bidding.</p> + +<p>4. The barbarians send men to give<sup>2</sup> hostages.</p> + +<p>5. So great was the joy<sup>3</sup> that a thanksgiving was +decreed.</p> + +<p class = "notes"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Notes.</span>— +<sup>1</sup> to return: in the Latin idiom, <i>themselves to be going to +return</i>. +<sup>2</sup> to give: put in two ways. +<sup>3</sup> joy: <b>gaudium</b>.</p> + +</div> + +<!-- end div exercise --> + + +<span class = "pagenum">89</span> + +<h3><a name = "vocab" id = "vocab"> +VOCABULARY.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +If the learner, as often as he refers to this vocabulary for the meaning +of a word, will glance over the group of words given in the Etymological +Vocabulary under the same root, he will find his knowledge of the +relations and meaning of words, and consequently his power to read +Latin, rapidly increase.</p> + +<div class = "mynote"> + +<p><i>To reduce visual distraction, links in the Vocabulary are unmarked +except when you mouse over them.</i> This feature may be overridden by +your own browser settings. All chapter references and roots are +linked.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +The numbers at the end of most entries refer to chapters 1-35 in the +“simplified” text.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +Roots in the form [APA-] or [2 DA-] are listed in the Etymological +Vocabulary. Brackets [ ] are in the original.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#vocab_A"> A </a> +<a href = "#vocab_B"> B </a> +<a href = "#vocab_C"> C </a> +<a href = "#vocab_D"> D </a> +<a href = "#vocab_E"> E </a> +<a href = "#vocab_F"> F </a> +<a href = "#vocab_G"> G </a> +<a href = "#vocab_H"> H </a> +<a href = "#vocab_I"> IJ </a> +<a href = "#vocab_L"> L </a><br> +<a href = "#vocab_M"> M </a> +<a href = "#vocab_N"> N </a> +<a href = "#vocab_O"> O </a> +<a href = "#vocab_P"> P </a> +<a href = "#vocab_Q"> Q </a> +<a href = "#vocab_R"> R </a> +<a href = "#vocab_S"> S </a> +<a href = "#vocab_T"> T </a> +<a href = "#vocab_U"> U </a> +<a href = "#vocab_V"> V </a> +</p> +</div> + +<div class = "vocab"> + +<h5><a name = "vocab_A" id = "vocab_A" href = "#vocab">A</a></h5> + +<p><b>Ā</b> or <b>Ab</b> (<b>abs</b>), prep. w. abl. [<a href = +"#root_APA">APA-</a>], <i>from</i>, <i>away from</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>at the hands of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>away</i>, <i>at a distance of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>in</i>, <i>on</i>, <i>at</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>by</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Ab·dō</b>, <b>3</b>, -didī, -ditum [<a href = "#root_2DA">2 +DA-</a>], <i>put away</i>; <i>hide</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ab·sum</b>, -esse, āfuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be away +from</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>be distant</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; with ā or ab and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Āc</b>, see <b>At·que</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cēdō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go towards</i>, <i>approach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, w. ad and acc.; <i>arise</i>, <i>increase +in</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, with dat.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cidō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -cidī, — [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>fall to</i> or <i>towards</i>; <i>befall</i>, +<i>happen</i>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; w. dat.<br> +Cf. incidō, ēveniō.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cipiō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -cēpī, -ceptum [<a href = +"#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>take to one’s self</i>; <i>accept</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; <i>receive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>; <i>suffer</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Acervus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1AC">1 AC-</a>], <i>thing brought to a point</i>; <i>pile</i>, +<i>heap</i>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aciēs</b>, ēī- (-e, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>), <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1AC">1 AC-</a>], <i>edge</i>; <i>line of battle</i>, +<i>army</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ācr·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1AC">1 AC-</a>], +<i>sharply</i>; <i>fiercely</i>, <i>desperately</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad</b>, prep. w. acc., <i>to</i>, <i>towards</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, etc.; <i>up to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; <i>near</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>for</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, etc.; <i>after</i>, <i>according +to</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·aequō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_IC">IC-, AIC-</a>], +<i>make equal to</i>, <i>equal</i>, <a href = +"#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·clīvis</b> (<b>acc-</b>), -e, adj. [<a href = +"#root_CLI">CLĪ-</a>], <i>sloping upward</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. dēclīvis.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·clīvitās</b> (<b>acc-</b>), -ātis, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_CLI">CLĪ-</a>], <i>upward +slope</i>, <i>rise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.<br> +Cf. dēclīvitās, dēiectus.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·com·modō</b> (<b>acconm-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = +"#root_2MA">2 MA-, MAD-</a>], <i>fit</i> or <i>adapt to</i>; <i>put +on</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. induō.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dūxī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead</i> or <i>bring to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>; <i>lead up</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>; w. ad and acc.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·eō</b>, -īre, -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>go +to</i>; <i>reach</i>, <i>get at</i>, <a href = +"#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·ferō</b> (<b>aff-</b>), -ferre, attulī, allātum [<a href = +"#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>bring</i> or <i>carry to</i>, <a href += "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">90</span> +<p><b>Ad·fīnitās</b> (<b>aff-</b>), -ātis, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_2FID">2 FID-</a>], +<i>relationship by marriage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.<br> +Cf. propīnquitās.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·gredior</b> (<b>agg-</b>), <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>go to</i>, <i>approach</i>; <i>attack</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.<br> +Cf. adorior.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>throw to</i> or <i>against</i>; <i>hurl</i>, +<i>cast</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·itus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1I">1 I-, AI-</a>], <i>going to</i>, <i>approach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>access</i>, <i>admittance</i>, <a +href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·iuvō</b>, <b>1</b>, -iūvī, -iūtum [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, +DI-, DIAV-</a>], <i>help</i>, <i>aid</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·ministrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2MAN">2 MAN-, +MI-</a>], <i>put the hand to</i>; <i>attend to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·orior</b>, <b>4</b>, -ortus [<a href = "#root_OL">OL-, +OR-</a>], <i>rise up against</i>; <i>attack</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.<br> +Cf. adgredior.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·propīnquō</b> (<b>app-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = +"#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>come near to</i>, <i>approach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, w. dat.; 19, w. ad and acc.<br> +Cf. subeō, succēdō.</p> + +<p><b>Aduātucī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>tribe, originally German, in Belgian Gaul, on left bank of the +Maas</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·ventus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_BA">BA-, VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>coming to</i> or <i>drawing +near</i>; <i>approach</i>, <i>arrival</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.<br> +Cf. successus, aditus.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·versus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of advertō) [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turned to</i> or <i>towards</i>; +<i>opposite</i>, <i>in the face</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; adversō colle, <i>up hill</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Aedi·ficium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_AID">AID-</a>; <a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], +<i>building</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aeduī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>powerful Celtic people between upper courses of Loire and Seine</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aeduus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>Aeduan</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aegrē</b>, adv., <i>with regret</i> or <i>displeasure</i>; +<i>barely</i>, <i>with difficulty</i>, <a href = +"#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aequāl·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_IC">IC-, AIC-</a>], +<i>evenly</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aestās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AID">AID-</a>], <i>burning season</i>; <i>summer</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aestuārium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_AID">AID-</a>], <i>pertaining to rolling</i>; <i>inlet</i>, +<i>sea-marsh</i>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aetās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1I">1 I-, AI-</a>], <i>age</i>, <i>old age</i>, <a href = +"#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ager</b>, -grī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AG">AG-</a>], <i>cultivated land</i>; <i>land</i>, <i>field</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ag·ger</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_GER">GER-</a>], <i>that which is brought to a place</i>, i.e. +<i>materials for a mound</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>mound</i>, <i>rampart</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Āgmen</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AG">AG-</a>], <i>that which is set in motion</i>; <i>marching +column</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Agō</b>, <b>3</b>, ēgī, āctum [<a href = "#root_AG">AG-</a>], +<i>put in motion</i>; <i>bring up</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>take along</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>carry on</i>, <i>do</i>, <a href += "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aliās</b>, adv. (acc. pl. <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> of +alius) [<a href = "#root_2AL">2 AL- (ALI-)</a>], <i>at another time</i>; +aliās ... aliās, <i>at one time ... at another</i>, <a href = +"#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aliēnus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2AL">2 AL- +(ALI-)</a>], <i>belonging to another</i>, <i>another’s</i>, <a href += "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Al·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2AL">2 AL-</a>], +<i>otherwise</i>, <i>in another manner</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Alius</b>, -a, -ud, adj., gen. alīus [<a href = "#root_2AL">2 AL- +(ALI-)</a>], <i>other</i>, <i>another</i>, <i>different</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Alter</b>, -era, -erum, adj., gen. -ius [<a href = "#root_2AL">2 +AL-</a>], <i>other</i> (<i>of two</i>), +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; alter ... alter, <i>the one ... the +other</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">91</span> +<p><b>Altitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_1AL">1 AL-</a>], <i>elevation</i>, <i>height</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Altus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1AL">1 AL-</a>], +<i>become great by nourishment</i>; <i>lofty</i>, <i>high</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ambiānī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Belgian tribe near modern Amiens</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Amīcitia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AM">AM-</a>], <i>friendship</i>, <a href = +"#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ā·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>let go from one’s self</i>; +<i>lose</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ampli·ficō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-</a>; +<a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>make larger</i>, +<i>increase</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Am·plius</b>, adv. (<span class = "smallroman">N.</span> compar. +of amplus) [ambi-; <a href = "#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-</a>], <i>more</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Andocumborius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>man of high rank among the Remi</i>, <a href = +"#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Andēs</b>, -ium, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe of +Gaul north of the Loire, modern Anjou</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Angustus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>contracted</i>; <i>narrow</i>, +<i>difficult</i>; <b>in angustō</b>, <i>in a critical state</i>, <a +href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Animus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AN">AN-</a>], <i>soul</i>; <i>mind</i>, <i>feelings</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>spirit</i>, <i>courage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; <i>character</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Annus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>that which +goes round</i>; <i>year</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ante</b>, [<a href = "#root_ANT">ANT-</a>], <i>before</i>; as +adv., = anteā, <i>before</i>, <i>formerly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; as prep. w. acc., <i>before</i> +(of time), +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; (of place), <a href = +"#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Antīquitus</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_ANT">ANT-</a>], <i>from +ancient times</i>; <i>in olden times</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>; <i>from of old</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>A·pertus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of aperiō) [<a href = +"#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>without covering</i>; <i>open</i>, +<i>unobstructed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>uncovered</i>, <i>exposed</i>, <a +href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ap·pellō</b> (<b>adp-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAL">PAL-, +PEL-</a>], <i>bring one’s self to a person</i>; <i>accost</i>, +<i>address</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>call</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ap·ud</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_APA">APA-</a>], +<i>near</i>, <i>among</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ar·bitror</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, VA-</a>], <i>be +a hearer</i> or <i>spectator</i>, <i>think</i>, <i>suppose</i>, +<i>believe</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; w. acc. and inf.</p> + +<p><b>Arbor</b>, -oris, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1AL">1 AL-, AR-</a>], <i>tree</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ar·cessō</b>, <b>3</b>, -īvī, -ītum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>cause to come to</i>; <i>summon</i>, <i>send +for</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Arduus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1AL">1 AL-, AR-</a>, +strengthened to ARDH-], <i>steep</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ariēs</b>, -etis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>battering-ram</i>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Arma</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AR">AR-</a>], <i>things adapted</i>; <i>arms</i>, <i>weapons</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Armātūra</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AR">AR-</a>], <i>arming</i>; <i>equipment</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Armō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_AR">AR-</a>], <i>furnish with +arms</i>; <i>arm</i>, <i>equip</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>A·scendō</b> (<b>adsc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -dī, -scēnsum [<a href = +"#root_SCAND">SCAND-</a>], <i>mount up</i>, <i>climb</i>, <a href = +"#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>A·scēnsus</b> (<b>adsc-</b>), -ūs, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_SCAND">SCAND-</a>], +<i>ascending</i>; <i>ascent</i>, <i>way up</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>At</b>, conj., <i>but</i>, <i>on the other hand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>At·que</b> (before vowels and consonants), <b>āc</b> (before +consonants only), <i>and also</i>, <i>and especially</i>, <i>and</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.; <i>as</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>than</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.<br> +Cf. et and -que.</p> + +<p><b>Atrebatēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Belgian people in the region of modern Arras</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">92</span> +<p><b>At·tingō</b> (<b>adt-</b>), <b>3</b>, -tigī, -tāctum, [<a href = +"#root_TAG">TAG-</a>], <i>touch against</i>; <i>approach</i>, +<i>reach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; <i>border upon</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Auctōritās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_AVG">AVG-</a>], <i>power</i>, <i>standing</i>, +<i>influence</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Audāc·ter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], +<i>boldly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Audeō</b>, <b>2</b>, ausus [<a href = "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], +<i>venture</i>, <i>dare</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; w. complementary infin.</p> + +<p><b>Audiō</b>, <b>4</b> [<a href = "#root_2AV">2 AV-</a>], <i>listen +to</i>; <i>hear</i>, <i>hear about</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, w. acc.; 12, w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Aulercī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +in Bretagne and Normandy</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aurunculēius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>L. +A. Cotta, lieutenant of Cæsar</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Au·t</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], <i>or</i> +(excluding the other), +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; aut ... aut, <i>either ... +or</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Au·tem</b>, postpositive conj. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], +<i>but</i>, <i>on the other hand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>; <i>moreover</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Auxilium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AVG">AVG-</a>], <i>aid</i>, <i>support</i>, <i>assistance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; pl. <i>auxiliary forces</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.<br> +Cf. subsidium.</p> + +<p><b>Ā·vertō</b>, <b>3</b>, -tī, -sum [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turn away from</i>.<br> +Aversī, see note, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Axona</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>river in +country of the Belgæ</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_B" id = "vocab_B" href = "#vocab">B.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Baculus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, P. Sextius +B., <i>centurion</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Baleāris</b>, -e, adj., <i>Balearic, of the Balearic +Islands</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Barbarus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>foreign</i>, +<i>non-Roman</i>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Belgae</b>, -ārum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>collective name of tribes living in the country bounded by the Seine, +Marne, Moselle, Rhine, and the ocean</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, following.</p> + +<p><b>Bellovacī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>strongest tribe of the Belgæ, north of the Seine and on right bank of +the Oise and Somme</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bellum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_DVA">DVA-, DVI-</a>], <i>contest between two</i>; <i>war</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bibrax</b>, -ctis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> (<span +class = "smallroman">N.</span>?), <i>town of the Remi</i>, <a href += "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Boduōgnātus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>leader of the Nervii</i>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bratuspantium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>chief town of the Bellovaci</i>, <a href = +"#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Brevitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>shortness</i>, <i>brevity</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.<br> +Cf. exiguitās.</p> + +<p><b>Britannia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>Britain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_C" id = "vocab_C" href = "#vocab">C.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Cadāver</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>that which falls down dead</i>; <i>dead +body</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cadō</b>, <b>3</b>, cecidī, cāsum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>fall</i>, <a href = +"#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Caeroesī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>German tribe in Belgian Gaul</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Caesar</b>, -aris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Gaius +Julius Cæsar, conqueror of Gaul and author of the Commentaries</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Calamitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SCAL">SCAL-</a>], <i>injury</i>, <i>disaster</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Caletī</b>, -ōrum (-ēs, -um), <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe in Normandy, on the Seine</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">93</span> +<p><b>Cālō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>groom</i>, <i>soldier’s servant</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Captīvus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], +<i>taken prisoner</i>; <i>captive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Caput</b>, -itis, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>head</i>; <i>individual</i>, +<i>person</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Carnūtēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>important Gallic tribe between the Loire and Seine +rivers</i>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Castellum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> dim. [<a +href = "#root_SCAD">SCAD-, CAD-</a>], <i>redoubt</i>, <i>stronghold</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Castra</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SCAD">SCAD-, CAD-</a>], <i>camp</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Cāsus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>falling</i>; <i>happening</i>; <i>chance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>misfortune</i>, <a href = +"#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Causa</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CAV">CAV-</a>], <i>cause</i>, <i>reason</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; causā, used like prep. post-positive, +<i>for the sake of</i>, <i>for the purpose of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, cessī, cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go</i>; <i>fall back</i>; <i>give way</i>, +<i>retreat</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Celeritās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_CEL">CEL-</a>], <i>swiftness</i>, <i>quickness</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Celer·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CEL">CEL-</a>], +<i>swiftly</i>, <i>quickly</i>, <i>promptly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cēlō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2CAL">2 CAL-, SCAL-</a>], +<i>hide</i>, <i>conceal</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Centum</b>, num. adj. indeclin. [<a href = "#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], +<i>hundred</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Centuriō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], <i>commander of a century</i>, +<i>centurion</i>, <i>captain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Certus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2CER">2 CER-, +CRE-</a>], <i>determined</i>; <i>definite</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>certain</i>, <i>regular</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; certiōrem facere, <i>inform</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Cēterī</b>, -ōrum, pl. adj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>the others</i>, <i>rest</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.<br> +Cf. reliquī.</p> + +<p><b>Cīmbrī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>German +tribe which invaded Gaul and the Province in the second century</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Circi·ter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CVR">CVR-, CIR-</a>; <a href += "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>going in a circle</i>; <i>about</i>, <i>not +far from</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Circu·itus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_CVR">CVR-, CIR-</a>; <a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>going +in a circle</i>; <i>circumference</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Circum-</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_CVR">CVR-, CIR-</a>], +<i>around</i>, <i>about</i>; here only in composition.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = +"#root_IA">IA-, IAC-</a>], <i>throw around</i>; <i>place +around</i>, <a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·mūniō</b>, <b>4</b>, [<a href = "#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], +<i>wall up around</i>; <i>blockade</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -vēnī, -ventum [<a href = +"#root_BA">BA-, VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come around</i>; <i>surround</i>, +<i>outflank</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cis</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>on +this side</i>, <i>this side of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Citerior</b>, -us, -ōris, adj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, +CI-</a>], <i>more on this side</i>; <i>hither</i>, <i>nearer</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Citrā</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>on this side</i>, <i>this side of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. cis.</p> + +<p><b>Cīvitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span><ins class += "correction" title = ", missing">, </ins><i>citizenship</i>; +<i>community</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Clāmor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1CAL">1 CAL-</a>], <i>loud call</i>; <i>shouting</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Claudō</b>, <b>3</b>, -sī, -sum, <i>shut</i>, <i>close</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>close</i>, <i>bring up</i>, <a +href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Clē·mentia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_CLI">CLĪ-</a>; <a href = "#root_1MAN">1 MAN-, MEN-</a>], +<i>indulgent disposition</i>; <i>gentleness</i>, <i>mildness</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Co·acervō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1AC">1 AC-</a>], <i>heap +up</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">94</span> +<p><b>Co·epī</b>, -isse, -ptus (defective verb, with tenses from present +stem lacking) [<a href = "#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>have begun</i>, +<i>began</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cō·gnōscō</b>, <b>3</b>, -gnōvī, -gnitum [<a href = +"#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], <i>understand thoroughly</i>; +<i>perceive</i>, <i>learn</i>, <i>ascertain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, w. acc. and inf.; 4, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, w. indir. question; plperf. +<i>knew</i>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cō·gō</b>, <b>3</b>, -ēgī, -āctum [<a href = "#root_AG">AG-</a>], +<i>drive together</i>, <i>compel</i>; <i>gather</i>, <i>rally</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.<br> +Cf. condūcō.</p> + +<p><b>Co·hors</b>, -hortis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>multitude enclosed</i>; <i>cohort</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Co·hortātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>cheering on</i>, <i>urging</i>, <i>encouraging</i>, <i>appeal +to</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Co·hortor</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>cheer on</i>, <i>urge</i>, <i>call +upon</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, w. acc.; 21 foll. by clause +w. ut.</p> + +<p><b>Collis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>hill</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·meātus</b> (<b>conm-</b>), -ūs, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>going to and fro</i>; <i>train of +supplies</i>, <i>provisions</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·ĕs</b>, -itis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>comrade</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·memorō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1SMAR">1 +SMAR-, MAR-</a>], <i>keep in mind</i>; <i>mention</i>, +<i>relate</i>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mittō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), <b>3</b>, -mīsī, mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>cause to go together</i>; <i>join</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·modē</b> (<b>conm-</b>), adv. [<a href = "#root_2MA">2 MA-, +MAD-</a>], <i>duly</i>, <i>aptly</i>; <i>easily</i>, +<i>advantageously</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·moveō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), <b>2</b>, -mōvī, -mōtum [<a href = +"#root_1MV">1 MV-, MOV-</a>], <i>move violently</i>; <i>startle</i>, +<i>alarm</i>, <i>make anxious</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mūnis</b> (<b>conm-</b>), -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_2MV">2 +MV-</a>], <i>serving together</i>; <i>common</i>, <i>general</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mūtātiō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), -ōnis, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_1MV">1 MV-, MOV-</a>], +<i>change</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·parō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 +PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>bring</i> or <i>put together</i>; <i>get ready</i>, +<i>provide</i>, <i>procure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·pellō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), <b>3</b>, -pulī, -pulsum [<a href = +"#root_PAL">PAL-, PEL-</a>], <i>drive together</i>, <i>gather</i>; +<i>drive in a body</i>, <i>rout</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·pleō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), <b>2</b>, -ēvī, -ētum [<a href = +"#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-</a>], <i>fill completely</i>; +<i>fill</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com·plūrēs</b> (<b>conp-</b>), -a (-ia), gen. -ium, adj. [<a href += "#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-, PLV-</a>], <i>several together</i>, <i>a large +number</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con-</b>, for <b>scom-</b> = <b>cum</b> [<a href = +"#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], <i>with</i>, <i>together</i>; in composition, +denoting completeness or union; sometimes intensive.