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diff --git a/29645-0.txt b/29645-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..844b621 --- /dev/null +++ b/29645-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8584 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Gate to Cæsar, by William C. Collar + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Gate to Cæsar + +Author: William C. Collar + +Release Date: August 9, 2009 [EBook #29645] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GATE TO CÆSAR *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Ted Garvin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[This e-text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file +encoding: + + āēīōū ĀĒĪŌŪ [vowels with macron or “long” mark] + ĕĭŏ [vowels with breve or “short” mark: very rare] + +If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if +the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, +make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set +to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a +last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead. + +As explained in the editor’s Introductory Note, readings are given +in two forms. For this e-text, line breaks and numbers were retained +in the simplified version for use with the Notes. In the unchanged +version, each chapter is a single paragraph, with the page-and-line +range given in brackets at the end of each chapter. + +To reduce visual clutter, some _italic_ and +boldface+ markup has been +simplified or omitted.] + + + + + The + + GATE TO CÆSAR + + by + + WILLIAM C. COLLAR, A.M. + + Head Master Roxbury Latin School + + BOSTON, U.S.A. + GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS + 1895 + + + Copyright, 1891, + By William C. Collar. + All Rights Reserved. + + + Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A. + Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The recent discovery of a work of Aristotle has interested and delighted +the whole learned world; but one may venture to say that if, instead, +a book had been found written in the best period of the Latin language +for the amusement or instruction of youth, by some Roman De Foe, or +Goldsmith, or Lamb, or Burnett, there would be ten times the reason +for rejoicing. Unhappily there is no likelihood that we shall ever +congratulate ourselves on such a “find,” for probably no such work ever +existed. What a misfortune that it did not occur to Cicero to divert +himself in some leisure hour by writing a story for Roman youth! +Millions of boys and girls in these later ages would have had good +reason to bless his name. Cæsar could have done it; but to him, too, the +gods denied such an inspiration, and we must suffer for it. Seeing that +he had composed a treatise on Latin Grammar, one almost wonders that a +mind so original and fertile should not have conceived the idea of +adapting his Gallic War, or some part of it, to the powers and +comprehension of youth. What measureless gratitude would he not have won +from unborn generations of schoolmasters, who have now to struggle +desperately and often unavailingly to make clear to their pupils the +meaning of his intricate periods, and untwist the strands of his knotty +syntax! + +Cæsar is a difficult author. Some parts of his Gallic War are as hard, +or nearly as hard, as any prose Latin that has come down to us. Yet it +has somehow strangely enough become the fashion to read that work first +in a Latin course. My own conviction is that for young learners a year’s +reading in easier Latin is not too much before taking up the less +difficult books of the Gallic War. Even then the transition to Cæsar +comes with something of a shock; for the learner is soon and often +brought face to face with sentences that seem to him of most bewildering +intricacy, however they may, as commentators sometimes remark, +beautifully illustrate most important principles of Latin order and +construction. There is a sentence in the second book, by no means the +most difficult one to be found, that extends through eighteen +lines,--that is, something more than half a page,--containing twenty-one +distinct ideas, and having the verb separated from its subject by +ninety-four words. + +I know no more disheartening task than that of undertaking to carry a +class unprepared in age and knowledge of the language through Cæsar’s +Gallic War. Yet it is precisely this disheartening task that thousands +of teachers are set to do, or set themselves to do, every year. The +results are often dismal enough. Teachers are blamed, they blame +themselves, they blame their pupils. Pupils may sometimes be stupid, +teachers may lack knowledge of the language and the subject, but the +fault may also lie wholly with the author or with the Latin language +itself; if with the latter, there is no help. Latin, it must be +confessed, is an exceedingly difficult language to learn. All the more +reason then why, in attacking it, every unnecessary obstacle should be +removed. We should make our approaches with caution and skill; we should +take it, if possible, _aperto latere_. We should not begin with a +difficult work; or if, in the dearth of Latin suited to the juvenile +mind, this is deemed unavoidable, common sense suggests the query, _why +not remove provisionally[1] from the text those more intricate parts +that discourage the learner and bar the way of progress_? + + [Footnote 1: It is presumed that the learner will subsequently + read the complete text.] + +Cæsar knew how to write his own language well; but he wrote for men, he +wrote with compression and in haste, and there are passages in his works +that are tough reading for a good Latin scholar. It is the fashion to +praise Cæsar’s lucidity; but brevity and haste are not conducive to +lucidity. + + “Ther nys no werkman, what so ever he be, + That may bothe werke wel, and hastily. + This wol be doon at leyser parfitly.” + +For my part I confess that I sometimes find him obscure. Moreover, when +I am in doubt as to his meaning and appeal to the commentators, I find +that they generally disagree and sometimes quarrel about the sense. +Therefore to put young learners to reading Cæsar as his text stands, +bristling with difficulties, before they have acquired anything more +than a meagre vocabulary and gained a modicum of insight by some +practice in reading easier Latin, is to set them at a task harder than +that which Pharaoh set the Israelites. + +I am of the opinion that, even when a fair working vocabulary has been +acquired through some previous reading, there is no book of the Gallic +War that does not require a certain degree of simplification to bring it +to the level of the powers of young boys and girls. It is this +conviction born of long observation of the vexation of spirit, +discouragement, and waste of time by pupils in wrestling with +difficulties that inevitably floor them, that has prompted me to put my +hand to this work, which, slight as it may seem, has cost me the leisure +of many months. But I shall feel repaid tenfold, if, through this little +book, boys and girls are enabled to read Cæsar with less waste of time, +more easily, with fresher interest, and added sense of power; if, in +other words, it proves in reality what it is in name, a Gate to Cæsar. + +A few words will be sufficient to explain the principle on which I have +simplified Cæsar’s text, the amount of excision, and the degree of +change. It would have been a comparatively easy task to simplify the +text by the mere process of omission, never deviating from the +_ipsissima verba_ of the author by so much as the change of a mode or +tense. One could do this and still string together the _disjecta membra_ +of the text into something like a connected narrative. But that would be +to preserve the integrity of the words at the expense of everything +else,--inner relation, structure, style, spirit. Or the simplification +might be effected by a virtual rewriting of the text, by amplification +rather than suppression, coupled with changes in the collocation of +words, where the arrangement seemed to obscure the meaning and perplex +the learner. + +My purpose and plan differed essentially from both these methods. My aim +has been, first, to keep the narrative intact; second, to retain as much +of the text as was consistent with the effort to disburden it of its +greater difficulties; third, to make the fewest practicable changes in +what was retained, save the modification of some verb forms, and the +occasional rendering of indirect into direct discourse; fourth, very +rarely to change the position of a word; finally, never to insert a +word, except now and then to supply a form plainly understood, or to +introduce some connective, like _et_, _tum_, _itaque_, _autem_, _ergo_, +_postremo_. + +As to the amount of excision, I find that I have omitted almost exactly +one-fifth of Cæsar’s text. + +If the beginner in Cæsar reads the simplified text and concurrently +turns the Exercises into Latin, laying firm hold of the grammatical +principles selected for illustration, I believe he will find the +remaining difficulties of the original text not beyond his scope. +I should even hope that he would then read with something of the joy of +conscious power. If the reading of the texts and the writing of the +Exercises should require more time than is usually spent on the second +book of Cæsar, which, however, I doubt, I believe subsequent progress +would still be rapid and satisfactory enough to amount to a net gain and +saving of time. + +It has seemed best to mark long vowels, except the vowels of final +syllables and of monosyllables, the rules for which can be readily +learned. I have, however, marked a few monosyllables, as a constant +reminder to teachers who find their old pronunciation clinging to +certain words. We used to say _hĭs_, _sĭc_, _nŏn_, _quĭn_, _hŏc_. These +words, therefore, I have marked. On the other hand, one is in no danger +of saying _dĕ_, _hĭ_, _sĭ_, _prŏ_, for old habit would not mislead. + +I take pleasure in acknowledging my obligations to Mr. Alfred G. Rolfe +for several useful criticisms, and to Miss Caroline Ober Stone for +valuable corrections and for carefully reading the proof-sheets as far +as the vocabularies. To Mr. Clarence W. Gleason I am specially indebted. +But for his timely and generous aid in preparing both vocabularies, the +publication of this book must have been very considerably delayed. + +WILLIAM C. COLLAR. + +SEACONNET, July 25, 1891. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + Introductory Note x + Simplified Text 1-22 + Complete Text 23-41 + Notes on Both Texts 43-71 + Exercises on Simplified Text 73-88 + Vocabulary 89-123 + Etymological Vocabulary 125-141 + + + + +NOTE ON THE USE OF THE BOOK. + + +The Simplified Text and the Exercises based upon it are of the first +importance. The _viva voce_ translation of the Exercises, followed by +the writing of them, will illustrate and help to implant in the memory +the most important principles of syntax met with in the text. Let the +teacher insist upon thorough work here, and he may safely omit other +syntactical instruction. + +But little power of reading Latin can be gained without making the +acquisition of a working vocabulary a distinct object. The Latin +synonyms and the Etymological Vocabulary may be made useful agents to +that end. If the words added to each chapter are read aloud, reviewed, +and compared where backward references are made, the learner will +acquire a useful stock of synonyms easily, naturally, and with small +expenditure of time. + +It is often easier to retain in mind a number of words, grouped +according to some principle of similarity or contrast, than a single +word with nothing to hook it to the memory. For this reason it is +recommended that the Etymological Vocabulary be often pressed into the +service. Suppose, for example, the word _conspectus_ occurs in the +lesson. If the teacher will turn to page 138 and have the ten words read +out under the root SPEC, he will multiply several times the chances that +this particular word will be remembered on its next occurrence. He will +have done much more. He will have increased the chances that nine other +words will be lodged in the memory; and to each one a fresh interest +will be added by its being seen in relation, not as an isolated, and +therefore barren, fact. + +The first vocabulary may be used for comparing in the text the different +meanings and uses of the same word. It is through such comparisons that +one gets at the heart and spirit of the language, while cultivating at +the same time a mental habit of great value. + +Having read the Simplified Text, the learner should be well equipped for +wrestling with the difficulties that remain in the unchanged text, for +he is already familiar with the thought and the language. Comparison of +the two texts by the teacher, so far as time permits, may now be made to +illustrate important principles, as of indirect discourse, which are +here and there discussed in the notes. + + + + +CÆSAR’S GALLIC WAR + + +BOOK II. + +B.C. 57; A.U.C. 697. + + +THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED. + +SIMPLIFIED TEXT. + + +_The Belgæ form a league against the Romans._ + + 1. Cum esset Caesar in citeriōre Gallia, crēbri ad eum + rūmōres adferēbantur. Litteris item Labiēni certior fīēbat + omnes Belgas contra populum Rōmānum coniūrāre + obsidēsque inter se dare. Coniūrandi hae erant causae: + prīmum verēbantur ne ad se exercitus noster addūcerētur; 5 + deinde ab nōnnūllis Gallis sollicitābantur. Hi Germānos + diūtius in Gallia versāri nōluerant et populi Rōmāni + exercitum hiemāre atque inveterāscere in Gallia moleste + ferēbant. Nōnnūlli mōbilitāte et levitāte animi novis + imperiis studēbant. Ab nōnnūllis etiam sollicitābantur, 10 + quod in Gallia a potentiōribus atque iis qui ad condūcendos + homines facultātes habēbant, vulgo rēgna occupābantur; + qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro cōnsequi + poterant. + + +crēber+, _frequens_. + +vereor+, _timeo_. + +deinde+, _tum_. + +versor+: _maneo_, _sum_. + +moleste+, _graviter_. + +studeo+, _cupio_. + + +_Cæsar levies two legions and marches against them._ + + 2. Hīs nūntiis litterīsque commōtus est Caesar. Duas + legiōnes in citeriōre Gallia novas cōnscrīpsit. In interiōrem + Galliam qui hās legiōnes dēdūceret Q. Pedium + lēgātum mīsit. Ipse, cum prīmum pābuli cōpia esse + inciperet, ad exercitum vēnit. Senones fīnitimi Belgis 5 + erant. Ea quae apud Belgas geruntur cōgnōscunt Caesaremque + de hīs rēbus certiōrem faciunt. Hi cōnstanter + omnes nūntiāvērunt manus cōgi, exercitum in ūnum locum + condūci. Tum vēro nōn dubitāvit Caesar quīn ad eos + proficīscerētur. Itaque castra movet diēbusque circiter 10 + quīndecim ad fīnes Belgārum pervenit. + + +nūntius+, _rūmor_. + +fīnitimus+: _vīcīnus_, _propīnquus_. + +gero+: _ago_, _facio_. + +cōgo+, _conligo_. + +condūco+, _conligo_. + +pervenio+, _accēdo_. + + +_The Remi at once show the white feather._ + + 3. Eo de imprōvīso celeriterque vēnit Caesar. Rēmi + ad eum lēgātos Iccium et Andocumborium mīsērunt, qui + dīxērunt se omnia in fidem atque in potestātem populi + Rōmāni permittere. “Rēmi neque cum Belgis reliquis + cōnsēnsērunt neque contra populum Rōmānum coniūrāvērunt. 5 + Parāti sunt obsides dare et Caesaris imperāta + facere et eum oppidis recipere et frūmento cēterīsque rēbus + iuvāre. Reliqui omnes Belgae in armis sunt. Germāni, + qui cis Rhēnum incolunt, sēse cum hīs coniūnxērunt. + Tantus est eōrum omnium furor ut ne Suessiōnes quidem 10 + dēterrēre possint Rēmi. Suessiōnes frātres Rēmōrum cōnsanguineīque + sunt eōdemque iūre et īsdem lēgibus ūtuntur. + Ūnum imperium ūnumque magistrātum cum iis habent.” + + +de imprōvīso+: _subito_, _repente_. + +permitto+, _dēdo_. + +cōnsentio+: _coniūro_, _me coniungo_. + +dēterreo+, _dissuādeo_. + + +_Cæsar learns the number of the enemy’s forces._ + + 4. Cum ab hīs quaereret quae cīvitātes quantaeque in + armis essent et quid in bello possent, sīc reperiēbat: + plērīque Belgae sunt orti ab Germānis Rhēnumque antīquitus + trāducti ibi cōnsēdērunt, Gallōsque qui ea loca + incolēbant expulērunt. Sōli fuērunt qui Teutonos Cimbrōsque 5 + intra fīnes suos ingredi prohibuērunt. Qua ex + re fīēbat ut māgnam sibi auctōritātem māgnōsque spīritus + in re mīlitāri sūmerent. De numero eōrum omnia se + habēre explōrāta Rēmi dīcēbant. Quantam quisque multitūdinem + in commūni Belgārum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus 10 + esset cōgnōverant. Plūrimum inter eos Bellovaci + et virtūte et auctōritāte et hominum numero valēbant. + Hi poterant cōnficere armāta mīlia centum; polliciti sunt + ex eo numero ēlēcta sexāginta tōtīusque belli imperium + sibi postulābant. Suessiōnes Rēmōrum erant fīnitimi; 15 + lātissimos ferācissimōsque agros possidēbant. Apud eos + fuit rēx nostra etiam memoria Divitiacus, tōtīus Galliae + potentissimus, qui cum māgnae partis hārum regiōnum + tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuit. Nunc erat rēx + Galba; ad hunc propter iūstitiam prūdentiamque suam 20 + belli summa dēlāta est. + + +quaero+, _interrogo_. + +reperio+, _cōgnōsco_. + +orior+, _nāscor_. + +cōnsīdo+, _me colloco_. + +spīritus+: _adrogantia_, _animi_. + +explōro+, _cōgnōsco_. + +valeo+, _possum_. + +cōnficio+, _comparo_. + +ferax+, _fertilis_. + +summa+: _cūra_, _imperium_. + + +_He takes hostages from the Remi and crosses the Axona._ + + 5. Caesar omnem senātum ad se convenīre prīncipumque + līberos obsides ad se addūci iūssit. Quae omnia ab hīs + dīligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divitiacum Aeduum + māgno opere cohortātus est. Rei pūblicae interest manus + hostium distinēri, ne cum tanta multitūdine ūno tempore 5 + cōnflīgendum sit. Id fieri potest, si suas cōpias Aedui + in fīnes Bellovacōrum intrōdūxerint et eōrum agros populāri + coeperint. Hīs mandātis eum ab se dīmittit. Postea + Caesar omnes Belgārum cōpias in ūnum locum coāctas + ad se venīre vīdit neque iam longe abesse. Hōc ab iis 10 + quōs mīserat explōrātōribus et ab Rēmis cōgnōvit. Tum + flūmen Axonam exercitum trādūcere mātūrāvit atque ibi + castra posuit. Quae res latus ūnum castrōrum rīpis flūminis + mūniēbat et post eum quae essent tūta ab hostibus + reddēbat. Commeātus etiam ab Rēmis reliquīsque cīvitātibus 15 + sine perīculo portāri poterant. In eo flūmine pōns + erat. Ibi praesidium pōnit et in altera parte flūminis + Q. Titurium Sabīnum lēgātum cum sex cohortibus relīquit; + castra in altitūdinem pedum XII vāllo fossāque + duodēvīginti pedum mūnīre iubet. 20 + + +iubeo+, _impero_. + +māgno opere+, _vehementer_. + +interest+, _pertinet_. + +distineo+, _dīvido_. + +cōnflīgo+: _pūgno_, _dīmico_. + +populor+, _vāsto_. + +cōgo+, _condūco_, 2. + +cōgnōsco+, _reperio_, 4. + +mātūro+, _propero_. + +commeātus+, _cibus_. + + +_How the Belgæ lay siege to a town._ + + 6. Ab hīs castris oppidum Rēmōrum nōmine Bibrax + aberat mīlia passuum octo. Id ex itinere māgno impetu + Belgae oppūgnāre coepērunt. Aegre eo die sustentātum + est. Gallōrum eadem atque Belgārum oppūgnātio est + haec. Circumiecta multitūdine hominum tōtis moenibus 5 + undique in mūrum lapides iaciunt. Ubi mūrus dēfēnsōribus + nūdātus est, testūdine facta portas succēdunt mūrumque + subruunt. Quod tum facile fīēbat. Nam cum tanta + multitūdo lapides āc tēla cōnicerent, in mūro cōnsistendi + potestas erat nūlli. Postrēmo fīnem oppūgnandi nox 10 + fēcit. Tum Iccius Rēmus, qui oppido praefuerat, nūntium + ad Caesarem mittit: nisi subsidium sibi submittātur, + sēse diūtius sustinēre nōn posse. + + +tōtus+, _omnis_. + +undique+, _ex omni parte_. + +ubi+, _cum_. + +nūdo+, _prīvo_. + +succēdo+: _accēdo_, _subeo_. + +subruo+, _suffodio_. + +cōnsisto+, _sto_. + +praesum+, _praefectus sum_. + +subsidium+, _auxilium_. + +sustineo+, _sustento_. + + +_They abandon the siege and turn against Cæsar._ + + 7. Eo de media nocte Caesar Numidas et Crētas sagittārios + et funditōres Baleāres subsidio oppidānis mittit; + quōrum adventu hostibus spes potiundi oppidi discessit. + Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morāti agrōsque Rēmōrum + dēpopulāti ad castra Caesaris omnibus cōpiis contendērunt 5 + et ab mīlibus passuum minus duōbus castra + posuērunt; quae castra, ut fūmo atque īgnibus sīgnificābātur, + amplius mīlibus passuum octo in lātitūdinem + patēbant. + + +subsidium+, _auxilium_, 6. + +potior+, _occupo_. + +discēdo+, _abeo_. + +paulisper+, _nōn diu_. + +moror+, _cunctor_. + +dēpopulor+, _vāsto_. + +contendo+, _mātūro_, 5. + +pateo+, _pertineo_. + + +_Cæsar awaits the attack of the enemy._ + + 8. Caesar prīmo propter multitūdinem hostium et + propter eximiam opīniōnem virtūtis proelio supersedēre + statuit; cotīdie tamen quid hostis virtūte posset et quid + nostri audērent perīclitābātur. Locus erat pro castris ad + aciem īnstruendam nātūra opportūnus atque idōneus. Is 5 + autem collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex plānitie + ēditus tantum adversus in lātitūdinem patēbat quantum + loci acies īnstrūcta occupāre poterat. Atque ex utrāque + parte lateris dēiectus habēbat, et in frōntem lēniter fastīgātus + paulātim ad plānitiem redībat. Ab utrōque latere 10 + ēius collis trānsversam fossam obdūxit circiter passuum + quadringentōrum et ad extrēmas fossas castella cōnstituit + ibique tormenta conlocāvit, ne hostes ab lateribus pūgnantes + suos circumvenīre possent. Hōc facto duābus + legiōnibus quās proxime cōnscrīpserat in castris relīctis, 15 + reliquas sex legiōnes pro castris in acie cōnstituit. Hostes + item suas cōpias ex castris ēductas īnstrūxerant. + + +eximius+: _excellens_, _ēgregius_. + +opīnio+, _fāma_. + +supersedeo+, _abstineo_. + +perīclitor+: _tento_, _experior_. + +idōneus+: _aptus_, _commodus_. + +dēiectus+, _dēclīvitas_. + +fastīgātus+, _adclīvis_. + +conloco+, _pōno_. + + +_Finally the enemy make a dash to cross the Axona._ + + 9. Palus erat nōn māgna inter nostrum atque hostium + exercitum. Hanc si nostri trānsīrent hostes exspectābant. + Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendēbātur. + Ubi neutri trānseundae ēius palūdis initium + faciunt, secundiōre equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos 5 + in castra redūxit. Hostes prōtinus ex eo loco ad flūmen + Axonam contendērunt, quod esse post nostra castra + dēmōnstrātum est. Partem suārum cōpiārum trādūcere + cōnāti sunt, ut castellum cui praeerat Q. Titurius lēgātus + expūgnārent pontemque interscinderent; si minus potuissent, 10 + ut agros Rēmōrum populārentur commeātūque + nostros prohibērent. + + +initium+, _prīncipium_. + +secundus+, _prōsperus_. + +prōtinus+: _statim_, _extemplo_, _repente_, _subito_. + +contendo+, _mātūro_, 7. + +praesum+, _praefectus sum_, 6. + +interscindo+, _abrumpo_. + +commeātus+, _cibus_, 5. + + +_A battle follows, the Belgæ are defeated and disperse._ + + 10. Caesar omnem equitātum et levis armātūrae Numidas, + funditōres sagittāriōsque pontem trādūcit atque + ad eos contendit. Ācriter in eo loco pūgnātum est. Hostes + impedītos nostri in flūmine adgressi māgnum eōrum + numerum occīdērunt. Prīmos qui trānsierant equitātu 5 + circumventos interfēcērunt. Hostes, ubi de expūgnando + oppido spem se fefellisse intellēxērunt neque nostros in + locum inīquiōrem prōgredi vīdērunt atque ipsos res frūmentāria + dēficere coepit, concilium convocāvērunt. Cōnstituērunt + optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti. 10 + Cōnstituērunt etiam ut quōrum in fīnes prīmum Rōmāni + exercitum intrōdūxissent ad eos dēfendendos undique + convenīrent. Quod eo cōnsilio fēcērunt, ut potius in suis + quam in aliēnis fīnibus dēcertārent. Ad eam sententiam + haec ratio eos dēdūxit, quod Divitiacum atque Aeduos 15 + fīnibus Bellovacōrum adpropīnquāre cōgnōverant. Hīs + persuādēri ut diūtius morārentur nōn poterat. + + +armātūra+, _arma_. + +ācriter+, _vehementer_. + +adgredior+, _adorior_. + +occīdo+, _concīdo_. + +prōgredior+: _prōcēdo_, _prōdeo_. + +cōnstituo+, _statuo_. + +revertor+, _redeo_. + +dēcerto+: _pūgno_, _dīmico_. + +sententia+, _cōnsilium_. + +moror+, _cunctor_, 7. + + +_They are pursued with awful slaughter._ + + 11. Ea re cōnstitūta, secunda vigilia māgno cum strepitu + āc tumultu castris ēgressi, nūllo certo ōrdine neque + imperio, fēcērunt ut cōnsimilis fugae profectio vidērētur. + Hāc re statim Caesar per speculātōres cōgnita īnsidias + veritus exercitum equitātumque castris continuit. Prīma 5 + lūce omnem equitātum qui novissimum āgmen morārētur + praemīsit. T. Labiēnum lēgātum cum legiōnibus tribus + subsequi iūssit. Hi novissimos adorti et multa mīlia + passuum prōsecūti māgnam multitūdinem eōrum fugientium + concīdērunt. Ii ad quos ventum erat cōnsistēbant 10 + fortiterque impetum nostrōrum sustinēbant; sed priōres, + quod abesse a perīculo vidēbantur, exaudīto clāmōre perturbātis + ōrdinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium pōnēbant. + Ita sine ūllo perīculo māgnam eōrum multitūdinem + nostri interfēcērunt sub occāsumque sōlis dēstitērunt sēque 15 + in castra, ut erat imperātum, recēpērunt. + + +cōnstituo+, _statuo_, 10. + +strepitus+: _clāmor_, _fremitus_. + +cōnsimilis+, _persimilis_. + +vereor+, _timeo_, 1. + +moror+, _cunctor_, 7. + +subsequor+: _prōsequor_, _īnsequor_. + +adorior+, _adgredior_, 10. + +concīdo+, _occīdo_, 10. + +cōnsisto+, _sto_, 6. + +sustineo+, _sustento_, 6. + + +_A forced march and attack on Noviodunum. The town surrenders._ + + 12. Postrīdie ēius diēi Caesar in fīnes Suessiōnum + exercitum dūxit et māgno itinere cōnfecto ad oppidum + Noviodūnum contendit. Id ex itinere oppūgnāre cōnātus, + quod vacuum ab dēfēnsōribus esse audiēbat, expūgnāre + nōn potuit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessiōnum multitūdo 5 + in oppidum proxima nocte convēnit. Celeriter vīneis + ad oppidum āctis, aggere iacto turribusque cōnstitūtis, + māgnitūdine operum et celeritāte Rōmānōrum permōti + sunt Suessiōnes. Itaque lēgātos ad Caesarem de dēditiōne + mittunt et petentibus Rēmis ut cōnservārentur impetrant. 10 + petrant. + + +cōnficio+, _perficio_. + +contendo+, _propero_. + +vacuus+: _carens_, _nūdus_. + +interim+, _interea_. + +ago+: _pello_, _dūco_, _traho_. + +permoveo+, _commoveo_. + +dēditio+, _trāditio_. + +impetro+, _cōnsequor_. + + +_The Bellovaci also submit at Cæsar’s approach._ + + 13. Caesar obsidibus acceptis armīsque omnibus ex + oppido trāditis in dēditiōnem Suessiōnes accēpit exercitumque + in Bellovacos dūxit. Qui cum se suaque omnia + in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo + oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter mīlia passuum quīnque 5 + abesset, omnes māiōres nātu ex oppido ēgressi manus + ad Caesarem tendere et vōce sīgnificāre coepērunt sēse in + ēius fidem āc potestātem venīre. Item, cum ad oppidum + accessisset, pueri mulierēsque ex mūro passis manibus + suo mōre pācem ab Rōmānis petiērunt. 10 + + +trādo+: _do_, _dēdo_. + +me cōnfero+: _me recipio_, _eo_. + +ēgredior+, _exeo_. + +coepi+, _incēpi_. + +pueri+, _līberi_. + +pando+, _tendo_. + +mōs+, _cōnsuētūdo_. + +peto+, _ōro_. + + +_Divitiacus pleads earnestly for the Bellovaci._ + + 14. Pro hīs Divitiacus facit verba: “Bellovaci omni + tempore in fide atque amīcitia cīvitātis Aeduae fuērunt: + impulsi a suis prīncipibus, qui dīcēbant Aeduos omnes + indīgnitātes contumēliāsque perferre, ab Aeduis dēfēcērunt + et populo Rōmāno bellum intulērunt. Ii qui ēius 5 + cōnsili prīncipes fuērunt in Britanniam profūgērunt. + Petunt nōn sōlum Bellovaci sed etiam pro hīs Aedui ut + tua clēmentia āc mānsuētūdine in eos ūtāris. Quod si + fēceris, Aeduōrum auctōritātem apud omnes Belgas amplificābis, + quōrum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella 10 + incidunt, sustentāre cōnsuērunt.” + + +impello+: _incito_, _indūco_. + +contumēlia+, _iniūria_. + +dēficio+: _dēsero_. + +mānsuētūdo+, _lēnitas_. + +auctōritas+, _grātia_. + +amplifico+, _augeo_. + +sustento+, _sustineo_, 6. + +cōnsuēsco+, _soleo_. + + +_The temperance, courage, and patriotism of the Nervii._ + + 15. Caesar honōris Divitiaci atque Aeduōrum causa + sēse eos in fidem receptūrum et cōnservātūrum dīxit; + quod erat cīvitas māgna inter Belgas auctōritāte, sexcentos + obsides poposcit. Hīs trāditis omnibusque armis + ex oppido conlātis, ab eo loco in fīnes Ambiānōrum pervēnit. 5 + Eōrum fīnes Nervii attingēbant; quōrum de + nātūra mōribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sīc reperiēbat: + Nūllus aditus erat ad eos mercātōribus; nihil patiēbantur + vīni reliquārumque rērum īnferri, quod iis rēbus + relanguēscere animos et remitti virtūtem exīstimābant: 10 + erant homines feri māgnaeque virtūtis; increpitābant + atque incūsābant reliquos Belgas, qui se populo Rōmāno + dēdidissent. + + +auctōritas+, _grātia_, 14. + +posco+, _impero_. + +cōnfero+, _cōgo_, 2. + +attingo+, _contingo_. + +aditus+, _accessus_. + +patior+, _sino_. + +relanguēsco+, _effēminor_. + +remitto+, _minuo_. + +incūso+, _accūso_. + +dēdo+, _permitto_. + + +_Encamped on the Sabis the Nervii await the coming of Cæsar._ + + 16. Cum per eōrum fīnes trīduum iter fēcisset, inveniēbat + ex captīvis Sabim flūmen ab castris suis nōn + amplius mīlia passuum x abesse. Trāns id flūmen omnes + Nervii cōnsēderant adventumque ibi Rōmānōrum exspectābant. + Exspectābantur etiam ab hīs Aduātucōrum cōpiae 5 + atque erant in itinere. Mulieres quīque per aetātem ad + pūgnam inūtiles vidērentur in eum locum coniēcerant, + quo propter palūdes exercitui aditus nōn esset. + + +cōnsīdo+, _me colloco_, 4. + +cōnicio+, _dēpōno_. + +aditus+, 15. + + +_They plan to attack Cæsar’s advance guard._ + + 17. Hīs rēbus cōgnitis explōrātōres centuriōnēsque + praemittit qui locum idōneum castris dēligant. Cum ex + dēditīciis Belgis reliquīsque Gallis complūres Caesarem + secūti ūna iter facerent, quīdam ex hīs nocte ad Nervios + pervēnērunt. Hīs dēmōnstrārunt inter singulas legiōnes 5 + impedīmentōrum māgnum numerum intercēdere, neque + esse quicquam negōti, cum prīma legio in castra vēnisset, + hanc sub sarcinis adorīri; qua pulsa futūrum ut reliquae + legiōnes contra cōnsistere nōn audērent. Nervii autem + antīquitus, quo facilius fīnitimōrum equitātum impedīrent, 10 + teneris arboribus incīsis atque īnflexis, crēbrīsque + in lātitūdinem rāmis ēnātis, et rubis sentibusque interiectis, + effēcerant ut īnstar mūri hae saepes mūnīmenta + praebērent, quo nōn modo nōn intrāri sed ne perspici + quidem posset. Hīs rēbus cum iter āgminis nostri impedīrētur, 15 + nōn omittendum sibi cōnsilium Nervii exīstimāvērunt. + + +idōneus+: _aptus_, _commodus_, 8. + +dēligo+, _ēligo_. + +intercēdo+, _intervenio_. + +sarcinae+: _impedīmenta_, _onera_. + +adorior+, _adgredior_, 11. + +cōnsisto+, _sto_, 6. + +incīdo+, _accīdo_. + +īnstar+: _fōrma_, _similitūdo_. + +omitto+, _neglego_. + +exīstimo+, _puto_. + + +_The Roman camping-ground and the position of the enemy._ + + 18. Loci nātūra erat haec, quem locum nostri castris + dēlēgerant. Collis ab summo acquāliter dēclīvis ad flūmen + Sabim, quod supra nōmināvimus, vergēbat. Ab eo flūmine + pari adclīvitāte collis nāscēbātur, ab superiōre parte + silvestris ut nōn facile intrōrsus perspici posset. Intra 5 + eas silvas hostes in occulto sēse continēbant; in aperto + loco secundum flūmen paucae statiōnes equitum vidēbantur. + Flūminis erat altitūdo pedum circiter trium. + + +summum+, _culmen_. + +dēclīvis+, _prōclīvis_. + +vergo+, _pertineo_. + +nāscor+, _orior_, 4. + +intrōrsus+, _intra_. + +in occulto+, _abditus_. + +statio+, _custōdia_. + +circiter+, _ad_. + + +_The plan of attack is skilfully carried out by the Nervii._ + + 19. Caesar equitātu praemīsso subsequēbātur omnibus + cōpiis. Sed quod ad hostes adpropīnquābat, cōnsuētūdine + sua sex legiōnes expedītas dūcēbat; post eas + tōtīus exercitus impedīmenta conlocārat; inde duae legiōnes, + quae proxime cōnscrīptae erant, tōtum āgmen claudēbant 5 + praesidiōque impedīmentis erant. Equites nostri, + cum funditōribus sagittāriīsque flūmen trānsgressi, cum + hostium equitātu proelium commīsērunt. Illi se identidem + in silvas ad suos recipiēbant āc rūrsus ex silva in + nostros impetum faciēbant. Interim legiōnes sex, quae 10 + prīmae vēnerant, opere dīmēnso castra mūnīre coepērunt. + Ubi prīma impedīmenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in + silvis abditi latēbant vīsa sunt, subito omnibus cōpiis + prōvolāvērunt impetumque in nostros equites fēcērunt. + Hīs facile pulsis āc prōturbātis, incrēdibili celeritāte ad 15 + flūmen dēcucurrērunt, ut paene ūno tempore ad silvas et + in flūmine et iam in manibus nostris hostes vidērentur. + Eādem autem celeritāte adverso colle ad nostra castra + atque eos qui in opere occupāti erant contendērunt. + + +subsequor+, _prōsequor_, 11. + +conloco+, _pōno_, 8. + +trānsgredior+, _trānseo_. + +identidem+, _iterum atque iterum_. + +rūrsus+, _iterum_. + +interim+, _interea_, 12. + +dīmētior+, _mētior_. + +lateo+, _me cēlo_. + +prōvolo+, _prōruo_. + +prōturbo+, _fugo_. + +paene+, _fere_. + +contendo+, _propero_, 7. + + +_But the soldiers and lieutenants know what to do._ + + 20. Caesari omnia ūno tempore erant agenda: vēxillum + prōpōnendum, sīgnum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi + mīlites, acies īnstruenda, mīlites cohortandi, sīgnum dandum. + Quārum rērum māgnam partem temporis brevitas + et successus hostium impediēbat. Sed erat subsidio 5 + scientia atque ūsus mīlitum, quod superiōribus proeliis + exercitāti, nōn minus commode ipsi sibi praescrībere + quam ab aliis docēri poterant. Praeterea ab opere singulīsque + legiōnibus singulos lēgātos Caesar discēdere + vetuerat. Hi propter propīnquitātem et celeritātem 10 + hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium exspectābant, sed + per se quae vidēbantur administrābant. + + +prōpōno+, _ostendo_. + +successus+, _accessus_, 15. + +subsidium+, _auxilium_, 6. + +ūsus+, _experientia_. + +exercitātus+, _perītus_. + +commode+: _apte_, _bene_. + +praescrībo+, _praecipio_. + +veto+, _prohibeo_. + +propīnquitas+, _vīcīnitas_. + +administro+: _prōvideo_, _ago_. + + +_Fighting begins before the soldiers can arm themselves._ + + 21. Caesar necessāriis rēbus imperātis ad cohortandos + mīlites dēcucurrit et ad legiōnem decimam dēvēnit. + Mīlites nōn longiōre ōrātiōne cohortātus quam uti suae + prīstinae virtūtis memoriam retinērent neu perturbārentur + animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinērent, 5 + quod nōn longe hostes aberant, proeli committendi sīgnum + dedit. Atque in alteram partem item cohortandi + causa profectus pūgnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta + fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam parātus ad dīmicandum + animus, ut nōn modo ad īnsīgnia adcommodanda, sed 10 + etiam ad galeas induendas scūtīsque tegimenta dētrūdenda + tempus dēfuerit. Quam in partem quisque ab opere cāsu + dēvēnit quaeque prīma sīgna cōnspēxit, ad haec cōnstitit, + ne in quaerendis suis pūgnandi tempus dīmitteret. + + +dēvenio+, _pervenio_. + +prīstinus+: _vetus_, _antīquus_. + +perturbo+, _commoveo_, 12. + +sustineo+, _sustento_, 6. + +occurro+, _incĭdo_. + +exiguitas+, _brevitas_. + +adcommodo+, _apto_. + +induo+, _indūco_. + +dētrūdo+, _dētraho_. + +cāsu+, _fōrte_. + +cōnspicio+, _cōnspicor_. + +dīmitto+, _āmitto_. + + +_All is confusion in the battle; the commander can do little._ + + 22. Īnstrūcto exercitu magis ut loci nātūra dēiectusque + collis et necessitas temporis quam ut rei mīlitāris + ratio atque ōrdo postulābat, fīēbat ut aliae legiōnes alia + in parte hostibus resisterent; saepibus autem dēnsissimis, + ut ante dēmōnstrāvimus, interiectis prōspectus impediēbātur, 5 + ut neque certa subsidia conlocāri, neque ab ūno + omnia imperia administrāri possent. Itaque in tanta + rērum inīquitāte, fōrtūnae quoque ēventus varii sequēbantur. + + +dēiectus+, _dēclīvitas_, 8. + +ratio+, _scientia_. + +intericio+, _interpōno_. + +administro+, _ago_, 20. + +inīquitas+, _varietas_. + +ēventus+, _cāsus_. + + +_The battle seems to be going against Cæsar._ + + 23. Legiōnis nōnae et decimae mīlites, ut in sinistra + parte acie cōnstiterant, Atrebates cursu āc lassitūdine + exanimātos vulneribusque cōnfectos celeriter ex loco + superiōre in flūmen compulērunt. Tum eos trānsīre + cōnantes īnsecūti, gladiis māgnam partem eōrum 5 + interfēcērunt. Ipsi trānsīre flūmen nōn dubitāvērunt et in + locum inīquum prōgressi, hostes redintegrāto proelio in + fugam cōniēcērunt. Item alia in parte dīversae duae + legiōnes, ūndecima et octāva, ex loco superiōre in ipsis + flūminis rīpis proeliābantur. At tōtis fere a frōnte et 10 + ab sinistra parte nūdātis castris, omnes Nervii cōnfertissimo + āgmine, duce Boduōgnāto, qui summam imperi + tenēbat, ad eum locum contendērunt; quōrum pars aperto + latere legiōnes circumvenīre, pars summum castrōrum + locum petere coepit. 