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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 206, October 8,
+1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 206, October 8, 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 24, 2008 [EBook #27005]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{333}
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 206.]
+SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8. 1853.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--                                                   Page
+  Notes on Newspapers: "The Times," Daily Press
+  &c., by H. M. Bealby                                        333
+  "In quietness and confidence shall be your strength,"
+  by Joshua G. Fitch                                          335
+  Binders of the Volumes in the Harleian Library              335
+  French Verse, by Thos. Keightley                            336
+  A Spanish Play-bill, by William Robson                      336
+  Shakspeare Correspondence, by Robert Rawlinson,
+  C. Mansfield Ingleby, &c.                                   336
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Injustice, its Origin--Two Brothers
+  of the same Christian Name--Female Parish Clerk             338
+
+  QUERIES:--
+  Descendants of Milton                                       339
+  An anxious Query from the Hymmalayas                        339
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--"De la Schola de Sclavoni"--Mineral
+  Acids--Richard Geering--Stipendiary
+  Curates--Our Lady of Rounceval--Roden's Colt--Sir
+  Christopher Wren and the Young Carver--Vellum
+  Cleaning--Dionysia in Boeotia--Poll Tax
+  in 1641--Thomas Chester Bishop Of Elphin, 1580--Rev.
+  Urban Vigors--Early English MSS.--Curing
+  of Henry IV.--Standard of Weights and Measures--Parish
+  Clerks' Company--Orange Blossom--Mr.
+  Pepys his Queries--Foreign Medical Education                339
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Chandler, Bishop
+  of Durham--Huggins and Muggins--Balderdash--Lovell,
+  Sculptor--St. Werenfrid and Butler's "Lives
+  of the Saints"                                              341
+
+  REPLIES:--
+
+  Sir W. Hankford--Gascoigne's Tomb, by Mr. Foss, &c.         342
+  Translation of the Prayer Book into French                  343
+  Praying to the West                                         343
+  Jacob Bobart, by Dr. E. F. Rimbault                         344
+  Early Use of Tin.--Derivation of the Name of Britain,
+  by the Rev. Dr. Hincks and Fras. Crossley                   344
+  Yew-trees in Churchyards, by J. G. Cumming, Wm.
+  W. King, &c.                                                346
+  Stars are the Flowers of Heaven, by W. Fraser               346
+  Books burned by the common Hangman, by John S. Burn, &c.    346
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Stereoscopic Angles--Mr.
+  Pumphrey's Process for securing black Tints
+  in Positives                                                348
+
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Baskerville the Printer--Lines
+  on Woman--Haulf-naked--Cambridge and Ireland--
+  Autobiographical Sketch--Archbishop Chichely--"Discovery of
+  the Inquisition"--Divining Rod--"Pinece with a stink"--
+  Longevity--Chronograms--Heraldic Notes--Christian Names--
+  "I put a spoke in his wheel"--Judges styled Reverend--Palace
+  at Enfield--Sir John Vanbrugh--Greek Inscription on a
+  Font--"Fierce"--Giving Quarter--Sheriffs of Glamorganshire--
+  "When the maggot bites"--Connexion between the Celtic and
+  Latin Languages--Bacon's Essays, &c.                        349
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Notes on Books, &c.                                         354
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                                354
+  Notices to Correspondents                                   354
+  Advertisements                                              355
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notes.
+
+NOTES ON NEWSPAPERS: "THE TIMES," DAILY PRESS, ETC.
+
+A newspaper, rightly conducted, is a potent power in promoting the
+well-being of universal man. It is also a highly moral power--for it
+quickens mind everywhere, and puts in force those principles which tend to
+lessen human woe, and to exalt and dignify our common humanity. The daily
+press, for the most part, aims to correct error--whether senatorial,
+theological, or legal. It pleads in earnest tones for the removal of public
+wrong, and watches with a keen eye the rise and fall of great interests. It
+teaches with commanding power, and makes its influence felt in the palace
+of the monarch, as well as through all classes of the community. It helps
+on, in the path of honorable ambition, the virtuous and the good. It never
+hesitates or falters, however formidable the foe. It never crouches,
+however injurious to itself the free and undisguised utterance of some
+truths may be. It is outspoken. When the nation requires them, it is bold
+and fearless in propounding great changes, though they may clash with the
+expectations of a powerful class. It heeds the reverses to which a nation
+is subjected, and turns them to good account. It does not abuse its power,
+and is never menaced. It is unshackled, and therefore has a native growth.
+It looks on the movements of the wide world calmly, deliberately, and
+intelligently. We believe the independency of the daily press can never be
+bribed, or its patronage won by unlawful means. Its mission is noble, and
+the presiding sentiment of the varied intellect employed upon it is "the
+greatest good to the greatest number." It never ceases in its operations.
+It is a perpetual thing: always the same in many of its aspects, and yet
+always new. It is untiring in its efforts, and unimpeded in its career. We
+look for it every day with an unwavering confidence, with an almost
+absolute certainty. Power and freshness are its principal characteristics;
+and with these it combines a healthy tone, a fearless courage, and an
+invincible determination. That it has its imperfections, we do not
+deny--and what agency is {334} without them? It is not free from error, and
+no estate of the realm can be. The purity of the public press will be
+increased as Christianity advances. There is no nation in the world which
+can boast of a press so moral, and so just, as the daily newspaper press of
+Great Britain. The victories it achieves are seen and felt by all: and when
+compared with the newspaper press of other countries, it has superior
+claims to our admiration and regard.
+
+Taking _The Times_ as the highest type of that class of newspapers which we
+denominate the daily press, these remarks will more particularly apply. The
+history of such a paper, and its wonderful career, is not sufficiently
+known, and its great commercial and intellectual power not adequately
+estimated. The extinction of such a journal (could we suppose such a
+thing,) would be a public calamity. Its vast influence is felt throughout
+the civilised world; and we believe _that_ influence, generally speaking,
+is on the side of right, and for the promotion of the common weal. It is
+strange that such an organ of public sentiment should have been charged
+with the moral turpitude of receiving bribes. That it should destroy its
+reputation, darken its fair fame, and undermine the very foundation of its
+prosperity, by a course so degrading, we find it impossible to believe. We
+feel assured it is far removed from everything of the kind: that its course
+is marked by great honesty of purpose, and its exalted aim will never allow
+it to stoop to anything so beneath the dignity of its character, and so
+repugnant to every sense of rectitude and propriety. It is no presumption
+to assert that, under such overt influences, it remains unmoved and
+immovable; and to reiterate a remark made in the former part of this
+article, "its independency can never be bribed, or its patronage won by
+unlawful means." Looking at it in its colossal strength, and with its
+omnipotent power (for truth is omnipotent), it may be classed, without any
+impropriety, among the wonders of the world.
+
+Allow me to give to the readers of "N. & Q." the following facts in
+connexion with _The Times_, and on the subject of newspapers generally.
+They are deserving of a place in your valuable journal. There were sold of
+_The Times_ on Nov. 19, 1852, containing an account of the Duke of
+Wellington's funeral, 70,000 copies: these were worked off at the rate of
+from 10,000 to 12,000 an hour. _The Times_ of Jan. 10, 1806, with an
+account of the funeral of Lord Nelson, is a small paper compared with _The
+Times_ of the present day. Its size is nineteen inches by thirteen: having
+about eighty advertisements, and occupying, with woodcuts of the coffin and
+funeral car, a space of fifteen inches by nine. Nearly fifty years have
+elapsed since then, and now the same paper frequently publishes a double
+supplement, which, with the paper itself, contains the large number of
+about 1,700 advertisements.[1] 54,000 copies of _The Times_ were sold when
+the Royal Exchange was opened by the Queen; 44,500 at the close of Rush's
+trial. 1828, the circulation of _The Times_ was under 7,000 a day; now its
+average circulation is about 42,000 a day, or 12,000,000 annually.[2] The
+gross proceeds of _The Times_, in 1828, was about 45,000l. a year: and,
+from an article which appeared twelve months ago in its columns, it now
+enjoys a gross income equal to that of a flourishing German principality.
+
+We believe we are correct when we assert, that there were sold of the
+_Illustrated London News_, with a narrative of the Duke's funeral (a double
+number), 400,000 copies. One newsman is said to have taken 1000 quires
+double number, or 2000 quires single number: making 27,000 double papers,
+or 54,000 single papers (twenty-seven papers being the number to a quire),
+and for which he must have paid 1075l.[3] It is a remarkable fact, that
+Manchester, with a population of 400,000, has but three newspapers;
+Liverpool, with 367,000, eleven; Glasgow, with 390,000, sixteen; Dublin,
+with but 200,000, no less than twenty-two. The largest paper ever known was
+published some years ago by Brother Jonathan, and called the _Boston
+Notion_. The head letters stand two inches high; the sheet measures five
+feet ten inches by four feet one inch, being about twenty-four square feet;
+it is a double sheet, with ten columns in each page; making in all eighty
+columns, containing 1,000,000 letters, and sold for 3�d. In the good old
+times, one of the earliest provincial newspapers in the southern part of
+the kingdom was printed by a man named Mogridge, who used to insert the
+intelligence from Yorkshire under the head "Foreign News."
+
+It is curious to search a file of old newspapers. It is seldom we have the
+opportunity of doing so, because we rarely preserve them in consecutive
+order. It is easy to keep them, and would repay the trouble, and their
+value would increase as years rolled on. Such reading would be very
+interesting, and more so than we can at all imagine. It is a history of
+every day, and a record of a people's sayings and doings. It throws us back
+on the past, and makes forgotten times live again. Some of the early
+volumes of _The Times_ newspaper, for instance, would be a curiosity in
+their {335} way. We should read them with special interest, as reflecting
+the character of the age in which they appeared, and as belonging to a
+series exercising a mighty influence in moulding and guiding the commercial
+and political opinions of this great nation. The preservation of a
+newspaper, if it be but a weekly one, will become a source of instruction
+and amusement to our descendants in generations to come.
+
+H. M. BEALBY.
+
+North Brixton.
+
+[Footnote 1: The largest number of advertisements in one paper with a
+double supplement was in June last, 2,250.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The quantity of paper used for _The Times_ with a single
+supplement is 126 reams, each ream weighing 92 lbs., or 7 tons weight of
+paper; with a double supplement, 168 reams.]
+
+[Footnote 3: During the week of the Duke's funeral, there were issued by
+the Stamp Office to the newspaper press more than 2,000,000 of stamps.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"IN QUIETNESS AND CONFIDENCE SHALL BE YOUR STRENGTH."
+
+There is an old house in the "Dom Platz," at Frankfort, in which Luther
+lived for some years. A bust of him in relief is let into the outer wall;
+it is a grim-looking ungainly effigy, coarsely coloured, and of very small
+pretensions as a work of art; but evidently of a date not much later than
+the time of the great Iconoclast. Round the figure, the following words are
+deeply cut: "In silentio et in spe, erit fortitudo vestra." Can any of your
+readers tell me whether any particular circumstance of Luther's life led
+him to adopt this motto, or otherwise identified it with his name; or
+whether the text was merely selected by some admirer after his death, to
+garnish this memorial?
+
+In either case it is not uninteresting to notice, that this passage of
+Scripture has been employed more than any other as the watchword of that
+religious movement in the English Church which we are accustomed to
+associate with Oxford and the year 1833. It forms the motto on the
+title-page of the _Christian Year_; it has been very conspicuous in the
+writings of many eminent defenders of the same school of theology, and it
+is thus alluded to by Dr. Pusey in the preface to that celebrated sermon on
+the Eucharist, for which he received the University censure:
+
+    "Since I can now speak in no other manner, I may in this way utter one
+    word to the young, to whom I have heretofore spoken from a more solemn
+    place; I would remind them how almost prophetically, sixteen years ago,
+    in the volume which was the unknown dawn and harbinger of the
+    re-awakening of deeper truth, this was given as the watchword to those
+    who should love the truth, 'In quietness and confidence shall be your
+    strength.' There have been manifold tokens that patience is the one
+    great grace which God is now calling forth in our church," &c.
+
+I will not here inquire which of the two great religious revolutions I have
+mentioned has been more truly characterised by the spirit of this beautiful
+and striking text, but perhaps some of your readers will agree with me in
+thinking that the coincidence is at least a note-worthy one; and not the
+less so, because it was probably undesigned.
+
+JOSHUA G. FITCH.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BINDERS OF THE VOLUMES IN THE HARLEIAN LIBRARY.
+
+In Dr. Dibdin's _Bibliographical Decameron_, 1817, vol. ii. p. 503., he
+thus introduces the subject:
+
+    "The commencement of the eighteenth century saw the rise and progress
+    of the rival libraries of Harley and Sunderland. What a field,
+    therefore, was here for the display of the bibliopegistic art! Harley
+    usually preferred red morocco, with a broad border of gold, and the
+    fore-edges of the leaves without colour or gilt. Generally speaking,
+    the Harleian volumes are most respectably bound; but they have little
+    variety, and the style of art which they generally exhibit rather
+    belongs to works of devotion."
+
+In a note on the above passage, Dibdin adds:
+
+    "I have often consulted my bibliomaniacal friends respecting the name
+    of the binder or binders of the Harleian Library. Had Bagford or Wanley
+    the chief direction? I suspect the _latter_."
+
+If Dr. Dibdin and his "bibliomaniacal friends" had not preferred the easy
+labour of looking at printed title-pages to the rather more laborious task
+of examining manuscripts, they might readily have solved the Query thus
+raised by referring to Wanley's _Autograph Diary_, preserved in the
+Lansdowne Collection, Nos. 771, 772, which proves that the binders employed
+by Lord Oxford were Christopher Chapman of Duck Lane, and Thomas Elliot.
+Very many entries occur between January 1719-20 and May 1726, relative to
+the binding both of manuscripts and books in morocco and calf; and it
+appears, in regard to the former material, that it was supplied by Lord
+Oxford himself. Some of these entries will show the jealous care exercised
+by honest Humphrey Wanley over the charge committed to him.
+
+    "25th January, 1719-20. This day having inspected Mr. Elliot's bill, I
+    found him exceedingly dear in all the work of Morocco, Turkey, and
+    Russia leather, besides that of velvet.
+
+    "28th January, ----. Mr. Elliot the bookbinder came, to whom I produced
+    the observations I made upon his last bill, showing him that (without
+    catching at every little matter) my Lord might have had the same work
+    done as well and cheaper, by above 31l. He said that he could have
+    saved above eight pounds in the fine books, and yet they should have
+    looked well. That he now cannot do them so cheap as he rated them at;
+    that no man can do so well as himself, or near the rates I set against
+    his. But, upon the whole, said he would write to my Lord upon the
+    subject.
+
+    "13th July, 1721. Mr. Elliot having clothed the CODEX AVREVS in my
+    Lord's Morocco leather, took the same from hence this day, in order to
+    work upon it with his best tools; which, he says, he can do with much
+    more convenience at his house than here.
+
+    "19th January, 1721-22. Mr. Chapman came, and received three books for
+    present binding. And upon {336} his request I delivered (by order) six
+    Morocco skins to be used in my Lord's service. He desires to have them
+    at a cheap price, and to bind as before. I say that my Lord will not
+    turn leather-seller, and therefore he must bring hither his proposals
+    for binding with my Lord's Morocco skins; otherwise his Lordship will
+    appoint some other binder to do so.
+
+    "17th September, 1725. Mr. Elliot brought the parcel I last delivered
+    unto him, but took one back to amend a blunder in the lettering. He
+    said that he has used my Lord's doe-skin upon six books, and that they
+    may serve instead of calf; only the grain is coarser, like that of
+    sheep, and this skin was tanned too much.
+
+    "23rd December, 1725. Mr. Chapman came, but I gave him no work; chiding
+    him for being so slow in my Lord's former business, which he had
+    frequently postponed, that he might serve the booksellers the sooner."
+
+[mu].
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FRENCH VERSE.
+
+In the _Diary of T. Moore_ I lately read, with some surprise, the following
+passages:
+
+    "Attended watchfully to her [Mdlle Duchesnois] recitative, and find
+    that in nine verses out of ten 'A cobbler there was, and he lived in a
+    stall' is the tune of the French heroics."--April 24, 1821.
+
+    "Two lines I met in Athalie; how else than according to the 'Cobbler
+    there was,' &c., can they be repeated?
+
+     'N'a pour servir sa cause et venger ses injures,
+      Ni le coeur assez droit, ni les mains assez pures.'"--May 30, 1821.
+
+Now, if this be the mode of reading these lines, I confess all my ideas are
+erroneous with respect to French poetry. I have always considered that
+though hemistichs and occasionally whole lines occur in it, which bear a
+resemblance to the Spanish Versos de Arte Mayor, the anap�stic measure of
+"A Cobbler" is quite foreign to it. I may, however, be mistaken; and it is
+in the hope of eliciting information on the subject that I send these few
+remarks to "N. & Q." Should it appear that I am not wrong, I will on a
+future occasion endeavour to develop my ideas of the French rhythm; a
+subject that I cannot recollect to have seen treated in a satisfactory
+manner in any French work.
+
+Bishop Tegn�r, the poet of Sweden, seems also to have differed in opinion
+with Moore respecting the rhythm of French poetry, for he compares it to
+the dancing of a deaf man, who forms his steps accurate, but who does not
+keep time. Both are alike mistaken, in my opinion; and their error arises
+from their judging French poetry by rules that are foreign to it. The
+rhythm of French verse is peculiar, and differs from that of any other
+language.
+
+THOS. KEIGHTLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A SPANISH PLAY-BILL.
+
+Though not much a frequenter of theatres of late, I was recently induced,
+by the flourishing public announcements, to go to Drury Lane Theatre; with
+the chance, but scarcely in the hope, of seeing what I never yet have seen,
+a perfect Othello. Alas! echo still answers _never yet_. But yours are not
+the pages for dramatic criticism.
+
+As my bill lay before me, I could not help thinking what an execrably bad
+taste our modern managers show in the extravagant and ridiculous
+announcement of the splendour of the _star_ you come to contemplate! If Mr.
+Brooke have great merit, he needs not all this sound of trumpets; if he
+have it not, he is only rendered the more contemptible by it. I have some
+of the play-bills of John Kemble's last performances before me, and there
+is none of this fustian: the fact, the performance, and the name are simply
+announced. If our taste improves in some respects, it does not in this; it
+is a retrogression--a royal theatre sinking back into the booth of a fair.
+Shakspeare's and Byron's texts have been converted into the showman's
+explanations of panoramas: to what vile uses they may be next applied,
+there is no guessing. Poor Shakspeare! how I have pitied him, and you too,
+Mr. Editor, as I have seen him for so many months undergoing the operation
+of the _teazle_ in "N. & Q.!" I hope there will be soon an end of this
+"skimble stuff," "signifying nothing."
+
+But my observation upon the Drury Lane play-bill reminded me of one I have
+in my common-place book; and, as a correspondent and reader of "N. & Q.," I
+think it my duty to send it:
+
+    _A Spanish Play-bill, exhibited at Seville_, 1762.
+
+    "To the Sovereign of Heaven--to the Mother of the Eternal World--to the
+    Polar Star of Spain--to the Comforter of all Spain--to the faithful
+    Protectress of the Spanish Nation--to the Honour and Glory of the Most
+    Holy Virgin Mary--for her benefit, and for the Propagation of her
+    Worship--the company of Comedians will this day give a representation
+    of the Comic Piece called--
+
+    NANINE.
+
+    The celebrated Italian will also dance the Fandango, and the Theatre
+    will be respectably illuminated."
+
+WILLIAM ROBSON.
+
+Stockwell.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_The Meteorology of Shakspeare._--A treatise might be written on
+meteorology, and might be illustrated entirely by passages taken from the
+writings of "the world's greatest poet." "N. & Q." may not be the fitting
+medium for a lengthened treatise, but it is the most proper depository of a
+few loose Notes on the subject. {337} Those who study Shakspeare should, to
+understand him, thoroughly study Nature at the same time: but to our
+meteorology. Recent observers have classified clouds as under:
+
+  ______________________________________________________________
+  |Howard's Latin |  Foster's English   |  Local Names.        |
+  |Nomenclature.  |       Names.        |                      |
+  |_______________|_____________________|______________________|
+  |Cumulus.       |   Stackencloud.     |    Woolbag.          |
+  |Cirrus.        |   Curlcloud.        |    Goatshair, Grey   |
+  |Stratus.       |   Fallcloud.        |      Marestails.     |
+  |Nimbus.        |   Raincloud.        |                      |
+  |_______________|_____________________|______________________|
+
+There are composite forms of cloud, varieties of the above, which need not
+be noticed here. The Cumulus is the parent cloud, and produces every other
+form of cloud known, or which can exist. Mountain ranges and currents of
+air of unequal temperatures may produce visible vapour, but not true cloud.
+
+_Cumulus._ This cloud is always formed at "the dew point." The vapour of
+the lower atmosphere, at this elevation, is condensed, or rendered visible.
+In fog the dew point is at the surface of the earth; in summer it may be
+several thousands of feet above. The Cumulus cloud forms from below. The
+invisible vapour of the lower atmosphere is condensed, parts with its
+thousand degrees of latent heat, which rush upwards, forcing the vapour
+into the vast hemispherical heaps of snowy, glittering clouds, which, seen
+in midday, appear huge mountains of clouds; the "cloud-land" of the poet,
+floating in liquid air. The Cumulus cloud is ever changing in form.
+Cumulating from a level base, the top is mounting higher and higher, until
+the excessive moisture is precipitated in heavy rain, hail, or thunder
+showers.
+
+The tops of the Cumulus, carried away by the upper equatorial currents,
+form the Cirrus clouds, which clouds must be frozen vapour, as they are
+generally from twenty to thirty thousand feet above the level of the sea.
+The base of the Cumulus is probably never more, in England, than five
+thousand feet high, rarely this. The _Nimbus_ is the _Cumulus_ shedding its
+vapour in rain; and the _Stratus_ is the partially exhausted and fading
+Nimbus.
+
+Poets in all ages have watched the clouds with interest; and Shakspeare has
+not only correctly described them, but has, in metaphor, used them in some
+of his sublimest passages. Ariel will "ride on the curled clouds" to
+Prospero's "strong bidding task" that is, ride on the highest Cirrus cloud,
+in regions impassable to man. How admirably the raining Cumulus (Nimbus
+cloud) is described in the same play:
+
+    "_Trinculo._ Here's neither bush[4] nor shrub, to bear off any weather
+    at all, and another storm brewing. I hear it sing i' the wind: yond'
+    same black cloud, yond' huge one, looks like a foul[5] bumbard that
+    would shed his liquor ...
+
+    ... Yond' same cloud cannot choose but fall by pailfuls."
+
+Hamlet points to a changing Cumulus cloud, when he says to Polonius, "Do
+you see that cloud, that almost in shape like a camel?"
+
+ "_Pol._ By the mass, and 'tis like a camel, indeed.
+  _Ham._ Methinks it is like a weasel.
+  _Pol._ It is back'd like a weasel.
+  _Ham._ Or like a whale?
+  _Pol._ Very like a whale."
+
+But the finest cloud passage in the whole range of literature is contained
+in _Antony and Cleopatra_, painting, as it does, the fallen and wasting
+state of the emperor (Act IV. Sc. 12.):
+
+ "_Ant._ Eros, thou yet behold'st me?
+  _Eros._ Ay, noble lord!
+  _Ant._ Sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish:
+  A vapour, sometime, like a bear, or lion,
+  A tower'd citadel, a pendant rock,
+  A forked mountain, or blue promontory
+  With trees upon't, that nod unto the world,
+  And mock our eyes with air. Thou hast seen these signs:
+  They are black vesper's pageants.
+  _Eros._ Ay, my lord.
+  _Ant._ That which is now a horse, even with a thought,
+  The rack dislimns; and makes it indistinct,
+  As water is in water.
+  _Eros._ It does, my lord.
+  _Ant._ My good knave, Eros, now thy captain is
+  Even such a body: here I am Antony;
+  Yet cannot hold this visible shape, my knave."
+
+Those who wish to understand this sublime passage must watch a bank of
+Cumulus clouds at the western sky on a summer's evening. The tops of the
+clouds must not be more than five or ten degrees above the apparent
+horizon. There must also be a clear space upwards, and the sun fairly set
+to the last stages of twilight. It will then be comprehended as to what is
+meant by "black vesper's pageants," and Warton and Knight will no more
+mislead by their note. It is only at "black vespers" that such a pageant
+can be seen, when the liberated heat of the Cumulus cloud is forcing the
+vapour into the grand or fantastic shapes indicated to the poet's eye and
+mind.
+
+How truly does Antony read his own condition in the changing and perishable
+clouds. Shakspeare names or alludes to the clouds in more than one hundred
+passages, and the form of cloud is ever correctly indicated. Who does not
+remember the {338} passages in _Romeo and Juliet_? Much more might be
+written on this subject.
+
+ROBERT RAWLINSON.
+
+[Footnote 4: _Bush_, not brush, as misprinted in Knight's edition.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _Foul._ Surely this ought to be _full_. A foul bumbard might
+be empty. "Foulness" and "shedding his liquor" are not necessarily
+contingent; but fulness and overflowing are. A _full_ vessel, shaken,
+cannot choose "but shed his liquor."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the Hull meeting of the British Association, Mr. Russell, farmer,
+Kilwhiss, Fife, read a paper on "The Action of the Winds which veer from
+the South-west to West, and North-west to North." This he wound up by a
+reference to Shakspeare, which may be worthy of _noting_:
+
+    "In concluding, I cannot help remarking that this circuit of the wind
+    from SW. by W. to NW. or N., from our insular position, imparts to our
+    climate its fickleness and inconstancy. How often will our brightest
+    sky become suffused by the blackest vapours on the slightest breach of
+    SW. wind, and the clouds will then disappear as speedily as they
+    formed, when the NW. upper current forces their stratum of moist air to
+    rise and mingle with the dryer current above. I do not know who first
+    noticed and recorded this change of the wind from SW. to NW., but the
+    regularity of the phenomenon must teach us that the law which it obeys
+    is part of a grand system, and invites us to trace its action. I do not
+    think it will be out of place to point out the fact that the great
+    English poet seems to have been quite familiar with this feature of our
+    weather, not only in its most striking manifestations in the autumn and
+    winter months, to which he especially refers, but even in its more
+    pleasant aspects of summer. Shakspeare likens the wind in this shifting
+    to an individual who pays his addresses in succession to two fair
+    ones--first he wooes the North, but in courting that frigid beauty a
+    difference takes place, whereupon he turns his back upon her and courts
+    the fair South. You will observe the lines are specially applied to the
+    winter season--
+
+     'And more inconstant than the wind, who wooes
+      Even now the frozen bosom of the _north_,
+      And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence,
+      Turning this _face_ to the dew-dropping _south_.'
+
+    --I am not aware that the philosophic truth contained in these lines
+    has ever before been pointed out. The beautiful lines which the poet,
+    in his prodigality, put into the mouth of one of his gay frolicsome
+    characters, the meaning of them he no doubt thought might have been
+    understood by every one; but his commentators do not seem to have done
+    so. In some editions turning his _side_ has been put for _face_, which
+    is feeble and unmeaning. And I do not think the recent emendation by
+    Mr. Collier on the text is any improvement, where _tide_ is substituted
+    for _face_, which impairs both the beauty and harmony of the metaphor."
+
+ANON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_A Word for "the Old Corrector."_--Allow me, as an avowed enemy to "the Old
+Corrector's" _novelties_, render "the Great Unknown" one act of justice. I
+am convinced there are but two practically possible hypotheses, on which to
+account for the MS. emendations: either the emendations were for the most
+part made from some authoritative document, or they are parts of a modern
+fabrication. No third supposition can be reasonably maintained. MR.
+KNIGHT'S view, for example, gives no account of the _immense_ number of
+coincidences with the conjectural emendations of the commentators.
+Whichever of the two hypotheses be the true one, I need hardly say that MR.
+COLLIER'S name is a sufficient guarantee for all honorable dealing, so far
+as he is connected with the MS. corrections.
+
+Permit me farther to do an act of justice to MR. COLLIER himself. In my
+note on a passage in _The Tempest_, I stated that _Mr. Collier_ had
+overlooked a parallel passage in _Richard II._ It was I who had overlooked
+MR. COLLIER'S supplemental note. However, I must add, that how MR. COLLIER
+could persuade himself to print _heat_ for "cheek," in his "monovolume
+edition," after he had seen the passage in _Richard II._, is utterly beyond
+my power of comprehension.
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Injustice, its Origin._--In looking through a file of papers a few days
+since, I met with the following as being the origin of this term, and would
+ask if it is correct?
+
+    "When Nushervan the Just was out on a hunting excursion, his
+    companions, on his becoming fatigued, recommended him to rest, while
+    they should prepare him some food. There being no salt, a slave was
+    dispatched to the nearest village to bring some. But as he was going,
+    Nushervan said, 'Pay for the salt you take, in order that it may not
+    become a custom to rob, and the village ruined.' They said, 'What harm
+    will this little quantity do?' He replied, The _origin of injustice_ in
+    the world was at first small, but every one that came added to it,
+    until it reached its present magnitude.'"
+
+W. W.
+
+Malta.
+
+_Two Brothers of the same Christian Name._--An instance of this occurs in
+the family of Croft of Croft Castle. William Croft, Esq., of Croft Castle,
+had issue Sir Richard Croft, Knight, his son and heir, the celebrated
+soldier in the wars of the Roses, and Richard Croft, Esq., second son,
+"who, by the description of Richard Croft the Younger, received a grant of
+lands" in 1461. (_Retrospective Review_, 2nd Series, vol. i. p. 472.)
+
+TEWARS.
+
+_Female Parish Clerk._--In the parish register of Totteridge appears the
+following:
+
+    "1802, March 2. Buried, Elizabeth King, widow, for forty-six years
+    clerk of this parish, in the ninety-first year of her age."--_Burn on
+    Parish Registers_, 110.
+
+Is there any similar instance on record of a woman being a parish clerk?
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{339}
+
+Queries.
+
+DESCENDANTS OF MILTON.
+
+It is well known that the issue of the poet became extinct in 1754, unless
+they survived in the descendants of Caleb Clarke, the only son of Milton's
+third daughter, Deborah. Caleb Clarke went out to Madras, and was parish
+clerk at Fort St. George from 1717 to 1719. In addition to a daughter, who
+died in infancy, he had two sons, Abraham and Isaac; of neither of whom is
+anything known, except that the former married a person of the same surname
+as himself; and had a daughter Mary, baptised in 1727. Sir James Mackintosh
+made some ineffectual attempts to trace them, and came to the conclusion
+that they had migrated to some other part of India.
+
+I am perhaps catching at a straw: but it is possible there may be something
+more than a coincidence in the name of _Milton Clark_, who is spoken of in
+the fourth chapter of the _Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin_ as brother to Lewis
+Clark, the original of the character of George Harris. Perhaps some of your
+transatlantic friends can inform us:
+
+1st. Whether there is, or has been, in use any system of assigning names to
+slaves, which would account for their bearing the Christian and surname of
+their owners or other free men, and thus lead to the inference that there
+has been some free man of the name of Milton Clark.
+
+2nd. Whether there is any family in America of the name of Clark, in which
+Milton, or even Abraham or Isaac, is known to have been adopted as a
+Christian name; and, if so, whether there is any tradition in the family of
+migration from India.
+
+J. F. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AN ANXIOUS QUERY FROM THE HYMMALAYAS.
+
+I was honoured, a few days ago, with a communication from India, which
+contains a Query that is out of my power to answer. But being very
+solicitous to do my best towards affording the desired information, I
+bethought myself of sending the letter, _in extenso_, for insertion in your
+very valuable and exceedingly useful miscellany. I venture to think that
+you will agree with me, that the interesting nature of the communication
+entitles it to a place in "N. & Q." As the letter speaks for itself, I
+shall say no more about it, but proceed to transcribe the greatest part of
+it at once.
+
+    "Landour Academy, May 26th, 1853.
+
+    "Rev. M. Margoliouth,
+
+    "Sir,--I do not know in what terms to apologise to you for this
+    communication, especially as it may entail trouble on you, which can
+    result in my advantage alone.
+
+    "I am a Jew, believing that Jesus is the Messiah; and I trust this will
+    induce you to assist me in my search after some of my relations whom I
+    believe to be in England.
+
+    "I wrote to Dr. Adler, Chief Rabbi of the Jews in England, some years
+    ago, but his information was limited to some distant connexions, the
+    Davises, Isaacs, and Lewises, who still professed Judaism. Subsequent
+    inquiries discovered two uncles of mine, Charles Lewes and Mordan
+    Lewes, in London, who informed me that my grandfather, Isaac Levi, was
+    for ten years a clergyman of the Church of England, and had
+    congregation at Lynn, in Norfolk, and that he had published a tract
+    against Judaism. Beyond this I can get no farther information: my
+    uncles are either too poor or unwilling to prosecute their inquiries
+    any farther. Could you ascertain for me whether my grandfather left any
+    family, and if any member is still alive? My object is to discover
+    their existence, and to renew a correspondence which has been
+    interrupted for more than forty years.
+
+    "I am the grandson of Isaac Levi, for many years dead, reader of a
+    congregation of Jews in London; my father, Benjamin Levi, is still
+    alive, and is with me. I keep a school at Landour, in the Hymmalayas,
+    in the north-western provinces of India. I have been led to write to
+    you after reading your _Pilgrimage to the Land of My Fathers_, and
+    seeing in it that you are the author of a work entitled _The Jews in
+    Great Britain_, which I have not seen, and concluding from this that if
+    any one can obtain information you can.
+
+    "I send this letter to Messrs. Smith and Elder, booksellers, of
+    Cornhill, London, with a request to send it to you through your
+    publisher, Mr. R. Bentley," &c. &c.
+
+I do not feel justified in publishing the last two paragraphs in my
+correspondent's letter, and have therefore omitted them. I shall feel
+extremely obliged to any of the readers of "N. & Q." who could and would
+help me to answer the anxious Query from the Hymmalayas.
+
+M. M.
+
+Wybunbury, Nantwich.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+"_De la Schola de Sclavoni._"--On a large marble slab at North Stoneham,
+near Southampton, is the following, inscription:
+
+    A�o Dni MCCCCLXXXI Sepvltvra de la Schola de Sclavoni."
+
+Is this the burial-place of the family of one of the foreign merchants
+settled in this country, and can any of the correspondents of "N. & Q."
+give any information about it?
+
+JOHN S. BURN.
+
+_Mineral Acids._--As it is generally supposed that these powerful solvents
+were not known anterior to circiter A.D. 1100, I should be glad to learn
+what opinion is entertained by the learned concerning {340} the death of
+the prophet Haken al Mokannah. This person is said to have disappeared in
+785, or 163 of the Hejrah, by casting himself into a barrel of corrosive
+fluids, which dissolved his body. Is it not the best supposition, that this
+story was supposed by Khondemir and others, in more advanced ages of
+science, to account for the fact of his having disappeared, and of his real
+fate having never been ascertained? I have never seen this apparent
+anticipation of chemical discoveries animadverted on.
+
+A. N.
+
+_Richard Geering._--Wanted, arms, pedigree, and particulars of the family
+of Richard Geering, one of the six clerks in Chancery in Ireland from March
+1700 to April 1735. One of his daughters, Prudence, married, in 1722,
+Charles Coote, Esq., M.P., and by him was mother of the last Earl of
+Bellamont. Another daughter, Susannah, was wife of Mr. Charles Wilson; who
+was, it is believed, a connexion of the family of Ward of Newport, in
+Shropshire. Any information about Mr. Wilson's ancestry would be very
+acceptable.
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+_Stipendiary Curates._--What is the earliest mention of stipendiary curates
+in our ecclesiastical establishment? And what other national churches have
+priests placed in a corresponding position?
+
+BEROSUS.
+
+_Our Lady of Rounceval._--Can you or any of your correspondents furnish me
+with particulars of our Lady of Rounceval?
+
+A. J. DUNKIN.
+
+_Roden's Colt._--A lady of a certain age is said in common parlance to be
+"Forty, save one, the age of Roden's colt." What can Nimrod tell us
+touching this proverbialised animal?
+
+R. C. WARDE.
+
+Kidderminster.
+
+_Sir Christopher Wren and the Young Carver._--A reader has a floating
+notion in his head of having once read in the _Literary Gazette_ a strange
+story of a country boy going to town to seek employment as a carver or
+sculptor; of his being accosted by Sir Christopher Wren, and offering to
+carve for him a sow and pigs, &c. Can any correspondent have pity on him,
+and tell him where to find the tale?
+
+A. H.
+
+_Vellum Cleaning._--Are there not preparations in use for cleaning the
+backs of old vellum-bound books without destroying the polish? How made, or
+where procurable?
+
+J. F. M.
+
+_Dionysia in Boeotia._--Can any of your readers refer me to a passage in
+any ancient author in which this supposed town is mentioned?
+
+Dumersan refers to Diodorus Siculus as his authority for its existence, but
+my search in that author has been vain, and I am not alone in that respect.
+
+AUGUSTUS LANGDON.
+
+Bloomsbury.
+
+_Poll Tax in 1641._--I find in Somers' _Tracts_, 2nd ed. vol. iv. p. 298.:
+
+    "The copy of an order agreed upon in the House of Commons upon Friday,
+    18th June, wherein every man is rated according to his estate, for the
+    king's use."
+
+Is there on record the return made to this order; and where may it be
+consulted?
+
+TEWARS.
+
+_Thomas Chester, Bishop of Elphin, 1580._--This prelate, who was the second
+son of Sir William Chester, Kt., Lord Mayor of London in 1560, by his first
+wife Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Lovett, Esq., of Astwell in
+Northamptonshire, is said by Anthony � Wood (_Athena� Oxon._, ed. Bliss,
+vol. ii. p. 826.) to have "given way to fate at Killiathar in that city, in
+the month of June in 1584." The calendars of the Will Office of the
+Prerogative Court of Canterbury do not contain his name; can any of your
+Irish contributors inform me whether his will was proved in Ireland? I
+should be glad to know, too, what will offices exist in Ireland, and from
+what period they date their commencement. He is said to have married ----,
+daughter of Sir James Clavering, Kt., of Axwell Park in Northumberland:
+does any pedigree of the Claverings supply this lady's Christian name? His
+eldest brother, William Chester, Esq., married his cousin-german Judith,
+daughter and co-heiress of Anthony Cave, Esq., of Chichley Hall, Bucks, and
+was ancestor to the extinct family of the baronets of that name and place.
+Bishop Chester died _s. p._
+
+TEWARS.
+
+_Rev. Urban Vigors._--Amongst the chaplains of King Charles I., was there
+one of the name of Vigors, the Rev. Urban Vigors of Taunton? Any
+particulars of him will be acceptable.
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+_Early English MSS._--What is the earliest document, of any historical
+import to this country, now existing in MS.?
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+_Curing of Henry IV._--The best account of the curing of Hen. IV. from the
+leprosy: vide Lambard's _Dictionary_, p. 306.
+
+A. J. DUNKIN.
+
+_Standard of Weights and Measures._--I would gladly learn something of the
+system of weights and measures in other countries, and particularly whether
+in England and America there exists for this object any government
+inspection; and if so, how this is executed? A list of works on this
+subject would be most welcome. I am acquainted only with the works of
+Ravon, _Fabrication des Poids et Mesures_, Paris, 1843, and of Tarb�,
+_Poids, Mesures et V�rification_, both found in the _Encyclop�die Roret_;
+and the _Vollst�ndige Darstellung_ {341} _des Masz- and Gewicht-Systems in
+Grossherzogthum Hessen_, by F. W. Grimm, Darmstadt, 1840.--From the
+_Navorscher_.
+
+[Phi]. [Phi].
+
+_Parish Clerks' Company._--
+
+    "In making searches in registers of parishes within the bills of
+    mortality, a facility is afforded by the company of parish clerks; by
+    paying a fee of about two guineas, a circular is sent to all the parish
+    clerks, with the particulars of information required: the registers are
+    accordingly searched, and the result communicated to the clerk of the
+    company."
+
+The above I give from Burn's _History of Parish Registers_, p. 217. note,
+published in 1829. Is this the case at present and if so, what is the
+direction of the clerk of the Company? I wish this system existed in
+Oxford.
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+_Orange Blossom._--Can any reader of "N. & Q." inform me why the flowers of
+the orange blossom are so universally used in the dress of a bride? and
+from what date they have been so used?
+
+AUGUSTA.
+
+_Mr. Pepys his Queries._--I cannot say that I met with Pepys as Fielding
+did Shakspeare, in a _Journey from this World to the next_; but I met with
+seven of his Queries among the Rawlinson MSS. in the Bodleian, addressed to
+Sir William Dugdale, a name dear to all orthodox antiquaries. It would
+appear the Secretary to the Admiralty felt the want of a "medium of
+inter-communication" in his day. Here are his Queries:
+
+1. Whether any foreigners are to be found in our list of English admirals?
+
+2. The reason or account to be given of the place assigned to our admirals
+in the Act of Precedence?
+
+3. Whether any of the considerable families of our nobility or gentry have
+been raised by the sea?
+
+4. Some instances of the greatest ransoms heretofore set upon prisoners of
+greatest quality.
+
+5. The descent and posterity of Sir Francis Drake; and what estate is now
+in the possession of any of his family derived from him.
+
+6. Who Sir Anthony Ashby was?
+
+7. What are and have been generally the professions, trades, or
+qualifications, civil or military, that have and do generally raise
+families in England to wealth and honour in Church and State?
+
+J. YEOWELL.
+
+50. Burton Street.
+
+_Foreign Medical Education._--Can any contributor direct me to any sources
+of information on the regulations concerning medical instruction and
+medical degrees in the principal universities on the Continent?
+
+MEDICUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+_Chandler, Bishop of Durham._--Lord Dover, in the second volume of his
+edition of Walpole's _Letters to Sir Horace Mann_, p. 373., in a note, thus
+speaks of this prelate:
+
+    "A learned prelate and author of various polemical works, he had been
+    raised to the see of Durham in 1730, as it was then said, by symoniacal
+    means."
+
+Can any of your readers inform me where I can obtain evidence of the
+symoniacal means by which _it is said_ this bishop obtained the bishopric
+of Durham? One would scarcely think so cautious a man as Lord Dover would
+refer to the imputation, without some evidence on which his lordship could
+rely.
+
+Mr. Surtees, in his _History of the Bishops of Durham_, makes no allusion
+to the symoniacal means by which Chandler obtained his promotion to the see
+of Durham. He gives a list of the bishop's printed works, amongst which is
+a "charge to the grand jury of Durham concerning engrossing of corn, &c.,
+1740." Can you, or any of your readers, inform me where this pamphlet is to
+be met with? For I am curious to know how a bishop could make a _charge_ to
+a grand jury. There must surely be some mistake in the title of the
+pamphlet.
+
+FRA. MEWBURN.
+
+Darlington.
+
+    [The charge of simony is loosely noticed by Shaw in his _History of
+    Staffordshire_, vol. i. p. 278. He says, "Edward Chandler was
+    translated from Lichfield and Coventry to Durham in 1730; and it was
+    then _publicly said_ that he gave 9000l. for that opulent see." To this
+    Chalmers, in his _Biog. Dict._, adds, "which is scarcely credible." The
+    Charge by the bishop is in the British Museum: it is entitled, "A
+    Charge delivered to the Grand Jury at the Quarter-Sessions held at
+    Durham, July 16, 1740, concerning engrossing of corn and grain, and the
+    riots that have been occasioned thereby." 4to., Durham.]
+
+_Huggins and Muggins._--Can any of your readers assign the origin of this
+jocular appellation? I would hazard the conjecture, that it may be
+corruption of _Hogen Mogen_, High Mightinesses, the style, I believe, of
+the States-General of Holland; and that it probably became an expression of
+contempt in the mouths of the Jacobites for the followers of William III.,
+from whence it has passed to a more general application.
+
+F. K.
+
+Bath.
+
+    [HUGGER-MUGGER, says Dr. Richardson, is the common way of writing this
+    word, from Udal to the present time. No probable etymology, he adds,
+    has yet been given. Sir John Stoddart (_Ency. Metropolitana_, vol i. p.
+    120.) has given a long article on this word, which concludes with the
+    following remarks:--"The last etymology that we shall mention is from
+    the Dutch title, {342} _Hoog Moogende_ (High Mightinesses), given to
+    the States-General, and much ridiculed by some of our English writers;
+    as in _Hudibras_:
+
+     'But I have sent him for a token
+      To your Low-country, _Hogen Mogen_.'
+
+    It has been supposed that _hugger-mugger_, corrupted from _Hogen
+    Mogen_, was meant in derision of the secret transactions of their
+    Mightinesses; but it is probable that the former word was known in
+    English before the latter, and upon the whole it seems most probable
+    that _hugger_ is a mere intensitive form of _hug_, and that _mugger_ is
+    a reduplication of sound with a slight variation, which is so common in
+    cases of this kind."]
+
+_Balderdash._--What is the meaning and the etymology of "balderdash?"
+
+W. FRASER.
+
+Tor-Mohun.
+
+    [Skinner suggests the following etymology: "BALDERDASH, _potus mixtus_,
+    credo ab A.-S. _bald_, audax, _balder_, audacior vel audacius, et
+    nostro _dash_; _miscere_, q.d. _potus temere mixtus_." Dr. Jamieson
+    explains it as "foolish and noisy talk. Islandic, _bulldur_, stultorum
+    balbuties." Dr. Ogilvie, however, has queried its derivation from the
+    "Spanish _balda_, a trifle, or _baldonar_, to insult with abusive
+    language; Welsh, _baldorz_, to prattle. Mean, senseless prate; a jargon
+    of words; ribaldry; anything jumbled together without judgment."]
+
+_Lovell, Sculptor._--What is known of this artist? That he was in advance
+of the age he flourished in is evinced by his beautifully executed
+engravings in _Love's Sacrifice_ (fol. Lond. 1652), which for delicacy of
+work are far beyond anything of the period.
+
+R.C. WARDE.
+
+Kidderminster.
+
+    [Is the name Lovell, or Loisell? for we find that Strutt, in his
+    _Dictionary of Engravers_, vol. ii. p. 101., speaks of "P. Loisell
+    having affixed some slight etchings, something in the style of Gaywood
+    (if I mistake not), to Benlowe's _Theophilia_, _or Love's Sacrifice_."]
+
+_St. Werenfrid and Butler's_ "_Lives of the Saints._"--One of your
+correspondents will perhaps explain the cause of an omission in Butler's
+_Lives of the Saints_. The life of St. Werenfrid, whose anniversary is the
+14th of August, is abstracted, vol. iii. p. 492. His name occurs in the
+table of contents: and pages 493 and 494, where the life should have
+appeared, are wanting; still page 495 follows 492 correctly in type, so
+that the former must have been reprinted _after_ the castration of the
+leaf. Was the saint deemed unworthy of the place which had been allotted to
+him?
+
+J. H. M.
+
+    [In the best edition of Butler's _Lives_ (12 vols., 1812-13), the life
+    of St. Werenfrid is given on Nov. 7. He is honored in Holland on the
+    14th of August; and his life appears in _Britannia Sancta_ on that day,
+    but in the Bollandists on the 28th of August.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+SIR W. HANKFORD-GASCOIGNE'S TOMB.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 278.)
+
+On reading MR. SANSOM'S letter, it occurred to me that I had seen a
+different account of the master being shot by his park-keeper; and on
+search I found the following in 1 Hale's _P. C._ p. 40., which I send, as
+it may tend to clear up the question:
+
+    "In the case of Sir William Hawksworth, related by Baker in his
+    _Chronicle of the Time of Edward IV._, p. 223. (_sub anno_ 1471), he
+    being weary of his life, and willing to be rid of it by another's hand,
+    blamed his parker for suffering his deer to be destroyed; and commanded
+    him that he should shoot the next man that he met in his park that
+    would not stand or speak. The knight himself came in the night into the
+    park, and being met by the keeper, refused to stand or speak. The
+    keeper shot and killed him, not knowing him to be his master. This
+    seems to be no felony, but excusable by the statute of _Malefactores in
+    Parcis_."