</p> + +<p><b>Con·cīdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cīdī, -cīsum [<a href = "#root_2SAC">2 +SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-</a>], <i>cut up entirely</i>; <i>cut to pieces</i>, +<i>destroy</i>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·cilium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_1CAL">1 CAL-</a>], <i>that which is called together</i>; +<i>meeting</i>, <i>assembly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·currō</b>, <b>3</b>, -currī or -cucurrī, -cursum [<a href = +"#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>run together</i>; <i>hurry</i>, +<i>rally</i>, <i>gather</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·diciō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, [<a +href = "#root_DIC">DĪC-</a>, DIC<ins class = "correction" title = "- missing">-</ins>], <i>talking together</i>; <i>agreement</i>, +<i>stipulation</i>, <i>terms</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Condrūsī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Belgic tribe on the Meuse</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dūxī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead together</i>; <i>collect</i>, +<i>muster</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; <i>hire</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·ferō</b>, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 +FER-</a>], <i>bring</i> or <i>bear together</i>; <i>gather</i>, +<i>collect</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; with reflex. pronoun, <i>betake one’s +self</i>, <i>go</i>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">95</span> +<p><b>Cōn·fertus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of cōn·ferciō), <i>pressed +together</i>; <i>compact</i>, <i>in close array</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>crowded together</i>, <a href = +"#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·ficiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -fectum [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>make completely</i>; <i>perform</i>, +<i>accomplish</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>; <i>raise</i>, <i>put in the field</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>; <i>exhaust</i>, <i>wear out</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·fīdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fīsus sum [<a href = "#root_1FID">1 FID-, +FĪD-</a>] <i>trust entirely</i>; <i>believe</i>, <i>trust firmly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·fīrmō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2FER">2 FER-</a>], +<i>make firm</i>; <i>give assurance</i>, <i>pledge one’s self</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, w. acc. and infin.; <i>encourage</i>, +<i>reassure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>confirm</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·flīgō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ctum [<a href = "#root_FLAG">FLAG-, +FLIG-</a>], <i>strike</i> or <i>dash together</i>; <i>contend</i>, +<i>fight</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>; w. cum and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Con·gredior</b>, <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>step together</i>; <i>meet</i>, <i>have an +engagement with</i>, <i>fight</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.<br> +Cf. cōnflīgō, pūgnō.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>throw together</i>; <i>hurl</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; <i>drive</i>, <i>rout</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>place hastily</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.<br> +Cf. compellō.</p> + +<p><b>Con·iungō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iūnxī, -iūnctum [<a href = +"#root_IV">IV-<ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">, +</ins>IVG-</a>], <i>draw together</i>, <i>join</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·iūrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], +<i>swear together</i>; <i>make a sworn agreement</i>, <i>conspire</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·locō</b> (<b>coll-</b>), <b>1</b>, <i>place</i>, +<i>station</i>, <i>set</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōnor</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>undertake</i>, <i>attempt</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sanguineus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>possessing the same +blood</i>; <i>kindred</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·scrībō</b>, <b>3</b>, -psi, -ptum [<a href = +"#root_SCARP">SCARP-</a>], <i>write together</i> (in a list); +<i>enroll</i>, <i>enlist</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sēnsus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_SENT">SENT-</a>], <i>agreement</i>, <i>harmony</i>, +<i>concerted action</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sentiō</b>, <b>4</b>, -sēnsī, -sēnsum [<a href = +"#root_SENT">SENT-</a>], <i>feel with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>; <i>join hands</i> (<i>with</i>), <i>make +common cause with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>; w. cum and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn-sequor</b>, <b>3</b>, -secūtus [<a href = +"#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], <i>follow thoroughly</i>; <i>attain</i>, +<i>obtain</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·servō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SAL">SAL-, SER-</a>], +<i>keep thoroughly</i>; <i>preserve</i>, <i>save</i>, <i>spare</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sīdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -sēdī, -sessum [<a href = +"#root_SED">SED-, SID-</a>], <i>sit down together</i>; <i>settle</i>, +<i>take position</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·silium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>consultation</i>; <i>design</i>, <i>plan of action</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>advice</i>, <i>suggestion</i>, <a +href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·similis</b>, -e, adj., [<a href = "#root_2SA">2 SA-, +SIM-</a>], <i>altogether like</i>, <i>quite similar</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sistō</b>, <b>3</b>, -stitī, — [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>make stand</i>; <i>take position</i>, +<i>stand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; <i>make a stand</i>, <i>rally</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>depend upon</i>, <i>be based +on</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spectus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>view</i>, <i>sight</i>, <a href += "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spiciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -spēxī, -spectum [<a href = +"#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>look at with attention</i>; <i>behold</i>, +<i>catch sight of</i>, <i>see</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, w. acc.; 24, w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spicor</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], +<i>get a sight of</i>, <i>espy</i>, <i>observe</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.<br> +Cf. cōnspiciō.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·stanter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_STA">STA-</a>], +<i>standing firm</i>; <i>uniformly</i>, <a href = +"#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">96</span> +<p><b>Cōn·stituō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -ūtum [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>place together</i>; <i>determine</i>, +<i>appoint</i>, fix, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>set up</i>, <i>place</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>station</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>decide</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, w. acc. and infin.<br> +Cf. statuō.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·suēscō</b>, <b>3</b>, -suēvī, -suētum [<a href = +"#root_SOVO">SOVO-, SVO-</a>], <i>accustom</i>; <i>become +accustomed</i>; pf. <i>be accustomed</i> (= solēre), +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·suētūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, SVO-</a>], <i>custom</i>, <i>habit</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.<br> +Cf. mōs.</p> + +<p><b>Con·temptus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_TEM">TEM-</a>], <i>scorn</i>, <i>contempt</i>, <a +href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tendō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dī, -ntum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, +TEN-</a>], <i>strain with all one’s might</i>; <i>march</i>, <i>push +on</i>, <i>hasten</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>struggle</i>, <i>contend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -tentum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 +TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>hold</i> or <i>keep together</i>; <i>restrain</i>, +<i>hold back</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>keep</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·trā</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>against</i>, <i>on the other hand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; as prep., w. acc., +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·trārius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>situated over against</i>, <i>opposite</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tumēlia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_TEM">TEM-</a>], <i>great swelling</i>; <i>disgrace</i>, +<i>insult</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·vēniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -vēnī, -ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, +VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come together</i>, <i>meet</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>; impersonal, <i>be agreed +upon</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Convertō</b>, <b>3</b>, -tī, -sum [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>wholly turn</i>; <i>turn around</i>, +<i>turn</i>, <i>direct</i>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Con·vocō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_VOC">VOC-</a>], <i>call +together</i>, <i>summon</i>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>C·ōpia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>ability</i>; <i>ample supply</i>, +<i>supply</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; pl., <i>resources</i>, <i>supplies</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>; <i>forces</i>, <i>troops</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Cornū</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CAR">CAR-</a>], <i>horn</i>; <i>wing of an army</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Corpus</b>, -oris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1CER">1 CER-, CRE-</a>], <i>what is made</i>; <i>body</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>corpse</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cortex</b>, -icis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> and <span +class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_CAR">CAR-</a>], <i>part +that splits off</i>; <i>bark</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cotī·diē</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], <i>on every day</i>; <i>daily</i>, +<i>regularly</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cotta</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>L. +Arunculeius, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Crassus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>P. +Licinius, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants</i>, <a href = +"#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Crēber</b>, -bra, -brum, adj. [<a href = "#root_1CER">1 CER-, +CRE-</a>], <i>made to increase</i>; <i>thick</i>, <i>numerous</i>, +<i>frequent</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Crēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -didī, -ditum [<a href = +"#root_CRAT">CRAT-</a>; <a href = "#root_2DA">2 DA-</a>], <i>put trust +in</i>; <i>believe</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>, w. acc. and infin.<br> +Cf. cōnfīdō.</p> + +<p><b>Crēs</b>, -ētis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Cretan</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cruciātus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_CVR">CVR-, CIR-</a>], <i>torture</i>, <a href = +"#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cum</b>, prep. w. abl. [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>with</i>, <i>in company with</i>, <i>together with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, etc.; <i>at same time with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; <i>with</i>, <i>provided with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cum</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], temporal, +<i>when</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, following; cum prīmum, <i>as soon as</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; causal, <i>as</i>, <i>since</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, etc.; concessive, <i>although</i>, +<i>while</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; cum ... tum, <i>both ... and</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>C·ūnctus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], +<i>all together</i>; <i>all</i>, <i>entire</i>, <a href = +"#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cupiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -īvī, -ītum, <i>desire eagerly</i>, <i>be +eager</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">97</span> +<p><b>Curiosolitēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> (acc. +-ēs, ās), <i>people of Armoric Gaul</i>, <a href = +"#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cursus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>running</i>, <i>speed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Custōdia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SCV">SCV-, CV-</a>], <i>guard-keeping</i>; <i>guard</i>, +<i>protection</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_D" id = "vocab_D" href = "#vocab">D.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Dē</b>, prep. w. abl., <i>from</i>; <i>down from</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; of time, <i>in</i>, <i>about</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>; <i>for</i>, <i>on account of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>; <i>for</i>, <i>about</i>, +<i>concerning</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·beō</b> [for dehibeō], <b>2</b>, -uī, -itum [<a href = +"#root_HAB">HAB-</a>], <i>have from</i>; impersonal, <i>owe</i>, +<i>ought</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Decem</b>, num. adj. indecl. [<a href = "#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], +<i>ten</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·cernō</b>, <b>3</b>, -crēvī, -crētum [<a href = "#root_2CER">2 +CER-, CRE-</a>], <i>decide</i>; <i>decide upon</i>, +<i>decree</i>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·certō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2CER">2 CER-</a>], +<i>fight a decisive battle</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.<br> +Cf. conflīgō, congredior, dīmicō, pūgnō.</p> + +<p><b>Decimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], +<i>tenth</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·clīvis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_CLI">CLĪ-</a>], +<i>inclining down-hill</i>, <i>sloping</i>, <a href = +"#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Decumānus</b> (<b>deci-</b>), -a, -um, adj. [<a href = +"#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], <i>of the tenth cohort</i>, in the phrase, +decumāna porta, <i>rear gate</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, main entrance to a Roman camp.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·currō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cucurrī or -currī, -cursum [<a href = +"#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>run down</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ditīcius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 DA-</a>], +<i>one who has surrendered</i>; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>prisoner of war</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; <i>subjects</i>, <a href = +"#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ditiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_1DA">1 DA-</a>], <i>giving one’s self up</i>; <i>surrender</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·dō</b>, <b>3</b>, -didī, -ditum [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 +DA-</a>], <i>give up</i> or <i>away</i>; <i>surrender</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead away</i>, <i>bring off</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>bring</i> (<i>to</i>), +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.<br> +Cf. redigō.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fendō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dī, -fēnsum [<a href = "#root_FEN">FEN-, +FEND-</a>], <i>thrust away</i>; <i>repel</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>defend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fēnsiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_FEN">FEN-, FEND-</a>], <i>protection</i>, +<i>defence</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fēnsor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_FEN">FEN-, FEND-</a>], <i>defender</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ferō</b>, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 +FER-</a>], <i>bear</i> or <i>bring away</i>; <i>bear</i>, <i>report</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>bestow</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>; w. ad and acc.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ficiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -fectum [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>make from</i>; <i>give out</i>, <i>fail</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>; <i>revolt</i> (<i>from</i>), +<i>forsake</i>, <i>desert</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>; w. ab and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>hurl down</i>; <i>drive away</i>, <i>dislodge</i>, <a +href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·iectus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_IA">IA-, IAC-</a>], <i>slope</i>, <i>declivity</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.<br> +Cf. dēclīvis, adclīvis.</p> + +<p><b>De·inde</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>from +here</i>; <i>thereupon</i>, <i>then</i>, <i>in the next +place</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·leō</b>, <b>2</b>, -ēvī, -ētum [<a href = "#root_LI">LI-</a>], +<i>wipe out</i>, <i>destroy</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ligō</b>, <b>3</b>, -lēgī, -lēctum [<a href = "#root_1LEG">1 +LEG-, LIG-</a>], <i>choose out</i>; <i>choose</i>, <i>select</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. ēlīgō.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·mōnstrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1MAN">1 MAN-, +MEN-</a>], <i>point out</i>, <i>explain</i>, <i>mention</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; w. acc. and infin., <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">98</span> +<p><b>Dēnique</b>, adv., <i>and thereupon</i>, <i>finally</i>; <i>at any +rate</i>, <i>at least</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dēnsus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>thick</i>, <i>dense</i>, +<i>close</i>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·pōnō</b>, <b>3</b>, -posuī, -positum [<a href = "#root_1SA">1 +SA-, SI-</a>], <i>put aside</i> or <i>down</i>; <i>lay aside</i>, +<i>place in safety</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·populor</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SCAL">SCAL-, +SPOL-</a>], <i>lay waste</i>, <i>ravage</i>, <a href = +"#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·precor</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PREC">PREC-</a>], +<i>avert by praying</i>; <i>petition against</i>, <i>pray to be +spared</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·serō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -tum [<a href = "#root_1SER">1 SER-, +SVAR-</a>], <i>undo</i>, <i>sever connection with</i>; <i>abandon</i>, +<i>desert</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·sistō</b>, <b>3</b>, -stitī, — [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>remove from</i>; <i>cease</i>, +<i>stop</i>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spectus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>looking down upon</i>; <i>opportunity for +distant views</i>, <i>prospect</i>, <a href = +"#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spērō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SPA">SPA-, PA-</a>], +<i>give up hope</i>; <i>despair of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spoliō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SCAL">SCAL-, SPOL-</a>], +<i>rob</i>, <i>deprive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; w. acc. and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·sum</b>, -esse, -fuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be +away</i>; <i>be lacking</i>, <i>fail</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. dēficiō.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·terreō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -itum [<a href = "#root_TER">TER-, +TERS-</a>], <i>frighten from</i>; <i>prevent</i>, <i>deter</i>, <a +href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·trahō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ctum, <i>drag from</i>; <i>take +from</i>, <i>remove</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·trūdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -sī, -sum, <i>thrust away</i>; +<i>remove</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. dētrahō.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -vēnī, -ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, +VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come down into</i>; <i>come to</i>, <i>reach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; w. prep. and acc.<br> +Cf. adpropīnquō.</p> + +<p><b>Dexter</b>, -tra, -trum, adj, <i>right</i>, <i>on the right +hand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p>(<b>Diciō</b>), -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, no nom. +[<a href = "#root_DIC">DIC-, DĪC-</a>], <i>sway</i>, +<i>control</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dīcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ctum [<a href = "#root_DIC">DĪC-, +DIC-</a>], <i>point out by speaking</i>; <i>say</i>, <i>state</i>, +<i>mention</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, etc.; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Diēs</b>, -ēī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> and <span +class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], +<i>day</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Dif·ficilis</b> (<b>disf-</b>), -e, adj. [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>not to be done</i>; <i>difficult</i>, +<i>hard</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dif·ficultās</b> (<b>disf-</b>), -ātis, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], +<i>difficulty</i>, <i>strait</i>, <i>trouble</i>, <a href = +"#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·ligen·ter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1LEG">1 LEG-, LIG-</a>], +<i>attentively</i>, <i>scrupulously</i>, <i>with painstaking</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·mētior</b>, <b>4</b>, -mēnsus [<a href = "#root_1MA">1 MA-, +MAN-</a>], <i>measure off</i>; <i>stake off</i>, <i>lay out</i>, +<i>survey</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·micō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>move rapidly back and forth</i>; +<i>fight</i>, <i>contend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. cōnfligō, congredior, contendō.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>send out in different directions</i>, +<i>despatch</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·ripiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -reptum [<a href = "#root_RAP">RAP-, +RVP-</a>], <i>tear in pieces</i>; <i>sack</i>, <i>plunder</i>, <a +href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·cēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go apart</i>; <i>go away</i>, <i>depart</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·cessus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>departure</i>, <i>withdrawal</i>, <a +href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·sipō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>scatter</i>, <i>break up</i>, <a +href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -tentum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 +TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>keep apart</i>; <i>prevent union of</i>, +<i>separate</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Diū</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], <i>by +day</i>; <i>for a long time</i>, <i>long</i>; compar. diūtius, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">99</span> +<p><b>Dī·versus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of dīvertō) [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turned away from</i>; <i>facing in different +directions</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; <i>different</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>separated</i>, <a href = +"#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dīvīnus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], +<i>of the gods</i>, <i>divine</i>, <a href = +"#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Divitiacus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>leader of the Ædui, brother of Dumnorix</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; <i>chieftain of the +Suessiones</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dō</b>, dare, dedī, datum [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 DA-</a>], +<i>give</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; inter sē, <i>exchange</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Doceō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -ctum [<a href = "#root_DIC">DIC-, DAC- +(DOC-)</a>], <i>show</i>, <i>teach</i>, <i>explain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Domesticus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_DOM">DOM-</a>], +<i>of home</i>, <i>native</i>, <i>own</i>, <a href = +"#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Domi·cilium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_DOM">DOM-</a>; <a href = "#root_2CAL">2 CAL-, SCAL-</a>], +<i>dwelling-place</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dominor</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>lord it</i>, <i>be master</i>, <a +href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Domus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_DOM">DOM-</a>], <i>home</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Du·bitō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_DVA">DVA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_BA">BA-</a>], <i>go to and fro</i>; <i>doubt</i>, +<i>hesitate</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Du·centī</b>, -ae, -a, num. adj. [<a href = "#root_DVA">DVA-, +DVI-</a>; <a href = "#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], <i>two hundred</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, ductum [<a href = "#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], +<i>lead</i>, <i>conduct</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dum</b> [for dium], adv. [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], +<i>while</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Duo</b>, -ae, -o, num. adj. [<a href = "#root_DVA">DVA-, +DVI-</a>], <i>two</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Duo·decimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_DVA">DVA-, +DVI-</a>; <a href = "#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], <i>twelfth</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Duo·dē·vīgintī</b>, num. adj. indecl. [<a href = +"#root_DVA">DVA-, DVI-</a>], <i>eighteen</i>, <a href = +"#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Du·plex</b>, -icis, adj. [<a href = "#root_DVA">DVA-</a>; <a href += "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>twofold</i>, <i>double</i>, <a +href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dux</b>, -cis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>leader</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>guide</i>, <a href = +"#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_E" id = "vocab_E" href = "#vocab">E.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Ē</b> or <b>Ex</b>, prep. w. abl., <i>from</i>, <i>out of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, etc.; <i>after</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>on</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>; <i>in consequence of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eburōnēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Belgian people near the Rhine</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ditus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of ēdō) [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 +DA-</a>], <i>set forth</i>; <i>elevated</i>, <i>rising</i>, <a href += "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead out</i>, <i>lead forth</i>, <a href += "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ef·ficiō</b> (<b>ecf-</b>), <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -fectum [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>work out</i>; <i>bring about</i>, +<i>effect</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; w. ut and subj.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·gredior</b>, <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>go out</i>; <i>sally forth</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>depart from</i>, <i>go forth</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·gregiē</b>, adv., <i>out of the flock</i>; <i>remarkably</i>, +<i>excellently</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ligō</b>, <b>3</b>, -lēgī, -lēctum [<a href = "#root_1LEG">1 +LEG-, LIG-</a>], <i>choose out</i>; <i>pick from</i>, <i>choose</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.<br> +Cf. dēligo.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>send out</i>; <i>hurl</i>, <i>let +fly</i>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Emō</b>, <b>3</b>, ēmī, ēmptum [<a href = "#root_EM">EM-</a>], +<i>take in exchange</i>; <i>buy</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·nāscor</b>, <b>3</b>, -nātus [<a href = "#root_GEN">GEN-, GN-, +GNA-</a>], <i>grow out</i>, <i>spring up</i>; <i>sprout +forth</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Enim</b>, co-ord. conj., post-positive, <i>for</i>, <i>in +fact</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.<br> +Cf. nam.</p> + +<p><b>Eō</b>, adv. (old dat. or abl. <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> of is) [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], +<i>there</i>, <i>thither</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">100</span> +<p><b>Equĕs</b>, -itis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, [<a href = +"#root_2AC">2 AC-</a>], <i>horseman</i>, <i>cavalry-man</i>, +<i>knight</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Equester</b>, -tris, -tre, adj. [<a href = "#root_2AC">2 AC-</a>], +<i>of horsemen</i>, <i>cavalry</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Equitātus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_2AC">2 AC-</a>], <i>riding</i>; <i>cavalry</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ergō</b>, <i>because of</i>; <i>therefore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ruptiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_RAP">RAP-, RVP-</a>], <i>bursting forth</i>; +<i>sally</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Esuviī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>people +in Normandy</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Et</b>, co-ord. conj. <i>and</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.; et ... et, <i>both ... and</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Et·iam</b>, adv. and conj. <i>and now</i>; <i>also</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>even</i>, <i>still</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ventus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_BA">BA-, VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>coming forth</i>; <i>outcome</i>, +<i>issue</i>, <i>result</i>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex</b>, see <b>Ē</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·agitō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_AG">AG-</a>], +<i>disturb</i>, <i>harass</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·animō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_AN">AN-</a>], <i>deprive +of life</i>; <i>make breathless</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·audiō</b>, <b>4</b> [<a href = "#root_2AV">2 AV-</a>], <i>hear +distinctly</i>; <i>hear from a distance</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·cēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go out</i>; <i>withdraw</i>, <i>go +away</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·cursiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>running forth</i>; <i>sally</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.