15 + + +lassitūdo+, _dēfatīgātio_. + +cōnfectus+, _dēfessus_. + +compello+, _ago_. + +redintegro+, _renovo_. + +cōnfertus+, _dēnsus_. + +summa+, _cūra_, 4. + +contendo+, _propero_, 12. + +peto+, _accurro_. + + +_It is beginning to look very dark for the Romans._ + + 24. Eōdem tempore equites nostri levisque armātūrae + pedites, qui cum iis ūna fuerant, cum se in castra reciperent, + hostibus occurrēbant āc rūrsus aliam in partem + fugam petēbant; et cālōnes, praedandi causa ēgressi, + cum respēxissent et hostes in nostris castris versāri 5 + vīdissent, praecipites fugae sēse mandābant. Simul + eōrum qui cum impedīmentis veniēbant clāmor fremitusque + oriēbātur, aliīque aliam in partem perterriti ferēbantur. + Quibus omnibus rēbus permōti sunt equites + Trēveri, qui auxili causa ab cīvitāte ad Caesarem mīssi 10 + vēnerant. Ergo cum multitūdine hostium castra complēri, + legiōnes premi et paene circumventas tenēri, cālōnes, + equites, funditōres in omnes partes fugere vīdissent, + dēspērātis nostris rēbus, domum contendērunt atque Rōmānos + pulsos superātōsque cīvitāti renūntiāvērunt. 15 + + +armātūra+, _arma_, 10. + +me recipio+, _me cōnfero_, 13. + +occurro+, _incĭdo_, 21. + +ēgredior+, _exeo_, 13. + +versor+, _sum occupātus_, 1. + +mando+, _commendo_. + +fremitus+, _strepitus_, 11. + +orior+, _nāscor_, 4. + +premo+, _urgeo_. + +paene+, _fere_, 19. + +pello+: _fugo_, _prōturbo_, 19. + +supero+, _vinco_. + + +_Will Cæsar’s coolness and courage save his army?_ + + 25. Caesar ab decimae legiōnis cohortātiōne ad dextrum + cornu profectus suos urgēri et duodecimae legiōnis + cōnfertos mīlites sibi ipsos ad pūgnam esse impedīmento + vīdit. Quartae cohortis omnes centuriōnes occīsi sunt + et, sīgnifero interfecto, sīgnum est āmīssum. Reliquārum 5 + cohortium omnes fere centuriōnes aut vulnerāti aut + occīsi sunt, in hīs prīmipīlus P. Sextius Baculus, fortissimus + vir, multis gravibusque vulneribus cōnfectus ut iam + se sustinēre nōn posset. Hīs rēbus reliquos esse tardiōres + vīdit Caesar et nōnnullos dēserto proelio excēdere āc tēla 10 + vītāre; hostes autem neque a fronte ex īnferiōre loco + subeuntes intermittere et ab utrōque latere īnstāare, et + rem esse in angusto, neque ūllum esse subsidium quod + submitti posset. Tum vēro scūto ūni mīliti dētracto, + quod ipse eo sine scūto vēnerat, in prīmam aciem prōcessit, 15 + centuriōnibusque nōminātim appellātis, reliquos + cohortātus mīlites sīgna īnferre et manipulos laxāre iūssit, + quo facilius gladiis ūti possent. Cūius adventu spe inlāta + mīlitibus āc redintegrāto animo paulum hostium impetus + tardātus est. 20 + + +urgeo+, _premo_, 24. + +cōnfertus+, _dēnsus_, 23. + +sīgnifer+, _aquilifer_. + +āmitto+, _dīmitto_, 21. + +fere+, _paene_, 19. + +cōnfectus+, _dēfessus_, 23. + +excēdo+, _exeo_. + +subeo+, _succēdo_. + +intermitto+: _dēsino_, _dēsisto_. + +īnsto+: _urgeo_, _premo_, 24. + +dētraho+, _rapio_. + +laxo+, _aperio_. + +īnfero+ (2): _do_, _adfero_. + +redintegro+, _renovo_, 23. + + +_A shifting scene. Pull Romans, pull Nervii!_ + + 26. Caesar cum septimam legiōnem, quae iūxta cōnstiterat, + item urgēri ab hoste vīdisset, tribūnos mīlitum + monuit ut paulātim sēse legiōnes coniungerent. Quo + facto, cum alius alii subsidium ferret, audācius resistere + āc fortius pūgnāre coepērunt. Interim mīlites legiōnum 5 + duārum, quae in novissimo āgmine praesidio impedīmentis + fuerant, proelio nūntiāto cursu incitāto in summo colle + ab hostibus cōnspiciēbantur; et T. Labiēnus castris hostium + potītus decimam legiōnem subsidio nostris mīsit. + Qui cum quo in loco res esset, quantōque in perīculo castra 10 + et legiōnes et imperātor versārētur, cōgnōvissent, + nihil ad celeritātem sibi reliqui fēcērunt. + + +iūxta+, _prope_. + +cōnsisto+, 6. + +urgeo+, 25. + +paulātim+, _gradātim_. + +interim+, _interea_, 12. + +cōnspicio+, _video_. + +potior+, _occupo_, 7. + +versor+, _sum_, 1. + +cōgnōsco+, _reperio_, 4. + + +_In the fierce wrestle the brave Nervii go under._ + + 27. Hōrum adventu tanta rērum commūtātio est facta + ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus cōnfecti prōcubuissent, + proelium redintegrārent; equites vēro, ut turpitūdinem + fugae virtūte dēlērent, omnibus in locis pūgnae se legiōnāriis + mīlitibus praeferrent. At hostes etiam in extrēma 5 + spe salūtis māximam virtūtem praestitērunt; nam cum + prīmi eōrum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus comitibus + īnsistēbant atque ex eōrum corporibus pūgnābant; hīs + dēiectis et coacervātis cadāveribus, cēteri ut ex tumulo + tēla in nostros cōniciēbant et pīla intercepta remittēbant: 10 + ut iūdicāri dēbēret nōn nēquīquam tantae virtūtis homines + ausos esse trānsīre lātissimum flūmen, ascendere altissimas + rīpas, subīre inīquissimum locum; quae facilia ex + difficillimis animi māgnitūdo redēgerat. + + +prōcumbo+, _prōcido_. + +turpitūdo+: _īgnōminia_, _īnfāmia_. + +dēleo+, _exstinguo_. + +extrēmus+, _ultimus_. + +praesto+: _praebeo_, _ostento_. + +iaceo+, _prōcumbo_. + +coacervo+: _congero_, _cōgo_. + +cadāver+, _corpus_. + +nēquīquam+, _frūstra_. + +redigo+, _facio_. + + +_Why slay the poor remnant? Let them live._ + + 28. Hōc proelio facto et prope ad interneciōnem gente + āc nōmine Nerviōrum redācto, māiōres nātu, quōs ūna + cum pueris mulieribusque in palūdes cōniectos dīxerāmus, + cōnsēnsu omnium qui supererant lēgātos ad Caesarem + mīsērunt sēque ei dēdidērunt. Postea in commemoranda 5 + cīvitātis calamitāte, ex sexcentis ad tres senātōres, ex + hominum mīlibus LX vix ad quīngentos qui arma ferre + possent, sēse redāctos esse dīxērunt. Quōs Caesar ut in + miseros āc supplices ūsus misericordia vidērētur, 10 + dīligentissime cōnservāvit suīsque fīnibus atque oppidis ūti + iūssit et fīnitimis imperāvit ut ab iniūria et maleficio se + suōsque prohibērent. + + +prope+, _paene_, 19. + +internecio+, _interitus_. + +redigo+, _redūco_. + +puerī+, _līberi_, 13. + +cōnicio+, _dēpōno_, 16. + +dēdo+, _permitto_, 15. + +commemoro+, _nārro_. + +fīnitimus+, _vīcīnus_, 2. + + +_The Aduatuci prepare to make a desperate resistance._ + + 29. Aduātuci, qui cum omnibus cōpiis auxilio Nerviis + veniēbant, hāc pūgna nūntiāta ex itinere domum revertērunt; + cūnctis oppidis castellīsque dēsertis sua omnia in + ūnum oppidum ēgregie nātūra mūnītum contulērunt. + Quod ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rūpes 5 + dēspectūsque habēbat, sed ūna ex parte lēniter adclīvis + aditus relinquēbātur; quem locum duplici altissimo mūro + mūnierant; tum māgni ponderis saxa et praeacūtas trabes + in mūro conlocābant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teutonīsque + prōgnāti, qui, cum iter in prōvinciam nostram atque 10 + Ītaliam facerent, custōdiam ex suis āc praesidium sex + mīlia hominum relīquērunt. Hi post eōrum obitum + multos annos a fīnitimis exagitāti, cōnsēnsu eōrum omnium + hunc sibi domicilio locum dēlēgērunt. + + +revertor+, _redeo_, 10. + +cūnctus+, _omnis_. + +ēgregie+: _optime_, _eximie_, 8. + +dēspectus+, _prōspectus_. + +lēniter+, _paulātim_. + +aditus+, _accessus_, 15. + +conloco+, _pōno_, 8. + +prōgnātus+, _ortus_, 4. + +obitus+, _interitus_, 28. + +dēligo+, _ēligo_, 17. + + +_From their walls they taunt the Romans._ + + 30. Āc prīmo adventu exercitus nostri crēbras ex + oppido excursiōnes faciēbant parvulīsque proeliis cum + nostris contendēbant; postea vāllo pedum XII in circuitu + XV mīlium crēbrīsque castellis circummūnīti oppido sēse + continēbant. Ubi vīneis āctis aggere exstrūcto turrim 5 + procul cōnstitui vīdērunt, prīmum inrīdēre ex mūro atque + increpitāre vōcibus coepērunt, quod tanta māchinātio ab + tanto spatio īnstruerētur: quibusnam manibus aut quibus + vīribus praesertim homines tantulae statūrae turrim + tanti oneris in mūro sēse conlocāre cōnfīderent? 10 + + +adventus+, _accessus_, 15. + +crēber+, _frequens_, 1. + +excursio+, _ēruptio_. + +cōnstituo+, _pōno_. + +inrīdeo+, _dērīdeo_. + +increpito+, _maledīco_. + +tantulus+, _parvulus_. + +onus+, _pondus_. + + +_But soon they lose confidence and offer to surrender._ + + 31. Ubi vēro turrim movēri et adpropīnquāre moenibus + vīdērunt, nova atque inūsitāta specie commōti lēgātos + ad Caesarem de pāce mīsērunt, qui ad hunc modum locūti + sunt: Aduātuci nōn exīstimant Rōmānos sine ope dīvīna + bellum gerere, qui tantae altitūdinis māchinātiōnes tanta 5 + celeritāte prōmovēre possint; itaque se suaque omnia + eōrum potestāti permittunt. Ūnum petunt: si fōrte + Caesar pro sua clēmentia āc mānsuētūdine statuerit + Aduātucos esse cōnservandos, ne eos armis dēspoliet. + Omnes fere fīnitimi sunt inimīci āc eōrum virtūti invident, 10 + a quibus se dēfendere trāditis armis nōn poterunt. Sibi + praestet, si in eum cāsum dēdūcantur, quamvis fōrtūnam + a populo Rōmāno pati, quam ab inimīcis per cruciātum + interfici. + + +novus+, _mīrus_. + +inūsitātus+: _īnsolitus_, _novus_. + +species+, _facies_. + +modus+, _ratio_. + +ops+, _auxilium_. + +permitto+, _dēdo_, 15. + +peto+, _ōro_, 13. + +mānsuētūdo+, _lēnitas_, 14. + +statuo+, _cōnstituo_, 10. + +fere+, _paene_, 25. + +cāsus+, _fātum_, 22. + +dēdūco+, _redigo_, 28. + + +_They must disarm, but are promised protection._ + + 32. Ad haec Caesar respondit: “Magis cōnsuētūdine + mea quam merito vestro cīvitātem cōnservābo, si prius + quam mūrum aries attigerit, vos dēdideritis: sed dēditiōnis + nūlla est condicio nisi armis trāditis. Id quod in + Nerviis fēci faciam fīnitimīsque imperābo ne quam iniūriam 5 + dēditīciis populi Rōmāni īnferant.” Re nūntiāta + ad suos, quae imperārentur facere dīxērunt. Armōrum + tanta multitūdo de mūro in fossam quae erat ante oppidum + iacta est, ut prope summam mūri aggerisque altitūdinem + acervi eōrum adaequārent, et tamen circiter pars 10 + tertia, ut postea perspectum est, cēlāta atque in oppido + retenta est. Deinde portis patefactis eo die pāce sunt + ūsi oppidāni. + + +prius quam+, _ante quam_. + +dēditio+, _trāditio_, 12. + +fīnitimus+, _vīcīnus_, 2. + +īnfero+: _fero_, _facio_. + +prope+, _paene_, 28. + +circiter+, _ad_, 19. + +perspicio+, _intellego_. + +patefacio+, _aperio_. + + +_A brave dash for freedom, but a terrible fate._ + + 33. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi mīlitēsque ex + oppido exīre iūssit. Oppidāni cōnsilio ante inito, ut + intellēctum est, quod dēditiōne facta nostros praesidia + dēductūros aut dēnique indīligentius servātūros crēdiderant, + tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras mūnītiōnes 5 + ascēnsus vidēbātur, omnibus cōpiis repentīno ex + oppido ēruptiōnem fēcērunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar + imperārat, īgnibus sīgnificātiōne facta ex proximis castellis + eo concursum est. Ibi pūgnātum est ācriter ab + hostibus in extrēma spe salūtis inīquo loco contra eos 10 + qui ex vāllo turribusque tēla iacerent, cum in ūna virtūte + omnis spes salūtis cōnsisteret. Occīsis ad hominum + mīlibus quattuor reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. Postrīdie + ēius diēi refrāctis portis, cum iam dēfenderet nēmo, + atque intrōmīssis mīlitibus nostris sectiōnem ēius oppidi 15 + ūniversam Caesar vendidit. Ab iis qui ēmerant capitum + numerus ad eum relātus est mīlium quīnquāginta trium. + + +intellego+, _perspicio_, 32. + +dēnique+, _saltem_. + +indīligenter+, _neglegenter_. + +arduus+, _difficilis_. + +repentīnus+, _subitus_. + +ēruptio+, _excursio_, 30. + +sīgnificātio+, _sīgnum_. + +inīquus+, _incommodus_. + +ūniversus+, _tōtus_. + +refero+, _renūntio_. + + +_All the maritime nations submit to the Romans._ + + 34. Eōdem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legiōne + ūna mīserat ad Venetos, Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas, + Esuvios, Aulercos, Rēdones, quae sunt maritimae cīvitātes + Ōceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas + cīvitātes in diciōnem potestātemque populi Rōmāni esse 5 + redāctas. + + +attingo+, _tango_. + +dicio+, _imperium_. + +redigo+, _pāco_. + + +_Gaul lies crushed and bleeding. Rome rejoices and thanks the gods._ + + 35. Hīs rēbus gestis omni Gallia pācāta, tanta hūius + belli ad barbaros opīnio perlāta est uti ab iis nātiōnibus + quae trāns Rhēnum incolerent mitterentur lēgāti ad + Caesarem, qui se obsides datūras, imperāta factūras pollicērentur. + Quās lēgātiōnes Caesar, quod in Ītaliam Illyricumque 5 + properābat, inita proxima aestāte ad se reverti + iūssit. Ipse in Carnūtes, Andes Turonēsque, quae cīvitātes + propīnquae hīs locis erant ubi bellum gesserat, + legiōnibus in hībernācula dēductis, in Ītaliam profectus + est. Ob eāsque res ex litteris Caesaris dies quīndecim 10 + supplicātio dēcrēta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nūlli. + + +pāco+, _redigo_, 34. + +opīnio+, _fāma_, 8. + +propero+, _mātūro_, 5. + +ineo+, _incipio_. + +propīnquus+: _vīcīnus_, _fīnitimus_, 2. + +accido+, _contingo_. + + + + +C. IULI CAESARIS + +DE BELLO GALLICO + + +_LIBER SECUNDUS._ + +B.C. 57; A.U.C. 697. + +THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED. + + +1. Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia in hibernis, ita uti supra +demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur, litterisque item +Labieni certior fiebat omnes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae partem +dixeramus, contra populum Romanum coniurare obsidesque inter se dare. +Coniurandi has esse causas: primum quod vererentur ne omni pacata Gallia +ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur; deinde quod ab nonnullis Gallis +sollicitarentur,--partim qui, ut Germanos diutius in Gallia versari +noluerant, ita populi Romani exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in +Gallia moleste ferebant; partim qui mobilitate et levitate animi novis +imperiis studebant; ab nonnullis etiam, quod in Gallia a potentioribus +atque iis qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant, vulgo regna +occupabantur, qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro consequi poterant. +[p. 23 l. 1-16] + +2. His nuntiis litterisque commotus Caesar duas legiones in citeriore +Gallia novas conscripsit, et inita aestate in interiorem Galliam qui +deduceret Q. Pedium legatum misit. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse +inciperet, ad exercitum venit. Dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque +Gallis, qui finitimi Belgis erant, uti ea quae apud eos gerantur +cognoscant seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. Hi constanter omnes +nuntiaverunt manus cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Tum vero +dubitandum non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur. Re frumentaria +comparata castra movet diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines Belgarum +pervenit. [p. 23 l. 17-20, p. 24 l. 1-8] + +3. Eo cum de improviso celeriusque omni opinione venisset, Remi, qui +proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legatos Iccium et Andocumborium +primos civitatis miserunt qui dicerent: ‘Se suaque omnia in fidem atque +in potestatem populi Romani permittere, neque se cum Belgis reliquis +consensisse neque contra populum Romanum coniurasse, paratosque esse et +obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis recipere et frumento +ceterisque rebus iuvare; reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, +Germanosque qui cis Rhenum incolant sese cum his coniunxisse, tantumque +esse eorum omnium furorem ut ne Suessiones quidem, fratres +consanguineosque suos, qui eodem iure et isdem legibus utantur, unum +imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint quin +cum his consentirent.’ [p. 24 l. 9-23] + +4. Cum ab his quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in armis essent et +quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat: plerosque Belgas esse ortos ab +Germanis Rhenumque antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi +consedisse Gallosque qui ea loca incolerent expulisse, solosque esse qui +patrum nostrorum memoria, omni Gallia vexata, Teutonos Cimbrosque intra +fines suos ingredi prohibuerint; qua ex re fieri uti earum rerum memoria +magnam sibi auctoritatem magnosque spiritus in re militari sumerent. De +numero eorum omni se habere explorata Remi dicebant, proptera quod +propinquitatibus adfinitatibusque coniuncti, quantam quisque +multitudinem in communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus sit +cognoverint. Plurimuni inter eos Bellovacos et virtute et auctoritate et +hominum numero valere: hos posse conficere armata milia centum, +pollicitos ex eo numero electa sexaginta, totiusque belli imperium sibi +postulare. Suessiones suos esse finitimos: latissimos feracissimosque +agros possidere. Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Divitiacum, +totius Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum tum +etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit: nunc esse regem Galbam; ad hunc +propter iustitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam omnium +voluntate deferri: oppida habere numero XII, polliceri milia armata +quinquaginta; totidem Nervios, qui maxime feri inter ipsos habeantur, +longissimeque absint; quindecim milia Atrebates, Ambianos decem milia, +Moriuos XXV milia, Menapios VII milia; Caletos X milia; Velocasses et +Veromanduos totidem; Aduatucos decem et novem milia; Condrusos, +Eburones, Caeroesos, Paemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, +arbitrari ad XL milia. [p. 24 l. 24-32, p. 25 l. 1-23] + +5. Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus omnem +senatum ad se convenire principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci +iussit. Quae omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divitiacum +Aeduum magno opere cohortatus docet quanto opere rei publicae +communisque salutis intersit man us hostium distineri, ne cum tanta +multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit. Id fieri posse, si suas copias +Aedui in fines Bellovacorum introduxeriut et eorum agros populari +coeperint. His mandatis eum ab se dimittit. Postquam omnes Belgarum +copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire vidit neque iam longe abesse +ab iis quos miserat exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, +quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum traducere maturavit +atque ibi castra posuit. Quae res et latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis +muniebat et post eum quae essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat, et commeatus +ab Remis reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari posset +efficiebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera +parte fluminis Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit. +Castra in altitudinem pedum XII vallo fossaque duodeviginti pedum munire +iubet. [p. 25 l. 24-32, p. 26 l. 1-14] + +6. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum +octo. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo +die sustentatum est. Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. +Ubi circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus undique in murum +lapides iaci coepti sunt, murusque defensoribus nudatus est, testudine +facta portas succedunt murumque subruunt. Quod tum facile fiebat. Nam +cum tanta multitudo lapides ac tela conicerent, in muro consistendi +potestas erat nulli. Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, Iccius Remus, +summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos, qui tum oppido praefuerat, unus +ex iis qui legati de pace ad Caesarem venerant, nuntium ad eum mittit: +nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse. +[p. 26 l. 15-29] + +7. Eo de media nocte Caesar isdem ducibus usus qui nuntii ab Iccio +venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et funditores Baleares subsidio +oppidanis mittit; quorum adventu et Remis cum spe defensionis studium +propugnandi accessit, et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi oppidi +discessit. Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum +depopulati, omnibus vicis aedificiisque quos adire potuerant incensis, +ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt et ab milibus passuum +minus duobus castra posuerunt; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus +significabatur, amplius milibus passuum octo in latitudinem patebant. +[p. 26 l. 30-32, p. 27 l. 1-9] + +8. Caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et propter eximiam +opinionem virtutis proelio supersedere statuit; cotidie tamen +equestribus proeliis quid hostis virtute posset et quid nostri auderent +periclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro +castris ad aciem instruendam natura opportuno atque idoneo--quod is +collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex planitie editus tantum +adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies instructa occupare +poterat, atque ex utraque parte lateris deiectus habebat et in frontem +leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat--ab utroque latere eius +collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum quadringentorum et ad +extremas fossas castella constituit ibique tormenta conlocavit, ne, cum +aciem instruxisset, hostes, quod tantum multitudine poterant, ab +lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent. Hoc facto duabus +legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in castris relictis, ut, si quo +opus esset, subsidio duci possent, reliquas sex legiones pro castris in +acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas +instruxerant. [p. 27 l. 10-30] + +9. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum. Hanc si +nostri transirent hostes exspectabant; nostri autem, si ab illis initium +transeundi fieret, ut impeditos adgrederentur, parati in armis erant. +Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. Ubi neutri +transeundi initium faciunt, secundiore equitum proelio nostris Caesar +suos in castra reduxit. Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam +contenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. Ibi vadis +repertis partem suarum copiarum traducere conati sunt eo consilio, ut, +si possent, castellum cui praeerat Q. Titurius legatus expugnarent +pontemque interscinderent; si minus potuissent, agros Remorum +popularentur, qui magno nobis usui ad bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque +nostros prohiberent. [p. 27 l. 31-32, p. 28 l. 1-13] + +10. Caesar certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et levis armaturae +Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque ad eos +contendit. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. Hostes impeditos nostri in +flumine adgressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt: per eorum corpora +reliquos audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum reppulerunt; +primos qui transierant equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. Hostes, ubi +et de expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo spem se fefellisse +intellexerunt neque nostros in locum iniquiorem progredi pugnandi causa +viderunt, atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio +convocato constituerunt optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti, et, +quorum in fines primum Romani exercitum introduxissent, ad eos +defendendos undique convenirent, ut potius in suis quam in alienis +finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rei frumentariae uterentur. Ad +eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod +Divitiacum atque Aeduos finibus Bellovacorum adpropinquare cognoverant. +His persuaderi ut diutis morarentur neque suis auxilium ferrent non +poterat. [p. 28 l. 14-32, p. 29 l. 1-2] + +11. Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum strepitu ac tumultu +castris egressi, nullo certo ordine neque imperio, cum sibi quisque +primum itineris locum peteret et domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt +ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. Hac re statim Caesar per +speculatores cognita insidias veritus, quod qua de causa discederent +nondum perspexerat, exercitum equitatumque castris continuit. Prima luce +confirmata re ab exploratoribus omnem equitatum qui novissimum agmen +moraretur praemisit. His Q. Pedium et L. Aurunculeium Cottam legatos +praefecit; T. Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. Hi +novissimos adorti et multa milia passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem +eorum fugientium conciderunt, cum ab extremo agmine ad quos ventum erat +consisterent fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum sustinerent; priores, +quod abesse a periculo viderentur neque ulla necessitate neque imperio +continerentur, exaudito clamore perturbatis ordinibus omnes in fuga sibi +praesidium ponerent. Ita sine ullo periculo tantam eorum multitudinem +nostri interfecerunt quantum fuit diei spatium, sub occasumque solis +destiterunt, seque in castra, ut erat imperatum, receperunt. [p. 29 +l. 3-25] + +12. Postridie eius diei Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga +reciperent, in fines Suessionum, qui proximi Remis erant, exercitum +duxit et magno itinere confecto ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Id ex +itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat, +propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem paucis defendentibus +expugnare non potuit. Castris munitis vineas agere quaeque ad +oppugnandum usui erant comparare coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga +Suessionum multitudo in oppidum proxima nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis +ad oppidum actis, aggere iacto turribusque constitutis, magnitudine +operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli neque audierant, et celeritate +Romanorum permoti, legatos ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt et +petentibus Remis ut conservarentur impetrant. [p. 29 l. 26-32, p. 30 +l. 1-8] + +13. Caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis +duobus filiis, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem +Suessiones accepit exercitumque in Bellovacos ducit. Qui cum se suaque +omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar +cum exercitu circiter milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes maiores natu +ex oppido egressi manus ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare +coeperunt sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque contra populum +Romanum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset castraque ibi +poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro passis manibus suo more pacem ab +Romanis petierunt. [p. 30 l. 9-20] + +14. Pro his Divitiacus--nam post discessum Belgarum dimissis Aeduorum +copiis ad eum reverterat--facit verba: Bellovacos omni tempore in fide +atque amicitia civitatis Aeduae fuisse: impulsos a suis principibus, +qui dicerent Aeduos ab Caesare in servitutem redactos omnes indignitates +contumeliasque perferre, et ab Aeduis defecisse et populo Romano bellum +intulisse. Qui eius consili principes fuissent, quod intellegerent +quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. +Petere non solum Bellovacos sed etiam pro his Aeduos ut sua clementia ac +mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod si fecerit, Aeduorum auctoritatem apud +omnes Belgas amplificaturum, quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella +inciderint, sustentare consuerint. [p. 30 l. 21-32, p. 31 l. 1-2] + +15. Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque Aeduorum causa sese eos in fidem +recepturum et conservaturum dixit; quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas +auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat, sexcentos obsides +poposcit. His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido conlatis, ab eo loco +in fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. +Eorum fines Nervii attingebant; quorum de natura moribusque Caesar cum +quaereret, sic reperiebat: Nullum aditum esse ad eos mercatoribus; nihil +pati vini reliquarumque rerum inferri, quod iis rebus relanguescere +animos eorum et remitti virtutem existimarent: esse homines feros +magnaeque virtutis; increpitare atque incusare reliquos Belgas qui se +populo Romano dedidissent patriamque virtutem proiecissent; confirmare +sese neque legatos missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis accepturos. +[p. 31 l. 3-18] + +16. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis +Sabim flumen ab castris suis non amplius milia passuum X abesse: trans +id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare +una cum Atrebatis et Veromanduis finitimis suis, nam his utrisque +persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur; exspectari etiam ab +his Aduatucorum copias atque esse in itinere; mulieres quique per +aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum coniecisse, quo +propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset. [p. 31 l. 19-28] + +17. His rebus cognitis exploratores centurionesque praemittit qui locum +idoneum castris deligant. Cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis +complures Caesarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex +captivis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri +exercitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque his +demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum numerum +intercedere, neque esse quicquam negoti, cum prima legio in castra +venisset, reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent, hanc sub +sarcinis adoriri; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis futurum ut reliquae +contra consistere non auderent. Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem +deferebant, quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque +enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student, sed quicquid possunt, pedestribus +valent copiis) quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad +eos venissent, impedirent, teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis, +crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis, et rubis sentibusque +interiectis, effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimenta praeberent, +quo non modo non intrari sed ne perspici quidem posset. His rebus cum +iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii +existimaverunt. [p. 31 l. 29-32, p. 32 l. 1-20] + +18. Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri castris delegerant. Collis +ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, +vergebat. Ab eo flumine pari adclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic +et contrarius, passus circiter ducentos infimus apertus, ab superiore +parte silvestris ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. Intra eas +silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in aperto loco secundum +flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur. Fluminis erat altitudo pedum +circiter trium. [p. 32 l. 21-30] + +19. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio +ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam +quod ad hostes adpropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones +expeditas ducebat; post eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; +inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant +praesidioque impedimentis erant. Equites nostri, cum funditoribus +sagittariisque flumen transgressi, cum hostium equitatu proelium +commiserunt. Cum se illi identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent ac +rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius quam +quem ad finem porrecta loca aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi +auderent, interim legiones sex, quae primae venerant, opere dimenso +castra munire coeperunt. Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis +qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos +committendi proeli convenerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque +constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis +provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt. His facile pulsis +ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene +uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et iam in manibus nostris hostes +viderentur. Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque +eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt. [p. 32 l. 31-32, p. 33 +l. 1-23] + +20. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, quod +erat insigne cum ad arma concurri oporteret, signum tuba dandum, ab +opere revocandi milites, qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa +processerant arcessendi, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, +signum dandum. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et +successus hostium impediebat. His difficultatibus duae res erant +subsidio--scientia atque usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis +exercitati, quid fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi +praescribere quam ab aliis doceri poterant; et quod ab opere singulisque +legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris +vetuerat. Hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam +Caesaris imperium exspectabant, sed per se quae videbantur +administrabant. [p. 33 l. 24-32, p. 34 l. 1-6] + +21. Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis ad cohortandos milites quam in +partem fors obtulit decucurrit et ad legionem decimam devenit. Milites +non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis +memoriam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter +sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adici +posset, proeli committendi signum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item +cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit +exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut non modo ad +insignia adcommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta +detrudenda tempus defuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit +quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis +pugnandi tempus dimitteret. [p. 34 l. 7-22] + +22. Instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura deiectusque collis et +necessitas temporis quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, +cum diversis legionibus aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent, +saepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus +impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlocari, neque quid in quaque parte +opus esset provideri, neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant. +Itaque in tanta rerum iniquitate, fortunae quoque eventus varii +sequebantur. [p. 34 l. 23-31] + +23. Legionis nonae et decimae milites, ut in sinistra parte acie +constiterant, pilis emissis, cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos +vulneribusque confectos Atrebates--nam his ea pars obvenerat--celeriter +ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt et transire conantes insecuti +gladiis magnam partem eorum impeditam interfecerunt. Ipsi transire +flumen non dubitaverunt, et in locum iniquum progressi, rursus +resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in fugam coniecerunt. Item alia +in parte diversae duae legiones, undecima et octava, profligatis +Veromanduis, quibuscum erant congressi, ex loco superiore in ipsis +fluminis ripis proeliabantur. At totis fere a fronte et ab sinistra +parte nudatis castris, cum in dextro cornu legio duodecima et non magno +ab ea intervallo septima constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine +duce Boduognato qui summam imperi tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt; +quorum pars aperto latere legiones circumvenire, pars summum castrorum +locum petere coepit. [p. 35 l. 1-18] + +24. Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites, qui cum iis +una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra +reciperent, adversis hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem +fugam petebant; et calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis +nostros victores flumen transisse conspexerant, praedandi causa egressi, +cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris versari vidissent, +praecipites fugae sese mandabant. Simul eorum qui cum impedimentis +veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam in partem +perterriti ferebantur. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treveri, +quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxili causa ab +civitate ad Caesarem missi venerant, cum multitudine hostium castra +compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, equites, +funditores, Numidas, diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere +vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt; Romanos pulsos +superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos civitati +renuntiaverunt. [p. 35 l. 19-32, p. 36 l. 1-6] + +25. Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, +ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum conlatis duodecimae legionis +confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit--quartae +cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque interfecto, signo +amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis +aut occisis, in his primipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis +gravibusque vulneribus confecto ut iam se sustinere non posset, reliquos +esse tardiores, et nonnullos ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere ac +tela vitare, hostes neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes +intermittere et ab utroque latere instare, et rem esse in angusto vidit, +neque ullum esse subsidium quod submitti posset--scuto ab novissimis uni +militi detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem +processit centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus +milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis +uti possent. Cuius adventu spe inlata militibus ac redintegrato animo, +cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus +operam navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. [p. 36 +l. 7-28] + +26. Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta constiterat, item urgeri ab +hoste vidisset, tribunes militum monuit ut paulatim sese legiones +coniungerent et conversa signa in hostes inferrent. Quo facto, cum alius +alii subsidium ferret, neque timerent ne aversi ab hoste +circumvenirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt. +Interim milites legionum duarum, quae in novissimo agmine praesidio +impedimentis fuerant, proelio nuntiato cursu incitato in summo colle ab +hostibus conspiciebantur; et T. Labienus castris hostium potitus et ex +loco superiore quae res in nostris castris gererentur conspicatus +decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit. Qui cum ex equitum et calonum +fuga, quo in loco res esset, quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones +et imperator versaretur, cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui +fecerunt. [p. 36 l. 29-32, p. 37 l. 1-12] + +27. Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta ut nostri, etiam qui +vulneribus confecti procubuissent, scutis innixi proelium +redintegrarent; tum calones perterritos hostes conspicati etiam inermes +armatis occurrerent; equites vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute +delerent, omnibus in locis pugnae se legionariis militibus praeferrent. +At hostes etiam in extrema spe salutis tantam virtutem praestiterunt ut, +cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus insisterent atque ex +eorum corporibus pugnarent; his deiectis et coacervatis cadaveribus, qui +superessent ut ex tumulo tela in nostros conicerent et pila intercepta +remitterent: ut non nequiquam tantae virtutis homines indicari deberet +ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, +subire iniquissimum locum; quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo +redegerat. [p. 37 l. 13-28] + +28. Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine +Nerviorum redacto maiores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in +aestuaria ac paludes coniectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum +victoribus nihil impeditum, victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur, omnium qui +supererant consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque ei dediderunt; et +in commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex sexcentis ad tres senatores, ex +hominum milibus LX vix ad quingentos qui arma ferre possent sese +redactos esse dixerunt. Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices usus +misericordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit suisque finibus atque +oppidis uti iussit, et finitimis imperavit ut ab iniuria et maleficio se +suosque prohiberent. [p. 37 l. 29-32, p. 38 l. 1-9] + +29. Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio +Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum reverterunt; +cunctis oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie +natura munitum contulerunt. Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus +altissimas rapes despectusque haberet, una ex parte leniter adclivis +aditus in latitudinem non amplius ducentorum pedum relinquebatur; quem +locum duplici altissimo muro munierant, tum magni ponderis saxa et +praeacutas trabes in muro conlocabant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teutonisque +prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam facerent, +iis impedimentis, quae secum agere ac portare non poterant, citra flumen +Rhenum depositis custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex milia hominum una +reliquerunt. Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis exagitati, +cum alias bellum inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent, consensu eorum +omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt. [p. 38 l. 10-27] + +30. Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex oppido excursiones +faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum nostris contendebant; postea vallo +pedum XII in circuitu XV milium crebrisque castellis circummuniti oppido +sese continebant. Ubi vineis actis aggere exstructo turrim procul +constitui viderunt, primum inridere ex muro atque increpitare vocibus, +quod tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio instrueretur: quibusnam manibus +aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae staturae--nam plerumque +hominibus Gallis prae magnitudine corporum suorum brevitas nostra +contemptui est--tanti oneris turrim in muro sese conlocare confiderent? +[p. 38 l. 28-32, p. 39 l. 1-7] + +31. Ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare moenibus viderunt, nova atque +inusitata specie commoti legates ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad +hunc modum locuti: ‘Non existimare Romanos sine ope divina bellum +gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere +possent; se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere’ dixerunt. ‘Unum +petere ac deprecari: si forte pro sua clementia ac mansuetudine, quam +ipsi ab aliis audirent, statuisset Aduatucos esse conservandos, ne se +armis despoliaret. Sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac suae +virtuti invidere; a quibus se defendere traditis armis non possent. Sibi +praestare, si in eum casum deducerentur, quamvis fortunam a populo +Romano pati, quam ab his per cruciatum interfici, inter quos dominari +consuessent.’ [p. 39 l. 8-22] + +32. Ad haec Caesar respondit: ‘Se magis consuetudine sua quam merito +eorum civitatem conservaturum, si prius quam murum aries attigisset se +dedidissent; sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis. +Se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum finitimisque imperaturum, ne +quam dediticiis populi Romani iniuriam inferrent.’ Re nuntiata ad suos, +quae imperarentur facere dixerunt. Armorum magna multitudine de muro in +fossam quae erat ante oppidum iacta sic ut prope summam muri aggerisque +altitudinem acervi armorum adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, +ut postea perspectum est, celata atque in oppido retenta, portis +patefactis eo die pace sunt usi. [p. 39 l. 23-32, p. 40 l. 1-3] + +33. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire iussit, +ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibus iniuriam acciperent. Illi ante +inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod deditione facta nostros +praesidia deducturos aut denique indiligentius servaturos +crediderant--partim cum iis quae retinuerant et celaverant armis, +partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut +temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxerant--tertia vigilia, qua +minime arduus ad nostras munitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus copiis +repentino ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar +imperarat, ignibus significatione facta ex proximis castellis eo +concursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter est ut a viris +fortibus in extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos qui ex vallo +turribusque tela iacerent pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes +salutis consisteret. Occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor reliqui in +oppidum reiecti sunt. Postridie eius diei refractis portis, cum iam +defenderet nemo, atque intromissis militibus nostris sectionem eius +oppidi universam Caesar vendidit. Ab iis qui emerant capitum numerus ad +eum relatus est milium quinquaginta trium. [p. 40 l. 4-25] + +34. Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legione una miserat ad Venetos, +Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas, Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt +maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas +civitates in dicionem potestatemque populi Romani esse redactas. [p. 40 +l. 26-31] + +35. His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata, tanta huius belli ad barbaros +opinio perlata est uti ab iis nationibus, quae trans Rhenum incolerent +mitterentur legati ad Caesarem, qui se obsides daturas, imperata +facturas pollicerentur. Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam +Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se reverti iussit. +Ipse in Carnutes, Andes Turonesque, quae civitates propinquae his locis +erant ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hibernacula deductis, in +Italiam profectus est. Ob easque res ex litteris Caesaris dies quindecim +supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulli. [p. 41 +l. 1-11] + + + + +NOTES. + + +INTRODUCTORY NOTE.--To translate Latin into English is to express the +meaning of the Latin in English words and in English idiom. But the +meaning must be discovered before it can be expressed. Discovering the +sense is, therefore, a process preparatory to translation, but yet +measurably distinct from it. For discovering the meaning, the golden +rule is, _Take words and clauses in the order in which they stand_. If +the first chapter of this book were rendered into English words exactly +in the Latin order, the thought would be readily apprehended by any one +quite unacquainted with Latin. Such a word for word rendering, mental or +oral, is for the beginner a necessary preliminary to translation, but, +I repeat, must not be confounded with translation. For that, the golden +rule is, _Express the thought in pure English, without admixture of +Latin idiom_. + + +Notes under the heading CHAP. refer to the simplified text; those that +follow, under the heading PAGE, supplement the former and refer to the +unchanged text. The grammatical references are to the Latin Grammars of +Allen & Greenough and Harkness. + +[Transcriber’s Note: + +In the printed text, the word “line” recurs at the beginning of each +page. For this e-text, it is repeated at the beginning of each chapter +instead. Page references are included for completeness.] + + +CHAP. 1, + +line 2. +certior fīēbat+: _he was made more certain_ = _he was +informed_. + ++fīēbat+: the passive of +facio+. Review the forms. 142; H. 294. + +4. +Coniūrandi+: pronounce the _i_ of the second syllable like _y_. + +5. +verēbantur+: the subject is +Belgae+, understood; supply the same +subject for +sollicitābantur+. + ++ad se+: refers to the subject of +verēbantur+. + +6. +Germānos+: subject-accusative of +versāri+; _that the Germans should +remain_. + +8. +exercitum+: subject-accusative of +hiemāre+ and +inveterāscere+. + ++inveterāscere+: _get a foothold_; but what is its primary meaning from +its derivation? + +10. +imperiis+: 227 e, 3; H. 385. + +11. +iis+: supply mentally +ab+ before it. + +13. +qui+: _and these_, referring to +potentiōres+, etc. + ++eam rem+: read again the preceding sentence, and you will see to what ++eam rem+ refers. + ++imperio nostro+: _under our_ (i.e. Roman) _rule_. The ablative implies +condition, and the meaning is, _if we should get the sovereignty_. 255, +d, 4; H. 431, 2, (3). + +PAGE 23, + +1. +ita uti+: _as_. + +3. +Labiēni+: Cæsar’s lieutenant was now in the country of the Sequani. +See a map of +Gallia+. + +4. +quam+: _whose country_. We might expect +quos+ referring to ++Belgas+, but the relative is made to agree with the predicate noun ++partem+. + +6. +has esse causas+: depending on +rūmōres adferēbantur+, like +Belgas +... coniūrāre+ and +obsides ... dare+. 272; H. + +7. +omni ... Gallia+: all except their country. + ++pācāta+: the Romans, with cruel humor, called a country “pacified” when +they had enslaved it. + +8. +partim qui+: _some of whom_. + +9. +ut ... ita+: _as ... so_. + +11. +partim qui+: _others of whom_. + +12. +ab nōnnūllis etiam+: these, then, are the third class by whom it is +said, +Belgae sollicitābantur+: first, the conservative and patriotic; +second, the restless and dissatisfied; third, the selfish and ambitious. + + +CHAP. 2, + +line 2. +interiōrem Galliam+: _the interior of Gaul_; that is, Gaul +beyond the Alps. Refer constantly to a map. + +3. +qui ... dēdūceret+: +qui+ refers to +Q. Pedium+, and the clause +qui +... dēdūceret+ denotes purpose, _to lead_. + +4. +Ipse+: supply +Caesar+. + +6. +Ea+ = +eas res+, as shown by +rēbus+ following. + +8. +manus cōgi+: _that parties of men were gathering_. The construction +is the same as +Belgas ... coniūrāre+, in chap. 1. + +9. +condūci+: _was mustering_; a very different meaning in chap. 1. + ++quīn ... proficīscerētur+: _to march_. What literally? + +PAGE 23, + +18. +inita aestāte+: _when summer had begun_ = _at the beginning of +summer_; marks the time of +dēdūceret+, not of +mīsit+. + +PAGE 24, + +1. +Dat negōtium+: _he charges_. What literally? + +2. +uti+ (same as +ut+) ... +cōgnōscant+: _to find out_; the clause +depends on +dat negōtium+. + +3. +se+: refers to Caesar. + ++certiōrem faciant+: compare the passive form in chap. 1. + +5. +dubitandum+: in full the sentence would be, +Caesar dubitandum esse +sibi nōn exīstimāvit+; and the word for word rendering, _Cæsar did not +think an-obligation-of-hesitating to be to himself_. Translate, _he +ought to hesitate_. + + +CHAP. 3, + +line 1. +Eo+: that is, +ad fīnes Belgārum+. See the end of chap. 2. + +3. +se ... permittere+: here +se+ is the subject-accusative of ++permittere+. + ++in fidem+: _to the protection_. + +6. +Caesaris imperāta facere+: _to do what Cæsar required_. Literally +what? + +7. +oppidis recipere+: in meaning = +in oppida recipere+. + ++cēteris+: not _other_, but _all other_. Their submission is abject. + +9. +sēse+: not different from +se+. + +10. +Suessiōnes+: the object of +dēterrēre+. + +12. +iūre+: _constitution_. + ++īsdem+: oftener written +iīsdem+, 101, c. + +PAGE 24, + +9. +omni opīniōne+: _than any one could expect_. 247, b; H. 417. + +10. +ex Belgis+ = +Belgārum+, or +inter Belgas+. + +12. +qui dīcerent+: compare +qui dēdūceret+, p. 23, l. 19, and note on +simplified text. + ++se+: the object (with +sua omnia+ = _their all_) of +permittere+. +Another +se+ must be mentally supplied as the subject of +permittere+. + +18. +incolant+: why not +incolunt+, for it must be translated as if it +were +incolunt+? Because the clause +qui ... incolant+ depends on the +clause +Germānos ... coniūnxisse+. It is therefore _a dependent clause +of indirect discourse_, and as such must have the subjunctive. +Thoroughly master this, the most important principle of Latin syntax. +Mark how the descriptive clause, +qui ... incolant+, _is framed into_ +the main clause. + ++line+ 19. +furōrem+: the politic or cowardly Remi considered the love +of liberty and independence of their brother Belgæ _blind passion_. + +20. +qui ... ūtantur+: _though they ... enjoyed._ +qui+, then, must +sometimes be rendered _though he, though they_, etc., but only when the +subjunctive follows. + +21. +ūtantur+: supply immediately following +atque+. + +22. +ipsis+: refers to +Rēmi+. + +23. +quīn ... cōnsentīrent+: _from ... uniting._ Compare +quīn ... +proficīscerētur+, p. 24, l. 6, and note on simplified text. + + +CHAP. 4, + +line 1. +quantae+: refers to extent of country and population. + ++in armis essent+: connect with +quae cīvitātes+: _what states were in +arms, and how powerful they were_. + +2. +quid in bello possent+: a literal translation, _what they could_ +(do) _in war_, does not convey the meaning. Render, _what force they +could bring into the field_. + +4. +ibi+: +cis Rhēnum+. + +6. +ex re+: equivalent to +ex causa+. + +7. +fīēbat+: _it was coming about._ The Remi said, in direct discourse, ++fit+; and below, +sūmant+. + ++spīritus+: means in the singular _air_, and is here used just as we use +“airs,” in the phrase “to put on airs.” + +8. +omnia ... explōrāta+: _full information_. + +9. +Quantam quisque+: notice the order. +Quisque+ likes to stand after ++quantus+, +quotus+, +se+, and +suus+; here it means _each nation_. + +11. +Plūrimum ... valēbant+: about equivalent to +plūrimum poterant+, +_had the most power_. + +18. +cum ... tum+: _not only ... but also_. + +19. +Britanniae+: “the first mention of Britain by a Roman author.” + +PAGE 24, + +27. +propter fertilitātem+: to be connected with +cōnsēdisse+. + +28. +incolerent+: why not +incolēbant+? See note on p. 24, l. 18, +qui +... incolant+. + +29. +memoria+: _within the memory_; but two lines below, _because of the +memory_. + +PAGE 25, + +10. +nostra etiam memoria+: compare +patrum nostrōrum memoria+, p. 24, +l. 29. + +13. +obtinuerit+: _held_, not _obtained_, which is usually expressed by ++adsecūtus est+, +cōnsecūtus est+, or +adeptus est+. + +15. +omnium voluntāte+: _with the assent of all_. + +23. +arbitrāri+: that is, +Rēmos arbitrāri+. + + +CHAP. 5, + +line 2. +obsides+: _as hostages_, in apposition with +līberos+. What +would have been the fate of these, if the chieftains had broken their +pledges? + +4. +Rēi pūblicae interest+: _it concerns the_ (Roman) _republic_. The +real subject of +interest+, represented in English by _it_, is +manus +hostium distinēri+. + ++manus+: the subject-accusative of +distinēri+, _to be kept from +uniting_. + +6. +ne ... cōnflīgendum sit+: _that it may not be necessary to fight_. + +7. +intrōdūxerint+: the Roman way of speaking is: this can be done, if +that _shall be done, or shall have been done_; hence the future perfect. +But mark that such a future or future perfect is often best rendered by +a present. + +9. +coāctas ... venīre+: _having been assembled ... to be coming_ = _had +assembled ... and were coming_. + +10. +vīdit+ = +intellēxit+. + ++neque iam+ = +et iam nōn+. + ++iis+: take with +explōrātōribus+. + +13. +quae res+: that is, his crossing the river and fixing his camp +there. + +14. +post eum quae essent+ = +ea quae post eum essent+, _his rear_. What +should you expect in place of +eum+? + ++tūta+: goes with the whole expression, +post eum quae essent+. + +16. +portāri+: _to be brought down the river to him_. + +19. +in altitūdinem+: _to the height_. + +20. +duodēvīginti pedum+: that is, +in lātitūdinem+, _in width_. + +PAGE 25, + +24. +līberāliterque ōrātiōne prōsecūtus+: līberāliter means _in a +generous or kindly manner_; +ōrātiōne+ indicates in what sense ++prōsecūtus+ is to be taken, _accompanying with words_; finally, ++prōsequor+ has its common meaning of _accompany_, but with the meaning +unusually applied: Cæsar had encouraged the Remi, and he _accompanies +the encouragement with kind words_. Translate, _Cæsar encouraging the +Remi and adding kind words_. + +29. +commūnis salūtis+: by the _common interests_ Cæsar means those of +the Ædui and the Romans. + +30. +cōnflīgendum sit+: compare +dubitandum (esse)+ p. 24, l. 5, and +read the note. Here, as there, +sibi+, referring to Cæsar and the Ædui, +must be mentally supplied, showing for whom the duty or necessity of +action (hesitating, fighting) exists. + +31. +Id fieri posse+: depends upon +docet+. To what does +id+ refer? + +PAGE 26, + +1. +Postquam ... vīdit ... cōgnōvit, ... mātūrāvit+: _when he saw ... +and found out_, (then) ... _he hastened_. + +3. +neque ... cōgnōvit+: _and from those scouts_, etc., _found out that +they_ (the Belgæ) _were now not far distant_. + +8. +et+ connects +reddēbat+ and +efficiēbat+, which have the same +subject, +quae res+. The order makes this sentence difficult. Cæsar +might have written: +et efficiēbat ut commeātus ab Rēmis reliquīsque +cīvitātibus sine perīculo ad eum portāri posset+. The order is so +perplexed and perplexing because Cæsar wrote in haste, and because he +began with the word which was uppermost in his mind, +commeātus+. + + +CHAP. 6, + +line 2. +ex itinere+: _immediately after their march_. + +3. +sustentātum est+: _the Remi held out._ What literally? + +4. +Gallōrum ... oppūgnātio+: _the mode of attacking towns common to the +Gauls and Belgæ_. + +5. +tōtis moenibus+: dative, though by some thought to be an ablative, +_all around the walls_. 228; H. 386, 2. + +7. +testūdine facta+: _forming a testudo._ What the soldiers did was to +lap their shields over their heads. + +8. +cum+: _since._ What mode follows +cum+ in this sense? + +11. +nūntium ... mittit+: one of the expressions that are followed by +the accusative and infinitive; here, +sēse ... posse+. Compare in +chapter 1, +certior fīēbat+, followed by +Belgas ... coniūrāre+; in +chap. 4, +reperiēbat+, followed by +Belgas ortos esse+, in complete +text. + ++Iccius Rēmus+: _Iccius, a Remian_. + +13. +sēse+: subject-accusative of +posse+. + +PAGE 26, + +19. +moenibus ... mūrum ... mūrus ... mūrum+: Cæsar’s haste in writing +is often manifest. + +20. +coepti sunt+: it may seem strange that the passive should be used +instead of the active, +coepērunt+; but see 143, a; H. 297, 1. + +22. +Quod+: how is a relative after a period often best rendered? For an +example, see note on +qui+, chap. 1, l. 13, simplified text. + +24. +nūlli+: mark the emphasis from the position. Many similar cases +occur, notwithstanding A. & G., p. 389, Rem. + ++oppūgnandi+ = +oppūgnātiōnis+. + +25. +summa nōbilitāte et grātia+: a descriptive ablative; _a man of the +highest rank and popularity_. + +26. +praefuerat+: render as if an imperfect. The meaning is, he had been +placed in command and was then in command. + ++ex iis+: the same as +eōrum+. + +27. +lēgāti+: _as envoy_. Compare the use of +obsides+ as an appositive, +p. 25, l. 26. + +28. +submittātur+: can you make out the force of the +sub+? + + +CHAP. 7, + +line 2. +subsidio oppidānis+: _to aid the people in the town_. But what +literally? For the construction, see 233, a; H. 390. + +3. +quōrum adventu+: _in consequence of their coming_. + +5. +contendērunt+: the subject is +hostes+, suggested by +hostībus+ in +the preceding sentence. + +6. +ab+: _distant, off, away_; so used chiefly with numerals. + ++ab mīlibus passuum minus duōbus+: a word for word rendering would be, +_distant thousands of paces less than two_; that is, _less than two +miles distant_. + +PAGE 26, + +3. +neque ... cōgnōvit+: _and learned from those scouts whom he had sent +and from the Remi that they were now not far distant_. + +30. +īsdem ducibus+: _the same persons as guides._ Compare +qui lēgāti+, +p. 26, l. 27, and note on simplified text. + +PAGE 27, + +3. +apud oppidum+: +ad+ is more usual. + +4. +agros ... dēpopulāti--vīcis aedificiīsque ... incēnsis+: literally, +_having laid waste the fields--the villages and buildings having been +burned_. Mark how the construction changes for want of a deponent verb +in place of +incendo+. + +9. +in lātitūdinem+: compare +in altitūdinem+, p. 26, l. 13. + + +CHAP. 8, + +line 2. +eximiam ... virtūtis+: _their eminent reputation for valor_. + +3. +quid virtūte posset+: _what their real eminence in valor was_. +Compare +quid in bello possent+, chap. 4, l. 2. + +7. +tantum ... patēbat quantum loci+: render as if +loci+ depended on ++tantum+ instead of +quantum+, _extended over as much space as_. + ++adversus+: _facing the enemy_; +adversus+ an adjective, agreeing with ++collis+. + ++in lātitūdinem+: _laterally._ Compare chap. 7, l. 8. + +8. +ex utrāque parte lateris+ = +ex utrōque latere+: _on_, not _from_, +_both sides_; so +ab+, below, l. 10. + +10. +ad plānitiem redībat+: _gradually resumed_ (impf.) _a level_. Cæsar +describes a hill over against the enemy, having steep sides, and a front +only broad enough for his army when arranged for battle. In front the +hill rose with a gentle ascent, and at the top blended with the plain. +It is possible that +lēniter fastīgātus+ means, as the dictionaries +define this passage and as many editors say, _gently sloping down_; in +which case, +ad plānitiem redībat+ would mean _sank down gradually to +the level at its base_. This attributes an improbable meaning to ++fastīgātus+. + +12. +extrēmas fossas+: _at the ends of the trenches_; compare in chap. +2, l. 2, +interiōrem Galliam+, _the interior of Gaul_. + ++castella+: there were, then, four. + +17. +ēductas īnstrūxerant+: to make good English, render as if +ēductas+ +were a verb followed by +et+; so, very often, when a perfect participle +and verb are closely connected. + +PAGE 27, + +10. +et ... et+: we do not say _both ... and_ so frequently as we find ++et ... et+ in Latin; accordingly it will generally be found better to +omit in translation the first +et+, and render the second _and also_. + +11. +proelio ... proeliis+: _a decisive battle ... skirmishes_. + +14. +loco+: ablative absolute, _as there was a place_. + +21. +obdūxit+: Cæsar elsewhere commonly uses +perdūco+ of running a wall +or trench. Why +obdūco+ here? Because the +fossae+ were dug _against_ +the enemy, or to _cover his position_. + +24. +cum ... īnstrūxisset+: Cæsar’s thought was, according to Latin +idiom, _when I shall have drawn up_, +īnstrūxero+; but such a future +perfect of direct speech becomes pluperfect subjunctive in narration, +after a past tense in the principal clause. + +24. +quod ... poterant+: _because they were so strong in numbers_. Find +two other similar uses of +possum+. + +27. +si quo opus esset+: _if there should be need of them anywhere_; +not, _if there should be need of any thing_. + +28. +subsidio+: in meaning and construction like +subsidio+, p. 26, +l. 32. + + +CHAP. 9, + +line 2. +si ... trānsīrent+: _to see if our men would cross this_ +(+hanc+). + +3. +contendēbātur+: _there was fighting._ Compare chap. 6, l. 3, ++sustentātum est+. + +4. +neutri+: _neither of the two armies_. + +5. +secundiōre ... nostris+: _as the cavalry skirmish proved rather +favorable to our men_. + +9. +castellum+: read over again the last half of chap. 5. Cæsar makes no +mention there of a +castellum+. + +10. +potuissent+: the thought was, according to the Latin idiom, “if we +shall not have been able” (+potuerimus+); but such a future perfect of +direct speech becomes a pluperfect subjunctive in narration after a past +tense. + +PAGE 28, + +1. +nostri autem+, etc.: a difficult sentence; but treat it as directed +in the Introductory Note, p. 43, only observing that +si+ has its usual +meaning of _if_, and +impedītos+, _when they should get stuck fast_, +agrees with +hostes+ understood. + +2. +ut ... adgrederentur+: expresses the purpose of +parāti in armis +erant+. + +9. +eo cōnsilio+: _with this design_; explained by +ut castellum ... +expūgnārent+. + ++possent+: they said to themselves, _if we shall be able_, +poterimus+; +_but if we shall not have succeeded_, +si minus potuerimus+; hence ++potuissent+, when related. See note on +īnstrūxisset+, p. 27, l. 24. + +12. +nōbis ūsui+: compare +subsidio oppidānis+, p. 26, l. 32. + + +CHAP. 10, + +line 3. +pūgnātum est+: contains its own subject, _there was fierce +fighting_. See +contendēbātur+, chap. 9, l. 3, and note. + +4. +impedītos+: _while they were struggling_. + +6. +circumventos interfēcērunt+: _they surrounded and killed_. Read +again the note on +ēductas īnstrūxerant+, chap. 8, l. 17. + +7. +spem+: subject-accusative of +fefellisse+; but translate, _that they +were disappointed in the hope_. + ++neque+: take the negative part with +prōgredi+. + +8. +ipsos+: that is, +se ipsos+, namely, +hostes+. + +10. +quemque+: subject-accusative of +reverti+. See also note on chap. +4, l. 9. + +11. +quōrum ... ad eos+: you will very often find the relative clause +preceding the antecedent. In almost all such cases the English way of +speaking requires us to render the antecedent clause first. + +13. +Quod+: _this_, referring to the last two sentences. + ++eo cōnsilio+: _with this design_, explained by the following clause. + +16. +Hīs persuādēri+: depends on +nōn poterat+. Why did not Cæsar write, ++Hi persuādēri ... nōn poterant+, since he means, _these could not be +persuaded_? 