+
+This account varies from Ritson's in the name "Hawksworth" instead of
+"Hankford," and the date 1471 instead of 1422. It seems plain that Lord
+Hale had no idea that the person shot was a judge: and possibly the truth
+may be, that it was a descendant of the judge that was shot. Even if
+Hankford's death were in 1422, as stated by Risdon, the traditional account
+that he caused his own death "in doubt of his safety" does not seem very
+probable, as Henry V. came to the throne in 1412-13. Probably some of your
+readers may be able to clear up the matter.
+
+I was at Harewood the other day, and examined a tomb there alleged to be
+that of the C.-J. Gascoigne. In the centre of the west end of the tomb is a
+shield: first and fourth, five fleurs-de-lys (France); second and third,
+three lions passant gardant (England).--May I ask how these arms happen to
+be on this tomb?
+
+There are several other shields on the tomb, but all are now
+undistinguishable except one; which appears to be a bend impaling a
+saltire, as far as I can make it out: the colours are wholly obliterated.
+The head of the figure has not a coif on it, as I should have anticipated;
+but a cap fitting very close, and a bag is suspended from the left arm.--Is
+it known for certain that this is C.-J. Gascoigne's tomb?
+
+S. G. C.
+
+Harrogate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. SANSOM need not have been very much surprised that I should have
+omitted noticing a tradition concerning Sir William Hankford, when I was
+merely rectifying an error with reference to Sir William Gascoigne. That I
+have not overlooked entirely "the Devonshire tradition, which represents
+Sir William Hankford to be the judge {343} who committed Prince Henry," may
+be seen in _The Judges of England_, vol. iv. p. 324., wherein I show the
+total improbability of the tale. And my disbelief in the story of
+Hankford's death, and its more probable application to Sir Robert Danby, is
+already noticed in "N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 93.
+
+EDWARD FOSS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRANSLATION OF THE PRAYER BOOK INTO FRENCH.
+
+(Vol. vii., p. 382.)
+
+In answer to some of the questions proposed by O. W. J. respecting the
+Prayer Book translated into French, I am able to give this information.
+
+A copy of a French Prayer Book is to be found in the Bodleian Library
+(Douce Coll.), which is very probably the first edition of the translation.
+A general account of this book may be gained from Strype's _Mem. Eccl. K.
+Ed. VI._ (vol. iii. p. 208. ed. 1816); also Strype's _Mem. Abp. Cranmer_
+(b. ii. c. 22. sub fin. and c. 33., and App. 54. and 261.); also Collier's
+_Eccl. Hist._, vol. ii. p. 321.
+
+From these sources we may conclude that a translation of the first book of
+_K. Ed. VI._ was begun very soon after its publication in England, at the
+instigation of Pawlet (at that time governor of Calais), with the sanction
+of the king and the archbishop "for the use of the islands of Guernsey and
+Jersey, and of the town and dependencies of Calais;" but it does not seem
+to have been completed before the publication of the second book took
+place, and so the alterations were incorporated into this edition.
+
+The translator was "Fran�oys Philippe, a servant of the Lord Chancellor"
+(Thos. Goodrick, Bishop of Ely), as he styles himself. The printer's name
+is Gaultier. It was put forth in 1553.
+
+There is still extant an "Order in Council" for the island of Jersey, dated
+April 15, 1550, commanding to "observe and use the service, and other
+orders appertaining to the same, and to the ministration of the sacraments,
+set forth in the booke sent to you presentlye." It is uncertain what the
+book here referred to was, whether a translation or a copy of the English
+liturgy.
+
+There are copies extant of another liturgy put forth in 1616, purporting to
+be "newly translated at the command of the king." The printer's name is
+Jehan Bill, of London. The name of John Bill appears also as king's printer
+in the English authorised edition of 1662.
+
+Another was published in 1667, by Jean Dunmore and Octavien Pulleyn.
+
+The edition of 1695, published by _Erringham_ (Everingham) and R. Bentley,
+has the sanction of K. Charles II. appended to it.
+
+Numerous editions have since been published, varying in many important
+points (even of doctrine) from one another, and from their English
+original. There is now no authorised edition fit for general use; the older
+translations having become too antiquated by the variations in the French
+language to be read in the churches.
+
+M. A. W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRAYING TO THE WEST.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 208.)
+
+Although going over old ground, yet, if it be permitted, I would note a
+curious coincidence connected with this far-spread veneration for the West.
+
+As mentioned by G. W., the Puranas point to the "Sacred Isles of the West"
+as the elysium of the ancient Hind�s, "The White Islands of the West." The
+Celt� of the European continent believed that their souls were transported
+to England, or some islands adjacent. (See _Encyclop�di� M�thodique_, art.
+"Antiquit�s," vol. i. p. 704.) The Celtic elysium, "Flath-Innis," a remote
+island of the West, is mentioned by Logan in his _Celtic Ga�l_, vol. ii. p.
+342., who no doubt drew his information from the same source as Professor
+Rafinesque, whose observations on this subject I transcribe, viz.:
+
+    "It is strange but true, that, throughout the earth, the place of
+    departed souls, the land of spirits, was supposed to be in the West, or
+    at the setting sun. This happens everywhere, and in the most opposite
+    religions, from China to Lybia, and also from Alaska to Chili in
+    America. The instances of an eastern paradise were few, and referred to
+    the eastern celestial abode of yore, rather than the future abode of
+    souls. The Ashinists, or Essenians, the best sect of Jews, placed
+    Paradise in the Western Ocean; and the Id. Alishe, or Elisha of the
+    Prophets, the happy land. Jezkal (our Ezekiel) mentions that island;
+    the Phoenicians called it Alizut, and some deem Madeira was meant, but
+    it had neither men nor spirits! From this the Greeks made their Elysium
+    and Tartarus placed near together, at first in Epirus, then Italy, next
+    Spain, lastly in the ocean, as the settlers travelled west. The sacred
+    and blessed islands of the Hindus and Lybians were in this ocean;
+    Wilford thought they meant the British Islands. Pushcara, the farthest
+    off, he says, was Iceland, but may have meant North America.
+
+    "The Lybians called their blessed islands 'Aimones;' they were the
+    Canaries, it is said, but likely the Atlantides, since the Atlantes
+    dwelt in the Aimones," &c.
+
+And farther he says, the Gauls had their Cocagne, the Saxons their
+Cockaign, Cocana of the Lusitanians,--
+
+    "A land of delight and plenty, _which is proverbial to this day_! By
+    the Celts it was called 'Dunna feadhuigh,' a fairy land, &c. But all
+    these notions have earlier foundations, since the English Druids put
+    their paradise in a remote island in the west, called {344}
+    'Flath-Innis,' the flat island", &c.--_American Nations_, vol. ii. p.
+    245. _et infra_.
+
+The coincidence then is this. The same veneration for the West prevails
+among many of our Indian tribes, who place their Paradise in an island
+beyond the Great Lake (Pacific), and far toward the setting sun. There,
+good Indians enjoy a fine country abounding in game, are always clad in new
+skins, and live in warm new lodges. Thither they are wafted by prosperous
+gales; but the bad Indians are driven back by adverse storms, wrecked on
+the coast, where the remains of their canoes are to be seen covering the
+strand in all directions.
+
+I cannot refrain from adding here another coincidence connected with
+futurity. The above idea of sailing to the Indian Paradise, though
+prevalent, is not general; for instance, the Minnetarees and Mandans
+believed that to reach Paradise the souls of the departed had to pass over
+an extremely narrow bridge, which was done safely by the good Indians, but
+the bad ones slipped off and were buried in oblivion. (See Long's
+_Expedition to the Rocky Mountains_, vol. i. p. 259.)
+
+The Chepewa crosses a river on a bridge formed by the body of a large snake
+(see Long's _Expedition to St. Peter's River_, vol. i. p. 154.); and in the
+same volume it is stated that the Dacota, or Sioux, believe they must pass
+over a rock with a sharp edge like a knife. Those who fall off go to the
+region of evil spirits, where they are worked, tormented, and frequently
+flogged unmercifully.
+
+Now, this bridge for gaining Paradise is just the Alsirat of the
+Mahomedans; I think it will be found in the _Biblioth�que Orientale_ of
+D'Herbelot; at all events it is mentioned in the preliminary discourse to
+Sale's _Koran_. Sale thinks Mahomet borrowed the idea from the Magians, who
+teach, that on the last day all mankind must pass over the "P�l Ch�navad"
+or "Ch�navar," _i.e._ "The Straight Bridge." Farther, the Jews speak of the
+"Bridge of Hell," which is no broader than a thread. According to M.
+Hommaire de Hell, the Kalmuck Alsirat is a bridge of iron (or causeway)
+traversing a sea of filth, urine, &c. When the wicked attempt to pass along
+this, it narrows beneath them to a hair's breadth, snaps asunder, and thus
+convicted they are plunged into hell. (_Travels in the Steppes of the
+Caspian, &c._, p. 252.)
+
+Having already trespassed most unconscionably, I forbear farther remark on
+these coincidences, except that such ideas of futurity being found amongst
+nations so widely separated, cannot but induce the belief of a common
+origin, or at least of intimate communication at a former period, and that
+so remote as to have allowed time for diverging dialects to have become, as
+it were, distinct languages.
+
+A. C. M.
+
+Exeter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JACOB BOBART.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 37.)
+
+The completion of a laborious literary work has taken my attention away
+from the "N. & Q." for some weeks past, otherwise I should sooner have
+given MR. BOBART the following information.
+
+The engraving of old Jacob Bobart by W. Richardson is _not_ of any value,
+being a copy from an older print. Query if it is not a copy of the very
+rare engraving by Loggan and Burghers?
+
+The original print of the "founder of the physick garden," "D. Loggan del.,
+M. Burghers sculp., 1675," which Mr. Bobart wishes to procure, may be
+purchased of A. E. Evans, 403. Strand, for 2l. 12s. 6d. I also learn from
+Mr. Evans' invaluable _Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits_ (an octavo
+of 431 pages, lately published), that there exists a portrait of Bobart,
+"the classical alma mater coachman of Oxford," whole length, by Dighton,
+1808. The same catalogue also contains other portraits of the Bobarts.
+
+Since my last communication on the present subject, I find the following
+memorandums in one of my note-books, which possibly may be unknown to your
+correspondent; they relate to MSS. in the British Museum.
+
+Add. MS. 5290. contains 227 folio drawings of various rare plants, the
+names of which are added in the autograph of Jacob Bobart the elder.
+
+Sloane MS. 4038. contains some letters from Jacob Bobart to Sir Hans
+Sloane, 1685-1716; also one from Anne Bobart, dated 1701.
+
+Sloane MS. 3343. contains a catalogue of plants and seeds saved at Oxford,
+by Mr. Bobart, 1695-6.
+
+Sloane MS. 3321., consisting of scientific letters addressed to Mr.
+Petiver, contains one from Jacob Bobart, and another from Tilleman Bobart.
+The latter has a letter dated "Blenheim, Feb. 5, 1711-12," to some person
+unknown, in Sloane MS. 4253.
+
+_Tilleman_ Bobart appears to have been employed in laying out the park and
+gardens at the Duke of Marlborough's magnificent seat at Blenheim. A member
+of his original papers and receipts were lately disposed of by auction at
+Messrs. Puttick and Simpson's. (See the sale catalogue of July 22, 1853,
+lot 1529.)
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EARLY USE OF TIN.--DERIVATION OF THE NAME OF BRITAIN.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 290.)
+
+Many questions are proposed by G.W., to which it is extremely improbable
+that any but a conjectural answer can ever be given. That tin was in common
+use 2800 years ago, is certain. Probably evidence may be obtained, if it
+have not been so {345} already, of its use at a still earlier period; but
+it is unlikely that we shall ever know who first brought it from Cornwall
+to Asia, and used it to harden copper. It is, however, a matter of interest
+to trace the mention of this metal in the ancient inscriptions, Egyptian
+and Assyrian, which have of late years been so successfully interpreted.
+Mistakes have been made from time to time, which subsequent researches have
+rectified. It was thought for a long time that a substance, mentioned in
+the hieroglyphical inscriptions very frequently, and in one instance said
+to have been procured from Babylon, was _tin_. This has now been
+ascertained to be a mistake. Mr. Birch has proved that it was _Lapis
+lazuli_, and that what was brought from Babylon was an artificial
+blue-stone in imitation of the genuine one. I am not aware whether the true
+hieroglyphic term for _tin_ has been discovered. Mention was again supposed
+to have been made of _tin_ in the annals of Sargon. A tribute paid to him
+in his seventh year by Pirhu (Pharaoh, as Col. Rawlinson rightly identifies
+the name; not Pihor, Boccharis, as I at one time supposed), king of Egypt,
+Tsamtsi, queen of Arabia, and Idhu, ruler of the Isabeans, was supposed to
+have contained tin as well as gold, horses, and camels. This, however, was
+in itself an improbable supposition. It is much more likely that incense or
+spices should have been yielded by the countries named than tin. At any
+rate, I have recently identified a totally different word with the name of
+tin. It reads _anna_; and I supposed it, till very lately, to mean "rings."
+I find, however, that it signifies a metal, and that a different word has
+the signification "rings." When Assur-yuchura-bal, the founder of the
+north-western palace at Nimr�d, conquered the people who lived on the banks
+of the Orontes from the confines of Hamath to the sea, he obtained from
+them twenty talents of silver, half a talent of gold, one hundred talents
+of _anna_ (tin), one hundred talents of iron, &c. His successor received
+from the same people all these metals, and also copper.
+
+It is already highly probable, and farther discoveries may soon convert
+this probability to certainty, that the people just referred to (whom I
+incline strongly to identify with the _Shirutana_ of the Egyptian
+inscriptions) were the merchants of the world before Tyre was called into
+existence; their port being what the Greeks called Seleucia, when they
+attempted to revive its ancient greatness. It is probably to them that the
+discovery of Britain is to be attributed; and it was probably from them
+that it received its name.
+
+In G. W.'s communication, a derivation of the name from _barat-anac_, "the
+land of tin," is suggested. He does not say by whom, but he seems to
+disclaim it as his own. I do not recollect to have met with it before; but
+it appears to me, even as it stands, a far more plausible one than
+_bruit-tan_, "the land of tin:" the former term being supposed to be Celtic
+for _tin_, and the latter a termination with the sense of _land_: or than
+_brit-daoine_, "the painted (or separated) people."
+
+I am, however, disposed to think that the name is not of Phoenician origin,
+but was given by their northern neighbours, whom I have mentioned as their
+predecessors in commerce. These were evidently of kindred origin, and spoke
+a language of the same class; and I think it all but certain, that in the
+Assyrian name for tin (_anna_) we have the name given to it by this people,
+from whom the Assyrians obtained it. "The land of tin" would be in their
+language _barat_ (or probably _barit_) _anna_, from which the transition to
+Britannia presents no difficulty. I assume here that _b-r-t_, without
+expressed vowels, is a Phoenician term for "land of." I assume it on the
+authority of the person, whoever he may be, that first gave the derivation
+that G. W. quotes. I have no Phoenician authority within reach: but I can
+readily believe the statement, knowing that _banit_ would be the Assyrian
+word used in such a compound, and that _n_, _r_, and _b_ are perpetually
+interchanged in the Semitic languages, and notoriously so in this very
+root. _Ummi banitiya_, "of the mother who produced me," is pure Assyrian;
+and so would _banit-anna_, "the producer of tin," be; all names of lands
+being feminine in Assyrian.
+
+It would be curious if the true derivation of the world-renowned name of
+Britain should be ascertained for the first time through an Assyrian
+medium.
+
+EDW. HINCKS.
+
+Killyleagh, Down.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As there are several Queries in the Note of G. W. which the Celtic language
+is capable of elucidating, I beg to offer a few derivations from that
+language.
+
+Britain is derived from _briot_, painted, and _tan_, a country--_i. e._
+"the country of the painted people." It is a matter of history, that the
+people of Britain dyed their bodies with various colours.
+
+_Tin_ is from the Celtic _tin_, to melt readily, to dissolve. It is also
+called _stan_: Latin, _stannum_.
+
+Hercules is from the Phoenician or Celtic, _Earr-aclaide_, pronounced
+_Er-aclaie,_ i. e. the noble leader or hero.
+
+Melkarthus is derived from _Mal-catair_, pronounced _Mal-cahir_, i. e. the
+champion or king of the city (of Tyre).
+
+Moloch cannot be identical with the Tyrian Hercules, as Moloch was the god
+of fire: probably a name for the sun, from the Celtic _molc_, i. e. fire.
+
+FRAS. CROSSLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{346}
+
+YEW-TREES IN CHURCHYARDS.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 244.)
+
+Whilst offering a solution to the Query of R. C. WARDE, as to the placing
+yew-trees in churchyards, I am obliged to differ from him _toto coelo_, by
+considering the derivation of the name of the plant itself, though I must
+candidly confess that the solution of the Query and the derivation of the
+word are my own.
+
+_Yew_ is ancient British, and signifies _existent_ and enduring, having the
+same root as _Jehovah_; and _yew_ is Welsh for _it is_, being one of the
+forms of the third person present indicative of the auxiliary verb _b�d_,
+to be. Hence the yew-tree was planted in churchyards, not to indicate
+_death_, despair, but _life_, hope and assurance. It is one of our few
+evergreens, and is the most enduring of all, and clearly points out the
+Christian's hope in the immortality of the soul: _Resurgam_.
+
+Whilst on the word _yew_, I may perhaps observe that I am hardly inclined
+now (though I once was so) to derive from it, as the author of the
+_Etymological Compendium_ does, the name _yeoman_: I think that yeoman is
+not _yew_-man, "a man using the yew-bow," but _yoke_-man, a man owning as
+much land as a _yoke_ of oxen could plough in a certain time.
+
+J. G. CUMMINGS.
+
+The following extract frown the _Handbook of English Ecclesiology_, p.
+190., may be of some assistance to your correspondent:
+
+    "YEW. These were planted generally to the south of the church, to
+    supply green for the decoration of churches at the great festivals;
+    this tree being an emblem of immortality. It is a heathen prejudice
+    which regards it as mournful. It is not probable yews were used as
+    palms; the traditional name given to the withy showing that this was
+    used in the procession on that festival."
+
+WILLIAM W. KING.
+
+Instead of troubling you with a particular answer to MR. WARDE'S inquiry,
+let me refer him to the _Forest Trees of Britain_, by the Rev. C. A. Johns,
+p 297. _et seq._, where, among many other curious and interesting facts, he
+will find the various reasons assigned by different authors, ancient and
+modern, for the plantation of yew-trees in churchyards. I do not find,
+however, that the origin ingeniously assigned by MR. WARDE is among the
+number.
+
+[Phi].
+
+I have always supposed, but I know not upon what authority, that the custom
+of planting yew-trees in churchyards originated in the idea of supplying
+the yeomen of the parish with bows, in the good old archery days.
+
+IGNORAMUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STARS ARE THE FLOWERS OF HEAVEN.
+
+(Vol. vii. _passim._)
+
+I sent a Note to "N. & Q" some time ago, expressing my conviction that the
+original _locale_ of this beautiful idea was in St. Chrysostom. but, as I
+could not then give a reference to the passage which contained it, my
+suggestion was of course not definite enough to call for attention. I am
+now able to vindicate to the "golden-mouthed" preacher of Antioch this
+expression of poetic fancy, the origination of which has excited, and
+deservedly, so much inquiry among the readers of "N. & Q." It occurs in
+Homily X., "On the Statues," delivered at Antioch. I transcribe the passage
+from the translation in _The Library of the Fathers_:
+
+    "Follow me whilst I enumerate the meadows, the gardens, the flowering
+    tribes; all sorts of herbs and their uses, their odours, forms,
+    disposition; yea, but their very names; the trees which are fruitful
+    and the barren; the nature of metals; that of animals, in the sea or on
+    the land; of those that swim and those that traverse the air; the
+    mountains, the forests, the groves; _the meadow below and the meadow
+    above_; _for there is a meadow on the earth_, _and a meadow too in the
+    sky_, THE VARIOUS FLOWERS OF THE STARS; the rose below, and the rainbow
+    above!... Contemplate with me the beauty of the sky; how it has been
+    preserved so long without being dimmed, and remains as bright and clear
+    as if it had been only fabricated to-day; moreover the power of the
+    earth, how its womb has not become effete by bringing forth during so
+    long a time!" &c. Homily X., "On the Statues," pp. 178-9.
+
+W. FRASER.
+
+Tor-Mohun.
+
+P.S.--Are the following lines, which contain this idea, and were copied
+long ago from the poet's corner of a provincial paper, with the title of
+"The Language of the Stars, a fragment," worth preserving?
+
+ "The stars bear tidings, voiceless though they are:
+ 'Mid the calm loveliness of the evening air,
+  As one by one they open clear and high,
+  And win the wondering gaze of infancy,
+  They speak,--yet utter not. Fair heavenly flowers
+  Strewn on the floor-way of the angels' bowers!
+ 'Twas HIS own hand that twined your chaplets bright,
+  And thoughts of love are in your wreaths of light,
+  Unread, unreadable by us;--there lie
+  High meanings in your mystic tracery;
+  Silent rebukings of day's garish dreams,
+  And warnings solemn as your own fair beams."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS BURNED BY THE COMMON HANGMAN.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 272.)
+
+Your correspondent BALLIOLENSIS should remember that at the time Dr. Drake
+published his {347} _Historia Anglo-Scotica_, 1703, there were no bounds to
+the angry passions and jealousies evoked by the discussion of the projected
+union; consequently, what may appear to as in the present day an
+insufficient reason for the treatment the book met with in the northern
+metropolis, wore a very different aspect to the Scots, who, under the
+popular belief that they were to _be sold_ to their enemies, saw every
+movement with distrust, and tortured everything said or written on this
+side the Tweed, upon the impending question, to discover an attack upon
+their national independence, their church, and their valour.
+
+Looking at Dr. Drake's book, then, for the data upon which it was
+condemned, we find that it opens with a prefatory dedication to Sir E.
+Seymour, one of Queen Anne's Commissioners for the Union, and a high
+churchman, wherein the author distinctly ventures a blow at Presbytery when
+he says to his patron:
+
+    "The languishing oppressed Church of Scotland is not without hopes of
+    finding in you hereafter the same successful champion and restorer that
+    her sister of England has already experienced."
+
+He farther calculated upon Sir Edward inspiring the neighbouring nation
+"with as great a respect for the generosity of the English as they have
+heretofore had to dread their valour." Now the Scots neither acknowledged
+the Episcopacy which Seymour is here urged to press upon them, nor had they
+any such slavish fear of the vaunted English prowess with which Dr. Drake
+would have them intimidated; without going farther, therefore, into the
+book, it appears to me that the Scots parliament had a right to consider it
+written in a bad spirit, and to pacify the people by condemning it.
+
+Defoe, in his _History of the Union_ (G. Chalmers' edition, London, 1786),
+says:
+
+    "One Dr. Drake writes a preface to an abridgment of the _Scots
+    History_, wherein, speaking something reflecting upon the freedom and
+    independence of Scotland, the Scots parliament caused it to be burned
+    by the hangman in Edinburgh."
+
+In his _Northern Memoirs_, 1715, Oldmixon observes:
+
+    "They (the Jacobites) therefore put Dr. Drake, author of the _High
+    Church Memorials_, upon publishing an antiquated Scotch history, on
+    purpose to vilify the whole nation in the preface, and create more ill
+    blood. This had the desired effect. The Scots parliament highly
+    resented the affront, and ordered it to be burnt by the common hangman
+    at Edinburgh."
+
+D'Israeli, in his _Calamities of Authors_, has the following interesting
+notice of Drake:
+
+    "I must add one more striking example of a political author in the case
+    of Dr. James Drake, a man of genius and an excellent writer. He
+    resigned an honorable profession, that of medicine, to adopt a very
+    contrary one, that of becoming an author by profession for a party. As
+    a Tory writer he dared every extremity of the law, while he evaded it
+    by every subtlety of artifice; he sent a masked lady with his MSS. to
+    the printer, who was never discovered; and was once saved by a flaw in
+    the indictment, from the simple change of an _r_ for a _t_, or _nor_
+    for _not_, one of those shameful evasions by which the law, to its
+    perpetual disgrace, so often protects the criminal from punishment. Dr.
+    Drake had the honor of hearing himself censured from the throne, of
+    being imprisoned, of seeing his _Memorials of the Church of England_
+    burned at (the Royal Exchange) London, and his _Hist. Angl. Scot._ at
+    Edinburgh. Having enlisted himself in the pay of the booksellers, among
+    other works, I suspect, he condescended to practise some literary
+    impositions; for he has reprinted Father Parsons famous libel against
+    the Earl of Leicester, under the title of _Secret Memoirs of Robert
+    Dudley, E. of L._, 1706, with a preface pretending it was printed from
+    an old MS."
+
+The same instructive writer adds:
+
+    "Drake was a lover of literature; he left behind him a version of
+    Herodotus, and a system of anatomy, once the most popular and curious
+    of its kind. After all this turmoil of his literary life, neither his
+    masked lady nor the flaws in his indictments availed him; government
+    brought a writ of error, severely prosecuted him; and abandoned, as
+    usual, by those for whom he had annihilated a genius which deserved a
+    better fate, his perturbed spirit broke out into a fever, and he died
+    raving against cruel persecutors, and patrons not much more humane."
+
+Another book before me, and one which shared the fate of Drake's in
+Edinburgh, is _The Superiority and Direct Dominion of the Imperial Crown of
+England over the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland, the true Foundation of a
+compleat Union reasserted_; 4to. London, 1705. This had appeared the year
+before, but was reproduced to answer the objections to it from the other
+side. It was written by William Attwood, Esq. If it required a nice
+discrimination to discover the offence of Drake, there was no such dubiety
+about this book, which goes the whole length of Scottish vassalage; and Mr.
+Attwood would lead us to believe that he knocks over the arguments of
+Hodges and Anderson[6] for Scottish independence with as much ease as he
+would ninepins.
+
+{348}
+
+Unfortunately these subjects are again forced upon us, and a reference to
+some of the books I have cited will enable gentlemen who are curious upon
+the point to judge for themselves in the matter of the present agitation of
+"Justice to Scotland."
+
+J. O.
+
+[Footnote 6: Jas. Hodges, a Scotch gentleman, who supported the
+Independency in a work entitled _War betwixt the Two Kingdoms considered_,
+for which, says Attwood, "he had 4800 Scots Punds given him for nothing but
+begging the question, and bullying England with the terror of her arms."
+
+"An Historical Essay, showing that the Crown of Scotland is Independent;
+wherein the gross Errors of a late book, entitled 'The Superiority and
+Direct Dominion,' &c., and some other books for that purpose, are exposed
+by Jas. Anderson, A.M., Writer to His Majesty's Signet," Edin. 1705. For
+this work Anderson received the thanks of the Scottish parliament, as well
+as some pecuniary reward. (Chalmers' _Life of Ruddiman_.) The authors of
+these books having made out a case which was adopted as the national one,
+it is nowise surprising that they should hand over Drake and Attwood to the
+hangman for attempting to demolish it.]
+
+On May 5, 1686, M. Claude's account of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew was
+burnt in the Old Exchange, "so mighty a power and ascendant here had the
+French ambassador." (Evelyn's _Memoirs_.)
+
+JOHN S. BURN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Stereoscopic Angles._--As I presume that MR. T. L. MERRITT is, like
+myself, only desirous of arriving at truth, I beg to offer the following
+reply to his last communication (Vol. viii., pp. 275-6.), in which he
+misinterprets some observations of mine upon the subject in question.
+
+With regard to the distance quoted by me of 2� inches, I look upon it as
+the same thing as intended by MR. MERRITT--that is, the _average_ distance
+between the centres of the eyes; and it amounts simply to a difference of
+_opinion_ between us; but, so far as that point is concerned, I am quite
+ready to adopt 2� inches as a standard, although I believe that the former
+is nearer the truth: however, I require more than a mere _assertion_ that
+"the _only_ correct space for the cameras to be apart is 2� inches, and
+this under every circumstance, and that _any_ departure from this _must_
+produce error." I quote verbatim, having merely Italicised three words to
+point my meaning more clearly. An object being 5 feet distant, and another
+at 10 feet from the observer, a line between the eyes will subtend a very
+_much larger_ angle in the former than in the latter instance: hence the
+inclination of the axes of the eyes is the chief criterion by which people
+with the usual complement of those useful organs judge of proximity: but if
+half a dozen houses are made to appear as if 10 or 12 feet distant (by
+means of the increase of the angle between the points of formation of the
+pictures), while the angle which each picture subtends is relatively small;
+it is clear that both eyes will see in relief at a short distance half a
+dozen houses in a space not large enough for a single brick of one of them,
+and, _consequently_, _the view will appear as if taken from a model_. MR.
+MERRITT will object that an erroneous effect is produced; if he will refer
+to my statement (Vol. viii., p. 228.), he will find that it is precisely
+what I admitted; and he appears to have overlooked the _proviso_ attached
+to my next observation (judging by his comment thereon), so I shall make no
+farther remark upon that point, beyond inquiring why the defect he is
+content to put up with is called a _trifling exaggeration_, while that
+which is less offensive to me is designated as _absolute deformity_ and
+error? Persons with one eye are _not good judges_ of distance, and this may
+be easily tested thus:--Close one eye, and endeavour to dip a pen in an
+inkstand at some little distance not previously ascertained by experiment,
+with both eyes open; it will be found far less easy than would be imagined.
+One-eyed people, from habit, contrive to judge of distance mainly by
+_relative position_, and by moving the head _laterally_ cause a change
+therein: to them, all pictures are, to an extent, stereoscopic.
+
+I am really amazed that my advocacy of the radial, instead of the parallel,
+position of the cameras should have been so misunderstood. Surely, it
+cannot be seriously asserted that the former will produce _two_ vanishing
+points, and the latter only one? And as to the supposition connected with
+the boy, the ass, and the drum, a camera that would produce the effect of
+showing both sides of the ass, both legs of the boy, and both heads of the
+drum, _with a movement of only 2� inches_, whether radially or parallel,
+would indeed be a curiosity. But if the motion of the camera extended over
+a space sufficiently large to exhibit the phenomena alluded to, then it
+would confirm what I have before advanced, viz. present the idea of a
+_small model_ of the objects, which could be so placed as to show naturally
+these very effects.
+
+That the axes of the eyes are inclined when viewing objects, is readily
+proved thus:--Let a person look across the road at any object--say a
+shop-window; but stand so that a _lamp-post near him_ shall intervene, and
+be in a _direct line_ between the observer's nose and the object viewed. If
+he be requested to observe the post instead of the distant object, the
+pupils of his eyes will be seen to approach one another; and on again
+looking to the distant object, will instantly recede. The _range_ of vision
+is another point that appears to be misunderstood, as we are differing
+about words instead of facts. The column is an illustration that will
+_exactly_ suit my views; for I call the _range_ of vision the same if taken
+from side to side of the column, although it is perfectly true that the
+tangents to the two eyes differ by the angle they subtend: but certainly
+MR. WILKINSON'S case (Vol. viii., p. 181.) of seven houses and five
+bathing-machines in one picture, and five houses and eight machines in the
+other, illustrates an instance where the range of vision is not the same;
+but I contend that the stereoscopic effect is then _confined_ to five {349}
+houses and five machines, otherwise MR. WILKINSON'S supposititious case
+(_ibid._), of all machines in one, and all houses in the other, might be
+considered as stereoscopic.
+
+In concluding this very lengthened and, I fear, tedious reply, I beg to
+assert that I am most willing to recant any proposition I may have put
+forth, if _proved_ to be erroneous; but I must have proof, not mere
+assertion. And farther, my willing thanks are always tendered to any one
+kind enough to correct an error.
+
+GEO. SHADBOLT.
+
+_Mr. Pumphrey's Process for securing black Tints in Positives._--The
+importance that appears to be attached by some of thy correspondents to the
+stereoscopic appearance of photographs, induces me to call the attention of
+those who may not have noticed it to the fact that, as all camera pictures
+are monocular, they are best seen by closing one eye, and then they truly
+represent nature; and the effect of distance (which so often appears
+wanting in photographs) is given with marvellous effect, so well indeed as
+to render the use of a stereoscope unnecessary. Like other photographers, I
+have been long seeking for a method, easy, cheap, and certain, for
+obtaining the black tints that are so highly prized by many in the French
+positives; and having at last attained the object of my search, I lose no
+time in laying it before my fellow-operators.
+
+I obtain these results with a twenty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, a
+fact that will, I think, commend the plan to most operators. Thou wilt be
+able to judge of the result from the inclosed specimen.[7] I use Canson's
+paper, either albumenized or plain (but the former is far preferable). If
+albumen is used, I dilute it with an equal measure of water, and add half a
+grain of common salt (chloride of sodium) to each ounce of the mixture.
+This is applied to the paper with a soft flat brush, and all bubbles
+removed, by allowing a slender stream of the mixture to flow over its
+surface: it is then hung up to dry, and afterwards the albumen is
+coagulated with a hot iron. If the paper is used plain, a solution of
+common salt (half a grain to one ounce of water) is placed in a shallow
+tray, and the paper floated on its surface for a minute, and then hung up
+to dry. Excite, in either case, with an ammonio-nitrate of silver solution
+(twenty grains to one ounce of water), by floating the paper, prepared side
+downwards, for one minute, and hang up to dry.
+
+Print tolerably strongly, and the proof will be of a reddish-brown. Fix in
+tolerably strong solution of hypo. sod� (I never weigh my hypo., so cannot
+give the proportion), that either has been in use some time, or else, if
+new, has been nearly saturated with darkened chloride of silver. When
+fixed, remove the proofs into another vessel of the same solution of hypo.,
+to which has been added chloride of gold and acetic acid. The way I do this
+is to dissolve one drachm of chloride of gold in two and a half ounces
+(1200 minims) of water. Of this I take twenty minims (which will contain
+one grain Au Cl_3) and forty minims of acetic acid (Beaufoy's) for every
+dozen proofs (of the size of 7 � 9 in.), that I mean to operate on, and
+having mixed the gold and acetic acid with the solution of hypo., place the
+proofs in it till they attain the desired colour: they are then to be
+washed and dried in the usual way.
+
+Knowing that so cheap and easy a process for obtaining these tints would
+have been a great boon to me a short time since, I lose no time in
+communicating this to the readers of "N. & Q." I shall feel a pleasure in
+explaining the plan more in detail to any photographer who may feel
+disposed to drop me a line.
+
+WILLIAM PUMPHREY.
+
+Osbaldwick, near York.
+
+[Footnote 7: The specimens forwarded by MR. PUMPHREY are most
+satisfactory.--ED.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Baskerville the Printer_ (Vol. viii., p. 203.).--In reply to MR. ELLIOTT'S
+inquiry, I beg to say that Baskerville the printer was merely named as one
+who had directed his interment in unconsecrated ground. The exact place of
+his burial was not deemed a point of importance, but it having been
+questioned, I am able to state that the spot was correctly described by me.
+Nichols, in his _Literary Anecdotes_ (vol. viii. p. 456.), tells us that
+"Baskerville was buried in a tomb of masonry, in the shape of a cone,
+_under a windmill_ in his garden; on the top of this windmill, after it
+fell into disuse, he had erected an urn, and had prepared an inscription,"
+of which MR. ELLIOTT has given a portion.
+
+In his will, dated January 6, 1773, he directs his body "to be buried in a
+conical building heretofore used as a _mill_, which I have lately raised
+higher, and painted and prepared for it." It seems somewhat surprising that
+one, who shocked even John Wilkes as "a terrible infidel," should have
+printed a most beautiful folio Bible, at an expense of 2000l., and three or
+more editions of the Book of Common Prayer. Still more, in 1762, he tells
+Walpole that he had a grant from the University of Cambridge to print their
+8vo. and 12mo. Common Prayer Books, and that for this privilege he laboured
+under heavy liabilities to the University. Baskerville doubtless regarded
+these books with a tradesman's eye, indifferent to the subjects of the
+works issued from his press, provided they sold. It would, however, be very
+unjust to this admirable printer to name him without praise for the
+distinguished beauty of his typography: it was clear and elegant, and he
+{350} was most curious in the choice both of his paper and ink.
+
+J. H. M.
+
+_Lines on Woman_ (Vol. viii., p. 204.).--The four beautiful lines which
+W. V. cites are the conclusion of a poem entitled "Woman," written by Eton
+Barrett. About the close of the last century, Eton Barrett and his younger
+brother Richard Barrett were at a private school on Wandsworth Common. My
+brothers and I were their schoolfellows. The Barretts were Irish boys; I
+think (but I speak very doubtfully) from Cork. Eton Barrett was a boy of
+more than ordinary talent. He was a genius among the lesser lights around
+him. I remember his writing a play with prologue and epilogue, which was
+performed before the master and his family, &c., with so much success, that
+the master prohibited any future dramatic performances, fearing, that he
+might incur blame for encouraging too much taste for the theatre. Our
+master gave up his school before the year 1800. Eton Barrett, a great many
+years ago, published a little volume of poems, of which "Woman" was one. I
+do not remember that I ever met him since our school-days. I have heard
+that he adopted Tory politics in Ireland, and that his brother attached
+himself to O'Connell, and conducted some newspaper; but this is mere
+report. Allow me to take this opportunity for observing, that many of the
+communications to "N. & Q.," such as those in which matters of fact are
+stated, ought, it may justly be urged, to be authenticated by the signature
+of the contributor. I feel the truth of this so strongly, that, though I do
+not sign my name, yet I have thought it right to make myself known to you,
+so that you know the person who contributes under the signature
+
+F. W. J.
+
+_Haulf-naked_ (Vol. viii., p. 205.).--The manor house of Halnaker,
+adjoining Walberton and Goodwood, is thus spoken of by Dallaway in his
+_Hist. of Sussex_, "Rape of Chichester," p. 131.:--"Halnaker, called in
+_Domesday_ 'Halneche,' and in writings of very ancient date Halnac,
+Halnaked, and Halfnaked." Then follows a short description of the old
+manor-house.
+
+It has been lately visited by the Arch�ological Association, under the
+direction of Lord Talbot de Malahide; and it is probable that the
+industrious antiquaries of Sussex will soon give us a more detailed account
+of it in their next volume of _Transactions_.
+
+M. (2.)
+
+_Cambridge and Ireland_ (Vol. viii., p. 270.).--The story of Irish
+merchants _landing_ at Cambridge is "very like a whale," "touched upon the
+deserts of Bohemia." I think, however, that I can trace the source of this
+glaring and oft-repeated error, as there really exists a documentary
+connexion between Irish cloth and the town of Cambridge.
+
+Referring to a collection of notes on the ancient commerce and manufactures
+of Ireland, which I have lately made, I find--cited as an instance of the
+general use of Irish cloth in England at an early period--that Henry IV.,
+in 1410, gave a royal grant of tolls, for the purpose of paving the town of
+Cambridge; in which, among other articles, Irish cloth is taxed at the rate
+of twopence per hundred. The grant, "De villa Cantabrigi� paveanda," will
+be found in Rymer's _Foedera_.
+
+W. PINKERTON.
+
+Ham.
+
+_Autobiographical Sketch_ (Vol. vii., p. 477.).--The fragments found by
+CHEVERELLS are parts of _The Library of Useless Knowledge_, by Athanasius
+Gasker, Esq., F.R.S., &c.: London, W. Pickering, 1837.
+
+H. J.
+
+_Archbishop Chichely_ (Vol. viii., p. 198).--The Statute Book of All Souls
+College; Robert Hoveden's _Life of Chichely_; and the respective Lives by
+Arthur Duck and O. L. Spencer, have all been examined for the date of Henry
+Chichely's birth, but without success.
+
+The most probable conjecture is, that he was born in 1362; since in 1442
+(see his "Letter to Pope Eugenius," printed in the Appendix to Spencer's
+_Life_) he describes himself as having either completed or entered upon his
+eightieth year.
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+"_Discovery of the Inquisition_" (Vol. viii., p. 137.).--It is a mistake to
+suppose that all John Day's publications are rare. Montanus's _Discovery
+and playne Declaration of sundry subtill Practices of the Holy Inquisition
+of Spayne, newly translated_, 4to., 1568, is not uncommon. Herbert and
+Heber possessed copies; and a copy sold at Saunders's in 1818 for five
+shillings. My own copy (a remarkably fine one) cost sixteen shillings at
+Evans's in 1840. The edition of 1569, containing some additions, is of
+greater rarity.
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+_Divining Rod_ (Vol. viii., p. 293.).--In the first edition of his
+_Mathematical Recreations_, Hutton laughed at the divining rod. In the
+interval between that and the second edition, a lady made him change his
+note, by using one before him at Woolwich. Hutton had the courage to
+publish the account of the experiment in the second edition (vol. iv. pp.
+216-231.), after the account he had previously given. By a letter from
+Hutton to Bruce, printed in the memoir of the former which the latter
+wrote, it appears that the lady was Lady Milbanke.
+
+M.
+
+"_Pinece with a stink_" (Vol. viii, p. 270.).--Archbishop Bramhall's editor
+should have spelled the first word _pinnace_, and then your correspondent
+MR. BLAKISTON could easily have understood the {351} allusion. In speaking
+of the offensive composition, well known to sailors, the word _revenge_,
+and not _defend_, was used by Bramhall.
+
+R. G.
+
+_Longevity_ (Vol. viii., p. 113.).--I do not think any of your
+correspondents has noticed the case of John Whethamstede, Abbot of St.
+Albans, who wrote a Chronicle of the period between 1441 and 1461: "He was
+ordained a priest in 1382, and died in 1464, when he had been eighty-two
+years in priest's orders, and was above one hundred years old." Surely this
+is a case sufficiently authenticated for your more sceptical readers.
+(Henry's _History of Great Britain_, 2nd ed., Lond. 1788, vol. x. p. 132.)
+
+TEWARS.
+
+_Chronograms_ (Vol. viii., pp. 42. 280.).--The following additional
+specimen of this once popular form of numerical puzzle is not, I think,
+unworthy a corner in "N. & Q."
+
+On the upper border of a sun-dial, affixed to the west end of Nantwich
+Church, Cheshire, there appeared, previous to its removal about 1800, the
+undermentioned inscription:
+
+    "Honor DoMIno pro paCe popVLo sVo parta."
+
+Now, seeing that Nantwich was, during the civil dissensions which
+culminated in the murder of Charles I., a rampant hot-bed of anarchy and
+rebellion, we should hardly be prepared for such a complete repudiation of
+those principles as is conveyed in the line before us, did we not know that
+the same anxiety to get rid of the "Bare-bones" incubus universally
+prevailed. The numerals, it will be seen, make up the number 1661, which
+was the year of the coronation of King Charles II.; and, no doubt, also the
+year in which the dial in question was erected.
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+Chester.
+
+_Heraldic Notes_ (Vol. viii., p. 265.).--The bearing of the arms of Clare
+Hall by Dr. Blythe is not strictly correct, because, with the exception of
+the three principal Kings of Arms, the Earl Marshal, the Master of
+Ordnance, and a few others especially, arms of office do not exist in
+England. The general mode of bearing them is by impalement, giving the
+preference (dexter) to the arms of dignity. In the example under notice,
+the arms of dignity or office are borne upon a _pile_, which has somewhat
+the appearance of an inverted chevron. It is not at all a common mode of
+bearing additions; but I remember one case, viz. the grant by King Henry
+VIII. to the Seymours, after his marriage to Lady Jane, of the lions of
+England on a pile.
+
+BROCTUNA.
+
+Bury, Lancashire.
+
+_Christian Names_ (Vol. vii. _passim_).--May I be permitted to correct one
+or two errors in MR. BATES'S Note on this subject, Vol. vii. p. 627.?
+
+The person described as a "certain M. L-P. Saint-Florentin" was no less a
+person than the Duke de la Vrilli�re, who filled several important offices
+during the reign of Louis XV. The allusion in the epigram to his "trois
+noms" has no reference to his _names_, whether Christian or patronymic, in
+the sense in which the question has been discussed in "N. & Q.," but to the
+three _titles_ which he successively bore as a public man. He commenced his
+career as M. de Ph�lippeaux; was afterwards created Comte de
+Saint-Florentin, and sometime before his death was raised to the dignity of
+Duke de la Vrilli�re.
+
+My authority for this statement is the cotemporary work, _Les M�moires
+secrets de Bachaumont_, where, under date of December, 1770, the epigram is
+thus introduced, with a variation in the first line:
+
+    "Un autre plaisant a fait d'avance l'�pitaphe de M. le duc de la
+    Vrilli�re. Elle roule sur ses trois noms diff�rents de Ph�lippeaux,
+    Saint-Florentin, et la Vrilli�re:
+
+     'Ci-git, malgr� son rang, un homme fort commun,
+      Ayant port� trois noms, et n'en laissant aucun.'"
+
+The sense being, that his titles had been his only distinction, and that
+even they had not been sufficient to rescue his character from obscurity
+and contempt.
+
+However "applicable" this epigram may be to the bearers or borrowers of
+three names, it will be some comfort to them to know that its point was not
+directed against them, but against a class of men of much higher
+pretensions, of one of whom it has been said:
+
+ "_He left the name_, at which the world grew pale,
+  To point a moral, or adorn a tale."
+
+HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+"_I put a spoke in his wheel_" (Vol. viii., p. 269.).--If G.K., being
+wronged, should cherish the unchristian spirit of revenge, let him
+playfully insert a spoke in the wheel of his friend's tandem, as it bowls
+along behind a pair of thorough-bred tits, with twelve months' hard
+condition upon old oats in them.
+
+By simply putting a spoke in the wheel of the waggon employed in the
+removal of the Manchester College to London, one trustee opposed a decided
+"impediment to the movement" of that institution.
+
+W. C.
+
+P. S.--Allow me to point out a misprint at Vol. viii., p. 279, "Manners of
+the Irish:" for _chuse_ read _cheese_.
+
+_Judges styled Reverend_ (Vol. viii., pp. 158. 276.).--With respect to the
+error into which I was led in making Anthony Fitzherbert _Chief_ Justice of
+the Common Pleas, I beg to express my thanks for our good friend's
+correction. My statement {352} was founded on the authority of the
+Visitation-Book of the county of Derby, A.D. 1634, in which Anthony
+Fitzherbert is "Chief Justice of ----;" and, as the question of his rank as
+a judge was not one at the moment of communicating my Note, I made no
+farther inquiry. I find, however, upon reference to Vincent's _Collections
+for Derbyshire_, that Anthony Fitzherbert is styled, in a very good
+pedigree of his family, "Unus Justiciariorum de Co[=i] Banco." Had I turned
+to Dugdale's _Origines Juridiciales_, the error might have been avoided.
+
+THOS. W. KING (York Herald).
+
+_Palace at Enfield_ (Vol. viii., p. 271.).--Queen Elizabeth, in the early
+part of her reign, frequently kept her court at Enfield. Her palace was the
+manor-house, near the church, of which little now remains. In Lysons' time
+(1793) it had been in a great measure rebuilt, and divided into tenements.
+He adds, "the part which contains the _old room_ is in the occupation of
+Mrs. Perry."
+
+When I saw this room, about twenty years ago, it was in its original state,
+with oak panels and a richly ornamented ceiling. The chimney-piece was
+supported by columns of the Ionic and Corinthian order, and decorated with
+the cognizances of the rose and portcullis, and the arms of France and
+England quartered, with the garter and the royal supporters. Underneath was
+this motto, "Sola salus servire Deo, sunt c�tera fraudes."
+
+In the garden was a magnificent tree, a cedar of Libanus, which was pointed
+out to me as having been planted by Queen Elizabeth. But upon this point
+tradition was at fault. In the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1779, p. 138.,
+may be seen an account of this remarkable cedar, which was planted by Dr.
+Robert Uvedale, the botanist, a tenant of the manor-house in 1670.
+
+The church at Enfield does not date farther back than the middle of the
+fifteenth century. The devices of a rose and ring, which occur over the
+arches of the nave, seen also upon the tower of Hadley Church, with the
+date 1444, "supposing it to have been, as is very probable," says Lysons,
+"a punning cognizance adopted by one of the priors of Walden, to which
+monastery both churches belonged, will fix the building of the present
+structure at Enfield to the early part of the fifteenth century."