<br> +Cf. ēruptiō.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·eō</b>, -īre, -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>go +out</i>; <i>withdraw</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.<br> +Cf. excēdō.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·ercitō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_ARC">ARC-</a>] (<i>drive +out of the enclosure</i>), <i>keep busy</i>; <i>train</i>, +<i>drill</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·ercitus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_ARC">ARC-</a>], <i>trained body of men</i>; <i>army</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·iguitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>scantiness</i>, <i>shortness</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·imius</b>, -a, -um [<a href = "#root_EM">EM-</a>], <i>taken out +from</i>; <i>eminent</i>, <i>excellent</i>, <i>high</i>, <a href = +"#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·istīmō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>judge</i>, <i>value</i>; <i>judge</i>, +<i>think</i>, <i>believe</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·pedītus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of expediō) [<a href = +"#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>unencumbered</i>, <i>in light marching +order</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·pellō</b>, <b>3</b>, -pulī, -pulsum [<a href = +"#root_PAL">PAL-, PEL-</a>], <i>drive out</i>, <i>banish</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·perior</b>, <b>4</b>, -pertus [<a href = "#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, +PER-</a>], <i>try thoroughly</i>; <i>test</i>, <i>try</i>, <a href += "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·plōrātor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_PLV">PLV- (PLOV-)</a>], <i>searcher out</i>; <i>scout</i>, +<i>spy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.<br> +Cf. speculātor.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·plōrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PLV">PLV- (PLOV-)</a>], +<i>search out</i>; <i>try to find out</i>, <i>reconnoitre</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·pūgnō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-, PAG-, +PVG-</a>], <i>take by storm</i>; <i>take</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex-spectō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], +<i>look out for greatly</i>; <i>wait for</i>, <i>await</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·struō</b>, <b>3</b>, -strūxī, -strūctum [<a href = +"#root_STRV">STRV-</a>], <i>pile up thoroughly</i>; <i>erect</i>, +<i>construct</i>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Extrēmus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>furthest</i>; <i>most distant</i>, +<i>extreme</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>last</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_F" id = "vocab_F" href = "#vocab">F.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Facile</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>easily</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Facilis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>able to +be done</i>; <i>easy</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">101</span> +<p><b>Faciō</b>, <b>3</b>, fēcī, factum; pass. fīō, fĭerī, factus [<a +href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>do</i>, <i>perform</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.; <i>make</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.; <i>cause</i>, <i>bring about</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +See certus.</p> + +<p><b>Facultās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>power of doing</i>; <i>opportunity</i>; +pl. <i>resources</i>, <i>facilities</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fallō</b>, <b>3</b>, fefellī, falsum, <i>cause to stumble</i>; +<i>deceive</i>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fastīgātus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of fastīgō), <i>brought to a +point</i>; <i>sloping</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.<br> +Cf. adclīvis, dēclīvis.</p> + +<p><b>Ferāx</b>, -ācis, adj. [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>apt +to bear</i>; <i>fertile</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ferē</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2FER">2 FER-, FRE-</a>], +<i>nearly</i>, <i>almost</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ferō</b>, ferre, tulī, lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], +<i>bear</i>, <i>bring</i>, <i>carry</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; <i>bear</i>, <i>endure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, w. acc. and infin.; <i>rush</i> +(in pass.), <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fertilitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>fruitfulness</i>, +<i>fertility</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ferus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>wild</i>, <i>fierce</i>, +<i>ferocious</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fidēs</b>, fidē (rare), <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1FID">1 FID-</a>], <i>trust</i>, <i>confidence</i>; +<i>protection</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fīlius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>son</i>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fīnis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2FID">2 FID-</a>], <i>dividing thing</i>; <i>end</i>, +<i>limit</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; pl. <i>land</i>, <i>territory</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Fīnitimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2FID">2 FID-</a>], +<i>bordering upon</i>; <i>neighboring</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; pl. <i>neighbors</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fīō</b>, fĭerī, <i>factus</i>, <i>be made</i>, <i>become</i>, see +<b>faciō</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Flūmen</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, <i>that +which flows</i>; <i>river</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Fōrs</b>, fōrte, nom. and abl. only, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>that +which brings</i>; <i>chance</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fōrte</b>, adv., abl. of fōrs, <i>by chance</i>; +<i>perhaps</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fortis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_2FER">2 FER-</a>], +<i>courageous</i>, <i>brave</i>, <i>stout-hearted</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2FER">2 FER-</a>], +<i>bravely</i>, <i>gallantly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fōrtūna</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>fortune</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fossa</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>thing +dug</i>; <i>ditch</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frāter</b>, -tris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>brother</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fremitus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>dull +roar</i>; <i>din</i>, <i>noise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.<br> +Cf. strepitus.</p> + +<p><b>Frōns</b>, -ntis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_FVR">FVR-, FERV-</a>], <i>brow</i>; <i>front</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frūmentārius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1FVG">1 FVG-, +FRVG-</a>], <i>of grain</i>; w. res, <i>grain supply</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frūmentum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1FVG">1 FVG-, FRVG-</a>], <i>thing eaten</i>; <i>corn</i>, +<i>grain</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fuga</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2FVG">2 FVG-</a>], <i>fleeing</i>; <i>flight</i>, <i>rout</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fugiō</b>, <b>3</b>, fūgī, — [<a href = "#root_2FVG">2 +FVG-</a>], <i>flee</i>, <i>fly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fūmus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>rushing +thing</i>; <i>smoke</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Funditor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>slinger</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Furor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_FVR">FVR-</a>], <i>raging</i>; <i>blind passion</i>, +<i>madness</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_G" id = "vocab_G" href = "#vocab">G.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Galba</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>king of +the Suessiones</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Galea</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2CAL">2 CAL-, SCAL-</a>], <i>covering</i>; <i>helmet</i>, <a +href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">102</span> +<p><b>Gallia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>Gaul</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gallus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>a +Gaul</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gēns</b>, gentis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>what is +begotten</i>; <i>race</i>, <i>tribe</i>, <a href = +"#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Germānī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Germans</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gerō</b>, <b>3</b>, gessī, gestum [<a href = +"#root_GER">GER-</a>], <i>bear</i>; <i>carry on</i>, <i>go on with</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; pass., <i>be carried on</i>, <i>take +place</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; rēs gestae, <i>operations</i>, +<i>campaigns</i>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gladius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>sword</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Grātia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>favor</i>, <i>popularity</i>, <i>influence</i>, <a href = +"#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gravis</b>, -e, adj., <i>heavy</i>; <i>severe</i>, +<i>serious</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_H" id = "vocab_H" href = "#vocab">H.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Habeō</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_HAB">HAB-</a>], +<i>grasp</i>; <i>have</i>, <i>possess</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; with reflex pronoun, <i>be</i>, <a +href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hībernācula</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a +href = "#root_HIM">HĪM-</a>], <i>winter quarters</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hībernus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_HIM">HĪM-</a>], +<i>belonging to winter</i>; hīberna (castra), <i>winter +quarters</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hī·c</b>, haec, hōc, demonstr. pron. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, +CI-</a>], <i>this</i>, <i>this of mine</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, etc.; <i>he</i>, <i>she</i>, <i>it</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Hiemō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_HIM">HĪM-</a>], <i>pass the +winter</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Homō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_HAM">HAM-</a>], <i>man</i>, <i>person</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Honōs</b> (<b>honor</b>), -ōris, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>honor</i>, <i>distinction</i>, <a href = +"#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hostis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>one who +hurts</i>; <i>enemy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_I" id = "vocab_I" href = "#vocab">I.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Iaceō</b>, <b>2</b>, -ui, — [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-<ins +class = "correction" title = ", missing">, </ins>IAC-</a>], <i>be +thrown</i>; <i>lie</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iaciō</b>, <b>3</b>, iēcī, iactum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>hurl</i>, <i>throw</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>throw up</i>, +<i>construct</i>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iam</b>, adv., <i>at this</i> or <i>that time</i>; <i>now</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; neque iam, <i>and no longer</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ibī</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>in that +place</i>, <i>there</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Iccius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Belgian +of high rank</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ī·dem</b>, eadem, idem, determ. pron. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 +I-</a>; <a href = "#root_3DA">3 DA-</a>], <i>the very</i>; <i>same</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Iden·t·idem</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>very +same</i>; <i>again and again</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>I·dōneus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], +<i>fit</i>; <i>suitable</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īgnis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AG">AG-</a>], <i>fire</i>; <i>camp-fire</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>; <i>signal-fire</i>, <i>beacon</i>, <a +href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ille</b>, -a, -ud, gen. illīus, demonstr. pron. [<a href = +"#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], <i>that</i>; <i>that one</i>, <i>the former</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>latter</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Illyricum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>coastland on eastern side of upper Adriatic</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pedīmentum</b> (<b>inp-</b>), -ī, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = "#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>thing +entangling</i>; <i>hindrance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; pl., <i>baggage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>baggage-train</i>, +<i>pack-animals</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.<br> +Cf. sarcina.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pediō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), <b>4</b> [<a href = +"#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>get the feet in</i>, <i>entangle</i>; +<i>hinder</i>, <i>embarrass</i>, <i>make difficult</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pellō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), <b>3</b>, -pulī, -pulsum [<a href = +"#root_PAL">PAL-, PEL-, PVL-</a>], <i>drive on</i>; <i>incite</i>, +<i>influence</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">103</span> +<p><b>Im·perātor</b> (<b>inp-</b>), -ōris, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], +<i>commander</i> (in chief), +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perātum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>command</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perium</b> (<b>inp-</b>), -ī, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], +<i>command</i>, <i>order</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; <i>chief command</i>, <i>authority</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>power</i>, <i>control</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 +PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>put a command upon</i>; <i>impose upon</i>, +<i>command</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>direct</i>, <i>dictate</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; w. dat. and subjunctive w. ut.</p> + +<p><b>Im·petrō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = +"#root_POT">POT-</a>], <i>accomplish</i>; <i>obtain</i>, <i>succeed in +obtaining a request</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>; w. ut and subjunctive.</p> + +<p><b>Im·petus</b> (<b>inp-</b>), -ūs, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_PET">PET-</a>], <i>onset</i>, +<i>attack</i>, <i>charge</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>fury</i>, <i>violence</i>, <a +href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·prō·vīsus</b> (<b>inp-</b>), -a, -um, adj. [<a href = +"#root_VID">VID-</a>], <i>not foreseen</i>; dē imprōvīsō, +<i>unexpectedly</i>, <i>without notice</i>, <a href = +"#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In</b>, prep. w. acc. and abl. [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], +<i>into</i>, <i>to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>; <i>in</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, etc.; <i>in</i>, <i>within</i>, +<i>on</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.; <i>upon</i>, <i>over</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>among</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>in the case of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·cendō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dī, -cēnsum, <i>put fire in</i>; <i>set +on fire</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·cĭdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cĭdī, — [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>fall into</i>; <i>happen</i>, <i>occur</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.<br> +Cf. accĭdō, ēveniō.</p> + +<p><b>In·cīdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cīdī, -cīsum [<a href = "#root_2SAC">2 +SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-</a>], <i>cut into</i>, <i>notch</i>, <a +href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·cipiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cēpī, -ceptum [<a href = +"#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>take in hand</i>; <i>begin</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; w. compl. infin.</p> + +<p><b>In·citō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_CI">CI-</a>], <i>set in +rapid motion</i>; <i>urge on</i>, <i>hurry</i>, <i>hasten</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.<br> +Cf. impellō.</p> + +<p><b>In·colō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, — <i>inhabit</i>, <i>live +in</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>; <i>live</i>, <i>dwell</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·crē·dibilis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_CRAT">CRAT-</a>; +<a href = "#root_2DA">2 DA-</a>], <i>not to be believed</i>; +<i>marvellous</i>, <i>incredible</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·crepitō</b>, <b>1</b>, —, —, <i>make noise +against</i>; <i>upbraid</i>, <i>taunt</i>, <i>abuse</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·cūsō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_CAV">CAV-</a>], <i>make +charges against</i>, <i>accuse</i>, <i>rebuke</i>, <a href = +"#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inde</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>from that</i>; +<i>then</i>, <i>next</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·dīgnitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>unworthiness</i>; <i>outrage</i>, <i>insult</i>, <a href = +"#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·dī·ligen·ter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1LEG">1 LEG-, +LIG-</a>], <i>carelessly</i>, <i>listlessly</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead into</i>; <i>draw on</i>, +<i>cover</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ind·uō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -ūtum, <i>put into</i>; <i>put +on</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·eō</b>, -īre, -īvī and -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 +I-</a>], <i>go into</i>; <i>enter upon</i>, <i>undertake</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>begin</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·ermis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_AR">AR-</a>], <i>without +armor</i>; <i>unarmed</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īnferior</b>, -ius, adj. (compar. of īnferus), <i>lower</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>inferior</i>, <a href = +"#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īnfimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of above), <i>lowest</i>; +<i>lowest part of</i>, <i>bottom</i>, <a href = +"#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·ferō</b>, -ferre, -tulī, illātum (inlatum) [<a href = +"#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>bring into</i>; <i>make upon</i>, +<i>wage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>inspire in</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>bring upon</i>, <i>cause</i>, +<i>inflict</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; <i>carry forward</i>, <i>advance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; <i>bring in</i>, <i>import</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; w. acc., or acc. and dat.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">104</span> +<p><b>Īn·flectō</b>, <b>3</b>, -flēxī, -flexum, <i>bend</i>, <i>bend +down</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·gredior</b>, <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>go into</i>, <i>enter</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·imīcus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_AM">AM-</a>], +<i>not friendly</i>; <i>hostile</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.<br> +Cf. hostis.</p> + +<p><b>In·īquitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_IC">IC-, AIC-</a>], <i>unevenness</i>, +<i>inequality</i>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·īquus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_IC">IC-, AIC-</a>], +<i>not equal</i>; <i>uneven</i>, <i>unfavorable</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·itium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>entering upon</i>; <i>beginning</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>; w. partit. gen.</p> + +<p><b>In·iūria</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], <i>thing done contrary to justice</i>; +<i>wrong</i>, <i>injury</i>, <i>violence</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·nītor</b>, <b>3</b>, -nīxus, <i>lean upon</i>, <i>prop one’s +self on</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·rīdeō</b> (<b>irr-</b>), <b>2</b>, -rīsī, -rīsum, <i>laugh in +ridicule</i>; <i>laugh at</i>, <i>mock</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sequor</b>, <b>3</b>, -secūtus [<a href = +"#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], <i>follow close upon</i>; <i>follow up</i>, +<i>pursue</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sidiae</b>, -ārum, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SED">SED-, SID-</a>], <i>taking a position at</i>; +<i>stratagem</i>, <i>trap</i>, <i>snare</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sīgne</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_3SAC">3 SAC-</a>], <i>distinctive mark</i>; <i>sign</i>, +<i>signal</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>ornament</i>, <i>crest</i>, <a +href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sistō</b>, <b>3</b>, -stitī, — [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>set one’s self on</i>; <i>take a stand on</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·star</b>, indecl., <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>image</i>; used as pred. adj., <i>like</i>, <i>in form of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; w. gen.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·stō</b>, <b>1</b>, -stitī, -statūrus [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>stand upon</i>; <i>press forward</i>, <a +href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·struō</b>, <b>3</b>, -strūxī, -strūctum [<a href = +"#root_STRV">STRV-</a>], <i>build into</i>; <i>arrange</i>, <i>draw +up</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; <i>build</i>, <i>erect</i>, <a href += "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intel·legō</b> (<b>interl-</b>), <b>3</b>, -lēxī, -lēctum [<a href += "#root_1LEG">1 LEG-</a>], <i>choose between</i>; <i>understand</i>, +<i>be aware</i>, <i>know</i>, <i>find out</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; w. acc. and infin.; 14, w. indir. +quest.</p> + +<p><b>Inter</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], <i>in +the midst</i>; <i>between</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; <i>among</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·cēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go between</i>; <i>be between</i>, <i>move +between</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·cipiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cēpī, -ceptum [<a href = +"#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>take between</i>; <i>intercept</i>, <a +href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·eā</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_2I">2 I-</a>] <i>between these things</i>; <i>in the +meantime</i>, <i>meanwhile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·ficiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -fectum [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>make to be between</i>, <i>break in +pieces</i>; <i>kill</i>, <i>put to death</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.<br> +Cf. concīdō, occīdō.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = +"#root_IA">IA-, IAC-</a>], <i>hurl between</i>; <i>place</i> or <i>plant +among</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; pass., <i>intervene</i>, <a href = +"#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·im</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>in the meantime</i>, <i>meanwhile</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Interior</b>, -ius, adj., compar. of obsolete interus [<a href = +"#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], <i>inner</i>, <i>interior of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>make go apart</i>; <i>discontinue</i>, +<i>cease</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·neciō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1NEC">1 NEC-, NOC-</a>], <i>complete destruction</i>, +<i>annihilation</i>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·scindō</b>, <b>3</b>, -scidī, -scissum +<span class = "pagenum">105</span> +[<a href = "#root_2SAC">2 SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-</a>], <i>separate by +splitting</i>; <i>cut down</i>, <i>hew away</i>, +<i>demolish</i>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·sum</b>, -esse, -fuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be +between</i>; <i>be the concern of</i>, <i>concern</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>; w. gen. of price.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·vāllum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1VEL">1 VEL-, VAL-</a>], <i>space between stakes of a +palisade</i>; <i>distance</i>, <i>interval</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.<br> +Cf. spatium.</p> + +<p><b>In·texō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -xtum [<a href = "#root_TEC">TEC-, +TAX-</a>], <i>weave in</i>; <i>plait</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intrā</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], <i>on +the inside</i>; <i>within</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_ANA">ANA-</a>], +<i>enter</i>, <i>penetrate</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead in</i>, <i>bring in</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>cause to go within</i>; <i>let in</i>, +<i>admit</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Intr·ōrsus</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], +<i>towards the inside</i>; <i>into the interior</i>, +<i>within</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·ūsitātus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], +<i>unusual</i>, <i>strange</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·ūtilis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], +<i>useless</i>; <i>unserviceable</i>, <i>incapable</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; w. ad and acc.</p> + +<p><b>In·veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -venī, -ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, +VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come upon</i>; <i>find</i>, <i>learn</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; w. acc. and infin.<br> +Cf. cōgnōscō.</p> + +<p><b>In·veterāscō</b>, <b>3</b>, -āvī, — [<a href = +"#root_VET">VET-</a>], <i>become of long standing</i>; <i>gain a +permanent foothold</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In·videō</b>, <b>2</b>, -vīdī, -vīsum [<a href = +"#root_VID">VID-</a>], <i>look towards</i>; <i>be jealous of</i>, +<i>envy</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>I·pse</b>, -a, -um (gen. ipsīus), intensive pron. [<a href = +"#root_2I">2 I-</a>; <a href = "#root_3SA">3 SA-</a>], <i>person</i> or +<i>thing mentioned</i>; <i>self</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.; sometimes conveniently rendered +<i>he</i>, <i>they</i> (<i>the latter</i>), +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Is</b>, ea, id, determ. pron. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], +<i>person</i> or <i>thing mentioned</i>; <i>he</i>, <i>that</i>, +<i>this</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.; akin to talis, foll. by subj. +clause, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ita</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>in the way +stated</i>; <i>so</i>, <i>thus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; w. ut, <i>in the way that</i>, <i>just +as</i>, <i>as</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ītalia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>Italy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ita·que</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>; <a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>and so</i>; <i>therefore</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Item</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>even so</i>; +<i>so</i>, <i>likewise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iter</b>, itineris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>going</i>; <i>march</i>, <i>route</i>, +<i>line of march</i>, <i>road</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iubeō</b>, <b>2</b>, iūssī, iūssum [<a href = "#root_IV">IV-, +IVG-</a>], <i>order</i>, <i>command</i>, <i>bid</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Iū·dicō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>; <a href += "#root_DIC">DIC-</a>], <i>declare what is law</i>; <i>judge</i>, +<i>suppose</i>, <i>think</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iugum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], <i>joining</i>; <i>ridge</i>, <i>chain of +hills</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iūs</b>, iūris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], <i>thing binding</i>; <i>constitution</i>, +<i>law</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iūstitia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], <i>uprightness</i>, <i>justice</i>, +<i>fairness</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iuvō</b>, <b>1</b>, iūvī, iūtum [<a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-, +DIAV-</a>], <i>delight</i>; <i>help</i>, <i>assist</i>, <a href = +"#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iūxtā</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_IV">IV-, IVG-</a>], <i>closely +joined</i>; <i>close by</i>, <i>near at hand</i>, <a href = +"#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_L" id = "vocab_L" href = "#vocab">L.</a></h5> + +<p><b>L.