230; H. 301, 1. + +PAGE 28, + +19. +reliquos ... cōnantes+: _the rest ... while they were trying_. + +21. +Hostes+: subject of +cōnstituērunt+, l. 25, while a pronoun +referring to +hostes+ may be mentally supplied as subject of ++intellēxērunt+ and +vīdērunt+. This sentence illustrates an important +principle of Latin order, attention to which will be of great aid in +translation. When the verb of the principal clause and that of the +dependent clause have the same subject, it is commonly expressed in the +principal, and left out in the dependent, clause. In English we do the +opposite. We often begin with the dependent clause; the Latin _frames it +into_ the principal clause. + +21. +ubi+: repeat mentally with +vīdērunt+ and +coepit+. + +28. +ad eos dēfendendos+: illustrates a very common way of expressing a +purpose. + + +CHAP. 11, + +line 1. +ea re+: that is, to disperse to their homes; chap. 10, l. 10. + +2. +ēgressi+: the subject is +Belgae+, understood. + +3. +cōnsimilis+: _altogether like._ What is the force of +con+? + +4. +Caesar+: as the subject of +veritus+ and +continuit+, +Caesar+ seems +strangely placed in the grip of the ablative absolute; but the position +shows by whom the knowledge was got. _Caesar getting wind of this +movement immediately through his spies_. + +5. +veritus+: try always to render a participle so as to show its +logical relation to the main verb, whether of time, cause, contrast, +or what not; here, _because he feared_. + ++castris+: substantially equivalent to +in castris+. + +6. +qui ... morārētur+: compare +qui dēdūceret+, chap. 2, l. 3, and +note. + +10. +ventum erat+: _they had come._ Compare +sustentātum est+, chap. 6, +l. 3; +contendēbātur+, chap. 9, l. 3. + +11. +priōres+: _those in advance_. + +15. +sub+: _towards._ The idea of _place_ being transferred to that of +time. + +PAGE 29, + +5. +quisque+: see p. 25, l. 3, and note on simplified text. + ++prīmum itineris locum+: _the first place on the road_. + +8. +qua ... discēderent+: following +quod ... perspēxerat+. + +16. +cum ... cōnsisterent+: _since the enemy, at the very extremity of +the rear, kept making a stand_. + +18. +priōres+: +et+ understood; _while those in advance_. + ++quod+: carry on also into the next clause; _and because they were not +held together_ (+continērentur+). + +21. +sine ūllo perīculo+: two ways of expressing “without any” in this +chapter; for above we have +nūllo certo ōrdine+, _without any definite +order_. + +23. +quantum ... spatium+: _how great a space of time_ (+diēi+) _there +was_; that is (they killed as great a number) _as the length of the time +allowed_. + +24. +sēque in castra ... recēpērunt+: and they and their pitiless +commander probably slept well that night. + + +CHAP. 12, + +line 3. +ex itinere+: see chap. 6, l. 2, and note. + ++oppūgnāre+: means here _carry by assault_. + +5. +omnis ... multitūdo+: notice that an adjective and a noun are often +separated by words depending on the noun. Here +ex fuga+ from the +position is almost equivalent to +fugientium+. + +6. +vīneis+: wooden frames with sloping roof and covered with hides, to +protect a number of besiegers. + +7. +āctis+: from +ago+, _brought up_; the +vīneae+ were often moved on +wheels. + ++aggere iacto+: _when earth had been thrown up for a mound_. This was +done so that wooden towers could be brought up near the walls. + +10. +ut cōnservārentur+: mark how often a dependent clause precedes the +one on which it depends. Attention to this will often help in +unravelling a long sentence. Now see +qui ... dēdūceret+, chap. 2, l. 3; ++quid ... posset et ... audērent+, chap. 8, ll. 3, 4; +qui ... +morārētur+, chap. 11, l. 6. + +PAGE 29, + +32. +paucis dēfendentibus+: _though the defenders were few_. + +PAGE 30, + +1. +Castris mūnītis+: _after making a fortified camp._ The first and +most important thing, after selecting the site of a camp, was to +intrench it. That may be all that is meant in this instance. + ++vīneas agere+: depends on +coepit+. + ++quaeque ... comparāre+: _and to get ready whatever_. + +2. +ūsui+: compare +subsidio+, p. 26, l. 32. + +5. +quae+: _the like of which_. + + +CHAP. 13, + +line 1. +obsidibus acceptis+: _after receiving hostages_. + ++armis ... trāditis+: it was Cæsar’s practice to disarm his conquered +enemies. + +3. +Qui cum+: the relative is in the right place in Latin, but we cannot +translate in this order. The natural place for both words is at the +beginning of a clause; but when they come together, the relative takes +precedence. + +5. +circiter ... quīnque+: _only about five miles_. + +6. +abesset+: governed by +cum+. + ++māiōres nātu+: _elders_; +seniōres+ would not do. + +7. +sēse ... venīre+: _they surrendered to him unconditionally_. + +9. +pueri+: _children_, as +homines+ often means _men and women_. + +PAGE 30, + +9. +atque+: _and besides_, or _and in particular_. + +17. +neque ... contendere+: _and that they were not in arms_. + +20. +passis manibus+: pitiful! + + +CHAP. 14, + +line 1. +facit verba+: _intercedes_. + +2. +in fide ... fuērunt+: _have been faithful and friendly_. + +4. +perferre+: _were enduring._ For the tense, see 336, A. + +5. +ēius cōnsili prīncipes+: _the prime movers in this plan_: ++prīncipes+ = +auctōres+, _authors_. + +6. +in Britanniam profūgērunt+: as lately Boulanger and others have +done. + +8. +clēmentia+: said of one who has power to exercise the opposite, ++sevēritas+, +crūdēlitas+. + ++mānsuētūdine+: said of one who is humane and gentle, opposed to ++feritas+. + +9. +fēceris ... amplificābis+: we say, ‘if you do this, you will add +to’; in Latin, ‘if you shall have done this, you will add to.’ + +10. +qua+: 105, d.; H. 190, 1. + ++si qua bella+, etc.: _by whose aid and resources they_ (the Ædui) _are +accustomed to bear the burden of whatever wars befall them_. + +PAGE 30, + +26. +perferre ... dēfēcisse+: _were enduring ... had revolted_. + +28. +quod intellegerent+: _seeing_. + +31. +sua+: emphatic; _his own_, that is, _his well-known_. + +32. +quod si fēcerit+: _if he should do this_; the subjunctive of the +future perfect, for which there is no separate form; hence the form of +the perfect subjunctive is borrowed. If the tense is named by its form, +it will be called _perfect subjunctive_; if by its meaning, _future +perfect subjunctive_. + +PAGE 31, + +1. +amplificātūrum (esse)+: the subject must be inferred from the +subject of +fēcerit+. + + +CHAP. 15, + +line 1. +honōris ... causa+: _out of regard to Divitiacus_. + +3. +māgna ... auctōritāte+: _one of great influence_; a predicate +ablative of description; such an ablative must always have a modifier, +as here, +māgna+. The genitive may be used in the same way, as below, ++māgnae virtūtis+. On the order, see note, chap. 12, l. 5. + +6. +quōrum+, etc.: translate closely in the order of the Latin; _about +their character and customs, Cæsar, on inquiry_; so, generally, do your +best to keep close to the Latin order. Read again the Introductory Note, +p. 43. + +12. +qui ... dēdissent+: _for having surrendered_; what would be the +meaning of +qui ... dēdiderant+? + +PAGE 31, + +6. +hominum ... praestābat+: _was the most populous_; what is it +literally? + +12. +pati+: _that they permitted._ Supply +eos+, referring to +Nervii+, +as the subject of +pati+, +esse+, +increpitāre+, and +cōnfirmāre+. + +13. +quod ... exīstimārent+: observe in the simplified text +quod ... +exīstimābant+; why the difference? + +16. +qui ... dēdissent ... prōiēcissent+: _for having surrendered and +renounced_; literally, _since they had surrendered_. + +17. +sēse+: subject-accusative of +mīssūros+. + + +CHAP. 16, + +line 1. +trīduum+: _for three days_, accusative of duration. + +2. +Sabim+: now called the Sambre. + +6. +quīque+: equivalent to +et eos qui+, _and all such as_. + ++per aetātem+: _by reason of their age_; that is, whether too old or too +young. + +7. +in eum locum ... quo+: _into a place to which._ The idea of the +Latin fully expressed would be, _into a place of such a character_ +(+eum+) _that to it_ (+quo+) _there would be no access for an army_. +319, 2 and note; H. 500, I. Compare +qui ... vidērentur+, immediately +preceding. + +8. +exercitui+: _for an army_, not necessarily, _for Cæsar’s army_. + +PAGE 31, + +19. +Cum ... fēcisset+: a temporal +cum+ clause is not always best +rendered by _when_, etc.: _after marching for three days_. + +24. +hīs ... persuāserant+: observe on p. 29, l. 1, an example of the +impersonal construction of +persuādeo+ in the passive: +hīs persuādēri +... nōn poterat+, _it was not possible for these to be persuaded_. + +27. +cōniēcisse+: the verb implies hurried action, and so differs from ++dēpōno+, which Cæsar uses in Book IV., 19, of putting women and +children in a place of safety. + + +CHAP. 17, + +line 2. +qui ... dēligant+: compare +qui dēdūceret+, chap. 2, l. 3, and +note; +qui ... morārētur+, chap. 11, l. 6. + ++Cum+: _since._ See note on chap. 6, l. 8. + +5. +dēmōnstrārunt+: shortened from +dēmōnstrāvērunt+, 128, a, 1; H. 235. + ++inter singulas+: _between each two_; the same mistake, “between each,” +is common in English. + +6. +neque ... negōti+: _and it was a matter of no difficulty at all_. + +7. +cum ... vēnisset+: _when the first legion should reach the camping +ground._ In the direct form, +vēnerit+, _shall have reached_; then +regularly such a future perfect is changed to the pluperfect subjunctive +in indirect discourse after a past tense. See note on chap 9, l. 10. + +8. +sarcinis+: “Besides his arms, the Roman soldier carried stakes +(+vālli+), used for the palisades of the camp, food and utensils, a saw, +a spade, a chain for his prisoners, and other things. He was loaded like +a mule.” --LONG. + ++qua pulsa+: _if this legion were beaten_. + ++futūrum (esse)+: depends on +dēmōnstrārunt+; _the result would be_. + +9. +Nervii autem+: _now the Nervii._ +Nervii+ is the subject of ++effēcerant+. This long sentence is not so difficult as it at first +seems. Follow closely the Latin order to discover the sense, render ++quo+ _in order that_, +effēcerant+ _had caused_, and +īnstar+ _like_. + +11. +teneris ... ēnātis+: _by lopping the trees when young, and +intertwining the branches which grew out thick in a lateral direction_; ++ēnātis+ from +ēnāscor+. + +12. +interiectis+: it does not appear possible to take this word in +the sense given to it in the dictionaries, _thrown or stuffed in_. So +Moberly translates, “by throwing in brambles and thorns for the present +occasion.” But is it to be supposed that this was done everywhere? If +not, how would the Nervii know where to do it? Moreover, what they had +done was done +antīquitus+, _from of old_. Translate, therefore, _by +planting among them_. + +14. +quo nōn modo nōn ... sed ne ... quidem+: this formula, or (without +second +nōn+) +nōn modo ... sed ne ... quidem+, is usually awkwardly +rendered, _not only not, but not even_. Instead, translate as if the +first member were complete in itself (suppressing +modo+), followed by +_nay, nor even_, thus: _which it was not possible to pass through, nay, +nor even see through_. + +15. +Hīs rēbus+: _by these obstacles_. + +16. +nōn ... cōnsilium+: _they ought not to disregard the advice_. + +PAGE 32, + +4. +impedīmentōrum+: here, _baggage animals_; +impedīmentis+, below, +_baggage_. + +9. +Adiuvābat+: the subject is the long sentence following, +Nervii ... +effēcerant+. Translate, _this circumstance favored the advice of those +who reported the intelligence, that_ (+quod+). + +10. +nihil ... possent+: compare +quid in bello possent+, p. 24, l. 25; ++quid virtūte posset+, p. 27, l. 12. + +11. +neque enim+: _and in fact ... not._ Observe that +enim+ here does +not mean _for_. + +12. +pedestribus valent cōpiis+: compare +virtūte ... valēre+, p. 25, +l. 5. The ablative is ablative of means. + +13. +ad eos+: that is, the Nervii. + + +CHAP. 18, + +line 1. +quem locum+: _I mean the place which_. + +3. +Ab eo flūmine+: that is, on the other side. + +4. +pari adclīvitāte collis+: _a hill of similar upward slope_; +a descriptive ablative. + ++ab superiōre parte+: _in the upper part._ +Ab+ not seldom means _on, +in, at, by_, because the idea of removal (_from_) implies previous +contact or nearness, and the latent idea is sometimes the most +important. + +5. +ut+: may be considered as referring to an +ita+ suppressed with ++silvestris+; _so thickly wooded that_. + ++nōn ... posset+: _one could not easily see within._ Impersonal +expressions, like +perspici potest+, are common in Latin. Mark the mode +of translation. + +7. +secundum+: _along_, properly _following_, from +sequor+. + +PAGE 32, + +24. +adversus huic et contrārius+: _corresponding to this and right +opposite_. + +25. +passus ... apertus+: _clear of woods for about two hundred paces up +from its base_. + ++īnfimus+: +ab īnferiōre parte+. + + +CHAP. 19, + +line 1. +omnibus cōpiis+: Cæsar often uses +cum omnibus cōpiis+. + +2. +cōnsuētūdine+: _according to custom_; just as frequently +ex +cōnsuētūdine+. + +4. +conlocārat+: for +conlocāverat+. See +dēmōnstrārunt+, chap. 17, +l. 5, and note. + +6. +praesidiōque impedīmentis+: compare +subsidio oppidānis+, chap. 7, +l. 2, and note. + +11. +opere dīmēnso+: _after laying out the work_; the expression refers +to marking off the ground preparatory to trenching, making a rampart, +etc. + ++castra mūnīre+: _to make a camp_. + +17. +in manibus nostris+: _close upon us_. + +18. +ad+: _towards_; repeat it mentally before +eos+. + ++adverso colle+: _straight up the hill_; literally, _with the hill +before them_; so perhaps strictly neither an ablative absolute nor an +ablative of the “way by which.” + +PAGE 32, + +32. +ratio ōrdōque āgminis+: _the plan and the order of marching_. + ++aliter ... āc+: _otherwise than, different from what_; this strange +idiom looks like an abridged, colloquial expression; probably it was, +fully expressed, +aliter āc aliter+, _one way and another way_. The +order of march was one way and the Belgæ had reported it another way. +So I have heard a child say, “This is different and that is different,” +meaning “this is different from that.” + +PAGE 33, + +8. +cum+: _while_; to be repeated mentally with +facerent+. + +10. +neque ... cēdentes īnsequi audērent+: _and while our men were +hesitating to pursue them when they retreated_. + ++quem ad fīnem+: translate as if it were +ad fīnem ad quem+, _to the +line to which the level, clear ground extended_. + +15. +ut ... cōnfirmāverant+: _as they had arranged their order of battle +and ranks within the woods, and as they had encouraged each other +to do_. + + +CHAP. 20, + +line 2. +sīgnum tuba dandum (erat)+: in order to call the men to take +their places in the ranks. Some might not see the flag. + +3. +sīgnum dandum+: this time the signal is for the charge, or perhaps +to get ready for a charge. + +5. +subsidio+: dative of end or service, but render as if a nominative, +which might have been used, _a help_. + +7. +commode+: modifies +praescrībere+. + ++ipsi sibi praescrībere ... poterant+: they could _direct themselves +without any orders_ (+ipsi+). + +11. +nihil+: _not ... at all_; stronger than +nōn+. + +12. +per se+: _on their own responsibility_. + ++quae vidēbantur+: _whatever seemed best_. + +PAGE 33, + +27. +qui+: does not refer to +mīlites+, but to +ii+ understood. + ++aggeris petendi causa+: _for the purpose of seeking materials for a +rampart_. Mark the position of +causa+, always following the genitive +depending on it. + +30. +hīs difficultātibus+: _in this strait_; but the words are in the +dative with +subsidio+. Find two other instances of this construction of +two datives. + +32. +quid fieri oportēret+: the object of +praescrībere+. + + +CHAP. 21, + +line 1. +necessāriis rēbus imperātis+: when you meet with +res+, ask +yourself exactly what it means, and then find a proper rendering. +Translate, _after giving the necessary orders_. + +4. +prīstinae+: this word is often used of what was formerly and still +continues. + ++neu ... animo+: _and not lose presence of mind_. + +6. +quod ... aberant+: gives the reason of the following, not the +preceding, clause. + +8. +pūgnantibus occurrit+: _he finds them fighting_. + +8. +Temporis+: mark how the important word comes first. Take this +sentence in thought almost without change in the order of the words, +then translate. + ++tanta ... exiguitas+: _so great was the littleness_ = _such was the +shortness_. Translate, _so short was the time_. + +10. +īnsīgnia+: “the crests, feathers red and black, and other +decorations which the soldiers had.... On the march the helmet was not +carried on the head. The shields had leather coverings when they were +not in use.” --LONG. + +12. +Quam ... dēvēnit+: _to whatever part of the army each one happened +to come_. + ++ab opere+: that is, making the camp; see chap. 19, l. 11. + +13. +quaeque ... cōnspēxit+: _and whatever standards he caught sight of +first_. + +PAGE 34, + +13. +quo ... posset+: _whither a javelin could be hurled_ = _a javelin +throw_. + +19. +Quam ... in partem+: compare the second line of the chapter. ++quisque+ seems oddly placed, but it is crowded out of the first place, +where it would like to stand, by +quam+. + + +CHAP. 22, + +line 2. +rei mīlitāris ... ōrdo+: _military science and arrangement_. + +3. +fiēbat+: _the result was_. + ++aliae ... parte+: in this idiom the second part only of the thought is +expressed. ‘_Other legions were fighting in another part_’ implies ‘some +were fighting in one part of the field.’ So +claudus altero pede+, _lame +in the other foot_, implies one foot sound. + +5. +interiectis+: to be taken with +saepibus+. + +6. +ut+: _so that_. +conlocāri+: depends on +possent+. + +7. +in+: of reason, _because of_ or _owing to_. + +8. +inīquitāte+: usually translated _unfavorable condition_, or by some +similar phrase, and such is the common meaning of +inīquitas+; but the +context shows that the meaning here is closer to the original sense, +that of _unevenness_; hence we may translate, _owing to such inequality +in the condition of things_. + +PAGE 34, + +25. +cum+: _since_, governs +impedīrētur+ as well as +resisterent+. + ++dīversis legiōnibus+: +dīversus+ means _turned different ways, not with +united line_; hence here, _disjoined_. Translate, _since, owing to the +legions being separated_. + +28. +neque certa subsidia+: here begins the statement of the result; ++certa subsidia+: subject of +poterant+. + ++neque quid+, etc.: _nor was it possible to foresee what was needed +everywhere_. After +prōvidēri+ supply mentally +poterat+, of which the +whole preceding clause is the grammatical subject. + + +CHAP. 23, + +line 1. +ut+: _since_. Would the mode of +cōnstiterant+ have been the +same, if +cum+ had been used in place of +ut+? + +2. +acie+: an old form of the genitive for +aciēi+. + ++Atrebates+: object of +compulērunt+. + +6. +Ipsi+: refers to the subject of +interfēcērunt+; that is, +legiōnis +nōnae et decimae mīlites+. + +8. +dīversae+ = +aliae+; what should it mean from its derivation? + +10. +a frōnte+: _along the front_. See chap. 18, l. 4, and note. + +11. +ab sinistra parte+: _on the left_. Compare +ā frōnte+, preceding +line, and +ab superiōre parte+, chap. 18, l. 4, and note. + ++nūdātis castris+: _as the camp was left unguarded_. + +13. +aperto latere+: _on their_ (the legions’) _exposed flank_. + +14. +summum ... locum+: _the summit occupied by the camp_; +castrōrum+ +is a possessive genitive. + +PAGE 35, + +3. +exanimātos ... cōnfectos+: _breathless and exhausted by wounds_. + ++hīs+: the ninth and tenth legions. + +4. +ea pars+: that is, +ea pars hostium+. + +5. +cōnantes+: accusative, agreeing with +Atrebates+ understood, or a +pronoun referring to Atrebates. + +8. +resistentes hostes+: object of +cōniēcērunt+. + +16. +summam imperi+: _chief command_. + + +CHAP. 24, + +line 2. +cum ... reciperent+: _as they were returning_. + +5. +cum respēxissent+: _on looking back_. A +cum+ clause is not always +best translated by a full clause. + +6. +praecipites ... mandābant+: _ran away as fast as they could._ What +literally? + +7. +eōrum+: depends on +clāmor fremitusque+. + +8. +ferēbantur+: _began to rush._ Observe the imperfects followed by +perfects. The imperfect paints, the perfect describes. + +10. +auxili causa+: _for the purpose of rendering aid_ = _as +auxiliaries_. + +11. +cum+: _since._ See note, chap. 6, l. 8. + ++complēri+: this and the following infinitives depend on +vīdissent+. + +13. +vīdissent+: the subject is +equites Trēveri+. + +14. +rēbus+: _fortunes._ How might a clause be substituted here in Latin +for the ablative absolute? + +15. +pulsos superātōsque+: supply +esse+. + +PAGE 35, + +21. +pulsos+: supply +esse+. + +22. +adversis hostibus occurrēbant+: _came straight against the enemy._ +What literally? + +23. +cālōnes ... āc summo iugo+: the +porta decumāna+ was the rear gate +of the camp, opposite the +porta praetōria+. It appears from this +passage that the place for the +cālōnes+ was at the back of the camp, +and that in this instance the camp was partly on sloping ground. + +30. +virtūtis opīnio+: _reputation for valor_. + +PAGE 36, + +2. +dīversos dissipātōsque+: _running in different directions and +scattered_. + +5. +hostes+: subject-accusative of +potītos (esse)+. + + +CHAP. 25, + +line 2. +suos urgēri+: _that his men were hard pressed_; the infinitive +depends on +vīdit+. + +3. +cōnfertos mīlites+: _that the soldiers by being crowded together_. + ++sibi ... impedīmento+: _hindered one another_. + +8. +ut ... posset+: _so that he could no longer stand_. + +9. +Hīs rēbus+: _for these reasons_. + ++tardiōres+: _were losing heart_. + +12. +subeuntes intermittere+: _cease mounting the hill_. + +12. +ab utrōque latere+: _on both flanks._ Compare +ab superiōre parte+, +chap. 18, l. 4. + +13. +rem ... angusto+: _that the situation was critical._ What +literally? + +14. +ūni+: a peculiar use of +ūnus+, quite equivalent to _a_; not to be +imitated in writing Latin. + +17. +sīgna ... iūssit+: _he ordered them to advance and at the same time +to open out their ranks_. + +PAGE 36, + +7. +Caesar+: subject of +prōcessit+, fifteen lines below. This first +sentence extending through eighteen lines looks very formidable; but if +it is taken in accordance with the Introductory Note, p. 43, the meaning +will be evident. To translate the sentence is more difficult. In +translating, repeat “_and saw_” before the words +quartae cohortis+, and +render the ablative absolutes by clauses, thus: _and saw that all the +captains of the fourth cohort were killed_. Then, +reliquos esse +tardiōres+, _that the rest_ (in consequence) _were losing heart_. + +8. +sīgnīsque ... conlātis+: _and since the standards were brought +together._ Try constantly to make out the relation in thought expressed +by participles; that is, whether the idea is that of time, _when, +while_, etc.; of cause, _as, since_; of concession, _though, +notwithstanding_; or of condition, accompanying circumstances, etc., to +be variously rendered. + +16. +ab novissimis+: _in the rear_. So below, l. 21. Compare +ab +sinistra parte+, p. 35, l. 13. In both places in this chapter it would +be easy to make the mistake of taking +ab+ in the sense of +ex+, as a +substitute for the partitive genitive. + +27. +operam nāvāre cuperet+: “_wished to do his best_.” What literally? + + +CHAP. 26, + +line 3. +ut ... coniungerent+: _for the legions gradually to draw +together_. + +7. +proelio nūntiāto+: _on the report of the battle_. + ++cursu incitāto+: _quickening their speed._ The participle following is +causal; they began to run because of the report of the battle. + +10. +qui+: refers to +decimam legiōnem+. What is the grammatical +irregularity, and how is it to be accounted for? + ++cum+: to be taken with +cōgnōvissent+. + ++quo in loco res esset+: _what the situation was._ What literally? +Account for the subjunctive. + +12. +nihil ... fēcērunt+: _left nothing undone in the way of speed_. +What literally? + ++reliqui+: neuter of +reliquus+. A partitive genitive depending on ++nihil+. Find a similar construction in chap. 15. + +PAGE 36, + +31. +conversa sīgna+: the object of +īnferrent+, but most conveniently +rendered as coördinate with it, _to face about and charge_. It is +thought that by this movement the twelfth and the seventh legions formed +a circle or a square. + +PAGE 37, + +1. +neque timērent+: repeat +cum+ mentally from the preceding clause; +_and since they_ (no longer) _feared_. + ++āversi+: literally, _being turned away_; translate, _from their rear +being unguarded_. + + +CHAP. 27, + +line 2. +vulneribus cōnfecti+: _badly wounded._ What literally? + ++prōcubuissent+: from +prōcumbo+. + +3. +vēro+: emphasizes +equites+, but is better left untranslated; say, +_while the cavalry_. + +4. +se ... praeferrent+: _thrust themselves before_; a result clause, +dependent on +tanta ... est facta+. + +5. +in extrēma spe salūtis+: “_when all hope of saving themselves was at +an end_.” Here a literal translation would be meaningless or misleading. + +7. +proximi ... īnsistēbant+: _those nearest would stand upon their +prostrate companions_. + +8. +hīs deiēctis+: _when these_ (in turn) _were thrown down_. + +10. +intercepta remittēbant+: _would catch and hurl back._ See +ēductas +īnstrūxerant+, chap. 8, l. 17, and note. + +11. +ut+, etc.: _so that one ought to judge that it was not without +cause that men of such valor._ On +iūdicāre dēbēret+, compare +perspici +posset+, chap. 18, l. 5, and note. + +13. +quae ... difficillimis+: _things which, most difficult in +themselves_. + ++facilia+: a predicate adjective with +redēgerat+. + +PAGE 37, + +15. +innīxi+: from +innītor+, agrees with +nostri+. + ++perterritos+: supply +esse+; the subject-accusative is +hostes+. + +16. +inermes+: agrees with +cālōnes+, _even though unarmed_. + +23. +qui superessent+: _the survivors._ Supply +ii+ as antecedent of ++qui+. + ++ut+: _as_. So used p. 34, l. 23. + +24. +cōnicerent+: dependent on +tantam virtutem ... ut+; (so that) +_those who survived_ (+qui superessent+) _kept hurling_. + + +CHAP. 28, + +line 1. +prope+: modifies +ad+, not +redācto+. + +2. +redācto+: see the last word of the preceding chapter. + ++māiōres nātu+: see chap. 13, l. 6, and note. + +3. +pueris+: see chap. 13, l. 9, and note. + +4. +cōnsēnsu ... supererant+: _with the consent of all the survivors_. + +7. +vix ad+: _to barely_; for +ad vix+, as some say. + +8. +in+: _towards_; +erga+ might have been used. + +9. +vidērētur+: not _that he might seem_, but _that he might be seen_. + +11. +se ... prohibērent+: _refrain and keep their dependents from_; ++prohibēre+ is appropriate to +suos+, but hardly to +se+. + +PAGE 37, + +31. +aestuāria+: “the country lying to the north (the modern Zealand) is +low and marshy, cut up with tidewater inlets and bays.” --ALLEN & +GREENOUGH. + +32. +cum vīctōribus+, etc.: _since they thought there was no obstacle +for the victors, no safety for the vanquished_. + +PAGE 38, + +4. +mīlibus LX.+: they had promised fifty thousand; see chap. 4. It was +natural that they should exaggerate their losses. + + +CHAP. 29, + +line 1. +auxilio Nerviis+: compare +subsidio oppidānis+, chap. 7, l. 2, +and note. Find other examples of this construction. + +4. +ūnum oppidum+: supposed to be at the junction of the Sambre and +Meuse. + +5. +ex omnibus in circuitu partibus+: simply, _all round_. + +9. +conlocābant+: there is a reading, +conlocārant+. If that is the true +reading, +tum+ in the preceding line would mean _besides_. + +PAGE 38, + +10. +cum+: _while._ Four lines below +cum+ means _though_. + +16. +aditus ... pedum+: _an approach of two hundred feet in breadth, not +more_; +pedum+ depends on +aditus+. + +21. +iis impedīmentis+: take with +dēpositis+, two lines below. + +22. +agere āc portāre+: _drive or carry_. + +24. +ūna+: _with it_; that is, the plunder. + +25. +cum alias+, etc.: _since they carried on now aggressive now +defensive war._ What literally? + + +CHAP. 30, + +line 1. +prīmo adventu+ = +cum prīmum advēnisset+, _as soon as our army +had got there_. + +3. +pedum XII.+: that is, +in altitūdinem+, which is expressed, chap. 5, +l. 19. + +4. +oppido+: might have been +in oppido+. Cf. +castris+, chap. 11, l. 5. + +5. +vīneis āctis+: +āctis+ from +ago+; see chap. 12, l. 6, and note. + ++aggere exstrūcto+: an embankment of timber, stones, and earth was begun +at a distance from the walls of a town, wide enough to roll one or more +towers upon, and was carried forward by soldiers working under the +shelter of the +vīneae+ up to the defensive works. + +6. +cōnstitui+: _being raised_. + +7. +ab tanto spatio+: _so far away._ Compare +ab mīlibus+, chap. 7, +l. 6, and note. + +8. +quibusnam manibus+: _with what hands, pray_; +nam+ added for +emphasis, to point their sarcasm. + +10. +conlocāre+: strangely used for +conlocātūros (esse)+. The Aduatuci +may have thought that the Romans intended to hoist the tower upon their +wall, or they may have been joking. Which is more likely? + +PAGE 39, + +5. +hominibus ... contemptui+: another pair of datives. Find other +examples. The Italians of the present time do not strike one as +conspicuously shorter than the Germans. + ++māgnitūdine+: being contrasted with +brevitas+, is used in the sense +of +altitūdine+. + + +CHAP. 31, + +line 1. +movēri+: _moving._ This word here has suggested a change of ++conlocāre+, in the last line of the preceding chapter, to +mōtūros+, a +very plausible conjecture, but it spoils the joke of the Aduatuci. + +5. +qui+: _since they._ Compare +qui ... dēdidissent+, chap. 15, l. 12, +and note. + +8. +pro sua clēmentia+: _according to his well-known clemency_. See +chap. 14, l. 8, and note. What did they think of his clemency when he +sold 53,000 of them into slavery? + +11. +trāditis armis+ = +si arma trādidissent+, _if they should surrender +their arms_. + +13. +per cruciātum interfici+: _to be tortured to death._ What +literally? + +PAGE 39, + +16. +statuisset+: not _had decided_, but _should decide_. No mistake is +oftener made by beginners than in the rendering of a pluperfect +subjunctive of indirect discourse representing a future perfect of +direct discourse. Such a subjunctive is to be rendered by the auxiliary +_should_, not _had_. To tell whether a pluperfect subjunctive represents +a future perfect, think what form a speaker’s words would take, +remembering that the Romans commonly used the future or future perfect +of things really future, while we very often use the present. + + +CHAP. 32, + +line 1. +cōnsuētūdine+: ablative of cause. + +3. +aries+: “a long, strong beam of wood, furnished with an iron head in +the form of a ram’s head. It was suspended from a framework by a strong +chain or ropes, and worked by men, who drove it against the wall.” +--LONG. + +4. +in Nerviis+: _in the case of the Nervii_; a common meaning of +in+ +with names of persons. + +5. +ne quam ... īnferant+: _not to do any harm to those who had +surrendered to the Roman people_. + +7. +facere+: one would expect the future with subject-accusative, +se +factūros (esse)+. Compare +conlocāre+, for +conlocātūros esse+, chap. +30, l. 10. + +9. +prope ... adaequārent+: _came up almost to the very top_; +summam+ +with +altitūdinem+. What literally? + +12. +pāce sunt ūsi+ = +conquiēvērunt+, _kept quiet_. + + +CHAP. 33, + +line 3. +nostros+: _our commanders_, subject-accusative of +dēductūros+ +and +servātūros (esse)+. + ++praesidia+: men stationed in the +castella+; see below. + +4. +dēductūros ... servātūros+: observe how frequently +esse+ is omitted +with the future participle. + ++dēnique+: _at any rate._ What is its usual meaning? + +5. +tertia vigilia+: the Romans divided the night into four equal +divisions, watches, of about three hours each. + +9. +eo concursum est+: _the soldiers hurried thither._ What literally? +Find similar constructions in chaps. 6, 9, 10, 11. + +10. +in extrēma spe salūtis+: compare chap. 27, l. 5, and note. The +context shows, however, that the meaning is not quite the same here. +Translate, _as their last chance of saving themselves_. + +14. +nēmo+: observe the emphasis from its position. Compare in English, +“Silver and gold have I none.” +nēmo+ and +nūllus+ are often so placed. +Cf. +nūlli+, chap. 6, l. 10. + +16. +ab iis qui ēmerant+ = +ab emptōribus+: _by the purchasers_, who +were the +mercātōres+, traders who followed the army as hungry sharks +follow a ship. + ++capitum+: we say “souls.” It depends on +quīnquāginta trium+. + +17. +quīnquāginta trium+: 53,000 captives, probably chained in gangs and +sent to be sold in the Province and in Italy; a source of great gain to +the general. + +PAGE 40, + +4. +mīlites ... mīlitibus+: another evidence of haste. See p. 26, l. 19, +and note. + +5. +ne quam ... iniūriam+: see p. 39, l. 28, and note. + +9. +iis+: with +armis+. Observe the order of the words. + +10. +vīminibus intextis+: repeat mentally +ex+ before these words. Some +supply +factis+. + +16. +pūgnātumque+, etc.: translate as if +hostibus+ and +viris+ were +subjects. + +17. +ut ... dēbuit+: _as brave men ought to fight._ What literally? + +18. +iacerent+: the subjunctive shows that the remark is a general one. +The indicative would have a limiting force. The difference can hardly be +brought out in translation. In the former case we may render, _against +men who could throw_; in the latter, _against those who were throwing_. + +20. +ad+ = +circiter+. + + +CHAP. 34, + +line 2. +mīserat+: _had sent_, that is, before the defeat of the +Aduatuci. + +5. +diciōnem+: _under the sway_; in some texts, +in dēditiōnem+. If that +reading is correct, the meaning would be, _were brought to surrender_. + + +CHAP. 35, + +line 1. +pācāta+: see p. 23, l. 7, and note. + +4. +qui ... pollicērentur+: compare p. 23, l. 19, +qui ... dēdūceret+; +p. 29, l. 12, +qui ... morārētur+; p. 31, l. 30, +qui ... dēligant+. + +6. +inita proxima aestāte+: see p. 23, l. 18, and note. + +10. +ex litteris+: _in consequence of the letters_. + +11. +supplicātio+: a public, religious festival of thanksgiving, decreed +by the senate. “The fifteen days’ rejoicing marks the constant fear of +the Gauls which had haunted the Romans ever since the ‘dies Alliensis.’ +Kraner remarks that the longest ‘supplicatio’ till this had been one of +twelve days, for Pompeius’ success against Mithridates.” --MOBERLY. + ++nūlli+: see p. 40, l. 22; also p. 26, l. 24, and note. + + + + +EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT. + +The references are to the Grammars of Allen and Greenough, and Harkness. + +The learner is expected, before writing the Exercises, to review the +Latin text, and find therein and commit to memory illustrations of the +grammatical principles selected. + + +CHAPTER I. + + 1. Indirect Discourse: 336, 1 and 2; H. 523 and I. + 2. +Cum+ Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II. and 2. + 3. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing: 331, f.; H. 498, III. + +1. Cæsar was in hither Gaul. + +2. Reports were brought into hither Gaul. + +3. While Labienus was in Gaul, the Belgæ made a league.[1] + +4. A report is brought that[2] the Belgæ are conspiring. + +5. They are afraid that our army is coming[3] against them. + +6. They are vexed[4] that our army remains in Gaul. + +7. Cæsar feared that the Belgæ were conspiring. + +8. Letters kept coming,[5] while they were conspiring. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. made a league: one word in Latin. + 2. Be careful about the _that_ clause in this and the following + sentence. Recall the text to memory and mentally apply the rules. + 3. is coming: use +venio+. + 4. are vexed: in Latin one of the expressions, like +rūmōres + adferēbantur+, requiring the accusative and infinitive. + 5. kept coming: one word in Latin.] + + +CHAPTER II. + + 1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2 and N.; H. 497, I. + 2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 1 and 2; H. 523 + and I. + +1. In hither Gaul there[1] were two legions. + +2. Two new legions Cæsar levies. + +3. The two new legions are sent into the interior of Gaul. + +4. Cæsar sends his lieutenant to lead[2] them.[3] + +5. Pedius was sent to lead the new legions. + +6. The Senones report that the Belgians are gathering.[4] + +7. The Senones informed Cæsar about the Belgians. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. there: omit. + 2. to lead; do not express a purpose in Latin by the infinitive. + 3. them: +eas+. + 4. are gathering: a passive form in Latin, because the sense is, + _are being collected together_.] + + +CHAPTER III. + + 1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420. + 2. Ablative with +potior+, +ūtor+, etc.: 249; H. 421, I. + 3. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 2; H. 523, I. + +1. Cæsar came unexpectedly to the borders of the Remi. + +2. The Remi said they had not combined[1] against the Roman people. + +3. They said they were ready to give hostages. + +4. All the rest of the Belgæ[2] had joined[3] with the Germans. + +5. They aided Cæsar with corn and other[4] things. + +6. The Remi and their[5] kinsmen enjoy the same laws. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. they had not combined: _themselves not to have combined_. + 2. of the Belgæ: not the genitive. + 3. had joined: in Latin, _had joined themselves_, if you use + +coniungo+. + 4. +aliis+. + 5. their: omit.] + + +CHAPTER IV. + + 1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, 1. + 2. Substantive Clauses of Result: 332; H. 501. + +1. Whence[1] did very many of the Belgæ[2] spring? + +2. Cæsar asked whence very many of the Belgæ sprung. + +3. What states are in arms? + +4. Cæsar asked what states were in arms. + +5. While Divitiacus was king, he was most powerful. + +6. From Galba’s foresight and justice it results that he is a powerful +king. + +7. From the valor of the Bellovaci it came about that they demanded the +management[3] of the war. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. Whence: +unde+. + 2. of the Belgæ: not the genitive. + 3. management: +summa+.] + + +CHAPTER V. + + 1. +Interest+ with Gen. of Person: 222; H. 406, III. + 2. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Subject: 270; H. 538. + 3. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Object: 272 and Rem.; H. 534. + +1. The children of the leading men are brought to Cæsar as hostages. + +2. He orders all the children to be brought to him.[1] + +3. It concerns Cæsar for[2] the senate to come to him. + +4. It concerns Divitiacus to send the forces of the Ædui. + +5. Cæsar sees that[3] the forces of the Belgæ are hastening. + +6. He learns that the Axona is not far away. + +7. This river he crossed[4] and protected his camp by means of its +banks. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. him: in Latin, _himself_. + 2. for: not to be expressed in Latin. + 3. that: be careful about _that_-clauses. + 4. he crossed: use +trānseo+.] + + +CHAPTER VI. + + 1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413. + 2. +Cum+ Causal with Subjunctive: 326; H. 517. + 3. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431. + +1. The enemy formed a testudo and advanced close to[1] the wall. + +2. The enemy having hurled stones[2] made a testudo. + +3. Since there were so many,[3] they undermined the wall. + +4. They easily cleared the walls of soldiers. + +5. The Belgæ having cleared the wall made an attack.[4] + +6. Having made an attack[5] they threw missiles against the wall. + +7. Since the missiles were many, no one was able to stand on the wall. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. advanced close to: one word in Latin. + 2. having hurled stones: say, _stones having been hurled_. Why? + 3. so many: +tot+. + 4. attack: use +impetus+. + 5. having made an attack: not +impetum facti+.] + + +CHAPTER VII. + + 1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416. + 2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 135, b.; H. 231, 2. + +1. At midnight archers and slingers were sent by Cæsar to the town. + +2. On account of the assistance of the archers and slingers, the people +in the town[1] had good hopes. + +3. The enemy had no hope of taking[2] the town, because of the coming of +Cæsar’s soldiers. + +4. Cæsar, delaying[3] a little while, sent aid to Iccius. + +5. The enemy, after laying waste the fields, hastened against Cæsar’s +camp. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. people in the town: one word in Latin. + 2. of taking: +expūgnandi+. + 3. delaying: not present participle.] + + +CHAPTER VIII. + + 1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, I. + 2. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396, IV. + +1. What can the enemy do by their valor? + +2. Cæsar tries what the valor of the enemy is capable of.[1] + +3. How much do our men dare? + +4. Cæsar makes trial of the daring[2] of his men. + +5. How much space can Cæsar’s army occupy? + +6. Cæsar explains[3] over how much space the hill extended in front. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. is capable of: _can_. + 2. the daring of, etc.: recast the sentence mentally before + translating, thus: _Cæsar makes trial what his men dare_. + 3. explains: +docet+.] + + +CHAPTER IX. + + 1. Clauses of Purpose: 317 and 1; H. 497, II. + 2. The Gerundive: 113, d, 2 and 296; H. 544, I. + +1. He begins to[1] cross the river. + +2. They began to lead their forces across. + +3. They lead their forces over in order to take the redoubt. + +4. Cæsar has shown that the river was behind him.[2] + +5. They will cross so as to lay waste the lands of the Remi. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. He begins to: _makes a beginning of_. + 2. him: should it be +eum+ or +se+?] + + +CHAPTER X. + + 1. Passive of Intransitive Verbs: 230; H. 301, 1. + 2. Accusative of Limit: 258, b and N. 1; H. 380, II. 2. + 3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 331 and N. 1; H. 498. + +1. Those of the Belgæ who were not killed returned home. + +2. They resolve to fight in their own territories. + +3. They decide that it is best[1] to lead over their army. + +4. Divitiacus cannot be persuaded[2] to advance to an unfavorable place. + +5. The Ædui were persuaded to return to their homes. + +6. The enemy advancing into the river were surrounded. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. that it is best: _it to be best_. + 2. recast the clause, before trying to turn it into Latin.] + + +CHAPTER XI. + + 1. Ablative of Time: 256; H. 429. + 2. Perfect Participles: 290, d. 1 and 2; H. 550, N. 4. + +1. On the departure of the enemy Cæsar sent ahead all his cavalry. + +2. At sunset the three legions returned[1] into camp. + +3. In the second watch they attacked the enemy’s rear. + +4. The Belgæ, fearing[2] an attack, set out at daybreak. + +5. The spies, having seen[3] the fugitives, bring back word.[4] + +6. Cæsar, after keeping his soldiers in camp, ordered Labienus to set +out. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. returned: two words in Latin. + 2. fearing: the participle +veritus+ does not usually denote + time _prior_ to that of the main verb in the sentence, like most + perfect participles, but the same time. + 3. having seen: do not say +vīsi+. + 4. bring back word: use +renūntio+.] + + +CHAPTER XII. + + 1. Ablative of Cause, 245; H. 413. + 2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431. + +1. Cæsar could not take the town on account of the great number[1] of +the Suessiones. + +2. Owing to[2] the works of the Romans, their “vineæ” and towers, the +Suessiones send envoys.[3] + +3. The next day Cæsar made a forced march and[4] tried to take the town. + +4. The townsmen,[5] making a surrender, got their request.[6] + +5. Because of their surrender they got their request. + +6. The surrender made, they were spared. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. great number: one word in Latin. + 2. Owing to: like “on account of,” not separately expressed in + Latin. + 3. envoys: use +lēgātus+. + 4. made a forced march and: a different turn in Latin. + 5. townsmen: use +oppidānus+. + 6. got their request: one word.] + + +CHAPTER XIII. + + 1. +Cum+ Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II. 2. + 2. Constructions with +peto+: 239, c. N. 1; H. 374, 2, N. 4. + +1. When the arms had been given up,[1] the elders came forth. + +2. All the elders came out of Bratuspantium and begged Cæsar for +peace.[2] + +3. Cæsar, when he had received their submission, asked the men for +their[3] arms. + +4. According to their[4] custom they stretched out their hands and asked +the Romans for peace. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. Render this clause in two ways: first by two words, then by + a full clause. So each of the three following sentences contains + a clause to be rendered in two ways. + 2. Cæsar for peace: quite otherwise in Latin. + 3. their: omit. + 4. their: is this to be expressed by +eōrum+?] + + +CHAPTER XIV. + + 1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420. + 2. Ablative with +ūtor+, etc.: 249; H. 421, I. + +1. Divitiacus intercedes for the conquered Belgæ. + +2. Divitiacus begs that Cæsar will show[1] clemency. + +3. Cæsar will exercise kindness toward the Belgæ. + +4. By the help of the Belgæ the Ædui sustain wars. + +5. Divitiacus says the chiefs had fled to[2] Britain. + +6. If you show[3] clemency, you will increase our influence. + +7. Whatever[4] war befalls, by means of their[5] resources we shall be +able to hold out. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. will show: not the future in Latin. + 2. to: not +ad+. + 3. show: not well rendered by present indicative. + 4. whatever: _if any_. + 5. their: +eōrum+.] + + +CHAPTER XV. + + 1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396, IV. + 2. Ablative of Quality: 251; H. 419, II. + 3. Causal Relative Sentences: 320, e; H. 517. + +1. The territories of the Nervii border on the Ambiani. + +2. The Nervii blame the Ambiani for having surrendered.[1] + +3. The Nervii have[2] great influence among the Belgæ. + +4. They use no wine, because it weakens[3] character. + +5. Those men think minds lose energy through wine. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. for having surrendered: turn by a relative clause. + 2. have: say _are_ (men) _of_. + 3. because it weakens: a relative clause with subjunctive, to + indicate their view, as distinguished from a statement of fact.] + + +CHAPTER XVI. + + 1. Comparative +amplius+, etc.: 247, c.; H. 417, N. 2. + 2. Accusative of Time and Space: 256 and 257; H. 379. + +1. The Nervii were distant a three days’ march. + +2. Cæsar finds out that they are ten miles distant. + +3. He learns from prisoners what the Nervii are doing.[1] + +4. They have taken a position more than five miles from the Sambre. + +5. He learns from prisoners that he[2] is waited for by the Nervii. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. are doing: be careful about the mode. + 2. that he: _himself_.] + + +CHAPTER XVII. + + 1. Use of +quisquam+: 202, c.; H. 457. + 2. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317; H. 497, I. + 3. Substitutes for Partitive Gen.: 216, c.; H. 397, N. 3. + +1. Certain of the Belgæ went by night to the camp of the Nervii. + +2. Cæsar says that certain men went[1] to the Nervii. + +3. Many of the prisoners found out about the legions. + +4. They were sent to their friends to report[2] the matter. + +5. To lop trees is a matter[3] of no difficulty at all. + +6. Men were sent ahead to select[4] a suitable place. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. went: _to have gone_. + 2. to report: not the infinitive. + 3. matter, etc.: recast, before trying to turn into Latin. + 4. to select: try two ways.] + + +CHAPTER XVIII. + + 1. Descriptive Ablative: 251; H. 419, II. + 2. Clauses of Result: 319; H. 500, I. and II. + +1. Along the river Sambre were trees[1] of great height.[2] + +2. Among these trees the Nervii keep themselves hidden. + +3. So[3] close together[4] were these trees that the Romans could not +see through. + +4. The river is of such depth that men can cross. + +5. On the open ground are pickets of great courage. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. trees: +arbor+, fem. + 2. height: the same word that means _depth_. + 3. So: +ita+. + 4. close together: +crēber+.] + + +CHAPTER XIX. + + 1. Dative of Service: 233 a; H. 390. + 2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469, II. + 3. Ablative of Manner: 248 and Rem.; H. 419, III. + +1. The cavalry of the enemy kept making attacks. + +2. They would attack our horsemen with great courage. + +3. These horsemen had been sent ahead by Cæsar as a protection to the +camp. + +4. Again and again did the enemy pour forward from the woods, where they +had hidden. + +5. The slingers and archers helped[1] the horsemen. + +6. With great speed they would run as far as[2] the woods. + +7. With wonderful bravery they engage in battle with the Nervii. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. helped: two words in Latin. + 2. as far as: +ad+, or +usque ad+.] + + +CHAPTER XX. + + 1. The Gerundive: 113, d.; H. 234. + 2. Dative of Apparent Agent: 232; H. 388. + 3. Ablative of Agent with +ā+ or +ab+: 246; H. 415, I. + +1. The soldiers are directed[1] by Cæsar. + +2. The soldiers must be directed by Cæsar. + +3. The flag was displayed by the soldiers. + +4. The flag had to be displayed by the soldiers. + +5. Experience is often helpful[2] to soldiers. + +6. The work is hindered by[3] the near approach[4] of the enemy. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. are directed: use +doceo+. + 2. helpful: turn by a noun. + 3. by the near approach: why not +ā+ or +ab+? + 4. near approach: one word.] + + +CHAPTER XXI. + + 1. Ablative of Gerundive with Prepositions: 301; H. 544, 2. + 2. Gerundive Construction instead of Gerund: 296; H. 544, 1. + 3. Purpose expressed by Gerundive: 318 and b; H. 544, 2, N. 2. + +1. In looking for his shield a soldier lost time. + +2. Time is wanting for putting on a helmet. + +3. Seeing[1] the standards, each one went forward. + +4. A line was drawn up[2] to resist[3] the enemy’s charge. + +5. Cæsar encouraged the tenth legion for the purpose of strengthening[4] +their courage. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. seeing: not the gerundive. + 2. A line was drawn up: see chap. xx. + 3. resist: +sustineo+. + 4. strengthening: use +cōnfīrmo+.] + + +CHAPTER XXII. + + Clauses of Result with +ut (ut nōn)+: 319; H. 500, II. + +1. So dense was the hedge that it obstructed the view. + +2. The result was that no legion could execute orders. + +3. One legion opposes the foe in one part, another in another. + + +CHAPTER XXIII. + + 1. Place to which: 258; H. 380, I. + 2. Place from which: 258; H. 412, I. + 3. Place in which: 258, 4, and 260, b.; H. 425, 1. + +1. The Roman soldiers drive the enemy, exhausted by wounds, into an +unfavorable place. + +2. They followed them up from the left part of the line. + +3. As they attempted[1] to cross the river, a great part of them were +put to the sword. + +4. In another part many of the Belgians were killed. + +5. On the front the Belgæ pushed for the camp. + +6. But at last they were put to flight. + + [NOTE.-- + 1. attempted: recast the sentence and express _as they + attempted_ by a participle referring to _a great part_.] + + +CHAPTER XXIV. + + 1. Position of +causa+ with genitive: 245, c. + 2. Temporal Clauses with +cum+: 325; H. 521, II. 2. + +1. The Romans see that the horsemen are scared. + +2. Horsemen were coming to Cæsar to render aid. + +3. When the camp-followers had gone out for the purpose of plundering, +they saw that our men were fleeing. + +4. Seeing the slingers flee,[1] they fled themselves.[2] + + [NOTES.-- + 1. flee, _to flee_. + 2. themselves: use +ipse+.] + + +CHAPTER XXV. + + 1. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a.; H. 431, 4. + 2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 290, d.; H. 195, 2. + 3. Substitutes for Perf. Act. Partc.: 290, d. 2; H. 550, N. 4. + +1. Cæsar saw that the soldiers of the twelfth legion were hard pushed. + +2. Cæsar, seeing[1] the soldiers of the twelfth legion hard pushed, went +to the right wing. + +3. As[2] all the standard-bearers were wounded, the standards were lost. + +4. Then Cæsar snatched a shield from a soldier. + +5. The soldiers renewed their courage and delayed[3] the enemy’s attack. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. seeing: not well rendered +videns+; try casting into a + clause--first with +ubi+, then with +cum+. + 2. As ... wounded: use a participial construction. + 3. renewed and delayed: it is better not to turn into Latin by + coördinate verbs.] + + +CHAPTER XXVI. + + 1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 397. + 2. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, I. & II. + 3. Dative of Service and of Object: 233 and a.; H. 390. + +1. One was sent for assistance to another.[1] + +2. The soldiers of two legions guarded the baggage.[2] + +3. He saw in how great peril the camp was. + +4. They will leave nothing undone[3] in point of courage. + +5. He will report to me in what state the army is. + +6. He saw that the tenth was fighting very bravely. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. another: bring the two forms of +alius+ together. + 2. guarded the baggage: make a different turn. + 3. leave nothing undone: a strange Latin idiom.] + + +CHAPTER XXVII. + + 1. Temporal Clauses with +cum+: 325; H. 521, 2. + 2. Clauses of Result with +ut (ut nōn)+: 319; H. 500, II. + 3. Clauses of Purpose with +ut (ne, ut ne)+: 317; H. 497, II. + +1. So great is the courage of the Nervii that they fight from the heaps +of corpses. + +2. Ascending[1] very high banks, they displayed the greatest courage. + +3. They dared to cross a wide stream in order to renew the fight. + +4. The cavalry, to wipe out[2] their disgrace, advance even into a +disadvantageous position. + +5. The greatness of their spirit rendered difficult things easy. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. ascending: turn by a clause with +cum+. + 2. To wipe out: not the infinitive.] + + +CHAPTER XXVIII. + + 1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413. + 2. Substitutes for Partitive Genitive: 216, c; H. 397, N. 3. + 3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with +ut (ne)+: 331; H. 498. + +1. Of five hundred senators, three were left. + +2. Out of forty (+quadrāginta+) thousand men, four hundred were able to +bear arms. + +3. Cæsar will keep their[1] neighbors from doing[2] harm. + +4. The name and nation of the Nervii are reduced[3] almost to +destruction. + +5. He orders the neighboring people to refrain from doing harm to the +Nervii.[4] + + [NOTES.-- + 1. their: not +suus+. + 2. doing: omit. + 3. reduced: participle used as an adjective in the neuter + plural. + 4. Nervii: genitive.] + + +CHAPTER XXIX. + + 1. Limit of Motion: 258 and b; H. 380 and 2. + 2. Accusative of Duration of Time: 256; H. 379. + 3. Locative Ablative with Preps.: 260, b; H. 425, I. + +1. They carry all their property into one town. + +2. During two days they hold out very bravely. + +3. For many years they were harassed by the Gauls. + +4. On two sides they have high rocks; on another, a wall. + +5. Leaving six thousand men this side[1] the Rhine, they return[2] home. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. this side: +cis+. + 2. return: commonly +revertor+ in the present, +reverti+ in the + perfect.] + + +CHAPTER XXX. + + 1. Ablative of Time _when_: 256; H. 429. + 2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469, II. + 3. Perfect of Completed Action: 279; H. 471, I. and 6. + +1. On the day of our arrival frequent sallies were made by the enemy +from the town. + +2. During the first days they taunted us from the walls. + +3. At a distance the soldiers made an “agger” and a tower. + +4. Then the Aduatuci began to jeer.[1] + +5. Can[2] men of such little stature place a tower on our wall? + + [NOTES.-- + 1. jeer: two words in Latin. + 2. begin with +num+.] + + +CHAPTER XXXI. + + 1. Causal Relative Clauses: 320, e; H. 517. + 2. Dative with certain Intrans. Verbs: 227; H. 385. + 3. Future Conditions less vivid: 307, b; H. 509, N. 1. + +1. They surrender to Cæsar, since he is so powerful.[1] + +2. The envoys say the enemy are jealous of their[2] valor. + +3. It is better to endure death than slavery. + +4. If Cæsar should rob the Aduatuci of their arms,[3] they would be +killed. + +5. Their enemies would kill them, if they should surrender their arms. + +6. It is better to persuade them to give up their arms. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. is so powerful: _can so much_ (+tantum+). + 2. their: express by the proper form of +suus+. + 3. of their arms: not the genitive.] + + +CHAPTER XXXII. + + 1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416. + 2. Clauses of Result with +ut (ut nōn)+: 319; H. 500, II. + 3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with +ut (nē)+: 331; H. 498. + +1. They order the people to deliver up their arms. + +2. Through Cæsar’s orders, no wrong will be inflicted. + +3. Cæsar spared, according to his custom, those who had surrendered.[1] + +4. Cæsar orders the neighbors of the Nervii not to harm them.[2] + +5. There is so great a quantity of arms in the town that a third part is +concealed. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. those who had surrendered: one word in Latin. + 2. them: dative.] + + +CHAPTER XXXIII. + + 1. Causal Clauses with +cum+: 326; H. 517. + 2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a; H. 431, 4. + 3. Pass. of Intrans. Verbs used impersonally: 230; H. 465, 1. + +1. [1]The Aduatuci fought very spiritedly. + +2. [1]Thither hasten all the forces of the town. + +3. After the shutting[2] of the gates, the townsmen formed a plan. + +4. Since they had been driven back, they no longer[3] defended +themselves. + +5. Now[4] that the town was occupied, the booty was sold. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. Use the passive construction. + 2. After the shutting: turn in two ways. + 3. no longer: +nōn iam+. + 4. Now that the town was occupied: turn in two ways.] + + +CHAPTER XXXIV. + + 1. Ablative of Agent with +ā (ab)+: 246; H. 415, I. + 2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 330, 2; H. 523, I. + +1. All the maritime states were subdued by Cæsar. + +2. Cæsar says that the maritime states have been reduced. + +3. At this time P. Crassus had been sent with one legion. + +4. Crassus informs Cæsar that one legion has been sent to the Veneti. + +5. The Veneti, to whom one legion had been sent, border on the ocean. + + +CHAPTER XXXV. + + 1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2; H. 497, I. + 2. Verbs of Promising, Hoping, etc.: 380, f.; 535, II. + 3. Dative with Certain Adjectives: 234, a; H. 391, I. + +1. The embassies promised to return[1] the next summer. + +2. Near the Rhine were many nations of barbarians. + +3. These barbarians promised to do Cæsar’s bidding. + +4. The barbarians send men to give[2] hostages. + +5. So great was the joy[3] that a thanksgiving was decreed. + + [NOTES.-- + 1. to return: in the Latin idiom, _themselves to be going to + return_. + 2. to give: put in two ways. + 3. joy: +gaudium+.] + + + + +VOCABULARY. + +If the learner, as often as he refers to this vocabulary for the meaning +of a word, will glance over the group of words given in the Etymological +Vocabulary under the same root, he will find his knowledge of the +relations and meaning of words, and consequently his power to read +Latin, rapidly increase. + + ++Ā+ or +Ab (abs)+, prep. w. abl. [APA-], _from, away from_, 6, 13, 18, +24, 25; _at the hands of_, 31, 33; _away, at a distance of_, 1, 30; _in, +on, at_, 23, 25; _by_, 1, 5, 9, etc. + ++Ab·dō+, 3, -didī, -ditum [2 DA-], _put away; hide_, 19. + ++Ab·sum+, -esse, āfuī [ES-], _be away from_, 11; _be distant_, 4, 5, 6, +13, 10, 17, 21; with ā or ab and abl. + ++Āc+, see +At·que+. + ++Ac·cēdō (adc-)+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go towards, approach_, 13, +w. ad and acc.; _arise, increase in_, 7, with dat. + ++Ac·cidō (adc-)+, 3, -cidī, -- [CAD-], _fall to_ or _towards; befall, +happen_, 35; w. dat. + Cf. incidō, ēveniō. + ++Ac·cipiō (adc-)+, 3, -cēpī, -ceptum [CAP-], _take to one’s self; +accept_, 15; _receive_, 13; _suffer_, 33. + ++Acervus+, -ī, M. [1 AC-], _thing brought to a point; pile, heap_, 32. + ++Aciēs+, ēī- (-e, 23), F. [1 AC-], _edge; line of battle, army_, 8, 9, +19, 20, 23, 25. + ++Ācr·iter+, adv. [1 AC-], _sharply; fiercely, desperately_, 10, 33. + ++Ad+, prep. w. acc., _to, towards_, 8, 13, 28, etc.; _up to_, 17; +_near_, 4, 19, 21, 33; _for_, 1, 4, 8, 21, etc.; _after, according +to_, 31. + ++Ad·aequō+, 1 [IC-, AIC-], _make equal to, equal_, 32. + ++Ad·clīvis (acc-)+, -e, adj. [CLĪ-], _sloping upward_, 29. + Cf. dēclīvis. + ++Ad·clīvitās (acc-)+, -ātis, F. [CLĪ-], _upward slope, rise_, 18. + Cf. dēclīvitās, dēiectus. + ++Ad·com·modō (acconm-)+, 1 [2 MA-, MAD-], _fit_ or _adapt to; put +on_, 21. + Cf. induō. + ++Ad·dūcō+, 3, -dūxī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead_ or _bring to_, 5; _lead up_, +1; w. ad and acc. + ++Ad·eō+, -īre, -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go to; reach, get at_, 7. + ++Ad·ferō (aff-)+, -ferre, attulī, allātum [1 FER-], _bring_ or _carry +to_, 1. + ++Ad·fīnitās (aff-)+, -ātis, F. [2 FID-], _relationship by marriage_, 4. + Cf. propīnquitās. + ++Ad·gredior (agg-)+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go to, approach; attack_, +9, 10. + Cf. adorior. + ++Ad·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _throw to_ or _against; hurl, +cast_, 21. + ++Ad·itus+, -ūs, M. [1 I-, AI-], _going to, approach_, 16, 29; _access, +admittance_, 15. + ++Ad·iuvō+, 1, -iūvī, -iūtum [DIV-, DI-, DIAV-], _help, aid_, 17. + ++Ad·ministrō+, 1 [2 MAN-, MI-], _put the hand to; attend to_, 20, 22. + ++Ad·orior+, 4, -ortus [OL-, OR-], _rise up against; attack_, 11, 17. + Cf. adgredior. + ++Ad·propīnquō (app-)+, 1 [PARC-, PLEC-], _come near to, approach_, 10, +31, w. dat.; 19, w. ad and acc. + Cf. subeō, succēdō. + ++Aduātucī+, -ōrum, M., _tribe, originally German, in Belgian Gaul, on +left bank of the Maas_, 4, 16, 29, 31. + ++Ad·ventus+, -ūs, M. [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _coming to_ or _drawing near; +approach, arrival_, 7, 16, 25, 27, 30. + Cf. successus, aditus. + ++Ad·versus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of advertō) [VERT-], _turned to_ or +_towards; opposite, in the face_, 8, 18, 24; adversō colle, _up hill_, +19; w. dat. + ++Aedi·ficium+, -ī, N. [AID-; FAC-], _building_, 7. + ++Aeduī+, -ōrum, M., _powerful Celtic people between upper courses of +Loire and Seine_, 5, 10, 14, 15. + ++Aeduus+, -a, -um, adj., _Aeduan_, 5, 14. + ++Aegrē+, adv., _with regret_ or _displeasure; barely, with +difficulty_, 6. + ++Aequāl·iter+, adv. [IC-, AIC-], _evenly_, 18. + ++Aestās+, -ātis, F. [AID-], _burning season; summer_, 2, 35. + ++Aestuārium+, -ī, N. [AID-], _pertaining to rolling; inlet, +sea-marsh_, 28. + ++Aetās+, -ātis, F. [1 I-, AI-], _age, old age_, 16. + ++Ager+, -grī, M. [AG-], _cultivated land; land, field_, 4, 5, 7, 9. + ++Ag·ger+, -eris, M. [GER-], _that which is brought to a place_, i.e. +_materials for a mound_, 20; _mound, rampart_, 12, 30, 32. + ++Āgmen+, -inis, N. [AG-], _that which is set in motion; marching +column_, 11, 17, 19, 23, 26. + ++Agō+, 3, ēgī, āctum [AG-], _put in motion; bring up_, 12, 30; _take +along_, 29; _carry on, do_, 20. + ++Aliās+, adv. (acc. pl. F. of alius) [2 AL- (ALI-)], _at another time_; +aliās ... aliās, _at one time ... at another_, 29. + ++Aliēnus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 AL-, (ALI-)], _belonging to another, +another’s_, 10. + ++Al·iter+, adv. [2 AL-], _otherwise, in another manner_, 19. + ++Alius+, -a, -ud, adj., gen. alīus [2 AL- (ALI-)], _other, another, +different_, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 31. + ++Alter+, -era, -erum, adj., gen. -ius [2 AL-], _other (of two)_, 5, 21; +alter ... alter, _the one ... the other_. + ++Altitūdō+, -inis, F. [1 AL-], _elevation, height_, 5, 12, 18, 31, 32. + ++Altus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AL-], _become great by nourishment; lofty, +high_, 27, 29. + ++Ambiānī+, -ōrum, M., _Belgian tribe near modern Amiens_, 4, 15. + ++Amīcitia+, -ae, F. [AM-], _friendship_, 14. + ++Ā·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _let go from one’s self; lose_, 25. + ++Ampli·ficō+, 1 [PLE-, PLO-; FAC-], _make larger, increase_, 14. + ++Am·plius+, adv. (N. compar. of amplus) [ambi-; PLE-, PLO-], _more_, 7, +16, 29. + ++Andocumborius+, -ī, M., _man of high rank among the Remi_, 3. + ++Andēs+, -ium, M., _tribe of Gaul north of the Loire, modern Anjou_, 35. + ++Angustus+, -a, -um, adj., _contracted; narrow, difficult_; +in +angustō+, _in a critical state_, 25. + ++Animus+, -ī, M. [AN-], _soul; mind, feelings_, 21; _spirit, courage_, +15, 21, 25, 27; _character_, 1. + ++Annus+, -ī, M., _that which goes round; year_, 29. + ++Ante+, [ANT-], _before_; as adv., = anteā, _before, formerly_, 12, 22, +33; as prep. w. acc., _before_ (of time), 35; (of place), 32. + ++Antīquitus+, adv. [ANT-], _from ancient times; in olden times_, 4; +_from of old_, 17. + ++A·pertus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of aperiō) [2 PAR-, POR-], _without +covering; open, unobstructed_, 18, 19; _uncovered, exposed_, 23. + ++Ap·pellō (adp-)+, 1 [PAL-, PEL-], _bring one’s self to a person; +accost, address_, 25; _call_, 4. + ++Ap·ud+, prep. w. acc. [APA-], _near, among_, 2, 4, 7, 14. + ++Ar·bitror+, 1 [BA-, VA-], _be a hearer_ or _spectator, think, suppose, +believe_, 4, 28; w. acc. and inf. + ++Arbor+, -oris, F. [1 AL-, AR-], _tree_, 17. + ++Ar·cessō+, 3, -īvī, -ītum [CAD-], _cause to come to; summon, send +for_, 20. + ++Arduus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AL-, AR-, strengthened to ARDH-], +_steep_, 33. + ++Ariēs+, -etis, M., _battering-ram_, 32. + ++Arma+, -ōrum, N. [AR-], _things adapted; arms, weapons_, 3, 4, 9, 13, +etc. + ++Armātūra+, -ae, F. [AR-], _arming; equipment_, 10, 24. + ++Armō+, 1 [AR-], _furnish with arms; arm, equip_, 4, 27. + ++A·scendō (adsc-)+, 3, -dī, -scēnsum [SCAND-], _mount up, climb_, 27. + ++A·scēnsus (adsc-)+, -ūs, M. [SCAND-], _ascending; ascent, way up_, 33. + ++At+, conj., _but, on the other hand_, 23, 27. + ++At·que+ (before vowels and consonants), +āc+ (before consonants only), +_and also, and especially, and_, 3, 5, 6, etc.; _as_, 6; _than_, 19. + Cf. et and -que. + ++Atrebatēs+, -um, M., _Belgian people in the region of modern Arras_, 4, +16, 23. + ++At·tingō (adt-)+, 3, -tigī, -tāctum, [TAG-], _touch against; approach, +reach_, 32; _border upon_, 15, 34. + ++Auctōritās+, -ātis, F. [AVG-], _power, standing, influence_, 4, 14, 15. + ++Audāc·ter+, adv. [1 AV-], _boldly_, 10, 26. + ++Audeō+, 2, ausus [1 AV-], _venture, dare_, 8, 17, 19, 27; w. +complementary infin. + ++Audiō+, 4 [2 AV-], _listen to; hear, hear about_, 12, 31, w. acc.; 12, +w. acc. and infin. + ++Aulercī+, -ōrum, M., _tribe in Bretagne and Normandy_, 34. + ++Aurunculēius+, -ī, M., _L. A. Cotta, lieutenant of Cæsar_, 11. + ++Au·t+, conj. [2 TA-], _or_ (excluding the other), 30, 33; aut ... aut, +_either ... or_, 25. + ++Au·tem+, postpositive conj. [2 TA-], _but, on the other hand_, 9; +_moreover_, 19. + ++Auxilium+, -ī, N. [AVG-], _aid, support, assistance_, 10, 24, 29; pl. +_auxiliary forces_, 14. + Cf. subsidium. + ++Ā·vertō+, 3, -tī, -sum [VERT-], _turn away from_. + Aversī, see note, 26. + ++Axona+, -ae, F., _river in country of the Belgæ_, 5, 9. + + +B. + ++Baculus+, -ī, M., P. Sextius B., _centurion_, 25. + ++Baleāris+, -e, adj., _Balearic, of the Balearic Islands_, 7. + ++Barbarus+, -a, -um, adj., _foreign, non-Roman_, 35. + ++Belgae+, -ārum, M., _collective name of tribes living in the country +bounded by the Seine, Marne, Moselle, Rhine, and the ocean_, 1, 2, 3, +following. + ++Bellovacī+, -ōrum, M., _strongest tribe of the Belgæ, north of the +Seine and on right bank of the Oise and Somme_, 4, 5, 10, 13, 14. + ++Bellum+, -ī, N. [DVA-, DVI-], _contest between two; war_, 4, 9, 14, 16, +29, 31, 35. + ++Bibrax+, -ctis, F. (N.?), _town of the Remi_, 6. + ++Boduōgnātus+, -ī, M., _leader of the Nervii_, 23. + ++Bratuspantium+, -ī, N., _chief town of the Bellovaci_, 13. + ++Brevitās+, -ātis, F., _shortness, brevity_, 20, 30. + Cf. exiguitās. + ++Britannia+, -ae, F., _Britain_, 4, 14. + + +C. + ++Cadāver+, -eris, N. [CAD-], _that which falls down dead; dead +body_, 27. + ++Cadō+, 3, cecidī, cāsum [CAD-], _fall_, 27. + ++Caeroesī+, -ōrum, M., _German tribe in Belgian Gaul_, 4. + ++Caesar+, -aris, M., _Gaius Julius Cæsar, conqueror of Gaul and author +of the Commentaries_, 1, 2, 5, etc. + ++Calamitās+, -ātis, F. [SCAL-], _injury, disaster_, 14, 28. + ++Caletī+, -ōrum (-ēs, -um), M., _tribe in Normandy, on the Seine_, 4. + ++Cālō+, -ōnis, M., _groom, soldier’s servant_, 24, 26, 27. + ++Captīvus+, -a, -um, adj. [CAP-], _taken prisoner; captive_, 16, 17. + ++Caput+, -itis, N. [CAP-], _head; individual, person_, 33. + ++Carnūtēs+, -um, M., _important Gallic tribe between the Loire and Seine +rivers_, 35. + ++Castellum+, -ī, N. dim. [SCAD-, CAD-], _redoubt, stronghold_, 8, 9, 29, +30, 33. + ++Castra+, -ōrum, N. [SCAD-, CAD-], _camp_, 2, 5, 6, etc. + ++Cāsus+, -ūs, M. [CAD-], _falling; happening; chance_, 21; +_misfortune_, 31. + ++Causa+, -ae, F. [CAV-], _cause, reason_, 1, 7, 10, 11; causā, used like +prep. post-positive, _for the sake of, for the purpose of_, 10, 15, 17, +20, 21, 24. + ++Cēdō+, 3, cessī, cessum [CAD-], _go; fall back; give way, retreat_, 19. + ++Celeritās+, -ātis, F. [CEL-], _swiftness, quickness_, 12, 19, 20, +26, 31. + ++Celer·iter+, adv. [CEL-], _swiftly, quickly, promptly_, 3, 12, 23, 33. + ++Cēlō+, 1 [2 CAL-, SCAL-], _hide, conceal_, 32, 33. + ++Centum+, num. adj. indeclin. [CEN-], _hundred_, 4. + ++Centuriō+, -ōnis, M. [CEN-], _commander of a century, centurion, +captain_, 17, 25. + ++Certus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 CER-, CRE-], _determined; definite_, 11; +_certain, regular_, 22; certiōrem facere, _inform_, 1, 2, 10, 34; w. +acc. and infin. + ++Cēterī+, -ōrum, pl. adj. [CA-, CI-], _the others, rest_, 3. + Cf. reliquī. + ++Cīmbrī+, -ōrum, M., _German tribe which invaded Gaul and the Province +in the second century_, 4, 29. + ++Circi·ter+, adv. [CVR-, CIR-; 1 I-], _going in a circle; about, not far +from_, 2, 8, 13, 18, 32. + ++Circu·itus+, -ūs, M. [CVR-, CIR-; 1 I-], _going in a circle; +circumference_, 29, 30. + ++Circum-+, prep. w. acc. [CVR-, CIR-], _around, about_; here only in +composition. + ++Circum·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _throw around; place +around_, 6. + ++Circum·mūniō+, 4, [2 MV-], _wall up around; blockade_, 30. + ++Circum·veniō+, 4, -vēnī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come around; +surround, outflank_, 8, 10, 23, 24, 26. + ++Cis+, prep. w. acc. [CA-, CI-], _on this side, this side of_, 3. + ++Citerior+, -us, -ōris, adj. [CA-, CI-], _more on this side; hither, +nearer_, 1, 2. + ++Citrā+, prep. w. acc. [CA-, CI-], _on this side, this side of_, 29. + Cf. cis. + ++Cīvitās+, -ātis, F., _citizenship; community_, 3, 4, 5, etc. + ++Clāmor+, -ōris, M. [1 CAL-], _loud call; shouting_, 11, 24. + ++Claudō+, 3, -sī, -sum, _shut, close_, 33; _close, bring up_, 19. + ++Clē·mentia+, -ae, F. [CLĪ-; 1 MAN-, MEN-], _indulgent disposition; +gentleness, mildness_, 14, 31. + ++Co·acervō+, 1 [1 AC-], _heap up_, 27. + ++Co·epī+, -isse, -ptus (defective verb, with tenses from present stem +lacking) [AP-, OP-], _have begun, began_, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 19, 23, 20. + ++Cō·gnōscō+, 3, -gnōvī, -gnitum [GNA-, GNO-], _understand thoroughly; +perceive, learn, ascertain_, 2, 5, 11, 17, w. acc. and inf.; 4, 