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+_Sir John Vanbrugh_ (Vol. viii., pp. 65. 160. 232.).--Are not your
+correspondents on the wrong scent as regards the birthplace of Sir John
+Vanbrugh? In the memoir prefixed to the collection of his _Plays_, 2 vols.
+12mo., 1759, it is said:
+
+    "Sir John Vanbrugh, an eminent dramatic writer, son of Mr. Giles
+    Vanbrugh of London, merchant, was born in the parish of St. Stephen's,
+    Walbrook, in 1666. The family of Vanbrugh were for many years merchants
+    of great credit and reputation at Antwerp, and came into England in the
+    reign of Queen Elizabeth, on account of the persecution for religion."
+
+Mr. Cunningham (_Handbook of London_, p. 282.) speaks of _William_
+Vanderbergh, the supposed father of Sir John, as residing in
+Lawrence-Poultney Lane in 1677. He refers to Strype's map of Walbrook and
+Dowgate wards, and _A Collection of the Names of the Merchants living in
+and about the City of London_, 12mo. 1677.
+
+The writer of the notice of Sir John Vanbrugh in Chambers' _Cyclop�dia of
+English Literature_, vol. i. p. 597., says:
+
+    "Vanbrugh was the son of a successful sugar-baker, who rose to be an
+    esquire, and comptroller of the treasury chamber, besides marrying the
+    daughter of Sir Dudley Carlton. It is doubtful whether the dramatist
+    was born in the French Bastile, or the parish of St. Stephen's,
+    Walbrook. The time of his birth was about the year 1666, when Louis
+    XIV. declared war against England. It is certain he was in France at
+    the age of nineteen, and remained there some years."
+
+The family vault of the Vanbrughs is certainly in St. Stephen's Church,
+Walbrook, where Sir John was buried on the 30th of March, 1726.
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+_Greek Inscription on a Font_ (Vol. viii., p. 198.).---This Query has
+already been answered and illustrated in Vol. vii., pp. 178. 366. 417.; but
+the following passage may be of interest, as affording instances of the
+same inscription in France, and pointing out the probable source of its
+usage, viz. from the ancient Greek metropolitan church at Constantinople:
+
+    "St. M�min est une abbaye c�l�bre sous l'ancien nom de Micy, sur la
+    rivi�re de Loire, proche d'Orl�ans. Il y a dans l'�glise de ce
+    monast�re un ben�tier de forme ronde, avec cette inscription grecque
+    grav�e sur le bord du bassin, [GREEK: NIPSON ANOM�MA M�MONAN OPSIN]. La
+    m�me chose est � Paris, au ben�tier de St. Etienne d'Egr�s, et aussi
+    autrefois � celui de Sainte Sophie � Constantinople."--_Voyages
+    liturgiques de France, par le Sieur Moleon_, p. 219., 8vo. 1718.
+
+It may be added (on Cole's authority, vol. XXXV. f. 19b.) that the same
+inscription is inscribed round a large silver basin used formerly at the
+master's table on festival days, in Trinity College Hall, Cambridge; and I
+have also seen it on a sliver-gilt rose-water basin, introduced at the
+banquets given by the master of Magdalene College in the same university.
+
+[mu].
+
+"_Fierce_" (Vol. viii., p. 280.).--In this part of the country the words
+_pert_, pronounced "peart," and _pure_, bear the same meaning, of well in
+health and spirits.
+
+FRANCIS JOHN SCOTT.
+
+Tewkesbury.
+
+{353}
+
+_Giving Quarter_ (Vol. viii., p. 246.).--It must be observed that the older
+form of the expression is "keeping quarter:"
+
+ "That every one should kill the man he caught,
+  To _keep no quarter_."--_Drayton in Richardson._
+
+Now very obvious application of the word _quarter_, instanced by Todd, is
+to signify the proper station or appointed place of any one.
+
+    "They do best who, if they cannot but admit love, yet make it _keep
+    quarter_, and sever it wholly from their serious affairs."--Bacon's
+    _Essays_.
+
+To keep quarter, then, is to keep within measure, within the limits or
+bounds appointed by some paramount consideration; and hence, as in the
+following passage from Shakspeare (where it is clumsily interpreted amity
+or companionship), the word is used as synonymous with terms or conditions:
+
+             "Friends all but now,
+  In quarter and in terms like bride and groom
+  Divesting them for bed, and then but now
+  Swords out and tilting one at other's breast."
+
+In the same sense Clarendon speaks of "offering them _quarter_ for their
+lives if they would give up the castle," _i. e._ offering them conditions
+for their lives on their performing their part of the bargain.
+
+Again, in a passage of Swift, cited by Todd: "Mr. Wharton, who detected
+some hundred of the bishop's mistakes, meets with very ill quarter from his
+Lordship," _i. e._ meets with very ill conditions of treatment from him.
+Finally, _to give quarter_ in the military sense is to give conditions
+absolutely, as opposed to the unmitigated exercise of the victor's power,
+and, as the most important of all conditions, to spare life.
+
+H. W.
+
+_Sheriffs of Glamorganshire_ (Vol. iii., p. 186.).--The list of the
+Glamorganshire sheriffs here inquired for was not printed by Mr. Traherne,
+but by the Rev. H. H. Knight, M.A., of Neath, and of Nottage Court, in
+Glamorganshire: it is a little pamphlet in a paper cover.
+
+TEWARS.
+
+"_When the maggot bites_" (Vol. viii., p. 244.).--A correspondent asks why
+a thing done on the spur of the moment is said to be done "when the maggot
+bites." It signifies rather doing a thing when the fancy takes one. When a
+person acts from no apparent motive in external circumstances, he is said
+to have a maggot in his head, to have a bee in his bonnet or, in French,
+"Avoir des rats dans la t�te;" in Platt-Deutsch, to have a mouse-nest in
+his head, the eccentric behaviour being attributed to the influence of the
+internal irritation.
+
+H. W.
+
+_Connexion between the Celtic and Latin Languages_ (Vol. viii., p.
+174.).--Your correspondent M. will find much valuable information on this
+subject in a work entitled _Thoughts on the Origin and Descent of the
+Gael_, by James Grant, Esq., Advocate: Edinburgh, Constable & Co., 1814.
+
+FRANCIS JOHN SCOTT.
+
+Tewkesbury.
+
+_Bacon's Essays_ (Vol. viii., p. 143.).--Bacon's Essay VII.: "Optimum
+elige," &c. Pythagoras, in _Plutarch de Exilio_.--Essay XV.: "Dolendi
+modus," &c. Plin., lib. viii. ep. 17. fin.
+
+C. P. E.
+
+"_Exiguum est._" _&c._ (Vol. viii., p. 197.).--"Exiguum est ad legem bonum
+esse." Vide _Senec. de Ira_, ii. 27.
+
+C. P. E.
+
+_Muffs worn by Military Men on a March_ (Vol. viii., p. 281.).--In the year
+1592 the Duke of Nevers was despatched by Henry IV. with all speed to a
+place called Bully, in order to cut off the retreat of the Duke of Guise,
+lately defeated near Bures. Sully speaks of him thus:
+
+    "The Duke of Nevers, the slowest of men, began by sending to make
+    choice of the most favourable roads, and marched with a slow pace
+    towards Bully, with his hands and his nose in his muff, and his whole
+    person well packed up in his coach."--_Memoirs of Sully_, vol. i. p.
+    235., English edit., Edinburgh, 1773.
+
+FRANCIS JOHN SCOTT.
+
+Tewkesbury.
+
+"_Earth says to Earth_" (Vol. vii., pp. 498. 576.).--A fac-simile of these
+lines, discovered in the chapel of the Guild of the Holy Cross at
+Stratford-on-Avon (with many other curious plates), may be seen in Fisher's
+_Illustrations of the Paintings_, &c., edited by J. G. Nichols, Esq., and
+published in 1802, and afterwards continued.
+
+ERICA speaks of "Weaver's" Account. Unless this is a misprint for
+"Wheler's" (_Account of Stratford-on-Avon_), perhaps he will oblige me with
+the full title of Weaver's work.
+
+ESTE.
+
+_Poetical Tavern Signs_ (Vol. viii., p. 242.).--I would add the following
+sign-inscription to those noted by R. C. WARDE. It was on the walls of a
+tavern half-way up Richmond Hill, three miles south of Douglas, Isle of
+Man, kept by a man of the name of Abraham Lowe:
+
+ "I'm Abraham Lowe, and half-way up the hill,
+  If I were higher up, what's funnier still,
+  I should be belowe. Come in and take your fill
+  Of porter, ale, wine, spirits, what you will.
+  Step in, my friend, I pray no farther go;
+  My prices, like myself, are always low."
+
+J. G. C.
+
+_Unkid_ (Vol. viii., p. 221.).--Is not the word _hunks_, so common in
+people's mouths,--_An old hunks_, an old miser or miserable wretch, to be
+referred to the same derivation as _unkid_, _hunkid_?
+
+F. B--w.
+
+{354}
+
+_Camera Lucida_ (Vol. viii., p. 271.).--CARET will find Dr. Wollaston's
+description of his invention, the "Camera Lucida," in the 17th volume of
+_Nicholson's Journal_.
+
+M. C. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+Messrs. MacMillan of Cambridge have commenced the publication of a series
+of theological manuals by _A History of the Christian Church_ (_Middle
+Age_), by Charles Hardwick, M.A.; which, although written for this series,
+claims to be regarded as an integral and independent treatise on the
+Medi�val Church. The work, which extends from the time of Gregory the Great
+to 1520, when Luther, having been extruded from those churches that adhered
+to the communion of the Pope, established a provisional form of government,
+and opened a fresh era in the history of Europe, is distinguished by the
+same diligent research and conscientious acknowledgment of authorities
+which procured for Mr. Hardwick's _History of the Articles of Religion_
+such a favourable reception. The work is illustrated by four maps, which
+have been especially constructed for it by Mr. A. Keith Johnston.
+
+The amiable and accomplished author of _Proposals for Christian Union_, and
+of _Welsh Sketches_, has just issued the third and concluding series of his
+little volumes on Welsh history, civil and ecclesiastical. We have no doubt
+that the eight chapters of which it consists, and in which he treats of
+Edward the Black Prince, Owen Glyndwr, Prince of Wales, Medi�val Bardism,
+and the Welsh Church, will be read with great satisfaction, not only by all
+sons of the Principality, but by all who look with interest on that portion
+of our island in which the last traces of our ancient British race and
+language still linger.
+
+BOOKS RECEIVED.--_The Journal of Sacred Literature_, No. IX. for October,
+continues to put forth strong claims to the support of those who have a
+taste for pure biblical literature. From the address of its new editor, it
+would seem not to be so well known as the object for which it is
+established plainly deserves.--_Cyclop�dia Bibliographica_, Part XIII. for
+October, continues its useful course. Every succeeding number only serves
+to prove how valuable the work will be when completed.--_The Shakspeare
+Repository_, edited by J. H. Fennell, No. III., is well worth the attention
+of our numerous Shakspearian readers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+FORD'S HANDBOOK OF SPAIN. Vol. I.
+
+AUSTIN CHEIRONOMIA.
+
+REV. E. IRVING'S ORATIONS ON DEATH, JUDGEMENT, HEAVEN, AND HELL.
+
+THOMAS GARDENER'S HISTORY OF DUNWICH.
+
+MARSH'S HISTORY OF HURSLEY AND BADDESLEY. About 1805. 8vo. Two Copies.
+
+NICEPHORUS CATENA ON THE PENTATEUCH.
+
+PROCOPIUS GAZ�US.
+
+WATT'S BIBLIOGRAPHIA BRITANNICA. Parts V. and VI.
+
+MAXWELL'S DIGEST OF THE LAW OF INTESTATES.
+
+CARLYLE'S CHARTISM. Crown 8vo. 2nd Edition.
+
+THE BUILDER, No. 520.
+
+OSWALLI CROLLII OPERA. 12mo. Geneva, 1635.
+
+GAFFARELL'S UNHEARD-OF CURIOSITIES. Translated by Chelmead. London. 12mo.
+1650.
+
+BEAUMONT'S PSYCHE. 2nd Edit. folio. Camb., 1702.
+
+PAMPHLETS.
+
+JUNIUS DISCOVERED. By P. T. Published about 1789.
+
+REASONS FOR REJECTING THE EVIDENCE OF MR. ALMON, &c. 1807.
+
+ANOTHER GUESS AT JUNIUS. Hookham. 1809.
+
+THE AUTHOR OF JUNIUS DISCOVERED. Longmans. 1821.
+
+THE CLAIMS OF SIR P. FRANCIS REFUTED. Longmans. 1822.
+
+WHO WAS JUNIUS? Glynn. 1837.
+
+SOME NEW FACTS, &c., by Sir F. Dwarris. 1850.
+
+*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send
+their names and addresses._
+
+*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+BOOKS WANTED.--_We believe that gentlemen in want of particular books,
+either by way of loan or purchase, would find great facilities in obtaining
+them if their names and addresses were published, so that parties having
+the books might communicate directly with those who want them. Acting on
+this belief, we shall take advantage of the recent alteration in the law
+respecting advertisements, and in future, where our Correspondents desire
+to avail themselves of this new arrangement, shall insert their names and
+addresses_--_unless specially requested not to do so_.
+
+J. N. RADCLIFFE. _We shall be glad to receive the Legendary Lore mentioned
+by our Correspondent._
+
+REV. H. G. _Your letter has been forwarded to_ A. F. B. (Diss).
+
+S. Z. Z. S. _We have a letter waiting for this Correspondent; how can we
+forward it?_
+
+C. E. F. _Warm water and a few small shot will thoroughly cleanse the
+bottles in which collodion has been kept._
+
+AN AMATEUR EXPERIMENTALIST. _Formerly the pint used in the compounding of
+medicines, chemicals, &c. consisted of sixteen fluid ounces, weighing one
+pound Avoirdupois weight. Now the imperial pint of twenty ounces is in
+general use. The Troy and apothecaries' ounce are the same, and contain
+forty grains more than the Avoirdupois ounce. In making collodion, take any
+quantity of ether, and dissolve the gun cotton in it; if too thick, it may
+always be reduced by the addition of more ether. Uniodized collodion may be
+bought quite as cheap as it may be made; and it generally has the advantage
+of having been made in a large body, and allowed time to settle, whereby
+the clear portion only is more easily decanted off for sale._
+
+_Having active professional duties, it has been only at his leisure that_
+DR. DIAMOND _has been enabled to give his attention to Photography, which
+has been the main cause of the delay complained of; but the delay will
+prove an advantage, for such important improvements are almost daily taking
+place in the art that works published a short time since are becoming
+comparatively useless._
+
+HUGH HENDERSON. _1st, Black Japan varnish is very improper for your
+positive pictures; it often cracks, and is long in drying. Black lacquer
+varnish, procurable at Strong's, the varnish makers in Long Acre, is the
+best we have been able to procure. 2nd, The solution for development will
+keep any length of time; you may use it by dipping or otherwise_.
+
+W.C., _who recommends the use of a plate glass bath enveloped in gutta
+percha, is informed that we have had such a bath in use for many months,
+and it answers our purpose exceedingly well_.
+
+ABRAHAM. _As we have often said before, we think that a good lens requires
+no "actinic" focus to find. In a properly constructed lens the chemical and
+visual foci are identical; and we would ourselves not be troubled with the
+use of one in which they differed. Our advertising columns will point out
+to you where such a lens man be procured. We believe, where there is a
+difference between the two foci, chemical and visual, that other
+distortions also take place, accounting for some of the unpleasant effects
+complained of in Photography._
+
+_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vii., _price
+Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had; for which early application is
+desirable_.
+
+"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday_, _so that the Country
+Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels_, _and deliver them
+to their Subscribers on the Saturday._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{355}
+
+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.
+
+3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
+
+Founded A.D. 1842.
+
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+
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+
+  H. E. Bicknell, Esq.
+  T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M. P.
+  G. H. Drew, Esq.
+  W. Evans, Esq.
+  W. Freeman, Esq.
+  F. Fuller, Esq.
+  J. H. Goodhart, Esq.
+  T. Grissell, Esq.
+  J. Hunt, Esq.
+  J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
+  E. Lucas, Esq.
+  J. Lys Seager, Esq.
+  J. B. White, Esq.
+  J. Carter Wood, Esq.
+
+  _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell,
+      Esq.
+  _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.
+  _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.
+
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+
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+
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+
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+   27       2   4   5
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+
+ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.
+
+Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions.
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+SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.
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+
+       *       *       *       *       *
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+
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+
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+PARTIES desirous of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan of
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+
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+
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+
+DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS.--Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes. Best and Cheapest.
+To be had in great variety at
+
+McMILLAN'S Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet Street.
+
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+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X.,
+in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates,
+may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made
+Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
+guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.
+Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
+Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket
+Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully
+examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and
+4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.
+
+BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the
+Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
+
+65. CHEAPSIDE.
+
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+HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.
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+
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+
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+
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+    food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk."
+
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+    Tiverton."
+
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+
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+
+    "Bonn, July 19. 1852.
+
+    "This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,
+    nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases,
+    all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of
+    body, as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys
+    and bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp
+    of the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and
+    hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most
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+
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+    "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."
+
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+and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry
+Co., 77. Regent Street, London.
+
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+imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and
+others, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name
+BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, _without which
+none is genuine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions
+(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at
+BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of
+every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in
+all its Branches.
+
+Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.
+
+*** Catalogues may be had on application.
+
+BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument
+Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous
+Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.
+
+Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest
+Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.
+
+Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
+beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's,
+Sanford's, and Canson Fr�res' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process.
+Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.
+
+Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.
+Paternoster Row, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand. have,
+by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal,
+they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any
+other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and
+appreciation of half tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.
+
+Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of
+Photography. Instruction in the Art.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.--OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA,
+is superior to every other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist,
+from its capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment,
+its extreme Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views or
+Portraits.
+
+Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames,
+&c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road,
+Islington.
+
+New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, price 4s. 6d. By Post, 5s.
+
+THE PRACTICE OF PHOTOGRAPHY. A Manual for Students and Amateurs. By PHILIP
+DELAMOTTE, F.S.A. Illustrated with a Photographic Picture taken by the
+Collodion Process. This Manual contains much practical information of a
+valuable nature.
+
+JOSEPH CUNDALL, 198. New Bond Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{356}
+
+MURRAY'S HANDBOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS IN ITALY.
+
+The following are now ready.
+
+HANDBOOK FOR NORTH ITALY.--Being a Guide to SARDINIA, LOMBARDY, VENICE,
+PARMA, PIACENZA, MODENA, LUCCA, FLORENCE, and TUSCANY as far as the VAL
+D'ARNO. With Maps and Plans. Post 8vo. 9s.
+
+II.
+
+HANDBOOK FOR CENTRAL ITALY. Part I.--Being a Guide to SOUTHERN TUSCANY and
+the PAPAL STATES. With Maps and Plans. Post 8vo. 7s.
+
+III.
+
+HANDBOOK FOR CENTRAL ITALY. Part II.--Being a Guide to ROME and its
+Environs. With Plan, Post 8vo. (Nearly Ready.)
+
+IV.
+
+HANDBOOK FOR SOUTHERN ITALY.--Being a Guide to the CONTINENTAL PORTION of
+the TWO SICILIES, including NAPLES, POMPEII, HERCULANEUM, VESUVIUS, BAY OF
+NAPLES, &c. With Map and Plans. Post 8vo. 15s.
+
+V.
+
+HANDBOOK TO THE ITALIAN SCHOOLS OF PAINTING. From the German of Kugler.
+With 100 Illustrations from the Old Masters. Post 8vo.
+
+JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description of
+upwards of 100 articles, consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS,
+Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and
+other travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post on
+receipt of Two Stamps.
+
+MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their
+Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new
+Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles
+of the kind ever produced.
+
+J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It
+contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads:
+also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. And their new
+warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture
+Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render their Establishment
+complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.
+
+HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of
+Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are
+greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in
+Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches
+among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or
+other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature,
+History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had
+considerable experience.
+
+1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DAILY CHURCH SERVICES in one Portable Volume, containing the Prayers and
+Lessons for daily use, or the Course of Scripture Readings for the Year,
+authorised by the Church. Also a Table of the Proper Lessons for Sundays
+and Holydays, with references to the pages. Price 10s. 6d. bound, or 16s.
+in Hayday's Morocco.
+
+This book is also kept by any respectable bookseller in a variety of
+elegant bindings.
+
+Oxford & London: J. H. Parker.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE NATIONAL MISCELLANY, No. VI., OCTOBER.
+
+          CONTENTS.
+  1. Cyphers.
+  2. Roman London.
+  3. The Table-Turner outdone.
+  4. Turkey--its Past and Present.
+  5. A String of Facts about Siam.
+  6. Symbolic Jewellery.
+  7. Tanglewood Tales, for Girls and Boys.
+  8. A few Notes from Cairo.
+
+Price One Shilling.
+
+London: JOHN HENRY PARKER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published in fcp. 8vo., illustrated with Wood-engravings by Jewitt.
+price 5s. cloth.
+
+SCOTLAND AND THE SCOTTISH CHURCH, by the REV. HENRY CASWALL, M.A., Vicar of
+Figheldean, Wilts, Author of "America and the American Church," &c.
+
+JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready price 25s., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by
+Special Permission to THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
+
+PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH.
+
+The words selected by the Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's.
+The Music arranged for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One,
+including Chants for the Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a
+Concise SYSTEM OF CHANTING, by J. B. SALE. Musical Instructor and Organist
+to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco cloth, price 25s. To be had of Mr.
+J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell Street, Millbank. Westminster, on the receipt of a
+Post-office Order for that amount: and, by order, of the principal
+Booksellers and Music Warehouses.
+
+    "A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our
+    Church and Cathedral Service."--_Times._
+
+    "A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this
+    country."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+    "One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well
+    merits the distinguished patronage under which it appears."--_Musical
+    World._
+
+    "A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting
+    of a very superior character to any which has hitherto
+    appeared."--_John Bull._
+
+London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.
+
+Also, lately published,
+
+J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the Chapel
+Royal St. James, price 2s.
+
+C. LONSDALE. 26. Old Bond Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Fifth Edition, 16s.
+
+HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. By THOMAS VOWLER SHORT, D.D., Lord Bishop
+of St. Asaph.
+
+By the same Author, WHAT IS CHRISTIANITY?
+
+Cheaper Edition. 1s. 6d.
+
+JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Cheaper Edition, Two Volumes octavo, 25s.
+
+SYSTEM OF LOGIC. By JOHN STUART MILL.
+
+By the same Author, PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. Third Edition. Two
+Volumes octavo, 30s.
+
+JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Foolscap Octavo, 3s. 6d.
+
+GOETHE'S OPINIONS ON THE WORLD, MANKIND, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.
+Translated by OTTO WENCKSTERN.
+
+JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Book Auction Rooms, 191. Piccadilly. Established 1794.
+
+PUTTICK AND SIMPSON beg to announce that their Season for Sales of Literary
+Property will commence on Wednesday next, October 12. In addressing
+Executors and others entrusted with the disposal of Libraries, and
+collections (however limited or extensive) of Manuscripts, Autographs,
+Prints, Pictures, Music, Musical Instruments, Objects of Art and Vertu, and
+Works connected with Literature, and the Arts generally, would suggest a
+sale by Auction as the readiest and surest method of obtaining their full
+value; and they flatter themselves that the central situation of their
+premises (near St. James's Church), their extensive connexion of more than
+half a century's standing, and the careful circulation of their Catalogues
+in all parts of the country, and occasionally throughout Europe and
+America, are advantages that will not be unappreciated. Messrs. P. & S.
+will also receive small parcels of Books or other Literary Property, and
+insert them in occasional sales with property of a kindred description,
+thus giving the same advantages to the possessor of a few Lots as to the
+owner of a large Collection.
+
+*** Libraries Catalogued, Arranged, and Valued for the Probate or Legacy
+Duty, or for Public or Private Sale.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Library, Bookcase, Fire-proof Safe, &c.
+
+SIX DAYS' SALE.
+
+PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by
+AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on Wednesday, October 12th,
+and Five following days, Sunday excepted, a Large and Valuable Collection
+of Books, from several Private Libraries, consisting of Standard Works,
+English and Foreign, in most Departments of Literature: amongst which are,
+Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, 3 vols.; Clutterbuck's History of
+Hertfordshire, 3 vols.; Polwhele's History of Devon, 3 vols.; Stowe's
+London, by Strype, 2 vols., best edition; Vesputius' Neue unbekanthe
+Landte, 1508, rare; Ludolphus de Suchen de Terra Sancta, editio princeps,
+rare; Shakspeare's Works, second edition 1632, third edition 1663; Holy
+Bible. Macklins's splendid edition, 3 vols., half russia; D'Oyley and
+Mants' Commentary, 3 vols.; Penny Cyclop�dia, 27 vols., calf extra; the
+separate and collected works of many Popular Authors; Law Books; a few
+Curious Broadsides; some Interesting Heraldic and Genealogical Collections;
+about 500 vols. of Novels and Romances; a few Engravings; a set of
+Raphael's Cartoons, framed; a neat Mahogany Bookcase; Fire-proof Safe;
+Curious Antique Guipure Lace; and other valuable Miscellaneous Property.
+Catalogues will be sent on application: if in the country, on receipt of
+six stamps.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish
+of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.
+Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.
+Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of
+London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, October
+8. 1853.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+page 350, "entered upon his eightieth year": 'eighteenth' in original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 206, October
+8, 1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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+      Notes And Queries, Issue 206.
+    </title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 206, October 8,
+1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 206, October 8, 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+              Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 24, 2008 [EBook #27005]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top">
+Transcriber's note:
+</td>
+<td>
+A few typographical errors have been corrected. They
+appear in the text <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the
+explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked
+passage.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 333 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page333"></a>{333}</span></p>
+
+<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1>
+
+<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2>
+
+<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>&mdash;<span class="sc">Captain Cuttle</span>.</h3>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="masthead" title="masthead">
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left; width:25%">
+      <p><b>No. 206.</b></p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:center; width:50%">
+      <p><b><span class="sc">Saturday, October 8. 1853.</span></b></p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right; width:25%">
+      <p><b>Price Fourpence.<br />Stamped Edition 5<i>d.</i></b></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="Contents" title="Contents">
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left; width:94%">
+      <p><span class="sc">Notes</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right; width:5%">
+      <p>Page</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Notes on Newspapers: "The Times," Daily Press &amp;c., by H. M.
+      Bealby</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page333">333</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>"In quietness and confidence shall be your strength," by Joshua G.
+      Fitch</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page335">335</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Binders of the Volumes in the Harleian Library</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page335">335</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>French Verse, by Thos. Keightley</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page336">336</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>A Spanish Play-bill, by William Robson</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page336">336</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Shakspeare Correspondence, by Robert Rawlinson, C. Mansfield
+      Ingleby, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page336">336</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor Notes</span>:&mdash;Injustice, its
+      Origin&mdash;Two Brothers of the same Christian Name&mdash;Female
+      Parish Clerk</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page338">338</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Queries</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Descendants of Milton</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page339">339</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>An anxious Query from the Hymmalayas</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page339">339</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries</span>:&mdash;"De la Schola de
+      Sclavoni"&mdash;Mineral Acids&mdash;Richard Geering&mdash;Stipendiary
+      Curates&mdash;Our Lady of Rounceval&mdash;Roden's Colt&mdash;Sir
+      Christopher Wren and the Young Carver&mdash;Vellum
+      Cleaning&mdash;Dionysia in B&oelig;otia&mdash;Poll Tax in
+      1641&mdash;Thomas Chester Bishop Of Elphin, 1580&mdash;Rev. Urban
+      Vigors&mdash;Early English MSS.&mdash;Curing of Henry
+      IV.&mdash;Standard of Weights and Measures&mdash;Parish Clerks'
+      Company&mdash;Orange Blossom&mdash;Mr. Pepys his
+      Queries&mdash;Foreign Medical Education</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page339">339</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries with
+      Answers</span>:&mdash;Chandler, Bishop of Durham&mdash;Huggins and
+      Muggins&mdash;Balderdash&mdash;Lovell, Sculptor&mdash;St. Werenfrid
+      and Butler's "Lives of the Saints"</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page341">341</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Replies</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Sir W. Hankford&mdash;Gascoigne's Tomb, by Mr. Foss, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page342">342</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Translation of the Prayer Book into French</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page343">343</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Praying to the West</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page343">343</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Jacob Bobart, by Dr. E. F. Rimbault</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page344">344</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Early Use of Tin.&mdash;Derivation of the Name of Britain, by the
+      Rev. Dr. Hincks and Fras. Crossley</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page344">344</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Yew-trees in Churchyards, by J. G. Cumming, Wm. W. King,
+      &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page346">346</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Stars are the Flowers of Heaven, by W. Fraser</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page346">346</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Books burned by the common Hangman, by John S. Burn, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page346">346</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Photographic
+      Correspondence</span>:&mdash;Stereoscopic Angles&mdash;Mr. Pumphrey's
+      Process for securing black Tints in Positives</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page348">348</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Replies to Minor
+      Queries</span>:&mdash;Baskerville the Printer&mdash;Lines on
+      Woman&mdash;Haulf-naked&mdash;Cambridge and
+      Ireland&mdash;Autobiographical Sketch&mdash;Archbishop
+      Chichely&mdash;"Discovery of the Inquisition"&mdash;Divining
+      Rod&mdash;"Pinece with a
+      stink"&mdash;Longevity&mdash;Chronograms&mdash;Heraldic
+      Notes&mdash;Christian Names&mdash;"I put a spoke in his
+      wheel"&mdash;Judges styled Reverend&mdash;Palace at Enfield&mdash;Sir
+      John Vanbrugh&mdash;Greek Inscription on a
+      Font&mdash;"Fierce"&mdash;Giving Quarter&mdash;Sheriffs of
+      Glamorganshire&mdash;"When the maggot bites"&mdash;Connexion between
+      the Celtic and Latin Languages&mdash;Bacon's Essays, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page349">349</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Miscellaneous</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Notes on Books, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page354">354</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Books and Odd Volumes wanted</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page354">354</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Notices to Correspondents</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page354">354</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Advertisements</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page355">355</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Notes.</h2>
+
+<h3>NOTES ON NEWSPAPERS: "THE TIMES," DAILY
+PRESS, ETC.</h3>
+
+  <p>A newspaper, rightly conducted, is a potent power in promoting the
+  well-being of universal man. It is also a highly moral power&mdash;for it
+  quickens mind everywhere, and puts in force those principles which tend
+  to lessen human woe, and to exalt and dignify our common humanity. The
+  daily press, for the most part, aims to correct error&mdash;whether
+  senatorial, theological, or legal. It pleads in earnest tones for the
+  removal of public wrong, and watches with a keen eye the rise and fall of
+  great interests. It teaches with commanding power, and makes its
+  influence felt in the palace of the monarch, as well as through all
+  classes of the community. It helps on, in the path of honorable ambition,
+  the virtuous and the good. It never hesitates or falters, however
+  formidable the foe. It never crouches, however injurious to itself the
+  free and undisguised utterance of some truths may be. It is outspoken.
+  When the nation requires them, it is bold and fearless in propounding
+  great changes, though they may clash with the expectations of a powerful
+  class. It heeds the reverses to which a nation is subjected, and turns
+  them to good account. It does not abuse its power, and is never menaced.
+  It is unshackled, and therefore has a native growth. It looks on the
+  movements of the wide world calmly, deliberately, and intelligently. We
+  believe the independency of the daily press can never be bribed, or its
+  patronage won by unlawful means. Its mission is noble, and the presiding
+  sentiment of the varied intellect employed upon it is "the greatest good
+  to the greatest number." It never ceases in its operations. It is a
+  perpetual thing: always the same in many of its aspects, and yet always
+  new. It is untiring in its efforts, and unimpeded in its career. We look
+  for it every day with an unwavering confidence, with an almost absolute
+  certainty. Power and freshness are its principal characteristics; and
+  with these it combines a healthy tone, a fearless courage, and an
+  invincible determination. That it has its imperfections, we do not
+  deny&mdash;and what agency is <!-- Page 334 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page334"></a>{334}</span>without them? It is not free from error,
+  and no estate of the realm can be. The purity of the public press will be
+  increased as Christianity advances. There is no nation in the world which
+  can boast of a press so moral, and so just, as the daily newspaper press
+  of Great Britain. The victories it achieves are seen and felt by all: and
+  when compared with the newspaper press of other countries, it has
+  superior claims to our admiration and regard.</p>
+
+  <p>Taking <i>The Times</i> as the highest type of that class of
+  newspapers which we denominate the daily press, these remarks will more
+  particularly apply. The history of such a paper, and its wonderful
+  career, is not sufficiently known, and its great commercial and
+  intellectual power not adequately estimated. The extinction of such a
+  journal (could we suppose such a thing,) would be a public calamity. Its
+  vast influence is felt throughout the civilised world; and we believe
+  <i>that</i> influence, generally speaking, is on the side of right, and
+  for the promotion of the common weal. It is strange that such an organ of
+  public sentiment should have been charged with the moral turpitude of
+  receiving bribes. That it should destroy its reputation, darken its fair
+  fame, and undermine the very foundation of its prosperity, by a course so
+  degrading, we find it impossible to believe. We feel assured it is far
+  removed from everything of the kind: that its course is marked by great
+  honesty of purpose, and its exalted aim will never allow it to stoop to
+  anything so beneath the dignity of its character, and so repugnant to
+  every sense of rectitude and propriety. It is no presumption to assert
+  that, under such overt influences, it remains unmoved and immovable; and
+  to reiterate a remark made in the former part of this article, "its
+  independency can never be bribed, or its patronage won by unlawful
+  means." Looking at it in its colossal strength, and with its omnipotent
+  power (for truth is omnipotent), it may be classed, without any
+  impropriety, among the wonders of the world.</p>
+
+  <p>Allow me to give to the readers of "N. &amp; Q." the following facts
+  in connexion with <i>The Times</i>, and on the subject of newspapers
+  generally. They are deserving of a place in your valuable journal. There
+  were sold of <i>The Times</i> on Nov. 19, 1852, containing an account of
+  the Duke of Wellington's funeral, 70,000 copies: these were worked off at
+  the rate of from 10,000 to 12,000 an hour. <i>The Times</i> of Jan. 10,
+  1806, with an account of the funeral of Lord Nelson, is a small paper
+  compared with <i>The Times</i> of the present day. Its size is nineteen
+  inches by thirteen: having about eighty advertisements, and occupying,
+  with woodcuts of the coffin and funeral car, a space of fifteen inches by
+  nine. Nearly fifty years have elapsed since then, and now the same paper
+  frequently publishes a double supplement, which, with the paper itself,
+  contains the large number of about 1,700 advertisements.<a
+  name="footnotetag1" href="#footnote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> 54,000 copies of
+  <i>The Times</i> were sold when the Royal Exchange was opened by the
+  Queen; 44,500 at the close of Rush's trial. 1828, the circulation of
+  <i>The Times</i> was under 7,000 a day; now its average circulation is
+  about 42,000 a day, or 12,000,000 annually.<a name="footnotetag2"
+  href="#footnote2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The gross proceeds of <i>The
+  Times</i>, in 1828, was about 45,000<i>l.</i> a year: and, from an
+  article which appeared twelve months ago in its columns, it now enjoys a
+  gross income equal to that of a flourishing German principality.</p>
+
+  <p>We believe we are correct when we assert, that there were sold of the
+  <i>Illustrated London News</i>, with a narrative of the Duke's funeral (a
+  double number), 400,000 copies. One newsman is said to have taken 1000
+  quires double number, or 2000 quires single number: making 27,000 double
+  papers, or 54,000 single papers (twenty-seven papers being the number to
+  a quire), and for which he must have paid 1075<i>l.</i><a
+  name="footnotetag3" href="#footnote3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> It is a
+  remarkable fact, that Manchester, with a population of 400,000, has but
+  three newspapers; Liverpool, with 367,000, eleven; Glasgow, with 390,000,
+  sixteen; Dublin, with but 200,000, no less than twenty-two. The largest
+  paper ever known was published some years ago by Brother Jonathan, and
+  called the <i>Boston Notion</i>. The head letters stand two inches high;
+  the sheet measures five feet ten inches by four feet one inch, being
+  about twenty-four square feet; it is a double sheet, with ten columns in
+  each page; making in all eighty columns, containing 1,000,000 letters,
+  and sold for 3�<i>d.</i> In the good old times, one of the earliest
+  provincial newspapers in the southern part of the kingdom was printed by
+  a man named Mogridge, who used to insert the intelligence from Yorkshire
+  under the head "Foreign News."</p>
+
+  <p>It is curious to search a file of old newspapers. It is seldom we have
+  the opportunity of doing so, because we rarely preserve them in
+  consecutive order. It is easy to keep them, and would repay the trouble,
+  and their value would increase as years rolled on. Such reading would be
+  very interesting, and more so than we can at all imagine. It is a history
+  of every day, and a record of a people's sayings and doings. It throws us
+  back on the past, and makes forgotten times live again. Some of the early
+  volumes of <i>The Times</i> newspaper, for instance, would be a curiosity
+  in their <!-- Page 335 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page335"></a>{335}</span>way. We should read them with special
+  interest, as reflecting the character of the age in which they appeared,
+  and as belonging to a series exercising a mighty influence in moulding
+  and guiding the commercial and political opinions of this great nation.
+  The preservation of a newspaper, if it be but a weekly one, will become a
+  source of instruction and amusement to our descendants in generations to
+  come.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. M. Bealby.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">North Brixton.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+  <p>The largest number of advertisements in one paper with a double
+  supplement was in June last, 2,250.</p>
+
+  <a name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+  <p>The quantity of paper used for <i>The Times</i> with a single
+  supplement is 126 reams, each ream weighing 92 lbs., or 7 tons weight of
+  paper; with a double supplement, 168 reams.</p>
+
+  <a name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+  <p>During the week of the Duke's funeral, there were issued by the Stamp
+  Office to the newspaper press more than 2,000,000 of stamps.</p>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>"IN QUIETNESS AND CONFIDENCE SHALL BE YOUR
+STRENGTH."</h3>
+
+  <p>There is an old house in the "Dom Platz," at Frankfort, in which
+  Luther lived for some years. A bust of him in relief is let into the
+  outer wall; it is a grim-looking ungainly effigy, coarsely coloured, and
+  of very small pretensions as a work of art; but evidently of a date not
+  much later than the time of the great Iconoclast. Round the figure, the
+  following words are deeply cut: "In silentio et in spe, erit fortitudo
+  vestra." Can any of your readers tell me whether any particular
+  circumstance of Luther's life led him to adopt this motto, or otherwise
+  identified it with his name; or whether the text was merely selected by
+  some admirer after his death, to garnish this memorial?</p>
+
+  <p>In either case it is not uninteresting to notice, that this passage of
+  Scripture has been employed more than any other as the watchword of that
+  religious movement in the English Church which we are accustomed to
+  associate with Oxford and the year 1833. It forms the motto on the
+  title-page of the <i>Christian Year</i>; it has been very conspicuous in
+  the writings of many eminent defenders of the same school of theology,
+  and it is thus alluded to by Dr. Pusey in the preface to that celebrated
+  sermon on the Eucharist, for which he received the University
+  censure:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Since I can now speak in no other manner, I may in this way utter one
+  word to the young, to whom I have heretofore spoken from a more solemn
+  place; I would remind them how almost prophetically, sixteen years ago,
+  in the volume which was the unknown dawn and harbinger of the
+  re-awakening of deeper truth, this was given as the watchword to those
+  who should love the truth, 'In quietness and confidence shall be your
+  strength.' There have been manifold tokens that patience is the one great
+  grace which God is now calling forth in our church," &amp;c.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>I will not here inquire which of the two great religious revolutions I
+  have mentioned has been more truly characterised by the spirit of this
+  beautiful and striking text, but perhaps some of your readers will agree
+  with me in thinking that the coincidence is at least a note-worthy one;
+  and not the less so, because it was probably undesigned.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Joshua G. Fitch.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>BINDERS OF THE VOLUMES IN THE HARLEIAN
+LIBRARY.</h3>
+
+  <p>In Dr. Dibdin's <i>Bibliographical Decameron</i>, 1817, vol. ii. p.
+  503., he thus introduces the subject:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The commencement of the eighteenth century saw the rise and progress
+  of the rival libraries of Harley and Sunderland. What a field, therefore,
+  was here for the display of the bibliopegistic art! Harley usually
+  preferred red morocco, with a broad border of gold, and the fore-edges of
+  the leaves without colour or gilt. Generally speaking, the Harleian
+  volumes are most respectably bound; but they have little variety, and the
+  style of art which they generally exhibit rather belongs to works of
+  devotion."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>In a note on the above passage, Dibdin adds:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"I have often consulted my bibliomaniacal friends respecting the name
+  of the binder or binders of the Harleian Library. Had Bagford or Wanley
+  the chief direction? I suspect the <i>latter</i>."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>If Dr. Dibdin and his "bibliomaniacal friends" had not preferred the
+  easy labour of looking at printed title-pages to the rather more
+  laborious task of examining manuscripts, they might readily have solved
+  the Query thus raised by referring to Wanley's <i>Autograph Diary</i>,
+  preserved in the Lansdowne Collection, Nos. 771, 772, which proves that
+  the binders employed by Lord Oxford were Christopher Chapman of Duck
+  Lane, and Thomas Elliot. Very many entries occur between January 1719-20
+  and May 1726, relative to the binding both of manuscripts and books in
+  morocco and calf; and it appears, in regard to the former material, that
+  it was supplied by Lord Oxford himself. Some of these entries will show
+  the jealous care exercised by honest Humphrey Wanley over the charge
+  committed to him.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"25th January, 1719-20. This day having inspected Mr. Elliot's bill, I
+  found him exceedingly dear in all the work of Morocco, Turkey, and Russia
+  leather, besides that of velvet.</p>
+
+  <p>"28th January, &mdash;&mdash;. Mr. Elliot the bookbinder came, to whom
+  I produced the observations I made upon his last bill, showing him that
+  (without catching at every little matter) my Lord might have had the same
+  work done as well and cheaper, by above 31<i>l.</i> He said that he could
+  have saved above eight pounds in the fine books, and yet they should have
+  looked well. That he now cannot do them so cheap as he rated them at;
+  that no man can do so well as himself, or near the rates I set against
+  his. But, upon the whole, said he would write to my Lord upon the
+  subject.</p>
+
+  <p>"13th July, 1721. Mr. Elliot having clothed the <span
+  class="scac">CODEX AVREVS</span> in my Lord's Morocco leather, took the
+  same from hence this day, in order to work upon it with his best tools;
+  which, he says, he can do with much more convenience at his house than
+  here.</p>
+
+  <p>"19th January, 1721-22. Mr. Chapman came, and received three books for
+  present binding. And upon <!-- Page 336 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page336"></a>{336}</span>his request I delivered (by order) six
+  Morocco skins to be used in my Lord's service. He desires to have them at
+  a cheap price, and to bind as before. I say that my Lord will not turn
+  leather-seller, and therefore he must bring hither his proposals for
+  binding with my Lord's Morocco skins; otherwise his Lordship will appoint
+  some other binder to do so.</p>
+
+  <p>"17th September, 1725. Mr. Elliot brought the parcel I last delivered
+  unto him, but took one back to amend a blunder in the lettering. He said
+  that he has used my Lord's doe-skin upon six books, and that they may
+  serve instead of calf; only the grain is coarser, like that of sheep, and
+  this skin was tanned too much.</p>
+
+  <p>"23rd December, 1725. Mr. Chapman came, but I gave him no work;
+  chiding him for being so slow in my Lord's former business, which he had
+  frequently postponed, that he might serve the booksellers the
+  sooner."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="grk">&mu;</span>.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>FRENCH VERSE.</h3>
+
+  <p>In the <i>Diary of T. Moore</i> I lately read, with some surprise, the
+  following passages:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Attended watchfully to her [Mdlle Duchesnois] recitative, and find
+  that in nine verses out of ten 'A cobbler there was, and he lived in a
+  stall' is the tune of the French heroics."&mdash;April 24, 1821.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Two lines I met in Athalie; how else than according to the 'Cobbler
+  there was,' &amp;c., can they be repeated?</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'N'a pour servir sa cause et venger ses injures,</p>
+      <p>Ni le c&oelig;ur assez droit, ni les mains assez pures.'"&mdash;May 30, 1821.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Now, if this be the mode of reading these lines, I confess all my
+  ideas are erroneous with respect to French poetry. I have always
+  considered that though hemistichs and occasionally whole lines occur in
+  it, which bear a resemblance to the Spanish Versos de Arte Mayor, the
+  anap�stic measure of "A Cobbler" is quite foreign to it. I may, however,
+  be mistaken; and it is in the hope of eliciting information on the
+  subject that I send these few remarks to "N. &amp; Q." Should it appear
+  that I am not wrong, I will on a future occasion endeavour to develop my
+  ideas of the French rhythm; a subject that I cannot recollect to have
+  seen treated in a satisfactory manner in any French work.</p>
+
+  <p>Bishop Tegn�r, the poet of Sweden, seems also to have differed in
+  opinion with Moore respecting the rhythm of French poetry, for he
+  compares it to the dancing of a deaf man, who forms his steps accurate,
+  but who does not keep time. Both are alike mistaken, in my opinion; and
+  their error arises from their judging French poetry by rules that are
+  foreign to it. The rhythm of French verse is peculiar, and differs from
+  that of any other language.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Thos. Keightley.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>A SPANISH PLAY-BILL.</h3>
+
+  <p>Though not much a frequenter of theatres of late, I was recently
+  induced, by the flourishing public announcements, to go to Drury Lane
+  Theatre; with the chance, but scarcely in the hope, of seeing what I
+  never yet have seen, a perfect Othello. Alas! echo still answers <i>never
+  yet</i>. But yours are not the pages for dramatic criticism.</p>
+
+  <p>As my bill lay before me, I could not help thinking what an execrably
+  bad taste our modern managers show in the extravagant and ridiculous
+  announcement of the splendour of the <i>star</i> you come to contemplate!
+  If Mr. Brooke have great merit, he needs not all this sound of trumpets;
+  if he have it not, he is only rendered the more contemptible by it. I
+  have some of the play-bills of John Kemble's last performances before me,
+  and there is none of this fustian: the fact, the performance, and the
+  name are simply announced. If our taste improves in some respects, it
+  does not in this; it is a retrogression&mdash;a royal theatre sinking
+  back into the booth of a fair. Shakspeare's and Byron's texts have been
+  converted into the showman's explanations of panoramas: to what vile uses
+  they may be next applied, there is no guessing. Poor Shakspeare! how I
+  have pitied him, and you too, Mr. Editor, as I have seen him for so many
+  months undergoing the operation of the <i>teazle</i> in "N. &amp; Q.!" I
+  hope there will be soon an end of this "skimble stuff," "signifying
+  nothing."</p>
+
+  <p>But my observation upon the Drury Lane play-bill reminded me of one I
+  have in my common-place book; and, as a correspondent and reader of "N.