</b>, <i>prænomen Lucius</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Labiēnus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Titus +Labienus, +<span class = "pagenum">106</span> +most eminent of Cæsar’s lieutenants</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lapis</b>, -idis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>stone</i>, <a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lassitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_LAG">LAG-</a>], <i>faintness</i>, +<i>exhaustion</i>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lateō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, —, <i>lie hidden</i>; <i>be +concealed</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lātitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_STER">STER-, STRA-, STLA-</a>], <i>breadth</i>; <i>width</i>, +<i>expanse</i>, <i>extent</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>lateral direction</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lātus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_STER">STER-, STRA-, +STLA-</a>], <i>extended</i>; <i>broad</i>, <i>wide</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Latus</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PLAT">PLAT-</a>], <i>thing extending</i>; <i>side</i>, +<i>flank</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Laxō</b>, <b>1</b> [LAG], <i>loose</i>; <i>change to open +order</i>, <i>widen</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lēgātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_3LEG">3 LEG-</a>], <i>embassy</i>, <i>legation</i>, <a +href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lēgātus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_3LEG">3 LEG-</a>], <i>envoy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>lieutenant</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Legiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1LEG">1 LEG-</a>], <i>levying</i>; <i>largest military division, +consisting of 10 cohorts</i>; <i>legion</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Legiōnārius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1LEG">1 +LEG-</a>], <i>belonging to a legion</i>; <i>legionary</i>, <a href += "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lēn·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>gently</i>, +<i>moderately</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Levis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_2LEG">2 LEG-</a>], +<i>lightly moving</i>; <i>light</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Levitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_2LEG">2 LEG-</a>], <i>lightness</i>; <i>inconstancy</i>, +<i>fickleness</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lēx</b>, lēgis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_3LEG">3 LEG-</a>], <i>thing read</i>; <i>written law</i>, +<i>law</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.<br> +Cf. iūs.</p> + +<p><b>Līberāl·iter</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_LIB">LIB-</a>; <a href = +"#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>generously</i>, <i>graciously</i>, <a href += "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Līberī</b>, -erōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_LIB">LIB-</a>], <i>those who do as they desire</i>, <i>free +persons</i>; <i>children</i> (<i>of free parents</i>), <a href += "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Littera</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_LI">LI-</a>], <i>written character</i>; pl., <i>letter</i>, +<i>letters</i>; <i>despatch</i>, <i>despatches</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Locus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>that +placed or situated</i>; <i>place</i>, <i>point</i>, <i>position</i>, +<i>situation</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.; <i>state</i>, <i>condition</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; pl., <b>loca</b>, -ōrum, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span>, <i>region</i>, <i>section</i>, <i>tract</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Longē</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2LEG">2 LEG-</a>], <i>in +length</i>; <i>far</i>, <i>at a distance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Longus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2LEG">2 LEG-</a>], +<i>long</i>, <i>lengthy</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Loquor</b>, <b>3</b>, locūtus, <i>speak</i>, <i>talk</i>, <a +href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lūx</b>, lūcis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>that +which shines</i>; <i>light</i>, <i>dawn</i>, <i>daylight</i>, <a +href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_M" id = "vocab_M" href = "#vocab">M.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Māchinātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>contrivance</i>, <i>engine</i>, <i>machine</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Magis</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_MAC">MAC-, MAG-</a>], <i>in a +higher degree</i>; <i>more</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Magistrātus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_MAC">MAC-, MAG-</a>], <i>magistracy</i>, +<i>ruler</i>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Māgnitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_MAC">MAC-, MAG-</a>], <i>greatness</i>, <i>size</i>, +<i>height</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Māgnus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_MAC">MAC-, MAG-</a>], +<i>increased</i>; <i>great</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Māior</b>, -ius, adj., compar. of above, <i>greater</i>; māior +nātū, <i>elder</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Male·ficium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_MAL">MAL-</a>; <a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], +<i>evil-doing</i>; <i>outrage</i>, <i>hostile act</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.<br> +Cf. iniūria, indīgnitās.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">107</span> +<p><b>Man·dō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1MA">1 MA-, MAN-</a>; +<a href = "#root_2DA">2 DA-</a>], <i>put into one’s hands</i>; <i>give in +charge</i>, <i>enjoin</i>, <i>order</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>; <i>entrust</i>, <i>consign</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; w. acc. and dat.</p> + +<p><b>Mani·pulus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_1MA">1 MA-, MAN-</a>; <a href = "#root_PLE">PLE-, PLV-</a>], +<i>thing filling the hand</i>; (<i>subdivision of a cohort</i>), +<i>company</i>, <i>maniple</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mān·suētūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1MA">1 MA-, MAN-</a>; <a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, +SVO-</a>], <i>tameness</i>; <i>gentleness</i>, <i>kindness</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.<br> +Cf. clēmentia.</p> + +<p><b>Manus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1MA">1 MA-, MAN-</a>], <i>measuring thing</i>; <i>hand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>band</i>, <i>force</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Maritimus</b> (<b>-umus</b>), -a, -um, adj., <i>of the sea</i>; +<i>on the coast</i>, <i>maritime</i>, <a href = +"#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mātūrō</b>, <b>1</b>, make ripe; <i>hasten</i>, <i>make haste</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.<br> +Cf. contendō.</p> + +<p><b>Māximē</b>, adv., superl. of magis, q.v.; <i>most</i>, +<i>very</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Medius</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>in the middle</i>; <i>middle +of</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Memoria</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1SMAR">1 SMAR-, MAR-</a>], <i>faculty of remembering</i>; +<i>recollection</i>, <i>memory</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Menapiī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Gallic tribe between the Meuse and Scheld</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mercātor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_2SMAR">2 SMAR-, MER-</a>], <i>trader</i>, <a href = +"#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Meritum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SMAR">2 SMAR-, MER-</a>], <i>thing deserved</i>; <i>deserts</i>, +<i>merit</i>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mīles</b>, -itis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_MIL">MĪL-</a>], <i>one of the thousand</i>; <i>soldier</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Mīlitāris</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_MIL">MĪL-</a>], <i>of +soldiers</i>; <i>pertaining to war</i>, <i>military</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mīlle</b>, pl. mīlia or mīllia, num. adj. [<a href = +"#root_MIL">MĪL-</a>], <i>large number associated</i>; <i>thousand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Minimē</b>, adv., superl. of minus, <i>least</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Minor</b>, -us, adj. [<a href = "#root_2MAN">2 MAN-, MI-</a>], +<i>smaller</i>; minus, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, as adv., +<i>less</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>not</i> (= nōn), <a href = +"#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Miser</b>, -era, -erum, adj. [<a href = "#root_MIS">MIS-</a>], +<i>wretched</i>, <i>miserable</i>, <a href = +"#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Miseri·cordia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_MIS">MIS-</a>], <i>heart-pity</i>; <i>pity</i>, +<i>compassion</i>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, mīsī, mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>let go</i>; <i>send</i>, <i>despatch</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Mōbilitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_1MV">1 MV-, MOV-</a>], <i>ability to be moved</i>, +<i>agility</i>; <i>fickleness</i>, <i>inconstancy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>. Opp. to stabilitās.<br> +Cf. levitās.</p> + +<p><b>Modo</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2MA">2 MA-, MAD-</a>], <i>in a +measure</i>; <i>only</i>, <i>merely</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Modus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2MA">2 MA-, MAD-</a>], <i>measuring thing</i>; <i>manner</i>, +<i>fashion</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Moenia</b>, -ium, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], <i>things that ward off</i>; <i>walls</i>, +<i>city walls</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Molestē</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_MAC"><ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘1 MAC’">MAC-</ins>, MAG-</a>], <i>in a troublesome +manner</i>; molestē ferre, <i>be annoyed or vexed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Moneō</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_1MAN">1 MAN-, MEN-</a>], +<i>cause to think</i>; <i>direct</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; w. acc., foll. by clause +w. ut.</p> + +<p><b>Mora</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1SMAR">1 SMAR-, MAR-</a>], <i>stopping</i>, <i>delay</i>, <a +href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Morinī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +of Belgæ on Channel, near Calais</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Moror</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1SMAR">1 SMAR-, MAR-</a>], +<i>linger</i>, <i>tarry</i>, <i>delay</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mōs</b>, mōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1MA">1 MA-, MAN-</a>], +<span class = "pagenum">108</span> +<i>will</i>; <i>custom</i>, <i>manner</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.<br> +Cf. cōnsuētūdō.</p> + +<p><b>Moveō</b>, <b>2</b>, mōvī, mōtum [<a href = "#root_1MV">1 MV-, +MOV-</a>], <i>set in motion</i>; <i>move</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mulier</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_MAL">MAL-</a>], <i>woman</i>, <i>female</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Multitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>large number</i>, <i>body</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.; <i>quantity</i>, <i>number</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Multus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>much</i>, pl. <i>many</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mūnīmentum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], <i>means of defence</i>; <i>fortification</i>, +<i>defence</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mūniō</b>, <b>4</b> [<a href = "#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], +<i>wall</i>; <i>fortify</i>, <i>erect defences about</i>, +<i>protect</i>, <i>make</i>, (castra), +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mūnītiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], <i>fortifying</i>; <i>fortification</i>, +<i>works</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mūrus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2MV">2 MV-</a>], <i>encircling thing</i>; <i>wall</i>, <i>city +wall</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.<br> +Cf. moenia.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_N" id = "vocab_N" href = "#vocab">N.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Nam</b>, co-ord. conj. [<a href = "#root_GNA">GNA-</a>], +<i>for</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; as enclitic, quisnam, <i>really</i>, +<i>pray</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.<br> +Cf. the postpositive enim.</p> + +<p><b>Nāscor</b>, <b>3</b>, nātus [<a href = "#root_GEN">GEN-, +GNA-</a>], <i>be born</i>; <i>begin</i>, <i>arise</i>, <a href = +"#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_GEN">GEN-, GNA-</a>], <i>birth</i>; <i>race</i>, <i>people</i>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.<br> +Cf. populus, gēns.</p> + +<p><b>Nātūra</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_GEN">GEN-, GNA-</a>], <i>birth</i>; <i>nature</i>, +<i>character</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p>(<b>Nātus</b>, -ūs), only abl. sing., <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_GEN">GEN-, GNA-</a>], +<i>birth</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nāvō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], +<i>perform with knowledge and zeal</i>; <i>do one’s best</i>, <i>exert +one’s self</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nē</b>, adv. and conj. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>], <i>no</i>; +adv., <i>not</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; conj., <i>that not</i>, <i>lest</i> +(after expressions involving fear), +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Necessārius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2NEC">2 +NEC-</a>], <i>unavoidable</i>; <i>pressing</i>, <i>urgent</i>, <a +href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Necessitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_2NEC">2 NEC-</a>], <i>unavoidableness</i>; +<i>necessity</i>, <i>compulsion</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>urgency</i>, <a href = +"#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Neg·ōtium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, [<a href += "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], <i>not leisure</i>; <i>business</i>, +<i>task</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; <i>trouble</i>, <i>difficulty</i>, <a +href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·mō</b>, —, dat. nēminī, abl. wanting, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> and <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_HAM">HAM-</a>], <i>no man</i>; <i>nobody</i>, <i>no +one</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ne·que</b> or <b>nec</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>; +<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>and not</i>, <i>and so not</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, etc.; neque ... neque, <i>neither ... +nor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·quī·quam</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>not +in any way</i>; <i>to no purpose</i>, <i>in vain</i>, <a href = +"#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nerviī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>most +warlike tribe of the Belgæ</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Neuter</b>, -tra, -trum, gen. -trīus, adj. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>neither</i> (<i>of two</i>), <a +href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·ve</b> or <b>neu</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>], +<i>and not</i>; <i>and that not</i>, <a href = +"#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nihil</b>, indecl., <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_NA">NA-</a>], <i>nothing</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; as adv., <i>not at all</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ni·si</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_SOVO">SOVO-, SVO-</a>], <i>if not</i>, <i>unless</i>, +<i>except</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōbilitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], <i>being known</i>; <i>high +birth</i>, <a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">109</span> +<p><b>Noctū</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1NEC">1 NEC-, NOC-</a>], <i>by +night</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōlō</b>, nōlle, nōluī, —, [<a href = "#root_VOL">VOL-</a>], +<i>not wish</i>; <i>be unwilling</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōmen</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], <i>means of knowing</i>; <i>name</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōminātim</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], <i>by +name</i>, <i>expressly</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōminō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_GNA">GNA-, GNO-</a>], +<i>name</i>, <i>mention</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>not one</i>; <i>not</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·dum</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_DIV">DIV-</a>], <i>not yet</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·nūllus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], +<i>not none</i>; <i>some</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōnūs</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>ninth</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōs</b>, nostrum, pl. of ego, pron. [<a href = +"#root_NV">NV-</a>], <i>we</i>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Noster</b>, -stra, -strum, poss. pron. [<a href = +"#root_NV">NV-</a>], <i>our</i>, <i>ours</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Novem</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>nine</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Noviodūnum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, <i>chief +town of Suessiones</i>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Novus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_NV">NV-</a>], +<i>new</i>, <i>fresh</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; <i>strange</i>, <i>novel</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; superl., <i>last</i>, <i>in the rear</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nox</b>, -ctis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1NEC">1 NEC-, NOC-</a>], <i>night</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nūdō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>make bare</i>; <i>bare</i>, <i>strip</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>leave unguarded</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>N·ūllus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>not +any</i>; <i>none</i>, <i>no</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; as dat. of nēmō, <i>no one</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Numerus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>distributed thing</i>; <i>number</i>, <i>amount</i>, <i>numbers</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Numida</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Numidian</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nun·c</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_NV">NV-</a>; <a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>now</i>, <i>at the present +time</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nūntiō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_NV">NV-</a>], +<i>announce</i>, <i>report</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nūntius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_NV">NV-</a>], <i>person</i> or <i>thing newly come</i>; +<i>messenger</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>; <i>message</i>, <i>news</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_O" id = "vocab_O" href = "#vocab">O.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Ob</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_APA">APA-</a>], +<i>towards</i>; <i>on account of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead towards</i>; <i>extend</i>, +<i>construct</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·itus</b> (-ūs), <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1I">1 I-</a>], <i>going to</i>; <i>destruction</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. interneciō.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·sĕs</b>, -idis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> and <span +class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_SED">SED-</a>], <i>one +staying in a place</i>; <i>hostage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -tentum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, +TEN-</a>], <i>lay hold of</i>; <i>have possession of</i>, +<i>hold</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -vēnī, -ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, +VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come in the way of</i>; <i>come against</i>, +<i>meet</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cāsus</b> (<b>obc-</b>), -ūs, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>going +down</i>; <i>setting</i>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cīdō</b> (<b>obc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -cīdī, -cīsum [<a href = +"#root_2SAC">2 SAC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-</a>], <i>strike against</i>; +<i>kill</i>, <i>slay</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cultus</b> (<b>obc-</b>), -a, -um, adj. (P. of occulō) [<a +href = "#root_2CAL">2 CAL-</a>], <i>covered over</i>; <i>hidden</i>, +<i>secret</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Oc·cupō</b> (<b>obc-</b>), <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], +<i>take hold of</i>; <i>cover</i>, <i>occupy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>; <i>take possession of</i>, <i>hold</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>; pass., <i>be engaged</i>, <i>occupy one’s +self</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·currō</b> (<b>obc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -currī, -cursum [<a href = +"#root_CEL">CEL-, CER-</a>], <i>run towards</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">110</span> +<i>fall in with</i>, <i>meet</i>; <i>come against</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.<br> +Cf. obveniō.</p> + +<p><b>Ōceanus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>ocean</i>, <i>Atlantic</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Octāvus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>eighth</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Octō</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>eight</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Of·ferō</b> (<b>obf-</b>), -ferre, obtulī, oblātum [<a href = +"#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], <i>bring towards</i>; <i>offer</i>, +<i>bear</i>, <i>carry</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>O·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>let go</i>; <i>neglect</i>, <i>leave +untried</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Omnis</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], +<i>every</i>, <i>all</i>, <i>entire</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Onus</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AN">AN-</a>], <i>burden</i>; <i>bulk</i>, <i>weight</i>, <a +href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Opera</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>working</i>; <i>work</i>, +<i>service</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Opīniō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>thinking</i>; <i>impression</i>, +<i>idea</i>, <i>expectation</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>reputation</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>O·portet</b>, <b>2</b>, -uit, —, impers. [<a href = +"#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>is necessary</i>; <i>must</i>, +<i>ought</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; w. pass. infin. or acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pidānus</b> (<b>obp-</b>), -a, -um, adj. [<a href = +"#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>of a town</i>; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>townsman</i>, <i>inhabitant of a town</i> +(<i>other than Rome</i>), +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pidum</b> (<b>obp-</b>), -ī, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = "#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>on the +ground</i>; <i>town</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.<br> +Cf. urbs; vīcus.</p> + +<p><b>Op·portūnus</b> (<b>obp-</b>), -a, -um, adj. [<a href = +"#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, PER-</a>], <i>of what is opposite the harbor</i>; +<i>suitable</i>, <i>convenient</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.<br> +Cf idōneus.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pūgnātiō</b> (<b>obp-</b>), -ōnis, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-, PVG-</a>], <i>act of +assaulting</i>; <i>mode of attack</i>, <i>assault</i>, <a href = +"#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pūgnō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-, PVG-</a>], +<i>fight against</i>; <i>attack</i>, <i>storm</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>carry by assault</i>, <a href = +"#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p>(<b>Ops</b>), opis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> (no nom. or +dat. sing.) [<a href = "#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>obtaining thing</i>; +<i>help</i>, <i>aid</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; pl., <i>resources</i>, <a href = +"#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Optimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. used as superl. of bonus [<a href += "#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>best</i>, <a href = +"#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Opus</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], <i>obtaining thing</i>; <i>work</i>, +<i>siege-work</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; quantō opere, <i>how greatly</i>, māgnō +opere, <i>very much</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Opus</b>, indecl. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> (really +same word as above) [<a href = "#root_AP">AP-, OP-</a>], w. est, <i>is +necessary</i>, <i>is needed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ōrātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>speaking</i>; <i>address</i>, <i>speech</i>, <i>words</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ōrdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_OL">OL-, OR-</a>], <i>weaving</i>; <i>succession</i>, +<i>order</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; <i>rank</i>, <i>line</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Orior</b>, <b>4</b>, ortus [<a href = "#root_OL">OL-, OR-</a>], +<i>bestir one’s self</i>; <i>arise</i>, <i>be raised</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>be descended from</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Osismī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>people +of Gaul</i> (<i>in Brittany</i>), <a href = +"#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_P" id = "vocab_P" href = "#vocab">P.</a></h5> + +<p><b>P.</b>, abbrev. of Publius, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pābulum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PA">PA-</a>], <i>thing affecting feeding</i>; <i>fodder</i>, +<i>forage</i>, <a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pācō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-</a>], <i>bring to +peace</i>; <i>subdue</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paemanī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span><ins class += "correction" title = ", missing">, </ins><i>German tribe of the +Belgæ</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paene</b>, adv., <i>nearly</i>, <i>almost</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">111</span> +<p><b>Palūs</b>, -ūdis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>thing +having wet clay</i>; <i>marsh</i>, <i>swamp</i>, <i>morass</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pandō</b>, <b>3</b>, -dī, passum [<a href = "#root_2PAT">2 PAT-, +PAD-</a>], <i>cause to go</i>; <i>spread out</i>, <i>extend</i>, <a +href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pār</b>, paris, adj. [<a href = "#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, PER-</a>], +<i>equal</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Parātus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of parō) [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 +PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>brought</i>; <i>made ready</i>, <i>ready</i>, +<i>prepared</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; w. infin. or expression of purpose.</p> + +<p><b>Pars</b>, partis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>that cut</i>; <i>part</i>, +<i>portion</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.; <i>quarter</i>, <i>direction</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>point</i>, <i>side</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Partim</b>, adv. (acc. of Pars) [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, +POR-</a>], <i>by a dividing</i>; <i>partly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Parvulus</b>, -a, -um, dim. adj. [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], +<i>very small</i>; <i>slight</i>, <i>unimportant</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Passus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1PAT">1 PAT-</a>], <i>going</i>; <i>double pace</i>, <i>step</i>, +<i>pace</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>; mīlia passuum, <i>mile</i> (= 5000 feet), +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pate·faciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -factum [<a href = "#root_2PAT">2 +PAT-</a>; <a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>make open</i>; +<i>open</i>, <i>throw open</i>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pateō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, — [<a href = "#root_2PAT">2 +PAT-</a>], <i>stand open</i>; <i>be open</i>, <i>spread out</i>, +<i>extend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pater</b>, -tris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PA">PA-</a>], <i>accomplisher of protecting or nourishing</i>; +<i>father</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Patior</b>, <b>3</b>, passus, <i>suffer</i>, <i>endure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; <i>suffer</i>, <i>allow</i>, <a href += "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Patrius</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PA">PA-</a>], <i>of a +father</i>; <i>of one’s ancestors</i>, <i>ancestral</i>, <a href = +"#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paucus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], +<i>made to cease</i>; pl. only, <i>few</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>; as substantive, <i>a few</i>, +<i>small number</i>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paulātim</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], <i>by little +and little</i>; <i>gradually</i>, <i>gently</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paulis·per</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>; <a href = +"#root_1PAR">1 PAR-</a>], <i>for a short time</i>, <a href = +"#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paulō</b>, adv. (abl. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +paulus) [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], <i>by a little</i>; <i>a +little</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paululum</b>, dim. adv. [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], <i>very +little</i>; <i>very slightly</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paulum</b>, adv. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +paulus) [<a href = "#root_PAV">PAV-</a>], <i>a little</i>, <a +href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pāx</b>, pācis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PAC">PAC-</a>], <i>binding thing</i>; <i>peace</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pedĕs</b>, -itis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>one that goes on foot</i>; +<i>foot-soldier</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pedester</b>, -tris, -tre, adj. [<a href = "#root_PED">PED-</a>], +<i>of infantry</i>, <i>infantry</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pedius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Quintus +Pedius</i>, Cæsar’s nephew, and lieutenant under him, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pellis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PLE">PLE-</a>], <i>hide</i>, <i>skin</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pellō</b>, <b>3</b>, pepulī, pulsum [<a href = "#root_PAL">PAL-, +PEL-</a>], <i>cause to move</i>; <i>drive</i>, <i>dislodge</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>rout</i>, <i>defeat</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, PER-</a>], +<i>through</i>; <i>by</i>, <i>by means of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; <i>on account of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; <i>through</i>, <i>by way of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; <i>over</i>, <a href = +"#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per·ferō</b>, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 +FER-</a>], <i>carry through</i>; <i>bear</i>, <i>endure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>; <i>bear</i>, <i>spread among</i>, <a +href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Perīclitor</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, +PER-</a>], <i>test</i>; <i>prove</i>, <i>make trial</i>, <a href = +"#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Perīculum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, PER-</a>], +<span class = "pagenum">112</span> +<i>means of trying</i>, <i>trial</i>; <i>danger</i>, <i>peril</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>let through</i>; <i>yield</i>, <i>give up</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>; w. acc. and dat.</p> + +<p><b>Per·moveō</b>, <b>2</b>, -mōvī, -mōtum [<a href = "#root_1MV">1 +MV-, MOV-</a>], <i>stir up thoroughly</i>; <i>disturb</i>, <i>alarm</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per·spiciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -spēxī, -spectum [<a href = +"#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>see through</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>; <i>perceive clearly</i>, <i>find out</i>, +<i>ascertain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per·suādeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -sī, -sum, <i>thoroughly advise</i>; +<i>prevail upon</i>, <i>persuade</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>; w. dat. and subjunctive w. ut.</p> + +<p><b>Per·terreō</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_TER">TER-</a>], +<i>thoroughly frighten</i>; <i>demoralize</i>, <i>render +panic-stricken</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.<br> +Cf. perturbō.</p> + +<p><b>Per·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, — [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 +TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>thoroughly hold</i>; <i>extend to</i>, <a href = +"#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Per·turbō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_TVR">TVR-</a>], <i>throw +into utter confusion</i>; <i>disconcert</i>, <i>alarm</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. permoveō.</p> + +<p><b>Per·veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, -vēnī, -ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, +VA-, VEN-</a>], <i>come quite to</i>; <i>reach</i>, <i>arrive at</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pēs</b>, pedis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PED">PED-</a>], <i>going thing</i>; <i>foot</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Petō</b>, <b>3</b>, -īvī and -iī, -ītum [<a href = +"#root_PET">PET-</a>], <i>fall upon</i>; <i>seek</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>aim at</i>, <i>make for</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>seek</i>, <i>make request</i>, +<i>ask</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, w. ut and subjunct.; <i>ask</i>, +<i>beg</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, w. acc.</p> + +<p><b>Pīlum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PIS">PIS-</a>], <i>crushing thing</i>; <i>heavy javelin</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Plānitiēs</b> (-ēī), <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_PLAT">PLAT-</a>], <i>flatness</i>; <i>level stretch of +country</i>, <i>plain</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Plērum·que</b>, adv. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +plērusque), <i>for the most part</i>, <i>generally</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Plērus·que</b>, -raque, -rumque, adj. [<a href = +"#root_PLE">PLE-</a>; <a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>larger part +of</i>; <i>most of</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Plūrimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (used as superl. of multus) [<a +href = "#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-, PLV-</a>], <i>most</i>; acc. <span class += "smallroman">N.</span> as adv., <i>most</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pol·liceor</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_LIC">LIC-, LIQV-</a>], +<i>offer very much</i>; <i>offer</i>, <i>promise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pondus</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>weighing thing</i>; <i>weight</i>, <i>bulk</i>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. onus.</p> + +<p><b>Pōnō</b> [for portsinō], <b>3</b>, posuī, positum [<a href = +"#root_1SA">1 SA-, SI-</a>], <i>let down</i>; <i>place</i>, +<i>establish</i>, <i>pitch</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>; <i>place</i>, <i>base on</i>, <a +href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pōns</b>, pontis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1PAT">1 PAT-</a>], <i>means of going</i>; <i>bridge</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Populor</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SCAL">SCAL-, SPOL-</a>], +<i>pour out people</i>; <i>lay waste</i>, <i>ravage</i>, <i>raid</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.<br> +Cf. dēpopulor, vāstō.</p> + +<p><b>Populus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PLE">PLE-, PLO-</a>], <i>the many</i>; <i>people</i>, +<i>nation</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, etc.<br> +Cf. gēns.</p> + +<p><b>Por·rēctus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of porrigō) [<a href = +"#root_REG">REG-, RIG-</a>], <i>stretched out</i>, <i>stretched +forward</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Porta</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>thing passed through</i>; +<i>gate</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Portō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1PAR">1 PAR-, POR-</a>], +<i>bear along</i>, <i>carry</i>, <i>convey</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Poscō</b>, <b>3</b>, poposcī, — [<a href = +"#root_PREC">PREC-</a>] <i>ask for urgently</i>; <i>demand</i>, +<i>request</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.<br> +Cf. petō.</p> + +<p><b>Pos·sideō</b>, <b>2</b>, -sēdī, -sessum [<a href = +"#root_SED">SED-</a>], <i>have and hold</i>, <i>possess</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pos·sum</b>, posse, potuī [<a href = "#root_POT">POT-</a>], +<span class = "pagenum">113</span> +<i>be able</i>, <i>can</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, etc.; <i>amount to</i>, <i>be +influential</i> or <i>powerful</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Post</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_POS">POS-</a>], +<i>behind</i>; <i>after</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; <i>behind</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Post·eā</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_POS">POS-</a>; <a href = +"#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>after this</i>; <i>afterwards</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Post·quam</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_POS">POS-</a>; <a href = +"#root_CA">CA-</a>], <i>after that</i>; <i>after</i>, <i>as soon as</i>, +<i>when</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Postrēmō</b>, <i>at last</i>, <i>finally</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Postrī·diē</b>, adv. (contr. from posterō diē) [<a href = +"#root_POS">POS-</a>; <a href = "#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-</a>], <i>on the +day after</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; w. gen.</p> + +<p><b>Postulō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PREC">PREC-</a>], +<i>ask</i>, <i>demand</i>, <i>require</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.<br> +Cf. poscō.</p> + +<p><b>Potēns</b>, -entis, adj. [<a href = "#root_POT">POT-</a>], +<i>able</i>, <i>mighty</i>, <i>powerful</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Potestās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_POT">POT-</a>], <i>ability</i>; <i>power</i>, <i>control</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>; <i>power</i>, <i>ability</i>, <a +href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Potior</b>, <b>4</b> [<a href = "#root_POT">POT-</a>], <i>become +master of</i>; <i>get control of</i>, <i>gain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; w. abl.</p> + +<p><b>Potius</b>, adv. (compar.) [<a href = "#root_POT">POT-</a>], +<i>rather</i>, <i>preferably</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>; foll. by quam.</p> + +<p><b>Prae</b>, prep. w. abl. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-, +PRAE-</a>], <i>before</i>; <i>in comparison with</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·acūtus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_1AC">1 AC-</a>], +<i>sharpened in front</i>; <i>pointed</i>, <i>sharpened at the +point</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·beō</b> [for praehibeō], <b>2</b> [<a href = +"#root_HAB">HAB-</a>], <i>hold forth</i>; <i>furnish</i>, +<i>afford</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ceps</b>, -ipitis, adj. [<a href = "#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], +<i>head foremost</i>; <i>headlong</i>, <i>in haste</i>, <a href = +"#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·dor</b> [for praehedor], <b>1</b>, <i>make booty</i>; +<i>plunder</i>, <i>raid</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ferō</b>, -ferre, -tūlī, -lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 +FER-</a>], <i>bear before</i>; <i>place before</i>, <i>thrust +forward</i>, <i>outdo</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; w. acc. and dat.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ficiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fēcī, -fectum [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>place over</i>; <i>put at the head of</i>, +<i>place in command of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; w. acc. and dat.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsi, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>send before</i>; <i>send in advance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·scrībō</b>, <b>3</b>, -psī, -ptum [<a href = +"#root_SCARP">SCARP-, SCALP-</a>], <i>write before</i>; <i>dictate</i>, +<i>prescribe</i>, <i>direct</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; w. dat. and indir. question.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sertim</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1SER">1 SER-, SVAR-</a>], +<i>by an arranging before</i>; <i>especially</i>, +<i>particularly</i>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sidium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_SED">SED-</a>], <i>sitting before</i>; <i>guard</i>, +<i>defence</i>, <i>support</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>protection</i>, <i>safety</i>, <a +href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·stō</b>, <b>1</b>, -stitī, — [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>stand before</i>; <i>excel</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; <i>put forth</i>, <i>exhibit</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; <i>be preferable</i>, <i>be better</i> +(impers.), <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sum</b>, -esse, -fuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be +before</i>; <i>be in charge of</i>, <i>command</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Praeter·eā</b>, <i>in addition</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Premō</b>, <b>3</b>, pressī, pressum, <i>press</i>; <i>push +closely</i>, <i>press hard</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmi·pīlus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>; <a href = "#root_PIS">PIS-</a>], <i>first +centurion of the triarii</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmō</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-</a>], <i>at +first</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmum</b>, adv. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +prīmus) [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>], <i>first thing</i>; +<i>first</i>, <i>in the first place</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; cum prīmum, <i>as soon as</i>, <a +href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, +<span class = "pagenum">114</span> +PRI-</a>], <i>first</i>, <i>foremost</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, etc.; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>chief</i>, <i>leading man</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prīn·ceps</b>, -ipis, adj. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>; +<a href = "#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>taking first place</i>; as noun, +<i>leader</i>, <i>chief</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.<br> +Cf. prīmus.</p> + +<p><b>Prior</b>, -ius, gen. -ōris, adj. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, +PRI-</a>], <i>former</i>; <i>those preceding</i>, <i>men in front</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>. Opp. novissimī.</p> + +<p><b>Prīs·tinus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, +PRI-</a>; <a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, TEN-</a>] <i>former</i>; +<i>former</i>, <i>old time</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prius</b>, adv. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +prior) [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>], <i>earlier</i>, +<i>sooner</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; foll. by quam.</p> + +<p><b>Prius·quam</b>, adv., conj. (= prius quam) [<a href = +"#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>; <a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>], <i>sooner +than</i>, <i>before</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>; w. subj.<br> +Cf. prius quam, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō</b>, prep. w. abl. [<a href = "#root_PRO">PRO-, PRI-</a>], +<i>before</i>; <i>in front of</i>, <i>before</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>; <i>in behalf of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>; <i>in proportion to</i>, <i>to the best +of one’s ability</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>in accordance with</i>, <i>agreeably +to</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·cēdō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go forward</i>; <i>advance</i>, +<i>proceed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·cul</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CEL">CEL-</a>], <i>driven +forward</i>; <i>at a distance</i>, <i>afar off</i>, <a href = +"#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·cumbō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cubuī, -cubitum, <i>bend forwards</i>; +<i>fall forward</i>, <i>sink to the ground</i>, <a href = +"#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Proelior</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>fight</i>, <i>contend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.<br> +Cf. dīmicō, congredior.</p> + +<p><b>Proelium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>fighting</i>, <i>fight</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; <i>skirmish</i>, <i>engagement</i>, +<i>battle</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·fectiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>going away</i>; <i>setting out</i>, +<i>departure</i>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·ficīscor</b>, <b>3</b>, -fectus [<a href = +"#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>begin to go forward</i>; <i>set out</i>, +<i>go</i>, <i>march</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·flīgō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_FLAG">FLAG-, FLIG-</a>], +<i>strike to the ground</i>; <i>rout</i>, <i>defeat</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.<br> +Cf. pellō, cōniciō.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·fugiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -fūgī, — [<a href = "#root_2FVG">2 +FVG-</a>], <i>flee before</i>; <i>flee for refuge</i>, +<i>escape</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·gnātus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_GEN">GEN-, GN-, +GNA-</a>], <i>born</i>, <i>descended</i>, <i>sprung from</i>, <a +href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·gredior</b>, <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>go forward</i>; <i>advance</i>, +<i>proceed</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.<br> +Cf. prōcēdō.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·hibeō</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_HAB">HAB-</a>], <i>hold +before</i>; <i>hinder</i>, <i>prevent</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, w. acc. and infin.; <i>keep from</i>, +<i>cut off</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, w. acc. and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>cast forward</i>; <i>give up</i>, <i>abandon</i>, +<i>renounce</i>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·moveō</b>, <b>2</b>, -mōvī, -mōtum [<a href = "#root_1MV">1 +MV-, MOV-</a>], <i>move forward</i>, <i>advance</i>, <a href = +"#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prope</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], +<i>near</i>; <i>nearly</i>, <i>almost</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·perō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 PAR-, POR-</a>], +<i>hasten</i>, <i>make haste</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Propīnquitās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>nearness</i>, +<i>proximity</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>family connection</i>, <i>kinship</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.<br> +Cf. adfīnitās.</p> + +<p><b>Propīnquus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, +PLEC-</a>], <i>being near</i>; <i>near</i>, <i>close</i>, +<i>adjacent</i>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>, w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·pōnō</b>, <b>3</b>, -posuī, -positum [<a href = "#root_1SA">1 +SA-, SI-</a>], <i>place before</i>; <i>put forth</i>, <i>expose to +view</i>, <i>display</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prop·ter</b>, prep. w. acc. [<a href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, +<span class = "pagenum">115</span> +PLEC-</a>], <i>near</i>; <i>on account of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Propter·eā</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], +<i>on account of that</i>; foll. by quod, <i>for the reason</i> +(<i>that</i>), <i>because</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>; foll. by indic.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·pūgnō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-, PAG-, +PVG-</a>], <i>fight before</i>; <i>fight in defence</i>, <i>make +defensive sallies</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·sequor</b>, <b>3</b>, -secūtus [<a href = +"#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], <i>follow onward</i>; <i>pursue</i>, <i>follow +after</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>follow</i>, <i>address</i>, <a +href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·spectus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>forward look</i>; <i>out-look</i>, +<i>distant view</i>, <i>prospect</i>, <a href = +"#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·tinus</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, TEN-</a>], +<i>before one’s self</i>; <i>at once</i>, <i>immediately</i>, <a +href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·turbō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_TVR">TVR-</a>], <i>drive +forward</i>; <i>drive off</i>, <i>frighten away</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.<br> +Cf. pellō.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·videō</b>, <b>2</b>, -vīdī, -vīsum [<a href = +"#root_VID">VID-</a>], <i>see before</i>; <i>look out</i>, <i>see</i>, +<i>attend to</i>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·vincia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_VIC">VIC-</a>], <i>territory acquired by conquest</i>; +<i>province</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·volō</b>, <b>1</b>, -āvī, —, <i>fly forth</i>; <i>hasten +forth</i>, <i>hurry forward</i>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Proximē</b>, adv., superl. of prope [<a href = "#root_PARC">PARC-, +PLEC-</a>], <i>nearest</i>; <i>most<ins class = "correction" title = +"text has superfluous ,"> </ins>recently</i>, <i>last</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Proximus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of propior, no pos.) [<a href += "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>nearest</i>, <i>closest</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>next</i>, <i>following</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, (of time) 12, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prū·dentia</b> (for prō·videntia), -ae, <span class = +"smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = "#root_VID">VID-</a>], <i>seeing +before</i>; <i>foresight</i>, <i>wisdom</i>, <i>prudence</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pūblicus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_PLE">PLE-, +PLO-</a>], <i>belonging to the people</i>; w. rēs, <i>republic</i>, +<i>state</i>, <i>government</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Puer</b>, -erī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>one +begotten</i>; <i>boy</i>, <i>child</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pūgna</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_PAC">PAC-, PAG-, PVG-</a>], <i>thrusting thing</i>; <i>fight</i>, +<i>battle</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.<br> +Cf. proelium.</p> + +<p><b>Pūgnō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_PAC">PAC-, PAG-, PVG-</a>], +<i>fight</i>, <i>contend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.<br> +Cf. congredior, contendō, dīmicō, proelior.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_Q" id = "vocab_Q" href = "#vocab">Q.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Q.</b>, abbrev. for <b>Quīntus</b>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quā</b>, adv. (abl. <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> of quī) +[<a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>], <i>on which side</i>; <i>at what +point</i>, <i>where</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quadrin·gentī</b>, -ae, -a, num. adj. [<a href = +"#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], <i>four hundred</i>, <a href = +"#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quaerō</b>, <b>3</b>, -sīvī, -sītum, <i>seek</i>; <i>ask</i>, +<i>enquire</i>, <i>make enquiry</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; <i>look for</i>, <i>seek</i>, <i>try to +find</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.<br> +Cf. petō.</p> + +<p><b>Quam</b>, adv. (acc. of quī) [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>], <i>in +what manner</i>; <i>than</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.<br> +Cf. āc (19).</p> + +<p><b>Quam·vīs</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_VOL">VOL-</a>], <i>as you will</i>; <i>as much as you like</i>, +<i>any-so-ever</i>, <i>any</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quantus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-</a>], <i>how +great</i>, <i>how many</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, in indir. quest.; <i>as great as</i>, +<i>as much as</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +Cf. tantus.</p> + +<p><b>Quartus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>fourth</i>, <a href = +"#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quattuor</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>four</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Que</b>, enclitic conj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>and</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.<br> +Joins kindred expressions; sometimes +<span class = "pagenum">116</span> +couples a sentence to a preceding one.<br> +Cf. et, atque.</p> + +<p><b>Quī</b>, quae, quod, rel. and adj. pron. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>who</i>, <i>which</i>, <i>what</i>, +<i>that</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Quī·dam</b>, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>; <a href = "#root_3DA">3 DA-</a>], <i>certain +one</i>, <i>some one</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Qui·dem</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>; <a href = +"#root_3DA">3 DA-</a>], <i>certainly</i>; nē ... quidem, enclosing +emphatic word or expression, <i>not even</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quī·n</b>, conj. w. subj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>; +<a href = "#root_NA">NA-</a>], <i>by which not</i>; <i>but that</i>, +<i>that</i>, <i>from</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, <a href = "#simple_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quī·nam</b> (<b>quis-</b>), quae-, quod-, interrog. pron. [<a href += "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>for who? who</i>, <i>which</i>, +<i>what</i>, <i>pray? what in the world?</i> 30.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn·decim</b>, num. adj., indecl. [<a href = +"#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], <i>fifteen</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn·gentī</b>, -ae, -a, num. adj. [<a href = +"#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], <i>five hundred</i>, <a href = +"#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quīnquā·gintā</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>fifty</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quīnque</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>five</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quis</b>, quae, quid? interrog. pron. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, +CI-</a>], <i>who? which? what?</i> 4, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, etc.<br> +Indef. after sī and nē, <i>any one</i>, <i>any</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quis·quam</b>, —, quicquam (quidq-), indef. pron. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>any</i>, <i>any at all</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; in negative clauses.</p> + +<p><b>Quis·que</b>, quae-, quid- (quod-), indef. pron. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>each</i>, <i>each one</i>, <i>every</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quis·quis</b>, —, quicquid (quidq-) or quodquod, indef. +rel. pron. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>whatever</i>, +<i>whatsoever</i>, <i>everything which</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quō</b>, rel. adv. (dat. and abl. of quī) [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>in what place</i>; (dat. use) <i>where</i>, +<i>whither</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a> 17, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; conj. (rel. adv.), = ut eō, <i>by +which</i>, <i>so that</i>, <i>that</i>, <a href = +"#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quod</b>, conj. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of qui) +[<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>that</i>; <i>in that</i>, +<i>because</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, etc.; <i>the fact that</i>, <a href += "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quo·que</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>also</i>, <i>too</i>, <i>as well</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>; placed after word to be emphasized.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_R" id = "vocab_R" href = "#vocab">R.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Rāmus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>growing +thing</i>; <i>branch</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ratiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_RA">RA-</a>], <i>reckoning</i>; <i>consideration</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>; <i>plan</i>, <i>method</i>, +<i>system</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re-, Red-</b>, <i>back</i>, <i>away</i>, in comp. only.</p> + +<p><b>Re·cipiō</b>, <b>3</b>, -cēpī, -ceptum [<a href = +"#root_CAP">CAP-</a>], <i>take back</i>; <i>admit</i>, <i>receive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>; with reflex. pron., <i>recover</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>; <i>betake one’s self</i>, <i>retreat</i>, +<i>go</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.<br> +Cf. sē cōnferre.</p> + +<p><b>Red·dō</b>, <b>3</b>, -didī, -ditum [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 +DA-</a>], <i>give back</i>; <i>render</i>, <a href = +"#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Red·eō</b>, -īre, -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], +<i>go back</i>; <i>recede</i>, <i>decline</i>, <i>slope +away</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Red·igō</b>, <b>3</b>, -ēgī, -āctum [<a href = +"#root_AG">AG-</a>], <i>drive back</i>; <i>bring down</i>, +<i>reduce</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>; <i>render</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.<br> +Cf. reddō.</p> + +<p><b>Red·in·tegrō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_TAG">TAG-</a>], +<i>make whole again</i>; <i>renew</i>, <i>restore</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēdonēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +of Brittany</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">117</span> +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "· invisible"><b>Re·dūcō</b></ins>, +<b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = "#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead +back</i>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·ferō</b>, -ferre, rettulī, -lātum [<a href = "#root_1FER">1 +FER-</a>], <i>bear back</i>; <i>report</i>, <i>announce</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.<br> +Cf. adferō, renūntiō.</p> + +<p><b>Re·fringō</b>, <b>3</b>, -frēgī, -frāctum, <i>break back</i>; +<i>break open</i>, <i>tear open</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Regiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_REG">REG-</a>], <i>directing</i>, <i>direction</i>; +<i>region</i>, <i>district</i>, <i>locality</i>, <i>country</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēgnum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_REG">REG-</a>], <i>that which rules</i>; <i>power</i>, +<i>control</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rē·iciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -iēcī, -iectum [<a href = "#root_IA">IA-, +IAC-</a>], <i>hurl back</i>; <i>throw back</i>, <i>drive +back</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·languēscō</b>, <b>3</b>, -guī, — [<a href = +"#root_LAG">LAG-</a>], <i>lose energy</i>, <i>be weakened</i>, <a +href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·linquō</b>, <b>3</b>, -līquī, -līctum [<a href = +"#root_LIC">LIC-, LIQV-</a>] <i>leave behind</i>, <i>leave</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·liquus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_LIC">LIC-, +LIQV-</a>], <i>remaining</i>; <i>other</i>, <i>rest of</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>the rest</i>, <i>the others</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēmī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>people +of Belgium on the Axona</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Re·mittō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>send back</i>; <i>hurl back</i>, +<i>return</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>; <i>relax</i>, <i>weaken</i>, <a href += "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēmus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>a +Remian</i>, <a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·nūntiō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_NV">NV-</a>], <i>bring +back word</i>; <i>announce</i>, <i>report</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; w. dat. and acc. and infin.<br> +Cf. adferō, referō.</p> + +<p><b>Re·pellō</b>, <b>3</b>, reppulī, -pulsum [<a href = +"#root_PAL">PAL-, PEL-, PVL-</a>], <i>drive back</i>, <i>repulse</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.<br> +Cf. rēiciō.