26, w. +indir. question; plperf. _knew_, 10. + ++Cō·gō+, 3, -ēgī, -āctum [AG-], _drive together, compel; gather, rally_, +2, 5. + Cf. condūcō. + ++Co·hors+, -hortis, F., _multitude enclosed; cohort_, 5, 25. + ++Co·hortātiō+, -ōnis, F., _cheering on, urging, encouraging, appeal +to_, 25. + ++Co·hortor+, 1, _cheer on, urge, call upon_, 5, 20, 21, 25, w. acc.; 21 +foll. by clause w. ut. + ++Collis+, -is, M., _hill_, 8, 18, 19, 22. + ++Com·meātus (conm-)+, -ūs, M., _going to and fro; train of supplies, +provisions_, 5, 9. + ++Com·ĕs+, -itis, M., _comrade_. + ++Com·memorō (conm-)+, 1 [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _keep in mind; mention, +relate_, 28. + ++Com·mittō (conm-)+, 3, -mīsī, mīssum [MIT-], _cause to go together; +join_, 19, 21. + ++Com·modē (conm-)+, adv. [2 MA-, MAD-], _duly, aptly; easily, +advantageously_, 20. + ++Com·moveō (conm-)+, 2, -mōvī, -mōtum [1 MV-, MOV-], _move violently; +startle, alarm, make anxious_, 2, 31. + ++Com·mūnis (conm-)+, -e, adj. [2 MV-], _serving together; common, +general_, 4, 5. + ++Com·mūtātiō (conm-)+, -ōnis, F. [1 MV-, MOV-], _change_, 27. + ++Com·parō (conp-)+, 1 [2 PAR-, POR-], _bring_ or _put together; get +ready, provide, procure_, 2, 12. + ++Com·pellō (conp-)+, 3, -pulī, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-], _drive together, +gather; drive in a body, rout_, 23. + ++Com·pleō (conp-)+, 2, -ēvī, -ētum [PLE-, PLO-], _fill completely; +fill_, 24. + ++Com·plūrēs (conp-)+, -a (-ia), gen. -ium, adj. [PLE-, PLO-, PLV-], +_several together, a large number_, 17. + ++Con-+, for +scom-+ = +cum+ [SEC-], _with, together_; in composition, +denoting completeness or union; sometimes intensive. + ++Con·cīdō+, 3, -cīdī, -cīsum [2 SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-], _cut up entirely; +cut to pieces, destroy_, 11. + ++Con·cilium+, -ī, N. [1 CAL-], _that which is called together; meeting, +assembly_, 4, 10. + ++Con·currō+, 3, -currī or -cucurrī, -cursum [CEL-, CER-], _run together; +hurry, rally, gather_, 20, 33. + ++Con·diciō+, -ōnis, F., [DĪC-, DIC-], _talking together; agreement, +stipulation, terms_, 15, 32. + ++Condrūsī+, -ōrum, M., _Belgic tribe on the Meuse_, 4. + ++Con·dūcō+, 3, -dūxī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead together; collect, muster_, +2; _hire_, 1. + ++Cōn·ferō+, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [1 FER-], _bring_ or _bear together; +gather, collect_, 15, 25, 29; with reflex. pronoun, _betake one’s self, +go_, 13. + ++Cōn·fertus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of cōn·ferciō), _pressed together; +compact, in close array_, 23; _crowded together_, 25. + ++Cōn·ficiō+, 3, -fēcī, -fectum [FAC-], _make completely; perform, +accomplish_, 12; _raise, put in the field_, 4; _exhaust, wear out_, 23, +25, 27. + ++Cōn·fīdō+, 3, -fīsus sum [1 FID-, FĪD-] _trust entirely; believe, trust +firmly_, 30, w. acc. and infin. + ++Cōn·fīrmō+, 1 [2 FER-], _make firm; give assurance, pledge one’s self_, +15, w. acc. and infin.; _encourage, reassure_, 19; _confirm_, 11. + ++Cōn·flīgō+, 3, -xī, -ctum [FLAG-, FLIG-], _strike_ or _dash together; +contend, fight_, 5; w. cum and abl. + ++Con·gredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _step together; meet, have an +engagement with, fight_, 23. + Cf. cōnflīgō, pūgnō. + ++Cōn·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _throw together; hurl_, 6, +27; _drive, rout_, 23; _place hastily_, 16, 28. + Cf. compellō. + ++Con·iungō+, 3, -iūnxī, -iūnctum [IV-, IVG-], _draw together, join_, 3, +4, 26. + ++Con·iūrō+, 1 [IV-, IVG-], _swear together; make a sworn agreement, +conspire_, 1, 3. + ++Con·locō (coll-)+, 1, _place, station, set_, 8, 19, 22, 29, 30. + ++Cōnor+, 1, _undertake, attempt_, 9, 10, 12, 23. + ++Cōn·sanguineus+, -a, -um, adj., _possessing the same blood; +kindred_, 3. + ++Cōn·scrībō+, 3, -psi, -ptum [SCARP-], _write together_ (in a list); +_enroll, enlist_, 2, 8, 19. + ++Cōn·sēnsus+, -ūs, M. [SENT-], _agreement, harmony, concerted action_, +28, 29. + ++Cōn·sentiō+, 4, -sēnsī, -sēnsum [SENT-], _feel with_, 3; _join hands +(with), make common cause with_, 3; w. cum and abl. + ++Cōn-sequor+, 3, -secūtus [SEC-], _follow thoroughly; attain, +obtain_, 1. + ++Cōn·servō+, 1 [SAL-, SER-], _keep thoroughly; preserve, save, spare_, +12, 15, 28, 31, 32. + ++Cōn·sīdō+, 3, -sēdī, -sessum [SED-, SID-], _sit down together; settle, +take position_, 4, 16. + ++Cōn·silium+, -ī, N., _consultation; design, plan of action_, 9, 14, 33; +_advice, suggestion_, 17. + ++Cōn·similis+, -e, adj., [2 SA-, SIM-], _altogether like, quite +similar_, 11; w. dat. + ++Cōn·sistō+, 3, -stitī, -- [STA-], _make stand; take position, stand_, +6, 23, 26; _make a stand, rally_, 11, 17, 21; _depend upon, be based +on_, 33. + ++Cōn·spectus+, -ūs, M. [SPEC-], _view, sight_, 25. + ++Cōn·spiciō+, 3, -spēxī, -spectum [SPEC-], _look at with attention; +behold, catch sight of, see_, 21, 26, w. acc.; 24, w. acc. and infin. + ++Cōn·spicor+, 1 [SPEC-], _get a sight of, espy, observe_, 26, 27. + Cf. cōnspiciō. + ++Cōn·stanter+, adv. [STA-], _standing firm; uniformly_, 2. + ++Cōn·stituō+, 3, -uī, -ūtum [STA-], _place together; determine, +appoint_, fix, 11; _set up, place_, 12, 30; _station_, 8, 19; _decide_, +10, w. acc. and infin. + Cf. statuō. + ++Cōn·suēscō+, 3, -suēvī, -suētum [SOVO-, SVO-], _accustom; become +accustomed_; pf. _be accustomed_ (= solēre), 14, 31. + ++Cōn·suētūdō+, -inis, F. [SOVO-, SVO-], _custom, habit_, 17, 19, 32. + Cf. mōs. + ++Con·temptus+, -ūs, M. [TEM-], _scorn, contempt_, 30. + ++Con·tendō+, 3, -dī, -ntum [1 TA-, TEN-], _strain with all one’s might; +march, push on, hasten_, 7, 9, 10, 12, 19, 23, 24; _struggle, contend_, +9, 13, 30. + ++Con·tineō+, 2, -uī, -tentum [1 TA-, TEN-], _hold_ or _keep together; +restrain, hold back_, 11; _keep_, 11, 18, 30. + ++Con·trā+, adv. [SEC-], _against, on the other hand_, 17; as prep., w. +acc., 1, 3, 13, 33. + ++Con·trārius+, -a, -um, adj. [SEC-], _situated over against, opposite_, +18; w. dat. + ++Con·tumēlia+, -ae, F. [TEM-], _great swelling; disgrace, insult_, 14. + ++Con·vēniō+, 4, -vēnī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come together, meet_, +5, 10, 12; impersonal, _be agreed upon_, 19. + ++Convertō+, 3, -tī, -sum [VERT-], _wholly turn; turn around, turn, +direct_, 26. + ++Con·vocō+, 1 [VOC-], _call together, summon_, 10. + ++C·ōpia+, -ae, F. [AP-, OP-], _ability; ample supply, supply_, 2; pl., +_resources, supplies_, 10; _forces, troops_, 5, 7, 8, etc. + ++Cornū+, -ūs, N. [CAR-], _horn; wing of an army_, 23, 25. + ++Corpus+, -oris, N. [1 CER-, CRE-], _what is made; body_, 30; _corpse_, +10, 27. + ++Cortex+, -icis, M. and F. [CAR-], _part that splits off; bark_, 33. + ++Cotī·diē+, adv. [CA-; DIV-, DI-], _on every day; daily, regularly_, 8. + ++Cotta+, -ae, M., _L. Arunculeius, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants_, 11. + ++Crassus+, -ī, M., _P. Licinius, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants_, 34. + ++Crēber+, -bra, -brum, adj. [1 CER-, CRE-], _made to increase; thick, +numerous, frequent_, 1, 17, 30. + ++Crēdō+, 3, -didī, -ditum [CRAT-; 2 DA-], _put trust in; believe_, 33, +w. acc. and infin. + Cf. cōnfīdō. + ++Crēs+, -ētis, M., _Cretan_, 7. + ++Cruciātus+, -ūs, M. [CVR-, CIR-], _torture_, 31. + ++Cum+, prep. w. abl. [SEC-], _with, in company with, together with_, 3, +10, 13, etc.; _at same time with_, 5, 7, 16; _with, provided with_, +11, 33. + ++Cum+, conj. [CA-, CI-], temporal, _when_, 1, 4, 6, 8, following; cum +prīmum, _as soon as_, 2; causal, _as, since_, 11, 17, 22, etc.; +concessive, _although, while_, 29; cum ... tum, _both ... and_, 4. + ++C·ūnctus+, -a, -um, adj. [IV-, IVG-], _all together; all, entire_, 29. + ++Cupiō+, 3, -īvī, -ītum, _desire eagerly, be eager_, 25. + ++Curiosolitēs+, -um, M. (acc. -ēs, ās), _people of Armoric Gaul_, 34. + ++Cursus+, -ūs, M. [CEL-, CER-], _running, speed_, 23, 26. + ++Custōdia+, -ae, F. [SCV-, CV-], _guard-keeping; guard, protection_, 29. + + +D. + ++Dē+, prep. w. abl., _from; down from_, 32; of time, _in, about_, 7; +_for, on account of_, 7; _for, about, concerning_, 2, 4, 6, etc. + ++Dē·beō+ [for dehibeō], 2, -uī, -itum [HAB-], _have from_; impersonal, +_owe, ought_, 27, 33. + ++Decem+, num. adj. indecl. [DEC-], _ten_, 4. + ++Dē·cernō+, 3, -crēvī, -crētum [2 CER-, CRE-], _decide; decide upon, +decree_, 35. + ++Dē·certō+, 1 [2 CER-], _fight a decisive battle_, 10. + Cf. conflīgō, congredior, dīmicō, pūgnō. + ++Decimus+, -a, -um, adj. [DEC-], _tenth_, 21, 23, 25, 26. + ++Dē·clīvis+, -e, adj. [CLĪ-], _inclining down-hill, sloping_, 18. + ++Decumānus (deci-)+, -a, -um, adj. [DEC-], _of the tenth cohort_, in the +phrase, decumāna porta, _rear gate_, 24, main entrance to a Roman camp. + ++Dē·currō+, 3, -cucurrī or -currī, -cursum [CEL-, CER-], _run down_, +19, 21. + ++Dē·ditīcius+, -a, -um, adj. [1 DA-], _one who has surrendered_; as +noun, M., _prisoner of war_, 17; _subjects_, 32. + ++Dē·ditiō+, -ōnis, F. [1 DA-], _giving one’s self up; surrender_, 12, +13, 32, 33. + ++Dē·dō+, 3, -didī, -ditum [1 DA-], _give up_ or _away; surrender_, 15, +28, 32. + ++Dē·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead away, bring off_, 2, 33, 35; +_bring (to)_, 10, 31. + Cf. redigō. + ++Dē·fendō+, 3, -dī, -fēnsum [FEN-, FEND-], _thrust away; repel_, 29; +_defend_, 10, 12, 31, 33. + ++Dē·fēnsiō+, -ōnis, F. [FEN-, FEND-], _protection, defence_, 7. + ++Dē·fēnsor+, -ōris, M. [FEN-, FEND-], _defender_, 6, 12. + ++Dē·ferō+, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [1 FER-], _bear_ or _bring away; bear, +report_, 17, 19; _bestow_, 4; w. ad and acc. + ++Dē·ficiō+, 3, -fēcī, -fectum [FAC-], _make from; give out, fail_, 10; +_revolt (from), forsake, desert_, 14; w. ab and abl. + ++Dē·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl down; drive away, +dislodge_, 27. + ++Dē·iectus+, -ūs, M. [IA-, IAC-], _slope, declivity_, 8, 22. + Cf. dēclīvis, adclīvis. + ++De·inde+, adv. [2 I-], _from here; thereupon, then, in the next +place_, 1. + ++Dē·leō+, 2, -ēvī, -ētum [LI-], _wipe out, destroy_, 27. + ++Dē·ligō+, 3, -lēgī, -lēctum [1 LEG-, LIG-], _choose out; choose, +select_, 17, 18, 29. + Cf. ēlīgō. + ++Dē·mōnstrō+, 1 [1 MAN-, MEN-], _point out, explain, mention_, 1, 9, 22; +w. acc. and infin., 17. + ++Dēnique+, adv., _and thereupon, finally; at any rate, at least_, 33. + ++Dēnsus+, -a, -um, adj., _thick, dense, close_, 22. + ++Dē·pōnō+, 3, -posuī, -positum [1 SA-, SI-], _put aside_ or _down; lay +aside, place in safety_, 29. + ++Dē·populor+, 1 [SCAL-, SPOL-], _lay waste, ravage_, 7. + ++Dē·precor+, 1 [PREC-], _avert by praying; petition against, pray to be +spared_, 31. + ++Dē·serō+, 3, -uī, -tum [1 SER-, SVAR-], _undo, sever connection with; +abandon, desert_, 25, 29. + ++Dē·sistō+, 3, -stitī, -- [STA-], _remove from; cease, stop_, 11. + ++Dē·spectus+, -ūs, M. [SPEC-], _looking down upon; opportunity for +distant views, prospect_, 29. + ++Dē·spērō+, 1 [SPA-, PA-], _give up hope; despair of_, 24. + ++Dē·spoliō+, 1 [SCAL-, SPOL-], _rob, deprive_, 31; w. acc. and abl. + ++Dē·sum+, -esse, -fuī [ES-], _be away; be lacking, fail_, 21. + Cf. dēficiō. + ++Dē·terreō+, 2, -uī, -itum [TER-, TERS-], _frighten from; prevent, +deter_, 3. + ++Dē·trahō+, 3, -xī, -ctum, _drag from; take from, remove_, 25. + ++Dē·trūdō+, 3, -sī, -sum, _thrust away; remove_, 21. + Cf. dētrahō. + ++Dē·veniō+, 4, -vēnī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come down into; come +to, reach_, 21; w. prep. and acc. + Cf. adpropīnquō. + ++Dexter+, -tra, -trum, adj, _right, on the right hand_, 23, 25. + +(+Diciō+), -ōnis, F., no nom. [DIC-, DĪC-], _sway, control_, 34. + ++Dīcō+, 3, -xī, -ctum [DĪC-, DIC-], _point out by speaking; say, state, +mention_, 1, 3, 4, etc.; w. acc. and infin. + ++Diēs+, -ēī, M. and F. [DIV-, DI-], _day_, 2, 5, 6, etc. + ++Dif·ficilis (disf-)+, -e, adj. [FAC-], _not to be done; difficult, +hard_, 27. + ++Dif·ficultās (disf-)+, -ātis, F. [FAC-], _difficulty, strait, +trouble_, 20. + ++Dī·ligen·ter+, adv. [1 LEG-, LIG-], _attentively, scrupulously, with +painstaking_, 5, 28. + ++Dī·mētior+, 4, -mēnsus [1 MA-, MAN-], _measure off; stake off, lay out, +survey_, 19. + ++Dī·micō+, 1, _move rapidly back and forth; fight, contend_, 21. + Cf. cōnfligō, congredior, contendō. + ++Dī·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, mīssum [MIT-], _send out in different directions, +despatch_, 5, 14, 21. + ++Dī·ripiō+, 3, -uī, -reptum [RAP-, RVP-], _tear in pieces; sack, +plunder_, 17. + ++Dis·cēdō+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go apart; go away, depart_, 7, +11, 20. + ++Dis·cessus+, -ūs, M. [CAD-], _departure, withdrawal_, 14. + ++Dis·sipō+, 1, _scatter, break up_, 24. + ++Dis·tineō+, 2, -uī, -tentum [1 TA-, TEN-], _keep apart; prevent union +of, separate_, 5. + ++Diū+, adv. [DIV-, DI-], _by day; for a long time, long_; compar. +diūtius, 1, 6, 10. + ++Dī·versus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of dīvertō) [VERT-], _turned away from; +facing in different directions_, 22; _different_, 23; _separated_, 24. + ++Dīvīnus+, -a, -um, adj. [DIV-, DI-], _of the gods, divine_, 31. + ++Divitiacus+, -ī, M., _leader of the Ædui, brother of Dumnorix_, 5, 10, +14, 15; _chieftain of the Suessiones_, 4. + ++Dō+, dare, dedī, datum [1 DA-], _give_, 2, 3, 20, 21, 35; inter sē, +_exchange_, 1. + ++Doceō+, 2, -uī, -ctum [DIC-, DAC- (DOC-)], _show, teach, explain_, +5, 20. + ++Domesticus+, -a, -um, adj. [DOM-], _of home, native, own_, 10. + ++Domi·cilium+, -ī, N. [DOM-; 2 CAL-, SCAL-], _dwelling-place_, 29. + ++Dominor+, 1, _lord it, be master_, 31. + ++Domus+, -ūs, F. [DOM-], _home_, 10, 11, 24, 29. + ++Du·bitō+, 1 [DVA-; BA-], _go to and fro; doubt, hesitate_, 2, 23. + ++Du·centī+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [DVA-, DVI-; CEN-], _two hundred_, +18, 29. + ++Dūcō+, 3, -xī, ductum [DVC-], _lead, conduct_, 8, 12, 13, 19. + ++Dum+ [for dium], adv. [DIV-, DI-], _while_. + ++Duo+, -ae, -o, num. adj. [DVA-, DVI-], _two_, 2, 7, 8, 9, etc. + ++Duo·decimus+, -a, -um, adj. [DVA-, DVI-; DEC-], _twelfth_, 23, 25. + ++Duo·dē·vīgintī+, num. adj. indecl. [DVA-, DVI-], _eighteen_, 5. + ++Du·plex+, -icis, adj. [DVA-; PARC-, PLEC-], _twofold, double_, 29. + ++Dux+, -cis, M. [DVC-], _leader_, 23; _guide_, 7. + + +E. + ++Ē+ or +Ex+, prep. w. abl., _from, out of_, 3, 6, 13, etc.; _after_, 6; +_on_, 8; _in consequence of_, 35. + ++Eburōnēs+, -um, M., _Belgian people near the Rhine_, 4. + ++Ē·ditus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of ēdō) [1 DA-], _set forth; elevated, +rising_, 8. + ++Ē·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead out, lead forth_, 8. + ++Ef·ficiō (ecf-)+, 3, -fēcī, -fectum [FAC-], _work out; bring about, +effect_, 5, 17; w. ut and subj. + ++Ē·gredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go out; sally forth_, 24; _depart +from, go forth_, 11, 13. + ++Ē·gregiē+, adv., _out of the flock; remarkably, excellently_, 29. + ++Ē·ligō+, 3, -lēgī, -lēctum [1 LEG-, LIG-], _choose out; pick from, +choose_, 4. + Cf. dēligo. + ++Ē·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _send out; hurl, let fly_, 23. + ++Emō+, 3, ēmī, ēmptum [EM-], _take in exchange; buy_, 33. + ++Ē·nāscor+, 3, -nātus [GEN-, GN-, GNA-], _grow out, spring up; sprout +forth_, 17. + ++Enim+, co-ord. conj., post-positive, _for, in fact_, 17. + Cf. nam. + ++Eō+, adv. (old dat. or abl. N. of is) [2 I-], _there, thither_, 3, 5, +25, 33. + ++Equĕs+, -itis, M., [2 AC-], _horseman, cavalry-man, knight_, 9, 18, 19, +24, 26, 27. + ++Equester+, -tris, -tre, adj. [2 AC-], _of horsemen, cavalry_, 8, 9. + ++Equitātus+, -ūs, M. [2 AC-], _riding; cavalry_, 10, 11, 17, 19. + ++Ergō+, _because of; therefore_. + ++Ē·ruptiō+, -ōnis, F. [RAP-, RVP-], _bursting forth; sally_, 33. + ++Esuviī+, -ōrum, M., _people in Normandy_, 34. + ++Et+, co-ord. conj. _and_, 1, 2, 3, etc.; et ... et, _both ... and_, 3, +4, 5, etc. + ++Et·iam+, adv. and conj. _and now; also_, 1, 4, 14, 16, 17, 21; _even, +still_, 4, 25, 27. + ++Ē·ventus+, -ūs, M. [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _coming forth; outcome, issue, +result_, 22. + ++Ex+, see +Ē+. + ++Ex·agitō+, 1 [AG-], _disturb, harass_, 29. + ++Ex·animō+, 1 [AN-], _deprive of life; make breathless_, 23. + ++Ex·audiō+, 4 [2 AV-], _hear distinctly; hear from a distance_, 11. + ++Ex·cēdō+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go out; withdraw, go away_, 25. + ++Ex·cursiō+, -ōnis, F. [CEL-, CER-], _running forth; sally_, 30. + Cf. ēruptiō. + ++Ex·eō+, -īre, -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go out; withdraw_, 33. + Cf. excēdō. + ++Ex·ercitō+, 1 [ARC-] _(drive out of the enclosure), keep busy; train, +drill_, 20. + ++Ex·ercitus+, -ūs, M. [ARC-], _trained body of men; army_, 1, 2, 5, etc. + ++Ex·iguitās+, -ātis, F., _scantiness, shortness_, 21, 33. + ++Ex·imius+, -a, -um [EM-], _taken out from; eminent, excellent, +high_, 8. + ++Ex·istīmō+, 1, _judge, value; judge, think, believe_, 2, 15, 17, 31; w. +acc. and infin. + ++Ex·pedītus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of expediō) [PED-], _unencumbered, in +light marching order_, 19. + ++Ex·pellō+, 3, -pulī, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-], _drive out, banish_, 4. + ++Ex·perior+, 4, -pertus [1 PAR-, PER-], _try thoroughly; test, try_, 16. + ++Ex·plōrātor+, -ōris, M. [PLV- (PLOV-)], _searcher out; scout, spy_, 5, +11, 17. + Cf. speculātor. + ++Ex·plōrō+, 1 [PLV- (PLOV-)], _search out; try to find out, +reconnoitre_, 4. + ++Ex·pūgnō+, 1 [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _take by storm; take_, 9, 10, 12. + ++Ex-spectō+, 1 [SPEC-], _look out for greatly; wait for, await_, 9, +16, 20. + ++Ex·struō+, 3, -strūxī, -strūctum [STRV-], _pile up thoroughly; erect, +construct_, 30. + ++Extrēmus+, -a, -um, adj., _furthest; most distant, extreme_, 5, 8, 25; +_last_, 11, 27, 33. + + +F. + ++Facile+, adv. [FAC-], _easily_, 1, 6, 17, 18, 19, 25. + ++Facilis+, -e, adj. [FAC-], _able to be done; easy_, 27. + ++Faciō+, 3, fēcī, factum; pass. fīō, fĭerī, factus [FAC-], _do, +perform_, 3, 5, 6, etc.; _make_, 1, 2, 6, etc.; _cause, bring about_, +4, 11. + See certus. + ++Facultās+, -ātis, F. [FAC-], _power of doing; opportunity_; pl. +_resources, facilities_, 1. + ++Fallō+, 3, fefellī, falsum, _cause to stumble; deceive_, 10. + ++Fastīgātus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of fastīgō), _brought to a point; +sloping_, 8. + Cf. adclīvis, dēclīvis. + ++Ferāx+, -ācis, adj. [1 FER-], _apt to bear; fertile_, 4. + ++Ferē+, adv. [2 FER-, FRE-], _nearly, almost_, 23, 25, 31. + ++Ferō+, ferre, tulī, lātum [1 FER-], _bear, bring, carry_, 10, 26, 28; +_bear, endure_, 1, w. acc. and infin.; _rush_ (in pass.), 24. + ++Fertilitās+, -ātis, F. [1 FER-], _fruitfulness, fertility_, 4. + ++Ferus+, -a, -um, adj., _wild, fierce, ferocious_, 4, 15. + ++Fidēs+, fidē (rare), F. [1 FID-], _trust, confidence; protection_, 3, +13, 14, 15. + ++Fīlius+, -ī, M., _son_, 13. + ++Fīnis+, -is, M. [2 FID-], _dividing thing; end, limit_, 6, 19; pl. +_land, territory_, 2, 4, 5, etc. + ++Fīnitimus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 FID-], _bordering upon; neighboring_, 2; +pl. _neighbors_, 4, 16, 17, 28, 29, 31. + ++Fīō+, fĭerī, _factus, be made, become_, see +faciō+. + ++Flūmen+, -inis, N., _that which flows; river_, 5, 9, 10, etc. + ++Fōrs+, fōrte, nom. and abl. only, F. [1 FER-], _that which brings; +chance_, 21. + ++Fōrte+, adv., abl. of fōrs, _by chance; perhaps_, 31. + ++Fortis+, -e, adj. [2 FER-], _courageous, brave, stout-hearted_, 25, 33. + ++Fort·iter+, adv. [2 FER-], _bravely, gallantly_, 11, 21, 26. + ++Fōrtūna+, -ae, F. [1 FER-], _fortune_, 16, 22, 31. + ++Fossa+, -ae, F., _thing dug; ditch_, 5, 8, 12, 32. + ++Frāter+, -tris, M., _brother_, 3. + ++Fremitus+, -ūs, M., _dull roar; din, noise_, 24. + Cf. strepitus. + ++Frōns+, -ntis, F. [FVR-, FERV-], _brow; front_, 8, 23, 25. + ++Frūmentārius+, -a, -um, adj. [1 FVG-, FRVG-], _of grain_; w. res, +_grain supply_, 2, 10. + ++Frūmentum+, -ī, N. [1 FVG-, FRVG-], _thing eaten; corn, grain_, 3. + ++Fuga+, -ae, F. [2 FVG-], _fleeing; flight, rout_, 11, 12, 23, 24, +26, 27. + ++Fugiō+, 3, fūgī, -- [2 FVG-], _flee, fly_, 11, 24. + ++Fūmus+, -ī, M., _rushing thing; smoke_, 7. + ++Funditor+, -ōris, M., _slinger_, 7, 10, 19, 24. + ++Furor+, -ōris, M. [FVR-], _raging; blind passion, madness_, 3. + + +G. + ++Galba+, -ae, M., _king of the Suessiones_, 4, 13. + ++Galea+, -ae, F. [2 CAL-, SCAL-], _covering; helmet_, 21. + ++Gallia+, -ae, F., _Gaul_, 1, 2, 3, 4, 35. + ++Gallus+, -ī, M., _a Gaul_, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 17, 24, 30. + ++Gēns+, gentis, F., _what is begotten; race, tribe_, 28. + ++Germānī+, -ōrum, M., _Germans_, 1, 3, 4. + ++Gerō+, 3, gessī, gestum [GER-], _bear; carry on, go on with_, 9, 31, +35; pass., _be carried on, take place_, 2, 26; rēs gestae, _operations, +campaigns_, 35. + ++Gladius+, -ī, M. [CEL-, CER-], _sword_, 23, 25. + ++Grātia+, -ae, F., _favor, popularity, influence_, 6. + ++Gravis+, -e, adj., _heavy; severe, serious_, 25. + + +H. + ++Habeō+, 2 [HAB-], _grasp; have, possess_, 1, 3, 4, 8, 29; with reflex +pronoun, _be_, 19. + ++Hībernācula+, -ōrum, N. [HĪM-], _winter quarters_, 35. + ++Hībernus+, -a, -um, adj. [HĪM-], _belonging to winter_; hīberna +(castra), _winter quarters_, 1. + ++Hī·c+, haec, hōc, demonstr. pron. [CA-, CI-], _this, this of mine_, 1, +2, 4, etc.; _he, she, it_, 3, 4, 9, etc. + ++Hiemō+, 1 [HĪM-], _pass the winter_, 1. + ++Homō+, -inis, M. [HAM-], _man, person_, 1, 4, 6, 15, 27, etc. + ++Honōs (honor)+, -ōris, M., _honor, distinction_, 15. + ++Hostis+, -is, M., _one who hurts; enemy_, 5, 7, 8, 9, etc. + + +I. + ++Iaceō+, 2, -ui, -- [IA-, IAC-], _be thrown; lie_, 27. + ++Iaciō+, 3, iēcī, iactum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl, throw_, 6, 32, 33; _throw +up, construct_, 12. + ++Iam+, adv., _at this_ or _that time; now_, 19; neque iam, _and no +longer_, 5, 20, 25, 33. + ++Ibī+, adv. [2 I-], _in that place, there_, 4, 5, 8, etc. + ++Iccius+, -ī, M., _Belgian of high rank_, 3, 6, 7. + ++Ī·dem+, eadem, idem, determ. pron. [2 I-; 3 DA-], _the very; same_, 3, +6, 7, 16, etc. + ++Iden·t·idem+, adv. [2 I-], _very same; again and again_, 19. + ++I·dōneus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-], _fit; suitable_, 8, 17. + ++Īgnis+, -is, M. [AG-], _fire; camp-fire_, 7; _signal-fire, beacon_, 33. + ++Ille+, -a, -ud, gen. illīus, demonstr. pron. [ANA-], _that; that one, +the former_, 9, 33; _latter_, 19. + ++Illyricum+, -ī, N., _coastland on eastern side of upper Adriatic_, 35. + ++Im·pedīmentum (inp-)+, -ī, N. [PED-], _thing entangling; hindrance_, +25; pl., _baggage_, 17, 24, 29; _baggage-train, pack-animals_, 17, 19, +24, 26. + Cf. sarcina. + ++Im·pediō (inp-)+, 4 [PED-], _get the feet in, entangle; hinder, +embarrass, make difficult_, 9, 10, 17, 20, 22, 23, 28. + ++Im·pellō (inp-)+, 3, -pulī, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-, PVL-], _drive on; +incite, influence_, 14. + ++Im·perātor (inp-)+, -ōris, M. [2 PAR-, POR-], _commander_ (in chief), +25, 26. + ++Im·perātum+, -ī, N., _command_, 3, 35. + ++Im·perium (inp-)+, -ī, N. [2 PAR-, POR-], _command, order_, 1, 20, 22; +_chief command, authority_, 4, 23; _power, control_, 1, 3, 11. + ++Im·perō (inp-)+, 1 [2 PAR-, POR-], _put a command upon; impose upon, +command_, 3, 21, 28, 32, 35; _direct, dictate_, 11, 33; w. dat. and +subjunctive w. ut. + ++Im·petrō (inp-)+, 1 [POT-], _accomplish; obtain, succeed in obtaining a +request_, 12; w. ut and subjunctive. + ++Im·petus (inp-)+, -ūs, M. [PET-], _onset, attack, charge_, 11, 19, 21, +24, 25; _fury, violence_, 6. + ++Im·prō·vīsus (inp-)+, -a, -um, adj. [VID-], _not foreseen_; dē +imprōvīsō, _unexpectedly, without notice_, 3. + ++In+, prep. w. acc. and abl. [ANA-], _into, to_, 2, 3, 5; _in_, 5, 8, +29, etc.; _in, within, on_, 1, 2, 8, etc.; _upon, over_, 5, 29, 30; +_among_, 25; _in the case of_, 32. + ++In·cendō+, 3, -dī, -cēnsum, _put fire in; set on fire_, 7. + ++In·cĭdō+, 3, -cĭdī, -- [CAD-], _fall into; happen, occur_, 14. + Cf. accĭdō, ēveniō. + ++In·cīdō+, 3, -cīdī, -cīsum [2 SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-], _cut into, +notch_, 17. + ++In·cipiō+, 3, -cēpī, -ceptum [CAP-], _take in hand; begin_, 2; w. +compl. infin. + ++In·citō+, 1 [CI-], _set in rapid motion; urge on, hurry, hasten_, 26. + Cf. impellō. + ++In·colō+, 3, -uī, -- _inhabit, live in_, 4; _live, dwell_, 3, 35. + ++In·crē·dibilis+, -e, adj. [CRAT-; 2 DA-], _not to be believed; +marvellous, incredible_, 19. + ++In·crepitō+, 1, --, --, _make noise against; upbraid, taunt, +abuse_, 15, 30. + ++In·cūsō+, 1 [CAV-], _make charges against, accuse, rebuke_, 15. + ++Inde+, adv. [2 I-], _from that; then, next_, 19. + ++In·dīgnitās+, -ātis, F., _unworthiness; outrage, insult_, 14. + ++In·dī·ligen·ter+, adv. [1 LEG-, LIG-], _carelessly, listlessly_, 33. + ++In·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead into; draw on, cover_, 33. + ++Ind·uō+, 3, -uī, -ūtum, _put into; put on_, 21. + ++In·eō+, -īre, -īvī and -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go into; enter upon, +undertake_, 33; _begin_, 2, 35. + ++In·ermis+, -e, adj. [AR-], _without armor; unarmed_, 27. + ++Īnferior+, -ius, adj. (compar. of īnferus), _lower_, 25; _inferior_, 8. + ++Īnfimus+, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of above), _lowest; lowest part of, +bottom_, 18. + ++Īn·ferō+, -ferre, -tulī, illātum (inlatum) [1 FER-], _bring into; make +upon, wage_, 14, 29; _inspire in_, 25; _bring upon, cause, inflict_, 14, +32; _carry forward, advance_, 25, 26; _bring in, import_, 15; w. acc., +or acc. and dat. + ++Īn·flectō+, 3, -flēxī, -flexum, _bend, bend down_, 17. + ++In·gredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go into, enter_, 4. + ++In·imīcus+, -a, -um, adj. [AM-], _not friendly; hostile_, 31. + Cf. hostis. + ++In·īquitās+, -ātis, F. [IC-, AIC-], _unevenness, inequality_, 22. + ++In·īquus+, -a, -um, adj. [IC-, AIC-], _not equal; uneven, unfavorable_, +10, 23, 27, 33. + ++In·itium+, -ī, N. [1 I-], _entering upon; beginning_, 9; w. partit. +gen. + ++In·iūria+, -ae, F. [IV-, IVG-], _thing done contrary to justice; wrong, +injury, violence_, 28, 32, 33. + ++In·nītor+, 3, -nīxus, _lean upon, prop one’s self on_, 27. + ++In·rīdeō (irr-)+, 2, -rīsī, -rīsum, _laugh in ridicule; laugh at, +mock_, 30. + ++Īn·sequor+, 3, -secūtus [SEC-], _follow close upon; follow up, pursue_, +19, 23. + ++Īn·sidiae+, -ārum, F. [SED-, SID-], _taking a position at; stratagem, +trap, snare_, 11. + ++Īn·sīgne+, -is, N. [3 SAC-], _distinctive mark; sign, signal_, 20; +_ornament, crest_, 21. + ++Īn·sistō+, 3, -stitī, -- [STA-], _set one’s self on; take a stand +on_, 27; w. dat. + ++Īn·star+, indecl., N., _image_; used as pred. adj., _like, in form of_, +17; w. gen. + ++Īn·stō+, 1, -stitī, -statūrus [STA-], _stand upon; press forward_, 25. + ++Īn·struō+, 3, -strūxī, -strūctum [STRV-], _build into; arrange, draw +up_, 8, 20, 22; _build, erect_, 30. + ++Intel·legō (interl-)+, 3, -lēxī, -lēctum [1 LEG-], _choose between; +understand, be aware, know, find out_, 8, 10, 33; w. acc. and infin.; +14, w. indir. quest. + ++Inter+, prep. w. acc. [ANA-], _in the midst; between_, 9, 17; _among_, +1, 4, 6, 15, 19, 24, 31. + ++Inter·cēdō+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go between; be between, move +between_, 17. + ++Inter·cipiō+, 3, -cēpī, -ceptum [CAP-], _take between; intercept_, 27. + ++Inter·eā+, adv. [ANA-; 2 I-] _between these things; in the meantime, +meanwhile_. + ++Inter·ficiō+, 3, -fēcī, -fectum [FAC-], _make to be between, break in +pieces; kill, put to death_, 10, 11, 23, 25, 31. + Cf. concīdō, occīdō. + ++Inter·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl between; place_ or +_plant among_, 17; pass., _intervene_, 22. + ++Inter·im+, adv. [ANA-; 2 I-], _in the meantime, meanwhile_, 9, 12, +19, 26. + ++Interior+, -ius, adj., compar. of obsolete interus [ANA-], _inner, +interior of_, 2. + ++Inter·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _make go apart; discontinue, +cease_, 25. + ++Inter·neciō+, -ōnis, F. [1 NEC-, NOC-], _complete destruction, +annihilation_, 28. + ++Inter·scindō+, 3, -scidī, -scissum [2 SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-], _separate +by splitting; cut down, hew away, demolish_, 9. + ++Inter·sum+, -esse, -fuī [ES-], _be between; be the concern of, +concern_, 5; w. gen. of price. + ++Inter·vāllum+, -ī, N. [1 VEL-, VAL-], _space between stakes of a +palisade; distance, interval_, 23. + Cf. spatium. + ++In·texō+, 3, -uī, -xtum [TEC-, TAX-], _weave in; plait_, 33. + ++Intrā+, prep. w. acc. [ANA-], _on the inside; within_, 4, 18, 19. + ++Intrō+, 1 [ANA-], _enter, penetrate_, 17. + ++Intrō·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead in, bring in_, 5, 10. + ++Intrō·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _cause to go within; let in, +admit_, 33. + ++Intr·ōrsus+, adv. [VERT-], _towards the inside; into the interior, +within_, 18. + ++In·ūsitātus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AV-], _unusual, strange_, 31. + ++In·ūtilis+, -e, adj. [1 AV-], _useless; unserviceable, incapable_, 16; +w. ad and acc. + ++In·veniō+, 4, -venī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come upon; find, +learn_, 16; w. acc. and infin. + Cf. cōgnōscō. + ++In·veterāscō+, 3, -āvī, -- [VET-], _become of long standing; gain a +permanent foothold_, 1. + ++In·videō+, 2, -vīdī, -vīsum [VID-], _look towards; be jealous of, +envy_, 31. + ++I·pse+, -a, -um (gen. ipsīus), intensive pron. [2 I-; 3 SA-], _person_ +or _thing mentioned; self_, 3, 4, 5, etc.; sometimes conveniently +rendered _he, they (the latter)_, 2, 20, 29. + ++Is+, ea, id, determ. pron. [2 I-], _person_ or _thing mentioned; he, +that, this_, 1, 2, 3, etc.; akin to talis, foll. by subj. clause, 9, 16. + ++Ita+, adv. [2 I-], _in the way stated; so, thus_, 11, 33; w. ut, _in +the way that, just as, as_, 1. + ++Ītalia+, -ae, F., _Italy_, 29, 35. + ++Ita·que+, conj. [2 I-; CA-, CI-], _and so; therefore_, 7, 22. + ++Item+, adv. [2 I-], _even so; so, likewise_, 1, 8, 13, 21, 23, 26. + ++Iter+, itineris, N. [1 I-], _going; march, route, line of march, road_, +6, 11, 12, 16, 17, 29. + ++Iubeō+, 2, iūssī, iūssum [IV-, IVG-], _order, command, bid_, 5, 11, 25, +28, 33, 35; w. acc. and infin. + ++Iū·dicō+, 1 [IV-, IVG-; DIC-], _declare what is law; judge, suppose, +think_, 27. + ++Iugum+, -ī, N. [IV-, IVG-], _joining; ridge, chain of hills_, 24. + ++Iūs+, iūris, N. [IV-, IVG-], _thing binding; constitution, law_, 3. + ++Iūstitia+, -ae, F. [IV-, IVG-], _uprightness, justice, fairness_, 4. + ++Iuvō+, 1, iūvī, iūtum [DIV-, DI-, DIAV-], _delight; help, assist_, 3. + ++Iūxtā+, adv. [IV-, IVG-], _closely joined; close by, near at hand_, 26. + + +L. + ++L.