+  &amp; Q.," I think it my duty to send it:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>A Spanish Play-bill, exhibited at Seville</i>, 1762.</p>
+
+  <p>"To the Sovereign of Heaven&mdash;to the Mother of the Eternal
+  World&mdash;to the Polar Star of Spain&mdash;to the Comforter of all
+  Spain&mdash;to the faithful Protectress of the Spanish Nation&mdash;to
+  the Honour and Glory of the Most Holy Virgin Mary&mdash;for her benefit,
+  and for the Propagation of her Worship&mdash;the company of Comedians
+  will this day give a representation of the Comic Piece called&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Nanine.</span></p>
+
+  <p>The celebrated Italian will also dance the Fandango, and the Theatre
+  will be respectably illuminated."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">William Robson.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Stockwell.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>The Meteorology of Shakspeare.</i>&mdash;A treatise might be
+  written on meteorology, and might be illustrated entirely by passages
+  taken from the writings of "the world's greatest poet." "N. &amp; Q." may
+  not be the fitting medium for a lengthened treatise, but it is the most
+  proper depository of a few loose Notes on the subject. <!-- Page 337
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page337"></a>{337}</span>Those who
+  study Shakspeare should, to understand him, thoroughly study Nature at
+  the same time: but to our meteorology. Recent observers have classified
+  clouds as under:</p>
+
+
+<table width="50%" class="allb" summary="Types of cloud." title="Types of cloud.">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:left; width:25%">
+      <p>Howard's Latin<br />
+      Nomenclature.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:center; width:25%">
+      <p>Foster's English<br />
+      Names.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="allb" style="text-align:left; width:50%">
+      <p>Local Names.</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Cumulus.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Stackencloud.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Woolbag.</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Cirrus.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Curlcloud.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Goatshair, Grey Marestails.</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Stratus.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Fallcloud.</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="vertbotbsing" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Nimbus.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="vertbotbsing" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Raincloud.</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>There are composite forms of cloud, varieties of the above, which need
+  not be noticed here. The Cumulus is the parent cloud, and produces every
+  other form of cloud known, or which can exist. Mountain ranges and
+  currents of air of unequal temperatures may produce visible vapour, but
+  not true cloud.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Cumulus.</i> This cloud is always formed at "the dew point." The
+  vapour of the lower atmosphere, at this elevation, is condensed, or
+  rendered visible. In fog the dew point is at the surface of the earth; in
+  summer it may be several thousands of feet above. The Cumulus cloud forms
+  from below. The invisible vapour of the lower atmosphere is condensed,
+  parts with its thousand degrees of latent heat, which rush upwards,
+  forcing the vapour into the vast hemispherical heaps of snowy, glittering
+  clouds, which, seen in midday, appear huge mountains of clouds; the
+  "cloud-land" of the poet, floating in liquid air. The Cumulus cloud is
+  ever changing in form. Cumulating from a level base, the top is mounting
+  higher and higher, until the excessive moisture is precipitated in heavy
+  rain, hail, or thunder showers.</p>
+
+  <p>The tops of the Cumulus, carried away by the upper equatorial
+  currents, form the Cirrus clouds, which clouds must be frozen vapour, as
+  they are generally from twenty to thirty thousand feet above the level of
+  the sea. The base of the Cumulus is probably never more, in England, than
+  five thousand feet high, rarely this. The <i>Nimbus</i> is the
+  <i>Cumulus</i> shedding its vapour in rain; and the <i>Stratus</i> is the
+  partially exhausted and fading Nimbus.</p>
+
+  <p>Poets in all ages have watched the clouds with interest; and
+  Shakspeare has not only correctly described them, but has, in metaphor,
+  used them in some of his sublimest passages. Ariel will "ride on the
+  curled clouds" to Prospero's "strong bidding task" that is, ride on the
+  highest Cirrus cloud, in regions impassable to man. How admirably the
+  raining Cumulus (Nimbus cloud) is described in the same play:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"<i>Trinculo.</i> Here's neither bush<a name="footnotetag4"
+  href="#footnote4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> nor shrub, to bear off any weather
+  at all, and another storm brewing. I hear it sing i' the wind: yond' same
+  black cloud, yond' huge one, looks like a foul<a name="footnotetag5"
+  href="#footnote5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> bumbard that would shed his liquor
+  ...</p>
+
+  <p>... Yond' same cloud cannot choose but fall by pailfuls."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Hamlet points to a changing Cumulus cloud, when he says to Polonius,
+  "Do you see that cloud, that almost in shape like a camel?"</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<i>Pol.</i> By the mass, and 'tis like a camel, indeed.</p>
+      <p><i>Ham.</i> Methinks it is like a weasel.</p>
+      <p><i>Pol.</i> It is back'd like a weasel.</p>
+      <p><i>Ham.</i> Or like a whale?</p>
+      <p><i>Pol.</i> Very like a whale."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>But the finest cloud passage in the whole range of literature is
+  contained in <i>Antony and Cleopatra</i>, painting, as it does, the
+  fallen and wasting state of the emperor (Act IV. Sc. 12.):</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<i>Ant.</i> Eros, thou yet behold'st me?</p>
+      <p><i>Eros.</i> Ay, noble lord!</p>
+      <p><i>Ant.</i> Sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish:</p>
+      <p>A vapour, sometime, like a bear, or lion,</p>
+      <p>A tower'd citadel, a pendant rock,</p>
+      <p>A forked mountain, or blue promontory</p>
+      <p>With trees upon't, that nod unto the world,</p>
+      <p>And mock our eyes with air. Thou hast seen these signs:</p>
+      <p>They are black vesper's pageants.</p>
+      <p><i>Eros.</i> Ay, my lord.</p>
+      <p><i>Ant.</i> That which is now a horse, even with a thought,</p>
+      <p>The rack dislimns; and makes it indistinct,</p>
+      <p>As water is in water.</p>
+      <p><i>Eros.</i> It does, my lord.</p>
+      <p><i>Ant.</i> My good knave, Eros, now thy captain is</p>
+      <p>Even such a body: here I am Antony;</p>
+      <p>Yet cannot hold this visible shape, my knave."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Those who wish to understand this sublime passage must watch a bank of
+  Cumulus clouds at the western sky on a summer's evening. The tops of the
+  clouds must not be more than five or ten degrees above the apparent
+  horizon. There must also be a clear space upwards, and the sun fairly set
+  to the last stages of twilight. It will then be comprehended as to what
+  is meant by "black vesper's pageants," and Warton and Knight will no more
+  mislead by their note. It is only at "black vespers" that such a pageant
+  can be seen, when the liberated heat of the Cumulus cloud is forcing the
+  vapour into the grand or fantastic shapes indicated to the poet's eye and
+  mind.</p>
+
+  <p>How truly does Antony read his own condition in the changing and
+  perishable clouds. Shakspeare names or alludes to the clouds in more than
+  one hundred passages, and the form of cloud is ever correctly indicated.
+  Who does not remember the <!-- Page 338 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page338"></a>{338}</span>passages in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>? Much
+  more might be written on this subject.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Robert Rawlinson.</span></p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+  <p><i>Bush</i>, not brush, as misprinted in Knight's edition.</p>
+
+  <a name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+  <p><i>Foul.</i> Surely this ought to be <i>full</i>. A foul bumbard might
+  be empty. "Foulness" and "shedding his liquor" are not necessarily
+  contingent; but fulness and overflowing are. A <i>full</i> vessel,
+  shaken, cannot choose "but shed his liquor."</p>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>At the Hull meeting of the British Association, Mr. Russell, farmer,
+  Kilwhiss, Fife, read a paper on "The Action of the Winds which veer from
+  the South-west to West, and North-west to North." This he wound up by a
+  reference to Shakspeare, which may be worthy of <i>noting</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"In concluding, I cannot help remarking that this circuit of the wind
+  from SW. by W. to NW. or N., from our insular position, imparts to our
+  climate its fickleness and inconstancy. How often will our brightest sky
+  become suffused by the blackest vapours on the slightest breach of SW.
+  wind, and the clouds will then disappear as speedily as they formed, when
+  the NW. upper current forces their stratum of moist air to rise and
+  mingle with the dryer current above. I do not know who first noticed and
+  recorded this change of the wind from SW. to NW., but the regularity of
+  the phenomenon must teach us that the law which it obeys is part of a
+  grand system, and invites us to trace its action. I do not think it will
+  be out of place to point out the fact that the great English poet seems
+  to have been quite familiar with this feature of our weather, not only in
+  its most striking manifestations in the autumn and winter months, to
+  which he especially refers, but even in its more pleasant aspects of
+  summer. Shakspeare likens the wind in this shifting to an individual who
+  pays his addresses in succession to two fair ones&mdash;first he wooes
+  the North, but in courting that frigid beauty a difference takes place,
+  whereupon he turns his back upon her and courts the fair South. You will
+  observe the lines are specially applied to the winter season&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'And more inconstant than the wind, who wooes</p>
+      <p>Even now the frozen bosom of the <i>north</i>,</p>
+      <p>And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence,</p>
+      <p>Turning this <i>face</i> to the dew-dropping <i>south</i>.'</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>&mdash;I am not aware that the philosophic truth contained in these
+  lines has ever before been pointed out. The beautiful lines which the
+  poet, in his prodigality, put into the mouth of one of his gay frolicsome
+  characters, the meaning of them he no doubt thought might have been
+  understood by every one; but his commentators do not seem to have done
+  so. In some editions turning his <i>side</i> has been put for
+  <i>face</i>, which is feeble and unmeaning. And I do not think the recent
+  emendation by Mr. Collier on the text is any improvement, where
+  <i>tide</i> is substituted for <i>face</i>, which impairs both the beauty
+  and harmony of the metaphor."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Anon.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p><i>A Word for "the Old Corrector."</i>&mdash;Allow me, as an avowed
+  enemy to "the Old Corrector's" <i>novelties</i>, render "the Great
+  Unknown" one act of justice. I am convinced there are but two practically
+  possible hypotheses, on which to account for the MS. emendations: either
+  the emendations were for the most part made from some authoritative
+  document, or they are parts of a modern fabrication. No third supposition
+  can be reasonably maintained. <span class="sc">Mr. Knight's</span> view,
+  for example, gives no account of the <i>immense</i> number of
+  coincidences with the conjectural emendations of the commentators.
+  Whichever of the two hypotheses be the true one, I need hardly say that
+  <span class="sc">Mr. Collier's</span> name is a sufficient guarantee for
+  all honorable dealing, so far as he is connected with the MS.
+  corrections.</p>
+
+  <p>Permit me farther to do an act of justice to <span class="sc">Mr.
+  Collier</span> himself. In my note on a passage in <i>The Tempest</i>, I
+  stated that <i>Mr. Collier</i> had overlooked a parallel passage in
+  <i>Richard II.</i> It was I who had overlooked <span class="sc">Mr.
+  Collier's</span> supplemental note. However, I must add, that how <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Collier</span> could persuade himself to print <i>heat</i>
+  for "cheek," in his "monovolume edition," after he had seen the passage
+  in <i>Richard II.</i>, is utterly beyond my power of comprehension.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Mansfield Ingleby.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Birmingham.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Minor Notes.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Injustice, its Origin.</i>&mdash;In looking through a file of
+  papers a few days since, I met with the following as being the origin of
+  this term, and would ask if it is correct?</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"When Nushervan the Just was out on a hunting excursion, his
+  companions, on his becoming fatigued, recommended him to rest, while they
+  should prepare him some food. There being no salt, a slave was dispatched
+  to the nearest village to bring some. But as he was going, Nushervan
+  said, 'Pay for the salt you take, in order that it may not become a
+  custom to rob, and the village ruined.' They said, 'What harm will this
+  little quantity do?' He replied, The <i>origin of injustice</i> in the
+  world was at first small, but every one that came added to it, until it
+  reached its present magnitude.'"</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">W. W.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">Malta.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Two Brothers of the same Christian Name.</i>&mdash;An instance of
+  this occurs in the family of Croft of Croft Castle. William Croft, Esq.,
+  of Croft Castle, had issue Sir Richard Croft, Knight, his son and heir,
+  the celebrated soldier in the wars of the Roses, and Richard Croft, Esq.,
+  second son, "who, by the description of Richard Croft the Younger,
+  received a grant of lands" in 1461. (<i>Retrospective Review</i>, 2nd
+  Series, vol. i. p. 472.)</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Tewars.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Female Parish Clerk.</i>&mdash;In the parish register of Totteridge
+  appears the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"1802, March 2. Buried, Elizabeth King, widow, for forty-six years
+  clerk of this parish, in the ninety-first year of her age."&mdash;<i>Burn
+  on Parish Registers</i>, 110.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Is there any similar instance on record of a woman being a parish
+  clerk?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">Y. S. M.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 339 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page339"></a>{339}</span></p>
+
+<h2>Queries.</h2>
+
+<h3>DESCENDANTS OF MILTON.</h3>
+
+  <p>It is well known that the issue of the poet became extinct in 1754,
+  unless they survived in the descendants of Caleb Clarke, the only son of
+  Milton's third daughter, Deborah. Caleb Clarke went out to Madras, and
+  was parish clerk at Fort St. George from 1717 to 1719. In addition to a
+  daughter, who died in infancy, he had two sons, Abraham and Isaac; of
+  neither of whom is anything known, except that the former married a
+  person of the same surname as himself; and had a daughter Mary, baptised
+  in 1727. Sir James Mackintosh made some ineffectual attempts to trace
+  them, and came to the conclusion that they had migrated to some other
+  part of India.</p>
+
+  <p>I am perhaps catching at a straw: but it is possible there may be
+  something more than a coincidence in the name of <i>Milton Clark</i>, who
+  is spoken of in the fourth chapter of the <i>Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>
+  as brother to Lewis Clark, the original of the character of George
+  Harris. Perhaps some of your transatlantic friends can inform us:</p>
+
+  <p>1st. Whether there is, or has been, in use any system of assigning
+  names to slaves, which would account for their bearing the Christian and
+  surname of their owners or other free men, and thus lead to the inference
+  that there has been some free man of the name of Milton Clark.</p>
+
+  <p>2nd. Whether there is any family in America of the name of Clark, in
+  which Milton, or even Abraham or Isaac, is known to have been adopted as
+  a Christian name; and, if so, whether there is any tradition in the
+  family of migration from India.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. F. M.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>AN ANXIOUS QUERY FROM THE HYMMALAYAS.</h3>
+
+  <p>I was honoured, a few days ago, with a communication from India, which
+  contains a Query that is out of my power to answer. But being very
+  solicitous to do my best towards affording the desired information, I
+  bethought myself of sending the letter, <i>in extenso</i>, for insertion
+  in your very valuable and exceedingly useful miscellany. I venture to
+  think that you will agree with me, that the interesting nature of the
+  communication entitles it to a place in "N. &amp; Q." As the letter
+  speaks for itself, I shall say no more about it, but proceed to
+  transcribe the greatest part of it at once.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p class="author">"Landour Academy, May 26th, 1853.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">"Rev. M. Margoliouth,</p>
+
+  <p>"Sir,&mdash;I do not know in what terms to apologise to you for this
+  communication, especially as it may entail trouble on you, which can
+  result in my advantage alone.</p>
+
+  <p>"I am a Jew, believing that Jesus is the Messiah; and I trust this
+  will induce you to assist me in my search after some of my relations whom
+  I believe to be in England.</p>
+
+  <p>"I wrote to Dr. Adler, Chief Rabbi of the Jews in England, some years
+  ago, but his information was limited to some distant connexions, the
+  Davises, Isaacs, and Lewises, who still professed Judaism. Subsequent
+  inquiries discovered two uncles of mine, Charles Lewes and Mordan Lewes,
+  in London, who informed me that my grandfather, Isaac Levi, was for ten
+  years a clergyman of the Church of England, and had congregation at Lynn,
+  in Norfolk, and that he had published a tract against Judaism. Beyond
+  this I can get no farther information: my uncles are either too poor or
+  unwilling to prosecute their inquiries any farther. Could you ascertain
+  for me whether my grandfather left any family, and if any member is still
+  alive? My object is to discover their existence, and to renew a
+  correspondence which has been interrupted for more than forty years.</p>
+
+  <p>"I am the grandson of Isaac Levi, for many years dead, reader of a
+  congregation of Jews in London; my father, Benjamin Levi, is still alive,
+  and is with me. I keep a school at Landour, in the Hymmalayas, in the
+  north-western provinces of India. I have been led to write to you after
+  reading your <i>Pilgrimage to the Land of My Fathers</i>, and seeing in
+  it that you are the author of a work entitled <i>The Jews in Great
+  Britain</i>, which I have not seen, and concluding from this that if any
+  one can obtain information you can.</p>
+
+  <p>"I send this letter to Messrs. Smith and Elder, booksellers, of
+  Cornhill, London, with a request to send it to you through your
+  publisher, Mr. R. Bentley," &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>I do not feel justified in publishing the last two paragraphs in my
+  correspondent's letter, and have therefore omitted them. I shall feel
+  extremely obliged to any of the readers of "N. &amp; Q." who could and
+  would help me to answer the anxious Query from the Hymmalayas.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M. M.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">Wybunbury, Nantwich.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Minor Queries.</h2>
+
+  <p>"<i>De la Schola de Sclavoni.</i>"&mdash;On a large marble slab at
+  North Stoneham, near Southampton, is the following, inscription:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>A�o Dni <span class="scac">MCCCCLXXXI</span> Sepvltvra de la Schola de
+  Sclavoni."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Is this the burial-place of the family of one of the foreign merchants
+  settled in this country, and can any of the correspondents of "N. &amp;
+  Q." give any information about it?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">John S. Burn.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Mineral Acids.</i>&mdash;As it is generally supposed that these
+  powerful solvents were not known anterior to circiter <span
+  class="scac">A.D.</span> 1100, I should be glad to learn what opinion is
+  entertained by the learned concerning <!-- Page 340 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page340"></a>{340}</span>the death of the
+  prophet Haken al Mokannah. This person is said to have disappeared in
+  785, or 163 of the Hejrah, by casting himself into a barrel of corrosive
+  fluids, which dissolved his body. Is it not the best supposition, that
+  this story was supposed by Khondemir and others, in more advanced ages of
+  science, to account for the fact of his having disappeared, and of his
+  real fate having never been ascertained? I have never seen this apparent
+  anticipation of chemical discoveries animadverted on.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">A. N.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Richard Geering.</i>&mdash;Wanted, arms, pedigree, and particulars
+  of the family of Richard Geering, one of the six clerks in Chancery in
+  Ireland from March 1700 to April 1735. One of his daughters, Prudence,
+  married, in 1722, Charles Coote, Esq., M.P., and by him was mother of the
+  last Earl of Bellamont. Another daughter, Susannah, was wife of Mr.
+  Charles Wilson; who was, it is believed, a connexion of the family of
+  Ward of Newport, in Shropshire. Any information about Mr. Wilson's
+  ancestry would be very acceptable.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">Y. S. M.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Stipendiary Curates.</i>&mdash;What is the earliest mention of
+  stipendiary curates in our ecclesiastical establishment? And what other
+  national churches have priests placed in a corresponding position?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Berosus.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Our Lady of Rounceval.</i>&mdash;Can you or any of your
+  correspondents furnish me with particulars of our Lady of Rounceval?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">A. J. Dunkin.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Roden's Colt.</i>&mdash;A lady of a certain age is said in common
+  parlance to be "Forty, save one, the age of Roden's colt." What can
+  Nimrod tell us touching this proverbialised animal?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. C. Warde.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Kidderminster.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Sir Christopher Wren and the Young Carver.</i>&mdash;A reader has a
+  floating notion in his head of having once read in the <i>Literary
+  Gazette</i> a strange story of a country boy going to town to seek
+  employment as a carver or sculptor; of his being accosted by Sir
+  Christopher Wren, and offering to carve for him a sow and pigs, &amp;c.
+  Can any correspondent have pity on him, and tell him where to find the
+  tale?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">A. H.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Vellum Cleaning.</i>&mdash;Are there not preparations in use for
+  cleaning the backs of old vellum-bound books without destroying the
+  polish? How made, or where procurable?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. F. M.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dionysia in B&oelig;otia.</i>&mdash;Can any of your readers refer
+  me to a passage in any ancient author in which this supposed town is
+  mentioned?</p>
+
+  <p>Dumersan refers to Diodorus Siculus as his authority for its
+  existence, but my search in that author has been vain, and I am not alone
+  in that respect.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Augustus Langdon.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Bloomsbury.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Poll Tax in 1641.</i>&mdash;I find in Somers' <i>Tracts</i>, 2nd
+  ed. vol. iv. p. 298.:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The copy of an order agreed upon in the House of Commons upon Friday,
+  18th June, wherein every man is rated according to his estate, for the
+  king's use."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Is there on record the return made to this order; and where may it be
+  consulted?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Tewars.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Thomas Chester, Bishop of Elphin, 1580.</i>&mdash;This prelate, who
+  was the second son of Sir William Chester, Kt., Lord Mayor of London in
+  1560, by his first wife Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Lovett, Esq., of
+  Astwell in Northamptonshire, is said by Anthony � Wood (<i>Athena�
+  Oxon.</i>, ed. Bliss, vol. ii. p. 826.) to have "given way to fate at
+  Killiathar in that city, in the month of June in 1584." The calendars of
+  the Will Office of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury do not contain his
+  name; can any of your Irish contributors inform me whether his will was
+  proved in Ireland? I should be glad to know, too, what will offices exist
+  in Ireland, and from what period they date their commencement. He is said
+  to have married &mdash;&mdash;, daughter of Sir James Clavering, Kt., of
+  Axwell Park in Northumberland: does any pedigree of the Claverings supply
+  this lady's Christian name? His eldest brother, William Chester, Esq.,
+  married his cousin-german Judith, daughter and co-heiress of Anthony
+  Cave, Esq., of Chichley Hall, Bucks, and was ancestor to the extinct
+  family of the baronets of that name and place. Bishop Chester died <i>s.
+  p.</i></p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Tewars.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Rev. Urban Vigors.</i>&mdash;Amongst the chaplains of King Charles
+  I., was there one of the name of Vigors, the Rev. Urban Vigors of
+  Taunton? Any particulars of him will be acceptable.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">Y. S. M.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Early English MSS.</i>&mdash;What is the earliest document, of any
+  historical import to this country, now existing in MS.?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. Hughes.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Curing of Henry IV.</i>&mdash;The best account of the curing of
+  Hen. IV. from the leprosy: vide Lambard's <i>Dictionary</i>, p. 306.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">A. J. Dunkin.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Standard of Weights and Measures.</i>&mdash;I would gladly learn
+  something of the system of weights and measures in other countries, and
+  particularly whether in England and America there exists for this object
+  any government inspection; and if so, how this is executed? A list of
+  works on this subject would be most welcome. I am acquainted only with
+  the works of Ravon, <i>Fabrication des Poids et Mesures</i>, Paris, 1843,
+  and of Tarb�, <i>Poids, Mesures et V�rification</i>, both found in the
+  <i>Encyclop�die Roret</i>; and the <i>Vollst�ndige Darstellung</i> <!--
+  Page 341 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page341"></a>{341}</span><i>des Masz- and Gewicht-Systems in
+  Grossherzogthum Hessen</i>, by F.&nbsp;W. Grimm, Darmstadt, 1840.&mdash;From
+  the <i>Navorscher</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="grk">&Phi;</span>. <span class="grk">&Phi;</span>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Parish Clerks' Company.</i>&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"In making searches in registers of parishes within the bills of
+  mortality, a facility is afforded by the company of parish clerks; by
+  paying a fee of about two guineas, a circular is sent to all the parish
+  clerks, with the particulars of information required: the registers are
+  accordingly searched, and the result communicated to the clerk of the
+  company."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The above I give from Burn's <i>History of Parish Registers</i>, p.
+  217. note, published in 1829. Is this the case at present and if so, what
+  is the direction of the clerk of the Company? I wish this system existed
+  in Oxford.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">Y. S. M.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Orange Blossom.</i>&mdash;Can any reader of "N. &amp; Q." inform me
+  why the flowers of the orange blossom are so universally used in the
+  dress of a bride? and from what date they have been so used?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Augusta.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Mr. Pepys his Queries.</i>&mdash;I cannot say that I met with Pepys
+  as Fielding did Shakspeare, in a <i>Journey from this World to the
+  next</i>; but I met with seven of his Queries among the Rawlinson MSS. in
+  the Bodleian, addressed to Sir William Dugdale, a name dear to all
+  orthodox antiquaries. It would appear the Secretary to the Admiralty felt
+  the want of a "medium of inter-communication" in his day. Here are his
+  Queries:</p>
+
+  <p>1. Whether any foreigners are to be found in our list of English
+  admirals?</p>
+
+  <p>2. The reason or account to be given of the place assigned to our
+  admirals in the Act of Precedence?</p>
+
+  <p>3. Whether any of the considerable families of our nobility or gentry
+  have been raised by the sea?</p>
+
+  <p>4. Some instances of the greatest ransoms heretofore set upon
+  prisoners of greatest quality.</p>
+
+  <p>5. The descent and posterity of Sir Francis Drake; and what estate is
+  now in the possession of any of his family derived from him.</p>
+
+  <p>6. Who Sir Anthony Ashby was?</p>
+
+  <p>7. What are and have been generally the professions, trades, or
+  qualifications, civil or military, that have and do generally raise
+  families in England to wealth and honour in Church and State?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Yeowell.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">50. Burton Street.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Foreign Medical Education.</i>&mdash;Can any contributor direct me
+  to any sources of information on the regulations concerning medical
+  instruction and medical degrees in the principal universities on the
+  Continent?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Medicus.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Minor Queries with Answers.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Chandler, Bishop of Durham.</i>&mdash;Lord Dover, in the second
+  volume of his edition of Walpole's <i>Letters to Sir Horace Mann</i>, p.
+  373., in a note, thus speaks of this prelate:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"A learned prelate and author of various polemical works, he had been
+  raised to the see of Durham in 1730, as it was then said, by symoniacal
+  means."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Can any of your readers inform me where I can obtain evidence of the
+  symoniacal means by which <i>it is said</i> this bishop obtained the
+  bishopric of Durham? One would scarcely think so cautious a man as Lord
+  Dover would refer to the imputation, without some evidence on which his
+  lordship could rely.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Surtees, in his <i>History of the Bishops of Durham</i>, makes no
+  allusion to the symoniacal means by which Chandler obtained his promotion
+  to the see of Durham. He gives a list of the bishop's printed works,
+  amongst which is a "charge to the grand jury of Durham concerning
+  engrossing of corn, &amp;c., 1740." Can you, or any of your readers,
+  inform me where this pamphlet is to be met with? For I am curious to know
+  how a bishop could make a <i>charge</i> to a grand jury. There must
+  surely be some mistake in the title of the pamphlet.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Fra. Mewburn.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Darlington.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[The charge of simony is loosely noticed by Shaw in his <i>History of
+  Staffordshire</i>, vol. i. p. 278. He says, "Edward Chandler was
+  translated from Lichfield and Coventry to Durham in 1730; and it was then
+  <i>publicly said</i> that he gave 9000<i>l.</i> for that opulent see." To
+  this Chalmers, in his <i>Biog. Dict.</i>, adds, "which is scarcely
+  credible." The Charge by the bishop is in the British Museum: it is
+  entitled, "A Charge delivered to the Grand Jury at the Quarter-Sessions
+  held at Durham, July 16, 1740, concerning engrossing of corn and grain,
+  and the riots that have been occasioned thereby." 4to., Durham.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>Huggins and Muggins.</i>&mdash;Can any of your readers assign the
+  origin of this jocular appellation? I would hazard the conjecture, that
+  it may be corruption of <i>Hogen Mogen</i>, High Mightinesses, the style,
+  I believe, of the States-General of Holland; and that it probably became
+  an expression of contempt in the mouths of the Jacobites for the
+  followers of William III., from whence it has passed to a more general
+  application.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">F. K.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">Bath.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[<span class="sc">Hugger-mugger</span>, says Dr. Richardson, is the
+  common way of writing this word, from Udal to the present time. No
+  probable etymology, he adds, has yet been given. Sir John Stoddart
+  (<i>Ency. Metropolitana</i>, vol i. p. 120.) has given a long article on
+  this word, which concludes with the following remarks:&mdash;"The last
+  etymology that we shall mention is from the Dutch title, <!-- Page 342
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page342"></a>{342}</span><i>Hoog
+  Moogende</i> (High Mightinesses), given to the States-General, and much
+  ridiculed by some of our English writers; as in <i>Hudibras</i>:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'But I have sent him for a token</p>
+      <p>To your Low-country, <i>Hogen Mogen</i>.'</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>It has been supposed that <i>hugger-mugger</i>, corrupted from
+  <i>Hogen Mogen</i>, was meant in derision of the secret transactions of
+  their Mightinesses; but it is probable that the former word was known in
+  English before the latter, and upon the whole it seems most probable that
+  <i>hugger</i> is a mere intensitive form of <i>hug</i>, and that
+  <i>mugger</i> is a reduplication of sound with a slight variation, which
+  is so common in cases of this kind."]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>Balderdash.</i>&mdash;What is the meaning and the etymology of
+  "balderdash?"</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. Fraser.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Tor-Mohun.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[Skinner suggests the following etymology: "<span
+  class="sc">Balderdash</span>, <i>potus mixtus</i>, credo ab A.-S.
+  <i>bald</i>, audax, <i>balder</i>, audacior vel audacius, et nostro
+  <i>dash</i>; <i>miscere</i>, q.d. <i>potus temere mixtus</i>." Dr.
+  Jamieson explains it as "foolish and noisy talk. Islandic,
+  <i>bulldur</i>, stultorum balbuties." Dr. Ogilvie, however, has queried
+  its derivation from the "Spanish <i>balda</i>, a trifle, or
+  <i>baldonar</i>, to insult with abusive language; Welsh, <i>baldorz</i>,
+  to prattle. Mean, senseless prate; a jargon of words; ribaldry; anything
+  jumbled together without judgment."]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>Lovell, Sculptor.</i>&mdash;What is known of this artist? That he
+  was in advance of the age he flourished in is evinced by his beautifully
+  executed engravings in <i>Love's Sacrifice</i> (fol. Lond. 1652), which
+  for delicacy of work are far beyond anything of the period.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">R.C. Warde.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Kidderminster.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[Is the name Lovell, or Loisell? for we find that Strutt, in his
+  <i>Dictionary of Engravers</i>, vol. ii. p. 101., speaks of "P. Loisell
+  having affixed some slight etchings, something in the style of Gaywood
+  (if I mistake not), to Benlowe's <i>Theophilia</i>, <i>or Love's
+  Sacrifice</i>."]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>St. Werenfrid and Butler's</i> "<i>Lives of the
+  Saints.</i>"&mdash;One of your correspondents will perhaps explain the
+  cause of an omission in Butler's <i>Lives of the Saints</i>. The life of
+  St. Werenfrid, whose anniversary is the 14th of August, is abstracted,
+  vol. iii. p. 492. His name occurs in the table of contents: and pages 493
+  and 494, where the life should have appeared, are wanting; still page 495
+  follows 492 correctly in type, so that the former must have been
+  reprinted <i>after</i> the castration of the leaf. Was the saint deemed
+  unworthy of the place which had been allotted to him?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. H. M.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[In the best edition of Butler's <i>Lives</i> (12 vols., 1812-13), the
+  life of St. Werenfrid is given on Nov. 7. He is honored in Holland on the
+  14th of August; and his life appears in <i>Britannia Sancta</i> on that
+  day, but in the Bollandists on the 28th of August.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Replies.</h2>
+
+<h3>SIR W. HANKFORD-GASCOIGNE'S TOMB.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 278.)</p>
+
+  <p>On reading <span class="sc">Mr. Sansom's</span> letter, it occurred to
+  me that I had seen a different account of the master being shot by his
+  park-keeper; and on search I found the following in 1 Hale's <i>P. C.</i>
+  p. 40., which I send, as it may tend to clear up the question:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"In the case of Sir William Hawksworth, related by Baker in his
+  <i>Chronicle of the Time of Edward IV.</i>, p. 223. (<i>sub anno</i>
+  1471), he being weary of his life, and willing to be rid of it by
+  another's hand, blamed his parker for suffering his deer to be destroyed;
+  and commanded him that he should shoot the next man that he met in his
+  park that would not stand or speak. The knight himself came in the night
+  into the park, and being met by the keeper, refused to stand or speak.
+  The keeper shot and killed him, not knowing him to be his master. This
+  seems to be no felony, but excusable by the statute of <i>Malefactores in
+  Parcis</i>."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>This account varies from Ritson's in the name "Hawksworth" instead of
+  "Hankford," and the date 1471 instead of 1422. It seems plain that Lord
+  Hale had no idea that the person shot was a judge: and possibly the truth
+  may be, that it was a descendant of the judge that was shot. Even if
+  Hankford's death were in 1422, as stated by Risdon, the traditional
+  account that he caused his own death "in doubt of his safety" does not
+  seem very probable, as Henry V. came to the throne in 1412-13. Probably
+  some of your readers may be able to clear up the matter.</p>
+
+  <p>I was at Harewood the other day, and examined a tomb there alleged to
+  be that of the C.-J. Gascoigne. In the centre of the west end of the tomb
+  is a shield: first and fourth, five fleurs-de-lys (France); second and
+  third, three lions passant gardant (England).&mdash;May I ask how these
+  arms happen to be on this tomb?</p>
+
+  <p>There are several other shields on the tomb, but all are now
+  undistinguishable except one; which appears to be a bend impaling a
+  saltire, as far as I can make it out: the colours are wholly obliterated.
+  The head of the figure has not a coif on it, as I should have
+  anticipated; but a cap fitting very close, and a bag is suspended from
+  the left arm.&mdash;Is it known for certain that this is C.-J.
+  Gascoigne's tomb?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">S. G. C.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">Harrogate.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Mr. Sansom</span> need not have been very much
+  surprised that I should have omitted noticing a tradition concerning Sir
+  William Hankford, when I was merely rectifying an error with reference to
+  Sir William Gascoigne. That I have not overlooked entirely "the
+  Devonshire tradition, which represents Sir William Hankford to be the
+  judge <!-- Page 343 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page343"></a>{343}</span>who committed Prince Henry," may be seen
+  in <i>The Judges of England</i>, vol. iv. p. 324., wherein I show the
+  total improbability of the tale. And my disbelief in the story of
+  Hankford's death, and its more probable application to Sir Robert Danby,
+  is already noticed in "N. &amp; Q.," Vol. v., p. 93.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward Foss.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>TRANSLATION OF THE PRAYER BOOK INTO FRENCH.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., p. 382.)</p>
+
+  <p>In answer to some of the questions proposed by O.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;J. respecting the
+  Prayer Book translated into French, I am able to give this
+  information.</p>
+
+  <p>A copy of a French Prayer Book is to be found in the Bodleian Library
+  (Douce Coll.), which is very probably the first edition of the
+  translation. A general account of this book may be gained from Strype's
+  <i>Mem. Eccl. K. Ed. VI.</i> (vol. iii. p. 208. ed. 1816); also Strype's
+  <i>Mem. Abp. Cranmer</i> (b. ii. c. 22. sub fin. and c. 33., and App. 54.
+  and 261.); also Collier's <i>Eccl. Hist.</i>, vol. ii. p. 321.</p>
+
+  <p>From these sources we may conclude that a translation of the first
+  book of <i>K. Ed. VI.</i> was begun very soon after its publication in
+  England, at the instigation of Pawlet (at that time governor of Calais),
+  with the sanction of the king and the archbishop "for the use of the
+  islands of Guernsey and Jersey, and of the town and dependencies of
+  Calais;" but it does not seem to have been completed before the
+  publication of the second book took place, and so the alterations were
+  incorporated into this edition.</p>
+
+  <p>The translator was "Fran�oys Philippe, a servant of the Lord
+  Chancellor" (Thos. Goodrick, Bishop of Ely), as he styles himself. The
+  printer's name is Gaultier. It was put forth in 1553.</p>
+
+  <p>There is still extant an "Order in Council" for the island of Jersey,
+  dated April 15, 1550, commanding to "observe and use the service, and
+  other orders appertaining to the same, and to the ministration of the
+  sacraments, set forth in the booke sent to you presentlye." It is
+  uncertain what the book here referred to was, whether a translation or a
+  copy of the English liturgy.</p>
+
+  <p>There are copies extant of another liturgy put forth in 1616,
+  purporting to be "newly translated at the command of the king." The
+  printer's name is Jehan Bill, of London. The name of John Bill appears
+  also as king's printer in the English authorised edition of 1662.</p>
+
+  <p>Another was published in 1667, by Jean Dunmore and Octavien
+  Pulleyn.</p>
+
+  <p>The edition of 1695, published by <i>Erringham</i> (Everingham) and R.
+  Bentley, has the sanction of K. Charles II. appended to it.</p>
+
+  <p>Numerous editions have since been published, varying in many important
+  points (even of doctrine) from one another, and from their English
+  original. There is now no authorised edition fit for general use; the
+  older translations having become too antiquated by the variations in the
+  French language to be read in the churches.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M. A. W. C.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>PRAYING TO THE WEST.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 208.)</p>
+
+  <p>Although going over old ground, yet, if it be permitted, I would note
+  a curious coincidence connected with this far-spread veneration for the
+  West.</p>
+
+  <p>As mentioned by G. W., the Puranas point to the "Sacred Isles of the
+  West" as the elysium of the ancient Hind�s, "The White Islands of the
+  West." The Celt� of the European continent believed that their souls were
+  transported to England, or some islands adjacent. (See <i>Encyclop�di�
+  M�thodique</i>, art. "Antiquit�s," vol. i. p. 704.) The Celtic elysium,
+  "Flath-Innis," a remote island of the West, is mentioned by Logan in his
+  <i>Celtic Ga�l</i>, vol. ii. p. 342., who no doubt drew his information
+  from the same source as Professor Rafinesque, whose observations on this
+  subject I transcribe, viz.:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"It is strange but true, that, throughout the earth, the place of
+  departed souls, the land of spirits, was supposed to be in the West, or
+  at the setting sun. This happens everywhere, and in the most opposite
+  religions, from China to Lybia, and also from Alaska to Chili in America.
+  The instances of an eastern paradise were few, and referred to the
+  eastern celestial abode of yore, rather than the future abode of souls.
+  The Ashinists, or Essenians, the best sect of Jews, placed Paradise in
+  the Western Ocean; and the Id. Alishe, or Elisha of the Prophets, the
+  happy land. Jezkal (our Ezekiel) mentions that island; the
+  Ph&oelig;nicians called it Alizut, and some deem Madeira was meant, but
+  it had neither men nor spirits! From this the Greeks made their Elysium
+  and Tartarus placed near together, at first in Epirus, then Italy, next
+  Spain, lastly in the ocean, as the settlers travelled west. The sacred
+  and blessed islands of the Hindus and Lybians were in this ocean; Wilford
+  thought they meant the British Islands. Pushcara, the farthest off, he
+  says, was Iceland, but may have meant North America.</p>
+
+  <p>"The Lybians called their blessed islands 'Aimones;' they were the
+  Canaries, it is said, but likely the Atlantides, since the Atlantes dwelt
+  in the Aimones," &amp;c.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>And farther he says, the Gauls had their Cocagne, the Saxons their
+  Cockaign, Cocana of the Lusitanians,&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"A land of delight and plenty, <i>which is proverbial to this day</i>!
+  By the Celts it was called 'Dunna feadhuigh,' a fairy land, &amp;c. But
+  all these notions have earlier foundations, since the English Druids put
+  their paradise in a remote island in the west, called <!-- Page 344
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page344"></a>{344}</span>'Flath-Innis,'
+  the flat island", &amp;c.&mdash;<i>American Nations</i>, vol. ii. p. 245.
+  <i>et infra</i>.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The coincidence then is this. The same veneration for the West
+  prevails among many of our Indian tribes, who place their Paradise in an
+  island beyond the Great Lake (Pacific), and far toward the setting sun.
+  There, good Indians enjoy a fine country abounding in game, are always
+  clad in new skins, and live in warm new lodges. Thither they are wafted
+  by prosperous gales; but the bad Indians are driven back by adverse
+  storms, wrecked on the coast, where the remains of their canoes are to be
+  seen covering the strand in all directions.</p>
+
+  <p>I cannot refrain from adding here another coincidence connected with
+  futurity. The above idea of sailing to the Indian Paradise, though
+  prevalent, is not general; for instance, the Minnetarees and Mandans
+  believed that to reach Paradise the souls of the departed had to pass
+  over an extremely narrow bridge, which was done safely by the good
+  Indians, but the bad ones slipped off and were buried in oblivion. (See
+  Long's <i>Expedition to the Rocky Mountains</i>, vol. i. p. 259.)</p>
+
+  <p>The Chepewa crosses a river on a bridge formed by the body of a large
+  snake (see Long's <i>Expedition to St. Peter's River</i>, vol. i. p.
+  154.); and in the same volume it is stated that the Dacota, or Sioux,
+  believe they must pass over a rock with a sharp edge like a knife. Those
+  who fall off go to the region of evil spirits, where they are worked,
+  tormented, and frequently flogged unmercifully.</p>
+
+  <p>Now, this bridge for gaining Paradise is just the Alsirat of the
+  Mahomedans; I think it will be found in the <i>Biblioth�que Orientale</i>
+  of D'Herbelot; at all events it is mentioned in the preliminary discourse
+  to Sale's <i>Koran</i>. Sale thinks Mahomet borrowed the idea from the
+  Magians, who teach, that on the last day all mankind must pass over the
+  "P�l Ch�navad" or "Ch�navar," <i>i.e.</i> "The Straight Bridge." Farther,
+  the Jews speak of the "Bridge of Hell," which is no broader than a
+  thread. According to M. Hommaire de Hell, the Kalmuck Alsirat is a bridge
+  of iron (or causeway) traversing a sea of filth, urine, &amp;c. When the
+  wicked attempt to pass along this, it narrows beneath them to a hair's
+  breadth, snaps asunder, and thus convicted they are plunged into hell.
+  (<i>Travels in the Steppes of the Caspian, &amp;c.</i>, p. 252.)</p>
+
+  <p>Having already trespassed most unconscionably, I forbear farther
+  remark on these coincidences, except that such ideas of futurity being
+  found amongst nations so widely separated, cannot but induce the belief
+  of a common origin, or at least of intimate communication at a former
+  period, and that so remote as to have allowed time for diverging dialects
+  to have become, as it were, distinct languages.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">A. C. M.</p>
+
+  <p class="address">Exeter.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>JACOB BOBART.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 37.)</p>
+
+  <p>The completion of a laborious literary work has taken my attention
+  away from the "N. &amp; Q." for some weeks past, otherwise I should
+  sooner have given <span class="sc">Mr. Bobart</span> the following
+  information.</p>
+
+  <p>The engraving of old Jacob Bobart by W. Richardson is <i>not</i> of
+  any value, being a copy from an older print. Query if it is not a copy of
+  the very rare engraving by Loggan and Burghers?</p>
+
+  <p>The original print of the "founder of the physick garden," "D. Loggan
+  del., M. Burghers sculp., 1675," which Mr. Bobart wishes to procure, may
+  be purchased of A.&nbsp;E. Evans, 403. Strand, for 2<i>l.</i> 12<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i> I also learn from Mr. Evans' invaluable <i>Catalogue of
+  Engraved British Portraits</i> (an octavo of 431 pages, lately
+  published), that there exists a portrait of Bobart, "the classical alma
+  mater coachman of Oxford," whole length, by Dighton, 1808. The same
+  catalogue also contains other portraits of the Bobarts.</p>
+
+  <p>Since my last communication on the present subject, I find the
+  following memorandums in one of my note-books, which possibly may be
+  unknown to your correspondent; they relate to MSS. in the British
+  Museum.</p>
+
+  <p>Add. MS. 5290. contains 227 folio drawings of various rare plants, the
+  names of which are added in the autograph of Jacob Bobart the elder.</p>
+
+  <p>Sloane MS. 4038. contains some letters from Jacob Bobart to Sir Hans
+  Sloane, 1685-1716; also one from Anne Bobart, dated 1701.</p>
+
+  <p>Sloane MS. 3343. contains a catalogue of plants and seeds saved at
+  Oxford, by Mr. Bobart, 1695-6.</p>
+
+  <p>Sloane MS. 3321., consisting of scientific letters addressed to Mr.
+  Petiver, contains one from Jacob Bobart, and another from Tilleman
+  Bobart. The latter has a letter dated "Blenheim, Feb. 5, 1711-12," to
+  some person unknown, in Sloane MS. 4253.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Tilleman</i> Bobart appears to have been employed in laying out the
+  park and gardens at the Duke of Marlborough's magnificent seat at
+  Blenheim. A member of his original papers and receipts were lately
+  disposed of by auction at Messrs. Puttick and Simpson's. (See the sale
+  catalogue of July 22, 1853, lot 1529.)</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward F. Rimbault.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>EARLY USE OF TIN.&mdash;DERIVATION OF THE NAME
+OF BRITAIN.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 290.)</p>
+
+  <p>Many questions are proposed by G.W., to which it is extremely
+  improbable that any but a conjectural answer can ever be given. That tin
+  was in common use 2800 years ago, is certain. Probably evidence may be
+  obtained, if it have not been so <!-- Page 345 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page345"></a>{345}</span>already, of its use at
+  a still earlier period; but it is unlikely that we shall ever know who
+  first brought it from Cornwall to Asia, and used it to harden copper. It
+  is, however, a matter of interest to trace the mention of this metal in
+  the ancient inscriptions, Egyptian and Assyrian, which have of late years
+  been so successfully interpreted. Mistakes have been made from time to
+  time, which subsequent researches have rectified. It was thought for a
+  long time that a substance, mentioned in the hieroglyphical inscriptions
+  very frequently, and in one instance said to have been procured from
+  Babylon, was <i>tin</i>. This has now been ascertained to be a mistake.
+  Mr. Birch has proved that it was <i>Lapis lazuli</i>, and that what was
+  brought from Babylon was an artificial blue-stone in imitation of the
+  genuine one. I am not aware whether the true hieroglyphic term for
+  <i>tin</i> has been discovered. Mention was again supposed to have been
+  made of <i>tin</i> in the annals of Sargon. A tribute paid to him in his
+  seventh year by Pirhu (Pharaoh, as Col. Rawlinson rightly identifies the
+  name; not Pihor, Boccharis, as I at one time supposed), king of Egypt,
+  Tsamtsi, queen of Arabia, and Idhu, ruler of the Isabeans, was supposed
+  to have contained tin as well as gold, horses, and camels. This, however,
+  was in itself an improbable supposition. It is much more likely that
+  incense or spices should have been yielded by the countries named than
+  tin. At any rate, I have recently identified a totally different word
+  with the name of tin. It reads <i>anna</i>; and I supposed it, till very
+  lately, to mean "rings." I find, however, that it signifies a metal, and
+  that a different word has the signification "rings." When
+  Assur-yuchura-bal, the founder of the north-western palace at Nimr�d,
+  conquered the people who lived on the banks of the Orontes from the
+  confines of Hamath to the sea, he obtained from them twenty talents of
+  silver, half a talent of gold, one hundred talents of <i>anna</i> (tin),
+  one hundred talents of iron, &amp;c. His successor received from the same
+  people all these metals, and also copper.</p>
+
+  <p>It is already highly probable, and farther discoveries may soon
+  convert this probability to certainty, that the people just referred to
+  (whom I incline strongly to identify with the <i>Shirutana</i> of the
+  Egyptian inscriptions) were the merchants of the world before Tyre was
+  called into existence; their port being what the Greeks called Seleucia,
+  when they attempted to revive its ancient greatness. It is probably to
+  them that the discovery of Britain is to be attributed; and it was
+  probably from them that it received its name.</p>
+
+  <p>In G. W.'s communication, a derivation of the name from
+  <i>barat-anac</i>, "the land of tin," is suggested. He does not say by
+  whom, but he seems to disclaim it as his own. I do not recollect to have
+  met with it before; but it appears to me, even as it stands, a far more
+  plausible one than <i>bruit-tan</i>, "the land of tin:" the former term
+  being supposed to be Celtic for <i>tin</i>, and the latter a termination
+  with the sense of <i>land</i>: or than <i>brit-daoine</i>, "the painted
+  (or separated) people."</p>
+
+  <p>I am, however, disposed to think that the name is not of
+  Ph&oelig;nician origin, but was given by their northern neighbours, whom
+  I have mentioned as their predecessors in commerce. These were evidently
+  of kindred origin, and spoke a language of the same class; and I think it
+  all but certain, that in the Assyrian name for tin (<i>anna</i>) we have
+  the name given to it by this people, from whom the Assyrians obtained it.