</p> + +<p><b>Repentīnō</b>, adv. (abl. of repentīnus), <i>suddenly</i>, <a +href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·periō</b>, <b>4</b>, repperī, -pertum [<a href = "#root_2PAR">2 +PAR-, POR-</a>], <i>produce again</i>; <i>find</i>, <i>find out</i>, +<i>ascertain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>; w. acc. and infin., +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēs</b>, reī, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_RA">RA-</a>], <i>thing spoken of</i>; <i>thing</i>, +<i>circumstance</i>, <i>matter</i>, <i>affair</i>, <i>business</i>, +<i>fact</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.; rēs frūmentāria, <i>grain-supply</i>, +<i>provisions</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>; rēs pūblica, <i>state</i>, +<i>republic</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·sistō</b>, <b>3</b>, -stitī, — [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>stand back</i>; <i>hold one’s ground</i>, +<i>maintain one’s position</i>, <i>resist</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·spiciō</b>, <b>3</b>, -spēxī, -spectum [<a href = +"#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>look back</i>, <i>look behind +one</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·spondeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -ndī, -spōnsum, <i>promise in +return</i>; <i>reply</i>, <i>answer</i>, <a href = +"#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -tentum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, +TEN-</a>], <i>keep back</i>; <i>keep up</i>, <i>maintain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>keep back</i>, <i>reserve</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·vertor</b>, <b>3</b>, -versus (active in perfect, pluperfect, +and future perfect: reverti, reverteram, revertero) [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turn back</i>; <i>return</i>, <i>go +back</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Re·vocō</b>, <b>1</b> (<a href = "#root_VOC">VOC-, VAG-</a>), +<i>call back</i>, <i>summon</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rēx</b>, rēgis, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_REG">REG-</a>], <i>ruler</i>; <i>king</i>, <i>chieftain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rhēnus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>the +Rhine</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rīpa</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>bank</i>, +<i>river-bank</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rōmānus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>Roman</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Roman</i>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, etc.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">118</span> +<p><b>Rubus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>red-colored thing</i>; <i>bramble</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rūmor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>sounding</i>; <i>report</i>, <i>rumor</i>, <a href = +"#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rūpēs</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_RAP">RAP-, RVP-</a>], <i>broken thing</i>; <i>cliff</i>, <i>steep +rock</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>R·ūrsus</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turned +back</i>; <i>again</i>, <i>back again</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_S" id = "vocab_S" href = "#vocab">S.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Sabīnus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Q. +Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of Cæsar</i>, <a href = +"#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sabis</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>river +Sambre in country of Nervii</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Saepēs</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1SAC">1 SAC-, SAG-</a>], <i>hedge</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sagittārius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_1SAC">1 SAC-, SAG-</a>], <i>of an arrow</i>; <i>archer</i>, +<i>bowman</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Salūs</b>, -ūtis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SAL">SAL-, SER-</a>], <i>being well</i>; <i>preservation</i>, +<i>salvation</i>, <i>safety</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>well-being</i>, +<i>welfare</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sarcinae</b>, -ārum, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>bundle</i>; <i>luggage</i>, <i>personal baggage</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Saxum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SAC">2 SAC-, SEC-</a>], <i>fragment of rock</i>; <i>rock</i>, +<i>stone</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scientia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SAC">2 SAC-, SEC-, SCI-</a>], <i>knowing</i>; +<i>knowledge</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scrībō</b>, <b>3</b>, -psī, -ptum [<a href = "#root_SCARP">SCARP-, +SCALP-</a>], <i>scratch</i>; <i>write</i>, <i>give an +account</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scūtum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SCV">SCV-, CV-</a>], <i>covering thing</i>; <i>shield</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sectiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SAC">2 SAC-, SEC-</a>], <i>cutting</i>; <i>lot of booty</i>, +<i>booty</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Secundum</b>, prep. w. acc. (acc. <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> of secundus) [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>following</i>; <i>in the direction of</i>, <i>along</i>, <a href += "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Secundus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>following</i>; <i>second</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>; <i>successful</i>, +<i>favorable</i>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sed</b>, co-ord. conj., adversative [<a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, +SVO-</a>], <i>apart from</i>; <i>but</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Senātor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_SEN">SEN-</a>], <i>old man</i>; <i>elder</i>, +<i>senator</i>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Senātus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SEN">SEN-</a>], <i>office of an old man</i>; <i>council</i>, +<i>senate</i>, <a href = "#simple_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Senonēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +on upper Seine</i>, <a href = "#simple_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sententia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_SENT">SENT-</a>], <i>thinking</i>; <i>opinion</i>, +<i>view</i>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sentēs</b>, -ium, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span><ins class = +"correction" title = ", missing">, </ins><i>thorns</i>, <i>briars</i>, +<i>brambles</i>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Septimus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>seventh</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sequor</b>, <b>3</b>, secūtus [<a href = "#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], +<i>follow</i>; <i>go along</i>, <i>accompany</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; <i>follow</i>, <i>result</i>, <a +href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Servitūs</b>, -ūtis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_1SER">1 SER-, SVAR-</a>], <i>slavery</i>, <i>servitude</i>, +<i>subjection</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Servō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SAL">SAL-, SER-</a>], +<i>save</i>; <i>keep</i>, <i>maintain</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sex</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>six</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sexāgintā</b>, num. adj., indecl., <i>sixty</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sex·centī</b>, -ae, -a, num. adj. [<a href = +"#root_CEN">CEN-</a>], <i>six hundred</i>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sī</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, SVO-</a>], <i>if</i>, +<i>in case</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.; <i>to see if</i>, <i>whether</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, w. indir. question.</p> + +<p><b>Sī·c</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_3SA">3 SA-</a>; <a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>in this manner</i>; <i>so</i>, <i>in such a +manner</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; <i>in following manner</i>, <i>as +follows</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·fer</b>, -erī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href += "#root_3SAC">3 SAC-</a>; <a href = "#root_1FER">1 FER-</a>], +<i>standard-bearer</i>, <i>ensign</i>, <a href = +"#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">119</span> +<p><b>Sīgni·ficātiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_3SAC">3 SAC-</a>; <a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], +<i>pointing out</i>; <i>announcement</i>, <i>signal</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·ficō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_3SAC">3 SAC-</a>; +<a href = "#root_FAC">FAC-</a>], <i>show by signs</i>; <i>indicate</i>, +<i>show</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>; <i>announce</i>, <i>make known</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>; w. acc. and infin.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgnum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_3SAC">3 SAC-</a>], <i>mark</i>; <i>signal</i>, <i>sign</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; <i>military standard</i>, <i>ensign</i>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; — convertere, <i>face about</i>, +<i>wheel</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; — īnferre, <i>advance to +attack</i>, <i>charge</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; ad — cōnsistere, <i>rally round the +standards</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Silva</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SER">2 SER-, SVAL-</a>], <i>wood</i>, <i>forest</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Silvestris</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_2SER">2 SER-, +SVAL-</a>], <i>of a wood</i>; <i>wooded</i>, <a href = +"#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Simul</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2SA">2 SA-, SIM-</a>], +<i>together</i>; <i>at the same time</i>, <a href = +"#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Si·ne</b>, prep. w. abl. [<a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-</a>], +<i>without</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Singulāris</b>, -e, adj. [<a href = "#root_2SA">2 SA-, SEM-, +SIM-</a>], <i>one by one</i>; <i>remarkable</i>, <i>extraordinary</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.<br> +Cf. eximius.</p> + +<p><b>Singulī</b>, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. [<a href = "#root_2SA">2 +SA-, SEM-, SIM-</a>], <i>one to each</i>; <i>one at a time</i>, +<i>separate</i>, <i>single</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sinister</b>, -tra, -trum, adj. left, <i>on the left</i>, <a +href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sōl</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2SER">2 SER-, SVAL-</a>], <i>sun</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Solli·citō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_SAL">SAL-</a>; <a href += "#root_CI">CI-</a>], <i>move violently</i>; <i>stir up</i>, +<i>instigate</i>, <i>incite</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sōlum</b>, adv. (acc. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +sōlus) [<a href = "#root_SAL">SAL-, SER-</a>], <i>alone</i>, +<i>only</i>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sōlus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_SAL">SAL-, SER-</a>], +<i>alone</i>, <i>only</i>, <i>sole</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Spatium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, [<a href = +"#root_SPA">SPA-, PA-</a>], <i>race-course</i>; <i>space</i>, +<i>distance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>; <i>extent</i>, <i>time</i>, <a href += "#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Speciēs</b>, -iēī, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>seeing</i>; <i>sight</i>, <i>form</i>, +<i>appearance</i>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Speculātor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a +href = "#root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>], <i>searcher</i>; <i>scout</i>, +<i>spy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +Cf. explōrātor.</p> + +<p><b>Spēs</b>, -eī, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [SPA, <a href += "#root_PA">PA-</a>], <i>hope</i>, <i>expectation</i>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Spīritus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>breathing</i>; <i>feeling</i>, <i>pride</i>, +<i>haughtiness</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Statim</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>in +standing</i>; <i>at once</i>, <i>immediately</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +Cf. prōtinus.</p> + +<p><b>Statiō</b>, -ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>standing</i>; <i>guard</i>, <i>out-post</i>, +<i>picket</i>, <a href = "#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Statuō</b>, <b>3</b>, -uī, -ūtum [<a href = "#root_STA">STA-</a>], +<i>make stand</i>; <i>fix</i>, <i>determine</i>, <i>decide</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Statūra</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_STA">STA-</a>], <i>standing upright</i>; <i>stature</i>, +<i>size</i>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Strepitus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>clashing</i>, <i>clatter</i>, <i>noise</i>, <i>din</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +Cf. clāmor, fremitus.</p> + +<p><b>Studeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, — [<a href = "#root_SPA">SPA-, +PA-</a>], <i>be eager</i>; <i>strive after</i>, <i>be bent upon</i>, +<i>desire</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>; <i>devote one’s self to</i>, <i>pay +attention to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Studium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_SPA">SPA-, PA-</a>], <i>zeal</i>, <i>eagerness</i>, +<i>enthusiasm</i>, <a href = "#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sub</b>, prep. w. abl. and acc., <i>under</i>, <i>beneath</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>; <i>near to</i>, <i>toward</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·eō</b>, -īre, -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], +<i>go under</i>; <i>go near</i>, <i>approach closely</i>, <i>come +up</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.<br> +Cf. adpropīnquō, succēdō.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·itō</b>, adv. (abl. of subitus) [<a href = "#root_1I">1 +I-</a>], <i>by coming on stealthily</i>; <i>suddenly</i>, +<i>unexpectedly</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>hastily</i>, <i>offhand</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.<br> +Cf. repentīnō.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">120</span> +<p><b>Sub·mittō</b> (<b>summ-</b>), <b>3</b>, -mīsī, -mīssum [<a href = +"#root_MIT">MIT-</a>], <i>send below</i>; <i>send to aid</i>, +<i>despatch</i>, <i>send</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; w. dat.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·ruō</b> (<b>surr-</b>), <b>3</b>, -ruī, -rutum, <i>tear down +below</i>; <i>undermine</i>, <i>dig under</i>, <a href = +"#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·sequor</b>, <b>3</b>, -secūtus [<a href = +"#root_SEC">SEC-</a>], <i>follow closely</i>, <i>pursue</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·sidium</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href += "#root_SED">SED-</a>], <i>sitting behind</i>; <i>reserve forces</i>, +<i>reserves</i>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; <i>aid</i>, <i>assistance</i>, +<i>help</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.<br> +Cf. auxilium.</p> + +<p><b>Suc·cēdō</b> (<b>subc-</b>), <b>3</b>, -cessī, -cessum [<a href = +"#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>go below</i>; <i>draw near</i>, <i>approach +closely</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.<br> +Cf. subeō, adpropīnquō.</p> + +<p><b>Suc·cessus</b> (<b>subc-</b>), -ūs, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = "#root_CAD">CAD-</a>], <i>going +below</i>; <i>advance</i>, <i>close approach</i>, <a href = +"#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Suessiōnēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>German tribe north of the Marne</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Suī</b>, sibi, sē (sēsē), reflex. pron. referring to subject or +speaker, [<a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, SVO-</a>], <i>self</i>; <i>of +himself</i>, <i>of themselves</i>, etc., +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Sum</b>, esse, fuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be</i>; +<i>exist</i>, <i>be</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Summa</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> (f. of +summus, sc. rēs), <i>highest</i> (<i>thing</i>); <i>chief control</i>, +<i>general management</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Summus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of superus), <i>highest</i>, +<i>greatest</i>, <i>topmost</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; <i>highest part</i>, <i>summit</i>, +<i>top</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sū·mō</b>, <b>3</b>, -mpsī, -mptum [<a href = "#root_EM">EM-</a>], +<i>take</i>, <i>claim</i>, <i>assume</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Superior</b>, -ius, gen. -ōris, adj. compar. of superus, +<i>higher</i>, <i>upper</i>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>; <i>preceding</i>, <i>former</i>, +<i>past</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.<br> +Cf. altior; prīstinus.</p> + +<p><b>Superō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>go over</i>; <i>defeat</i>, +<i>vanquish</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.<br> +Cf. vincō.</p> + +<p><b>Super·sedeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -sēdī, -sessum [<a href = +"#root_SED">SED-</a>], <i>sit over</i>; <i>refrain from</i>, +<i>omit</i>, <i>postpone</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>; w. abl.</p> + +<p><b>Super·sum</b>, -esse, -fuī [<a href = "#root_ES">ES-</a>], <i>be +above</i>; <i>remain</i>, <i>survive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sup·plex</b> (<b>subpl-</b>), -icis, adj. [<a href = +"#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>folding the knees beneath</i>; +<i>suppliant</i>, <i>beseeching</i>, <a href = +"#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sup·plicātiō</b> (<b>subpl-</b>)<ins class = "correction" title = +", missing">, </ins>-ōnis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_PARC">PARC-, PLEC-</a>], <i>kneeling down</i>; +<i>thanksgiving</i>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Suprā</b>, adv., <i>on upper side</i>; <i>above</i>, +<i>before</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sus·tentō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, TEN-</a>], +<i>keep holding up</i>; <i>hold out</i>, <i>maintain one’s self</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sus·tineō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -tentum [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 +TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>hold up under</i>; <i>withstand</i>, <i>sustain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>; with reflex. pron., <i>hold out</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>keep upright</i>, <i>stand +up</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Suus</b>, -a, -um, poss. adj. [<a href = "#root_SOVO">SOVO-, +SVO-</a>], <i>of himself</i>, <i>his own</i>, <i>their own</i>, etc., +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.; as noun, <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>their (his) countrymen</i>, <i>friends</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.; <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>, +<i>property</i>, <i>possessions</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_T" id = "vocab_T" href = "#vocab">T.</a></h5> + +<p><b>T.</b>, praenomen <i>Titus</i>, <i>T. Labienus</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tam</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], <i>so far</i>; +<i>so</i>, <i>to such a degree</i>, <a href = +"#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tamen</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], <i>in so +far</i>; <i>still</i>, <i>however</i>; <i>nevertheless</i> 8, <a +href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">121</span> +<p><b>Tantulus</b>, -a, -um, dim. adj. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 +TA-</a>], <i>so small</i>; <i>so trifling</i>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.<br> +Cf. parvulus.</p> + +<p><b>Tantus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], <i>of +such size</i>; <i>so great</i>, <i>so much</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Tardō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>make slow</i>, <i>retard</i>, +<i>check</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tardus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>slow</i> (<i>weary, +exhausted</i>), <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tegimenta</b> (<b>tegu-</b>), -ōrum, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span>, <i>means of covering</i>; <i>covering</i>, +<i>cover</i>, <a href = "#simple_21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tēlum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TEC">TEC-</a>], <i>missile</i>, <i>weapon</i>, <i>javelin</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tempus</b>, -oris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1TA">1 TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>time</i> (in general), +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>; <i>moment</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>time</i>, <i>period</i>, <i>day</i>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>emergency</i>, <i>crisis</i>, <a +href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tendō</b>, <b>3</b>, tetendī, tentum (tēnsum) [<a href = +"#root_1TA">1 TA-, TEN-</a>], <i>stretch</i>; <i>stretch out</i>, +<i>extend</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>.<br> +Cf. pandō.</p> + +<p><b>Teneō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, — [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, +TEN-</a>], <i>hold</i>, <i>have</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>; <i>hold</i>, <i>surround</i>, <a +href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tener</b>, -era, -erum, adj. [<a href = "#root_1TA">1 TA-, +TEN-</a>], <i>tender</i>, <i>young</i>, <a href = +"#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Terror</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TER">TER-, TERS-</a>], <i>frightening</i>; <i>great fear</i>, +<i>fright</i>, <i>panic</i>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tertius</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>third</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Testūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>having a shell</i>; <i>tortoise</i>, <i>bulwark of +shields</i>, <a href = "#simple_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Teutonī</b>, -ōrum (-ēs, -um), <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>German tribe</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Timeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, —, <i>fear</i>, <i>be afraid</i>, +<i>entertain fears</i>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, w. nē followed by subjunctive.</p> + +<p><b>Titurius</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>Q. +Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of Cæsar’s</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Titus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>praenomen +of Labienus, Cæsar’s lieutenant</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tormentum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TARC">TARC- (TARP-), TREP-</a>], <i>thing twisted</i>; <i>machine +of war</i>, <i>engine for hurling</i>, <a href = +"#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tot·idem</b>, adj., indecl. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>; 3 +DA], <i>just as many</i>, <i>same number of</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tōtus</b>, -a, -um, gen. totīus, adj. [<a href = "#root_TV">TV-, +TO-</a>], <i>increased</i>; <i>whole</i>, <i>entire</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trabs</b>, trabis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TARC">TARC- (TARP-), TREP-</a>], <i>beam</i>, +<i>timber</i>, <a href = "#simple_29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trā·dō</b>, <b>3</b>, -didī, -ditum [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 +DA-</a>], <i>give over</i>; <i>hand over</i>, <i>give up</i>, +<i>surrender</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trā·dūcō</b>, <b>3</b>, -xī, -ductum [<a href = +"#root_DVC">DVC-</a>], <i>lead over</i>; <i>lead across</i>, <i>bring +over</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns</b>, prep. w. acc., <i>across</i>, <i>over</i>, +<i>beyond</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·eō</b>, -īre, -iī, -itum [<a href = "#root_1I">1 I-</a>], +<i>go over</i>; <i>go across</i>, <i>cross</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·gredior</b>, <b>3</b>, -gressus [<a href = +"#root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>], <i>go<ins class = "correction" title = "text has superfluous ,"> </ins>over</i>; <i>go across</i>, <i>cross</i>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>.<br> +Cf. trānseō.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·versus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = +"#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turned across</i>; <i>crosswise</i>, <i>at +right angles</i>, <i>oblique</i>, <a href = "#simple_8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trēs</b>, tria, gen. -ium, num. adj., <i>three</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trēverī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Celtic tribe on the Moselle</i>, <a href = +"#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tribūnus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>tribune</i>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trī·duum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_DIV">DIV-, DI-, DIAV-</a>], <i>three days’ time</i>, <a href += "#simple_16">16</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">122</span> +<p><b>Tuba</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>trumpet</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tum</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_2TA">2 TA-</a>], <i>then</i>, +<i>at that time</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>; <i>then</i>, <i>in addition</i>, +<i>further</i>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; cum ... tum, <i>both ... and</i>, <a +href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tumultus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TV">TV-, TVM-</a>], <i>swelling</i>; <i>confusion</i>, +<i>uproar</i>, <i>noise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>.<br> +Cf. strepitus.</p> + +<p><b>Tumulus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TV">TV-, TVM-</a>] <i>swelling up</i>; <i>mound</i>, +<i>hillock</i>, <i>hill</i>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Turonēs</b>, -um (-ī, -ōrum), <span class = +"smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe of Gaul on Loire</i>, <a href = +"#simple_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Turpitūdō</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a +href = "#root_TARC">TARC- (TARP-), TREP-</a>], <i>ugliness</i>; +<i>disgrace</i>, <i>dishonor</i>, <a href = +"#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Turris</b>, -is, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_TVR">TVR-</a>], <i>tower</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tūtus</b>, -a, -um, adj. (P. of tueor), <i>well guarded</i>; +<i>safe</i>, <i>secure</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, <a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_U" id = "vocab_U" href = "#vocab">U.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Ubi</b>, rel. adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>in +which place</i>; <i>where</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_35">35</a>; <i>when</i>, <i>as soon as</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ūllus</b>, -a, -um, gen. ūllīus, dim. adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 +I-</a>], <i>any one</i> (<i>at all</i>), <i>any</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>; w. negative expression.</p> + +<p><b>Ūnā</b>, adv. (abl. <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> of ūnus) +[<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>], <i>in one and the same place</i>; <i>at +the same time</i>, <i>together</i>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_17">17</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>; foll. by cum and abl.</p> + +<p><b>Ūn·decimus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>; +<a href = "#root_DEC">DEC-</a>], <i>eleventh</i>, <a href = +"#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Undi·que</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>whencesoever</i>; <i>from every quarter</i>, <i>from all sides</i>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, <a href = "#simple_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Uneīlī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +in Normandy</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ūni·versus</b>, -a, -um, adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 I-</a>; +<a href = "#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>turned into one</i>; <i>whole</i>, +<i>all</i>, <i>in a mass</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Unus</b>, -a, -um, gen. -īus, num. adj. [<a href = "#root_2I">2 +I-</a>], <i>one</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_6">6</a>, +<a href = "#simple_29">29</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, +<a href = "#simple_34">34</a>; <i>one</i>, <i>one and the same</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>common</i>, <i>one alone</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_22">22</a><ins class = "correction" title = "text has ; for ,">, </ins><i>alone</i>, <i>only</i>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>a</i>, <a href = +"#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Urgeō</b>, <b>2</b>, ursī, — [<a href = "#root_VERG">VERG-, +VRG-</a>], <i>press</i>, <i>press hard</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ūsus</b>, -ūs, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], <i>using</i>; <i>practice</i>, +<i>experience</i>, +<a href = "#simple_20">20</a>; <i>use</i>, <i>advantage</i>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, <a href = "#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ut</b> or <b>Utī</b>, conj. [<a href = "#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], +<i>in what manner</i>; <i>as</i>, +<a href = "#simple_1">1</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, etc., w. indic.; <i>in order that</i>, +<i>that</i>, <i>to</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_9">9</a>, etc.; <i>that</i>, <i>so that</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Uter·que</b>, -traque, -trumque, gen. utrīusque, pron. [<a href = +"#root_CA">CA-, CI-</a>], <i>both one and the other</i>; <i>each of +two</i>, <i>both</i>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ūtor</b>, <b>3</b>, ūsus [<a href = "#root_1AV">1 AV-</a>], +<i>use</i>, <i>make use of</i>, <i>employ</i>, <i>have</i>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_7">7</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; <i>use</i>, <i>practise</i>, +<a href = "#simple_14">14</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; <i>enjoy</i>, <i>maintain</i>, +<a href = "#simple_32">32</a>; w. abl.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "vocab_V" id = "vocab_V" href = "#vocab">V.</a></h5> + +<p><b>Vacuus</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>empty</i>, <i>clear</i>, +<i>free</i>, <i>unoccupied</i>; w. ab and abl., <a href = +"#simple_12">12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vadum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_BA">BA-, VA-</a>], <i>place through which one can go</i>; +<i>ford</i>, <i>crossing</i>, <a href = "#simple_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Valeō</b>, <b>2</b>, -uī, -itūrus, <i>be strong</i>, <i>have +influence</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, <a href = "#simple_17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vāllum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_1VEL">1 VEL-, VAL-</a>], <i>earthen wall</i>; <i>earth-works</i>, +<i>rampart</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Varius</b>, -a, -um, adj., <i>spotted</i>; <i>changing</i>, +<i>different</i>, <a href = "#simple_22">22</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">123</span> +<p><b>Vāstō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>make empty</i>; <i>lay waste</i>, +<i>ravage</i>.