+, _prænomen Lucius_, 11. + ++Labiēnus+, -ī, M., _Titus Labienus, most eminent of Cæsar’s +lieutenants_, 1, 11, 26. + ++Lapis+, -idis, M., _stone_, 6. + ++Lassitūdō+, -inis, F. [LAG-], _faintness, exhaustion_, 23. + ++Lateō+, 2, -uī, --, _lie hidden; be concealed_, 19. + ++Lātitūdō+, -inis, F. [STER-, STRA-, STLA-], _breadth; width, expanse, +extent_, 7, 8, 12, 29; _lateral direction_, 17. + ++Lātus+, -a, -um, adj. [STER-, STRA-, STLA-], _extended; broad, wide_, +4, 27. + ++Latus+, -eris, N. [PLAT-], _thing extending; side, flank_, 5, 8, +23, 25. + ++Laxō+, 1 [LAG], _loose; change to open order, widen_, 25. + ++Lēgātiō+, -ōnis, F. [3 LEG-], _embassy, legation_, 35. + ++Lēgātus+, -ī, M. [3 LEG-], _envoy_, 6, 12, 15, 28, 31, 35; +_lieutenant_, 2, 5, 9, 11, 20. + ++Legiō+, -ōnis, F. [1 LEG-], _levying; largest military division, +consisting of 10 cohorts; legion_, 2, 8, 17, etc. + ++Legiōnārius+, -a, -um, adj. [1 LEG-], _belonging to a legion; +legionary_, 27. + ++Lēn·iter+, adv. [1 I-], _gently, moderately_, 8, 29. + ++Levis+, -e, adj. [2 LEG-], _lightly moving; light_, 10, 24. + ++Levitās+, -ātis, F. [2 LEG-], _lightness; inconstancy, fickleness_, 1. + ++Lēx+, lēgis, F. [3 LEG-], _thing read; written law, law_, 3. + Cf. iūs. + ++Līberāl·iter+, adv. [LIB-; 1 I-], _generously, graciously_, 5. + ++Līberī+, -erōrum, M. [LIB-], _those who do as they desire, free +persons; children (of free parents)_, 5. + ++Littera+, -ae, F. [LI-], _written character_; pl., _letter, letters; +despatch, despatches_, 1, 2, 35. + ++Locus+, -ī, M., _that placed or situated; place, point, position, +situation_, 2, 4, 5, etc.; _state, condition_, 26; pl., +loca+, -ōrum, +N., _region, section, tract_, 4, 19. + ++Longē+, adv. [2 LEG-], _in length; far, at a distance_, 4, 5, 19, +20, 21. + ++Longus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 LEG-], _long, lengthy_, 21. + ++Loquor+, 3, locūtus, _speak, talk_, 31. + ++Lūx+, lūcis, F., _that which shines; light, dawn, daylight_, 11. + + +M. + ++Māchinātiō+, -ōnis, F., _contrivance, engine, machine_, 30, 31. + ++Magis+, adv. [MAC-, MAG-], _in a higher degree; more_, 22, 32. + ++Magistrātus+, -ūs, M. [MAC-, MAG-], _magistracy, ruler_, 3. + ++Māgnitūdō+, -inis, F. [MAC-, MAG-], _greatness, size, height_, 12, +27, 30. + ++Māgnus+, -a, -um, adj. [MAC-, MAG-], _increased; great_, 4, 5, 6, etc. + ++Māior+, -ius, adj., compar. of above, _greater_; māior nātū, _elder_, +13, 28. + ++Male·ficium+, -ī, N. [MAL-; FAC-], _evil-doing; outrage, hostile +act_, 28. + Cf. iniūria, indīgnitās. + ++Man·dō+, 1 [1 MA-, MAN-; 2 DA-], _put into one’s hands; give in charge, +enjoin, order_, 5; _entrust, consign_, 24; w. acc. and dat. + ++Mani·pulus+, -ī, M. [1 MA-, MAN-; PLE-, PLV-], _thing filling the hand; +(subdivision of a cohort), company, maniple_, 25. + ++Mān·suētūdō+, -inis, F. [1 MA-, MAN-; SOVO-, SVO-], _tameness; +gentleness, kindness_, 14, 31. + Cf. clēmentia. + ++Manus+, -ūs, F. [1 MA-, MAN-], _measuring thing; hand_, 13, 19, 30; +_band, force_, 2, 5. + ++Maritimus (-umus)+, -a, -um, adj., _of the sea; on the coast, +maritime_, 34. + ++Mātūrō+, 1, make ripe; _hasten, make haste_, 5. + Cf. contendō. + ++Māximē+, adv., superl. of magis, q.v.; _most, very_, 4. + ++Medius+, -a, -um, adj., _in the middle; middle of_, 7. + ++Memoria+, -ae, F. [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _faculty of remembering; +recollection, memory_, 4, 21. + ++Menapiī+, -ōrum, M., _Gallic tribe between the Meuse and Scheld_, 4. + ++Mercātor+, -ōris, M. [2 SMAR-, MER-], _trader_, 15. + ++Meritum+, -ī, N. [2 SMAR-, MER-], _thing deserved; deserts, merit_, 32. + ++Mīles+, -itis, M. [MĪL-], _one of the thousand; soldier_, 11, 20, 21, +etc. + ++Mīlitāris+, -e, adj. [MĪL-], _of soldiers; pertaining to war, +military_, 4, 22. + ++Mīlle+, pl. mīlia or mīllia, num. adj. [MĪL-], _large number +associated; thousand_, 4, 6, 7, etc. + ++Minimē+, adv., superl. of minus, _least_, 33. + ++Minor+, -us, adj. [2 MAN-, MI-], _smaller_; minus, N., as adv., _less_, +1, 7, 20; _not_ (= nōn), 9. + ++Miser+, -era, -erum, adj. [MIS-], _wretched, miserable_, 28. + ++Miseri·cordia+, -ae, F. [MIS-], _heart-pity; pity, compassion_, 28. + ++Mittō+, 3, mīsī, mīssum [MIT-], _let go; send, despatch_, 2, 3, 5, etc. + ++Mōbilitās+, -ātis, F. [1 MV-, MOV-], _ability to be moved, agility; +fickleness, inconstancy_, 1. Opp. to stabilitās. + Cf. levitās. + ++Modo+, adv. [2 MA-, MAD-], _in a measure; only, merely_, 17, 21. + ++Modus+, -ī, M. [2 MA-, MAD-], _measuring thing; manner, fashion_, 31. + ++Moenia+, -ium, N. [2 MV-], _things that ward off; walls, city walls_, +6, 31. + ++Molestē+, adv. [MAC-, MAG-], _in a troublesome manner_; molestē +ferre, _be annoyed or vexed_, 1; w. acc. and infin. + ++Moneō+, 2 [1 MAN-, MEN-], _cause to think; direct_, 26; w. acc., foll. +by clause w. ut. + ++Mora+, -ae, F. [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _stopping, delay_, 15. + ++Morinī+, -ōrum, M., _tribe of Belgæ on Channel, near Calais_, 4. + ++Moror+, 1 [1 SMAR-, MAR-], _linger, tarry, delay_, 7, 10, 11. + ++Mōs+, mōris, M. [1 MA-, MAN-], _will; custom, manner_, 13, 15. + Cf. cōnsuētūdō. + ++Moveō+, 2, mōvī, mōtum [1 MV-, MOV-], _set in motion; move_, 2, 31. + ++Mulier+, -eris, F. [MAL-], _woman, female_, 13, 16, 28. + ++Multitūdō+, -inis, F., _large number, body_, 4, 5, 6, etc.; _quantity, +number_, 10, 32. + ++Multus+, -a, -um, adj., _much_, pl. _many_, 11, 25, 29. + ++Mūnīmentum+, -ī, N. [2 MV-], _means of defence; fortification, +defence_, 17. + ++Mūniō+, 4 [2 MV-], _wall; fortify, erect defences about, protect, +make_, (castra), 5, 12, 19, 20, 29. + ++Mūnītiō+, -ōnis, F. [2 MV-], _fortifying; fortification, works_, 33. + ++Mūrus+, -ī, M. [2 MV-], _encircling thing; wall, city wall_, 6, 12, 13, +17, 29, 30, 32. + Cf. moenia. + + +N. + ++Nam+, co-ord. conj. [GNA-], _for_, 6, 14, 16, 19, 23, 30; as enclitic, +quisnam, _really, pray_, 30. + Cf. the postpositive enim. + ++Nāscor+, 3, nātus [GEN-, GNA-], _be born; begin, arise_, 18. + ++Nātiō+, -ōnis, F. [GEN-, GNA-], _birth; race, people_, 35. + Cf. populus, gēns. + ++Nātūra+, -ae, F. [GEN-, GNA-], _birth; nature, character_, 8, 15, 18, +22, 29. + +(+Nātus+, -ūs), only abl. sing., M. [GEN-, GNA-], _birth_, 13, 28. + ++Nāvō+, 1 [GNA-, GNO-], _perform with knowledge and zeal; do one’s best, +exert one’s self_, 25. + ++Nē+, adv. and conj. [NA-], _no_; adv., _not_, 3, 17; conj., _that not, +lest_ (after expressions involving fear), 1, 5, 8, etc. + ++Necessārius+, -a, -um, adj. [2 NEC-], _unavoidable; pressing, +urgent_, 21. + ++Necessitās+, -ātis, F. [2 NEC-], _unavoidableness; necessity, +compulsion_, 11; _urgency_, 22. + ++Neg·ōtium+, -ī, N., [1 AV-], _not leisure; business, task_, 2; +_trouble, difficulty_, 17. + ++Nē·mō+, --, dat. nēminī, abl. wanting, M. and F. [HAM-], _no man; +nobody, no one_, 33. + ++Ne·que+ or +nec+, adv. [NA-; CA-, CI-], _and not, and so not_, 3, 5, +10, etc.; neque ... neque, _neither ... nor_, 11, 12, 15, 25. + ++Nē·quī·quam+, adv. [CA-, CI-], _not in any way; to no purpose, in +vain_, 27. + ++Nerviī+, -ōrum, M., _most warlike tribe of the Belgæ_, 4, 15, 16, etc. + ++Neuter+, -tra, -trum, gen. -trīus, adj. [CA-, CI-], _neither +(of two)_, 9. + ++Nē·ve+ or +neu+, conj. [NA-], _and not; and that not_, 21. + ++Nihil+, indecl., N. [NA-], _nothing_, 15, 26, 28; as adv., _not at +all_, 17, 20. + ++Ni·si+, conj. [NA-; SOVO-, SVO-], _if not, unless, except_, 6, 20, 32. + ++Nōbilitās+, -ātis, F. [GNA-, GNO-], _being known; high birth_, 6. + ++Noctū+, adv. [1 NEC-, NOC-], _by night_, 33. + ++Nōlō+, nōlle, nōluī, --, [VOL-], _not wish; be unwilling_, 1. + ++Nōmen+, -inis, N. [GNA-, GNO-], _means of knowing; name_, 4, 6, 28. + ++Nōminātim+, adv. [GNA-, GNO-], _by name, expressly_, 25. + ++Nōminō+, 1 [GNA-, GNO-], _name, mention_, 18. + ++Nōn+, adv. [NA-; 2 I-], _not one; not_, 2, 6, 8, etc. + ++Nōn·dum+, adv. [NA-; DIV-], _not yet_, 11. + ++Nōn·nūllus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-], _not none; some_, 1, 25. + ++Nōnūs+, -a, -um, adj., _ninth_, 23. + ++Nōs+, nostrum, pl. of ego, pron. [NV-], _we_, 9. + ++Noster+, -stra, -strum, poss. pron. [NV-], _our, ours_, 1, 4, 8, etc. + ++Novem+, num. adj., indecl., _nine_, 4. + ++Noviodūnum+, -ī, N., _chief town of Suessiones_, 12. + ++Novus+, -a, -um, adj. [NV-], _new, fresh_, 1, 2; _strange, novel_, 31; +superl., _last, in the rear_, 11, 25, 26. + ++Nox+, -ctis, F. [1 NEC-, NOC-], _night_, 6, 7, 12, 17. + ++Nūdō+, 1, _make bare; bare, strip_, 6; _leave unguarded_, 23. + ++N·ūllus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-], _not any; none, no_, 11, 15, 32; as +dat. of nēmō, _no one_, 6, 35. + ++Numerus+, -ī, M., _distributed thing; number, amount, numbers_, 4, 10, +17, 33. + ++Numida+, -ae, M., _Numidian_, 7, 10, 24. + ++Nun·c+, adv. [NV-; CA-, CI-], _now, at the present time_, 4. + ++Nūntiō+, 1 [NV-], _announce, report_, 2, 26, 28, 29, 32. + ++Nūntius+, -ī, M. [NV-], _person_ or _thing newly come; messenger_, 1; +_message, news_, 2, 6; w. acc. and infin. + + +O. + ++Ob+, prep. w. acc. [APA-], _towards; on account of_, 35. + ++Ob·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead towards; extend, construct_, 8. + ++Ob·itus+ (-ūs), M. [1 I-], _going to; destruction_, 29. + Cf. interneciō. + ++Ob·sĕs+, -idis, M. and F. [SED-], _one staying in a place; hostage_, 1, +3, 5, 13, 15, 35. + ++Ob·tineō+, 2, -uī, -tentum [1 TA-, TEN-], _lay hold of; have possession +of, hold_, 4. + ++Ob·veniō+, 4, -vēnī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come in the way of; +come against, meet_, 23; w. dat. + ++Oc·cāsus (obc-)+, -ūs, M. [CAD-], _going down; setting_, 11. + ++Oc·cīdō (obc-)+, 3, -cīdī, -cīsum [2 SAC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-], _strike +against; kill, slay_, 10, 25, 33. + ++Oc·cultus (obc-)+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of occulō) [2 CAL-], _covered +over; hidden, secret_, 18. + ++Oc·cupō (obc-)+, 1 [CAP-], _take hold of; cover, occupy_, 8; _take +possession of, hold_, 1; pass., _be engaged, occupy one’s self_, 19. + ++Oc·currō (obc-)+, 3, -currī, -cursum [CEL-, CER-], _run towards; fall +in with, meet; come against_, 21, 24, 27. + Cf. obveniō. + ++Ōceanus+, -ī, M., _ocean, Atlantic_, 34. + ++Octāvus+, -a, -um, adj., _eighth_, 23. + ++Octō+, num. adj., indecl., _eight_, 6, 7. + ++Of·ferō (obf-)+, -ferre, obtulī, oblātum [1 FER-], _bring towards; +offer, bear, carry_, 21. + ++O·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _let go; neglect, leave +untried_, 17. + ++Omnis+, -e, adj. [AP-, OP-], _every, all, entire_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Onus+, -eris, N. [AN-], _burden; bulk, weight_, 30. + ++Opera+, -ae, F. [AP-, OP-], _working; work, service_, 25. + ++Opīniō+, -ōnis, F. [AP-, OP-], _thinking; impression, idea, +expectation_, 8, 35; _reputation_, 8, 24. + ++O·portet+, 2, -uit, --, impers. [2 PAR-, POR-], _is necessary; must, +ought_, 20; w. pass. infin. or acc. and infin. + ++Op·pidānus (obp-)+, -a, -um, adj. [PED-], _of a town_; as noun, M., +_townsman, inhabitant of a town (other than Rome)_, 7, 33. + ++Op·pidum (obp-)+, -ī, N. [PED-], _on the ground; town_, 3, 4, 6, etc. + Cf. urbs; vīcus. + ++Op·portūnus (obp-)+, -a, -um, adj. [1 PAR-, PER-], _of what is opposite +the harbor; suitable, convenient_, 8. + Cf idōneus. + ++Op·pūgnātiō (obp-)+, -ōnis, F. [PAC-, PVG-], _act of assaulting; mode +of attack, assault_, 6. + ++Op·pūgnō+, 1 [PAC-, PVG-], _fight against; attack, storm_, 6; _carry by +assault_, 12. + +(+Ops+), opis, F. (no nom. or dat. sing.) [AP-, OP-], _obtaining thing; +help, aid_, 31; pl., _resources_, 14. + ++Optimus+, -a, -um, adj. used as superl. of bonus [AP-, OP-], +_best_, 10. + ++Opus+, -eris, N. [AP-, OP-], _obtaining thing; work, siege-work_, 12, +19, 20, 21; quantō opere, _how greatly_, māgnō opere, _very much_, 5. + ++Opus+, indecl. N. (really same word as above) [AP-, OP-], w. est, _is +necessary, is needed_, 8, 22. + ++Ōrātiō+, -ōnis, F., _speaking; address, speech, words_, 5, 21. + ++Ōrdō+, -inis, M. [OL-, OR-], _weaving; succession, order_, 11, 19, 22; +_rank, line_, 11, 19. + ++Orior+, 4, ortus [OL-, OR-], _bestir one’s self; arise, be raised_, 24; +_be descended from_, 4. + ++Osismī+, -ōrum, M., _people of Gaul (in Brittany)_, 34. + + +P. + ++P.+, abbrev. of Publius, 25, 34. + ++Pābulum+, -ī, N. [PA-], _thing affecting feeding; fodder, forage_, 2. + ++Pācō+, 1 [PAC-], _bring to peace; subdue_, 1, 35. + ++Paemanī+, -ōrum, M., _German tribe of the Belgæ_, 4. + ++Paene+, adv., _nearly, almost_, 10, 24. + ++Palūs+, -ūdis, F., _thing having wet clay; marsh, swamp, morass_, 9, +10, 28. + ++Pandō+, 3, -dī, passum [2 PAT-, PAD-], _cause to go; spread out, +extend_, 13. + ++Pār+, paris, adj. [1 PAR-, PER-], _equal_, 18. + ++Parātus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of parō) [2 PAR-, POR-], _brought; made +ready, ready, prepared_, 3, 9, 21; w. infin. or expression of purpose. + ++Pars+, partis, F. [2 PAR-, POR-], _that cut; part, portion_, 1, 4, 9, +etc.; _quarter, direction_, 21, 24, 29; _point, side_, 5, 8, 22. + ++Partim+, adv. (acc. of Pars) [2 PAR-, POR-], _by a dividing; partly_, +1, 33. + ++Parvulus+, -a, -um, dim. adj. [PAV-], _very small; slight, +unimportant_, 30. + ++Passus+, -ūs, M. [1 PAT-], _going; double pace, step, pace_, 8, 18; +mīlia passuum, _mile_ (= 5000 feet), 6, 7, 11, 13, 16. + ++Pate·faciō+, 3, -fēcī, -factum [2 PAT-; FAC-], _make open; open, throw +open_, 32. + ++Pateō+, 2, -uī, -- [2 PAT-], _stand open; be open, spread out, +extend_, 7, 8. + ++Pater+, -tris, M. [PA-], _accomplisher of protecting or nourishing; +father_, 4. + ++Patior+, 3, passus, _suffer, endure_, 31; _suffer, allow_, 15. + ++Patrius+, -a, -um, adj. [PA-], _of a father; of one’s ancestors, +ancestral_, 15. + ++Paucus+, -a, -um, adj. [PAV-], _made to cease_; pl. only, _few_, 18; as +substantive, _a few, small number_, 12. + ++Paulātim+, adv. [PAV-], _by little and little; gradually, gently_, +8, 26. + ++Paulis·per+, adv. [PAV-; 1 PAR-], _for a short time_, 7. + ++Paulō+, adv. (abl. N. of paulus) [PAV-], _by a little; a little_, 20. + ++Paululum+, dim. adv. [PAV-], _very little; very slightly_, 8. + ++Paulum+, adv. (acc. N. of paulus) [PAV-], _a little_, 25. + ++Pāx+, pācis, F. [PAC-], _binding thing; peace_, 6, 13, 15, 29, 31, 32. + ++Pedĕs+, -itis, M. [PED-], _one that goes on foot; foot-soldier_, 24. + ++Pedester+, -tris, -tre, adj. [PED-], _of infantry, infantry_, 17. + ++Pedius+, -ī, M., _Quintus Pedius_, Cæsar’s nephew, and lieutenant under +him, 2, 11. + ++Pellis+, -is, F. [PLE-], _hide, skin_, 33. + ++Pellō+, 3, pepulī, pulsum [PAL-, PEL-], _cause to move; drive, +dislodge_, 24; _rout, defeat_, 17, 19, 24. + ++Per+, prep. w. acc. [1 PAR-, PER-], _through; by, by means of_, 11, 20, +31; _on account of_, 16; _through, by way of_, 16; _over_, 10. + ++Per·ferō+, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [1 FER-], _carry through; bear, +endure_, 14; _bear, spread among_, 35. + ++Perīclitor+, 1 [1 PAR-, PER-], _test; prove, make trial_, 8. + ++Perīculum+, -ī, N. [1 PAR-, PER-], _means of trying, trial; danger, +peril_, 5, 11, 26. + ++Per·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _let through; yield, give up_, 3, +31; w. acc. and dat. + ++Per·moveō+, 2, -mōvī, -mōtum [1 MV-, MOV-], _stir up thoroughly; +disturb, alarm_, 12, 24. + ++Per·spiciō+, 3, -spēxī, -spectum [SPEC-], _see through_, 17, 18; +_perceive clearly, find out, ascertain_, 11, 17, 32. + ++Per·suādeō+, 2, -sī, -sum, _thoroughly advise; prevail upon, persuade_, +10, 16; w. dat. and subjunctive w. ut. + ++Per·terreō+, 2 [TER-], _thoroughly frighten; demoralize, render +panic-stricken_, 24, 27. + Cf. perturbō. + ++Per·tineō+, 2, -uī, -- [1 TA-, TEN-], _thoroughly hold; extend +to_, 19. + ++Per·turbō+, 1 [TVR-], _throw into utter confusion; disconcert, alarm_, +11, 21. + Cf. permoveō. + ++Per·veniō+, 4, -vēnī, -ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come quite to; reach, +arrive at_, 2, 11, 15, 17. + ++Pēs+, pedis, M. [PED-], _going thing; foot_, 5, 18, 29, 30. + ++Petō+, 3, -īvī and -iī, -ītum [PET-], _fall upon; seek_, 20, 24; _aim +at, make for_, 11, 23; _seek, make request, ask_, 12, 14, w. ut and +subjunct.; _ask, beg_, 13, 31, w. acc. + ++Pīlum+, -ī, N. [PIS-], _crushing thing; heavy javelin_, 23, 27. + ++Plānitiēs+ (-ēī), F. [PLAT-], _flatness; level stretch of country, +plain_, 8. + ++Plērum·que+, adv. (acc. N. of plērusque), _for the most part, +generally_, 30. + ++Plērus·que+, -raque, -rumque, adj. [PLE-; CA-, CI-], _larger part of; +most of_, 4. + ++Plūrimus+, -a, -um, adj. (used as superl. of multus) [PLE-, PLO-, +PLV-], _most_; acc. N. as adv., _most_, 4. + ++Pol·liceor+, 2 [LIC-, LIQV-], _offer very much; offer, promise_, 4, 35. + ++Pondus+, -eris, N., _weighing thing; weight, bulk_, 29. + Cf. onus. + ++Pōnō+ [for portsinō], 3, posuī, positum [1 SA-, SI-], _let down; place, +establish, pitch_, 5, 7, 8, 13; _place, base on_, 11. + ++Pōns+, pontis, M. [1 PAT-], _means of going; bridge_, 5, 9, 10. + ++Populor+, 1 [SCAL-, SPOL-], _pour out people; lay waste, ravage, raid_, +5, 9. + Cf. dēpopulor, vāstō. + ++Populus+, -ī, M. [PLE-, PLO-], _the many; people, nation_, 1, 3, 13, +etc. + Cf. gēns. + ++Por·rēctus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of porrigō) [REG-, RIG-], _stretched +out, stretched forward_, 19. + ++Porta+, -ae, F. [1 PAR-, POR-], _thing passed through; gate_, 6, 24, +32, 33. + ++Portō+, 1 [1 PAR-, POR-], _bear along, carry, convey_, 5, 29. + ++Poscō+, 3, poposcī, -- [PREC-] _ask for urgently; demand, +request_, 15. + Cf. petō. + ++Pos·sideō+, 2, -sēdī, -sessum [SED-], _have and hold, possess_, 4. + ++Pos·sum+, posse, potuī [POT-], _be able, can_, 1, 3, 4, etc.; _amount +to, be influential_ or _powerful_, 4, 8. + ++Post+, prep. w. acc. [POS-], _behind; after_, 14, 29; _behind_, 5, +9, 19. + ++Post·eā+, adv. [POS-; 2 I-], _after this; afterwards_, 17, 30, 32. + ++Post·quam+, conj. [POS-; CA-], _after that; after, as soon as, +when_, 5. + ++Postrēmō+, _at last, finally_. + ++Postrī·diē+, adv. (contr. from posterō diē) [POS-; DIV-, DI-], _on the +day after_, 12, 33; w. gen. + ++Postulō+, 1 [PREC-], _ask, demand, require_, 4, 22, 33. + Cf. poscō. + ++Potēns+, -entis, adj. [POT-], _able, mighty, powerful_, 1, 4. + ++Potestās+, -ātis, F. [POT-], _ability; power, control_, 3, 31, 34; +_power, ability_, 6. + ++Potior+, 4 [POT-], _become master of; get control of, gain_, 7, 24, 26; +w. abl. + ++Potius+, adv. (compar.) [POT-], _rather, preferably_, 10; foll. by +quam. + ++Prae+, prep. w. abl. [PRO-, PRI-, PRAE-], _before; in comparison +with_, 30. + ++Prae·acūtus+, -a, -um, adj. [1 AC-], _sharpened in front; pointed, +sharpened at the point_, 29. + ++Prae·beō+ [for praehibeō], 2 [HAB-], _hold forth; furnish, afford_, 17. + ++Prae·ceps+, -ipitis, adj. [CAP-], _head foremost; headlong, in +haste_, 24. + ++Prae·dor+ [for praehedor], 1, _make booty; plunder, raid_, 17, 24. + ++Prae·ferō+, -ferre, -tūlī, -lātum [1 FER-], _bear before; place before, +thrust forward, outdo_, 27; w. acc. and dat. + ++Prae·ficiō+, 3, -fēcī, -fectum [FAC-], _place over; put at the head of, +place in command of_, 11; w. acc. and dat. + ++Prae·mittō+, 3, -mīsi, -mīssum [MIT-], _send before; send in advance_, +11, 17, 19. + ++Prae·scrībō+, 3, -psī, -ptum [SCARP-, SCALP-], _write before; dictate, +prescribe, direct_, 20; w. dat. and indir. question. + ++Prae·sertim+, adv. [1 SER-, SVAR-], _by an arranging before; +especially, particularly_, 30. + ++Prae·sidium+, -ī, N. [SED-], _sitting before; guard, defence, support_, +5, 19, 26, 29, 33; _protection, safety_, 11. + ++Prae·stō+, 1, -stitī, -- [STA-], _stand before; excel_, 15; _put +forth, exhibit_, 27; _be preferable, be better_ (impers.), 31. + ++Prae·sum+, -esse, -fuī [ES-], _be before; be in charge of, command_, 6, +9; w. dat. + ++Praeter·eā+, _in addition_. + ++Premō+, 3, pressī, pressum, _press; push closely, press hard_, 24. + ++Prīmi·pīlus+, -ī, M. [PRO-, PRI-; PIS-], _first centurion of the +triarii_, 25. + ++Prīmō+, adv. [PRO-], _at first_, 8. + ++Prīmum+, adv. (acc. N. of prīmus) [PRO-, PRI-], _first thing; first, in +the first place_, 1, 10, 30; cum prīmum, _as soon as_, 2. + ++Prīmus+, -a, -um, adj. [PRO-, PRI-], _first, foremost_, 10, 11, 17, +etc.; as noun, M., _chief, leading man_, 3, 13. + ++Prīn·ceps+, -ipis, adj. [PRO-, PRI-; CAP-], _taking first place_; as +noun, _leader, chief_, 5, 14. + Cf. prīmus. + ++Prior+, -ius, gen. -ōris, adj. [PRO-, PRI-], _former; those preceding, +men in front_, 11. Opp. novissimī. + ++Prīs·tinus+, -a, -um, adj. [PRO-, PRI-; 1 TA-, TEN-] _former; former, +old time_, 21. + ++Prius+, adv. (acc. N. of prior) [PRO-, PRI-], _earlier, sooner_, 32; +foll. by quam. + ++Prius·quam+, adv., conj. (= prius quam) [PRO-, PRI-; CA-], _sooner +than, before_, 12; w. subj. + Cf. prius quam, 32. + ++Prō+, prep. w. abl. [PRO-, PRI-], _before; in front of, before_, 8; _in +behalf of_, 14; _in proportion to, to the best of one’s ability_, 25; +_in accordance with, agreeably to_, 31. + ++Prō·cēdō+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go forward; advance, proceed_, +20, 25. + ++Pro·cul+, adv. [CEL-], _driven forward; at a distance, afar off_, 30. + ++Prō·cumbō+, 3, -cubuī, -cubitum, _bend forwards; fall forward, sink to +the ground_, 27. + ++Proelior+, 1, _fight, contend_, 23. + Cf. dīmicō, congredior. + ++Proelium+, -ī, N., _fighting, fight_, 23, 25, 26, 27; _skirmish, +engagement, battle_, 8, 9, 20, 21, 28, 30. + ++Pro·fectiō+, -ōnis, F. [FAC-], _going away; setting out, +departure_, 11. + ++Pro·ficīscor+, 3, -fectus [FAC-], _begin to go forward; set out, go, +march_, 2, 21, 25, 35. + ++Prō·flīgō+, 1 [FLAG-, FLIG-], _strike to the ground; rout, defeat_, 23. + Cf. pellō, cōniciō. + ++Pro·fugiō+, 3, -fūgī, -- [2 FVG-], _flee before; flee for refuge, +escape_, 14. + ++Prō·gnātus+, -a, -um, adj. [GEN-, GN-, GNA-], _born, descended, sprung +from_, 29. + ++Prō·gredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go forward; advance, proceed_, +10, 23. + Cf. prōcēdō. + ++Pro·hibeō+, 2 [HAB-], _hold before; hinder, prevent_, 4, w. acc. and +infin.; _keep from, cut off_, 9, 28, w. acc. and abl. + ++Prō·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _cast forward; give up, +abandon, renounce_, 15. + ++Prō·moveō+, 2, -mōvī, -mōtum [1 MV-, MOV-], _move forward, +advance_, 31. + ++Prope+, adv. [PARC-, PLEC-], _near; nearly, almost_, 28, 32. + ++Pro·perō+, 1 [2 PAR-, POR-], _hasten, make haste_, 11, 35. + ++Propīnquitās+, -ātis, F. [PARC-, PLEC-], _nearness, proximity_, 20; +_family connection, kinship_, 4. + Cf. adfīnitās. + ++Propīnquus+, -a, -um, adj. [PARC-, PLEC-], _being near; near, close, +adjacent_, 35, w. dat. + ++Prō·pōnō+, 3, -posuī, -positum [1 SA-, SI-], _place before; put forth, +expose to view, display_, 20. + ++Prop·ter+, prep. w. acc. [PARC-, PLEC-], _near; on account of_, 4, 8, +12, 16, 20. + ++Propter·eā+, adv. [PARC-, PLEC-], _on account of that_; foll. by quod, +_for the reason (that), because_, 4; foll. by indic. + ++Prō·pūgnō+, 1 [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _fight before; fight in defence, make +defensive sallies_, 7. + ++Prō·sequor+, 3, -secūtus [SEC-], _follow onward; pursue, follow after_, +11; _follow, address_, 5. + ++Prō·spectus+, -ūs, M. [SPEC-], _forward look; out-look, distant view, +prospect_, 22. + ++Prō·tinus+, adv. [1 TA-, TEN-], _before one’s self; at once, +immediately_, 9. + ++Prō·turbō+, 1 [TVR-], _drive forward; drive off, frighten away_, 19. + Cf. pellō. + ++Prō·videō+, 2, -vīdī, -vīsum [VID-], _see before; look out, see, attend +to_, 22. + ++Prō·vincia+, -ae, F. [VIC-], _territory acquired by conquest; +province_, 29. + ++Prō·volō+, 1, -āvī, --, _fly forth; hasten forth, hurry forward_, 19. + ++Proximē+, adv., superl. of prope [PARC-, PLEC-], _nearest; most +recently, last_, 8, 19. + ++Proximus+, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of propior, no pos.) [PARC-, PLEC-], +_nearest, closest_, 3, 12, 33; _next, following_, 27, (of time) 12, 35. + ++Prū·dentia+ (for prō·videntia), -ae, F. [VID-], _seeing before; +foresight, wisdom, prudence_, 4. + ++Pūblicus+, -a, -um, adj. [PLE-, PLO-], _belonging to the people_; w. +rēs, _republic, state, government_, 5. + ++Puer+, -erī, M., _one begotten; boy, child_, 13, 28. + ++Pūgna+, -ae, F. [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _thrusting thing; fight, battle_, +16, 25, 28, 29. + Cf. proelium. + ++Pūgnō+, 1 [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-], _fight, contend_, 8, 10, 21, 26, 27, 33. + Cf. congredior, contendō, dīmicō, proelior. + + +Q. + ++Q.+, abbrev. for +Quīntus+, 2, 5, 9, 11. + ++Quā+, adv. (abl. F. of quī) [CA-], _on which side; at what point, +where_, 33. + ++Quadrin·gentī+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [CEN-], _four hundred_, 8. + ++Quaerō+, 3, -sīvī, -sītum, _seek; ask, enquire, make enquiry_, 4, 15; +_look for, seek, try to find_, 21. + Cf. petō. + ++Quam+, adv. (acc. of quī) [CA-], _in what manner; than_, 10, 19, 20, +21, 22, 31, 32. + Cf. āc (19). + ++Quam·vīs+, adv. [CA-; VOL-], _as you will; as much as you like, +any-so-ever, any_, 31. + ++Quantus+, -a, -um, adj. [CA-], _how great, how many_, 4, 5, 14, 26, in +indir. quest.; _as great as, as much as_, 8, 11. + Cf. tantus. + ++Quartus+, -a, -um, adj., _fourth_, 25. + ++Quattuor+, num. adj., indecl., _four_, 33. + ++Que+, enclitic conj. [CA-, CI-], _and_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + Joins kindred expressions; sometimes couples a sentence to a + preceding one. + Cf. et, atque. + ++Quī+, quae, quod, rel. and adj. pron. [CA-, CI-], _who, which, what, +that_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Quī·dam+, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron. [CA-, CI-; 3 DA-], _certain +one, some one_, 17. + ++Qui·dem+, adv. [CA-, CI-; 3 DA-], _certainly_; nē ... quidem, enclosing +emphatic word or expression, _not even_, 3, 17. + ++Quī·n+, conj. w. subj. [CA-, CI-; NA-], _by which not; but that, that, +from_, 2, 3. + ++Quī·nam (quis-)+, quae-, quod-, interrog. pron. [CA-, CI-], _for who? +who, which, what, pray? what in the world?_ 30. + ++Quīn·decim+, num. adj., indecl. [DEC-], _fifteen_, 2, 4, 30, 35. + ++Quīn·gentī+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [CEN-], _five hundred_, 28. + ++Quīnquā·gintā+, num. adj., indecl., _fifty_, 4, 33. + ++Quīnque+, num. adj., indecl., _five_. + ++Quis+, quae, quid? interrog. pron. [CA-, CI-], _who? which? what?_ +4, 8, 11, etc. + Indef. after sī and nē, _any one, any_, 8, 14, 32, 33. + ++Quis·quam+, --, quicquam (quidq-), indef. pron. [CA-, CI-], _any, any +at all_, 17; in negative clauses. + ++Quis·que+, quae-, quid- (quod-), indef. pron. [CA-, CI-], _each, each +one, every_, 4, 10, 11, 21, 22, 25. + ++Quis·quis+, --, quicquid (quidq-) or quodquod, indef. rel. pron. +[CA-, CI-], _whatever, whatsoever, everything which_, 17. + ++Quō+, rel. adv. (dat. and abl. of quī) [CA-, CI-], _in what place_; +(dat. use) _where, whither_, 16 17, 21; conj. (rel. adv.), = ut eō, _by +which, so that, that_, 25. + ++Quod+, conj. (acc. N. of qui) [CA-, CI-], _that; in that, because_, 1, +4, 10, etc.; _the fact that_, 17. + ++Quo·que+, adv. [CA-, CI-], _also, too, as well_, 10, 22; placed after +word to be emphasized. + + +R. + ++Rāmus+, -ī, M., _growing thing; branch_, 17. + ++Ratiō+, -ōnis, F. [RA-], _reckoning; consideration_, 10; _plan, method, +system_, 19, 22. + ++Re-, Red-+, _back, away_, in comp. only. + ++Re·cipiō+, 3, -cēpī, -ceptum [CAP-], _take back; admit, receive_, 3, +15; with reflex. pron., _recover_, 12; _betake one’s self, retreat, go_, +11, 19, 24. + Cf. sē cōnferre. + ++Red·dō+, 3, -didī, -ditum [1 DA-], _give back; render_, 5. + ++Red·eō+, -īre, -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go back; recede, decline, slope +away_, 8. + ++Red·igō+, 3, -ēgī, -āctum [AG-], _drive back; bring down, reduce_, 14, +28, 34; _render_, 27. + Cf. reddō. + ++Red·in·tegrō+, 1 [TAG-], _make whole again; renew, restore_, 23, +25, 27. + ++Rēdonēs+, -um, M., _tribe of Brittany_, 34. + ++Re·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead back_, 9. + ++Re·ferō+, -ferre, rettulī, -lātum [1 FER-], _bear back; report, +announce_, 33. + Cf. adferō, renūntiō. + ++Re·fringō+, 3, -frēgī, -frāctum, _break back; break open, tear +open_, 33. + ++Regiō+, -ōnis, F. [REG-], _directing, direction; region, district, +locality, country_, 4. + ++Rēgnum+, -ī, N. [REG-], _that which rules; power, control_, 1. + ++Rē·iciō+, 3, -iēcī, -iectum [IA-, IAC-], _hurl back; throw back, drive +back_, 33. + ++Re·languēscō+, 3, -guī, -- [LAG-], _lose energy, be weakened_, 15. + ++Re·linquō+, 3, -līquī, -līctum [LIC-, LIQV-] _leave behind, leave_, 5, +8, 29. + ++Re·liquus+, -a, -um, adj. [LIC-, LIQV-], _remaining; other, rest of_, +2, 3, 5, etc.; as noun, M., _the rest, the others_, 10, 25. + ++Rēmī+, -ōrum, M., _people of Belgium on the Axona_, 3, 4, 5, etc. + ++Re·mittō+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _send back; hurl back, return_, +27; _relax, weaken_, 15. + ++Rēmus+, -ī, M., _a Remian_, 6. + ++Re·nūntiō+, 1 [NV-], _bring back word; announce, report_, 24; w. dat. +and acc. and infin. + Cf. adferō, referō. + ++Re·pellō+, 3, reppulī, -pulsum [PAL-, PEL-, PVL-], _drive back, +repulse_, 10. + Cf. rēiciō. + ++Repentīnō+, adv. (abl. of repentīnus), _suddenly_, 33. + ++Re·periō+, 4, repperī, -pertum [2 PAR-, POR-], _produce again; find, +find out, ascertain_, 9; w. acc. and infin., 4, 15. + ++Rēs+, reī, F. [RA-], _thing spoken of; thing, circumstance, matter, +affair, business, fact_, 1, 2, 3, etc.; rēs frūmentāria, _grain-supply, +provisions_, 2; rēs pūblica, _state, republic_, 5. + ++Re·sistō+, 3, -stitī, -- [STA-], _stand back; hold one’s ground, +maintain one’s position, resist_, 22, 23, 26. + ++Re·spiciō+, 3, -spēxī, -spectum [SPEC-], _look back, look behind +one_, 24. + ++Re·spondeō+, 2, -ndī, -spōnsum, _promise in return; reply, answer_, 32. + ++Re·tineō+, 2, -uī, -tentum [1 TA-, TEN-], _keep back; keep up, +maintain_, 21; _keep back, reserve_, 32, 33. + ++Re·vertor+, 3, -versus (active in perfect, pluperfect, and future +perfect: reverti, reverteram, revertero) [VERT-], _turn back; return, go +back_, 10, 14, 29, 35. + ++Re·vocō+, 1 (VOC-, VAG-), _call back, summon_, 20. + ++Rēx+, rēgis, M. [REG-], _ruler; king, chieftain_, 4, 13. + ++Rhēnus+, -ī, M., _the Rhine_, 3, 4, 29, 35. + ++Rīpa+, -ae, F., _bank, river-bank_, 5, 23, 27. + ++Rōmānus+, -a, -um, adj., _Roman_, 1, 3, etc.; as noun, M., _Roman_, 10, +12, 13, etc. + ++Rubus+, -ī, M., _red-colored thing; bramble_, 17. + ++Rūmor+, -ōris, M., _sounding; report, rumor_, 1. + ++Rūpēs+, -is, F. [RAP-, RVP-], _broken thing; cliff, steep rock_, 29. + ++R·ūrsus+, adv. [VERT-], _turned back; again, back again_, 19, 23, 24. + + +S. + ++Sabīnus+, -ī, M., _Q. Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of Cæsar_, 5. + ++Sabis+, -is, M., _river Sambre in country of Nervii_, 16, 18. + ++Saepēs+, -is, F. [1 SAC-, SAG-], _hedge_, 17, 22. + ++Sagittārius+, -ī, M. [1 SAC-, SAG-], _of an arrow; archer, bowman_, 7, +10, 19. + ++Salūs+, -ūtis, F. [SAL-, SER-], _being well; preservation, salvation, +safety_, 27, 33; _well-being, welfare_, 5. + ++Sarcinae+, -ārum, F., _bundle; luggage, personal baggage_, 17. + ++Saxum+, -ī, N. [2 SAC-, SEC-], _fragment of rock; rock, stone_, 29. + ++Scientia+, -ae, F. [2 SAC-, SEC-, SCI-], _knowing; knowledge_, 20. + ++Scrībō+, 3, -psī, -ptum [SCARP-, SCALP-], _scratch; write, give an +account_, 29. + ++Scūtum+, -ī, N. [SCV-, CV-], _covering thing; shield_, 21, 25, 27, 33. + ++Sectiō+, -ōnis, F. [2 SAC-, SEC-], _cutting; lot of booty, booty_, 33. + ++Secundum+, prep. w. acc. (acc. N. of secundus) [SEC-], _following; in +the direction of, along_, 18. + ++Secundus+, -a, -um, adj. [SEC-], _following; second_, 11; _successful, +favorable_, 9. + ++Sed+, co-ord. conj., adversative [SOVO-, SVO-], _apart from; but_, 14, +17, 19, 20, 21, 32. + ++Senātor+, -ōris, M. [SEN-], _old man; elder, senator_, 28. + ++Senātus+, -ūs, M. [SEN-], _office of an old man; council, senate_, 5. + ++Senonēs+, -um, M., _tribe on upper Seine_, 2. + ++Sententia+, -ae, F. [SENT-], _thinking; opinion, view_, 10. + ++Sentēs+, -ium, M., _thorns, briars, brambles_, 17. + ++Septimus+, -a, -um, adj., _seventh_, 23, 26. + ++Sequor+, 3, secūtus [SEC-], _follow; go along, accompany_, 17; _follow, +result_, 22. + ++Servitūs+, -ūtis, F. [1 SER-, SVAR-], _slavery, servitude, +subjection_, 14. + ++Servō+, 1 [SAL-, SER-], _save; keep, maintain_, 33. + ++Sex+, num. adj., indecl., _six_, 5, 8, 19, 29. + ++Sexāgintā+, num. adj., indecl., _sixty_, 4. + ++Sex·centī+, -ae, -a, num. adj. [CEN-], _six hundred_, 15, 28. + ++Sī+, conj. [SOVO-, SVO-], _if, in case_, 5, 8, 9, etc.; _to see if, +whether_, 9, w. indir. question. + ++Sī·c+, adv. [3 SA-; CA-, CI-], _in this manner; so, in such a manner_, +32; _in following manner, as follows_, 4, 15. + ++Sīgni·fer+, -erī, M. [3 SAC-; 1 FER-], _standard-bearer, ensign_, 25. + ++Sīgni·ficātiō+, -ōnis, F. [3 SAC-; FAC-], _pointing out; announcement, +signal_, 33. + ++Sīgni·ficō+, 1 [3 SAC-; FAC-], _show by signs; indicate, show_, 7; +_announce, make known_, 13; w. acc. and infin. + ++Sīgnum+, -ī, N. [3 SAC-], _mark; signal, sign_, 20, 21; _military +standard, ensign_, 21, 25, 26; -- convertere, _face about, wheel_, 26; +-- īnferre, _advance to attack, charge_, 25; ad -- cōnsistere, _rally +round the standards_, 21. + ++Silva+, -ae, F. [2 SER-, SVAL-], _wood, forest_, 18, 19. + ++Silvestris+, -e, adj. [2 SER-, SVAL-], _of a wood; wooded_, 18. + ++Simul+, adv. [2 SA-, SIM-], _together; at the same time_, 24. + ++Si·ne+, prep. w. abl. [SOVO-], _without_, 5, 11, 15, 25, 31. + ++Singulāris+, -e, adj. [2 SA-, SEM-, SIM-], _one by one; remarkable, +extraordinary_, 24. + Cf. eximius. + ++Singulī+, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. [2 SA-, SEM-, SIM-], _one to +each; one at a time, separate, single_, 17, 20. + ++Sinister+, -tra, -trum, adj. left, _on the left_, 23. + ++Sōl+, -is, M. [2 SER-, SVAL-], _sun_, 11. + ++Solli·citō+, 1 [SAL-; CI-], _move violently; stir up, instigate, +incite_, 1. + ++Sōlum+, adv. (acc. N. of sōlus) [SAL-, SER-], _alone, only_, 14. + ++Sōlus+, -a, -um, adj. [SAL-, SER-], _alone, only, sole_, 4. + ++Spatium+, -ī, N., [SPA-, PA-], _race-course; space, distance_, 17, 30; +_extent, time_, 11. + ++Speciēs+, -iēī, F. [SPEC-], _seeing; sight, form, appearance_, 31. + ++Speculātor+, -ōris, M. [SPEC-], _searcher; scout, spy_, 11. + Cf. explōrātor. + ++Spēs+, -eī, F. [SPA, PA-], _hope, expectation_, 7, 25, 27, 33. + ++Spīritus+, -ūs, M., _breathing; feeling, pride, haughtiness_, 4. + ++Statim+, adv. [STA-], _in standing; at once, immediately_, 11. + Cf. prōtinus. + ++Statiō+, -ōnis, F. [STA-], _standing; guard, out-post, picket_, 18. + ++Statuō+, 3, -uī, -ūtum [STA-], _make stand; fix, determine, decide_, +8, 31. + ++Statūra+, -ae, F. [STA-], _standing upright; stature, size_, 30. + ++Strepitus+, -ūs, M., _clashing, clatter, noise, din_, 11. + Cf. clāmor, fremitus. + ++Studeō+, 2, -uī, -- [SPA-, PA-], _be eager; strive after, be bent +upon, desire_, 1; _devote one’s self to, pay attention to_, 17; w. dat. + ++Studium+, -ī, N. [SPA-, PA-], _zeal, eagerness, enthusiasm_, 7. + ++Sub+, prep. w. abl. and acc., _under, beneath_, 17; _near to, toward_, +11, 33. + ++Sub·eō+, -īre, -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go under; go near, approach closely, +come up_, 25, 27. + Cf. adpropīnquō, succēdō. + ++Sub·itō+, adv. (abl. of subitus) [1 I-], _by coming on stealthily; +suddenly, unexpectedly_, 19; _hastily, offhand_, 33. + Cf. repentīnō. + ++Sub·mittō (summ-)+, 3, -mīsī, -mīssum [MIT-], _send below; send to aid, +despatch, send_, 6, 25; w. dat. + ++Sub·ruō (surr-)+, 3, -ruī, -rutum, _tear down below; undermine, dig +under_, 6. + ++Sub·sequor+, 3, -secūtus [SEC-], _follow closely, pursue_, 11, 19. + ++Sub·sidium+, -ī, N. [SED-], _sitting behind; reserve forces, reserves_, +22, 25; _aid, assistance, help_, 6, 7, 8, 20, 26. + Cf. auxilium. + ++Suc·cēdō (subc-)+, 3, -cessī, -cessum [CAD-], _go below; draw near, +approach closely_, 6. + Cf. subeō, adpropīnquō. + ++Suc·cessus (subc-)+, -ūs, M. [CAD-], _going below; advance, close +approach_, 20. + ++Suessiōnēs+, -um, M., _German tribe north of the Marne_, 3, 4, 12, 13. + ++Suī+, sibi, sē (sēsē), reflex. pron. referring to subject or speaker, +[SOVO-, SVO-], _self; of himself, of themselves_, etc., 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Sum+, esse, fuī [ES-], _be; exist, be_, 1, 2, 3, etc. + ++Summa+, -ae, F. (f. of summus, sc. rēs), _highest (thing); chief +control, general management_, 4, 23. + ++Summus+, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of superus), _highest, greatest, +topmost_, 6, 23, 24, 32; _highest part, summit, top_, 18, 26. + ++Sū·mō+, 3, -mpsī, -mptum [EM-], _take, claim, assume_, 4. + ++Superior+, -ius, gen. -ōris, adj. compar. of superus, _higher, upper_, +18, 23, 26; _preceding, former, past_, 20. + Cf. altior; prīstinus. + ++Superō+, 1, _go over; defeat, vanquish_, 24. + Cf. vincō. + ++Super·sedeō+, 2, -sēdī, -sessum [SED-], _sit over; refrain from, omit, +postpone_, 8; w. abl. + ++Super·sum+, -esse, -fuī [ES-], _be above; remain, survive_, 27, 28. + ++Sup·plex (subpl-)+, -icis, adj. [PARC-, PLEC-], _folding the knees +beneath; suppliant, beseeching_, 28. + ++Sup·plicātiō (subpl-)+, -ōnis, F. [PARC-, PLEC-], _kneeling down; +thanksgiving_, 35. + ++Suprā+, adv., _on upper side; above, before_, 1, 18, 29. + ++Sus·tentō+, 1 [1 TA-, TEN-], _keep holding up; hold out, maintain one’s +self_, 6, 14. + ++Sus·tineō+, 2, -uī, -tentum [1 TA-, TEN-], _hold up under; withstand, +sustain_, 11, 21; with reflex. pron., _hold out_, 6; _keep upright, +stand up_, 25. + ++Suus+, -a, -um, poss. adj. [SOVO-, SVO-], _of himself, his own, their +own_, etc., 3, 4, 5, etc.; as noun, M., _their (his) countrymen, +friends_, 6, 8, 9, etc.; N., _property, possessions_, 3, 13, 29. + + +T. + ++T.+, praenomen _Titus, T. Labienus_, 11, 26. + ++Tam+, adv. [2 TA-], _so far; so, to such a degree_, 21. + ++Tamen+, adv. [2 TA-], _in so far; still, however; nevertheless_ 8, 32. + ++Tantulus+, -a, -um, dim. adj. [2 TA-], _so small; so trifling_, 30. + Cf. parvulus. + ++Tantus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 TA-], _of such size; so great, so much_, 3, +5, 6, etc. + ++Tardō+, 1, _make slow, retard, check_, 25. + ++Tardus+, -a, -um, adj., _slow (weary, exhausted)_, 25. + ++Tegimenta (tegu-)+, -ōrum, N., _means of covering; covering, +cover_, 21. + ++Tēlum+, -ī, N. [TEC-], _missile, weapon, javelin_, 6, 10, 21, 25, +27, 33. + ++Tempus+, -oris, N. [1 TA-, TEN-], _time_ (in general), 5, 14, 19, 20, +21, 24, 33, 34; _moment_, 19; _time, period, day_, 17, 35; _emergency, +crisis_, 22. + ++Tendō+, 3, tetendī, tentum (tēnsum) [1 TA-, TEN-], _stretch; stretch +out, extend_, 13. + Cf. pandō. + ++Teneō+, 2, -uī, -- [1 TA-, TEN-], _hold, have_, 23; _hold, +surround_, 24. + ++Tener+, -era, -erum, adj. [1 TA-, TEN-], _tender, young_, 17. + ++Terror+, -ōris, M. [TER-, TERS-], _frightening; great fear, fright, +panic_, 12. + ++Tertius+, -a, -um, adj., _third_, 1, 32, 33. + ++Testūdō+, -inis, F., _having a shell; tortoise, bulwark of shields_, 6. + ++Teutonī+, -ōrum (-ēs, -um), M., _German tribe_, 4, 29. + ++Timeō+, 2, -uī, --, _fear, be afraid, entertain fears_, 26, w. nē +followed by subjunctive. + ++Titurius+, -ī, M., _Q. Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of Cæsar’s_, 5, +9, 10. + ++Titus+, -ī, M., _praenomen of Labienus, Cæsar’s lieutenant_, 11, 26. + ++Tormentum+, -ī, N. [TARC- (TARP-), TREP-], _thing twisted; machine of +war, engine for hurling_, 8. + ++Tot·idem+, adj., indecl. [2 TA-; 3 DA], _just as many, same number +of_, 4. + ++Tōtus+, -a, -um, gen. totīus, adj. [TV-, TO-], _increased; whole, +entire_, 4, 6, 19, 23. + ++Trabs+, trabis, F. [TARC- (TARP-), TREP-], _beam, timber_, 29. + ++Trā·dō+, 3, -didī, -ditum [1 DA-], _give over; hand over, give up, +surrender_, 13, 15, 31, 32. + ++Trā·dūcō+, 3, -xī, -ductum [DVC-], _lead over; lead across, bring +over_, 4, 5, 9, 10. + ++Trāns+, prep. w. acc., _across, over, beyond_, 16, 35. + ++Trāns·eō+, -īre, -iī, -itum [1 I-], _go over; go across, cross_, 9, 10, +23, 24, 27. + ++Trāns·gredior+, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], _go over; go across, cross_, 19. + Cf. trānseō. + ++Trāns·versus+, -a, -um, adj. [VERT-], _turned across; crosswise, at +right angles, oblique_, 8. + ++Trēs+, tria, gen. -ium, num. adj., _three_, 11, 18, 28, 33. + ++Trēverī+, -ōrum, M., _Celtic tribe on the Moselle_, 24. + ++Tribūnus+, -ī, M., _tribune_, 26. + ++Trī·duum+, -ī, N. [DIV-, DI-, DIAV-], _three days’ time_, 16. + ++Tuba+, -ae, F., _trumpet_, 20. + ++Tum+, adv. [2 TA-], _then, at that time_, 2, 6; _then, in addition, +further_, 27, 29; cum ... tum, _both ... and_, 4. + ++Tumultus+, -ūs, M. [TV-, TVM-], _swelling; confusion, uproar, +noise_, 11. + Cf. strepitus. + ++Tumulus+, -ī, M. [TV-, TVM-] _swelling up; mound, hillock, hill_, 27. + ++Turonēs+, -um (-ī, -ōrum), M., _tribe of Gaul on Loire_, 35. + ++Turpitūdō+, -inis, F. [TARC- (TARP-), TREP-], _ugliness; disgrace, +dishonor_, 27. + ++Turris+, -is, F. [TVR-], _tower_, 12, 30, 33. + ++Tūtus+, -a, -um, adj. (P. of tueor), _well guarded; safe, secure_, +5, 28. + + +U. + ++Ubi+, rel. adv. [CA-, CI-], _in which place; where_, 8, 35; _when, as +soon as_, 6, 8, 9, 10, 19, 25, 30, 31. + ++Ūllus+, -a, -um, gen. ūllīus, dim. adj. [2 I-], _any one (at all), +any_, 11, 15, 25; w. negative expression. + ++Ūnā+, adv. (abl. F. of ūnus) [2 I-], _in one and the same place; at the +same time, together_, 16, 17, 24, 28, 29; foll. by cum and abl. + ++Ūn·decimus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-; DEC-], _eleventh_, 23. + ++Undi·que+, adv. [CA-, CI-], _whencesoever; from every quarter, from all +sides_, 6, 10. + ++Uneīlī+, -ōrum, M., _tribe in Normandy_, 34. + ++Ūni·versus+, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-; VERT-], _turned into one; whole, all, +in a mass_, 33. + ++Unus+, -a, -um, gen. -īus, num. adj. [2 I-], _one_, 2, 5, 6, 29, 31, +34; _one, one and the same_, 3, 5, 19, 20; _common, one alone_, 4, 22; +_alone, only_, 33; _a_, 25. + ++Urgeō+, 2, ursī, -- [VERG-, VRG-], _press, press hard_, 25, 26. + ++Ūsus+, -ūs, M. [1 AV-], _using; practice, experience_, 20; _use, +advantage_, 9, 12. + ++Ut+ or +Utī+, conj. [CA-, CI-], _in what manner; as_, 1, 7, 11, etc., +w. indic.; _in order that, that, to_, 2, 8, 9, etc.; _that, so that_, 3, +4, 5, etc. + ++Uter·que+, -traque, -trumque, gen. utrīusque, pron. [CA-, CI-], _both +one and the other; each of two, both_, 8, 16, 25. + ++Ūtor+, 3, ūsus [1 AV-], _use, make use of, employ, have_, 3, 7, 10, 25, +28; _use, practise_, 14, 28; _enjoy, maintain_, 32; w. abl. + + +V. + ++Vacuus+, -a, -um, adj., _empty, clear, free, unoccupied_; w. ab and +abl., 12. + ++Vadum+, -ī, N. [BA-, VA-], _place through which one can go; ford, +crossing_, 9. + ++Valeō+, 2, -uī, -itūrus, _be strong, have influence_, 4, 17. + ++Vāllum+, -ī, N. [1 VEL-, VAL-], _earthen wall; earth-works, rampart_, +5, 30, 33. + ++Varius+, -a, -um, adj., _spotted; changing, different_, 22. + ++Vāstō+, 1, _make empty; lay waste, ravage_. + Cf. populor, dēpopulor. + ++Velocassēs+, -um, M., _one of the minor Belgian tribes_, 4. + ++Vēn·dō+, 3, -didī (-ditum) [1 DA-], _place for sale; sell_, 33. + ++Venellī+, see +Unellī+. + ++Venetī+, -ōrum, M., _tribe of Bretagne_, 34. + ++Veniō+, 4, vēnī, ventum [BA-, VA-, VEN-], _come, approach_, 2, 3, 5, +etc. + ++Verbum+, -ī, N. [VER-], _that spoken; word, discourse, +intercession_, 14. + ++Vereor+, 2 [1 VEL-, VER-], _feel awe; fear, be afraid_, 11. + ++Vergō+, 3, --, -- [VERG-], _bend, incline_, 18. + ++Vērō+, adv. (abl. N. of vērus) [VER-], _in truth, in fact, but, +however_, 2, 27, 31. + ++Veromanduī+, -ōrum, M., _Gallic tribe in modern Picardy_, 4, 16, 23. + ++Versō+, 1 [VERT-], _keep turning_; pass., _be engaged in, be occupied +about_, 24; _dwell, remain, be_, 1. + ++Vesper+, -erī or -eris, M., _evening, nightfall_, 33. + ++Vester+, -tra, -trum, _your, yours_. + ++Vetō+, 1, -uī, -itum [VET-], _leave in old state; advise against, +forbid_, 20. + ++Vēxillum+, -ī, N. [VAG-, VEH-], _military ensign, banner, flag_, 20. + ++Vēxō+, 1 [VAG-, VEH-], _keep carrying; harass, overrun_, 4. + ++Vīctor+, -ōris, M. [VIC-], _conqueror, victor_, 28; in appos. +_conquering, victorious_, 24. + ++Vīcus+, -ī, M., _row of houses; village, hamlet_, 7. + ++Videō+, 2, vīdī, vīsum [VID-], _see, perceive_, 12, 19; _see, know_, 5, +10, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, w. acc. and infin.; pass., _seem, appear_, 11, +16, 18, 28, 33; _seem good, seem best_, 20. + ++Vigilia+, -ae, F., _being awake; watch, night-watch_, 11, 33. + ++Vīmen+, -inis, N. [VI-, VIC-], _means of binding; willow, withe, +wicker-work_, 33. + ++Vincō+, 3, vīcī, vīctum [VIC-], _conquer, defeat_, 28. + Cf. superō. + ++Vīnea+, -ae, F. [VI-, VIC-], _shelter for vines; covered shed, movable +shelter_, 12, 30. + ++Vīnum+, -ī, N. [VI-, VIC-], _wine_, 15. + ++Vir+, virī, M., _male, man_, 25, 33. + ++Virtūs+, -ūtis, F., _manhood; bravery, valor_, 4, 8, 15, 21, 24, 27, +31, 33. + ++Vīs+, vim, vī, F., _strength, power_, 30. + ++Vītō+, 1, _shun, try to escape, avoid_, 25. + ++Vix+, adv. [VIC-], _with effort; barely, scarcely, hardly_, 28. + ++Voluntās+, -ātis, F. [VOL-], _will, wish, desire_, 4. + ++Vōx+, vōcis, F. [VOC], _that which calls out; voice, utterance_, +13, 30. + ++Vulgō (volgō)+, adv. (abl. of vulgus) [VERG-, VALG-], _among the +people; generally, commonly_, 1. + ++Vulnerō+, 1 [2 VEL-, VOL-], _wound, injure_, 25. + ++Vulnus+, -eris, N. [2 VEL-, VOL-], _wound, hurt_, 23, 25, 27. + + + + +ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. + + +The relation in meaning of some words in certain groups to the root is +sometimes obscure or even impossible to be traced with absolute +certainty. Sometimes the relation is obscured by the omission in this +vocabulary of an interlinking word, because it does not occur in the +text. Let us take an example close at hand, the root AID- and the noun ++aestuārium+. The notion “inlet” seems very remote from the notion +“burn.” But +aestuārium+ is formed from +aestus+ (for _aedtus_), the +first meaning of which is _the raging of fire, waves or billows of +heat_. As we might expect, a secondary meaning is, _the raging of water, +waves, billows_, in the proper sense. From the force of the suffix ++-ārium+, +aestuārium+ should mean a _sea-marsh_, or _a tract overflowed +at high tide_; and from this the notion “inlet,” the place through which +the tide rushes, comes naturally enough. + +The following roots, with their meanings, have been mostly taken from +the excellent Elementary Latin Dictionary of Dr. Charlton T. Lewis. + + 1. AC-, sharp, pierce. + +Aciēs+, edge, line of battle. + +Prae·acūtus+, sharpened at the point. + +Ācr·iter+, sharply. + +Acervus+, heap. + +Co·acervō+, heap up. + + 2. AC-, swift. + +Equĕs+, horseman. + +Equester+, of horsemen. + +Equitātus+, cavalry. + + AG-, drive. + +Agō+, drive, lead. + +Cō·gō+ [for _con·agō_], drive together, compel. + +Red·igō+, drive back, reduce. + +Ager+, land. + +Āgmen+, marching column. + +Īgnis+, fire. + +Ex·agitō+, harass. + + AID-, burn. + +Aedi·ficium+ [from _aedēs, hearth_], building. + +Aestās+ [for _aid·tās_], summer. + +Aestuārium+ [for _aid·t-_], inlet. + + 1. AL-, AR-, feed, grow, raise. + +Altus+, high. + +Altitūdō+, height. + +Arduus+, steep. + +Arbor+, tree. + + 2. AL- (ALI-), other, strange. + +Alius+, other. + +Aliās+, at some other time. + +Aliēnus+, another’s. + +Al·iter+, other-wise. + +Alter+, the other (of two). + + AM-, love. + +Amīcus+, friend. + +Amīcitia+, friendship. + +In·imīcus+, unfriendly, hostile. + + AN-, breathe. + +Animus+, spirit. + +Ex·animō+, make breathless. + +Onus+ (as the cause of panting), weight. + + ANA-, pronominal stem, third person. + +In+, in, into. + +Inter+, between. + +Inter·eā+, meanwhile. + +Inter·im+, meanwhile. + +Interior+ [compar. of obs. _interus_], inner. + +Intrā+, within. + +Intrō+, enter. + +?Ille+ [old form _ollus_, from _onolus_], that one. + + ANT-, before, against. + +Ante+, before, formerly. + +Antīquitus+, of old. + + AP-, OP-, lay hold of work, help. + (+Ops+), aid. + +Opus+, work. + +Opera+, exertion, service. + +C·ōpia+ [for _com·opia_], supply. + +Co·epī+ [for _com·apiō_], begin. + +Optimus+, best. + +Omnis+ [for _apnis_], all. + +Opīniō+, impression. + + APA-, _away, from_. + +Ab+, from, by. + +Ap·ud+, among. + +Ob+, against. + + AR-, fit. + +Armō+, arm. + +Arma+, arms. + +Armātūra+, equipment. + +In·ermis+, unarmed. + + ARC-, shut in, keep off. + +Ex·ercitus+, army. + +Ex·ercitātus+, trained. + + 1. AV-, mark, desire, delight. + +Audeō+, dare. + +Audāc·ter+, boldly. + + +Ūtor+ [for _avtor_], use. + +Ūsus+, use, experience. + +In·ūsitātus+, unusual. + +In·ūtilis+, useless. + +Neg·ōtium+ [for _nec·avtium_], business. + + 2. AV-, mark, notice. + +Audiō+, hear. + +Ex·audiō+, overhear. + + AVG-, grow. + +Auctōritās+, power. + +Auxilium+, aid. + + BA-, VA-, VEN-, go. + +Ar·bitror+ [for _ad·batror_], believe. + +Du·bitō+, doubt, hesitate. + +Vadum+, ford. + +Veniō+, come. + +Ad·ventus+, arrival. + +Circum·veniō+, outflank. + +Con·veniō+, meet. + +Dē·veniō+, come to. + +Ē·ventus+, outcome. + +In·veniō+, find. + +Ob·veniō+, fall in with. + +Per·veniō+, arrive at. + + CA-, CI-, pronominal stem, _who_. + +Quī+, who. + +Quī·dam+, a certain one. + +Qui·dem+, certainly. + +Quīn+ [for _quī·nē_], but that. + +Quā+, where. + +Quō+, whither. + +Quod+, because. + +Quis+, who? + +Quī·nam+, who, pray? + +Quis·quam+, any. + +Nē·quī·quam+, in vain. + +Quis·quis+, whoever. + +Quis·que+, each one. + +Quo·que+, also. + +Cum (quom)+, when. + +Quam+, than. + +Quam·vīs+, how-so-ever. + +Post·quam+, after. + +Prius·quam+, sooner than. + +Quantus+, how great. + +Que+, and. + +Ita·que+, and so. + +Ne·que+, and not. + +Ubi+ [for _quō·bi_], where. + +Undi·que+ [for _cunde·que_], from all sides. + + +Cēterī+, the others. + +Cis+, this side of. + +Citerior+, hither. + +Citrā+, this side of. + +Ut+ or +Utī+ [for _cutī_ or _quotī_], as, in order that. + +Uter·que+ [for _quoter·que_], each. + +Ne·uter+, neither. + + +Cotī·diē+, daily. + +Hī·c+ [for _hī·ce_], this. + +Nun·c+ [for _num·ce_], now. + +Sī·c+ [for _sī·ce_], so. + + CAD-, fall. + +Cadō+, fall. + +Ac·cidō (adc-)+, befall. + +In·cidō+, happen. + +Cadāver+, dead body. + +Cāsus+, happening. + +Oc·cāsus (obc-)+, setting. + +Cēdō+, give way. + +Ac·cēdō (adc-)+, approach. + +Dis·cēdō+, depart. + +Dis·cessus+, departure. + +Ex·cēdō+, withdraw from. + +Inter·cēdō+, intervene. + +Prō·cēdō+, advance. + +Suc·cēdō (subc-)+, approach. + +Suc·cessus (subc-)+, close approach. + +Ar·cessō+ [for _ad·cēdsō_], summon. + + 1. CAL-, CAR-, call. + +Con·cilium+, meeting. + +Clāmor+, shouting. + + 2. CAL-, SCAL-, cover, hide. + +Oc·cultus (obc-)+, hidden. + +Galea+, helmet. + +Domi·cilium+, dwelling-place. + +Cēlō+, hide. + + CAP-, take, hold. + +Ac·cipiō (adc-)+, receive. + +In·cipiō+, begin. + +Inter·cipiō+, intercept. + +Re·cipiō+, receive. + +Captīvus+, captive. + + +Oc·cupō (obc-)+, take into possession. + +Caput+, head. + +Prae·ceps+, headlong. + +Prīn·ceps+, leader. + + CAR-, SCAR-, hard, scrape. + +Cortex+, bark. + +Cornū+, horn, wing. + + CAV-, watch. + +Causa+, cause. + +In·cūsō+, accuse. + + CEL-, CER-, strike, drive. + +Gladius+ [for _cladius_], sword. + +Celeritās+, swiftness. + +Celer·iter+, swiftly. + +Pro·cul+, at a distance. + +Cursus+, running. + +Con·currō+, run together. + +Dē·currō+, run down. + +Oc·currō (obc-)+, meet. + +Ex·cursiō+, sally. + + CEN-, hundred. + +Centum+, hundred. + +Centuriō+, centurion. + +Du·centī+, two hundred. + +Quadrin·gentī+, four hundred. + +Quīn·gentī+, five hundred. + +Sex·centī+, six hundred. + + 1. CER-, CRE-, make. + +Crēber+, numerous. + +Corpus+, body. + + 2. CER-, CRE-, part. + +Dē·cernō+, decide upon. + +Dē·certō+, fight decisively. + +Certus+, sure. + + CI-, rouse. + +In·citō+, urge on. + +Solli·citō (sōli-)+, stir up. + + CLĪ-, lean. + +Clē·mentia+, mildness. + +Ad·clīvis (acc-)+, sloping upward. + +Ad·clīvitās (acc-)+, upward slope. + +Dē·clīvis+, sloping downward. + + CRAT-, faith. + +Crē·do+, [for _crat·dō_], believe. + +In·crē·dibilis+ [for _in·crat·dibilis_], incredible. + + CVR-, CIR-, curve. + +Circum+, around. + +Circi·ter+, about. + +Circu·itus+, circumference. + +Cruciātus+, torture. + + 1. DA-, give. + +Dō+, give. + +Dē·dō+, give up. + +Dē·ditīcius+, one who has surrendered. + +Dē·ditiō+, surrender. + +Ē·ditus+ [P. of _ē·dō_], rising. + +Red·dō+, give back. + +Trā·dō+ [for _trāns·dō_], give over. + +Vēn·dō+ [for _vēnum·dō_], sell. + + 2. DA-, put. + +Ab·dō+, hide. + +Crē·dō+, believe. + +In·crē·dibilis+, incredible. + +Man·dō+, commission. + + 3. DA-, pronominal stem, third person. + +Ī·dem+, the same. + +Quī·dam+, a certain one. + +Qui·dem+, indeed. + +Tot·idem+, just as many. + + DEC-, ten. + +Decem+, ten. + +Decimus+, tenth. + +Decumānus (deci-)+, of the tenth (cohort), in the phrase, + _porta decumāna_, the main entrance to a Roman camp. + +Ūn·decimus+, eleventh. + +Duo·decimus+, twelfth. + +Quīn·decim+, fifteen. + + DĪC-, DIC- (DAC-), show, point. + +Dīcō+, say. + +Doceō+, teach. + +Iū·dicō+, judge. + (+Diciō+), control. + +Con·diciō+, condition. + + DIV-, DI-, DIAV-, shine. + +Dīvīnus+, divine. + +Diēs+, day. + +Cotī·diē+, daily. + +Postrī·diē+ [for _posterō diē_), next day. + +Trī·duum+, three days’ time. + +Dum+ [for _dium_], while. + +Nōn·dum+, not yet. + +Diū+, for a long time. + +Iuvō+, [for _diuvō_], aid. + +Ad·iuvō+, aid. + + DOM-, build. + +Domus+, home. + +Domi·cilium+, dwelling-place. + +Domesticus+, of home. + + DVA-, DVI-, apart, two. + +Duo+, two. + +Duo·decimus+, twelfth. + +Duo·dē·vīgintī+, eighteen. + +Du·bitō+, doubt, hesitate. + +Du·centī+, two hundred. + +Du·plex+, two-fold. + +Bellum+ [for _duellum_], war. + + DVC-, lead. + +Dux+, leader. + +Dūcō+, lead. + +Ad·dūcō+, bring to. + +Con·dūcō+, gather. + +Dē·dūcō+, lead off. + +Ē·dūcō+, lead out. + +In·dūcō+, cover. + +Intrō·dūcō+, lead in. + +Ob·dūcō+, extend. + +Re·dūcō+, lead back. + +Trā·dūcō+ [for _trāns·dūcō_], lead across. + + EM-, take. + +Emō+, buy. + +Ex·imius+, excellent. + +Sū·mō+ [for _sub·imō_], take. + + ES-, be, live. + +Sum+ [for _esum_], be. + +Ab·sum+, be away. + +Dē·sum+, be lacking. + +Inter·sum+, be between. + +Prae·sum+, command. + +Super·sum+, survive. + + FAC-, put, make. + +Faciō+, do. + +Fīō+, passive of _faciō_, become. + +Cōn·ficiō+, accomplish, wear out. + +Dē·ficiō+, fail. + +Ef·ficiō+, bring about. + +Inter·ficiō+, kill. + +Pate·faciō+, throw open. + +Prae·ficiō+, place in command. + +Pro·ficīscor+, put one’s self forward, set out. + +Pro·fectiō+, setting out. + +Facilis+, easy. + +Facile+, easily. + +Aedi·ficium+, building. + +Ampli·ficō+, enlarge. + +Dif·ficilis (disf-)+, difficult. + +Dif·ficultās (disf-)+, difficulty. + +Facultās+, opportunity. + +Male·ficium+, outrage. + +Sīgni·ficō+, announce. + +Sīgni·ficātiō+, signal. + + FEN-, FEND-, strike. + +Dē·fendō+, ward off, defend. + +Dē·fēnsiō+, defence. + +Dē·fēnsor+, defender. + + 1. FER-, bear. + +Ferō+, bear. + +Ad·ferō (aff-)+, bring to. + +Cōn·ferō+, bring together. + +Dē·ferō+, carry. + +Īn·ferō+, bring upon. + +Of·ferō (obf-)+, carry. + +Per·ferō+, endure. + +Prae·ferō+, place before, out-do. + +Re·ferō+, bring back. + +Fertilitās+, fertility. + +Ferāx+, fertile. + +Fōrs+, chance. + +Fōrtūna+, fortune. + +Sīgni·fer+, standard-bearer. + + 2. FER-, FRE-, hold, fix. + +Ferē+, almost. + +Cōn·fīrmō+, give assurance, reassure. + +Fortis+ [for _forctis_], brave. + +Fort·iter+, bravely. + + 1. FID-, FĪD-, bind, trust. + +Fidēs+, faith. + +Cōn·fīdō+, trust. + + 2. FID-, split. + +Fīnis+ [for _fidnis_], limit. + +Fīnitimus+, neighboring. + +Ad·fīnitās+, connection by marriage. + + FLAG-, FLIG-, strike. + +Cōn·flīgō+, contend with. + +Prō·flīgō+, defeat. + + 1. FVG-, FRVG-, use, enjoy. + +Frūmentum+ [for _frūgimentum_], grain. + +Frūmentārius+, of grain. + + 2. FVG-, bend, flee. + +Fuga+, flight. + +Fugiō+, flee. + +Pro·fugiō+, flee. + + FVR-, FERV-, rage, swell. + +Furor+, frenzy. + +?Frōns+, front. + + GEN-, GN-, GNA-, beget. + +Nāscor (gn-)+, arise. + +Ē·nāscor+, grow out. + +Nātus+, birth. + +Nātiō+, nation. + +Nātūra+, nature. + +Prō·gnātus+, sprung from. + + GER-, carry. + +Gerō+, carry on. + +Ag·ger (adg-)+, mound. + + GNA-, GNO-, know. + +Nam+, for. + +Nāvō+ [for _gnāvō_], perform with knowledge and zeal. + +Cō·gnōscō+, learn. + +Nōbilitās+, high birth. + +Nōmen+, name. + +Nōminātim+, by name. + +Nōminō+, mention. + + GRAD-, walk. + +Ad·gredior (agg-)+, attack. + +Con·gredior+, meet. + +Ē·gredior+, go from. + +In·gredior+, enter. + +Prō·gredior+, advance. + +Trāns·gredior+, cross. + + HAB-, have. + +Habeō+, have. + +Dē·beō+ [for _de·hibeō_], owe to. + +Prae·beō+ [for _prae·hibeō_], furnish. + +Pro·hibeō+, restrain. + + HAM-, man. + +Homō+, man. + +Nē·mō+ [for _ne·homō_], nobody. + + HĪM-, cold. + +Hiemō+, pass the winter. + +Hībernus+ [for _hiemernus_], of winter. + +Hībernācula+, winter quarters. + + 1. I-, AI-, go. + +Ad·eō+, approach. + +Ad·itus+, approach. + +Circu·itus+ [for _circum·itus_], circumference. + +Ex·eō+, go forth, set out. + +In·eō+, enter upon. + +In·itium+, beginning. + +Ob·itus+, destruction. + +Red·eō+, return. + +Sub·eō+, approach closely. + +Sub·itō+, suddenly. + +Trāns·eō+, cross. + +Iter+, route. + +Aetās+ [for _aevitās_], age. + + From +iter+ is the _adv., ending -iter_ or _-ter_, as in + _aequāl·iter_ for _aequale·iter, al·iter, audāc·ter, celer·iter, + circi·ter, diligent·(t)er, fort·iter, lēn·iter, in·diligent·(t)er_. + + 2. I-, AI-, pronominal stem, third person, demonstrative. + +Is+, this one. + +Eō+, there. + +Inter·eā+, meanwhile. + +Inter·im+, meanwhile. + +Post·eā+, afterwards. + +Propter·eā+, for the reason (that). + +Ī·dem+, the same. + +Iden·t·idem+ [for _idem·et·idem_], again and again. + +I·pse+, self. + +Ibī+, there. + +Inde+, thence. + +De·inde+, thereupon. + +Ita+, thus. + +Ita·que+, therefore. + +Item+, likewise. + +?I·dōneus+, suitable. + + +Ūnus+ [for _oenus_], one. + +Ūnā+, together. + +Ūni·versus+, all. + +Ūn·decimus+, eleventh. + +Ūllus+ [for _ūnulus_], any. + +Nūllus+ [for _ne·ūnulus_], none. + +Nōn·nūllus+, some. + +Nōn+ [_ne·oenum (ūnum)_], not. + +Nōn·dum+, not yet. + + IA-, IAC-, go, send. + +Iaciō+, throw. + +Ad·iciō+, hurl. + +Circum·iciō+, place around. + +Cōn·iciō+, hurl. + +Dē·iciō+, throw down from. + +Dē·iectus+, slope. + +Inter·iciō+, place between. + +Prō·iciō+, hurl. + +Re·iciō+, hurl back. + +Iaceō+, lie. + + IC-, AIC-, like. + +Aequāl·iter+, evenly. + +Ad·aequō+, equal. + +In·īquus+, unfavorable. + +In·īquitās+, inequality. + + IV-, IVG-, bind, yoke. + +Iugum+, ridge. + +Con·iungō+, join together. + +Cūnctus+ [for _cōn·iūnctus_], all. + +Iūs+, right. + +Iūstitia+, justice. + +Con·iūrō+, conspire. + +In·iūria+, wrong. + +Iū·dicō+, judge. + +Iubeō+, order. + +Iūxtā+ [for _iūgistā_], close by. + + LAG-, loose. + +Re·languēscō+, lose energy. + +Lassitūdō+, exhaustion. + +Laxō+, widen. + + 1. LEG-, LIG-, gather. + +Dē·ligō+, choose. + +Dī·ligen·ter+ [for _dis·ligent·ter_], scrupulously. + +In·dī·ligen·ter+, carelessly. + +Ē·ligō+, choose. + +Intel·legō+, understand. + +Legiō+, legion. + +Legiōnārius+, of a legion. + + 2. LEG-, run, spring. + +Levis+ [for _legvis_], light. + +Levitās+, lightness. + +Longus+, long. + +Longē+, far. + + 3. LEG-, lie, be fixed. + +Lēx+, law. + +Lēgātus+, envoy. + +Lēgātiō+, embassy. + + LI-, pour, smear. + +Littera+, written character. + +Dē·leō+, destroy. + + LIB-, desire. + +Līberī+, children (the free). + +Līberāl·iter+, generously. + + LIC-, LIQV-, let, leave. + +Pol·liceor+ [for _prō·liceor_], promise. + +Re·linquō+, leave behind. + +Re·liquus+, remaining. + + 1. MA-, MAN-, measure. + +Manus+, hand. + +Man·dō+ [for _manus·dō_], commission. + +Mani·pulus+, handful, maniple. + +Mān·suētūdō+, gentleness. + +Dī·mētior+, measure out. + +Mōs+, custom. + + 2. MA-, MAD-, measure, moderate. + +Modus+, manner. + +Modo+, only. + +Com·modē (conm-)+, easily. + +Ad·com·modō (acconm-)+, fit. + + MAC-, MAG-, big. + +Magis+ [for _magius_], more. + +Māximē+, most. + +Māgnus+, great. + +Māgnitūdō+, greatness. + +Māior+ [for _magior_], greater. + +Magistrātus+, office. + +Molestē+, in a troublesome manner. + + MAL-, crush, grind. + +Male·ficium+, outrage. + +Mulier+, woman. + + 1. MAN-, MEN-, man, mind, stay. + +Moneō+, advise. + +Dē·mōnstrō+, point out. + +Clē·mentia+, kindness. + + 2. MAN-, MI-, small, less. + +Minor+, smaller. + +Minus+, less. + +Minimē+, least. + +Ad·ministrō+, execute. + + MĪL-, associate. + +Mīlle+, thousand. + +Mīles+, soldier. + +Mīlitāris+, of war. + + MIS-, wretched. + +Miser+, wretched. + +Miseri·cordia+, pity. + + MIT-, send, throw. + +Mittō+, send. + +Ā·mittō+, lose. + +Com·mittō (conm-)+, join together. + +Dī·mittō+, despatch. + +Ē·mittō+, let fly. + +Inter·mittō+, halt. + +Intrō·mittō+, send in. + +O·mittō+ [for _ob·mittō_], neglect. + +Per·mittō+, grant. + +Prae·mittō+, send in advance. + +Re·mittō+, send back. + +Sub·mittō+, send as aid. + + 1. MV-, MOV-, move. + +Moveō+, move. + +Com·moveō+, startle. + +Per·moveō+, rouse. + +Prō·moveō+, move forward. + +Mōbilitās+, nimbleness. + +Com·mūtātiō+, change. + + 2. MV-, shut, fasten. + +Com·mūnis (conm-)+, common. + +Moenia+, walls. + +Mūniō+, fortify. + +Circum·mūniō+, blockade. + +Mūnīmentum+, fortification. + +Mūnītiō+, fortification. + +Mūrus+ [old _moerus_], wall. + + NA-, no. + +Nē+, that not, lest. + +Ne·que+, and not. + +Nē·ve+ or +Neu+, and that not. + +Ni·hil+, nothing. + +Ni·si+ [for _nē·si_], if not. + +Nōn+ [for _ne·oenum (ūnum)_], not. + +Nōn·dum+, not yet. + +Quīn+ [for _quī·nē_], but that. + + 1. NEC-, NOC-, kill, hurt. + +Inter·neciō+, annihilation. + +Nox+, night. + +Noctū+, by night. + + 2. NEC-, bind. + +Necessitās+, necessity. + +Necessārius+, necessary. + + NV-, now (pronominal stem). + +Noster+, our. + +Nunc+ [for _num·ce_], now. + +Novus+, new, fresh. + +Nūntius+ [for _noventius_, from obs. _noveō_, from _novus_], + messenger. + +Nūntiō+, report. + +Re·nūntiō+, report. + + OL-, OR-, grow, rise. + +Orior+, arise. + +Ad·orior+, assault. + +Ōrdō+, order. + + PA-, feed. + +Pater+, father. + +Patrius+, ancestral. + +Pābulum+, fodder. + + PAC-, PAG-, PVG-, fix, peg. + +Pāx+, peace. + +Pācō+, subdue. + + +Pūgnō+, fight. + +Ex·pūgnō+, storm. + +Op·pūgnō (obp-)+, assault. + +Op·pūgnātiō (obp-)+, assault. + +Prō·pūgnō+, defend. + + PAL-, PEL-, PVL-, drive, scatter. + +Pellō+, drive. + +Ad·pellō (app-)+, accost. + +Com·pellō (conp-)+, drive together. + +Ex·pellō+, drive out. + +Im·pellō (inp-)+, incite. + +Re·pellō+, drive back. + + 1. PAR-, POR-, PER-, through, far, reach, try. + +Pār+, equal. + +Per+, through. + +Ex·perior+, test. + +Perīclitor+, test. + +Perīculum+, danger. + +Porta+, gate. + +Portō+, bear. + +Op·portūnus (obp-)+, suitable. + +Paulis·per+, for a short time. + + 2. PAR-, POR-, part, breed. + +Parātus+, ready. + +Com·parō (conp-)+, get ready. + +Pro·perō+, hasten. + +Im·perātor (inp-)+, commander. + +Im·perō (inp-)+, command. + +Im·perium (inp-)+, command. + +A·pertus+ [for _ab·partus_], open. + +Re·periō+, find. + +Pars+, portion. + +Partim+, partly. + +O·portet+ [for _ob·portet_], is necessary. + + PARC-, PLEC-, bind, weave, fold. + +Du·plex+, two-fold. + +Sup·plex (subp-)+, suppliant. + +Sup·plicātiō (subp-)+, thanksgiving. + + +Prope+, near [with metathesis of _r_ and change of _c_ to _p_. + Cf. roots SAC and SCAL]. + +Proximus+ [_superl._ of _propior_], nearest. + +Proximē+, last. + +Propīnquus+, near. + +Propīnquitās+, proximity. + +Ad·propīnquō (app-)+, approach. + +Propter+, near, on account of. + +Propter·eā+, for the reason (that). + + 1. PAT-, go. + +Passus+, step. + +Pōns+, bridge. + + 2. PAT-, PAD-, spread, open. + +Pateō+, extend. + +Pate·faciō+, open. + +Pandō+, extend. + + PAV-, little. + +Paucus+, few. + +Parvulus+, slight. + +Paulum+, a little. + +Paulō+, a little. + +Paululum+, very slightly. + +Paulātim+, gradually. + +Paulis·per+, for a short time. + + PED-, tread. + +Pēs+, foot. + +Pedĕs+, foot-soldier. + +Pedester+, of infantry. + +Ex·pedītus+, unencumbered. + +Im·pediō (inp-)+, hinder. + +Im·pedīmenta (inp-)+, baggage. + + +Op·pidum+ [for _ob-pedum_], town. + +Op·pidānus (obp-)+, townsman. + + PET-, fly. + +Petō+, seek. + +Im·petus (inp-)+, charge. + + PIS-, crush. + +Pīlum+ [for _pislum_], spear. + +Prīmi·pīlus+, first centurion of the _triarii_. + + PLAT-, spread, flat. + +Latus+ [for _platus_], side. + +Plānitiēs+ [for _platnitiēs_], plain. + + PLE-, PLO-, PLV-, fill. + +Com·pleō (conp-)+, fill. + +Plērus·que+, the most of. + +Plūs+, more. + +Plūrimum+, most. + +Com·plūrēs (conp-)+, many. + + +Mani·pulus+, maniple. + +Am·plius+, more. + +Ampli·ficō+, enlarge. + +?Pellis+, skin. + +Populus+, people. + +Pūblicus+ [for _populicus_], belonging to the state. + + PLV-, PLOV-, wash, flow. + +Ex·plōrō+ [for _ex·ploverō_], reconnoitre. + +Ex·plōrātor+, scout. + + POS-, behind. + +Post+, after. + +Post·eā+, afterwards. + +Post·quam+, after. + +Postrī·diē+ [for _posterō diē_], next day. + + POT-, master. + +Potius+, rather. + +Pos·sum+ [for _potis sum_], be able, can. + +Potēns+, able. + +Potestās+, power. + +Potior+, gain. + +Im·petrō (inp-)+, obtain. + + PREC-, pray. + +Dē·precor+, petition against. + +Poscō+ [for _porcscō_], demand. + +Postulō+, demand. + + PRO-, PRI-, PRAE-, before. + +Prō+, before. + +Prior+, preceding. + +Prius·quam+, sooner than. + +Prīs·tinus+ [for _prius·tinus_], former. + +Prīmus+, first. + +Prīmum+, in the first place. + +Prīmō+, in the first place. + +Prīn·ceps+ [for _prīmi·ceps_], leader. + +Prīmi·pīlus+, first centurion of the _triarii_. + +Prae+, before. + + RA-, join, count. + +Ratiō+, reason. + +Rēs+, thing. + + RAP-, RVP-, snatch, break. + +Dī·ripiō+ [for _dis·ripiō_], sack. + +Ē·ruptiō+, sally. + +Rūpēs+, cliff. + + REG-, RIG-, stretch, guide. + +Por·rigō+ [for _prō·regō_], stretch out. + +Regiō+, direction. + +Rēx+, ruler. + +Rēgnum+, control. + + 1. SA-, SI-, sow, strow, sift. + +Pōnō+ [for _port·(prō) sinō_], place. + +Dē·pōnō+, put off. + +Prō·pōnō+, display. + + 2. SA-, SIM-, together, like. + +Singulī+, one at a time. + +Singulāris+, extraordinary. + +Simul+, at the same time. + +Cōn·similis+, altogether like. + + 3. SA-, pronominal stem. + +Sī·c+ [for _sī·ce_], so. + +I·pse+, self. + + 1. SAC-, SAG-, fasten. + +Sagittārius+, archer. + +Saepēs+ [with _p_ for _c_], hedge. + + 2. SAC-, SEC-, SCĪD-, CĪD-, split. + +Saxum+, rock. + +Sectiō+, booty. + +Scientia+, knowledge. + +Inter·scindō+, cut off. + +Con·cīdō+, cut to pieces. + +In·cīdō+, cut into. + +Oc·cīdō+, kill. + + 3. SAC-, show. + +Sīgnum+, signal. + +Sīgni·fer+, standard-bearer. + +Sīgni·ficō+, announce. + +Sīgni·ficātiō+, signal. + +Īn·sīgne+, sign. + + SAL-, SER-, save. + +Salūs+, safety. + +Sōlus+, alone. + +Sōlum+, only. + +Solli·citō (sōli)+, stir up. + +Servō+, keep. + +Cōn·servō+, preserve. + + SCAD-, CAD-, cover. + +Castra+, camp. + +Castellum+, redoubt. + + SCAL-, SCAR- (with _p_ for _c_, SPOL-), scrape. + +Calamitās+, [for _scalamitās_], disaster. + +Dē·spoliō+, deprive. + +?Populor+, +Dē·populor+, ravage. + + SCAND-, climb. + +A·scendō (adsc-)+, mount. + +A·scēnsus (adsc-)+, ascent. + + SCARP-, SCALP-, cut, scratch. + +Scrībō+, write. + +Cōn·scrībō+, enroll. + +Prae·scrībō+, dictate. + + SCV-, CV-, cover, hide. + +Scūtum+, shield. + +Custōdia+, guard. + + SEC-, follow. + +Sequor+, follow. + +Cōn·sequor+, attain. + +Īn·sequor+, follow up. + +Prō·sequor+, pursue. + +Sub·sequor+, follow closely. + +Secundus+, favorable. + +Secundum+, according to. + +Con-+ [for _scom-_], with. + +Cum+, with. + +Cōpia+ [for _com·opia_], supply. + +Con·trā+, against. + +Con·trārius+, opposite. + + SED-, SID-, sit. + +Pos·sideō+ [for _prō·sideo_], own. + +Īn·sidiae+, stratagem. + +Ob·sĕs+, hostage. + +Prae·sidium+, garrison. + +Sub·sidium+, assistance. + +Super·sedeō+, omit. + +Cōn·sīdō+, settle. + + SEN-, old. + +Senātor+, elder, senator. + +Senātus+, senate. + + SENT-, feel. + +Sententia+, opinion. + +Cōn·sentiō+, agree. + +Cōn·sēnsus+, agreement. + + 1. SER-, SVAR-, string, bind. + +Dē·serō+, abandon. + +Prae·sertim+, especially. + +Servitūs+, slavery. + + 2. SER-, SVAL-, bright. + +Sōl+, sun. + +Silva+, forest. + +Silvestris+, wooded. + + 1. SMAR-, MAR-, think. + +Mora+, delay. + +Moror+, delay. + + +Memoria+, remembrance. + +Com·memorō (conm-)+, mention. + + 2. SMAR-, MER-, ascribe. + +Meritum+, merit. + +Mercātor+, trader. + + SOVO-, SVO-, own. + +Suī+, of himself, _etc._ + +Suus+, his, _etc._ + +Cōn·suēscō+, be accustomed. + +Cōn·suētūdō+, custom. + +Mān·suētūdō+, gentleness. + + +Sed+, but. + +?Sī+, if. + +?Si·ne+, without. + +?Ni·si+, if not. + + SPA-, PA-, draw, stretch. + +Spatium+, space. + +Spēs+, hope. + +Dē·spērō+, give up hope. + + +?Studeō+, strive after. + +?Studium+, eagerness. + + SPEC-, see, spy. + +Cōn·spiciō+, espy. + +Per·spiciō+, ascertain. + +Re·spiciō+, look back. + +Ex·spectō+, await. + +Cōn·spicor+, espy. + +Speciēs+, form. + +Speculātor+, spy. + +Cōn·spectus+, sight. + +Dē·spectus+, view downward. + +Prō·spectus+, view forward. + + STA-, stand, set. + +Cōn·stanter+, uniformly. + +Īn·stō+, press forward. + +Prae·stō+, excel, show. + +Cōn·sistō+, take position. + +Dē·sistō+, stop. + +Īn·sistō+, take a stand. + +Re·sistō+, resist. + +Statuō+, determine. + +Cōn·stituō+, determine. + +Statim+, at once. + +Statiō+, picket. + +Statūra+, stature. + + STER-, STRA-, STLA-, strow, spread. + +Lātus+ [old, _stlātus_], broad. + +Lātitūdō+, width. + + STRV-, spread, heap. + +Ex·struō+, erect. + +Īn·struō+, arrange. + + 1. TA-, TEN-, stretch. + +Prīs·tinus+ [for _prius·tinus_], former. + +Prō·tinus+, at once. + +Tener+, tender. + +Teneō+, hold. + +Con·tineō+, restrain, keep. + +Dis·tineō+, separate. + +Ob·tineō+, hold. + +Per·tineō+, extend to. + +Re·tineō+, detain. + +Sus·tineō+ [for _subs·tineō_], sustain. + +Sus·tentō+ [for _subs·tentō_], hold out. + +Tendō+, stretch. + +Con·tendō+, hasten. + +?Tempus+, time. + + 2. TA-, pronominal stem, third person, demonstrative. + +Tam+, so. + +Tantus+, so great. + +Tantulus+, so trifling. + +Tamen+, still. + +Tot·idem+, just as many. + +Tum+, then. + + Also the final element in _au·tem, au·t, i·ta, i·ta·que, u·t_. + + TAG-, touch, seize. + +At·tingō (adt-)+, touch. + +Red·in·tegrō+, renew. + + TARC- (TARP-), TREP-, turn, twist. + +Tormentum+, engine for hurling. + +Turpitūdō+, disgrace. + +Trabs+, beam. + + TEC-, TAX-, weave, arrange. + +In·texō+, weave in. + +Tēlum+ (for _teclum_), spear. + + TEM-, TAN-, cut. + +Con·temptus+, contempt. + +Con·tumēlia+, insult. + + TER-, TREM-, TERS-, shake, scare. + +Dē·terreō+, prevent. + +Per·terreō+, thoroughly frighten. + +Terror+, fright. + + TV-, TVM-, TAV-, TO-, swell. + +Tumulus+, mound. + +Tumultus+, uproar. + +Tōtus+, whole. + + TVR-, harry, crowd. + +Per·turbō+, throw into confusion. + +Prō·turbō+, drive off, + +?Turris+, tower. + + VAG-, VEH-, move, carry. + +Vēxillum+, flag. + +Vēxō+, harass. + + 1. VEL-, VAL-, VER-, cover, guard. + +Vāllum+, rampart. + +Inter·vāllum+, distance. + +Vereor+, fear. + + 2. VEL-, VOL-, tear, pluck. + +Vulnus+, wound. + +Vulnerō+, wound. + + VER-, say. + +Verbum+, word. + +Vērō+, in truth. + + VERG-, VRG-, VALG-, slope, press. + +Vergō+, incline. + +Urgeō+, press. + +Vulgō (volgō)+, generally. + + VERT-, turn. + +Ā·vertō+, turn away. + +Con·vertō+, turn around. + +Re·vertō+, return. + +Re·vertor+, return. + +Versō+, turn about, _pass._ dwell. + +Ad·versus+, opposite. + +Dī·versus+, turned away. + +Intr·ōrsus+ [for _intrō·versus_], within. + +R·ūrsus+ [for _re·vorsus_], again. + +Trāns·versus+, at right-angles. + +Ūni·versus+, all. + + VET-, VIT-, year, old. + +In·veterāscō+, grow old in. + +Vetō+, forbid. + + VI-, VIC-, twine. + +Vīnea+, covered shed. + +Vīnum+, wine. + +Vīmen+, willow, withe. + + VIC-, conquer. + +Vincō+, conquer. + +Vīctor+, victorious. + +Prō·vincia+, province. + +Vix+, barely. + + VID-, see. + +Videō+, see. + +In·videō+, envy. + +Prō·videō+, procure. + +Prū·dentia+ [for _prō·videntia_], wisdom. + +Im·prō·vīsō (inp-)+, unexpectedly. + + VIR-, man. + +Vir+, man. + +Virtūs+, valor. + + VOC-, VAG-, call. + +Con·vocō+, call together. + +Re·vocō+, call back. + +Vōx+, voice. + + VOL-, will, wish. + +Voluntās+, wish. + +N·ōlō+ [for _nē·vōlō_], be unwilling. + +Quam·vīs+, howsoever. + + +At+, but. + { +At·que+, and. + { +Āc+, + +Et+, and. + +Et·iam+, even. + +Ad+, to. + +Ap·ud+, among. + + +Ex+, +Ē+, from, out of. + +Extrēmus+, furthest. + + +Locus+ [for _stlocus_], place. + +Con·locō (coll-)+, place. + + +Multus+, much. + +Multitūdō+, large number. + + +Proelium+, battle. + +Proelior+, fight. + + +Superior+, higher. + +Summus+ [for _supimus_], highest + +Suprā+, above. + +Superō+, overcome. + + +Tardus+, slow. + +Tardō+, retard. + + +Trēs+, three. + +Trī·duum+, three days’ time. + +Tribūnus+, military tribune. + +Tertius+, third. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +Errata (noted by transcriber) + +Missing or incorrect punctuation in the vocabulary lists was silently +corrected when it did not affect meaning. Other errors are listed +below. + +WILLIAM C. COLLAR, A.M. [_. after C invisible_] + +Chap. 25: et manipulos laxāre iūssit, [iūssit.] + +Notes: + Chap. 6, Page 26: + 24. ... notwithstanding A. & G., p. 389, Rem. [A. &. G.] + Chap. 8, Line 7: + ... Compare chap. 7, l. 8. [chap 7] + Chap. 26, Page 36: + 16. ... Compare +ab sinistra parte+, p. 35, l. 13 + [_text has “p. 23”, using chapter number in place of page number_] + Chap. 33, Page 40: + 5. +ne quam ... iniūriam+: see p. 39, l. 28, and note + [_note is to simplified text, Chap. 33, l. 5_] + +Vocabulary: + +Con·diciō+, -ōnis, F., [DĪC-, DIC-] [_hyphen after DIC missing_] + +Molestē+, adv. [MAC-, MAG-] [1 MAC-] + +Proximē+ ..., _nearest; most recently [most, recently] + +Trāns·gredior+, 3 ... go over [go, over] + +Etymology: + PED-, tread ... +Ex·pedītus+, unencumbered [unemcumbered]. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Gate to Cæsar, by William C. 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