+  "The land of tin" would be in their language <i>barat</i> (or probably
+  <i>barit</i>) <i>anna</i>, from which the transition to Britannia
+  presents no difficulty. I assume here that <i>b-r-t</i>, without
+  expressed vowels, is a Ph&oelig;nician term for "land of." I assume it on
+  the authority of the person, whoever he may be, that first gave the
+  derivation that G.&nbsp;W. quotes. I have no Ph&oelig;nician authority within
+  reach: but I can readily believe the statement, knowing that <i>banit</i>
+  would be the Assyrian word used in such a compound, and that <i>n</i>,
+  <i>r</i>, and <i>b</i> are perpetually interchanged in the Semitic
+  languages, and notoriously so in this very root. <i>Ummi banitiya</i>,
+  "of the mother who produced me," is pure Assyrian; and so would
+  <i>banit-anna</i>, "the producer of tin," be; all names of lands being
+  feminine in Assyrian.</p>
+
+  <p>It would be curious if the true derivation of the world-renowned name
+  of Britain should be ascertained for the first time through an Assyrian
+  medium.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edw. Hincks.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Killyleagh, Down.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>As there are several Queries in the Note of G.&nbsp;W. which the Celtic
+  language is capable of elucidating, I beg to offer a few derivations from
+  that language.</p>
+
+  <p>Britain is derived from <i>briot</i>, painted, and <i>tan</i>, a
+  country&mdash;<i>i. e.</i> "the country of the painted people." It is a
+  matter of history, that the people of Britain dyed their bodies with
+  various colours.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Tin</i> is from the Celtic <i>tin</i>, to melt readily, to
+  dissolve. It is also called <i>stan</i>: Latin, <i>stannum</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Hercules is from the Ph&oelig;nician or Celtic, <i>Earr-aclaide</i>,
+  pronounced <i>Er-aclaie,</i> i. e. the noble leader or hero.</p>
+
+  <p>Melkarthus is derived from <i>Mal-catair</i>, pronounced
+  <i>Mal-cahir</i>, i. e. the champion or king of the city (of Tyre).</p>
+
+  <p>Moloch cannot be identical with the Tyrian Hercules, as Moloch was the
+  god of fire: probably a name for the sun, from the Celtic <i>molc</i>, i.
+  e. fire.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Fras. Crossley.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 346 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page346"></a>{346}</span></p>
+
+<h3>YEW-TREES IN CHURCHYARDS.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 244.)</p>
+
+  <p>Whilst offering a solution to the Query of <span class="sc">R.&nbsp;C.
+  Warde</span>, as to the placing yew-trees in churchyards, I am obliged to
+  differ from him <i>toto c&oelig;lo</i>, by considering the derivation of
+  the name of the plant itself, though I must candidly confess that the
+  solution of the Query and the derivation of the word are my own.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Yew</i> is ancient British, and signifies <i>existent</i> and
+  enduring, having the same root as <i>Jehovah</i>; and <i>yew</i> is Welsh
+  for <i>it is</i>, being one of the forms of the third person present
+  indicative of the auxiliary verb <i>b�d</i>, to be. Hence the yew-tree
+  was planted in churchyards, not to indicate <i>death</i>, despair, but
+  <i>life</i>, hope and assurance. It is one of our few evergreens, and is
+  the most enduring of all, and clearly points out the Christian's hope in
+  the immortality of the soul: <i>Resurgam</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Whilst on the word <i>yew</i>, I may perhaps observe that I am hardly
+  inclined now (though I once was so) to derive from it, as the author of
+  the <i>Etymological Compendium</i> does, the name <i>yeoman</i>: I think
+  that yeoman is not <i>yew</i>-man, "a man using the yew-bow," but
+  <i>yoke</i>-man, a man owning as much land as a <i>yoke</i> of oxen could
+  plough in a certain time.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. G. Cummings.</span></p>
+
+  <p>The following extract frown the <i>Handbook of English
+  Ecclesiology</i>, p. 190., may be of some assistance to your
+  correspondent:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"<span class="sc">Yew.</span> These were planted generally to the
+  south of the church, to supply green for the decoration of churches at
+  the great festivals; this tree being an emblem of immortality. It is a
+  heathen prejudice which regards it as mournful. It is not probable yews
+  were used as palms; the traditional name given to the withy showing that
+  this was used in the procession on that festival."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">William W. King.</span></p>
+
+  <p>Instead of troubling you with a particular answer to <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Warde's</span> inquiry, let me refer him to the <i>Forest
+  Trees of Britain</i>, by the Rev. C.&nbsp;A. Johns, p 297. <i>et seq.</i>,
+  where, among many other curious and interesting facts, he will find the
+  various reasons assigned by different authors, ancient and modern, for
+  the plantation of yew-trees in churchyards. I do not find, however, that
+  the origin ingeniously assigned by <span class="sc">Mr. Warde</span> is
+  among the number.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="grk">&Phi;</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>I have always supposed, but I know not upon what authority, that the
+  custom of planting yew-trees in churchyards originated in the idea of
+  supplying the yeomen of the parish with bows, in the good old archery
+  days.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Ignoramus.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>STARS ARE THE FLOWERS OF HEAVEN.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii. <i>passim.</i>)</p>
+
+  <p>I sent a Note to "N. &amp; Q" some time ago, expressing my conviction
+  that the original <i>locale</i> of this beautiful idea was in St.
+  Chrysostom. but, as I could not then give a reference to the passage
+  which contained it, my suggestion was of course not definite enough to
+  call for attention. I am now able to vindicate to the "golden-mouthed"
+  preacher of Antioch this expression of poetic fancy, the origination of
+  which has excited, and deservedly, so much inquiry among the readers of
+  "N. &amp; Q." It occurs in Homily X., "On the Statues," delivered at
+  Antioch. I transcribe the passage from the translation in <i>The Library
+  of the Fathers</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Follow me whilst I enumerate the meadows, the gardens, the flowering
+  tribes; all sorts of herbs and their uses, their odours, forms,
+  disposition; yea, but their very names; the trees which are fruitful and
+  the barren; the nature of metals; that of animals, in the sea or on the
+  land; of those that swim and those that traverse the air; the mountains,
+  the forests, the groves; <i>the meadow below and the meadow above</i>;
+  <i>for there is a meadow on the earth</i>, <i>and a meadow too in the
+  sky</i>, <span class="scac">THE VARIOUS FLOWERS OF THE STARS</span>; the
+  rose below, and the rainbow above!... Contemplate with me the beauty of
+  the sky; how it has been preserved so long without being dimmed, and
+  remains as bright and clear as if it had been only fabricated to-day;
+  moreover the power of the earth, how its womb has not become effete by
+  bringing forth during so long a time!" &amp;c. Homily X., "On the
+  Statues," pp. 178-9.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. Fraser.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Tor-Mohun.</p>
+
+  <p>P.S.&mdash;Are the following lines, which contain this idea, and were
+  copied long ago from the poet's corner of a provincial paper, with the
+  title of "The Language of the Stars, a fragment," worth preserving?</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"The stars bear tidings, voiceless though they are:</p>
+      <p class="hg1">'Mid the calm loveliness of the evening air,</p>
+      <p>As one by one they open clear and high,</p>
+      <p>And win the wondering gaze of infancy,</p>
+      <p>They speak,&mdash;yet utter not. Fair heavenly flowers</p>
+      <p>Strewn on the floor-way of the angels' bowers!</p>
+      <p class="hg1">'Twas <span class="sc">His</span> own hand that twined your chaplets bright,</p>
+      <p>And thoughts of love are in your wreaths of light,</p>
+      <p>Unread, unreadable by us;&mdash;there lie</p>
+      <p>High meanings in your mystic tracery;</p>
+      <p>Silent rebukings of day's garish dreams,</p>
+      <p>And warnings solemn as your own fair beams."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>BOOKS BURNED BY THE COMMON HANGMAN.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 272.)</p>
+
+  <p>Your correspondent <span class="sc">Balliolensis</span> should
+  remember that at the time Dr. Drake published his <!-- Page 347 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page347"></a>{347}</span><i>Historia
+  Anglo-Scotica</i>, 1703, there were no bounds to the angry passions and
+  jealousies evoked by the discussion of the projected union; consequently,
+  what may appear to as in the present day an insufficient reason for the
+  treatment the book met with in the northern metropolis, wore a very
+  different aspect to the Scots, who, under the popular belief that they
+  were to <i>be sold</i> to their enemies, saw every movement with
+  distrust, and tortured everything said or written on this side the Tweed,
+  upon the impending question, to discover an attack upon their national
+  independence, their church, and their valour.</p>
+
+  <p>Looking at Dr. Drake's book, then, for the data upon which it was
+  condemned, we find that it opens with a prefatory dedication to Sir E.
+  Seymour, one of Queen Anne's Commissioners for the Union, and a high
+  churchman, wherein the author distinctly ventures a blow at Presbytery
+  when he says to his patron:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The languishing oppressed Church of Scotland is not without hopes of
+  finding in you hereafter the same successful champion and restorer that
+  her sister of England has already experienced."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>He farther calculated upon Sir Edward inspiring the neighbouring
+  nation "with as great a respect for the generosity of the English as they
+  have heretofore had to dread their valour." Now the Scots neither
+  acknowledged the Episcopacy which Seymour is here urged to press upon
+  them, nor had they any such slavish fear of the vaunted English prowess
+  with which Dr. Drake would have them intimidated; without going farther,
+  therefore, into the book, it appears to me that the Scots parliament had
+  a right to consider it written in a bad spirit, and to pacify the people
+  by condemning it.</p>
+
+  <p>Defoe, in his <i>History of the Union</i> (G. Chalmers' edition,
+  London, 1786), says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"One Dr. Drake writes a preface to an abridgment of the <i>Scots
+  History</i>, wherein, speaking something reflecting upon the freedom and
+  independence of Scotland, the Scots parliament caused it to be burned by
+  the hangman in Edinburgh."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>In his <i>Northern Memoirs</i>, 1715, Oldmixon observes:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"They (the Jacobites) therefore put Dr. Drake, author of the <i>High
+  Church Memorials</i>, upon publishing an antiquated Scotch history, on
+  purpose to vilify the whole nation in the preface, and create more ill
+  blood. This had the desired effect. The Scots parliament highly resented
+  the affront, and ordered it to be burnt by the common hangman at
+  Edinburgh."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>D'Israeli, in his <i>Calamities of Authors</i>, has the following
+  interesting notice of Drake:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"I must add one more striking example of a political author in the
+  case of Dr. James Drake, a man of genius and an excellent writer. He
+  resigned an honorable profession, that of medicine, to adopt a very
+  contrary one, that of becoming an author by profession for a party. As a
+  Tory writer he dared every extremity of the law, while he evaded it by
+  every subtlety of artifice; he sent a masked lady with his MSS. to the
+  printer, who was never discovered; and was once saved by a flaw in the
+  indictment, from the simple change of an <i>r</i> for a <i>t</i>, or
+  <i>nor</i> for <i>not</i>, one of those shameful evasions by which the
+  law, to its perpetual disgrace, so often protects the criminal from
+  punishment. Dr. Drake had the honor of hearing himself censured from the
+  throne, of being imprisoned, of seeing his <i>Memorials of the Church of
+  England</i> burned at (the Royal Exchange) London, and his <i>Hist. Angl.
+  Scot.</i> at Edinburgh. Having enlisted himself in the pay of the
+  booksellers, among other works, I suspect, he condescended to practise
+  some literary impositions; for he has reprinted Father Parsons famous
+  libel against the Earl of Leicester, under the title of <i>Secret Memoirs
+  of Robert Dudley, E. of L.</i>, 1706, with a preface pretending it was
+  printed from an old MS."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The same instructive writer adds:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Drake was a lover of literature; he left behind him a version of
+  Herodotus, and a system of anatomy, once the most popular and curious of
+  its kind. After all this turmoil of his literary life, neither his masked
+  lady nor the flaws in his indictments availed him; government brought a
+  writ of error, severely prosecuted him; and abandoned, as usual, by those
+  for whom he had annihilated a genius which deserved a better fate, his
+  perturbed spirit broke out into a fever, and he died raving against cruel
+  persecutors, and patrons not much more humane."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Another book before me, and one which shared the fate of Drake's in
+  Edinburgh, is <i>The Superiority and Direct Dominion of the Imperial
+  Crown of England over the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland, the true
+  Foundation of a compleat Union reasserted</i>; 4to. London, 1705. This
+  had appeared the year before, but was reproduced to answer the objections
+  to it from the other side. It was written by William Attwood, Esq. If it
+  required a nice discrimination to discover the offence of Drake, there
+  was no such dubiety about this book, which goes the whole length of
+  Scottish vassalage; and Mr. Attwood would lead us to believe that he
+  knocks over the arguments of Hodges and Anderson<a name="footnotetag6"
+  href="#footnote6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> for Scottish independence with as
+  much ease as he would ninepins.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 348 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page348"></a>{348}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Unfortunately these subjects are again forced upon us, and a reference
+  to some of the books I have cited will enable gentlemen who are curious
+  upon the point to judge for themselves in the matter of the present
+  agitation of "Justice to Scotland."</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. O.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+  <p>Jas. Hodges, a Scotch gentleman, who supported the Independency in a
+  work entitled <i>War betwixt the Two Kingdoms considered</i>, for which,
+  says Attwood, "he had 4800 Scots Punds given him for nothing but begging
+  the question, and bullying England with the terror of her arms."</p>
+
+  <p>"An Historical Essay, showing that the Crown of Scotland is
+  Independent; wherein the gross Errors of a late book, entitled 'The
+  Superiority and Direct Dominion,' &amp;c., and some other books for that
+  purpose, are exposed by Jas. Anderson, A.M., Writer to His Majesty's
+  Signet," Edin. 1705. For this work Anderson received the thanks of the
+  Scottish parliament, as well as some pecuniary reward. (Chalmers' <i>Life
+  of Ruddiman</i>.) The authors of these books having made out a case which
+  was adopted as the national one, it is nowise surprising that they should
+  hand over Drake and Attwood to the hangman for attempting to demolish
+  it.</p>
+
+</div>
+  <p>On May 5, 1686, M. Claude's account of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew
+  was burnt in the Old Exchange, "so mighty a power and ascendant here had
+  the French ambassador." (Evelyn's <i>Memoirs</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">John S. Burn.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>Stereoscopic Angles.</i>&mdash;As I presume that <span
+  class="sc">Mr. T.&nbsp;L. Merritt</span> is, like myself, only desirous of
+  arriving at truth, I beg to offer the following reply to his last
+  communication (Vol. viii., pp. 275-6.), in which he misinterprets some
+  observations of mine upon the subject in question.</p>
+
+  <p>With regard to the distance quoted by me of 2� inches, I look upon it
+  as the same thing as intended by <span class="sc">Mr.
+  Merritt</span>&mdash;that is, the <i>average</i> distance between the
+  centres of the eyes; and it amounts simply to a difference of
+  <i>opinion</i> between us; but, so far as that point is concerned, I am
+  quite ready to adopt 2� inches as a standard, although I believe that the
+  former is nearer the truth: however, I require more than a mere
+  <i>assertion</i> that "the <i>only</i> correct space for the cameras to
+  be apart is 2� inches, and this under every circumstance, and that
+  <i>any</i> departure from this <i>must</i> produce error." I quote
+  verbatim, having merely Italicised three words to point my meaning more
+  clearly. An object being 5 feet distant, and another at 10 feet from the
+  observer, a line between the eyes will subtend a very <i>much larger</i>
+  angle in the former than in the latter instance: hence the inclination of
+  the axes of the eyes is the chief criterion by which people with the
+  usual complement of those useful organs judge of proximity: but if half a
+  dozen houses are made to appear as if 10 or 12 feet distant (by means of
+  the increase of the angle between the points of formation of the
+  pictures), while the angle which each picture subtends is relatively
+  small; it is clear that both eyes will see in relief at a short distance
+  half a dozen houses in a space not large enough for a single brick of one
+  of them, and, <i>consequently</i>, <i>the view will appear as if taken
+  from a model</i>. <span class="sc">Mr. Merritt</span> will object that an
+  erroneous effect is produced; if he will refer to my statement (Vol.
+  viii., p. 228.), he will find that it is precisely what I admitted; and
+  he appears to have overlooked the <i>proviso</i> attached to my next
+  observation (judging by his comment thereon), so I shall make no farther
+  remark upon that point, beyond inquiring why the defect he is content to
+  put up with is called a <i>trifling exaggeration</i>, while that which is
+  less offensive to me is designated as <i>absolute deformity</i> and
+  error? Persons with one eye are <i>not good judges</i> of distance, and
+  this may be easily tested thus:&mdash;Close one eye, and endeavour to dip
+  a pen in an inkstand at some little distance not previously ascertained
+  by experiment, with both eyes open; it will be found far less easy than
+  would be imagined. One-eyed people, from habit, contrive to judge of
+  distance mainly by <i>relative position</i>, and by moving the head
+  <i>laterally</i> cause a change therein: to them, all pictures are, to an
+  extent, stereoscopic.</p>
+
+  <p>I am really amazed that my advocacy of the radial, instead of the
+  parallel, position of the cameras should have been so misunderstood.
+  Surely, it cannot be seriously asserted that the former will produce
+  <i>two</i> vanishing points, and the latter only one? And as to the
+  supposition connected with the boy, the ass, and the drum, a camera that
+  would produce the effect of showing both sides of the ass, both legs of
+  the boy, and both heads of the drum, <i>with a movement of only 2�
+  inches</i>, whether radially or parallel, would indeed be a curiosity.
+  But if the motion of the camera extended over a space sufficiently large
+  to exhibit the phenomena alluded to, then it would confirm what I have
+  before advanced, viz. present the idea of a <i>small model</i> of the
+  objects, which could be so placed as to show naturally these very
+  effects.</p>
+
+  <p>That the axes of the eyes are inclined when viewing objects, is
+  readily proved thus:&mdash;Let a person look across the road at any
+  object&mdash;say a shop-window; but stand so that a <i>lamp-post near
+  him</i> shall intervene, and be in a <i>direct line</i> between the
+  observer's nose and the object viewed. If he be requested to observe the
+  post instead of the distant object, the pupils of his eyes will be seen
+  to approach one another; and on again looking to the distant object, will
+  instantly recede. The <i>range</i> of vision is another point that
+  appears to be misunderstood, as we are differing about words instead of
+  facts. The column is an illustration that will <i>exactly</i> suit my
+  views; for I call the <i>range</i> of vision the same if taken from side
+  to side of the column, although it is perfectly true that the tangents to
+  the two eyes differ by the angle they subtend: but certainly <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Wilkinson's</span> case (Vol. viii., p. 181.) of seven
+  houses and five bathing-machines in one picture, and five houses and
+  eight machines in the other, illustrates an instance where the range of
+  vision is not the same; but I contend that the stereoscopic effect is
+  then <i>confined</i> to five <!-- Page 349 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page349"></a>{349}</span>houses and five machines, otherwise <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Wilkinson's</span> supposititious case (<i>ibid.</i>), of
+  all machines in one, and all houses in the other, might be considered as
+  stereoscopic.</p>
+
+  <p>In concluding this very lengthened and, I fear, tedious reply, I beg
+  to assert that I am most willing to recant any proposition I may have put
+  forth, if <i>proved</i> to be erroneous; but I must have proof, not mere
+  assertion. And farther, my willing thanks are always tendered to any one
+  kind enough to correct an error.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Geo. Shadbolt.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Mr. Pumphrey's Process for securing black Tints in
+  Positives.</i>&mdash;The importance that appears to be attached by some
+  of thy correspondents to the stereoscopic appearance of photographs,
+  induces me to call the attention of those who may not have noticed it to
+  the fact that, as all camera pictures are monocular, they are best seen
+  by closing one eye, and then they truly represent nature; and the effect
+  of distance (which so often appears wanting in photographs) is given with
+  marvellous effect, so well indeed as to render the use of a stereoscope
+  unnecessary. Like other photographers, I have been long seeking for a
+  method, easy, cheap, and certain, for obtaining the black tints that are
+  so highly prized by many in the French positives; and having at last
+  attained the object of my search, I lose no time in laying it before my
+  fellow-operators.</p>
+
+  <p>I obtain these results with a twenty-grain solution of nitrate of
+  silver, a fact that will, I think, commend the plan to most operators.
+  Thou wilt be able to judge of the result from the inclosed specimen.<a
+  name="footnotetag7" href="#footnote7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> I use Canson's
+  paper, either albumenized or plain (but the former is far preferable). If
+  albumen is used, I dilute it with an equal measure of water, and add half
+  a grain of common salt (chloride of sodium) to each ounce of the mixture.
+  This is applied to the paper with a soft flat brush, and all bubbles
+  removed, by allowing a slender stream of the mixture to flow over its
+  surface: it is then hung up to dry, and afterwards the albumen is
+  coagulated with a hot iron. If the paper is used plain, a solution of
+  common salt (half a grain to one ounce of water) is placed in a shallow
+  tray, and the paper floated on its surface for a minute, and then hung up
+  to dry. Excite, in either case, with an ammonio-nitrate of silver
+  solution (twenty grains to one ounce of water), by floating the paper,
+  prepared side downwards, for one minute, and hang up to dry.</p>
+
+  <p>Print tolerably strongly, and the proof will be of a reddish-brown.
+  Fix in tolerably strong solution of hypo. sod� (I never weigh my hypo.,
+  so cannot give the proportion), that either has been in use some time, or
+  else, if new, has been nearly saturated with darkened chloride of silver.
+  When fixed, remove the proofs into another vessel of the same solution of
+  hypo., to which has been added chloride of gold and acetic acid. The way
+  I do this is to dissolve one drachm of chloride of gold in two and a half
+  ounces (1200 minims) of water. Of this I take twenty minims (which will
+  contain one grain Au Cl<sub>3</sub>) and forty minims of acetic acid
+  (Beaufoy's) for every dozen proofs (of the size of 7 � 9 in.), that I
+  mean to operate on, and having mixed the gold and acetic acid with the
+  solution of hypo., place the proofs in it till they attain the desired
+  colour: they are then to be washed and dried in the usual way.</p>
+
+  <p>Knowing that so cheap and easy a process for obtaining these tints
+  would have been a great boon to me a short time since, I lose no time in
+  communicating this to the readers of "N. &amp; Q." I shall feel a
+  pleasure in explaining the plan more in detail to any photographer who
+  may feel disposed to drop me a line.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">William Pumphrey.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Osbaldwick, near York.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+  <p>The specimens forwarded by <span class="sc">Mr. Pumphrey</span> are
+  most satisfactory.&mdash;<span class="sc">Ed.</span></p>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Replies to Minor Queries.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Baskerville the Printer</i> (Vol. viii., p. 203.).&mdash;In reply
+  to <span class="sc">Mr. Elliott's</span> inquiry, I beg to say that
+  Baskerville the printer was merely named as one who had directed his
+  interment in unconsecrated ground. The exact place of his burial was not
+  deemed a point of importance, but it having been questioned, I am able to
+  state that the spot was correctly described by me. Nichols, in his
+  <i>Literary Anecdotes</i> (vol. viii. p. 456.), tells us that
+  "Baskerville was buried in a tomb of masonry, in the shape of a cone,
+  <i>under a windmill</i> in his garden; on the top of this windmill, after
+  it fell into disuse, he had erected an urn, and had prepared an
+  inscription," of which <span class="sc">Mr. Elliott</span> has given a
+  portion.</p>
+
+  <p>In his will, dated January 6, 1773, he directs his body "to be buried
+  in a conical building heretofore used as a <i>mill</i>, which I have
+  lately raised higher, and painted and prepared for it." It seems somewhat
+  surprising that one, who shocked even John Wilkes as "a terrible
+  infidel," should have printed a most beautiful folio Bible, at an expense
+  of 2000<i>l.</i>, and three or more editions of the Book of Common
+  Prayer. Still more, in 1762, he tells Walpole that he had a grant from
+  the University of Cambridge to print their 8vo. and 12mo. Common Prayer
+  Books, and that for this privilege he laboured under heavy liabilities to
+  the University. Baskerville doubtless regarded these books with a
+  tradesman's eye, indifferent to the subjects of the works issued from his
+  press, provided they sold. It would, however, be very unjust to this
+  admirable printer to name him without praise for the distinguished beauty
+  of his typography: it was clear and elegant, and he <!-- Page 350
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page350"></a>{350}</span>was most
+  curious in the choice both of his paper and ink.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. H. M.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Lines on Woman</i> (Vol. viii., p. 204.).&mdash;The four beautiful
+  lines which W.&nbsp;V. cites are the conclusion of a poem entitled "Woman,"
+  written by Eton Barrett. About the close of the last century, Eton
+  Barrett and his younger brother Richard Barrett were at a private school
+  on Wandsworth Common. My brothers and I were their schoolfellows. The
+  Barretts were Irish boys; I think (but I speak very doubtfully) from
+  Cork. Eton Barrett was a boy of more than ordinary talent. He was a
+  genius among the lesser lights around him. I remember his writing a play
+  with prologue and epilogue, which was performed before the master and his
+  family, &amp;c., with so much success, that the master prohibited any
+  future dramatic performances, fearing, that he might incur blame for
+  encouraging too much taste for the theatre. Our master gave up his school
+  before the year 1800. Eton Barrett, a great many years ago, published a
+  little volume of poems, of which "Woman" was one. I do not remember that
+  I ever met him since our school-days. I have heard that he adopted Tory
+  politics in Ireland, and that his brother attached himself to O'Connell,
+  and conducted some newspaper; but this is mere report. Allow me to take
+  this opportunity for observing, that many of the communications to "N.
+  &amp; Q.," such as those in which matters of fact are stated, ought, it
+  may justly be urged, to be authenticated by the signature of the
+  contributor. I feel the truth of this so strongly, that, though I do not
+  sign my name, yet I have thought it right to make myself known to you, so
+  that you know the person who contributes under the signature</p>
+
+  <p class="author">F. W. J.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Haulf-naked</i> (Vol. viii., p. 205.).&mdash;The manor house of
+  Halnaker, adjoining Walberton and Goodwood, is thus spoken of by Dallaway
+  in his <i>Hist. of Sussex</i>, "Rape of Chichester," p.
+  131.:&mdash;"Halnaker, called in <i>Domesday</i> 'Halneche,' and in
+  writings of very ancient date Halnac, Halnaked, and Halfnaked." Then
+  follows a short description of the old manor-house.</p>
+
+  <p>It has been lately visited by the Arch�ological Association, under the
+  direction of Lord Talbot de Malahide; and it is probable that the
+  industrious antiquaries of Sussex will soon give us a more detailed
+  account of it in their next volume of <i>Transactions</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M. (2.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Cambridge and Ireland</i> (Vol. viii., p. 270.).&mdash;The story of
+  Irish merchants <i>landing</i> at Cambridge is "very like a whale,"
+  "touched upon the deserts of Bohemia." I think, however, that I can trace
+  the source of this glaring and oft-repeated error, as there really exists
+  a documentary connexion between Irish cloth and the town of
+  Cambridge.</p>
+
+  <p>Referring to a collection of notes on the ancient commerce and
+  manufactures of Ireland, which I have lately made, I find&mdash;cited as
+  an instance of the general use of Irish cloth in England at an early
+  period&mdash;that Henry IV., in 1410, gave a royal grant of tolls, for
+  the purpose of paving the town of Cambridge; in which, among other
+  articles, Irish cloth is taxed at the rate of twopence per hundred. The
+  grant, "De villa Cantabrigi� paveanda," will be found in Rymer's
+  <i>F&oelig;dera</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. Pinkerton.</span></p>
+
+  <p>Ham.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Autobiographical Sketch</i> (Vol. vii., p. 477.).&mdash;The
+  fragments found by <span class="sc">Cheverells</span> are parts of <i>The
+  Library of Useless Knowledge</i>, by Athanasius Gasker, Esq., F.R.S.,
+  &amp;c.: London, W. Pickering, 1837.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">H. J.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Archbishop Chichely</i> (Vol. viii., p. 198).&mdash;The Statute
+  Book of All Souls College; Robert Hoveden's <i>Life of Chichely</i>; and
+  the respective Lives by Arthur Duck and O.&nbsp;L. Spencer, have all been
+  examined for the date of Henry Chichely's birth, but without success.</p>
+
+  <p>The most probable conjecture is, that he was born in 1362; since in
+  1442 (see his "Letter to Pope Eugenius," printed in the Appendix to
+  Spencer's <i>Life</i>) he describes himself as having either completed or
+  entered upon his <span class="correction" title="Original reads `eighteenth'."
+  >eightieth</span> year.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward F. Rimbault.</span></p>
+
+  <p>"<i>Discovery of the Inquisition</i>" (Vol. viii., p. 137.).&mdash;It
+  is a mistake to suppose that all John Day's publications are rare.
+  Montanus's <i>Discovery and playne Declaration of sundry subtill
+  Practices of the Holy Inquisition of Spayne, newly translated</i>, 4to.,
+  1568, is not uncommon. Herbert and Heber possessed copies; and a copy
+  sold at Saunders's in 1818 for five shillings. My own copy (a remarkably
+  fine one) cost sixteen shillings at Evans's in 1840. The edition of 1569,
+  containing some additions, is of greater rarity.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward F. Rimbault.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Divining Rod</i> (Vol. viii., p. 293.).&mdash;In the first edition
+  of his <i>Mathematical Recreations</i>, Hutton laughed at the divining
+  rod. In the interval between that and the second edition, a lady made him
+  change his note, by using one before him at Woolwich. Hutton had the
+  courage to publish the account of the experiment in the second edition
+  (vol. iv. pp. 216-231.), after the account he had previously given. By a
+  letter from Hutton to Bruce, printed in the memoir of the former which
+  the latter wrote, it appears that the lady was Lady Milbanke.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M.</p>
+
+  <p>"<i>Pinece with a stink</i>" (Vol. viii, p. 270.).&mdash;Archbishop
+  Bramhall's editor should have spelled the first word <i>pinnace</i>, and
+  then your correspondent <span class="sc">Mr. Blakiston</span> could
+  easily have understood the <!-- Page 351 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page351"></a>{351}</span>allusion. In speaking of the offensive
+  composition, well known to sailors, the word <i>revenge</i>, and not
+  <i>defend</i>, was used by Bramhall.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">R. G.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Longevity</i> (Vol. viii., p. 113.).&mdash;I do not think any of
+  your correspondents has noticed the case of John Whethamstede, Abbot of
+  St. Albans, who wrote a Chronicle of the period between 1441 and 1461:
+  "He was ordained a priest in 1382, and died in 1464, when he had been
+  eighty-two years in priest's orders, and was above one hundred years
+  old." Surely this is a case sufficiently authenticated for your more
+  sceptical readers. (Henry's <i>History of Great Britain</i>, 2nd ed.,
+  Lond. 1788, vol. x. p. 132.)</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Tewars.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Chronograms</i> (Vol. viii., pp. 42. 280.).&mdash;The following
+  additional specimen of this once popular form of numerical puzzle is not,
+  I think, unworthy a corner in "N. &amp; Q."</p>
+
+  <p>On the upper border of a sun-dial, affixed to the west end of Nantwich
+  Church, Cheshire, there appeared, previous to its removal about 1800, the
+  undermentioned inscription:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Honor DoMIno pro paCe popVLo sVo parta."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Now, seeing that Nantwich was, during the civil dissensions which
+  culminated in the murder of Charles I., a rampant hot-bed of anarchy and
+  rebellion, we should hardly be prepared for such a complete repudiation
+  of those principles as is conveyed in the line before us, did we not know
+  that the same anxiety to get rid of the "Bare-bones" incubus universally
+  prevailed. The numerals, it will be seen, make up the number 1661, which
+  was the year of the coronation of King Charles II.; and, no doubt, also
+  the year in which the dial in question was erected.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. Hughes.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Chester.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Heraldic Notes</i> (Vol. viii., p. 265.).&mdash;The bearing of the
+  arms of Clare Hall by Dr. Blythe is not strictly correct, because, with
+  the exception of the three principal Kings of Arms, the Earl Marshal, the
+  Master of Ordnance, and a few others especially, arms of office do not
+  exist in England. The general mode of bearing them is by impalement,
+  giving the preference (dexter) to the arms of dignity. In the example
+  under notice, the arms of dignity or office are borne upon a <i>pile</i>,
+  which has somewhat the appearance of an inverted chevron. It is not at
+  all a common mode of bearing additions; but I remember one case, viz. the
+  grant by King Henry VIII. to the Seymours, after his marriage to Lady
+  Jane, of the lions of England on a pile.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Broctuna.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Bury, Lancashire.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Christian Names</i> (Vol. vii. <i>passim</i>).&mdash;May I be
+  permitted to correct one or two errors in <span class="sc">Mr.
+  Bates's</span> Note on this subject, Vol. vii. p. 627.?</p>
+
+  <p>The person described as a "certain M.&nbsp;L-P. Saint-Florentin" was no
+  less a person than the Duke de la Vrilli�re, who filled several important
+  offices during the reign of Louis XV. The allusion in the epigram to his
+  "trois noms" has no reference to his <i>names</i>, whether Christian or
+  patronymic, in the sense in which the question has been discussed in "N.
+  &amp; Q.," but to the three <i>titles</i> which he successively bore as a
+  public man. He commenced his career as M. de Ph�lippeaux; was afterwards
+  created Comte de Saint-Florentin, and sometime before his death was
+  raised to the dignity of Duke de la Vrilli�re.</p>
+
+  <p>My authority for this statement is the cotemporary work, <i>Les
+  M�moires secrets de Bachaumont</i>, where, under date of December, 1770,
+  the epigram is thus introduced, with a variation in the first line:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Un autre plaisant a fait d'avance l'�pitaphe de M. le duc de la
+  Vrilli�re. Elle roule sur ses trois noms diff�rents de Ph�lippeaux,
+  Saint-Florentin, et la Vrilli�re:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Ci-git, malgr� son rang, un homme fort commun,</p>
+      <p>Ayant port� trois noms, et n'en laissant aucun.'"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The sense being, that his titles had been his only distinction, and
+  that even they had not been sufficient to rescue his character from
+  obscurity and contempt.</p>
+
+  <p>However "applicable" this epigram may be to the bearers or borrowers
+  of three names, it will be some comfort to them to know that its point
+  was not directed against them, but against a class of men of much higher
+  pretensions, of one of whom it has been said:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<i>He left the name</i>, at which the world grew pale,</p>
+      <p>To point a moral, or adorn a tale."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Henry H. Breen.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">St. Lucia.</p>
+
+  <p>"<i>I put a spoke in his wheel</i>" (Vol. viii., p. 269.).&mdash;If
+  G.K., being wronged, should cherish the unchristian spirit of revenge,
+  let him playfully insert a spoke in the wheel of his friend's tandem, as
+  it bowls along behind a pair of thorough-bred tits, with twelve months'
+  hard condition upon old oats in them.</p>
+
+  <p>By simply putting a spoke in the wheel of the waggon employed in the
+  removal of the Manchester College to London, one trustee opposed a
+  decided "impediment to the movement" of that institution.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">W. C.</p>
+
+  <p>P. S.&mdash;Allow me to point out a misprint at Vol. viii., p. 279,
+  "Manners of the Irish:" for <i>chuse</i> read <i>cheese</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Judges styled Reverend</i> (Vol. viii., pp. 158. 276.).&mdash;With
+  respect to the error into which I was led in making Anthony Fitzherbert
+  <i>Chief</i> Justice of the Common Pleas, I beg to express my thanks for
+  our good friend's correction. My statement <!-- Page 352 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page352"></a>{352}</span>was founded on the
+  authority of the Visitation-Book of the county of Derby, <span
+  class="scac">A.D.</span> 1634, in which Anthony Fitzherbert is "Chief
+  Justice of &mdash;&mdash;;" and, as the question of his rank as a judge
+  was not one at the moment of communicating my Note, I made no farther
+  inquiry. I find, however, upon reference to Vincent's <i>Collections for
+  Derbyshire</i>, that Anthony Fitzherbert is styled, in a very good
+  pedigree of his family, "Unus Justiciariorum de Co&#x12B; Banco." Had I
+  turned to Dugdale's <i>Origines Juridiciales</i>, the error might have
+  been avoided.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Thos. W. King</span> (York Herald).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Palace at Enfield</i> (Vol. viii., p. 271.).&mdash;Queen Elizabeth,
+  in the early part of her reign, frequently kept her court at Enfield. Her
+  palace was the manor-house, near the church, of which little now remains.
+  In Lysons' time (1793) it had been in a great measure rebuilt, and
+  divided into tenements. He adds, "the part which contains the <i>old
+  room</i> is in the occupation of Mrs. Perry."</p>
+
+  <p>When I saw this room, about twenty years ago, it was in its original
+  state, with oak panels and a richly ornamented ceiling. The chimney-piece
+  was supported by columns of the Ionic and Corinthian order, and decorated
+  with the cognizances of the rose and portcullis, and the arms of France
+  and England quartered, with the garter and the royal supporters.
+  Underneath was this motto, "Sola salus servire Deo, sunt c�tera
+  fraudes."</p>
+
+  <p>In the garden was a magnificent tree, a cedar of Libanus, which was
+  pointed out to me as having been planted by Queen Elizabeth. But upon
+  this point tradition was at fault. In the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> for
+  1779, p. 138., may be seen an account of this remarkable cedar, which was
+  planted by Dr. Robert Uvedale, the botanist, a tenant of the manor-house
+  in 1670.</p>
+
+  <p>The church at Enfield does not date farther back than the middle of
+  the fifteenth century. The devices of a rose and ring, which occur over
+  the arches of the nave, seen also upon the tower of Hadley Church, with
+  the date 1444, "supposing it to have been, as is very probable," says
+  Lysons, "a punning cognizance adopted by one of the priors of Walden, to
+  which monastery both churches belonged, will fix the building of the
+  present structure at Enfield to the early part of the fifteenth
+  century."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward F. Rimbault.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Sir John Vanbrugh</i> (Vol. viii., pp. 65. 160. 232.).&mdash;Are
+  not your correspondents on the wrong scent as regards the birthplace of
+  Sir John Vanbrugh? In the memoir prefixed to the collection of his
+  <i>Plays</i>, 2 vols. 12mo., 1759, it is said:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Sir John Vanbrugh, an eminent dramatic writer, son of Mr. Giles
+  Vanbrugh of London, merchant, was born in the parish of St. Stephen's,
+  Walbrook, in 1666. The family of Vanbrugh were for many years merchants
+  of great credit and reputation at Antwerp, and came into England in the
+  reign of Queen Elizabeth, on account of the persecution for
+  religion."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Mr. Cunningham (<i>Handbook of London</i>, p. 282.) speaks of
+  <i>William</i> Vanderbergh, the supposed father of Sir John, as residing
+  in Lawrence-Poultney Lane in 1677. He refers to Strype's map of Walbrook
+  and Dowgate wards, and <i>A Collection of the Names of the Merchants
+  living in and about the City of London</i>, 12mo. 1677.</p>
+
+  <p>The writer of the notice of Sir John Vanbrugh in Chambers'
+  <i>Cyclop�dia of English Literature</i>, vol. i. p. 597., says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Vanbrugh was the son of a successful sugar-baker, who rose to be an
+  esquire, and comptroller of the treasury chamber, besides marrying the
+  daughter of Sir Dudley Carlton. It is doubtful whether the dramatist was
+  born in the French Bastile, or the parish of St. Stephen's, Walbrook. The
+  time of his birth was about the year 1666, when Louis XIV. declared war
+  against England. It is certain he was in France at the age of nineteen,
+  and remained there some years."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The family vault of the Vanbrughs is certainly in St. Stephen's
+  Church, Walbrook, where Sir John was buried on the 30th of March,
+  1726.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward F. Rimbault.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Greek Inscription on a Font</i> (Vol. viii., p. 198.).&mdash;-This
+  Query has already been answered and illustrated in Vol. vii., pp. 178.
+  366. 417.; but the following passage may be of interest, as affording
+  instances of the same inscription in France, and pointing out the
+  probable source of its usage, viz. from the ancient Greek metropolitan
+  church at Constantinople:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"St. M�min est une abbaye c�l�bre sous l'ancien nom de Micy, sur la
+  rivi�re de Loire, proche d'Orl�ans. Il y a dans l'�glise de ce monast�re
+  un ben�tier de forme ronde, avec cette inscription grecque grav�e sur le
+  bord du bassin, <span class="sc"><span title="NIPSON ANOM�MA M�MONAN OPSIN" class="grk"
+  >&Nu;&Iota;&Psi;&Omicron;&Nu; &Alpha;&Nu;&Omicron;&Mu;&Eta;&Mu;&Alpha;
+  &Mu;&Eta;&Mu;&Omicron;&Nu;&Alpha;&Nu;
+  &Omicron;&Psi;&Iota;&Nu;</span></span>. La m�me chose est � Paris, au
+  ben�tier de St. Etienne d'Egr�s, et aussi autrefois � celui de Sainte
+  Sophie � Constantinople."&mdash;<i>Voyages liturgiques de France, par le
+  Sieur Moleon</i>, p. 219., 8vo. 1718.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>It may be added (on Cole's authority, vol. <span
+  class="scac">XXXV</span>. f. 19b.) that the same inscription is inscribed
+  round a large silver basin used formerly at the master's table on
+  festival days, in Trinity College Hall, Cambridge; and I have also seen
+  it on a sliver-gilt rose-water basin, introduced at the banquets given by
+  the master of Magdalene College in the same university.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="grk">&mu;</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>"<i>Fierce</i>" (Vol. viii., p. 280.).&mdash;In this part of the
+  country the words <i>pert</i>, pronounced "peart," and <i>pure</i>, bear
+  the same meaning, of well in health and spirits.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Francis John Scott.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Tewkesbury.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 353 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page353"></a>{353}</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Giving Quarter</i> (Vol. viii., p. 246.).&mdash;It must be observed
+  that the older form of the expression is "keeping quarter:"</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"That every one should kill the man he caught,</p>
+      <p>To <i>keep no quarter</i>."&mdash;<i>Drayton in Richardson.</i></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Now very obvious application of the word <i>quarter</i>, instanced by
+  Todd, is to signify the proper station or appointed place of any one.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"They do best who, if they cannot but admit love, yet make it <i>keep
+  quarter</i>, and sever it wholly from their serious
+  affairs."&mdash;Bacon's <i>Essays</i>.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>To keep quarter, then, is to keep within measure, within the limits or
+  bounds appointed by some paramount consideration; and hence, as in the
+  following passage from Shakspeare (where it is clumsily interpreted amity
+  or companionship), the word is used as synonymous with terms or
+  conditions:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i6hg3">"Friends all but now,</p>
+      <p>In quarter and in terms like bride and groom</p>
+      <p>Divesting them for bed, and then but now</p>
+      <p>Swords out and tilting one at other's breast."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>In the same sense Clarendon speaks of "offering them <i>quarter</i>
+  for their lives if they would give up the castle," <i>i. e.</i> offering
+  them conditions for their lives on their performing their part of the
+  bargain.</p>
+
+  <p>Again, in a passage of Swift, cited by Todd: "Mr. Wharton, who
+  detected some hundred of the bishop's mistakes, meets with very ill
+  quarter from his Lordship," <i>i. e.</i> meets with very ill conditions
+  of treatment from him. Finally, <i>to give quarter</i> in the military
+  sense is to give conditions absolutely, as opposed to the unmitigated
+  exercise of the victor's power, and, as the most important of all
+  conditions, to spare life.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">H. W.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Sheriffs of Glamorganshire</i> (Vol. iii., p. 186.).&mdash;The list
+  of the Glamorganshire sheriffs here inquired for was not printed by Mr.
+  Traherne, but by the Rev. H.&nbsp;H. Knight, M.A., of Neath, and of Nottage
+  Court, in Glamorganshire: it is a little pamphlet in a paper cover.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Tewars.</span></p>
+
+  <p>"<i>When the maggot bites</i>" (Vol. viii., p. 244.).&mdash;A
+  correspondent asks why a thing done on the spur of the moment is said to
+  be done "when the maggot bites." It signifies rather doing a thing when
+  the fancy takes one. When a person acts from no apparent motive in
+  external circumstances, he is said to have a maggot in his head, to have
+  a bee in his bonnet or, in French, "Avoir des rats dans la t�te;" in
+  Platt-Deutsch, to have a mouse-nest in his head, the eccentric behaviour
+  being attributed to the influence of the internal irritation.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">H. W.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Connexion between the Celtic and Latin Languages</i> (Vol. viii.,
+  p. 174.).&mdash;Your correspondent M. will find much valuable information
+  on this subject in a work entitled <i>Thoughts on the Origin and Descent
+  of the Gael</i>, by James Grant, Esq., Advocate: Edinburgh, Constable
+  &amp; Co., 1814.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Francis John Scott.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Tewkesbury.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Bacon's Essays</i> (Vol. viii., p. 143.).&mdash;Bacon's Essay VII.:
+  "Optimum elige," &amp;c. Pythagoras, in <i>Plutarch de
+  Exilio</i>.&mdash;Essay XV.: "Dolendi modus," &amp;c. Plin., lib. viii.
+  ep. 17. fin.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">C. P. E.</p>
+
+  <p>"<i>Exiguum est.</i>" <i>&amp;c.</i> (Vol. viii., p.
+  197.).&mdash;"Exiguum est ad legem bonum esse." Vide <i>Senec. de
+  Ira</i>, ii. 27.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">C. P. E.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Muffs worn by Military Men on a March</i> (Vol. viii., p.
+  281.).&mdash;In the year 1592 the Duke of Nevers was despatched by Henry
+  IV. with all speed to a place called Bully, in order to cut off the
+  retreat of the Duke of Guise, lately defeated near Bures. Sully speaks of
+  him thus:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The Duke of Nevers, the slowest of men, began by sending to make
+  choice of the most favourable roads, and marched with a slow pace towards
+  Bully, with his hands and his nose in his muff, and his whole person well
+  packed up in his coach."&mdash;<i>Memoirs of Sully</i>, vol. i. p. 235.,
+  English edit., Edinburgh, 1773.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Francis John Scott.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="address">Tewkesbury.</p>
+
+  <p>"<i>Earth says to Earth</i>" (Vol. vii., pp. 498. 576.).&mdash;A
+  fac-simile of these lines, discovered in the chapel of the Guild of the
+  Holy Cross at Stratford-on-Avon (with many other curious plates), may be
+  seen in Fisher's <i>Illustrations of the Paintings</i>, &amp;c., edited
+  by J.&nbsp;G. Nichols, Esq., and published in 1802, and afterwards
+  continued.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Erica</span> speaks of "Weaver's" Account. Unless
+  this is a misprint for "Wheler's" (<i>Account of Stratford-on-Avon</i>),
+  perhaps he will oblige me with the full title of Weaver's work.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Este.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Poetical Tavern Signs</i> (Vol. viii., p. 242.).&mdash;I would add
+  the following sign-inscription to those noted by <span class="sc">R.&nbsp;C.
+  Warde</span>. It was on the walls of a tavern half-way up Richmond Hill,
+  three miles south of Douglas, Isle of Man, kept by a man of the name of
+  Abraham Lowe:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"I'm Abraham Lowe, and half-way up the hill,</p>
+      <p>If I were higher up, what's funnier still,</p>
+      <p>I should be belowe. Come in and take your fill</p>
+      <p>Of porter, ale, wine, spirits, what you will.</p>
+      <p>Step in, my friend, I pray no farther go;</p>
+      <p>My prices, like myself, are always low."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p class="author">J. G. C.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Unkid</i> (Vol. viii., p. 221.).&mdash;Is not the word
+  <i>hunks</i>, so common in people's mouths,&mdash;<i>An old hunks</i>, an
+  old miser or miserable wretch, to be referred to the same derivation as
+  <i>unkid</i>, <i>hunkid</i>?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">F. B&mdash;w.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 354 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page354"></a>{354}</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Camera Lucida</i> (Vol. viii., p. 271.).&mdash;<span
+  class="sc">Caret</span> will find Dr. Wollaston's description of his
+  invention, the "Camera Lucida," in the 17th volume of <i>Nicholson's
+  Journal</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M. C. M.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Miscellaneous.</h2>
+
+<h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.</h3>
+
+  <p>Messrs. MacMillan of Cambridge have commenced the publication of a
+  series of theological manuals by <i>A History of the Christian Church</i>
+  (<i>Middle Age</i>), by Charles Hardwick, M.A.; which, although written
+  for this series, claims to be regarded as an integral and independent
+  treatise on the Medi�val Church. The work, which extends from the time of
+  Gregory the Great to 1520, when Luther, having been extruded from those
+  churches that adhered to the communion of the Pope, established a
+  provisional form of government, and opened a fresh era in the history of
+  Europe, is distinguished by the same diligent research and conscientious
+  acknowledgment of authorities which procured for Mr. Hardwick's
+  <i>History of the Articles of Religion</i> such a favourable reception.