<br> +Cf. populor, dēpopulor.</p> + +<p><b>Velocassēs</b>, -um, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>one +of the minor Belgian tribes</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "· invisible"><b>Vēn·dō</b></ins>, +<b>3</b>, -didī (-ditum) [<a href = "#root_1DA">1 DA-</a>], <i>place for +sale</i>; <i>sell</i>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Venellī</b>, see <b>Unellī</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Venetī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>tribe +of Bretagne</i>, <a href = "#simple_34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Veniō</b>, <b>4</b>, vēnī, ventum [<a href = "#root_BA">BA-, VA-, +VEN-</a>], <i>come</i>, <i>approach</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_3">3</a>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Verbum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VER">VER-</a>], <i>that spoken</i>; <i>word</i>, +<i>discourse</i>, <i>intercession</i>, <a href = +"#simple_14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vereor</b>, <b>2</b> [<a href = "#root_1VEL">1 VEL-, VER-</a>], +<i>feel awe</i>; <i>fear</i>, <i>be afraid</i>, <a href = +"#simple_11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vergō</b>, <b>3</b>, —, — [<a href = +"#root_VERG">VERG-</a>], <i>bend</i>, <i>incline</i>, <a href = +"#simple_18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vērō</b>, adv. (abl. <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> of +vērus) [<a href = "#root_VER">VER-</a>], <i>in truth</i>, <i>in +fact</i>, <i>but</i>, <i>however</i>, +<a href = "#simple_2">2</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, <a href = "#simple_31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Veromanduī</b>, -ōrum, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>Gallic tribe in modern Picardy</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, <a href = "#simple_23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Versō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_VERT">VERT-</a>], <i>keep +turning</i>; pass., <i>be engaged in</i>, <i>be occupied about</i>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>; <i>dwell</i>, <i>remain</i>, +<i>be</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vesper</b>, -erī or -eris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, +<i>evening</i>, <i>nightfall</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vester</b>, -tra, -trum, <i>your</i>, <i>yours</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vetō</b>, <b>1</b>, -uī, -itum [<a href = "#root_VET">VET-</a>], +<i>leave in old state</i>; <i>advise against</i>, <i>forbid</i>, <a +href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vēxillum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VAG">VAG-, VEH-</a>], <i>military ensign</i>, <i>banner</i>, +<i>flag</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vēxō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_VAG">VAG-, VEH-</a>], <i>keep +carrying</i>; <i>harass</i>, <i>overrun</i>, <a href = +"#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vīctor</b>, -ōris, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VIC">VIC-</a>], <i>conqueror</i>, <i>victor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>; in appos. <i>conquering</i>, +<i>victorious</i>, <a href = "#simple_24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vīcus</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>row of +houses</i>; <i>village</i>, <i>hamlet</i>, <a href = +"#simple_7">7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Videō</b>, <b>2</b>, vīdī, vīsum [<a href = "#root_VID">VID-</a>], +<i>see</i>, <i>perceive</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, +<a href = "#simple_19">19</a>; <i>see</i>, <i>know</i>, +<a href = "#simple_5">5</a>, +<a href = "#simple_10">10</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, +<a href = "#simple_26">26</a>, +<a href = "#simple_30">30</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, w. acc. and infin.; pass., <i>seem</i>, +<i>appear</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, +<a href = "#simple_16">16</a>, +<a href = "#simple_18">18</a>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>, +<a href = "#simple_33">33</a>; <i>seem good</i>, <i>seem +best</i>, <a href = "#simple_20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vigilia</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, <i>being +awake</i>; <i>watch</i>, <i>night-watch</i>, +<a href = "#simple_11">11</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vīmen</b>, -inis, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VI">VI-, VIC-</a>], <i>means of binding</i>; <i>willow</i>, +<i>withe</i>, <i>wicker-work</i>, <a href = +"#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vincō</b>, <b>3</b>, vīcī, vīctum [<a href = +"#root_VIC">VIC-</a>], <i>conquer</i>, <i>defeat</i>, +<a href = "#simple_28">28</a>.<br> +Cf. superō.</p> + +<p><b>Vīnea</b>, -ae, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VI">VI-, VIC-</a>], <i>shelter for vines</i>; <i>covered +shed</i>, <i>movable shelter</i>, +<a href = "#simple_12">12</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vīnum</b>, -ī, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_VI">VI-, VIC-</a>], <i>wine</i>, <a href = +"#simple_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vir</b>, virī, <span class = "smallroman">M.</span>, <i>male</i>, +<i>man</i>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Virtūs</b>, -ūtis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>manhood</i>; <i>bravery</i>, <i>valor</i>, +<a href = "#simple_4">4</a>, +<a href = "#simple_8">8</a>, +<a href = "#simple_15">15</a>, +<a href = "#simple_21">21</a>, +<a href = "#simple_24">24</a>, +<a href = "#simple_27">27</a>, +<a href = "#simple_31">31</a>, <a href = "#simple_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vīs</b>, vim, vī, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span>, +<i>strength</i>, <i>power</i>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vītō</b>, <b>1</b>, <i>shun</i>, <i>try to escape</i>, +<i>avoid</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vix</b>, adv. [<a href = "#root_VIC">VIC-</a>], <i>with +effort</i>; <i>barely</i>, <i>scarcely</i>, <i>hardly</i>, <a href += "#simple_28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Voluntās</b>, -ātis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [<a href += "#root_VOL">VOL-</a>], <i>will</i>, <i>wish</i>, +<i>desire</i>, <a href = "#simple_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vōx</b>, vōcis, <span class = "smallroman">F.</span> [VOC], +<i>that which calls out</i>; <i>voice</i>, <i>utterance</i>, +<a href = "#simple_13">13</a>, <a href = "#simple_30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vulgō</b> (<b>volgō</b>), adv. (abl. of vulgus) [<a href = +"#root_VERG">VERG-, VALG-</a>], <i>among the people</i>; +<i>generally</i>, <i>commonly</i>, <a href = "#simple_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vulnerō</b>, <b>1</b> [<a href = "#root_2VEL">2 VEL-, VOL-</a>], +<i>wound</i>, <i>injure</i>, <a href = "#simple_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vulnus</b>, -eris, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> [<a href = +"#root_2VEL">2 VEL-, VOL-</a>], <i>wound</i>, <i>hurt</i>, +<a href = "#simple_23">23</a>, +<a href = "#simple_25">25</a>, <a href = "#simple_27">27</a>.</p> + +</div> +<!-- end div vocab --> + +<!-- 124 --> + +<span class = "pagenum">125</span> + +<h3><a name = "etym" id = "etym"> +ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +The relation in meaning of some words in certain groups to the root is +sometimes obscure or even impossible to be traced with absolute +certainty. Sometimes the relation is obscured by the omission in this +vocabulary of an interlinking word, because it does not occur in the +text. Let us take an example close at hand, the root AID- and the noun +<b>aestuārium</b>. The notion “inlet” seems very remote from the notion +“burn.” But <b>aestuārium</b> is formed from <b>aestus</b> (for +<i>aedtus</i>), the first meaning of which is <i>the raging of fire, +waves or billows of heat</i>. As we might expect, a secondary +meaning is, <i>the raging of water, waves, billows</i>, in the proper +sense. From the force of the suffix <b>-ārium</b>, <b>aestuārium</b> +should mean a <i>sea-marsh</i>, or <i>a tract overflowed at high +tide</i>; and from this the notion “inlet,” the place through which the +tide rushes, comes naturally enough.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +The following roots, with their meanings, have been mostly taken from +the excellent Elementary Latin Dictionary of Dr. Charlton T. Lewis.</p> + +<div class = "etymology"> + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1AC" id = "root_1AC">1. AC-</a>, sharp, pierce.</p> + +<p><b>Aciēs</b>, edge, line of battle.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·acūtus</b>, sharpened at the point.</p> + +<p><b>Ācr·iter</b>, sharply.</p> + +<p><b>Acervus</b>, heap.</p> + +<p><b>Co·acervō</b>, heap up.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2AC" id = "root_2AC">2. AC-</a>, swift.</p> + +<p><b>Equĕs</b>, horseman.</p> + +<p><b>Equester</b>, of horsemen.</p> + +<p><b>Equitātus</b>, cavalry.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AG" id = "root_AG">AG-</a>, drive.</p> + +<p><b>Agō</b>, drive, lead.</p> + +<p><b>Cō·gō</b> [for <i>con·agō</i>], drive together, compel.</p> + +<p><b>Red·igō</b>, drive back, reduce.</p> + +<p><b>Ager</b>, land.</p> + +<p><b>Āgmen</b>, marching column.</p> + +<p><b>Īgnis</b>, fire.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·agitō</b>, harass.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AID" id = "root_AID">AID-</a>, burn.</p> + +<p><b>Aedi·ficium</b> [from <i>aedēs</i>, <i>hearth</i>], building.</p> + +<p><b>Aestās</b> [for <i>aid·tās</i>], summer.</p> + +<p><b>Aestuārium</b> [for <i>aid·t-</i>], inlet.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1AL" id = "root_1AL">1. AL-</a>, AR-, feed, grow, +raise.</p> + +<p><b>Altus</b>, high.</p> + +<p><b>Altitūdō</b>, height.</p> + +<p><b>Arduus</b>, steep.</p> + +<p><b>Arbor</b>, tree.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2AL" id = "root_2AL">2. AL-</a> (ALI-), other, +strange.</p> + +<p><b>Alius</b>, other.</p> + +<p><b>Aliās</b>, at some other time.</p> + +<p><b>Aliēnus</b>, another’s.</p> + +<p><b>Al·iter</b>, other-wise.</p> + +<p><b>Alter</b>, the other (of two).</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AM" id = "root_AM">AM-</a>, love.</p> + +<p><b>Amīcus</b>, friend.</p> + +<p><b>Amīcitia</b>, friendship.</p> + +<p><b>In·imīcus</b>, unfriendly, hostile.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">126</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AN" id = "root_AN">AN-</a>, breathe.</p> + +<p><b>Animus</b>, spirit.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·animō</b>, make breathless.</p> + +<p><b>Onus</b> (as the cause of panting), weight.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_ANA" id = "root_ANA">ANA-</a>, pronominal stem, third +person.</p> + +<p><b>In</b>, in, into.</p> + +<p><b>Inter</b>, between.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·eā</b>, meanwhile.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·im</b>, meanwhile.</p> + +<p><b>Interior</b> [compar. of obs. <i>interus</i>], inner.</p> + +<p><b>Intrā</b>, within.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō</b>, enter.</p> + +<p><b>?Ille</b> [old form <i>ollus</i>, from <i>onolus</i>], that +one.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_ANT" id = "root_ANT">ANT-</a>, before, against.</p> + +<p><b>Ante</b>, before, formerly.</p> + +<p><b>Antīquitus</b>, of old.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AP" id = "root_AP">AP-</a>, OP-, lay hold of work, +help.</p> + +<p>(<b>Ops</b>), aid.</p> + +<p><b>Opus</b>, work.</p> + +<p><b>Opera</b>, exertion, service.</p> + +<p><b>C·ōpia</b> [for <i>com·opia</i>], supply.</p> + +<p><b>Co·epī</b> [for <i>com·apiō</i>], begin.</p> + +<p><b>Optimus</b>, best.</p> + +<p><b>Omnis</b> [for <i>apnis</i>], all.</p> + +<p><b>Opīniō</b>, impression.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_APA" id = "root_APA">APA-</a>, <i>away</i>, +<i>from</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ab</b>, from, by.</p> + +<p><b>Ap·ud</b>, among.</p> + +<p><b>Ob</b>, against.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AR" id = "root_AR">AR-</a>, fit.</p> + +<p><b>Armō</b>, arm.</p> + +<p><b>Arma</b>, arms.</p> + +<p><b>Armātūra</b>, equipment.</p> + +<p><b>In·ermis</b>, unarmed.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_ARC" id = "root_ARC">ARC-</a>, shut in, keep off.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·ercitus</b>, army.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·ercitātus</b>, trained.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1AV" id = "root_1AV">1. AV-</a>, mark, desire, +delight.</p> + +<p><b>Audeō</b>, dare.</p> + +<p><b>Audāc·ter</b>, boldly.</p> + + +<p><b>Ūtor</b> [for <i>avtor</i>], use.</p> + +<p><b>Ūsus</b>, use, experience.</p> + +<p><b>In·ūsitātus</b>, unusual.</p> + +<p><b>In·ūtilis</b>, useless.</p> + +<p><b>Neg·ōtium</b> [for <i>nec·avtium</i>], business.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2AV" id = "root_2AV">2. AV-</a>, mark, notice.</p> + +<p><b>Audiō</b>, hear.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·audiō</b>, overhear.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_AVG" id = "root_AVG">AVG-</a>, grow.</p> + +<p><b>Auctōritās</b>, power.</p> + +<p><b>Auxilium</b>, aid.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_BA" id = "root_BA">BA-</a>, VA-, VEN-, go.</p> + +<p><b>Ar·bitror</b> [for <i>ad·batror</i>], believe.</p> + +<p><b>Du·bitō</b>, doubt, hesitate.</p> + +<p><b>Vadum</b>, ford.</p> + +<p><b>Veniō</b>, come.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·ventus</b>, arrival.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·veniō</b>, outflank.</p> + +<p><b>Con·veniō</b>, meet.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·veniō</b>, come to.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">127</span> +<p><b>Ē·ventus</b>, outcome.</p> + +<p><b>In·veniō</b>, find.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·veniō</b>, fall in with.</p> + +<p><b>Per·veniō</b>, arrive at.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CA" id = "root_CA">CA-</a>, CI-, pronominal stem, +<i>who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quī</b>, who.</p> + +<p><b>Quī·dam</b>, a certain one.</p> + +<p><b>Qui·dem</b>, certainly.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn</b> [for <i>quī·nē</i>], but that.</p> + +<p><b>Quā</b>, where.</p> + +<p><b>Quō</b>, whither.</p> + +<p><b>Quod</b>, because.</p> + +<p><b>Quis</b>, who?</p> + +<p><b>Quī·nam</b>, who, pray?</p> + +<p><b>Quis·quam</b>, any.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·quī·quam</b>, in vain.</p> + +<p><b>Quis·quis</b>, whoever.</p> + +<p><b>Quis·que</b>, each one.</p> + +<p><b>Quo·que</b>, also.</p> + +<p><b>Cum</b> (<b>quom</b>), when.</p> + +<p><b>Quam</b>, than.</p> + +<p><b>Quam·vīs</b>, how-so-ever.</p> + +<p><b>Post·quam</b>, after.</p> + +<p><b>Prius·quam</b>, sooner than.</p> + +<p><b>Quantus</b>, how great.</p> + +<p><b>Que</b>, and.</p> + +<p><b>Ita·que</b>, and so.</p> + +<p><b>Ne·que</b>, and not.</p> + +<p><b>Ubi</b> [for <i>quō·bi</i>], where.</p> + +<p><b>Undi·que</b> [for <i>cunde·que</i>], from all sides.</p> + + +<p><b>Cēterī</b>, the others.</p> + +<p><b>Cis</b>, this side of.</p> + +<p><b>Citerior</b>, hither.</p> + +<p><b>Citrā</b>, this side of.</p> + +<p><b>Ut</b> or <b>Utī</b> [for <i>cutī</i> or <i>quotī</i>], as, in +order that.</p> + +<p><b>Uter·que</b> [for <i>quoter·que</i>], each.</p> + +<p><b>Ne·uter</b>, neither.</p> + + +<p><b>Cotī·diē</b>, daily.</p> + +<p><b>Hī·c</b> [for <i>hī·ce</i>], this.</p> + +<p><b>Nun·c</b> [for <i>num·ce</i>], now.</p> + +<p><b>Sī·c</b> [for <i>sī·ce</i>], so.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CAD" id = "root_CAD">CAD-</a>, fall.</p> + +<p><b>Cadō</b>, fall.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cidō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), befall.</p> + +<p><b>In·cidō</b>, happen.</p> + +<p><b>Cadāver</b>, dead body.</p> + +<p><b>Cāsus</b>, happening.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cāsus</b> (<b>obc-</b>), setting.</p> + +<p><b>Cēdō</b>, give way.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cēdō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), approach.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·cēdō</b>, depart.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·cessus</b>, departure.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·cēdō</b>, withdraw from.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·cēdō</b>, intervene.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·cēdō</b>, advance.</p> + +<p><b>Suc·cēdō</b> (<b>subc-</b>), approach.</p> + +<p><b>Suc·cessus</b> (<b>subc-</b>), close approach.</p> + +<p><b>Ar·cessō</b> [for <i>ad·cēdsō</i>], summon.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1CAL" id = "root_1CAL">1. CAL-</a>, CAR-, call.</p> + +<p><b>Con·cilium</b>, meeting.</p> + +<p><b>Clāmor</b>, shouting.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2CAL" id = "root_2CAL">2. CAL-</a>, SCAL-, cover, +hide.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cultus</b> (<b>obc-</b>), hidden.</p> + +<p><b>Galea</b>, helmet.</p> + +<p><b>Domi·cilium</b>, dwelling-place.</p> + +<p><b>Cēlō</b>, hide.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">128</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CAP" id = "root_CAP">CAP-</a>, take, hold.</p> + +<p><b>Ac·cipiō</b> (<b>adc-</b>), receive.</p> + +<p><b>In·cipiō</b>, begin.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·cipiō</b>, intercept.</p> + +<p><b>Re·cipiō</b>, receive.</p> + +<p><b>Captīvus</b>, captive.</p> + + +<p><b>Oc·cupō</b> (<b>obc-</b>), take into possession.</p> + +<p><b>Caput</b>, head.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ceps</b>, headlong.</p> + +<p><b>Prīn·ceps</b>, leader.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CAR" id = "root_CAR">CAR-</a>, SCAR-, hard, scrape.</p> + +<p><b>Cortex</b>, bark.</p> + +<p><b>Cornū</b>, horn, wing.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CAV" id = "root_CAV">CAV-</a>, watch.</p> + +<p><b>Causa</b>, cause.</p> + +<p><b>In·cūsō</b>, accuse.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CEL" id = "root_CEL">CEL-</a>, CER-, strike, drive.</p> + +<p><b>Gladius</b> [for <i>cladius</i>], sword.</p> + +<p><b>Celeritās</b>, swiftness.</p> + +<p><b>Celer·iter</b>, swiftly.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·cul</b>, at a distance.</p> + +<p><b>Cursus</b>, running.</p> + +<p><b>Con·currō</b>, run together.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·currō</b>, run down.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·currō</b> (<b>obc-</b>), meet.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·cursiō</b>, sally.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CEN" id = "root_CEN">CEN-</a>, hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Centum</b>, hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Centuriō</b>, centurion.</p> + +<p><b>Du·centī</b>, two hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Quadrin·gentī</b>, four hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn·gentī</b>, five hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Sex·centī</b>, six hundred.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1CER" id = "root_1CER">1. CER-</a>, CRE-, make.</p> + +<p><b>Crēber</b>, numerous.</p> + +<p><b>Corpus</b>, body.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2CER" id = "root_2CER">2. CER-</a>, CRE-, part.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·cernō</b>, decide upon.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·certō</b>, fight decisively.</p> + +<p><b>Certus</b>, sure.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CI" id = "root_CI">CI-</a>, rouse.</p> + +<p><b>In·citō</b>, urge on.</p> + +<p><b>Solli·citō</b> (<b>sōli-</b>), stir up.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CLI" id = "root_CLI">CLĪ-</a>, lean.</p> + +<p><b>Clē·mentia</b>, mildness.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·clīvis</b> (<b>acc-</b>), sloping upward.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·clīvitās</b> (<b>acc-</b>), upward slope.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·clīvis</b>, sloping downward.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CRAT" id = "root_CRAT">CRAT-</a>, faith.</p> + +<p><b>Crē·do</b>, [for <i>crat·dō</i>], believe.</p> + +<p><b>In·crē·dibilis</b> [for <i>in·crat·dibilis</i>], incredible.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_CVR" id = "root_CVR">CVR-</a>, CIR-, curve.</p> + +<p><b>Circum</b>, around.</p> + +<p><b>Circi·ter</b>, about.</p> + +<p><b>Circu·itus</b>, circumference.</p> + +<p><b>Cruciātus</b>, torture.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1DA" id = "root_1DA">1. DA-</a>, give.</p> + +<p><b>Dō</b>, give.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·dō</b>, give up.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ditīcius</b>, one who has surrendered.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ditiō</b>, surrender.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ditus</b> [P. of <i>ē·dō</i>], rising.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">129</span> +<p><b>Red·dō</b>, give back.</p> + +<p><b>Trā·dō</b> [for <i>trāns·dō</i>], give over.</p> + +<p><b>Vēn·dō</b> [for <i>vēnum·dō</i>], sell.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2DA" id = "root_2DA">2. DA-</a>, put.</p> + +<p><b>Ab·dō</b>, hide.</p> + +<p><b>Crē·dō</b>, believe.</p> + +<p><b>In·crē·dibilis</b>, incredible.</p> + +<p><b>Man·dō</b>, commission.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_3DA" id = "root_3DA">3. DA-</a>, pronominal stem, third +person.</p> + +<p><b>Ī·dem</b>, the same.</p> + +<p><b>Quī·dam</b>, a certain one.</p> + +<p><b>Qui·dem</b>, indeed.</p> + +<p><b>Tot·idem</b>, just as many.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DEC" id = "root_DEC">DEC-</a>, ten.</p> + +<p><b>Decem</b>, ten.</p> + +<p><b>Decimus</b>, tenth.</p> + +<p><b>Decumānus</b> (<b>deci-</b>), of the tenth (cohort), in the +phrase, <i>porta decumāna</i>, the main entrance to a Roman camp.</p> + +<p><b>Ūn·decimus</b>, eleventh.</p> + +<p><b>Duo·decimus</b>, twelfth.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn·decim</b>, fifteen.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DIC" id = "root_DIC">DĪC-</a>, DIC- (DAC-), show, +point.</p> + +<p><b>Dīcō</b>, say.</p> + +<p><b>Doceō</b>, teach.</p> + +<p><b>Iū·dicō</b>, judge.</p> + +<p>(<b>Diciō</b>), control.</p> + +<p><b>Con·diciō</b>, condition.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DIV" id = "root_DIV">DIV-</a>, DI-, DIAV-, shine.</p> + +<p><b>Dīvīnus</b>, divine.</p> + +<p><b>Diēs</b>, day.</p> + +<p><b>Cotī·diē</b>, daily.</p> + +<p><b>Postrī·diē</b> [for <i>posterō diē</i>), next day.</p> + +<p><b>Trī·duum</b>, three days’ time.</p> + +<p><b>Dum</b> [for <i>dium</i>], while.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·dum</b>, not yet.</p> + +<p><b>Diū</b>, for a long time.</p> + +<p><b>Iuvō</b>, [for <i>diuvō</i>], aid.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·iuvō</b>, aid.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DOM" id = "root_DOM">DOM-</a>, build.</p> + +<p><b>Domus</b>, home.</p> + +<p><b>Domi·cilium</b>, dwelling-place.</p> + +<p><b>Domesticus</b>, of home.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DVA" id = "root_DVA">DVA-</a>, DVI-, apart, two.</p> + +<p><b>Duo</b>, two.</p> + +<p><b>Duo·decimus</b>, twelfth.</p> + +<p><b>Duo·dē·vīgintī</b>, eighteen.</p> + +<p><b>Du·bitō</b>, doubt, hesitate.</p> + +<p><b>Du·centī</b>, two hundred.</p> + +<p><b>Du·plex</b>, two-fold.</p> + +<p><b>Bellum</b> [for <i>duellum</i>], war.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_DVC" id = "root_DVC">DVC-</a>, lead.</p> + +<p><b>Dux</b>, leader.</p> + +<p><b>Dūcō</b>, lead.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·dūcō</b>, bring to.</p> + +<p><b>Con·dūcō</b>, gather.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·dūcō</b>, lead off.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·dūcō</b>, lead out.</p> + +<p><b>In·dūcō</b>, cover.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō·dūcō</b>, lead in.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·dūcō</b>, extend.</p> + +<p><b>Re·dūcō</b>, lead back.</p> + +<p><b>Trā·dūcō</b> [for <i>trāns·dūcō</i>], lead across.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">130</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_EM" id = "root_EM">EM-</a>, take.</p> + +<p><b>Emō</b>, buy.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·imius</b>, excellent.</p> + +<p><b>Sū·mō</b> [for <i>sub·imō</i>], take.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_ES" id = "root_ES">ES-</a>, be, live.</p> + +<p><b>Sum</b> [for <i>esum</i>], be.</p> + +<p><b>Ab·sum</b>, be away.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·sum</b>, be lacking.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·sum</b>, be between.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sum</b>, command<ins class = "correction" title = "text has , for .">. </ins></p> + +<p><b>Super·sum</b>, survive.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_FAC" id = "root_FAC">FAC-</a>, put, make.</p> + +<p><b>Faciō</b>, do.</p> + +<p><b>Fīō</b>, passive of <i>faciō</i>, become.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·ficiō</b>, accomplish, wear out.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ficiō</b>, fail.</p> + +<p><b>Ef·ficiō</b>, bring about.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·ficiō</b>, kill.</p> + +<p><b>Pate·faciō</b>, throw open.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ficiō</b>, place in command.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·ficīscor</b>, put one’s self forward, set out.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·fectiō</b>, setting out.</p> + +<p><b>Facilis</b>, easy.</p> + +<p><b>Facile</b>, easily.</p> + +<p><b>Aedi·ficium</b>, building.</p> + +<p><b>Ampli·ficō</b>, enlarge.</p> + +<p><b>Dif·ficilis</b> (<b>disf-</b>), difficult.</p> + +<p><b>Dif·ficultās</b> (<b>disf-</b>), difficulty.</p> + +<p><b>Facultās</b>, opportunity.</p> + +<p><b>Male·ficium</b>, outrage.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·ficō</b>, announce.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·ficātiō</b>, signal.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_FEN" id = "root_FEN">FEN-</a>, FEND-, strike.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fendō</b>, ward off, defend.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fēnsiō</b>, defence.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·fēnsor</b>, defender.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1FER" id = "root_1FER">1. FER-</a>, bear.</p> + +<p><b>Ferō</b>, bear<ins class = "correction" title = "text has , for .">. </ins></p> + +<p><b>Ad·ferō</b> (<b>aff-</b>), bring to.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·ferō</b>, bring together.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ferō</b>, carry.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·ferō</b>, bring upon.</p> + +<p><b>Of·ferō</b> (<b>obf-</b>), carry.</p> + +<p><b>Per·ferō</b>, endure.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·ferō</b>, place before, out-do.</p> + +<p><b>Re·ferō</b>, bring back.</p> + +<p><b>Fertilitās</b>, fertility.</p> + +<p><b>Ferāx</b>, fertile.</p> + +<p><b>Fōrs</b>, chance.</p> + +<p><b>Fōrtūna</b>, fortune.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·fer</b>, standard-bearer.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2FER" id = "root_2FER">2. FER-</a>, FRE-, hold, fix.</p> + +<p><b>Ferē</b>, almost.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·fīrmō</b>, give assurance, reassure.</p> + +<p><b>Fortis</b> [for <i>forctis</i>], brave.</p> + +<p><b>Fort·iter</b>, bravely<ins class = "correction" title = "text has , for .">. </ins></p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1FID" id = "root_1FID">1. FID-</a>, FĪD-, bind, +trust.</p> + +<p><b>Fidēs</b>, faith.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·fīdō</b>, trust.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2FID" id = "root_2FID">2. FID-</a>, split.</p> + +<p><b>Fīnis</b> [for <i>fidnis</i>], limit.</p> + +<p><b>Fīnitimus</b>, neighboring.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·fīnitās</b>, connection by marriage.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_FLAG" id = "root_FLAG">FLAG-</a>, FLIG-, strike.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·flīgō</b>, contend with.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·flīgō</b>, defeat.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">131</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1FVG" id = "root_1FVG">1. FVG-</a>, FRVG-, use, +enjoy.</p> + +<p><b>Frūmentum</b> [for <i>frūgimentum</i>], grain.</p> + +<p><b>Frūmentārius</b>, of grain.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2FVG" id = "root_2FVG">2. FVG-</a>, bend, flee.</p> + +<p><b>Fuga</b>, flight.</p> + +<p><b>Fugiō</b>, flee.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·fugiō</b>, flee.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_FVR" id = "root_FVR">FVR-</a>, FERV-, rage, swell.</p> + +<p><b>Furor</b>, frenzy.</p> + +<p><b>?Frōns</b>, front.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_GEN" id = "root_GEN">GEN-</a>, GN-, GNA-, beget.</p> + +<p><b>Nāscor</b> (<b>gn-</b>), arise.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·nāscor</b>, grow out.</p> + +<p><b>Nātus</b>, birth.</p> + +<p><b>Nātiō</b>, nation.</p> + +<p><b>Nātūra</b>, nature.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·gnātus</b>, sprung from.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_GER" id = "root_GER">GER-</a>, carry.</p> + +<p><b>Gerō</b>, carry on.</p> + +<p><b>Ag·ger</b> (<b>adg-</b>), mound.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_GNA" id = "root_GNA">GNA-</a>, GNO-, know.</p> + +<p><b>Nam</b>, for.</p> + +<p><b>Nāvō</b> [for <i>gnāvō</i>], perform with knowledge and zeal.</p> + +<p><b>Cō·gnōscō</b>, learn.</p> + +<p><b>Nōbilitās</b>, high birth.</p> + +<p><b>Nōmen</b>, name.</p> + +<p><b>Nōminātim</b>, by name.</p> + +<p><b>Nōminō</b>, mention.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_GRAD" id = "root_GRAD">GRAD-</a>, walk.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·gredior</b> (<b>agg-</b>), attack.</p> + +<p><b>Con·gredior</b><ins class = "correction" title = "text has . for ,"> </ins>meet.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·gredior</b>, go from.</p> + +<p><b>In·gredior</b>, enter.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·gredior</b>, advance.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·gredior</b>, cross.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_HAB" id = "root_HAB">HAB-</a>, have.</p> + +<p><b>Habeō</b>, have.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·beō</b> [for <i>de·hibeō</i>], owe to.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·beō</b> [for <i>prae·hibeō</i>], furnish.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·hibeō</b>, restrain.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_HAM" id = "root_HAM">HAM-</a>, man.</p> + +<p><b>Homō</b>, man.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·mō</b> [for <i>ne·homō</i>], nobody.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_HIM" id = "root_HIM">HĪM-</a>, cold.</p> + +<p><b>Hiemō</b>, pass the winter.</p> + +<p><b>Hībernus</b> [for <i>hiemernus</i>], of winter.</p> + +<p><b>Hībernācula</b>, winter quarters.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1I" id = "root_1I">1. I-</a>, AI-, go.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·eō</b>, approach.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·itus</b>, approach.</p> + +<p><b>Circu·itus</b> [for <i>circum·itus</i>], circumference.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·eō</b>, go forth, set out.</p> + +<p><b>In·eō</b>, enter upon.</p> + +<p><b>In·itium</b>, beginning.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·itus</b>, destruction.</p> + +<p><b>Red·eō</b>, return.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·eō</b>, approach closely.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·itō</b>, suddenly.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·eō</b>, cross.</p> + +<p><b>Iter</b>, route.</p> + +<p><b>Aetās</b> [for <i>aevitās</i>], age.</p> + +<p>From <b>iter</b> is the <i>adv.</i>, <i>ending -iter</i> or +<i>-ter</i>, as in <i>aequāl·iter</i> for <i>aequale·iter</i>, +<i>al·iter</i>, <i>audāc·ter</i>, <i>celer·iter</i>, <i>circi·ter</i>, +<i>diligent·(t)er</i>, <i>fort·iter</i>, <i>lēn·iter</i>, +<i>in·diligent·(t)er</i>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">132</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2I" id = "root_2I">2. I-</a>, AI-, pronominal stem, +third person, demonstrative.</p> + +<p><b>Is</b>, this one.</p> + +<p><b>Eō</b>, there.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·eā</b>, meanwhile.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·im</b>, meanwhile.</p> + +<p><b>Post·eā</b>, afterwards.</p> + +<p><b>Propter·eā</b>, for the reason (that).</p> + +<p><b>Ī·dem</b>, the same.</p> + +<p><b>Iden·t·idem</b> [for <i>idem·et·idem</i>], again and again.</p> + +<p><b>I·pse</b>, self.</p> + +<p><b>Ibī</b>, there.</p> + +<p><b>Inde</b>, thence.</p> + +<p><b>De·inde</b>, thereupon.</p> + +<p><b>Ita</b>, thus.</p> + +<p><b>Ita·que</b>, therefore.</p> + +<p><b>Item</b>, likewise.</p> + +<p><b>?I·dōneus</b>, suitable.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Ūnus</b> [for <i>oenus</i>], one.</p> + +<p><b>Ūnā</b>, together.</p> + +<p><b>Ūni·versus</b>, all.</p> + +<p><b>Ūn·decimus</b>, eleventh.</p> + +<p><b>Ūllus</b> [for <i>ūnulus</i>], any.</p> + +<p><b>Nūllus</b> [for <i>ne·ūnulus</i>], none.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·nūllus</b>, some.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn</b> [<i>ne·oenum</i> (<i>ūnum</i>)], not.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·dum</b>, not yet.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_IA" id = "root_IA">IA-</a>, IAC-, go, send.</p> + +<p><b>Iaciō</b>, throw.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·iciō</b>, hurl.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·iciō</b>, place around.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·iciō</b>, hurl.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·iciō</b>, throw down from.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·iectus</b>, slope.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·iciō</b>, place between.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·iciō</b>, hurl.</p> + +<p><b>Re·iciō</b>, hurl back.</p> + +<p><b>Iaceō</b>, lie.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_IC" id = "root_IC">IC-</a>, AIC-, like.</p> + +<p><b>Aequāl·iter</b>, evenly.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·aequō</b>, equal.</p> + +<p><b>In·īquus</b>, unfavorable.</p> + +<p><b>In·īquitās</b>, inequality.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_IV" id = "root_IV">IV-</a>, IVG-, bind, yoke.</p> + +<p><b>Iugum</b>, ridge.</p> + +<p><b>Con·iungō</b>, join together.</p> + +<p><b>Cūnctus</b> [for <i>cōn·iūnctus</i>], all.</p> + +<p><b>Iūs</b>, right.</p> + +<p><b>Iūstitia</b>, justice.</p> + +<p><b>Con·iūrō</b>, conspire.</p> + +<p><b>In·iūria</b>, wrong.</p> + +<p><b>Iū·dicō</b>, judge.</p> + +<p><b>Iubeō</b>, order.</p> + +<p><b>Iūxtā</b> [for <i>iūgistā</i>], close by.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_LAG" id = "root_LAG">LAG-</a>, loose.</p> + +<p><b>Re·languēscō</b>, lose energy.</p> + +<p><b>Lassitūdō</b>, exhaustion.</p> + +<p><b>Laxō</b>, widen.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1LEG" id = "root_1LEG">1. LEG-</a>, LIG-, gather.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·ligō</b>, choose.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·ligen·ter</b> [for <i>dis·ligent·ter</i>], scrupulously.</p> + +<p><b>In·dī·ligen·ter</b>, carelessly.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ligō</b>, choose.</p> + +<p><b>Intel·legō</b>, understand.</p> + +<p><b>Legiō</b>, legion.</p> + +<p><b>Legiōnārius</b>, of a legion.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2LEG" id = "root_2LEG">2. LEG-</a>, run, spring.</p> + +<p><b>Levis</b> [for <i>legvis</i>], light.</p> + +<p><b>Levitās</b>, lightness.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">133</span> +<p><b>Longus</b>, long.</p> + +<p><b>Longē</b>, far.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_3LEG" id = "root_3LEG">3. LEG-</a>, lie, be fixed.</p> + +<p><b>Lēx</b>, law.</p> + +<p><b>Lēgātus</b>, envoy.</p> + +<p><b>Lēgātiō</b>, embassy.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_LI" id = "root_LI">LI-</a>, pour, smear.</p> + +<p><b>Littera</b>, written character.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·leō</b>, destroy.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_LIB" id = "root_LIB">LIB-</a>, desire.</p> + +<p><b>Līberī</b>, children (the free).</p> + +<p><b>Līberāl·iter</b>, generously.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_LIC" id = "root_LIC">LIC-</a>, LIQV-, let, leave.</p> + +<p><b>Pol·liceor</b> [for <i>prō·liceor</i>], promise.</p> + +<p><b>Re·linquō</b>, leave behind.</p> + +<p><b>Re·liquus</b>, remaining.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1MA" id = "root_1MA">1. MA-</a>, MAN-, measure.</p> + +<p><b>Manus</b>, hand.</p> + +<p><b>Man·dō</b> [for <i>manus·dō</i>], commission.</p> + +<p><b>Mani·pulus</b>, handful, maniple.</p> + +<p><b>Mān·suētūdō</b>, gentleness.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·mētior</b>, measure out.</p> + +<p><b>Mōs</b>, custom.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2MA" id = "root_2MA">2. MA-</a>, MAD-, measure, +moderate.</p> + +<p><b>Modus</b>, manner.</p> + +<p><b>Modo</b>, only.</p> + +<p><b>Com·modē</b> (<b>conm-</b>), easily.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·com·modō</b> (<b>acconm-</b>), fit.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_MAC" id = "root_MAC">MAC-</a>, MAG-, big.</p> + +<p><b>Magis</b> [for <i>magius</i>], more.</p> + +<p><b>Māximē</b>, most.</p> + +<p><b>Māgnus</b>, great.</p> + +<p><b>Māgnitūdō</b>, greatness.</p> + +<p><b>Māior</b> [for <i>magior</i>], greater.</p> + +<p><b>Magistrātus</b>, office.</p> + +<p><b>Molestē</b>, in a troublesome manner.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_MAL" id = "root_MAL">MAL-</a>, crush, grind.</p> + +<p><b>Male·ficium</b>, outrage.</p> + +<p><b>Mulier</b>, woman.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1MAN" id = "root_1MAN">1. MAN-</a>, MEN-, man, mind, +stay.</p> + +<p><b>Moneō</b>, advise.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·mōnstrō</b>, point out.</p> + +<p><b>Clē·mentia</b>, kindness.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2MAN" id = "root_2MAN">2. MAN-</a>, MI-, small, +less.</p> + +<p><b>Minor</b>, smaller.</p> + +<p><b>Minus</b>, less.</p> + +<p><b>Minimē</b>, least.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·ministrō</b>, execute.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_MIL" id = "root_MIL">MĪL-</a>, associate.</p> + +<p><b>Mīlle</b>, thousand.</p> + +<p><b>Mīles</b>, soldier.</p> + +<p><b>Mīlitāris</b>, of war.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_MIS" id = "root_MIS">MIS-</a>, wretched.</p> + +<p><b>Miser</b>, wretched.</p> + +<p><b>Miseri·cordia</b>, pity.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_MIT" id = "root_MIT">MIT-</a>, send, throw.</p> + +<p><b>Mittō</b>, send.</p> + +<p><b>Ā·mittō</b>, lose.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mittō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), join together.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·mittō</b>, despatch.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·mittō</b>, let fly.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">134</span> +<p><b>Inter·mittō</b>, halt.</p> + +<p><b>Intrō·mittō</b>, send in.</p> + +<p><b>O·mittō</b> [for <i>ob·mittō</i>], neglect.</p> + +<p><b>Per·mittō</b>, grant.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·mittō</b>, send in advance.</p> + +<p><b>Re·mittō</b>, send back.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·mittō</b>, send as aid.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1MV" id = "root_1MV">1. MV-</a>, MOV-, move.</p> + +<p><b>Moveō</b>, move.</p> + +<p><b>Com·moveō</b>, startle.</p> + +<p><b>Per·moveō</b>, rouse.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·moveō</b>, move forward.</p> + +<p><b>Mōbilitās</b>, nimbleness.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mūtātiō</b>, change.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2MV" id = "root_2MV">2. MV-</a>, shut, fasten.</p> + +<p><b>Com·mūnis</b> (<b>conm-</b>), common.</p> + +<p><b>Moenia</b>, walls.</p> + +<p><b>Mūniō</b>, fortify.</p> + +<p><b>Circum·mūniō</b>, blockade.</p> + +<p><b>Mūnīmentum</b>, fortification.</p> + +<p><b>Mūnītiō</b>, fortification.</p> + +<p><b>Mūrus</b> [old <i>moerus</i>], wall.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_NA" id = "root_NA">NA-</a>, no.</p> + +<p><b>Nē</b>, that not, lest.</p> + +<p><b>Ne·que</b>, and not.</p> + +<p><b>Nē·ve</b> or <b>Neu</b>, and that not.</p> + +<p><b>Ni·hil</b>, nothing.</p> + +<p><b>Ni·si</b> [for <i>nē·si</i>], if not.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn</b> [for <i>ne·oenum</i> (<i>ūnum</i>)], not.</p> + +<p><b>Nōn·dum</b>, not yet.</p> + +<p><b>Quīn</b> [for <i>quī·nē</i>], but that.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1NEC" id = "root_1NEC">1. NEC-</a>, NOC-, kill, +hurt.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·neciō</b>, annihilation.</p> + +<p><b>Nox</b>, night.</p> + +<p><b>Noctū</b>, by night.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2NEC" id = "root_2NEC">2. NEC-</a>, bind.</p> + +<p><b>Necessitās</b>, necessity.</p> + +<p><b>Necessārius</b>, necessary.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_NV" id = "root_NV">NV-</a>, now (pronominal stem).</p> + +<p><b>Noster</b>, our.</p> + +<p><b>Nunc</b> [for <i>num·ce</i>], now.</p> + +<p><b>Novus</b>, new, fresh.</p> + +<p><b>Nūntius</b> [for <i>noventius</i>, from obs. <i>noveō</i>, from +<i>novus</i>], messenger.</p> + +<p><b>Nūntiō</b>, report.</p> + +<p><b>Re·nūntiō</b>, report.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_OL" id = "root_OL">OL-</a>, OR-, grow, rise.</p> + +<p><b>Orior</b>, arise.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·orior</b>, assault.</p> + +<p><b>Ōrdō</b>, order.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PA" id = "root_PA">PA-</a>, feed.</p> + +<p><b>Pater</b>, father.</p> + +<p><b>Patrius</b>, ancestral.</p> + +<p><b>Pābulum</b>, fodder.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PAC" id = "root_PAC">PAC-</a>, PAG-, PVG-, fix, peg.</p> + +<p><b>Pāx</b>, peace.</p> + +<p><b>Pācō</b>, subdue.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Pūgnō</b>, fight.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·pūgnō</b>, storm.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pūgnō</b> (<b>obp-</b>), assault.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pūgnātiō</b> (<b>obp-</b>), assault.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·pūgnō</b>, defend.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PAL" id = "root_PAL">PAL-</a>, PEL-, PVL-, drive, +scatter.</p> + +<p><b>Pellō</b>, drive.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·pellō</b> (<b>app-</b>), accost.</p> + +<p><b>Com·pellō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), drive together.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">135</span> +<p><b>Ex·pellō</b>, drive out.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pellō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), incite.</p> + +<p><b>Re·pellō</b>, drive back.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1PAR" id = "root_1PAR">1. PAR-</a>, POR-, PER-, through, +far, reach, try.</p> + +<p><b>Pār</b>, equal.</p> + +<p><b>Per</b>, through.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·perior</b>, test.</p> + +<p><b>Perīclitor</b>, test.</p> + +<p><b>Perīculum</b>, danger.</p> + +<p><b>Porta</b>, gate.</p> + +<p><b>Portō</b>, bear.</p> + +<p><b>Op·portūnus</b> (<b>obp-</b>), suitable.</p> + +<p><b>Paulis·per</b>, for a short time.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2PAR" id = "root_2PAR">2. PAR-</a>, POR-, part, +breed.</p> + +<p><b>Parātus</b>, ready.</p> + +<p><b>Com·parō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), get ready.</p> + +<p><b>Pro·perō</b>, hasten.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perātor</b> (<b>inp-</b>), commander.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), command.</p> + +<p><b>Im·perium</b> (<b>inp-</b>), command.</p> + +<p><b>A·pertus</b> [for <i>ab·partus</i>], open.</p> + +<p><b>Re·periō</b>, find.</p> + +<p><b>Pars</b>, portion.</p> + +<p><b>Partim</b>, partly.</p> + +<p><b>O·portet</b> [for <i>ob·portet</i>], is necessary.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PARC" id = "root_PARC">PARC-</a>, PLEC-, bind, weave, +fold.</p> + +<p><b>Du·plex</b>, two-fold.</p> + +<p><b>Sup·plex</b> (<b>subp-</b>), suppliant.</p> + +<p><b>Sup·plicātiō</b> (<b>subp-</b>), thanksgiving.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Prope</b>, near [with metathesis of <i>r</i> and change of <i>c</i> +to <i>p</i>. Cf. roots SAC and SCAL].</p> + +<p><b>Proximus</b> [<i>superl.</i> of <i>propior</i>], nearest.</p> + +<p><b>Proximē</b>, last.</p> + +<p><b>Propīnquus</b>, near.</p> + +<p><b>Propīnquitās</b>, proximity.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·propīnquō</b> (<b>app-</b>), approach.</p> + +<p><b>Propter</b>, near, on account of.</p> + +<p><b>Propter·eā</b>, for the reason (that).</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1PAT" id = "root_1PAT">1. PAT-</a>, go.</p> + +<p><b>Passus</b>, step.</p> + +<p><b>Pōns</b>, bridge.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2PAT" id = "root_2PAT">2. PAT-</a>, PAD-, spread, +open.</p> + +<p><b>Pateō</b>, extend.</p> + +<p><b>Pate·faciō</b>, open.</p> + +<p><b>Pandō</b>, extend.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PAV" id = "root_PAV">PAV-</a>, little.</p> + +<p><b>Paucus</b>, few.</p> + +<p><b>Parvulus</b>, slight.</p> + +<p><b>Paulum</b>, a little.</p> + +<p><b>Paulō</b>, a little.</p> + +<p><b>Paululum</b>, very slightly.</p> + +<p><b>Paulātim</b>, gradually.</p> + +<p><b>Paulis·per</b>, for a short time.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PED" id = "root_PED">PED-</a>, tread.</p> + +<p><b>Pēs</b>, foot.</p> + +<p><b>Pedĕs</b>, foot-soldier.</p> + +<p><b>Pedester</b>, of infantry.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·pedītus</b>, <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘unemcumbered’">unencumbered</ins>.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pediō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), hinder.</p> + +<p><b>Im·pedīmenta</b> (<b>inp-</b>), baggage.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Op·pidum</b> [for <i>ob-pedum</i>], town.</p> + +<p><b>Op·pidānus</b> (<b>obp-</b>), townsman.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PET" id = "root_PET">PET-</a>, fly.</p> + +<p><b>Petō</b>, seek.</p> + +<p><b>Im·petus</b> (<b>inp-</b>), charge.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">136</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PIS" id = "root_PIS">PIS-</a>, crush.</p> + +<p><b>Pīlum</b> [for <i>pislum</i>], spear.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmi·pīlus</b>, first centurion of the <i>triarii</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PLAT" id = "root_PLAT">PLAT-</a>, spread, flat.</p> + +<p><b>Latus</b> [for <i>platus</i>], side.</p> + +<p><b>Plānitiēs</b> [for <i>platnitiēs</i>], plain.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PLE" id = "root_PLE">PLE-</a>, PLO-, PLV-, fill.</p> + +<p><b>Com·pleō</b> (<b>conp-</b>), fill.</p> + +<p><b>Plērus·que</b>, the most of.</p> + +<p><b>Plūs</b>, more.</p> + +<p><b>Plūrimum</b>, most.</p> + +<p><b>Com·plūrēs</b> (<b>conp-</b>), many.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Mani·pulus</b>, maniple.</p> + +<p><b>Am·plius</b>, more.</p> + +<p><b>Ampli·ficō</b>, enlarge.</p> + +<p><b>?Pellis</b>, skin.</p> + +<p><b>Populus</b>, people.</p> + +<p><b>Pūblicus</b> [for <i>populicus</i>], belonging to the state.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PLV" id = "root_PLV">PLV-</a>, PLOV-, wash, flow.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·plōrō</b> [for <i>ex·ploverō</i>], reconnoitre.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·plōrātor</b>, scout.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_POS" id = "root_POS">POS-</a>, behind.</p> + +<p><b>Post</b>, after.</p> + +<p><b>Post·eā</b>, afterwards.</p> + +<p><b>Post·quam</b>, after.</p> + +<p><b>Postrī·diē</b> [for <i>posterō diē</i>], next day.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_POT" id = "root_POT">POT-</a>, master.</p> + +<p><b>Potius</b>, rather.</p> + +<p><b>Pos·sum</b> [for <i>potis sum</i>], be able, can.</p> + +<p><b>Potēns</b>, able.</p> + +<p><b>Potestās</b>, power.</p> + +<p><b>Potior</b>, gain.</p> + +<p><b>Im·petrō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), obtain.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PREC" id = "root_PREC">PREC-</a>, pray.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·precor</b>, petition against.</p> + +<p><b>Poscō</b> [for <i>porcscō</i>], demand.</p> + +<p><b>Postulō</b>, demand.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_PRO" id = "root_PRO">PRO-</a>, PRI-, PRAE-, before.</p> + +<p><b>Prō</b>, before.</p> + +<p><b>Prior</b>, preceding.</p> + +<p><b>Prius·quam</b>, sooner than.</p> + +<p><b>Prīs·tinus</b> [for <i>prius·tinus</i>], former.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmus</b>, first.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmum</b>, in the first place.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmō</b>, in the first place.</p> + +<p><b>Prīn·ceps</b> [for <i>prīmi·ceps</i>], leader.</p> + +<p><b>Prīmi·pīlus</b>, first centurion of the <i>triarii</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Prae</b>, before.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_RA" id = "root_RA">RA-</a>, join, count.</p> + +<p><b>Ratiō</b>, reason.</p> + +<p><b>Rēs</b>, thing.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_RAP" id = "root_RAP">RAP-</a>, RVP-, snatch, break.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·ripiō</b> [for <i>dis·ripiō</i>], sack.</p> + +<p><b>Ē·ruptiō</b>, sally.</p> + +<p><b>Rūpēs</b>, cliff.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_REG" id = "root_REG">REG-</a>, RIG-, stretch, guide.</p> + +<p><b>Por·rigō</b> [for <i>prō·regō</i>], stretch out.</p> + +<p><b>Regiō</b>, direction.</p> + +<p><b>Rēx</b>, ruler.</p> + +<p><b>Rēgnum</b>, control.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">137</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1SA" id = "root_1SA">1. SA-</a>, SI-, sow, strow, +sift.</p> + +<p><b>Pōnō</b> [for <i>port·(prō) sinō</i>], place.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·pōnō</b>, put off.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·pōnō</b>, display.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2SA" id = "root_2SA">2. SA-</a>, SIM-, together, +like.</p> + +<p><b>Singulī</b>, one at a time.</p> + +<p><b>Singulāris</b>, extraordinary.</p> + +<p><b>Simul</b>, at the same time.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·similis</b>, altogether like.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_3SA" id = "root_3SA">3. SA-</a>, pronominal stem.</p> + +<p><b>Sī·c</b> [for <i>sī·ce</i>], so.</p> + +<p><b>I·pse</b>, self.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1SAC" id = "root_1SAC">1. SAC-</a>, SAG-, fasten.</p> + +<p><b>Sagittārius</b>, archer.</p> + +<p><b>Saepēs</b> [with <i>p</i> for <i>c</i>], hedge.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2SAC" id = "root_2SAC">2. SAC-</a>, SEC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-, +split.</p> + +<p><b>Saxum</b>, rock.</p> + +<p><b>Sectiō</b>, booty.</p> + +<p><b>Scientia</b>, knowledge.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·scindō</b>, cut off.</p> + +<p><b>Con·cīdō</b>, cut to pieces.</p> + +<p><b>In·cīdō</b>, cut into.</p> + +<p><b>Oc·cīdō</b>, kill.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_3SAC" id = "root_3SAC">3. SAC-</a>, show.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgnum</b>, signal.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·fer</b>, standard-bearer.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·ficō</b>, announce.</p> + +<p><b>Sīgni·ficātiō</b>, signal.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sīgne</b>, sign.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SAL" id = "root_SAL">SAL-</a>, SER-, save.</p> + +<p><b>Salūs</b>, safety.</p> + +<p><b>Sōlus</b>, alone.</p> + +<p><b>Sōlum</b>, only.</p> + +<p><b>Solli·citō</b> (<b>sōli</b>), stir up.</p> + +<p><b>Servō</b>, keep.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·servō</b>, preserve.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SCAD" id = "root_SCAD">SCAD-</a>, CAD-, cover.</p> + +<p><b>Castra</b>, camp.</p> + +<p><b>Castellum</b>, redoubt.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SCAL" id = "root_SCAL">SCAL-</a>, SCAR- (with <i>p</i> +for <i>c</i>, SPOL-), scrape.</p> + +<p><b>Calamitās</b>, [for <i>scalamitās</i>], disaster.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spoliō</b>, deprive.</p> + +<p><b>?Populor</b>, <b>Dē·populor</b>, ravage.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SCAND" id = "root_SCAND">SCAND-</a>, climb.</p> + +<p><b>A·scendō</b> (<b>adsc-</b>), mount.</p> + +<p><b>A·scēnsus</b> (<b>adsc-</b>), ascent.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SCARP" id = "root_SCARP">SCARP-</a>, SCALP-, cut, +scratch.</p> + +<p><b>Scrībō</b>, write.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·scrībō</b>, enroll.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·scrībō</b>, dictate.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SCV" id = "root_SCV">SCV-</a>, CV-, cover, hide.</p> + +<p><b>Scūtum</b>, shield.</p> + +<p><b>Custōdia</b>, guard.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SEC" id = "root_SEC">SEC-</a>, follow.</p> + +<p><b>Sequor</b>, follow.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sequor</b>, attain.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sequor</b>, follow up.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·sequor</b>, pursue.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·sequor</b>, follow closely.</p> + +<p><b>Secundus</b>, favorable.</p> + +<p><b>Secundum</b>, according to.</p> + +<p><b>Con-</b> [for <i>scom-</i>], with.</p> + +<p><b>Cum</b>, with.</p> + +<p><b>Cōpia</b> [for <i>com·opia</i>], supply.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">138</span> +<p><b>Con·trā</b>, against.</p> + +<p><b>Con·trārius</b>, opposite.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SED" id = "root_SED">SED-</a>, SID-, sit.</p> + +<p><b>Pos·sideō</b> [for <i>prō·sideo</i>], own.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sidiae</b>, stratagem.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·sĕs</b>, hostage.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sidium</b>, garrison.</p> + +<p><b>Sub·sidium</b>, assistance.</p> + +<p><b>Super·sedeō</b>, omit.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sīdō</b>, settle.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SEN" id = "root_SEN">SEN-</a>, old.</p> + +<p><b>Senātor</b>, elder, senator.</p> + +<p><b>Senātus</b>, senate.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SENT" id = "root_SENT">SENT-</a>, feel.</p> + +<p><b>Sententia</b>, opinion.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sentiō</b>, agree.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sēnsus</b>, agreement.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1SER" id = "root_1SER">1. SER-</a>, SVAR-, string, +bind.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·serō</b>, abandon.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·sertim</b>, especially.</p> + +<p><b>Servitūs</b>, slavery.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2SER" id = "root_2SER">2. SER-</a>, SVAL-, bright.</p> + +<p><b>Sōl</b>, sun.</p> + +<p><b>Silva</b>, forest.</p> + +<p><b>Silvestris</b>, wooded.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1SMAR" id = "root_1SMAR">1. SMAR-</a>, MAR-, think.</p> + +<p><b>Mora</b>, delay.</p> + +<p><b>Moror</b>, delay.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Memoria</b>, remembrance.</p> + +<p><b>Com·memorō</b> (<b>conm-</b>), mention.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2SMAR" id = "root_2SMAR">2. SMAR-</a>, MER-, +ascribe.</p> + +<p><b>Meritum</b>, merit.</p> + +<p><b>Mercātor</b>, trader.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SOVO" id = "root_SOVO">SOVO-</a>, SVO-, own.</p> + +<p><b>Suī</b>, of himself, <i>etc.</i></p> + +<p><b>Suus</b>, his, <i>etc.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cōn·suēscō</b>, be accustomed.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·suētūdō</b>, custom.</p> + +<p><b>Mān·suētūdō</b>, gentleness.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Sed</b>, but.</p> + +<p><b>?Sī</b>, if.</p> + +<p><b>?Si·ne</b>, without.</p> + +<p><b>?Ni·si</b>, if not.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SPA" id = "root_SPA">SPA-</a>, PA-, draw, stretch.</p> + +<p><b>Spatium</b>, space.</p> + +<p><b>Spēs</b>, hope.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spērō</b>, give up hope.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>?Studeō</b>, strive after.</p> + +<p><b>?Studium</b>, eagerness.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_SPEC" id = "root_SPEC">SPEC-</a>, see, spy.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spiciō</b>, espy.</p> + +<p><b>Per·spiciō</b>, ascertain.</p> + +<p><b>Re·spiciō</b>, look back.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·spectō</b>, await.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spicor</b>, espy.</p> + +<p><b>Speciēs</b>, form.</p> + +<p><b>Speculātor</b>, spy.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·spectus</b>, sight.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·spectus</b>, view downward.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·spectus</b>, view forward.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_STA" id = "root_STA">STA-</a>, stand, set.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·stanter</b>, uniformly.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·stō</b>, press forward.</p> + +<p><b>Prae·stō</b>, excel, show.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·sistō</b>, take position.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·sistō</b>, stop.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·sistō</b>, take a stand.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">139</span> +<p><b>Re·sistō</b>, resist.</p> + +<p><b>Statuō</b>, determine.</p> + +<p><b>Cōn·stituō</b>, determine.</p> + +<p><b>Statim</b>, at once.</p> + +<p><b>Statiō</b>, picket.</p> + +<p><b>Statūra</b>, stature.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_STER" id = "root_STER">STER-</a>, STRA-, STLA-, strow, +spread.</p> + +<p><b>Lātus</b> [old, <i>stlātus</i>], broad.</p> + +<p><b>Lātitūdō</b>, width.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_STRV" id = "root_STRV">STRV-</a>, spread, heap.</p> + +<p><b>Ex·struō</b>, erect.</p> + +<p><b>Īn·struō</b>, arrange.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1TA" id = "root_1TA">1. TA-</a>, TEN-, stretch.</p> + +<p><b>Prīs·tinus</b> [for <i>prius·tinus</i>], former.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·tinus</b>, at once.</p> + +<p><b>Tener</b>, tender.</p> + +<p><b>Teneō</b>, hold.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tineō</b>, restrain, keep.</p> + +<p><b>Dis·tineō</b>, separate.</p> + +<p><b>Ob·tineō</b>, hold.</p> + +<p><b>Per·tineō</b>, extend to.</p> + +<p><b>Re·tineō</b>, detain.</p> + +<p><b>Sus·tineō</b> [for <i>subs·tineō</i>], sustain.</p> + +<p><b>Sus·tentō</b> [for <i>subs·tentō</i>], hold out.</p> + +<p><b>Tendō</b>, stretch.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tendō</b>, hasten.</p> + +<p><b>?Tempus</b>, time.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2TA" id = "root_2TA">2. TA-</a>, pronominal stem, third +person, demonstrative.</p> + +<p><b>Tam</b>, so.</p> + +<p><b>Tantus</b>, so great.</p> + +<p><b>Tantulus</b>, so trifling.</p> + +<p><b>Tamen</b>, still.</p> + +<p><b>Tot·idem</b>, just as many.</p> + +<p><b>Tum</b>, then.</p> + +<p>Also the final element in <i>au·tem</i>, <i>au·t</i>, <i>i·ta</i>, +<i>i·ta·que</i>, <i>u·t</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TAG" id = "root_TAG">TAG-</a>, touch, seize.</p> + +<p><b>At·tingō</b> (<b>adt-</b>), touch.</p> + +<p><b>Red·in·tegrō</b>, renew.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TARC" id = "root_TARC">TARC-</a> (TARP-), TREP-, turn, +twist.</p> + +<p><b>Tormentum</b>, engine for hurling.</p> + +<p><b>Turpitūdō</b>, disgrace.</p> + +<p><b>Trabs</b>, beam.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TEC" id = "root_TEC">TEC-</a>, TAX-, weave, arrange.</p> + +<p><b>In·texō</b>, weave in.</p> + +<p><b>Tēlum</b> (for <i>teclum</i>), spear.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TEM" id = "root_TEM">TEM-</a>, TAN-, cut.</p> + +<p><b>Con·temptus</b>, contempt.</p> + +<p><b>Con·tumēlia</b>, insult.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TER" id = "root_TER">TER-</a>, TREM-, TERS-, shake, +scare.</p> + +<p><b>Dē·terreō</b>, prevent.</p> + +<p><b>Per·terreō</b>, thoroughly frighten.</p> + +<p><b>Terror</b>, fright.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TV" id = "root_TV">TV-</a>, TVM-, TAV-, TO-, swell.</p> + +<p><b>Tumulus</b>, mound.</p> + +<p><b>Tumultus</b>, uproar.</p> + +<p><b>Tōtus</b>, whole.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_TVR" id = "root_TVR">TVR-</a>, harry, crowd.</p> + +<p><b>Per·turbō</b>, throw into confusion.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·turbō</b>, drive off,</p> + +<p><b>?Turris</b>, tower.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">140</span> +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VAG" id = "root_VAG">VAG-</a>, VEH-, move, carry.</p> + +<p><b>Vēxillum</b>, flag.</p> + +<p><b>Vēxō</b>, harass.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_1VEL" id = "root_1VEL">1. VEL-</a>, VAL-, VER-, cover, +guard.</p> + +<p><b>Vāllum</b>, rampart.</p> + +<p><b>Inter·vāllum</b>, distance.</p> + +<p><b>Vereor</b>, fear.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_2VEL" id = "root_2VEL">2. VEL-</a>, VOL-, tear, +pluck.</p> + +<p><b>Vulnus</b>, wound.</p> + +<p><b>Vulnerō</b>, wound.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VER" id = "root_VER">VER-</a>, say.</p> + +<p><b>Verbum</b>, word.</p> + +<p><b>Vērō</b>, in truth.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VERG" id = "root_VERG">VERG-</a>, VRG-, VALG-, slope, +press.</p> + +<p><b>Vergō</b>, incline.</p> + +<p><b>Urgeō</b>, press.</p> + +<p><b>Vulgō</b> (<b>volgō</b>), generally.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VERT" id = "root_VERT">VERT-</a>, turn.</p> + +<p><b>Ā·vertō</b>, turn away.</p> + +<p><b>Con·vertō</b>, turn around.</p> + +<p><b>Re·vertō</b>, return.</p> + +<p><b>Re·vertor</b>, return.</p> + +<p><b>Versō</b>, turn about, <i>pass.</i> dwell.</p> + +<p><b>Ad·versus</b>, opposite.</p> + +<p><b>Dī·versus</b>, turned away.</p> + +<p><b>Intr·ōrsus</b> [for <i>intrō·versus</i>], within.</p> + +<p><b>R·ūrsus</b> [for <i>re·vorsus</i>], again.</p> + +<p><b>Trāns·versus</b>, at right-angles.</p> + +<p><b>Ūni·versus</b>, all.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VET" id = "root_VET">VET-</a>, VIT-, year, old.</p> + +<p><b>In·veterāscō</b>, grow old in.</p> + +<p><b>Vetō</b>, forbid.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VI" id = "root_VI">VI-</a>, VIC-, twine.</p> + +<p><b>Vīnea</b>, covered shed.</p> + +<p><b>Vīnum</b>, wine.</p> + +<p><b>Vīmen</b>, willow, withe.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VIC" id = "root_VIC">VIC-</a>, conquer.</p> + +<p><b>Vincō</b>, conquer.</p> + +<p><b>Vīctor</b>, victorious.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·vincia</b>, province.</p> + +<p><b>Vix</b>, barely.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VID" id = "root_VID">VID-</a>, see.</p> + +<p><b>Videō</b>, see.</p> + +<p><b>In·videō</b>, envy.</p> + +<p><b>Prō·videō</b>, procure.</p> + +<p><b>Prū·dentia</b> [for <i>prō·videntia</i>], wisdom.</p> + +<p><b>Im·prō·vīsō</b> (<b>inp-</b>), unexpectedly.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VIR" id = "root_VIR">VIR-</a>, man.</p> + +<p><b>Vir</b>, man.</p> + +<p><b>Virtūs</b>, valor.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VOC" id = "root_VOC">VOC-</a>, VAG-, call.</p> + +<p><b>Con·vocō</b>, call together.</p> + +<p><b>Re·vocō</b>, call back.</p> + +<p><b>Vōx</b>, voice.</p> + + +<p class = "root"> +<a name = "root_VOL" id = "root_VOL">VOL-</a>, will, wish.</p> + +<p><b>Voluntās</b>, wish.</p> + +<p><b>N·ōlō</b> [for <i>nē·vōlō</i>], be unwilling.</p> + +<p><b>Quam·vīs</b>, howsoever.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">141</span> +<p class = "space"> +<b>At</b>, but.</p> + +<table class = "bracket"> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket"> +<p><b>At·que</b>,</p> +<p><b>Āc</b>,</p></td> +<td>and.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><b>Et</b>, and.</p> + +<p><b>Et·iam</b>, even.</p> + +<p><b>Ad</b>, to.</p> + +<p><b>Ap·ud</b>, among.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Ex</b>, <b>Ē</b>, from, out of.</p> + +<p><b>Extrēmus</b>, furthest.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Locus</b> [for <i>stlocus</i>], place.</p> + +<p><b>Con·locō</b> (<b>coll-</b>), place.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Multus</b>, much.</p> + +<p><b>Multitūdō</b>, large number.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Proelium</b>, battle.</p> + +<p><b>Proelior</b>, fight.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Superior</b>, higher.</p> + +<p><b>Summus</b> [for <i>supimus</i>], highest</p> + +<p><b>Suprā</b>, above.</p> + +<p><b>Superō</b>, overcome.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Tardus</b>, slow.</p> + +<p><b>Tardō</b>, retard.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>Trēs</b>, three.</p> + +<p><b>Trī·duum</b>, three days’ time.</p> + +<p><b>Tribūnus</b>, military tribune.</p> + +<p><b>Tertius</b>, third.</p> + +</div> +<!-- end div etymology --> + +</div> +<!-- end div maintext --> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Gate to Cæsar, by William C. 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