+  The work is illustrated by four maps, which have been especially
+  constructed for it by Mr. A. Keith Johnston.</p>
+
+  <p>The amiable and accomplished author of <i>Proposals for Christian
+  Union</i>, and of <i>Welsh Sketches</i>, has just issued the third and
+  concluding series of his little volumes on Welsh history, civil and
+  ecclesiastical. We have no doubt that the eight chapters of which it
+  consists, and in which he treats of Edward the Black Prince, Owen
+  Glyndwr, Prince of Wales, Medi�val Bardism, and the Welsh Church, will be
+  read with great satisfaction, not only by all sons of the Principality,
+  but by all who look with interest on that portion of our island in which
+  the last traces of our ancient British race and language still
+  linger.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Books Received.</span>&mdash;<i>The Journal of Sacred
+  Literature</i>, No. IX. for October, continues to put forth strong claims
+  to the support of those who have a taste for pure biblical literature.
+  From the address of its new editor, it would seem not to be so well known
+  as the object for which it is established plainly
+  deserves.&mdash;<i>Cyclop�dia Bibliographica</i>, Part XIII. for October,
+  continues its useful course. Every succeeding number only serves to prove
+  how valuable the work will be when completed.&mdash;<i>The Shakspeare
+  Repository</i>, edited by J.&nbsp;H. Fennell, No. III., is well worth the
+  attention of our numerous Shakspearian readers.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h3>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Ford's Handbook of Spain.</span> Vol. I.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Austin Cheironomia.</span></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Rev. E. Irving's Orations on Death, Judgement,
+  Heaven, and Hell.</span></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Thomas Gardener's History of Dunwich.</span></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Marsh's History of Hursley and Baddesley.</span>
+  About 1805. 8vo. Two Copies.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Nicephorus Catena on the Pentateuch.</span></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Procopius Gaz�us.</span></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Watt's Bibliographia Britannica.</span> Parts V. and
+  VI.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Maxwell's Digest of the Law of Intestates.</span></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Carlyle's Chartism.</span> Crown 8vo. 2nd
+  Edition.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">The Builder</span>, No. 520.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Oswalli Crollii Opera.</span> 12mo. Geneva, 1635.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Gaffarell's Unheard-of Curiosities.</span> Translated
+  by Chelmead. London. 12mo. 1650.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Beaumont's Psyche.</span> 2nd Edit. folio. Camb.,
+  1702.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">PAMPHLETS.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Junius Discovered.</span> By P. T. Published about
+  1789.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Reasons for Rejecting the Evidence of Mr.
+  Almon</span>, &amp;c. 1807.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Another Guess at Junius.</span> Hookham. 1809.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">The Author of Junius Discovered.</span> Longmans.
+  1821.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">The Claims of Sir P. Francis refuted.</span>
+  Longmans. 1822.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Who Was Junius?</span> Glynn. 1837.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Some New Facts</span>, &amp;c., by Sir F. Dwarris.
+  1850.</p>
+
+  <p>*** <i>Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to
+  send their names and addresses.</i></p>
+
+  <p>*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, <i>carriage
+  free</i>, to be sent to <span class="sc">Mr. Bell</span>, Publisher of
+  "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Notices to Correspondents.</h2>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Books Wanted.</span>&mdash;<i>We believe that
+  gentlemen in want of particular books, either by way of loan or purchase,
+  would find great facilities in obtaining them if their names and
+  addresses were published, so that parties having the books might
+  communicate directly with those who want them. Acting on this belief, we
+  shall take advantage of the recent alteration in the law respecting
+  advertisements, and in future, where our Correspondents desire to avail
+  themselves of this new arrangement, shall insert their names and
+  addresses</i>&mdash;<i>unless specially requested not to do so</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">J. N. Radcliffe.</span> <i>We shall be glad to
+  receive the Legendary Lore mentioned by our Correspondent.</i></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Rev. H. G.</span> <i>Your letter has been forwarded
+  to</i> A.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;B. (Diss).</p>
+
+  <p>S. Z. Z. S. <i>We have a letter waiting for this Correspondent; how
+  can we forward it?</i></p>
+
+  <p>C. E. F. <i>Warm water and a few small shot will thoroughly cleanse
+  the bottles in which collodion has been kept.</i></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">An Amateur Experimentalist.</span> <i>Formerly the
+  pint used in the compounding of medicines, chemicals, &amp;c. consisted
+  of sixteen fluid ounces, weighing one pound Avoirdupois weight. Now the
+  imperial pint of twenty ounces is in general use. The Troy and
+  apothecaries' ounce are the same, and contain forty grains more than the
+  Avoirdupois ounce. In making collodion, take any quantity of ether, and
+  dissolve the gun cotton in it; if too thick, it may always be reduced by
+  the addition of more ether. Uniodized collodion may be bought quite as
+  cheap as it may be made; and it generally has the advantage of having
+  been made in a large body, and allowed time to settle, whereby the clear
+  portion only is more easily decanted off for sale.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Having active professional duties, it has been only at his leisure
+  that</i> <span class="sc">Dr. Diamond</span> <i>has been enabled to give
+  his attention to Photography, which has been the main cause of the delay
+  complained of; but the delay will prove an advantage, for such important
+  improvements are almost daily taking place in the art that works
+  published a short time since are becoming comparatively useless.</i></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Hugh Henderson.</span> <i>1st, Black Japan varnish is
+  very improper for your positive pictures; it often cracks, and is long in
+  drying. Black lacquer varnish, procurable at Strong's, the varnish makers
+  in Long Acre, is the best we have been able to procure. 2nd, The solution
+  for development will keep any length of time; you may use it by dipping
+  or otherwise</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>W.C., <i>who recommends the use of a plate glass bath enveloped in
+  gutta percha, is informed that we have had such a bath in use for many
+  months, and it answers our purpose exceedingly well</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Abraham.</span> <i>As we have often said before, we
+  think that a good lens requires no "actinic" focus to find. In a properly
+  constructed lens the chemical and visual foci are identical; and we would
+  ourselves not be troubled with the use of one in which they differed. Our
+  advertising columns will point out to you where such a lens man be
+  procured. We believe, where there is a difference between the two foci,
+  chemical and visual, that other distortions also take place, accounting
+  for some of the unpleasant effects complained of in Photography.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>A few complete sets of</i> "<span class="sc">Notes and
+  Queries</span>," Vols. i. <i>to</i> vii., <i>price Three Guineas and a
+  Half, may now be had; for which early application is desirable</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>"<span class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>" <i>is published at noon on
+  Friday</i>, <i>so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that
+  night's parcels</i>, <i>and deliver them to their Subscribers on the
+  Saturday.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 355 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page355"></a>{355}</span></p>
+
+<h3>WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE
+AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">Founded A.D. 1842.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Directors.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>H. E. Bicknell, Esq.</p>
+      <p>T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.&nbsp;P.</p>
+      <p>G. H. Drew, Esq.</p>
+      <p>W. Evans, Esq.</p>
+      <p>W. Freeman, Esq.</p>
+      <p>F. Fuller, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. H. Goodhart, Esq.</p>
+      <p>T. Grissell, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Hunt, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.</p>
+      <p>E. Lucas, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Lys Seager, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. B. White, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Carter Wood, Esq.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Trustees.</i>&mdash;W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq.</p>
+      <p><i>Physician.</i>&mdash;William Rich. Basham, M.D.</p>
+      <p><i>Bankers.</i>&mdash;Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<p class="cenhead">VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.</p>
+
+  <p>POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
+  difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application
+  to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed
+  in the Prospectus.</p>
+
+  <p>Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100<i>l.</i>, with a Share
+  in three-fourths of the Profits:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<table width="17%" class="nob" summary="Specimens of Rates" title="Specimens of Rates">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left; width:57%">
+      <p>Age</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%">
+      <p><i>�</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%">
+      <p><i>s.</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%">
+      <p><i>d.</i></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>17</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>1</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>14</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>4</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>22</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>1</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>18</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>27</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>4</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>5</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>32</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>10</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>37</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>18</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>6</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>42</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>3</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.</p>
+
+  <p>Now ready, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Second Edition, with material
+  additions. INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON
+  BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land
+  Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building
+  Companies, &amp;c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and
+  Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life
+  Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>BANK OF DEPOSIT.</p>
+
+  <p>7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London.</p>
+
+  <p>PARTIES desirous of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan
+  of this Institution, by which a high rate of Interest may be obtained
+  with perfect Security.</p>
+
+  <p>Interest payable in January and July.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>PETER MORRISON,</p>
+      <p>Managing Director.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Prospectuses free on application.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS.&mdash;Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes. Best and
+  Cheapest. To be had in great variety at</p>
+
+  <p>M<sup>c</sup>MILLAN'S Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+  <p>Price List Gratis.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class
+  X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all
+  Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
+  London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
+  Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12,
+  10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior
+  Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's
+  Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
+  skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers,
+  2<i>l.</i>, 3<i>l.</i>, and 4<i>l.</i> Thermometers from 1<i>s.</i>
+  each.</p>
+
+  <p>BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory,
+  the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,</p>
+
+  <p>65. CHEAPSIDE.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &amp;c.&mdash;BARRY, DU BARRY
+  &amp; CO.'S HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+  <p>THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual
+  remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves
+  fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic,
+  intestinal, liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted,
+  dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrh&oelig;a, acidity,
+  heartburn, flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of
+  the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during
+  pregnancy, at sea, and under all other circumstances, debility in the
+  aged as well as infants, fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>A few out of 50,000 Cures:&mdash;</i></p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de
+  Decies:&mdash;"I have derived considerable benefits from your Revalenta
+  Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to
+  authorise the publication of these lines.&mdash;<span class="sc">Stuart
+  de Decies.</span>"</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 49,832:&mdash;"Fifty years' indescribable agony from
+  dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms,
+  sickness at the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's
+  excellent food.&mdash;<span class="sc">Maria Jolly</span>, Wortham Ling,
+  near Diss, Norfolk."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 180:&mdash;"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation,
+  indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and
+  which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured by
+  Du Barry's food in a very short time.&mdash;<span class="sc">W. R.
+  Reeves</span>, Pool Anthony, Tiverton."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 4,208:&mdash;"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility,
+  with cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the
+  advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious
+  food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any
+  inquiries.&mdash;<span class="sc">Rev. John W. Flavell</span>, Ridlington
+  Rectory, Norfolk."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial.</i></p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p class="author">"Bonn, July 19. 1852.</p>
+
+  <p>"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,
+  nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
+  kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body,
+  as also diarrh&oelig;a, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
+  bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of
+  the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and
+  hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most
+  satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
+  where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and
+  bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the
+  troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the
+  conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of
+  incipient hectic complaints and consumption.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">"<span class="sc">Dr. Rud Wurzer.</span><br />
+"Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>London Agents:&mdash;Fortnum, Mason &amp; Co., 182. Piccadilly,
+  purveyors to Her Majesty the Queen; Hedges &amp; Butler, 155. Regent
+  Street; and through all respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine
+  venders. In canisters, suitably packed for all climates, and with full
+  instructions, 1lb. 2<i>s.</i> 9<i>d.</i>; 2lb. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>;
+  5lb. 11<i>s.</i>; 12lb. 22<i>s.</i>; super-refined, 5lb. 22<i>s.</i>;
+  10lb. 33<i>s.</i> The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of
+  Post-office order.&mdash;Barry, Du Barry Co., 77. Regent Street,
+  London.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Important Caution.</span>&mdash;Many invalids having
+  been seriously injured by spurious imitations under closely similar
+  names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to
+  see that each canister bears the name <span class="sc">Barry, Du Barry
+  &amp; Co.</span>, 77. Regent Street, London, in full, <i>without which
+  none is genuine</i>.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.&mdash;A Selection of the above beautiful
+  Productions (comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &amp;c.)
+  may be seen at BLAND &amp; LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be
+  procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the
+  practice of Photography in all its Branches.</p>
+
+  <p>Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.</p>
+
+  <p>*** Catalogues may be had on application.</p>
+
+  <p>BLAND &amp; LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical
+  Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHY.&mdash;HORNE &amp; CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
+  Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds,
+  according to light.</p>
+
+  <p>Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the
+  choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their
+  Establishment.</p>
+
+  <p>Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &amp;c. &amp;c. used
+  in this beautiful Art.&mdash;123. and 121. Newgate Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.&mdash;Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's,
+  Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Fr�res' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's
+  Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.</p>
+
+  <p>Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.
+  Paternoster Row, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.&mdash;J. B. HOCKIN &amp; CO., Chemists, 289.
+  Strand. have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a
+  Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of
+  Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the
+  keeping properties and appreciation of half tint for which their
+  manufacture has been esteemed.</p>
+
+  <p>Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice
+  of Photography. Instruction in the Art.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.&mdash;OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED
+  FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every other form of Camera, for the
+  Photographic Tourist, from its capability of Elongation or Contraction to
+  any Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability, and its adaptation for
+  taking either Views or Portraits.</p>
+
+  <p>Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing
+  Frames, &amp;c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace,
+  Barnsbury Road, Islington.</p>
+
+  <p>New Inventions, Models, &amp;c., made to order or from Drawings.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Now ready, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> By Post, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>THE PRACTICE OF PHOTOGRAPHY. A Manual for Students and Amateurs. By
+  PHILIP DELAMOTTE, F.S.A. Illustrated with a Photographic Picture taken by
+  the Collodion Process. This Manual contains much practical information of
+  a valuable nature.</p>
+
+  <p>JOSEPH CUNDALL, 198. New Bond Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><!-- Page 356 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page356"></a>{356}</span></p>
+
+<h3>MURRAY'S
+HANDBOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS
+IN ITALY.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">The following are now ready.</p>
+
+  <p>HANDBOOK FOR NORTH ITALY.&mdash;Being a Guide to SARDINIA, LOMBARDY,
+  VENICE, PARMA, PIACENZA, MODENA, LUCCA, FLORENCE, and TUSCANY as far as
+  the VAL D'ARNO. With Maps and Plans. Post 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">II.</p>
+
+  <p>HANDBOOK FOR CENTRAL ITALY. Part I.&mdash;Being a Guide to SOUTHERN
+  TUSCANY and the PAPAL STATES. With Maps and Plans. Post 8vo.
+  7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">III.</p>
+
+  <p>HANDBOOK FOR CENTRAL ITALY. Part II.&mdash;Being a Guide to ROME and
+  its Environs. With Plan, Post 8vo. (Nearly Ready.)</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">IV.</p>
+
+  <p>HANDBOOK FOR SOUTHERN ITALY.&mdash;Being a Guide to the CONTINENTAL
+  PORTION of the TWO SICILIES, including NAPLES, POMPEII, HERCULANEUM,
+  VESUVIUS, BAY OF NAPLES, &amp;c. With Map and Plans. Post 8vo.
+  15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">V.</p>
+
+  <p>HANDBOOK TO THE ITALIAN SCHOOLS OF PAINTING. From the German of
+  Kugler. With 100 Illustrations from the Old Masters. Post 8vo.</p>
+
+  <p>JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description
+  of upwards of 100 articles, consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS,
+  Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and
+  other travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post
+  on receipt of Two Stamps.</p>
+
+  <p>MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their
+  Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new
+  Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best
+  articles of the kind ever produced.</p>
+
+  <p>J. W. &amp; T. ALLEN, 18. &amp; 22. West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>HEAL &amp; SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by
+  post. It contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different
+  Bedsteads: also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts.
+  And their new warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room
+  Furniture, Furniture Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render
+  their Establishment complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.</p>
+
+  <p>HEAL &amp; SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham
+  Court Road.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the
+  possession of Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his
+  Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen
+  engaged in Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to
+  undertake searches among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum,
+  Ancient Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch
+  of Literature, History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which
+  he has had considerable experience.</p>
+
+  <p>1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>DAILY CHURCH SERVICES in one Portable Volume, containing the Prayers
+  and Lessons for daily use, or the Course of Scripture Readings for the
+  Year, authorised by the Church. Also a Table of the Proper Lessons for
+  Sundays and Holydays, with references to the pages. Price 10<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i> bound, or 16<i>s.</i> in Hayday's Morocco.</p>
+
+  <p>This book is also kept by any respectable bookseller in a variety of
+  elegant bindings.</p>
+
+  <p>Oxford &amp; London: J. H. Parker.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>THE NATIONAL MISCELLANY, No. VI., OCTOBER.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i4"><span class="sc">Contents.</span></p>
+      <p>1. Cyphers.</p>
+      <p>2. Roman London.</p>
+      <p>3. The Table-Turner outdone.</p>
+      <p>4. Turkey&mdash;its Past and Present.</p>
+      <p>5. A String of Facts about Siam.</p>
+      <p>6. Symbolic Jewellery.</p>
+      <p>7. Tanglewood Tales, for Girls and Boys.</p>
+      <p>8. A few Notes from Cairo.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Price One Shilling.</p>
+
+  <p>London: JOHN HENRY PARKER.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Just published in fcp. 8vo., illustrated with Wood-engravings by
+  Jewitt. price 5<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+  <p>SCOTLAND AND THE SCOTTISH CHURCH, by the REV. HENRY CASWALL, M.A.,
+  Vicar of Figheldean, Wilts, Author of "America and the American Church,"
+  &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Now ready price 25<i>s.</i>, Second Edition, revised and corrected.
+  Dedicated by Special Permission to THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF
+  CANTERBURY.</p>
+
+  <p>PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH.</p>
+
+  <p>The words selected by the Very Rev. H.&nbsp;H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St.
+  Paul's. The Music arranged for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or
+  One, including Chants for the Services, Responses to the Commandments,
+  and a Concise <span class="sc">System of Chanting</span>, by J.&nbsp;B. SALE.
+  Musical Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco
+  cloth, price 25<i>s.</i> To be had of Mr. J.&nbsp;B. SALE, 21. Holywell
+  Street, Millbank. Westminster, on the receipt of a Post-office Order for
+  that amount: and, by order, of the principal Booksellers and Music
+  Warehouses.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our
+  Church and Cathedral Service."&mdash;<i>Times.</i></p>
+
+  <p>"A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this
+  country."&mdash;<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
+
+  <p>"One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well
+  merits the distinguished patronage under which it
+  appears."&mdash;<i>Musical World.</i></p>
+
+  <p>"A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting
+  of a very superior character to any which has hitherto
+  appeared."&mdash;<i>John Bull.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+  <p>Also, lately published,</p>
+
+  <p>J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the
+  Chapel Royal St. James, price 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>C. LONSDALE. 26. Old Bond Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Fifth Edition, 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. By THOMAS VOWLER SHORT, D.D., Lord
+  Bishop of St. Asaph.</p>
+
+  <p>By the same Author, WHAT IS CHRISTIANITY?</p>
+
+  <p>Cheaper Edition. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>JOHN W. PARKER &amp; SON, West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Cheaper Edition, Two Volumes octavo, 25<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>SYSTEM OF LOGIC. By JOHN STUART MILL.</p>
+
+  <p>By the same Author, PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. Third Edition.
+  Two Volumes octavo, 30<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>JOHN W. PARKER &amp; SON, West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Foolscap Octavo, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>GOETHE'S OPINIONS ON THE WORLD, MANKIND, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.
+  Translated by OTTO WENCKSTERN.</p>
+
+  <p>JOHN W. PARKER &amp; SON, West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Book Auction Rooms, 191. Piccadilly. Established 1794.</p>
+
+  <p>PUTTICK AND SIMPSON beg to announce that their Season for Sales of
+  Literary Property will commence on Wednesday next, October 12. In
+  addressing Executors and others entrusted with the disposal of Libraries,
+  and collections (however limited or extensive) of Manuscripts,
+  Autographs, Prints, Pictures, Music, Musical Instruments, Objects of Art
+  and Vertu, and Works connected with Literature, and the Arts generally,
+  would suggest a sale by Auction as the readiest and surest method of
+  obtaining their full value; and they flatter themselves that the central
+  situation of their premises (near St. James's Church), their extensive
+  connexion of more than half a century's standing, and the careful
+  circulation of their Catalogues in all parts of the country, and
+  occasionally throughout Europe and America, are advantages that will not
+  be unappreciated. Messrs. P. &amp; S. will also receive small parcels of
+  Books or other Literary Property, and insert them in occasional sales
+  with property of a kindred description, thus giving the same advantages
+  to the possessor of a few Lots as to the owner of a large Collection.</p>
+
+  <p>*** Libraries Catalogued, Arranged, and Valued for the Probate or
+  Legacy Duty, or for Public or Private Sale.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Library, Bookcase, Fire-proof Safe, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>SIX DAYS' SALE.</p>
+
+  <p>PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by
+  AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on Wednesday, October
+  12th, and Five following days, Sunday excepted, a Large and Valuable
+  Collection of Books, from several Private Libraries, consisting of
+  Standard Works, English and Foreign, in most Departments of Literature:
+  amongst which are, Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, 3 vols.;
+  Clutterbuck's History of Hertfordshire, 3 vols.; Polwhele's History of
+  Devon, 3 vols.; Stowe's London, by Strype, 2 vols., best edition;
+  Vesputius' Neue unbekanthe Landte, 1508, rare; Ludolphus de Suchen de
+  Terra Sancta, editio princeps, rare; Shakspeare's Works, second edition
+  1632, third edition 1663; Holy Bible. Macklins's splendid edition, 3
+  vols., half russia; D'Oyley and Mants' Commentary, 3 vols.; Penny
+  Cyclop�dia, 27 vols., calf extra; the separate and collected works of
+  many Popular Authors; Law Books; a few Curious Broadsides; some
+  Interesting Heraldic and Genealogical Collections; about 500 vols. of
+  Novels and Romances; a few Engravings; a set of Raphael's Cartoons,
+  framed; a neat Mahogany Bookcase; Fire-proof Safe; Curious Antique
+  Guipure Lace; and other valuable Miscellaneous Property. Catalogues will
+  be sent on application: if in the country, on receipt of six stamps.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>Printed by <span class="sc">Thomas Clark Shaw</span>, of No. 10.
+  Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New
+  Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and
+  published by <span class="sc">George Bell</span>, of No. 186. Fleet
+  Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London,
+  Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.&mdash;Saturday, October 8.
+  1853.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 206, October
+8, 1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,3415 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 206, October 8,
+1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 206, October 8, 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 24, 2008 [EBook #27005]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{333}
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 206.]
+SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8. 1853.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--                                                   Page
+  Notes on Newspapers: "The Times," Daily Press
+  &c., by H. M. Bealby                                        333
+  "In quietness and confidence shall be your strength,"
+  by Joshua G. Fitch                                          335
+  Binders of the Volumes in the Harleian Library              335
+  French Verse, by Thos. Keightley                            336
+  A Spanish Play-bill, by William Robson                      336
+  Shakspeare Correspondence, by Robert Rawlinson,
+  C. Mansfield Ingleby, &c.                                   336
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Injustice, its Origin--Two Brothers
+  of the same Christian Name--Female Parish Clerk             338
+
+  QUERIES:--
+  Descendants of Milton                                       339
+  An anxious Query from the Hymmalayas                        339
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--"De la Schola de Sclavoni"--Mineral
+  Acids--Richard Geering--Stipendiary
+  Curates--Our Lady of Rounceval--Roden's Colt--Sir
+  Christopher Wren and the Young Carver--Vellum
+  Cleaning--Dionysia in Boeotia--Poll Tax
+  in 1641--Thomas Chester Bishop Of Elphin, 1580--Rev.
+  Urban Vigors--Early English MSS.--Curing
+  of Henry IV.--Standard of Weights and Measures--Parish
+  Clerks' Company--Orange Blossom--Mr.
+  Pepys his Queries--Foreign Medical Education                339
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Chandler, Bishop
+  of Durham--Huggins and Muggins--Balderdash--Lovell,
+  Sculptor--St. Werenfrid and Butler's "Lives
+  of the Saints"                                              341
+
+  REPLIES:--
+
+  Sir W. Hankford--Gascoigne's Tomb, by Mr. Foss, &c.         342
+  Translation of the Prayer Book into French                  343
+  Praying to the West                                         343
+  Jacob Bobart, by Dr. E. F. Rimbault                         344
+  Early Use of Tin.--Derivation of the Name of Britain,
+  by the Rev. Dr. Hincks and Fras. Crossley                   344
+  Yew-trees in Churchyards, by J. G. Cumming, Wm.
+  W. King, &c.                                                346
+  Stars are the Flowers of Heaven, by W. Fraser               346
+  Books burned by the common Hangman, by John S. Burn, &c.    346
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Stereoscopic Angles--Mr.
+  Pumphrey's Process for securing black Tints
+  in Positives                                                348
+
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Baskerville the Printer--Lines
+  on Woman--Haulf-naked--Cambridge and Ireland--
+  Autobiographical Sketch--Archbishop Chichely--"Discovery of
+  the Inquisition"--Divining Rod--"Pinece with a stink"--
+  Longevity--Chronograms--Heraldic Notes--Christian Names--
+  "I put a spoke in his wheel"--Judges styled Reverend--Palace
+  at Enfield--Sir John Vanbrugh--Greek Inscription on a
+  Font--"Fierce"--Giving Quarter--Sheriffs of Glamorganshire--
+  "When the maggot bites"--Connexion between the Celtic and
+  Latin Languages--Bacon's Essays, &c.                        349
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Notes on Books, &c.                                         354
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                                354
+  Notices to Correspondents                                   354
+  Advertisements                                              355
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notes.
+
+NOTES ON NEWSPAPERS: "THE TIMES," DAILY PRESS, ETC.
+
+A newspaper, rightly conducted, is a potent power in promoting the
+well-being of universal man. It is also a highly moral power--for it
+quickens mind everywhere, and puts in force those principles which tend to
+lessen human woe, and to exalt and dignify our common humanity. The daily
+press, for the most part, aims to correct error--whether senatorial,
+theological, or legal. It pleads in earnest tones for the removal of public
+wrong, and watches with a keen eye the rise and fall of great interests. It
+teaches with commanding power, and makes its influence felt in the palace
+of the monarch, as well as through all classes of the community. It helps
+on, in the path of honorable ambition, the virtuous and the good. It never
+hesitates or falters, however formidable the foe. It never crouches,
+however injurious to itself the free and undisguised utterance of some
+truths may be. It is outspoken. When the nation requires them, it is bold
+and fearless in propounding great changes, though they may clash with the
+expectations of a powerful class. It heeds the reverses to which a nation
+is subjected, and turns them to good account. It does not abuse its power,
+and is never menaced. It is unshackled, and therefore has a native growth.
+It looks on the movements of the wide world calmly, deliberately, and
+intelligently. We believe the independency of the daily press can never be
+bribed, or its patronage won by unlawful means. Its mission is noble, and
+the presiding sentiment of the varied intellect employed upon it is "the
+greatest good to the greatest number." It never ceases in its operations.
+It is a perpetual thing: always the same in many of its aspects, and yet
+always new. It is untiring in its efforts, and unimpeded in its career. We
+look for it every day with an unwavering confidence, with an almost
+absolute certainty. Power and freshness are its principal characteristics;
+and with these it combines a healthy tone, a fearless courage, and an
+invincible determination. That it has its imperfections, we do not
+deny--and what agency is {334} without them? It is not free from error, and
+no estate of the realm can be. The purity of the public press will be
+increased as Christianity advances. There is no nation in the world which
+can boast of a press so moral, and so just, as the daily newspaper press of
+Great Britain. The victories it achieves are seen and felt by all: and when
+compared with the newspaper press of other countries, it has superior
+claims to our admiration and regard.
+
+Taking _The Times_ as the highest type of that class of newspapers which we
+denominate the daily press, these remarks will more particularly apply. The
+history of such a paper, and its wonderful career, is not sufficiently
+known, and its great commercial and intellectual power not adequately
+estimated. The extinction of such a journal (could we suppose such a
+thing,) would be a public calamity. Its vast influence is felt throughout
+the civilised world; and we believe _that_ influence, generally speaking,
+is on the side of right, and for the promotion of the common weal. It is
+strange that such an organ of public sentiment should have been charged
+with the moral turpitude of receiving bribes. That it should destroy its
+reputation, darken its fair fame, and undermine the very foundation of its
+prosperity, by a course so degrading, we find it impossible to believe. We
+feel assured it is far removed from everything of the kind: that its course
+is marked by great honesty of purpose, and its exalted aim will never allow
+it to stoop to anything so beneath the dignity of its character, and so
+repugnant to every sense of rectitude and propriety. It is no presumption
+to assert that, under such overt influences, it remains unmoved and
+immovable; and to reiterate a remark made in the former part of this
+article, "its independency can never be bribed, or its patronage won by
+unlawful means." Looking at it in its colossal strength, and with its
+omnipotent power (for truth is omnipotent), it may be classed, without any
+impropriety, among the wonders of the world.
+
+Allow me to give to the readers of "N. & Q." the following facts in
+connexion with _The Times_, and on the subject of newspapers generally.
+They are deserving of a place in your valuable journal. There were sold of
+_The Times_ on Nov. 19, 1852, containing an account of the Duke of
+Wellington's funeral, 70,000 copies: these were worked off at the rate of
+from 10,000 to 12,000 an hour. _The Times_ of Jan. 10, 1806, with an
+account of the funeral of Lord Nelson, is a small paper compared with _The
+Times_ of the present day. Its size is nineteen inches by thirteen: having
+about eighty advertisements, and occupying, with woodcuts of the coffin and
+funeral car, a space of fifteen inches by nine. Nearly fifty years have
+elapsed since then, and now the same paper frequently publishes a double
+supplement, which, with the paper itself, contains the large number of
+about 1,700 advertisements.[1] 54,000 copies of _The Times_ were sold when
+the Royal Exchange was opened by the Queen; 44,500 at the close of Rush's
+trial. 1828, the circulation of _The Times_ was under 7,000 a day; now its
+average circulation is about 42,000 a day, or 12,000,000 annually.[2] The
+gross proceeds of _The Times_, in 1828, was about 45,000l. a year: and,
+from an article which appeared twelve months ago in its columns, it now
+enjoys a gross income equal to that of a flourishing German principality.
+
+We believe we are correct when we assert, that there were sold of the
+_Illustrated London News_, with a narrative of the Duke's funeral (a double
+number), 400,000 copies. One newsman is said to have taken 1000 quires
+double number, or 2000 quires single number: making 27,000 double papers,
+or 54,000 single papers (twenty-seven papers being the number to a quire),
+and for which he must have paid 1075l.[3] It is a remarkable fact, that
+Manchester, with a population of 400,000, has but three newspapers;
+Liverpool, with 367,000, eleven; Glasgow, with 390,000, sixteen; Dublin,
+with but 200,000, no less than twenty-two. The largest paper ever known was
+published some years ago by Brother Jonathan, and called the _Boston
+Notion_. The head letters stand two inches high; the sheet measures five
+feet ten inches by four feet one inch, being about twenty-four square feet;
+it is a double sheet, with ten columns in each page; making in all eighty
+columns, containing 1,000,000 letters, and sold for 31/2d. In the good old
+times, one of the earliest provincial newspapers in the southern part of
+the kingdom was printed by a man named Mogridge, who used to insert the
+intelligence from Yorkshire under the head "Foreign News."
+
+It is curious to search a file of old newspapers. It is seldom we have the
+opportunity of doing so, because we rarely preserve them in consecutive
+order. It is easy to keep them, and would repay the trouble, and their
+value would increase as years rolled on. Such reading would be very
+interesting, and more so than we can at all imagine. It is a history of
+every day, and a record of a people's sayings and doings. It throws us back
+on the past, and makes forgotten times live again. Some of the early
+volumes of _The Times_ newspaper, for instance, would be a curiosity in
+their {335} way. We should read them with special interest, as reflecting
+the character of the age in which they appeared, and as belonging to a
+series exercising a mighty influence in moulding and guiding the commercial
+and political opinions of this great nation. The preservation of a
+newspaper, if it be but a weekly one, will become a source of instruction
+and amusement to our descendants in generations to come.
+
+H. M. BEALBY.
+
+North Brixton.
+
+[Footnote 1: The largest number of advertisements in one paper with a
+double supplement was in June last, 2,250.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The quantity of paper used for _The Times_ with a single
+supplement is 126 reams, each ream weighing 92 lbs., or 7 tons weight of
+paper; with a double supplement, 168 reams.]
+
+[Footnote 3: During the week of the Duke's funeral, there were issued by
+the Stamp Office to the newspaper press more than 2,000,000 of stamps.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"IN QUIETNESS AND CONFIDENCE SHALL BE YOUR STRENGTH."
+
+There is an old house in the "Dom Platz," at Frankfort, in which Luther
+lived for some years. A bust of him in relief is let into the outer wall;
+it is a grim-looking ungainly effigy, coarsely coloured, and of very small
+pretensions as a work of art; but evidently of a date not much later than
+the time of the great Iconoclast. Round the figure, the following words are
+deeply cut: "In silentio et in spe, erit fortitudo vestra." Can any of your
+readers tell me whether any particular circumstance of Luther's life led
+him to adopt this motto, or otherwise identified it with his name; or
+whether the text was merely selected by some admirer after his death, to
+garnish this memorial?
+
+In either case it is not uninteresting to notice, that this passage of
+Scripture has been employed more than any other as the watchword of that
+religious movement in the English Church which we are accustomed to
+associate with Oxford and the year 1833. It forms the motto on the
+title-page of the _Christian Year_; it has been very conspicuous in the
+writings of many eminent defenders of the same school of theology, and it
+is thus alluded to by Dr. Pusey in the preface to that celebrated sermon on
+the Eucharist, for which he received the University censure:
+
+    "Since I can now speak in no other manner, I may in this way utter one
+    word to the young, to whom I have heretofore spoken from a more solemn
+    place; I would remind them how almost prophetically, sixteen years ago,
+    in the volume which was the unknown dawn and harbinger of the
+    re-awakening of deeper truth, this was given as the watchword to those
+    who should love the truth, 'In quietness and confidence shall be your
+    strength.' There have been manifold tokens that patience is the one
+    great grace which God is now calling forth in our church," &c.
+
+I will not here inquire which of the two great religious revolutions I have
+mentioned has been more truly characterised by the spirit of this beautiful
+and striking text, but perhaps some of your readers will agree with me in
+thinking that the coincidence is at least a note-worthy one; and not the
+less so, because it was probably undesigned.
+
+JOSHUA G. FITCH.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BINDERS OF THE VOLUMES IN THE HARLEIAN LIBRARY.
+
+In Dr. Dibdin's _Bibliographical Decameron_, 1817, vol. ii. p. 503., he
+thus introduces the subject:
+
+    "The commencement of the eighteenth century saw the rise and progress
+    of the rival libraries of Harley and Sunderland. What a field,
+    therefore, was here for the display of the bibliopegistic art! Harley
+    usually preferred red morocco, with a broad border of gold, and the
+    fore-edges of the leaves without colour or gilt. Generally speaking,
+    the Harleian volumes are most respectably bound; but they have little
+    variety, and the style of art which they generally exhibit rather
+    belongs to works of devotion."
+
+In a note on the above passage, Dibdin adds:
+
+    "I have often consulted my bibliomaniacal friends respecting the name
+    of the binder or binders of the Harleian Library. Had Bagford or Wanley
+    the chief direction? I suspect the _latter_."
+
+If Dr. Dibdin and his "bibliomaniacal friends" had not preferred the easy
+labour of looking at printed title-pages to the rather more laborious task
+of examining manuscripts, they might readily have solved the Query thus
+raised by referring to Wanley's _Autograph Diary_, preserved in the
+Lansdowne Collection, Nos. 771, 772, which proves that the binders employed
+by Lord Oxford were Christopher Chapman of Duck Lane, and Thomas Elliot.
+Very many entries occur between January 1719-20 and May 1726, relative to
+the binding both of manuscripts and books in morocco and calf; and it
+appears, in regard to the former material, that it was supplied by Lord
+Oxford himself. Some of these entries will show the jealous care exercised
+by honest Humphrey Wanley over the charge committed to him.
+
+    "25th January, 1719-20. This day having inspected Mr. Elliot's bill, I
+    found him exceedingly dear in all the work of Morocco, Turkey, and
+    Russia leather, besides that of velvet.
+
+    "28th January, ----. Mr. Elliot the bookbinder came, to whom I produced
+    the observations I made upon his last bill, showing him that (without
+    catching at every little matter) my Lord might have had the same work
+    done as well and cheaper, by above 31l. He said that he could have
+    saved above eight pounds in the fine books, and yet they should have
+    looked well. That he now cannot do them so cheap as he rated them at;
+    that no man can do so well as himself, or near the rates I set against
+    his. But, upon the whole, said he would write to my Lord upon the
+    subject.
+
+    "13th July, 1721. Mr. Elliot having clothed the CODEX AVREVS in my
+    Lord's Morocco leather, took the same from hence this day, in order to
+    work upon it with his best tools; which, he says, he can do with much
+    more convenience at his house than here.
+
+    "19th January, 1721-22. Mr. Chapman came, and received three books for
+    present binding. And upon {336} his request I delivered (by order) six
+    Morocco skins to be used in my Lord's service. He desires to have them
+    at a cheap price, and to bind as before. I say that my Lord will not
+    turn leather-seller, and therefore he must bring hither his proposals
+    for binding with my Lord's Morocco skins; otherwise his Lordship will
+    appoint some other binder to do so.
+
+    "17th September, 1725. Mr. Elliot brought the parcel I last delivered
+    unto him, but took one back to amend a blunder in the lettering. He
+    said that he has used my Lord's doe-skin upon six books, and that they
+    may serve instead of calf; only the grain is coarser, like that of
+    sheep, and this skin was tanned too much.
+
+    "23rd December, 1725. Mr. Chapman came, but I gave him no work; chiding
+    him for being so slow in my Lord's former business, which he had
+    frequently postponed, that he might serve the booksellers the sooner."
+
+[mu].
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FRENCH VERSE.
+
+In the _Diary of T. Moore_ I lately read, with some surprise, the following
+passages:
+
+    "Attended watchfully to her [Mdlle Duchesnois] recitative, and find
+    that in nine verses out of ten 'A cobbler there was, and he lived in a
+    stall' is the tune of the French heroics."--April 24, 1821.
+
+    "Two lines I met in Athalie; how else than according to the 'Cobbler
+    there was,' &c., can they be repeated?
+
+     'N'a pour servir sa cause et venger ses injures,
+      Ni le coeur assez droit, ni les mains assez pures.'"--May 30, 1821.
+
+Now, if this be the mode of reading these lines, I confess all my ideas are
+erroneous with respect to French poetry. I have always considered that
+though hemistichs and occasionally whole lines occur in it, which bear a
+resemblance to the Spanish Versos de Arte Mayor, the anapaestic measure of
+"A Cobbler" is quite foreign to it. I may, however, be mistaken; and it is
+in the hope of eliciting information on the subject that I send these few
+remarks to "N. & Q." Should it appear that I am not wrong, I will on a
+future occasion endeavour to develop my ideas of the French rhythm; a
+subject that I cannot recollect to have seen treated in a satisfactory
+manner in any French work.
+
+Bishop Tegner, the poet of Sweden, seems also to have differed in opinion
+with Moore respecting the rhythm of French poetry, for he compares it to
+the dancing of a deaf man, who forms his steps accurate, but who does not
+keep time. Both are alike mistaken, in my opinion; and their error arises
+from their judging French poetry by rules that are foreign to it. The
+rhythm of French verse is peculiar, and differs from that of any other
+language.
+
+THOS. KEIGHTLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A SPANISH PLAY-BILL.
+
+Though not much a frequenter of theatres of late, I was recently induced,
+by the flourishing public announcements, to go to Drury Lane Theatre; with
+the chance, but scarcely in the hope, of seeing what I never yet have seen,
+a perfect Othello. Alas! echo still answers _never yet_. But yours are not
+the pages for dramatic criticism.
+
+As my bill lay before me, I could not help thinking what an execrably bad
+taste our modern managers show in the extravagant and ridiculous
+announcement of the splendour of the _star_ you come to contemplate! If Mr.
+Brooke have great merit, he needs not all this sound of trumpets; if he
+have it not, he is only rendered the more contemptible by it. I have some
+of the play-bills of John Kemble's last performances before me, and there
+is none of this fustian: the fact, the performance, and the name are simply
+announced. If our taste improves in some respects, it does not in this; it
+is a retrogression--a royal theatre sinking back into the booth of a fair.
+Shakspeare's and Byron's texts have been converted into the showman's
+explanations of panoramas: to what vile uses they may be next applied,
+there is no guessing. Poor Shakspeare! how I have pitied him, and you too,
+Mr. Editor, as I have seen him for so many months undergoing the operation
+of the _teazle_ in "N. & Q.!" I hope there will be soon an end of this
+"skimble stuff," "signifying nothing."
+
+But my observation upon the Drury Lane play-bill reminded me of one I have
+in my common-place book; and, as a correspondent and reader of "N. & Q.," I
+think it my duty to send it:
+
+    _A Spanish Play-bill, exhibited at Seville_, 1762.
+
+    "To the Sovereign of Heaven--to the Mother of the Eternal World--to the
+    Polar Star of Spain--to the Comforter of all Spain--to the faithful
+    Protectress of the Spanish Nation--to the Honour and Glory of the Most
+    Holy Virgin Mary--for her benefit, and for the Propagation of her
+    Worship--the company of Comedians will this day give a representation
+    of the Comic Piece called--
+
+    NANINE.
+
+    The celebrated Italian will also dance the Fandango, and the Theatre
+    will be respectably illuminated."
+
+WILLIAM ROBSON.
+
+Stockwell.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_The Meteorology of Shakspeare._--A treatise might be written on
+meteorology, and might be illustrated entirely by passages taken from the
+writings of "the world's greatest poet." "N. & Q." may not be the fitting
+medium for a lengthened treatise, but it is the most proper depository of a
+few loose Notes on the subject. {337} Those who study Shakspeare should, to
+understand him, thoroughly study Nature at the same time: but to our
+meteorology. Recent observers have classified clouds as under:
+
+  ______________________________________________________________
+  |Howard's Latin |  Foster's English   |  Local Names.        |
+  |Nomenclature.  |       Names.        |                      |
+  |_______________|_____________________|______________________|
+  |Cumulus.       |   Stackencloud.     |    Woolbag.          |
+  |Cirrus.        |   Curlcloud.        |    Goatshair, Grey   |
+  |Stratus.       |   Fallcloud.        |      Marestails.     |
+  |Nimbus.        |   Raincloud.        |                      |
+  |_______________|_____________________|______________________|
+
+There are composite forms of cloud, varieties of the above, which need not
+be noticed here. The Cumulus is the parent cloud, and produces every other
+form of cloud known, or which can exist. Mountain ranges and currents of
+air of unequal temperatures may produce visible vapour, but not true cloud.
+
+_Cumulus._ This cloud is always formed at "the dew point." The vapour of
+the lower atmosphere, at this elevation, is condensed, or rendered visible.
+In fog the dew point is at the surface of the earth; in summer it may be
+several thousands of feet above. The Cumulus cloud forms from below. The
+invisible vapour of the lower atmosphere is condensed, parts with its
+thousand degrees of latent heat, which rush upwards, forcing the vapour
+into the vast hemispherical heaps of snowy, glittering clouds, which, seen
+in midday, appear huge mountains of clouds; the "cloud-land" of the poet,
+floating in liquid air. The Cumulus cloud is ever changing in form.
+Cumulating from a level base, the top is mounting higher and higher, until
+the excessive moisture is precipitated in heavy rain, hail, or thunder
+showers.
+
+The tops of the Cumulus, carried away by the upper equatorial currents,
+form the Cirrus clouds, which clouds must be frozen vapour, as they are
+generally from twenty to thirty thousand feet above the level of the sea.
+The base of the Cumulus is probably never more, in England, than five
+thousand feet high, rarely this. The _Nimbus_ is the _Cumulus_ shedding its
+vapour in rain; and the _Stratus_ is the partially exhausted and fading
+Nimbus.
+
+Poets in all ages have watched the clouds with interest; and Shakspeare has
+not only correctly described them, but has, in metaphor, used them in some
+of his sublimest passages. Ariel will "ride on the curled clouds" to
+Prospero's "strong bidding task" that is, ride on the highest Cirrus cloud,
+in regions impassable to man. How admirably the raining Cumulus (Nimbus
+cloud) is described in the same play:
+
+    "_Trinculo._ Here's neither bush[4] nor shrub, to bear off any weather
+    at all, and another storm brewing. I hear it sing i' the wind: yond'
+    same black cloud, yond' huge one, looks like a foul[5] bumbard that
+    would shed his liquor ...
+
+    ... Yond' same cloud cannot choose but fall by pailfuls."
+
+Hamlet points to a changing Cumulus cloud, when he says to Polonius, "Do
+you see that cloud, that almost in shape like a camel?"
+
+ "_Pol._ By the mass, and 'tis like a camel, indeed.
+  _Ham._ Methinks it is like a weasel.
+  _Pol._ It is back'd like a weasel.
+  _Ham._ Or like a whale?
+  _Pol._ Very like a whale."
+
+But the finest cloud passage in the whole range of literature is contained
+in _Antony and Cleopatra_, painting, as it does, the fallen and wasting
+state of the emperor (Act IV. Sc. 12.):
+
+ "_Ant._ Eros, thou yet behold'st me?
+  _Eros._ Ay, noble lord!
+  _Ant._ Sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish:
+  A vapour, sometime, like a bear, or lion,
+  A tower'd citadel, a pendant rock,
+  A forked mountain, or blue promontory
+  With trees upon't, that nod unto the world,
+  And mock our eyes with air. Thou hast seen these signs:
+  They are black vesper's pageants.
+  _Eros._ Ay, my lord.
+  _Ant._ That which is now a horse, even with a thought,
+  The rack dislimns; and makes it indistinct,
+  As water is in water.
+  _Eros._ It does, my lord.
+  _Ant._ My good knave, Eros, now thy captain is
+  Even such a body: here I am Antony;
+  Yet cannot hold this visible shape, my knave."
+
+Those who wish to understand this sublime passage must watch a bank of
+Cumulus clouds at the western sky on a summer's evening. The tops of the
+clouds must not be more than five or ten degrees above the apparent
+horizon. There must also be a clear space upwards, and the sun fairly set
+to the last stages of twilight. It will then be comprehended as to what is
+meant by "black vesper's pageants," and Warton and Knight will no more
+mislead by their note. It is only at "black vespers" that such a pageant
+can be seen, when the liberated heat of the Cumulus cloud is forcing the
+vapour into the grand or fantastic shapes indicated to the poet's eye and
+mind.
+
+How truly does Antony read his own condition in the changing and perishable
+clouds. Shakspeare names or alludes to the clouds in more than one hundred
+passages, and the form of cloud is ever correctly indicated. Who does not
+remember the {338} passages in _Romeo and Juliet_? Much more might be
+written on this subject.
+
+ROBERT RAWLINSON.
+
+[Footnote 4: _Bush_, not brush, as misprinted in Knight's edition.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _Foul._ Surely this ought to be _full_. A foul bumbard might
+be empty. "Foulness" and "shedding his liquor" are not necessarily
+contingent; but fulness and overflowing are. A _full_ vessel, shaken,
+cannot choose "but shed his liquor."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the Hull meeting of the British Association, Mr. Russell, farmer,
+Kilwhiss, Fife, read a paper on "The Action of the Winds which veer from
+the South-west to West, and North-west to North." This he wound up by a
+reference to Shakspeare, which may be worthy of _noting_:
+
+    "In concluding, I cannot help remarking that this circuit of the wind
+    from SW. by W. to NW. or N., from our insular position, imparts to our
+    climate its fickleness and inconstancy. How often will our brightest
+    sky become suffused by the blackest vapours on the slightest breach of
+    SW. wind, and the clouds will then disappear as speedily as they
+    formed, when the NW. upper current forces their stratum of moist air to
+    rise and mingle with the dryer current above. I do not know who first
+    noticed and recorded this change of the wind from SW. to NW., but the
+    regularity of the phenomenon must teach us that the law which it obeys
+    is part of a grand system, and invites us to trace its action. I do not
+    think it will be out of place to point out the fact that the great
+    English poet seems to have been quite familiar with this feature of our
+    weather, not only in its most striking manifestations in the autumn and
+    winter months, to which he especially refers, but even in its more
+    pleasant aspects of summer. Shakspeare likens the wind in this shifting
+    to an individual who pays his addresses in succession to two fair
+    ones--first he wooes the North, but in courting that frigid beauty a
+    difference takes place, whereupon he turns his back upon her and courts
+    the fair South. You will observe the lines are specially applied to the
+    winter season--
+
+     'And more inconstant than the wind, who wooes
+      Even now the frozen bosom of the _north_,
+      And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence,
+      Turning this _face_ to the dew-dropping _south_.'
+
+    --I am not aware that the philosophic truth contained in these lines
+    has ever before been pointed out. The beautiful lines which the poet,
+    in his prodigality, put into the mouth of one of his gay frolicsome
+    characters, the meaning of them he no doubt thought might have been
+    understood by every one; but his commentators do not seem to have done
+    so. In some editions turning his _side_ has been put for _face_, which
+    is feeble and unmeaning. And I do not think the recent emendation by
+    Mr. Collier on the text is any improvement, where _tide_ is substituted
+    for _face_, which impairs both the beauty and harmony of the metaphor."
+
+ANON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_A Word for "the Old Corrector."_--Allow me, as an avowed enemy to "the Old
+Corrector's" _novelties_, render "the Great Unknown" one act of justice. I
+am convinced there are but two practically possible hypotheses, on which to
+account for the MS. emendations: either the emendations were for the most
+part made from some authoritative document, or they are parts of a modern
+fabrication. No third supposition can be reasonably maintained. MR.
+KNIGHT'S view, for example, gives no account of the _immense_ number of
+coincidences with the conjectural emendations of the commentators.
+Whichever of the two hypotheses be the true one, I need hardly say that MR.
+COLLIER'S name is a sufficient guarantee for all honorable dealing, so far
+as he is connected with the MS. corrections.
+
+Permit me farther to do an act of justice to MR. COLLIER himself. In my
+note on a passage in _The Tempest_, I stated that _Mr. Collier_ had
+overlooked a parallel passage in _Richard II._ It was I who had overlooked
+MR. COLLIER'S supplemental note. However, I must add, that how MR. COLLIER
+could persuade himself to print _heat_ for "cheek," in his "monovolume
+edition," after he had seen the passage in _Richard II._, is utterly beyond
+my power of comprehension.
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Injustice, its Origin._--In looking through a file of papers a few days
+since, I met with the following as being the origin of this term, and would
+ask if it is correct?
+
+    "When Nushervan the Just was out on a hunting excursion, his
+    companions, on his becoming fatigued, recommended him to rest, while
+    they should prepare him some food. There being no salt, a slave was
+    dispatched to the nearest village to bring some. But as he was going,
+    Nushervan said, 'Pay for the salt you take, in order that it may not
+    become a custom to rob, and the village ruined.' They said, 'What harm
+    will this little quantity do?' He replied, The _origin of injustice_ in
+    the world was at first small, but every one that came added to it,
+    until it reached its present magnitude.'"
+
+W. W.
+
+Malta.
+
+_Two Brothers of the same Christian Name._--An instance of this occurs in
+the family of Croft of Croft Castle. William Croft, Esq., of Croft Castle,
+had issue Sir Richard Croft, Knight, his son and heir, the celebrated
+soldier in the wars of the Roses, and Richard Croft, Esq., second son,
+"who, by the description of Richard Croft the Younger, received a grant of
+lands" in 1461. (_Retrospective Review_, 2nd Series, vol. i. p. 472.)
+
+TEWARS.
+
+_Female Parish Clerk._--In the parish register of Totteridge appears the
+following:
+
+    "1802, March 2. Buried, Elizabeth King, widow, for forty-six years
+    clerk of this parish, in the ninety-first year of her age."--_Burn on
+    Parish Registers_, 110.
+
+Is there any similar instance on record of a woman being a parish clerk?
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{339}
+
+Queries.
+
+DESCENDANTS OF MILTON.
+
+It is well known that the issue of the poet became extinct in 1754, unless
+they survived in the descendants of Caleb Clarke, the only son of Milton's
+third daughter, Deborah. Caleb Clarke went out to Madras, and was parish
+clerk at Fort St. George from 1717 to 1719. In addition to a daughter, who
+died in infancy, he had two sons, Abraham and Isaac; of neither of whom is
+anything known, except that the former married a person of the same surname
+as himself; and had a daughter Mary, baptised in 1727. Sir James Mackintosh
+made some ineffectual attempts to trace them, and came to the conclusion
+that they had migrated to some other part of India.
+
+I am perhaps catching at a straw: but it is possible there may be something
+more than a coincidence in the name of _Milton Clark_, who is spoken of in
+the fourth chapter of the _Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin_ as brother to Lewis
+Clark, the original of the character of George Harris. Perhaps some of your
+transatlantic friends can inform us:
+
+1st. Whether there is, or has been, in use any system of assigning names to
+slaves, which would account for their bearing the Christian and surname of
+their owners or other free men, and thus lead to the inference that there
+has been some free man of the name of Milton Clark.
+
+2nd. Whether there is any family in America of the name of Clark, in which
+Milton, or even Abraham or Isaac, is known to have been adopted as a
+Christian name; and, if so, whether there is any tradition in the family of
+migration from India.
+
+J. F. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AN ANXIOUS QUERY FROM THE HYMMALAYAS.
+
+I was honoured, a few days ago, with a communication from India, which
+contains a Query that is out of my power to answer. But being very
+solicitous to do my best towards affording the desired information, I
+bethought myself of sending the letter, _in extenso_, for insertion in your
+very valuable and exceedingly useful miscellany. I venture to think that
+you will agree with me, that the interesting nature of the communication
+entitles it to a place in "N. & Q." As the letter speaks for itself, I
+shall say no more about it, but proceed to transcribe the greatest part of
+it at once.
+
+    "Landour Academy, May 26th, 1853.
+
+    "Rev. M. Margoliouth,
+
+    "Sir,--I do not know in what terms to apologise to you for this
+    communication, especially as it may entail trouble on you, which can
+    result in my advantage alone.
+
+    "I am a Jew, believing that Jesus is the Messiah; and I trust this will
+    induce you to assist me in my search after some of my relations whom I
+    believe to be in England.
+
+    "I wrote to Dr. Adler, Chief Rabbi of the Jews in England, some years
+    ago, but his information was limited to some distant connexions, the
+    Davises, Isaacs, and Lewises, who still professed Judaism. Subsequent
+    inquiries discovered two uncles of mine, Charles Lewes and Mordan
+    Lewes, in London, who informed me that my grandfather, Isaac Levi, was
+    for ten years a clergyman of the Church of England, and had
+    congregation at Lynn, in Norfolk, and that he had published a tract
+    against Judaism. Beyond this I can get no farther information: my
+    uncles are either too poor or unwilling to prosecute their inquiries
+    any farther. Could you ascertain for me whether my grandfather left any
+    family, and if any member is still alive? My object is to discover
+    their existence, and to renew a correspondence which has been
+    interrupted for more than forty years.
+
+    "I am the grandson of Isaac Levi, for many years dead, reader of a
+    congregation of Jews in London; my father, Benjamin Levi, is still
+    alive, and is with me. I keep a school at Landour, in the Hymmalayas,
+    in the north-western provinces of India. I have been led to write to
+    you after reading your _Pilgrimage to the Land of My Fathers_, and
+    seeing in it that you are the author of a work entitled _The Jews in
+    Great Britain_, which I have not seen, and concluding from this that if
+    any one can obtain information you can.
+
+    "I send this letter to Messrs. Smith and Elder, booksellers, of
+    Cornhill, London, with a request to send it to you through your
+    publisher, Mr. R. Bentley," &c. &c.
+
+I do not feel justified in publishing the last two paragraphs in my
+correspondent's letter, and have therefore omitted them. I shall feel
+extremely obliged to any of the readers of "N. & Q." who could and would
+help me to answer the anxious Query from the Hymmalayas.
+
+M. M.
+
+Wybunbury, Nantwich.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+"_De la Schola de Sclavoni._"--On a large marble slab at North Stoneham,
+near Southampton, is the following, inscription:
+
+    Ano Dni MCCCCLXXXI Sepvltvra de la Schola de Sclavoni."
+
+Is this the burial-place of the family of one of the foreign merchants
+settled in this country, and can any of the correspondents of "N. & Q."
+give any information about it?
+
+JOHN S. BURN.
+
+_Mineral Acids._--As it is generally supposed that these powerful solvents
+were not known anterior to circiter A.D. 1100, I should be glad to learn
+what opinion is entertained by the learned concerning {340} the death of
+the prophet Haken al Mokannah. This person is said to have disappeared in
+785, or 163 of the Hejrah, by casting himself into a barrel of corrosive
+fluids, which dissolved his body. Is it not the best supposition, that this
+story was supposed by Khondemir and others, in more advanced ages of
+science, to account for the fact of his having disappeared, and of his real
+fate having never been ascertained? I have never seen this apparent
+anticipation of chemical discoveries animadverted on.
+
+A. N.
+
+_Richard Geering._--Wanted, arms, pedigree, and particulars of the family
+of Richard Geering, one of the six clerks in Chancery in Ireland from March
+1700 to April 1735. One of his daughters, Prudence, married, in 1722,
+Charles Coote, Esq., M.P., and by him was mother of the last Earl of
+Bellamont. Another daughter, Susannah, was wife of Mr. Charles Wilson; who
+was, it is believed, a connexion of the family of Ward of Newport, in
+Shropshire. Any information about Mr. Wilson's ancestry would be very
+acceptable.
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+_Stipendiary Curates._--What is the earliest mention of stipendiary curates
+in our ecclesiastical establishment? And what other national churches have
+priests placed in a corresponding position?
+
+BEROSUS.
+
+_Our Lady of Rounceval._--Can you or any of your correspondents furnish me
+with particulars of our Lady of Rounceval?
+
+A. J. DUNKIN.
+
+_Roden's Colt._--A lady of a certain age is said in common parlance to be
+"Forty, save one, the age of Roden's colt." What can Nimrod tell us
+touching this proverbialised animal?
+
+R. C. WARDE.
+
+Kidderminster.
+
+_Sir Christopher Wren and the Young Carver._--A reader has a floating
+notion in his head of having once read in the _Literary Gazette_ a strange
+story of a country boy going to town to seek employment as a carver or
+sculptor; of his being accosted by Sir Christopher Wren, and offering to
+carve for him a sow and pigs, &c. Can any correspondent have pity on him,
+and tell him where to find the tale?
+
+A. H.
+
+_Vellum Cleaning._--Are there not preparations in use for cleaning the
+backs of old vellum-bound books without destroying the polish? How made, or
+where procurable?
+
+J. F. M.
+
+_Dionysia in Boeotia._--Can any of your readers refer me to a passage in
+any ancient author in which this supposed town is mentioned?
+
+Dumersan refers to Diodorus Siculus as his authority for its existence, but
+my search in that author has been vain, and I am not alone in that respect.
+
+AUGUSTUS LANGDON.
+
+Bloomsbury.
+
+_Poll Tax in 1641._--I find in Somers' _Tracts_, 2nd ed. vol. iv. p. 298.:
+
+    "The copy of an order agreed upon in the House of Commons upon Friday,
+    18th June, wherein every man is rated according to his estate, for the
+    king's use."
+
+Is there on record the return made to this order; and where may it be
+consulted?
+
+TEWARS.
+
+_Thomas Chester, Bishop of Elphin, 1580._--This prelate, who was the second
+son of Sir William Chester, Kt., Lord Mayor of London in 1560, by his first
+wife Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Lovett, Esq., of Astwell in
+Northamptonshire, is said by Anthony a Wood (_Athenaae Oxon._, ed. Bliss,
+vol. ii. p. 826.) to have "given way to fate at Killiathar in that city, in
+the month of June in 1584." The calendars of the Will Office of the
+Prerogative Court of Canterbury do not contain his name; can any of your
+Irish contributors inform me whether his will was proved in Ireland? I
+should be glad to know, too, what will offices exist in Ireland, and from
+what period they date their commencement. He is said to have married ----,
+daughter of Sir James Clavering, Kt., of Axwell Park in Northumberland:
+does any pedigree of the Claverings supply this lady's Christian name? His
+eldest brother, William Chester, Esq., married his cousin-german Judith,
+daughter and co-heiress of Anthony Cave, Esq., of Chichley Hall, Bucks, and
+was ancestor to the extinct family of the baronets of that name and place.
+Bishop Chester died _s. p._
+
+TEWARS.
+
+_Rev. Urban Vigors._--Amongst the chaplains of King Charles I., was there
+one of the name of Vigors, the Rev. Urban Vigors of Taunton? Any
+particulars of him will be acceptable.
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+_Early English MSS._--What is the earliest document, of any historical
+import to this country, now existing in MS.?
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+_Curing of Henry IV._--The best account of the curing of Hen. IV. from the
+leprosy: vide Lambard's _Dictionary_, p. 306.
+
+A. J. DUNKIN.
+
+_Standard of Weights and Measures._--I would gladly learn something of the
+system of weights and measures in other countries, and particularly whether
+in England and America there exists for this object any government
+inspection; and if so, how this is executed? A list of works on this
+subject would be most welcome. I am acquainted only with the works of
+Ravon, _Fabrication des Poids et Mesures_, Paris, 1843, and of Tarbe,
+_Poids, Mesures et Verification_, both found in the _Encyclopedie Roret_;
+and the _Vollstaendige Darstellung_ {341} _des Masz- and Gewicht-Systems in
+Grossherzogthum Hessen_, by F. W. Grimm, Darmstadt, 1840.--From the
+_Navorscher_.
+
+[Phi]. [Phi].
+
+_Parish Clerks' Company._--
+
+    "In making searches in registers of parishes within the bills of
+    mortality, a facility is afforded by the company of parish clerks; by
+    paying a fee of about two guineas, a circular is sent to all the parish
+    clerks, with the particulars of information required: the registers are
+    accordingly searched, and the result communicated to the clerk of the
+    company."
+
+The above I give from Burn's _History of Parish Registers_, p. 217. note,
+published in 1829. Is this the case at present and if so, what is the
+direction of the clerk of the Company? I wish this system existed in
+Oxford.
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+_Orange Blossom._--Can any reader of "N. & Q." inform me why the flowers of
+the orange blossom are so universally used in the dress of a bride? and
+from what date they have been so used?
+
+AUGUSTA.
+
+_Mr. Pepys his Queries._--I cannot say that I met with Pepys as Fielding
+did Shakspeare, in a _Journey from this World to the next_; but I met with
+seven of his Queries among the Rawlinson MSS. in the Bodleian, addressed to
+Sir William Dugdale, a name dear to all orthodox antiquaries. It would
+appear the Secretary to the Admiralty felt the want of a "medium of
+inter-communication" in his day. Here are his Queries:
+
+1. Whether any foreigners are to be found in our list of English admirals?
+
+2. The reason or account to be given of the place assigned to our admirals
+in the Act of Precedence?
+
+3. Whether any of the considerable families of our nobility or gentry have
+been raised by the sea?
+
+4. Some instances of the greatest ransoms heretofore set upon prisoners of
+greatest quality.
+
+5. The descent and posterity of Sir Francis Drake; and what estate is now
+in the possession of any of his family derived from him.
+
+6. Who Sir Anthony Ashby was?
+
+7. What are and have been generally the professions, trades, or
+qualifications, civil or military, that have and do generally raise
+families in England to wealth and honour in Church and State?
+
+J. YEOWELL.
+
+50. Burton Street.
+
+_Foreign Medical Education._--Can any contributor direct me to any sources
+of information on the regulations concerning medical instruction and
+medical degrees in the principal universities on the Continent?
+
+MEDICUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+_Chandler, Bishop of Durham._--Lord Dover, in the second volume of his
+edition of Walpole's _Letters to Sir Horace Mann_, p. 373., in a note, thus
+speaks of this prelate:
+
+    "A learned prelate and author of various polemical works, he had been
+    raised to the see of Durham in 1730, as it was then said, by symoniacal
+    means."
+
+Can any of your readers inform me where I can obtain evidence of the
+symoniacal means by which _it is said_ this bishop obtained the bishopric
+of Durham? One would scarcely think so cautious a man as Lord Dover would
+refer to the imputation, without some evidence on which his lordship could
+rely.
+
+Mr. Surtees, in his _History of the Bishops of Durham_, makes no allusion
+to the symoniacal means by which Chandler obtained his promotion to the see
+of Durham. He gives a list of the bishop's printed works, amongst which is
+a "charge to the grand jury of Durham concerning engrossing of corn, &c.,
+1740." Can you, or any of your readers, inform me where this pamphlet is to
+be met with? For I am curious to know how a bishop could make a _charge_ to
+a grand jury. There must surely be some mistake in the title of the
+pamphlet.
+
+FRA. MEWBURN.
+
+Darlington.
+
+    [The charge of simony is loosely noticed by Shaw in his _History of
+    Staffordshire_, vol. i. p. 278. He says, "Edward Chandler was
+    translated from Lichfield and Coventry to Durham in 1730; and it was
+    then _publicly said_ that he gave 9000l. for that opulent see." To this
+    Chalmers, in his _Biog. Dict._, adds, "which is scarcely credible." The
+    Charge by the bishop is in the British Museum: it is entitled, "A
+    Charge delivered to the Grand Jury at the Quarter-Sessions held at
+    Durham, July 16, 1740, concerning engrossing of corn and grain, and the
+    riots that have been occasioned thereby." 4to., Durham.]
+
+_Huggins and Muggins._--Can any of your readers assign the origin of this
+jocular appellation? I would hazard the conjecture, that it may be
+corruption of _Hogen Mogen_, High Mightinesses, the style, I believe, of
+the States-General of Holland; and that it probably became an expression of
+contempt in the mouths of the Jacobites for the followers of William III.,
+from whence it has passed to a more general application.
+
+F. K.
+
+Bath.
+
+    [HUGGER-MUGGER, says Dr. Richardson, is the common way of writing this
+    word, from Udal to the present time. No probable etymology, he adds,
+    has yet been given. Sir John Stoddart (_Ency. Metropolitana_, vol i. p.
+    120.) has given a long article on this word, which concludes with the
+    following remarks:--"The last etymology that we shall mention is from
+    the Dutch title, {342} _Hoog Moogende_ (High Mightinesses), given to
+    the States-General, and much ridiculed by some of our English writers;
+    as in _Hudibras_:
+
+     'But I have sent him for a token
+      To your Low-country, _Hogen Mogen_.'
+
+    It has been supposed that _hugger-mugger_, corrupted from _Hogen
+    Mogen_, was meant in derision of the secret transactions of their
+    Mightinesses; but it is probable that the former word was known in
+    English before the latter, and upon the whole it seems most probable
+    that _hugger_ is a mere intensitive form of _hug_, and that _mugger_ is
+    a reduplication of sound with a slight variation, which is so common in
+    cases of this kind."]
+
+_Balderdash._--What is the meaning and the etymology of "balderdash?"
+
+W. FRASER.
+
+Tor-Mohun.
+
+    [Skinner suggests the following etymology: "BALDERDASH, _potus mixtus_,
+    credo ab A.-S. _bald_, audax, _balder_, audacior vel audacius, et
+    nostro _dash_; _miscere_, q.d. _potus temere mixtus_." Dr. Jamieson
+    explains it as "foolish and noisy talk. Islandic, _bulldur_, stultorum
+    balbuties." Dr. Ogilvie, however, has queried its derivation from the
+    "Spanish _balda_, a trifle, or _baldonar_, to insult with abusive
+    language; Welsh, _baldorz_, to prattle. Mean, senseless prate; a jargon
+    of words; ribaldry; anything jumbled together without judgment."]
+
+_Lovell, Sculptor._--What is known of this artist? That he was in advance
+of the age he flourished in is evinced by his beautifully executed
+engravings in _Love's Sacrifice_ (fol. Lond. 1652), which for delicacy of
+work are far beyond anything of the period.
+
+R.C. WARDE.
+
+Kidderminster.
+
+    [Is the name Lovell, or Loisell? for we find that Strutt, in his
+    _Dictionary of Engravers_, vol. ii. p. 101., speaks of "P. Loisell
+    having affixed some slight etchings, something in the style of Gaywood
+    (if I mistake not), to Benlowe's _Theophilia_, _or Love's Sacrifice_."]
+
+_St. Werenfrid and Butler's_ "_Lives of the Saints._"--One of your
+correspondents will perhaps explain the cause of an omission in Butler's
+_Lives of the Saints_. The life of St. Werenfrid, whose anniversary is the
+14th of August, is abstracted, vol. iii. p. 492. His name occurs in the
+table of contents: and pages 493 and 494, where the life should have
+appeared, are wanting; still page 495 follows 492 correctly in type, so
+that the former must have been reprinted _after_ the castration of the
+leaf. Was the saint deemed unworthy of the place which had been allotted to
+him?
+
+J. H. M.
+
+    [In the best edition of Butler's _Lives_ (12 vols., 1812-13), the life
+    of St. Werenfrid is given on Nov. 7. He is honored in Holland on the
+    14th of August; and his life appears in _Britannia Sancta_ on that day,
+    but in the Bollandists on the 28th of August.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+SIR W. HANKFORD-GASCOIGNE'S TOMB.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 278.)
+
+On reading MR. SANSOM'S letter, it occurred to me that I had seen a
+different account of the master being shot by his park-keeper; and on
+search I found the following in 1 Hale's _P. C._ p. 40., which I send, as
+it may tend to clear up the question:
+
+    "In the case of Sir William Hawksworth, related by Baker in his
+    _Chronicle of the Time of Edward IV._, p. 223. (_sub anno_ 1471), he
+    being weary of his life, and willing to be rid of it by another's hand,
+    blamed his parker for suffering his deer to be destroyed; and commanded
+    him that he should shoot the next man that he met in his park that
+    would not stand or speak. The knight himself came in the night into the
+    park, and being met by the keeper, refused to stand or speak. The
+    keeper shot and killed him, not knowing him to be his master. This
+    seems to be no felony, but excusable by the statute of _Malefactores in
+    Parcis_."
+
+This account varies from Ritson's in the name "Hawksworth" instead of
+"Hankford," and the date 1471 instead of 1422. It seems plain that Lord
+Hale had no idea that the person shot was a judge: and possibly the truth
+may be, that it was a descendant of the judge that was shot. Even if
+Hankford's death were in 1422, as stated by Risdon, the traditional account
+that he caused his own death "in doubt of his safety" does not seem very
+probable, as Henry V. came to the throne in 1412-13. Probably some of your
+readers may be able to clear up the matter.
+
+I was at Harewood the other day, and examined a tomb there alleged to be
+that of the C.-J. Gascoigne. In the centre of the west end of the tomb is a
+shield: first and fourth, five fleurs-de-lys (France); second and third,
+three lions passant gardant (England).--May I ask how these arms happen to
+be on this tomb?
+
+There are several other shields on the tomb, but all are now
+undistinguishable except one; which appears to be a bend impaling a
+saltire, as far as I can make it out: the colours are wholly obliterated.
+The head of the figure has not a coif on it, as I should have anticipated;
+but a cap fitting very close, and a bag is suspended from the left arm.--Is
+it known for certain that this is C.-J. Gascoigne's tomb?
+
+S. G. C.
+
+Harrogate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. SANSOM need not have been very much surprised that I should have
+omitted noticing a tradition concerning Sir William Hankford, when I was
+merely rectifying an error with reference to Sir William Gascoigne. That I
+have not overlooked entirely "the Devonshire tradition, which represents
+Sir William Hankford to be the judge {343} who committed Prince Henry," may
+be seen in _The Judges of England_, vol. iv. p. 324., wherein I show the
+total improbability of the tale. And my disbelief in the story of
+Hankford's death, and its more probable application to Sir Robert Danby, is
+already noticed in "N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 93.
+
+EDWARD FOSS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRANSLATION OF THE PRAYER BOOK INTO FRENCH.
+
+(Vol. vii., p. 382.)
+
+In answer to some of the questions proposed by O. W. J. respecting the
+Prayer Book translated into French, I am able to give this information.
+
+A copy of a French Prayer Book is to be found in the Bodleian Library
+(Douce Coll.), which is very probably the first edition of the translation.
+A general account of this book may be gained from Strype's _Mem. Eccl. K.
+Ed. VI._ (vol. iii. p. 208. ed. 1816); also Strype's _Mem. Abp. Cranmer_
+(b. ii. c. 22. sub fin. and c. 33., and App. 54. and 261.); also Collier's
+_Eccl. Hist._, vol. ii. p. 321.
+
+From these sources we may conclude that a translation of the first book of
+_K. Ed. VI._ was begun very soon after its publication in England, at the
+instigation of Pawlet (at that time governor of Calais), with the sanction
+of the king and the archbishop "for the use of the islands of Guernsey and
+Jersey, and of the town and dependencies of Calais;" but it does not seem
+to have been completed before the publication of the second book took
+place, and so the alterations were incorporated into this edition.
+
+The translator was "Francoys Philippe, a servant of the Lord Chancellor"
+(Thos. Goodrick, Bishop of Ely), as he styles himself. The printer's name
+is Gaultier. It was put forth in 1553.
+
+There is still extant an "Order in Council" for the island of Jersey, dated
+April 15, 1550, commanding to "observe and use the service, and other
+orders appertaining to the same, and to the ministration of the sacraments,
+set forth in the booke sent to you presentlye." It is uncertain what the
+book here referred to was, whether a translation or a copy of the English
+liturgy.
+
+There are copies extant of another liturgy put forth in 1616, purporting to
+be "newly translated at the command of the king." The printer's name is
+Jehan Bill, of London. The name of John Bill appears also as king's printer
+in the English authorised edition of 1662.
+
+Another was published in 1667, by Jean Dunmore and Octavien Pulleyn.
+
+The edition of 1695, published by _Erringham_ (Everingham) and R. Bentley,
+has the sanction of K. Charles II. appended to it.
+
+Numerous editions have since been published, varying in many important
+points (even of doctrine) from one another, and from their English
+original. There is now no authorised edition fit for general use; the older
+translations having become too antiquated by the variations in the French
+language to be read in the churches.
+
+M. A. W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRAYING TO THE WEST.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 208.)
+
+Although going over old ground, yet, if it be permitted, I would note a
+curious coincidence connected with this far-spread veneration for the West.
+
+As mentioned by G. W., the Puranas point to the "Sacred Isles of the West"
+as the elysium of the ancient Hindus, "The White Islands of the West." The
+Celtae of the European continent believed that their souls were transported
+to England, or some islands adjacent. (See _Encyclopedie Methodique_, art.
+"Antiquites," vol. i. p. 704.) The Celtic elysium, "Flath-Innis," a remote
+island of the West, is mentioned by Logan in his _Celtic Gael_, vol. ii. p.
+342., who no doubt drew his information from the same source as Professor
+Rafinesque, whose observations on this subject I transcribe, viz.:
+
+    "It is strange but true, that, throughout the earth, the place of
+    departed souls, the land of spirits, was supposed to be in the West, or
+    at the setting sun. This happens everywhere, and in the most opposite
+    religions, from China to Lybia, and also from Alaska to Chili in
+    America. The instances of an eastern paradise were few, and referred to
+    the eastern celestial abode of yore, rather than the future abode of
+    souls. The Ashinists, or Essenians, the best sect of Jews, placed
+    Paradise in the Western Ocean; and the Id. Alishe, or Elisha of the
+    Prophets, the happy land. Jezkal (our Ezekiel) mentions that island;
+    the Phoenicians called it Alizut, and some deem Madeira was meant, but
+    it had neither men nor spirits! From this the Greeks made their Elysium
+    and Tartarus placed near together, at first in Epirus, then Italy, next
+    Spain, lastly in the ocean, as the settlers travelled west. The sacred
+    and blessed islands of the Hindus and Lybians were in this ocean;
+    Wilford thought they meant the British Islands. Pushcara, the farthest
+    off, he says, was Iceland, but may have meant North America.
+
+    "The Lybians called their blessed islands 'Aimones;' they were the
+    Canaries, it is said, but likely the Atlantides, since the Atlantes
+    dwelt in the Aimones," &c.
+
+And farther he says, the Gauls had their Cocagne, the Saxons their
+Cockaign, Cocana of the Lusitanians,--
+
+    "A land of delight and plenty, _which is proverbial to this day_! By
+    the Celts it was called 'Dunna feadhuigh,' a fairy land, &c. But all
+    these notions have earlier foundations, since the English Druids put
+    their paradise in a remote island in the west, called {344}
+    'Flath-Innis,' the flat island", &c.--_American Nations_, vol. ii. p.
+    245. _et infra_.
+
+The coincidence then is this. The same veneration for the West prevails
+among many of our Indian tribes, who place their Paradise in an island
+beyond the Great Lake (Pacific), and far toward the setting sun. There,
+good Indians enjoy a fine country abounding in game, are always clad in new
+skins, and live in warm new lodges. Thither they are wafted by prosperous
+gales; but the bad Indians are driven back by adverse storms, wrecked on
+the coast, where the remains of their canoes are to be seen covering the
+strand in all directions.
+
+I cannot refrain from adding here another coincidence connected with
+futurity. The above idea of sailing to the Indian Paradise, though
+prevalent, is not general; for instance, the Minnetarees and Mandans
+believed that to reach Paradise the souls of the departed had to pass over
+an extremely narrow bridge, which was done safely by the good Indians, but
+the bad ones slipped off and were buried in oblivion. (See Long's
+_Expedition to the Rocky Mountains_, vol. i. p. 259.)
+
+The Chepewa crosses a river on a bridge formed by the body of a large snake
+(see Long's _Expedition to St. Peter's River_, vol. i. p. 154.); and in the
+same volume it is stated that the Dacota, or Sioux, believe they must pass
+over a rock with a sharp edge like a knife. Those who fall off go to the
+region of evil spirits, where they are worked, tormented, and frequently
+flogged unmercifully.
+
+Now, this bridge for gaining Paradise is just the Alsirat of the
+Mahomedans; I think it will be found in the _Bibliotheque Orientale_ of
+D'Herbelot; at all events it is mentioned in the preliminary discourse to
+Sale's _Koran_. Sale thinks Mahomet borrowed the idea from the Magians, who
+teach, that on the last day all mankind must pass over the "Pul Chinavad"
+or "Chinavar," _i.e._ "The Straight Bridge." Farther, the Jews speak of the
+"Bridge of Hell," which is no broader than a thread. According to M.
+Hommaire de Hell, the Kalmuck Alsirat is a bridge of iron (or causeway)
+traversing a sea of filth, urine, &c. When the wicked attempt to pass along
+this, it narrows beneath them to a hair's breadth, snaps asunder, and thus
+convicted they are plunged into hell. (_Travels in the Steppes of the
+Caspian, &c._, p. 252.)
+
+Having already trespassed most unconscionably, I forbear farther remark on
+these coincidences, except that such ideas of futurity being found amongst
+nations so widely separated, cannot but induce the belief of a common
+origin, or at least of intimate communication at a former period, and that
+so remote as to have allowed time for diverging dialects to have become, as
+it were, distinct languages.
+
+A. C. M.
+
+Exeter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JACOB BOBART.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 37.)
+
+The completion of a laborious literary work has taken my attention away
+from the "N. & Q." for some weeks past, otherwise I should sooner have
+given MR. BOBART the following information.
+
+The engraving of old Jacob Bobart by W. Richardson is _not_ of any value,
+being a copy from an older print. Query if it is not a copy of the very
+rare engraving by Loggan and Burghers?
+
+The original print of the "founder of the physick garden," "D. Loggan del.,
+M. Burghers sculp., 1675," which Mr. Bobart wishes to procure, may be
+purchased of A. E. Evans, 403. Strand, for 2l. 12s. 6d. I also learn from
+Mr. Evans' invaluable _Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits_ (an octavo
+of 431 pages, lately published), that there exists a portrait of Bobart,
+"the classical alma mater coachman of Oxford," whole length, by Dighton,
+1808. The same catalogue also contains other portraits of the Bobarts.
+
+Since my last communication on the present subject, I find the following
+memorandums in one of my note-books, which possibly may be unknown to your
+correspondent; they relate to MSS. in the British Museum.
+
+Add. MS. 5290. contains 227 folio drawings of various rare plants, the
+names of which are added in the autograph of Jacob Bobart the elder.
+
+Sloane MS. 4038. contains some letters from Jacob Bobart to Sir Hans
+Sloane, 1685-1716; also one from Anne Bobart, dated 1701.
+
+Sloane MS. 3343. contains a catalogue of plants and seeds saved at Oxford,
+by Mr. Bobart, 1695-6.
+
+Sloane MS. 3321., consisting of scientific letters addressed to Mr.
+Petiver, contains one from Jacob Bobart, and another from Tilleman Bobart.
+The latter has a letter dated "Blenheim, Feb. 5, 1711-12," to some person
+unknown, in Sloane MS. 4253.
+
+_Tilleman_ Bobart appears to have been employed in laying out the park and
+gardens at the Duke of Marlborough's magnificent seat at Blenheim. A member
+of his original papers and receipts were lately disposed of by auction at
+Messrs. Puttick and Simpson's. (See the sale catalogue of July 22, 1853,
+lot 1529.)
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EARLY USE OF TIN.--DERIVATION OF THE NAME OF BRITAIN.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 290.)
+
+Many questions are proposed by G.W., to which it is extremely improbable
+that any but a conjectural answer can ever be given. That tin was in common
+use 2800 years ago, is certain. Probably evidence may be obtained, if it
+have not been so {345} already, of its use at a still earlier period; but
+it is unlikely that we shall ever know who first brought it from Cornwall
+to Asia, and used it to harden copper. It is, however, a matter of interest
+to trace the mention of this metal in the ancient inscriptions, Egyptian
+and Assyrian, which have of late years been so successfully interpreted.
+Mistakes have been made from time to time, which subsequent researches have
+rectified. It was thought for a long time that a substance, mentioned in
+the hieroglyphical inscriptions very frequently, and in one instance said
+to have been procured from Babylon, was _tin_. This has now been
+ascertained to be a mistake. Mr. Birch has proved that it was _Lapis
+lazuli_, and that what was brought from Babylon was an artificial
+blue-stone in imitation of the genuine one. I am not aware whether the true
+hieroglyphic term for _tin_ has been discovered. Mention was again supposed
+to have been made of _tin_ in the annals of Sargon. A tribute paid to him
+in his seventh year by Pirhu (Pharaoh, as Col. Rawlinson rightly identifies
+the name; not Pihor, Boccharis, as I at one time supposed), king of Egypt,
+Tsamtsi, queen of Arabia, and Idhu, ruler of the Isabeans, was supposed to
+have contained tin as well as gold, horses, and camels. This, however, was
+in itself an improbable supposition. It is much more likely that incense or
+spices should have been yielded by the countries named than tin. At any
+rate, I have recently identified a totally different word with the name of
+tin. It reads _anna_; and I supposed it, till very lately, to mean "rings."
+I find, however, that it signifies a metal, and that a different word has
+the signification "rings." When Assur-yuchura-bal, the founder of the
+north-western palace at Nimrud, conquered the people who lived on the banks
+of the Orontes from the confines of Hamath to the sea, he obtained from
+them twenty talents of silver, half a talent of gold, one hundred talents
+of _anna_ (tin), one hundred talents of iron, &c. His successor received
+from the same people all these metals, and also copper.
+
+It is already highly probable, and farther discoveries may soon convert
+this probability to certainty, that the people just referred to (whom I
+incline strongly to identify with the _Shirutana_ of the Egyptian
+inscriptions) were the merchants of the world before Tyre was called into
+existence; their port being what the Greeks called Seleucia, when they
+attempted to revive its ancient greatness. It is probably to them that the
+discovery of Britain is to be attributed; and it was probably from them
+that it received its name.
+
+In G. W.'s communication, a derivation of the name from _barat-anac_, "the
+land of tin," is suggested. He does not say by whom, but he seems to
+disclaim it as his own. I do not recollect to have met with it before; but
+it appears to me, even as it stands, a far more plausible one than
+_bruit-tan_, "the land of tin:" the former term being supposed to be Celtic
+for _tin_, and the latter a termination with the sense of _land_: or than
+_brit-daoine_, "the painted (or separated) people."
+
+I am, however, disposed to think that the name is not of Phoenician origin,
+but was given by their northern neighbours, whom I have mentioned as their
+predecessors in commerce. These were evidently of kindred origin, and spoke
+a language of the same class; and I think it all but certain, that in the
+Assyrian name for tin (_anna_) we have the name given to it by this people,
+from whom the Assyrians obtained it. "The land of tin" would be in their
+language _barat_ (or probably _barit_) _anna_, from which the transition to
+Britannia presents no difficulty. I assume here that _b-r-t_, without
+expressed vowels, is a Phoenician term for "land of." I assume it on the
+authority of the person, whoever he may be, that first gave the derivation
+that G. W. quotes. I have no Phoenician authority within reach: but I can
+readily believe the statement, knowing that _banit_ would be the Assyrian
+word used in such a compound, and that _n_, _r_, and _b_ are perpetually
+interchanged in the Semitic languages, and notoriously so in this very
+root. _Ummi banitiya_, "of the mother who produced me," is pure Assyrian;
+and so would _banit-anna_, "the producer of tin," be; all names of lands
+being feminine in Assyrian.
+
+It would be curious if the true derivation of the world-renowned name of
+Britain should be ascertained for the first time through an Assyrian
+medium.
+
+EDW. HINCKS.
+
+Killyleagh, Down.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As there are several Queries in the Note of G. W. which the Celtic language
+is capable of elucidating, I beg to offer a few derivations from that
+language.
+
+Britain is derived from _briot_, painted, and _tan_, a country--_i. e._
+"the country of the painted people." It is a matter of history, that the
+people of Britain dyed their bodies with various colours.
+
+_Tin_ is from the Celtic _tin_, to melt readily, to dissolve. It is also
+called _stan_: Latin, _stannum_.
+
+Hercules is from the Phoenician or Celtic, _Earr-aclaide_, pronounced
+_Er-aclaie,_ i. e. the noble leader or hero.
+
+Melkarthus is derived from _Mal-catair_, pronounced _Mal-cahir_, i. e. the
+champion or king of the city (of Tyre).
+
+Moloch cannot be identical with the Tyrian Hercules, as Moloch was the god
+of fire: probably a name for the sun, from the Celtic _molc_, i. e. fire.
+
+FRAS. CROSSLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{346}
+
+YEW-TREES IN CHURCHYARDS.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 244.)
+
+Whilst offering a solution to the Query of R. C. WARDE, as to the placing
+yew-trees in churchyards, I am obliged to differ from him _toto coelo_, by
+considering the derivation of the name of the plant itself, though I must
+candidly confess that the solution of the Query and the derivation of the
+word are my own.
+
+_Yew_ is ancient British, and signifies _existent_ and enduring, having the
+same root as _Jehovah_; and _yew_ is Welsh for _it is_, being one of the
+forms of the third person present indicative of the auxiliary verb _bod_,
+to be. Hence the yew-tree was planted in churchyards, not to indicate
+_death_, despair, but _life_, hope and assurance. It is one of our few
+evergreens, and is the most enduring of all, and clearly points out the
+Christian's hope in the immortality of the soul: _Resurgam_.
+
+Whilst on the word _yew_, I may perhaps observe that I am hardly inclined
+now (though I once was so) to derive from it, as the author of the
+_Etymological Compendium_ does, the name _yeoman_: I think that yeoman is
+not _yew_-man, "a man using the yew-bow," but _yoke_-man, a man owning as
+much land as a _yoke_ of oxen could plough in a certain time.
+
+J. G. CUMMINGS.
+
+The following extract frown the _Handbook of English Ecclesiology_, p.
+190., may be of some assistance to your correspondent:
+
+    "YEW. These were planted generally to the south of the church, to
+    supply green for the decoration of churches at the great festivals;
+    this tree being an emblem of immortality. It is a heathen prejudice
+    which regards it as mournful. It is not probable yews were used as
+    palms; the traditional name given to the withy showing that this was
+    used in the procession on that festival."
+
+WILLIAM W. KING.
+
+Instead of troubling you with a particular answer to MR. WARDE'S inquiry,
+let me refer him to the _Forest Trees of Britain_, by the Rev. C. A. Johns,
+p 297. _et seq._, where, among many other curious and interesting facts, he
+will find the various reasons assigned by different authors, ancient and
+modern, for the plantation of yew-trees in churchyards. I do not find,
+however, that the origin ingeniously assigned by MR. WARDE is among the
+number.
+
+[Phi].
+
+I have always supposed, but I know not upon what authority, that the custom
+of planting yew-trees in churchyards originated in the idea of supplying
+the yeomen of the parish with bows, in the good old archery days.
+
+IGNORAMUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STARS ARE THE FLOWERS OF HEAVEN.
+
+(Vol. vii. _passim._)
+
+I sent a Note to "N. & Q" some time ago, expressing my conviction that the
+original _locale_ of this beautiful idea was in St. Chrysostom. but, as I
+could not then give a reference to the passage which contained it, my
+suggestion was of course not definite enough to call for attention. I am
+now able to vindicate to the "golden-mouthed" preacher of Antioch this
+expression of poetic fancy, the origination of which has excited, and
+deservedly, so much inquiry among the readers of "N. & Q." It occurs in
+Homily X., "On the Statues," delivered at Antioch. I transcribe the passage
+from the translation in _The Library of the Fathers_:
+
+    "Follow me whilst I enumerate the meadows, the gardens, the flowering
+    tribes; all sorts of herbs and their uses, their odours, forms,
+    disposition; yea, but their very names; the trees which are fruitful
+    and the barren; the nature of metals; that of animals, in the sea or on
+    the land; of those that swim and those that traverse the air; the
+    mountains, the forests, the groves; _the meadow below and the meadow
+    above_; _for there is a meadow on the earth_, _and a meadow too in the
+    sky_, THE VARIOUS FLOWERS OF THE STARS; the rose below, and the rainbow
+    above!... Contemplate with me the beauty of the sky; how it has been
+    preserved so long without being dimmed, and remains as bright and clear
+    as if it had been only fabricated to-day; moreover the power of the
+    earth, how its womb has not become effete by bringing forth during so
+    long a time!" &c. Homily X., "On the Statues," pp. 178-9.
+
+W. FRASER.
+
+Tor-Mohun.
+
+P.S.--Are the following lines, which contain this idea, and were copied
+long ago from the poet's corner of a provincial paper, with the title of
+"The Language of the Stars, a fragment," worth preserving?
+
+ "The stars bear tidings, voiceless though they are:
+ 'Mid the calm loveliness of the evening air,
+  As one by one they open clear and high,
+  And win the wondering gaze of infancy,
+  They speak,--yet utter not. Fair heavenly flowers
+  Strewn on the floor-way of the angels' bowers!
+ 'Twas HIS own hand that twined your chaplets bright,
+  And thoughts of love are in your wreaths of light,
+  Unread, unreadable by us;--there lie
+  High meanings in your mystic tracery;
+  Silent rebukings of day's garish dreams,
+  And warnings solemn as your own fair beams."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS BURNED BY THE COMMON HANGMAN.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 272.)
+
+Your correspondent BALLIOLENSIS should remember that at the time Dr. Drake
+published his {347} _Historia Anglo-Scotica_, 1703, there were no bounds to
+the angry passions and jealousies evoked by the discussion of the projected
+union; consequently, what may appear to as in the present day an
+insufficient reason for the treatment the book met with in the northern
+metropolis, wore a very different aspect to the Scots, who, under the
+popular belief that they were to _be sold_ to their enemies, saw every
+movement with distrust, and tortured everything said or written on this
+side the Tweed, upon the impending question, to discover an attack upon
+their national independence, their church, and their valour.
+
+Looking at Dr. Drake's book, then, for the data upon which it was
+condemned, we find that it opens with a prefatory dedication to Sir E.
+Seymour, one of Queen Anne's Commissioners for the Union, and a high
+churchman, wherein the author distinctly ventures a blow at Presbytery when
+he says to his patron:
+
+    "The languishing oppressed Church of Scotland is not without hopes of
+    finding in you hereafter the same successful champion and restorer that
+    her sister of England has already experienced."
+
+He farther calculated upon Sir Edward inspiring the neighbouring nation
+"with as great a respect for the generosity of the English as they have
+heretofore had to dread their valour." Now the Scots neither acknowledged
+the Episcopacy which Seymour is here urged to press upon them, nor had they
+any such slavish fear of the vaunted English prowess with which Dr. Drake
+would have them intimidated; without going farther, therefore, into the
+book, it appears to me that the Scots parliament had a right to consider it
+written in a bad spirit, and to pacify the people by condemning it.
+
+Defoe, in his _History of the Union_ (G. Chalmers' edition, London, 1786),
+says:
+
+    "One Dr. Drake writes a preface to an abridgment of the _Scots
+    History_, wherein, speaking something reflecting upon the freedom and
+    independence of Scotland, the Scots parliament caused it to be burned
+    by the hangman in Edinburgh."
+
+In his _Northern Memoirs_, 1715, Oldmixon observes:
+
+    "They (the Jacobites) therefore put Dr. Drake, author of the _High
+    Church Memorials_, upon publishing an antiquated Scotch history, on
+    purpose to vilify the whole nation in the preface, and create more ill
+    blood. This had the desired effect. The Scots parliament highly
+    resented the affront, and ordered it to be burnt by the common hangman
+    at Edinburgh."
+
+D'Israeli, in his _Calamities of Authors_, has the following interesting
+notice of Drake:
+
+    "I must add one more striking example of a political author in the case
+    of Dr. James Drake, a man of genius and an excellent writer. He
+    resigned an honorable profession, that of medicine, to adopt a very
+    contrary one, that of becoming an author by profession for a party. As
+    a Tory writer he dared every extremity of the law, while he evaded it
+    by every subtlety of artifice; he sent a masked lady with his MSS. to
+    the printer, who was never discovered; and was once saved by a flaw in
+    the indictment, from the simple change of an _r_ for a _t_, or _nor_
+    for _not_, one of those shameful evasions by which the law, to its
+    perpetual disgrace, so often protects the criminal from punishment. Dr.
+    Drake had the honor of hearing himself censured from the throne, of
+    being imprisoned, of seeing his _Memorials of the Church of England_
+    burned at (the Royal Exchange) London, and his _Hist. Angl. Scot._ at
+    Edinburgh. Having enlisted himself in the pay of the booksellers, among
+    other works, I suspect, he condescended to practise some literary
+    impositions; for he has reprinted Father Parsons famous libel against
+    the Earl of Leicester, under the title of _Secret Memoirs of Robert
+    Dudley, E. of L._, 1706, with a preface pretending it was printed from
+    an old MS."
+
+The same instructive writer adds:
+
+    "Drake was a lover of literature; he left behind him a version of
+    Herodotus, and a system of anatomy, once the most popular and curious
+    of its kind. After all this turmoil of his literary life, neither his
+    masked lady nor the flaws in his indictments availed him; government
+    brought a writ of error, severely prosecuted him; and abandoned, as
+    usual, by those for whom he had annihilated a genius which deserved a
+    better fate, his perturbed spirit broke out into a fever, and he died
+    raving against cruel persecutors, and patrons not much more humane."
+
+Another book before me, and one which shared the fate of Drake's in
+Edinburgh, is _The Superiority and Direct Dominion of the Imperial Crown of
+England over the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland, the true Foundation of a
+compleat Union reasserted_; 4to. London, 1705. This had appeared the year
+before, but was reproduced to answer the objections to it from the other
+side. It was written by William Attwood, Esq. If it required a nice
+discrimination to discover the offence of Drake, there was no such dubiety
+about this book, which goes the whole length of Scottish vassalage; and Mr.
+Attwood would lead us to believe that he knocks over the arguments of
+Hodges and Anderson[6] for Scottish independence with as much ease as he
+would ninepins.
+
+{348}
+
+Unfortunately these subjects are again forced upon us, and a reference to
+some of the books I have cited will enable gentlemen who are curious upon
+the point to judge for themselves in the matter of the present agitation of
+"Justice to Scotland."
+
+J. O.
+
+[Footnote 6: Jas. Hodges, a Scotch gentleman, who supported the
+Independency in a work entitled _War betwixt the Two Kingdoms considered_,
+for which, says Attwood, "he had 4800 Scots Punds given him for nothing but
+begging the question, and bullying England with the terror of her arms."
+
+"An Historical Essay, showing that the Crown of Scotland is Independent;
+wherein the gross Errors of a late book, entitled 'The Superiority and
+Direct Dominion,' &c., and some other books for that purpose, are exposed
+by Jas. Anderson, A.M., Writer to His Majesty's Signet," Edin. 1705. For
+this work Anderson received the thanks of the Scottish parliament, as well
+as some pecuniary reward. (Chalmers' _Life of Ruddiman_.) The authors of
+these books having made out a case which was adopted as the national one,
+it is nowise surprising that they should hand over Drake and Attwood to the
+hangman for attempting to demolish it.]
+
+On May 5, 1686, M. Claude's account of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew was
+burnt in the Old Exchange, "so mighty a power and ascendant here had the
+French ambassador." (Evelyn's _Memoirs_.)
+
+JOHN S. BURN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Stereoscopic Angles._--As I presume that MR. T. L. MERRITT is, like
+myself, only desirous of arriving at truth, I beg to offer the following
+reply to his last communication (Vol. viii., pp. 275-6.), in which he
+misinterprets some observations of mine upon the subject in question.
+
+With regard to the distance quoted by me of 2-1/4 inches, I look upon it as
+the same thing as intended by MR. MERRITT--that is, the _average_ distance
+between the centres of the eyes; and it amounts simply to a difference of
+_opinion_ between us; but, so far as that point is concerned, I am quite
+ready to adopt 2-1/2 inches as a standard, although I believe that the former
+is nearer the truth: however, I require more than a mere _assertion_ that
+"the _only_ correct space for the cameras to be apart is 2-1/2 inches, and
+this under every circumstance, and that _any_ departure from this _must_
+produce error." I quote verbatim, having merely Italicised three words to
+point my meaning more clearly. An object being 5 feet distant, and another
+at 10 feet from the observer, a line between the eyes will subtend a very
+_much larger_ angle in the former than in the latter instance: hence the
+inclination of the axes of the eyes is the chief criterion by which people
+with the usual complement of those useful organs judge of proximity: but if
+half a dozen houses are made to appear as if 10 or 12 feet distant (by
+means of the increase of the angle between the points of formation of the
+pictures), while the angle which each picture subtends is relatively small;
+it is clear that both eyes will see in relief at a short distance half a
+dozen houses in a space not large enough for a single brick of one of them,
+and, _consequently_, _the view will appear as if taken from a model_. MR.
+MERRITT will object that an erroneous effect is produced; if he will refer
+to my statement (Vol. viii., p. 228.), he will find that it is precisely
+what I admitted; and he appears to have overlooked the _proviso_ attached
+to my next observation (judging by his comment thereon), so I shall make no
+farther remark upon that point, beyond inquiring why the defect he is
+content to put up with is called a _trifling exaggeration_, while that
+which is less offensive to me is designated as _absolute deformity_ and
+error? Persons with one eye are _not good judges_ of distance, and this may
+be easily tested thus:--Close one eye, and endeavour to dip a pen in an
+inkstand at some little distance not previously ascertained by experiment,
+with both eyes open; it will be found far less easy than would be imagined.
+One-eyed people, from habit, contrive to judge of distance mainly by
+_relative position_, and by moving the head _laterally_ cause a change
+therein: to them, all pictures are, to an extent, stereoscopic.
+
+I am really amazed that my advocacy of the radial, instead of the parallel,
+position of the cameras should have been so misunderstood. Surely, it
+cannot be seriously asserted that the former will produce _two_ vanishing
+points, and the latter only one? And as to the supposition connected with
+the boy, the ass, and the drum, a camera that would produce the effect of
+showing both sides of the ass, both legs of the boy, and both heads of the
+drum, _with a movement of only 2-1/2 inches_, whether radially or parallel,
+would indeed be a curiosity. But if the motion of the camera extended over
+a space sufficiently large to exhibit the phenomena alluded to, then it
+would confirm what I have before advanced, viz. present the idea of a
+_small model_ of the objects, which could be so placed as to show naturally
+these very effects.
+
+That the axes of the eyes are inclined when viewing objects, is readily
+proved thus:--Let a person look across the road at any object--say a
+shop-window; but stand so that a _lamp-post near him_ shall intervene, and
+be in a _direct line_ between the observer's nose and the object viewed. If
+he be requested to observe the post instead of the distant object, the
+pupils of his eyes will be seen to approach one another; and on again
+looking to the distant object, will instantly recede. The _range_ of vision
+is another point that appears to be misunderstood, as we are differing
+about words instead of facts. The column is an illustration that will
+_exactly_ suit my views; for I call the _range_ of vision the same if taken
+from side to side of the column, although it is perfectly true that the
+tangents to the two eyes differ by the angle they subtend: but certainly
+MR. WILKINSON'S case (Vol. viii., p. 181.) of seven houses and five
+bathing-machines in one picture, and five houses and eight machines in the
+other, illustrates an instance where the range of vision is not the same;
+but I contend that the stereoscopic effect is then _confined_ to five {349}
+houses and five machines, otherwise MR. WILKINSON'S supposititious case
+(_ibid._), of all machines in one, and all houses in the other, might be
+considered as stereoscopic.
+
+In concluding this very lengthened and, I fear, tedious reply, I beg to
+assert that I am most willing to recant any proposition I may have put
+forth, if _proved_ to be erroneous; but I must have proof, not mere
+assertion. And farther, my willing thanks are always tendered to any one
+kind enough to correct an error.
+
+GEO. SHADBOLT.
+
+_Mr. Pumphrey's Process for securing black Tints in Positives._--The
+importance that appears to be attached by some of thy correspondents to the
+stereoscopic appearance of photographs, induces me to call the attention of
+those who may not have noticed it to the fact that, as all camera pictures
+are monocular, they are best seen by closing one eye, and then they truly
+represent nature; and the effect of distance (which so often appears
+wanting in photographs) is given with marvellous effect, so well indeed as
+to render the use of a stereoscope unnecessary. Like other photographers, I
+have been long seeking for a method, easy, cheap, and certain, for
+obtaining the black tints that are so highly prized by many in the French
+positives; and having at last attained the object of my search, I lose no
+time in laying it before my fellow-operators.
+
+I obtain these results with a twenty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, a
+fact that will, I think, commend the plan to most operators. Thou wilt be
+able to judge of the result from the inclosed specimen.[7] I use Canson's
+paper, either albumenized or plain (but the former is far preferable). If
+albumen is used, I dilute it with an equal measure of water, and add half a
+grain of common salt (chloride of sodium) to each ounce of the mixture.
+This is applied to the paper with a soft flat brush, and all bubbles
+removed, by allowing a slender stream of the mixture to flow over its
+surface: it is then hung up to dry, and afterwards the albumen is
+coagulated with a hot iron. If the paper is used plain, a solution of
+common salt (half a grain to one ounce of water) is placed in a shallow
+tray, and the paper floated on its surface for a minute, and then hung up
+to dry. Excite, in either case, with an ammonio-nitrate of silver solution
+(twenty grains to one ounce of water), by floating the paper, prepared side
+downwards, for one minute, and hang up to dry.
+
+Print tolerably strongly, and the proof will be of a reddish-brown. Fix in
+tolerably strong solution of hypo. sodae (I never weigh my hypo., so cannot
+give the proportion), that either has been in use some time, or else, if
+new, has been nearly saturated with darkened chloride of silver. When
+fixed, remove the proofs into another vessel of the same solution of hypo.,
+to which has been added chloride of gold and acetic acid. The way I do this
+is to dissolve one drachm of chloride of gold in two and a half ounces
+(1200 minims) of water. Of this I take twenty minims (which will contain
+one grain Au Cl_3) and forty minims of acetic acid (Beaufoy's) for every
+dozen proofs (of the size of 7 x 9 in.), that I mean to operate on, and
+having mixed the gold and acetic acid with the solution of hypo., place the
+proofs in it till they attain the desired colour: they are then to be
+washed and dried in the usual way.
+
+Knowing that so cheap and easy a process for obtaining these tints would
+have been a great boon to me a short time since, I lose no time in
+communicating this to the readers of "N. & Q." I shall feel a pleasure in
+explaining the plan more in detail to any photographer who may feel
+disposed to drop me a line.
+
+WILLIAM PUMPHREY.
+
+Osbaldwick, near York.
+
+[Footnote 7: The specimens forwarded by MR. PUMPHREY are most
+satisfactory.--ED.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Baskerville the Printer_ (Vol. viii., p. 203.).--In reply to MR. ELLIOTT'S
+inquiry, I beg to say that Baskerville the printer was merely named as one
+who had directed his interment in unconsecrated ground. The exact place of
+his burial was not deemed a point of importance, but it having been
+questioned, I am able to state that the spot was correctly described by me.
+Nichols, in his _Literary Anecdotes_ (vol. viii. p. 456.), tells us that
+"Baskerville was buried in a tomb of masonry, in the shape of a cone,
+_under a windmill_ in his garden; on the top of this windmill, after it
+fell into disuse, he had erected an urn, and had prepared an inscription,"
+of which MR. ELLIOTT has given a portion.
+
+In his will, dated January 6, 1773, he directs his body "to be buried in a
+conical building heretofore used as a _mill_, which I have lately raised
+higher, and painted and prepared for it." It seems somewhat surprising that
+one, who shocked even John Wilkes as "a terrible infidel," should have
+printed a most beautiful folio Bible, at an expense of 2000l., and three or
+more editions of the Book of Common Prayer. Still more, in 1762, he tells
+Walpole that he had a grant from the University of Cambridge to print their
+8vo. and 12mo. Common Prayer Books, and that for this privilege he laboured
+under heavy liabilities to the University. Baskerville doubtless regarded
+these books with a tradesman's eye, indifferent to the subjects of the
+works issued from his press, provided they sold. It would, however, be very
+unjust to this admirable printer to name him without praise for the
+distinguished beauty of his typography: it was clear and elegant, and he
+{350} was most curious in the choice both of his paper and ink.
+
+J. H. M.
+
+_Lines on Woman_ (Vol. viii., p. 204.).--The four beautiful lines which
+W. V. cites are the conclusion of a poem entitled "Woman," written by Eton
+Barrett. About the close of the last century, Eton Barrett and his younger
+brother Richard Barrett were at a private school on Wandsworth Common. My
+brothers and I were their schoolfellows. The Barretts were Irish boys; I
+think (but I speak very doubtfully) from Cork. Eton Barrett was a boy of
+more than ordinary talent. He was a genius among the lesser lights around
+him. I remember his writing a play with prologue and epilogue, which was
+performed before the master and his family, &c., with so much success, that
+the master prohibited any future dramatic performances, fearing, that he
+might incur blame for encouraging too much taste for the theatre. Our
+master gave up his school before the year 1800. Eton Barrett, a great many
+years ago, published a little volume of poems, of which "Woman" was one. I
+do not remember that I ever met him since our school-days. I have heard
+that he adopted Tory politics in Ireland, and that his brother attached
+himself to O'Connell, and conducted some newspaper; but this is mere
+report. Allow me to take this opportunity for observing, that many of the
+communications to "N. & Q.," such as those in which matters of fact are
+stated, ought, it may justly be urged, to be authenticated by the signature
+of the contributor. I feel the truth of this so strongly, that, though I do
+not sign my name, yet I have thought it right to make myself known to you,
+so that you know the person who contributes under the signature
+
+F. W. J.
+
+_Haulf-naked_ (Vol. viii., p. 205.).--The manor house of Halnaker,
+adjoining Walberton and Goodwood, is thus spoken of by Dallaway in his
+_Hist. of Sussex_, "Rape of Chichester," p. 131.:--"Halnaker, called in
+_Domesday_ 'Halneche,' and in writings of very ancient date Halnac,
+Halnaked, and Halfnaked." Then follows a short description of the old
+manor-house.
+
+It has been lately visited by the Archaeological Association, under the
+direction of Lord Talbot de Malahide; and it is probable that the
+industrious antiquaries of Sussex will soon give us a more detailed account
+of it in their next volume of _Transactions_.
+
+M. (2.)
+
+_Cambridge and Ireland_ (Vol. viii., p. 270.).--The story of Irish
+merchants _landing_ at Cambridge is "very like a whale," "touched upon the
+deserts of Bohemia." I think, however, that I can trace the source of this
+glaring and oft-repeated error, as there really exists a documentary
+connexion between Irish cloth and the town of Cambridge.
+
+Referring to a collection of notes on the ancient commerce and manufactures
+of Ireland, which I have lately made, I find--cited as an instance of the
+general use of Irish cloth in England at an early period--that Henry IV.,
+in 1410, gave a royal grant of tolls, for the purpose of paving the town of
+Cambridge; in which, among other articles, Irish cloth is taxed at the rate
+of twopence per hundred. The grant, "De villa Cantabrigiae paveanda," will
+be found in Rymer's _Foedera_.
+
+W. PINKERTON.
+
+Ham.
+
+_Autobiographical Sketch_ (Vol. vii., p. 477.).--The fragments found by
+CHEVERELLS are parts of _The Library of Useless Knowledge_, by Athanasius
+Gasker, Esq., F.R.S., &c.: London, W. Pickering, 1837.
+
+H. J.
+
+_Archbishop Chichely_ (Vol. viii., p. 198).--The Statute Book of All Souls
+College; Robert Hoveden's _Life of Chichely_; and the respective Lives by
+Arthur Duck and O. L. Spencer, have all been examined for the date of Henry
+Chichely's birth, but without success.
+
+The most probable conjecture is, that he was born in 1362; since in 1442
+(see his "Letter to Pope Eugenius," printed in the Appendix to Spencer's
+_Life_) he describes himself as having either completed or entered upon his
+eightieth year.
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+"_Discovery of the Inquisition_" (Vol. viii., p. 137.).--It is a mistake to
+suppose that all John Day's publications are rare. Montanus's _Discovery
+and playne Declaration of sundry subtill Practices of the Holy Inquisition
+of Spayne, newly translated_, 4to., 1568, is not uncommon. Herbert and
+Heber possessed copies; and a copy sold at Saunders's in 1818 for five
+shillings. My own copy (a remarkably fine one) cost sixteen shillings at
+Evans's in 1840. The edition of 1569, containing some additions, is of
+greater rarity.
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+_Divining Rod_ (Vol. viii., p. 293.).--In the first edition of his
+_Mathematical Recreations_, Hutton laughed at the divining rod. In the
+interval between that and the second edition, a lady made him change his
+note, by using one before him at Woolwich. Hutton had the courage to
+publish the account of the experiment in the second edition (vol. iv. pp.
+216-231.), after the account he had previously given. By a letter from
+Hutton to Bruce, printed in the memoir of the former which the latter
+wrote, it appears that the lady was Lady Milbanke.
+
+M.
+
+"_Pinece with a stink_" (Vol. viii, p. 270.).--Archbishop Bramhall's editor
+should have spelled the first word _pinnace_, and then your correspondent
+MR. BLAKISTON could easily have understood the {351} allusion. In speaking
+of the offensive composition, well known to sailors, the word _revenge_,
+and not _defend_, was used by Bramhall.
+
+R. G.
+
+_Longevity_ (Vol. viii., p. 113.).--I do not think any of your
+correspondents has noticed the case of John Whethamstede, Abbot of St.
+Albans, who wrote a Chronicle of the period between 1441 and 1461: "He was
+ordained a priest in 1382, and died in 1464, when he had been eighty-two
+years in priest's orders, and was above one hundred years old." Surely this
+is a case sufficiently authenticated for your more sceptical readers.
+(Henry's _History of Great Britain_, 2nd ed., Lond. 1788, vol. x. p. 132.)
+
+TEWARS.
+
+_Chronograms_ (Vol. viii., pp. 42. 280.).--The following additional
+specimen of this once popular form of numerical puzzle is not, I think,
+unworthy a corner in "N. & Q."
+
+On the upper border of a sun-dial, affixed to the west end of Nantwich
+Church, Cheshire, there appeared, previous to its removal about 1800, the
+undermentioned inscription:
+
+    "Honor DoMIno pro paCe popVLo sVo parta."
+
+Now, seeing that Nantwich was, during the civil dissensions which
+culminated in the murder of Charles I., a rampant hot-bed of anarchy and
+rebellion, we should hardly be prepared for such a complete repudiation of
+those principles as is conveyed in the line before us, did we not know that
+the same anxiety to get rid of the "Bare-bones" incubus universally
+prevailed. The numerals, it will be seen, make up the number 1661, which
+was the year of the coronation of King Charles II.; and, no doubt, also the
+year in which the dial in question was erected.
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+Chester.
+
+_Heraldic Notes_ (Vol. viii., p. 265.).--The bearing of the arms of Clare
+Hall by Dr. Blythe is not strictly correct, because, with the exception of
+the three principal Kings of Arms, the Earl Marshal, the Master of
+Ordnance, and a few others especially, arms of office do not exist in
+England. The general mode of bearing them is by impalement, giving the
+preference (dexter) to the arms of dignity. In the example under notice,
+the arms of dignity or office are borne upon a _pile_, which has somewhat
+the appearance of an inverted chevron. It is not at all a common mode of
+bearing additions; but I remember one case, viz. the grant by King Henry
+VIII. to the Seymours, after his marriage to Lady Jane, of the lions of
+England on a pile.
+
+BROCTUNA.
+
+Bury, Lancashire.
+
+_Christian Names_ (Vol. vii. _passim_).--May I be permitted to correct one
+or two errors in MR. BATES'S Note on this subject, Vol. vii. p. 627.?
+
+The person described as a "certain M. L-P. Saint-Florentin" was no less a
+person than the Duke de la Vrilliere, who filled several important offices
+during the reign of Louis XV. The allusion in the epigram to his "trois
+noms" has no reference to his _names_, whether Christian or patronymic, in
+the sense in which the question has been discussed in "N. & Q.," but to the
+three _titles_ which he successively bore as a public man. He commenced his
+career as M. de Phelippeaux; was afterwards created Comte de
+Saint-Florentin, and sometime before his death was raised to the dignity of
+Duke de la Vrilliere.
+
+My authority for this statement is the cotemporary work, _Les Memoires
+secrets de Bachaumont_, where, under date of December, 1770, the epigram is
+thus introduced, with a variation in the first line:
+
+    "Un autre plaisant a fait d'avance l'epitaphe de M. le duc de la
+    Vrilliere. Elle roule sur ses trois noms differents de Phelippeaux,
+    Saint-Florentin, et la Vrilliere:
+
+     'Ci-git, malgre son rang, un homme fort commun,
+      Ayant porte trois noms, et n'en laissant aucun.'"
+
+The sense being, that his titles had been his only distinction, and that
+even they had not been sufficient to rescue his character from obscurity
+and contempt.
+
+However "applicable" this epigram may be to the bearers or borrowers of
+three names, it will be some comfort to them to know that its point was not
+directed against them, but against a class of men of much higher
+pretensions, of one of whom it has been said:
+
+ "_He left the name_, at which the world grew pale,
+  To point a moral, or adorn a tale."
+
+HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+"_I put a spoke in his wheel_" (Vol. viii., p. 269.).--If G.K., being
+wronged, should cherish the unchristian spirit of revenge, let him
+playfully insert a spoke in the wheel of his friend's tandem, as it bowls
+along behind a pair of thorough-bred tits, with twelve months' hard
+condition upon old oats in them.
+
+By simply putting a spoke in the wheel of the waggon employed in the
+removal of the Manchester College to London, one trustee opposed a decided
+"impediment to the movement" of that institution.
+
+W. C.
+
+P. S.--Allow me to point out a misprint at Vol. viii., p. 279, "Manners of
+the Irish:" for _chuse_ read _cheese_.
+
+_Judges styled Reverend_ (Vol. viii., pp. 158. 276.).--With respect to the
+error into which I was led in making Anthony Fitzherbert _Chief_ Justice of
+the Common Pleas, I beg to express my thanks for our good friend's
+correction. My statement {352} was founded on the authority of the
+Visitation-Book of the county of Derby, A.D. 1634, in which Anthony
+Fitzherbert is "Chief Justice of ----;" and, as the question of his rank as
+a judge was not one at the moment of communicating my Note, I made no
+farther inquiry. I find, however, upon reference to Vincent's _Collections
+for Derbyshire_, that Anthony Fitzherbert is styled, in a very good
+pedigree of his family, "Unus Justiciariorum de Co[=i] Banco." Had I turned
+to Dugdale's _Origines Juridiciales_, the error might have been avoided.
+
+THOS. W. KING (York Herald).
+
+_Palace at Enfield_ (Vol. viii., p. 271.).--Queen Elizabeth, in the early
+part of her reign, frequently kept her court at Enfield. Her palace was the
+manor-house, near the church, of which little now remains. In Lysons' time
+(1793) it had been in a great measure rebuilt, and divided into tenements.
+He adds, "the part which contains the _old room_ is in the occupation of
+Mrs. Perry."
+
+When I saw this room, about twenty years ago, it was in its original state,
+with oak panels and a richly ornamented ceiling. The chimney-piece was
+supported by columns of the Ionic and Corinthian order, and decorated with
+the cognizances of the rose and portcullis, and the arms of France and
+England quartered, with the garter and the royal supporters. Underneath was
+this motto, "Sola salus servire Deo, sunt caetera fraudes."
+
+In the garden was a magnificent tree, a cedar of Libanus, which was pointed
+out to me as having been planted by Queen Elizabeth. But upon this point
+tradition was at fault. In the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1779, p. 138.,
+may be seen an account of this remarkable cedar, which was planted by Dr.
+Robert Uvedale, the botanist, a tenant of the manor-house in 1670.
+
+The church at Enfield does not date farther back than the middle of the
+fifteenth century. The devices of a rose and ring, which occur over the
+arches of the nave, seen also upon the tower of Hadley Church, with the
+date 1444, "supposing it to have been, as is very probable," says Lysons,
+"a punning cognizance adopted by one of the priors of Walden, to which
+monastery both churches belonged, will fix the building of the present
+structure at Enfield to the early part of the fifteenth century."
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+_Sir John Vanbrugh_ (Vol. viii., pp. 65. 160. 232.).--Are not your
+correspondents on the wrong scent as regards the birthplace of Sir John
+Vanbrugh? In the memoir prefixed to the collection of his _Plays_, 2 vols.
+12mo., 1759, it is said:
+
+    "Sir John Vanbrugh, an eminent dramatic writer, son of Mr. Giles
+    Vanbrugh of London, merchant, was born in the parish of St. Stephen's,
+    Walbrook, in 1666. The family of Vanbrugh were for many years merchants
+    of great credit and reputation at Antwerp, and came into England in the
+    reign of Queen Elizabeth, on account of the persecution for religion."
+
+Mr. Cunningham (_Handbook of London_, p. 282.) speaks of _William_
+Vanderbergh, the supposed father of Sir John, as residing in
+Lawrence-Poultney Lane in 1677. He refers to Strype's map of Walbrook and
+Dowgate wards, and _A Collection of the Names of the Merchants living in
+and about the City of London_, 12mo. 1677.
+
+The writer of the notice of Sir John Vanbrugh in Chambers' _Cyclopaedia of
+English Literature_, vol. i. p. 597., says:
+
+    "Vanbrugh was the son of a successful sugar-baker, who rose to be an
+    esquire, and comptroller of the treasury chamber, besides marrying the
+    daughter of Sir Dudley Carlton. It is doubtful whether the dramatist
+    was born in the French Bastile, or the parish of St. Stephen's,
+    Walbrook. The time of his birth was about the year 1666, when Louis
+    XIV. declared war against England. It is certain he was in France at
+    the age of nineteen, and remained there some years."
+
+The family vault of the Vanbrughs is certainly in St. Stephen's Church,
+Walbrook, where Sir John was buried on the 30th of March, 1726.
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+_Greek Inscription on a Font_ (Vol. viii., p. 198.).---This Query has
+already been answered and illustrated in Vol. vii., pp. 178. 366. 417.; but
+the following passage may be of interest, as affording instances of the
+same inscription in France, and pointing out the probable source of its
+usage, viz. from the ancient Greek metropolitan church at Constantinople:
+
+    "St. Memin est une abbaye celebre sous l'ancien nom de Micy, sur la
+    riviere de Loire, proche d'Orleans. Il y a dans l'eglise de ce
+    monastere un benetier de forme ronde, avec cette inscription grecque
+    gravee sur le bord du bassin, [GREEK: NIPSON ANOMEMA MEMONAN OPSIN]. La
+    meme chose est a Paris, au benetier de St. Etienne d'Egres, et aussi
+    autrefois a celui de Sainte Sophie a Constantinople."--_Voyages
+    liturgiques de France, par le Sieur Moleon_, p. 219., 8vo. 1718.
+
+It may be added (on Cole's authority, vol. XXXV. f. 19b.) that the same
+inscription is inscribed round a large silver basin used formerly at the
+master's table on festival days, in Trinity College Hall, Cambridge; and I
+have also seen it on a sliver-gilt rose-water basin, introduced at the
+banquets given by the master of Magdalene College in the same university.
+
+[mu].
+
+"_Fierce_" (Vol. viii., p. 280.).--In this part of the country the words
+_pert_, pronounced "peart," and _pure_, bear the same meaning, of well in
+health and spirits.
+
+FRANCIS JOHN SCOTT.
+
+Tewkesbury.
+
+{353}
+
+_Giving Quarter_ (Vol. viii., p. 246.).--It must be observed that the older
+form of the expression is "keeping quarter:"
+
+ "That every one should kill the man he caught,
+  To _keep no quarter_."--_Drayton in Richardson._
+
+Now very obvious application of the word _quarter_, instanced by Todd, is
+to signify the proper station or appointed place of any one.
+
+    "They do best who, if they cannot but admit love, yet make it _keep
+    quarter_, and sever it wholly from their serious affairs."--Bacon's
+    _Essays_.
+
+To keep quarter, then, is to keep within measure, within the limits or
+bounds appointed by some paramount consideration; and hence, as in the
+following passage from Shakspeare (where it is clumsily interpreted amity
+or companionship), the word is used as synonymous with terms or conditions:
+
+             "Friends all but now,
+  In quarter and in terms like bride and groom
+  Divesting them for bed, and then but now
+  Swords out and tilting one at other's breast."
+
+In the same sense Clarendon speaks of "offering them _quarter_ for their
+lives if they would give up the castle," _i. e._ offering them conditions
+for their lives on their performing their part of the bargain.
+
+Again, in a passage of Swift, cited by Todd: "Mr. Wharton, who detected
+some hundred of the bishop's mistakes, meets with very ill quarter from his
+Lordship," _i. e._ meets with very ill conditions of treatment from him.
+Finally, _to give quarter_ in the military sense is to give conditions
+absolutely, as opposed to the unmitigated exercise of the victor's power,
+and, as the most important of all conditions, to spare life.
+
+H. W.
+
+_Sheriffs of Glamorganshire_ (Vol. iii., p. 186.).--The list of the
+Glamorganshire sheriffs here inquired for was not printed by Mr. Traherne,
+but by the Rev. H. H. Knight, M.A., of Neath, and of Nottage Court, in
+Glamorganshire: it is a little pamphlet in a paper cover.
+
+TEWARS.
+
+"_When the maggot bites_" (Vol. viii., p. 244.).--A correspondent asks why
+a thing done on the spur of the moment is said to be done "when the maggot
+bites." It signifies rather doing a thing when the fancy takes one. When a
+person acts from no apparent motive in external circumstances, he is said
+to have a maggot in his head, to have a bee in his bonnet or, in French,
+"Avoir des rats dans la tete;" in Platt-Deutsch, to have a mouse-nest in
+his head, the eccentric behaviour being attributed to the influence of the
+internal irritation.
+
+H. W.
+
+_Connexion between the Celtic and Latin Languages_ (Vol. viii., p.
+174.).--Your correspondent M. will find much valuable information on this
+subject in a work entitled _Thoughts on the Origin and Descent of the
+Gael_, by James Grant, Esq., Advocate: Edinburgh, Constable & Co., 1814.
+
+FRANCIS JOHN SCOTT.
+
+Tewkesbury.
+
+_Bacon's Essays_ (Vol. viii., p. 143.).--Bacon's Essay VII.: "Optimum
+elige," &c. Pythagoras, in _Plutarch de Exilio_.--Essay XV.: "Dolendi
+modus," &c. Plin., lib. viii. ep. 17. fin.
+
+C. P. E.
+
+"_Exiguum est._" _&c._ (Vol. viii., p. 197.).--"Exiguum est ad legem bonum
+esse." Vide _Senec. de Ira_, ii. 27.
+
+C. P. E.
+
+_Muffs worn by Military Men on a March_ (Vol. viii., p. 281.).--In the year
+1592 the Duke of Nevers was despatched by Henry IV. with all speed to a
+place called Bully, in order to cut off the retreat of the Duke of Guise,
+lately defeated near Bures. Sully speaks of him thus:
+
+    "The Duke of Nevers, the slowest of men, began by sending to make
+    choice of the most favourable roads, and marched with a slow pace
+    towards Bully, with his hands and his nose in his muff, and his whole
+    person well packed up in his coach."--_Memoirs of Sully_, vol. i. p.
+    235., English edit., Edinburgh, 1773.
+
+FRANCIS JOHN SCOTT.
+
+Tewkesbury.
+
+"_Earth says to Earth_" (Vol. vii., pp. 498. 576.).--A fac-simile of these
+lines, discovered in the chapel of the Guild of the Holy Cross at
+Stratford-on-Avon (with many other curious plates), may be seen in Fisher's
+_Illustrations of the Paintings_, &c., edited by J. G. Nichols, Esq., and
+published in 1802, and afterwards continued.
+
+ERICA speaks of "Weaver's" Account. Unless this is a misprint for
+"Wheler's" (_Account of Stratford-on-Avon_), perhaps he will oblige me with
+the full title of Weaver's work.
+
+ESTE.
+
+_Poetical Tavern Signs_ (Vol. viii., p. 242.).--I would add the following
+sign-inscription to those noted by R. C. WARDE. It was on the walls of a
+tavern half-way up Richmond Hill, three miles south of Douglas, Isle of
+Man, kept by a man of the name of Abraham Lowe:
+
+ "I'm Abraham Lowe, and half-way up the hill,
+  If I were higher up, what's funnier still,
+  I should be belowe. Come in and take your fill
+  Of porter, ale, wine, spirits, what you will.
+  Step in, my friend, I pray no farther go;
+  My prices, like myself, are always low."
+
+J. G. C.
+
+_Unkid_ (Vol. viii., p. 221.).--Is not the word _hunks_, so common in
+people's mouths,--_An old hunks_, an old miser or miserable wretch, to be
+referred to the same derivation as _unkid_, _hunkid_?
+
+F. B--w.
+
+{354}
+
+_Camera Lucida_ (Vol. viii., p. 271.).--CARET will find Dr. Wollaston's
+description of his invention, the "Camera Lucida," in the 17th volume of
+_Nicholson's Journal_.
+
+M. C. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+Messrs. MacMillan of Cambridge have commenced the publication of a series
+of theological manuals by _A History of the Christian Church_ (_Middle
+Age_), by Charles Hardwick, M.A.; which, although written for this series,
+claims to be regarded as an integral and independent treatise on the
+Mediaeval Church. The work, which extends from the time of Gregory the Great
+to 1520, when Luther, having been extruded from those churches that adhered
+to the communion of the Pope, established a provisional form of government,
+and opened a fresh era in the history of Europe, is distinguished by the
+same diligent research and conscientious acknowledgment of authorities
+which procured for Mr. Hardwick's _History of the Articles of Religion_
+such a favourable reception. The work is illustrated by four maps, which
+have been especially constructed for it by Mr. A. Keith Johnston.
+
+The amiable and accomplished author of _Proposals for Christian Union_, and
+of _Welsh Sketches_, has just issued the third and concluding series of his
+little volumes on Welsh history, civil and ecclesiastical. We have no doubt
+that the eight chapters of which it consists, and in which he treats of
+Edward the Black Prince, Owen Glyndwr, Prince of Wales, Mediaeval Bardism,
+and the Welsh Church, will be read with great satisfaction, not only by all
+sons of the Principality, but by all who look with interest on that portion
+of our island in which the last traces of our ancient British race and
+language still linger.
+
+BOOKS RECEIVED.--_The Journal of Sacred Literature_, No. IX. for October,
+continues to put forth strong claims to the support of those who have a
+taste for pure biblical literature. From the address of its new editor, it
+would seem not to be so well known as the object for which it is
+established plainly deserves.--_Cyclopaedia Bibliographica_, Part XIII. for
+October, continues its useful course. Every succeeding number only serves
+to prove how valuable the work will be when completed.--_The Shakspeare
+Repository_, edited by J. H. Fennell, No. III., is well worth the attention
+of our numerous Shakspearian readers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+FORD'S HANDBOOK OF SPAIN. Vol. I.
+
+AUSTIN CHEIRONOMIA.
+
+REV. E. IRVING'S ORATIONS ON DEATH, JUDGEMENT, HEAVEN, AND HELL.
+
+THOMAS GARDENER'S HISTORY OF DUNWICH.
+
+MARSH'S HISTORY OF HURSLEY AND BADDESLEY. About 1805. 8vo. Two Copies.
+
+NICEPHORUS CATENA ON THE PENTATEUCH.
+
+PROCOPIUS GAZAEUS.
+
+WATT'S BIBLIOGRAPHIA BRITANNICA. Parts V. and VI.
+
+MAXWELL'S DIGEST OF THE LAW OF INTESTATES.
+
+CARLYLE'S CHARTISM. Crown 8vo. 2nd Edition.
+
+THE BUILDER, No. 520.
+
+OSWALLI CROLLII OPERA. 12mo. Geneva, 1635.
+
+GAFFARELL'S UNHEARD-OF CURIOSITIES. Translated by Chelmead. London. 12mo.
+1650.
+
+BEAUMONT'S PSYCHE. 2nd Edit. folio. Camb., 1702.
+
+PAMPHLETS.
+
+JUNIUS DISCOVERED. By P. T. Published about 1789.
+
+REASONS FOR REJECTING THE EVIDENCE OF MR. ALMON, &c. 1807.
+
+ANOTHER GUESS AT JUNIUS. Hookham. 1809.
+
+THE AUTHOR OF JUNIUS DISCOVERED. Longmans. 1821.
+
+THE CLAIMS OF SIR P. FRANCIS REFUTED. Longmans. 1822.
+
+WHO WAS JUNIUS? Glynn. 1837.
+
+SOME NEW FACTS, &c., by Sir F. Dwarris. 1850.
+
+*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send
+their names and addresses._
+
+*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+BOOKS WANTED.--_We believe that gentlemen in want of particular books,
+either by way of loan or purchase, would find great facilities in obtaining
+them if their names and addresses were published, so that parties having
+the books might communicate directly with those who want them. Acting on
+this belief, we shall take advantage of the recent alteration in the law
+respecting advertisements, and in future, where our Correspondents desire
+to avail themselves of this new arrangement, shall insert their names and
+addresses_--_unless specially requested not to do so_.
+
+J. N. RADCLIFFE. _We shall be glad to receive the Legendary Lore mentioned
+by our Correspondent._
+
+REV. H. G. _Your letter has been forwarded to_ A. F. B. (Diss).
+
+S. Z. Z. S. _We have a letter waiting for this Correspondent; how can we
+forward it?_
+
+C. E. F. _Warm water and a few small shot will thoroughly cleanse the
+bottles in which collodion has been kept._
+
+AN AMATEUR EXPERIMENTALIST. _Formerly the pint used in the compounding of
+medicines, chemicals, &c. consisted of sixteen fluid ounces, weighing one
+pound Avoirdupois weight. Now the imperial pint of twenty ounces is in
+general use. The Troy and apothecaries' ounce are the same, and contain
+forty grains more than the Avoirdupois ounce. In making collodion, take any
+quantity of ether, and dissolve the gun cotton in it; if too thick, it may
+always be reduced by the addition of more ether. Uniodized collodion may be
+bought quite as cheap as it may be made; and it generally has the advantage
+of having been made in a large body, and allowed time to settle, whereby
+the clear portion only is more easily decanted off for sale._
+
+_Having active professional duties, it has been only at his leisure that_
+DR. DIAMOND _has been enabled to give his attention to Photography, which
+has been the main cause of the delay complained of; but the delay will
+prove an advantage, for such important improvements are almost daily taking
+place in the art that works published a short time since are becoming
+comparatively useless._
+
+HUGH HENDERSON. _1st, Black Japan varnish is very improper for your
+positive pictures; it often cracks, and is long in drying. Black lacquer
+varnish, procurable at Strong's, the varnish makers in Long Acre, is the
+best we have been able to procure. 2nd, The solution for development will
+keep any length of time; you may use it by dipping or otherwise_.
+
+W.C., _who recommends the use of a plate glass bath enveloped in gutta
+percha, is informed that we have had such a bath in use for many months,
+and it answers our purpose exceedingly well_.
+
+ABRAHAM. _As we have often said before, we think that a good lens requires
+no "actinic" focus to find. In a properly constructed lens the chemical and
+visual foci are identical; and we would ourselves not be troubled with the
+use of one in which they differed. Our advertising columns will point out
+to you where such a lens man be procured. We believe, where there is a
+difference between the two foci, chemical and visual, that other
+distortions also take place, accounting for some of the unpleasant effects
+complained of in Photography._
+
+_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vii., _price
+Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had; for which early application is
+desirable_.
+
+"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday_, _so that the Country
+Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels_, _and deliver them
+to their Subscribers on the Saturday._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{355}
+
+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.
+
+3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
+
+Founded A.D. 1842.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Directors._
+
+  H. E. Bicknell, Esq.
+  T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M. P.
+  G. H. Drew, Esq.
+  W. Evans, Esq.
+  W. Freeman, Esq.
+  F. Fuller, Esq.
+  J. H. Goodhart, Esq.
+  T. Grissell, Esq.
+  J. Hunt, Esq.
+  J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
+  E. Lucas, Esq.
+  J. Lys Seager, Esq.
+  J. B. White, Esq.
+  J. Carter Wood, Esq.
+
+  _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell,
+      Esq.
+  _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.
+  _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.
+
+VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.
+
+POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
+difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to
+suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in
+the Prospectus.
+
+Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in
+three-fourths of the Profits:--
+
+  Age       L   s.  d.
+   17       1  14   4
+   22       1  18   8
+   27       2   4   5
+   32       2  10   8
+   37       2  18   6
+   42       3   8   2
+
+ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.
+
+Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions.
+INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING
+SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in
+the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a
+Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR
+SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.
+Parliament Street, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BANK OF DEPOSIT.
+
+7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London.
+
+PARTIES desirous of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan of
+this Institution, by which a high rate of Interest may be obtained with
+perfect Security.
+
+Interest payable in January and July.
+
+  PETER MORRISON,
+  Managing Director.
+
+Prospectuses free on application.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS.--Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes. Best and Cheapest.
+To be had in great variety at
+
+McMILLAN'S Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet Street.
+
+Price List Gratis.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X.,
+in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates,
+may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made
+Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
+guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.
+Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
+Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket
+Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully
+examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and
+4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.
+
+BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the
+Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
+
+65. CHEAPSIDE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S
+HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual
+remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves
+fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, intestinal,
+liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, dyspepsia
+(indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn,
+flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of the skin,
+rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at sea,
+and under all other circumstances, debility in the aged as well as infants,
+fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c.
+
+_A few out of 50,000 Cures:--_
+
+    Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de
+    Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefits from your Revalenta
+    Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to
+    authorise the publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES."
+
+    Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia,
+    nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness
+    at the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent
+    food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk."
+
+    Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation,
+    indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and
+    which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured
+    by Du Barry's food in a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony,
+    Tiverton."
+
+    Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with
+    cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the
+    advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious
+    food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any
+    inquiries.--REV. JOHN W. FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk."
+
+_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._
+
+    "Bonn, July 19. 1852.
+
+    "This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,
+    nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases,
+    all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of
+    body, as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys
+    and bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp
+    of the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and
+    hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most
+    satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
+    where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and
+    bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the
+    troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the
+    conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of
+    incipient hectic complaints and consumption.
+
+    "DR. RUD WURZER.
+    "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."
+
+London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her
+Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all
+respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably
+packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s.
+6d.; 5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.; 10lb. 33s. The 10lb.
+and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry
+Co., 77. Regent Street, London.
+
+IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by spurious
+imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and
+others, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name
+BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, _without which
+none is genuine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions
+(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at
+BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of
+every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in
+all its Branches.
+
+Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.
+
+*** Catalogues may be had on application.
+
+BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument
+Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous
+Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.
+
+Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest
+Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.
+
+Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
+beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's,
+Sanford's, and Canson Freres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process.
+Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.
+
+Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.
+Paternoster Row, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand. have,
+by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal,
+they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any
+other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and
+appreciation of half tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.
+
+Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of
+Photography. Instruction in the Art.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.--OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA,
+is superior to every other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist,
+from its capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment,
+its extreme Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views or
+Portraits.
+
+Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames,
+&c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road,
+Islington.
+
+New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, price 4s. 6d. By Post, 5s.
+
+THE PRACTICE OF PHOTOGRAPHY. A Manual for Students and Amateurs. By PHILIP
+DELAMOTTE, F.S.A. Illustrated with a Photographic Picture taken by the
+Collodion Process. This Manual contains much practical information of a
+valuable nature.
+
+JOSEPH CUNDALL, 198. New Bond Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{356}
+
+MURRAY'S HANDBOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS IN ITALY.
+
+The following are now ready.
+
+HANDBOOK FOR NORTH ITALY.--Being a Guide to SARDINIA, LOMBARDY, VENICE,
+PARMA, PIACENZA, MODENA, LUCCA, FLORENCE, and TUSCANY as far as the VAL
+D'ARNO. With Maps and Plans. Post 8vo. 9s.
+
+II.
+
+HANDBOOK FOR CENTRAL ITALY. Part I.--Being a Guide to SOUTHERN TUSCANY and
+the PAPAL STATES. With Maps and Plans. Post 8vo. 7s.
+
+III.
+
+HANDBOOK FOR CENTRAL ITALY. Part II.--Being a Guide to ROME and its
+Environs. With Plan, Post 8vo. (Nearly Ready.)
+
+IV.
+
+HANDBOOK FOR SOUTHERN ITALY.--Being a Guide to the CONTINENTAL PORTION of
+the TWO SICILIES, including NAPLES, POMPEII, HERCULANEUM, VESUVIUS, BAY OF
+NAPLES, &c. With Map and Plans. Post 8vo. 15s.
+
+V.
+
+HANDBOOK TO THE ITALIAN SCHOOLS OF PAINTING. From the German of Kugler.
+With 100 Illustrations from the Old Masters. Post 8vo.
+
+JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description of
+upwards of 100 articles, consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS,
+Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and
+other travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post on
+receipt of Two Stamps.
+
+MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their
+Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new
+Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles
+of the kind ever produced.
+
+J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It
+contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads:
+also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. And their new
+warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture
+Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render their Establishment
+complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.
+
+HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of
+Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are
+greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in
+Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches
+among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or
+other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature,
+History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had
+considerable experience.
+
+1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DAILY CHURCH SERVICES in one Portable Volume, containing the Prayers and
+Lessons for daily use, or the Course of Scripture Readings for the Year,
+authorised by the Church. Also a Table of the Proper Lessons for Sundays
+and Holydays, with references to the pages. Price 10s. 6d. bound, or 16s.
+in Hayday's Morocco.
+
+This book is also kept by any respectable bookseller in a variety of
+elegant bindings.
+
+Oxford & London: J. H. Parker.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE NATIONAL MISCELLANY, No. VI., OCTOBER.
+
+          CONTENTS.
+  1. Cyphers.
+  2. Roman London.
+  3. The Table-Turner outdone.
+  4. Turkey--its Past and Present.
+  5. A String of Facts about Siam.
+  6. Symbolic Jewellery.
+  7. Tanglewood Tales, for Girls and Boys.
+  8. A few Notes from Cairo.
+
+Price One Shilling.
+
+London: JOHN HENRY PARKER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published in fcp. 8vo., illustrated with Wood-engravings by Jewitt.
+price 5s. cloth.
+
+SCOTLAND AND THE SCOTTISH CHURCH, by the REV. HENRY CASWALL, M.A., Vicar of
+Figheldean, Wilts, Author of "America and the American Church," &c.
+
+JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready price 25s., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by
+Special Permission to THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
+
+PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH.
+
+The words selected by the Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's.
+The Music arranged for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One,
+including Chants for the Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a
+Concise SYSTEM OF CHANTING, by J. B. SALE. Musical Instructor and Organist
+to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco cloth, price 25s. To be had of Mr.
+J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell Street, Millbank. Westminster, on the receipt of a
+Post-office Order for that amount: and, by order, of the principal
+Booksellers and Music Warehouses.
+
+    "A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our
+    Church and Cathedral Service."--_Times._
+
+    "A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this
+    country."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+    "One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well
+    merits the distinguished patronage under which it appears."--_Musical
+    World._
+
+    "A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting
+    of a very superior character to any which has hitherto
+    appeared."--_John Bull._
+
+London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.
+
+Also, lately published,
+
+J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the Chapel
+Royal St. James, price 2s.
+
+C. LONSDALE. 26. Old Bond Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Fifth Edition, 16s.
+
+HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. By THOMAS VOWLER SHORT, D.D., Lord Bishop
+of St. Asaph.
+
+By the same Author, WHAT IS CHRISTIANITY?
+
+Cheaper Edition. 1s. 6d.
+
+JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Cheaper Edition, Two Volumes octavo, 25s.
+
+SYSTEM OF LOGIC. By JOHN STUART MILL.
+
+By the same Author, PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. Third Edition. Two
+Volumes octavo, 30s.
+
+JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Foolscap Octavo, 3s. 6d.
+
+GOETHE'S OPINIONS ON THE WORLD, MANKIND, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.
+Translated by OTTO WENCKSTERN.
+
+JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Book Auction Rooms, 191. Piccadilly. Established 1794.
+
+PUTTICK AND SIMPSON beg to announce that their Season for Sales of Literary
+Property will commence on Wednesday next, October 12. In addressing
+Executors and others entrusted with the disposal of Libraries, and
+collections (however limited or extensive) of Manuscripts, Autographs,
+Prints, Pictures, Music, Musical Instruments, Objects of Art and Vertu, and
+Works connected with Literature, and the Arts generally, would suggest a
+sale by Auction as the readiest and surest method of obtaining their full
+value; and they flatter themselves that the central situation of their
+premises (near St. James's Church), their extensive connexion of more than
+half a century's standing, and the careful circulation of their Catalogues
+in all parts of the country, and occasionally throughout Europe and
+America, are advantages that will not be unappreciated. Messrs. P. & S.
+will also receive small parcels of Books or other Literary Property, and
+insert them in occasional sales with property of a kindred description,
+thus giving the same advantages to the possessor of a few Lots as to the
+owner of a large Collection.
+
+*** Libraries Catalogued, Arranged, and Valued for the Probate or Legacy
+Duty, or for Public or Private Sale.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Library, Bookcase, Fire-proof Safe, &c.
+
+SIX DAYS' SALE.
+
+PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by
+AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on Wednesday, October 12th,
+and Five following days, Sunday excepted, a Large and Valuable Collection
+of Books, from several Private Libraries, consisting of Standard Works,
+English and Foreign, in most Departments of Literature: amongst which are,
+Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, 3 vols.; Clutterbuck's History of
+Hertfordshire, 3 vols.; Polwhele's History of Devon, 3 vols.; Stowe's
+London, by Strype, 2 vols., best edition; Vesputius' Neue unbekanthe
+Landte, 1508, rare; Ludolphus de Suchen de Terra Sancta, editio princeps,
+rare; Shakspeare's Works, second edition 1632, third edition 1663; Holy
+Bible. Macklins's splendid edition, 3 vols., half russia; D'Oyley and
+Mants' Commentary, 3 vols.; Penny Cyclopaedia, 27 vols., calf extra; the
+separate and collected works of many Popular Authors; Law Books; a few
+Curious Broadsides; some Interesting Heraldic and Genealogical Collections;
+about 500 vols. of Novels and Romances; a few Engravings; a set of
+Raphael's Cartoons, framed; a neat Mahogany Bookcase; Fire-proof Safe;
+Curious Antique Guipure Lace; and other valuable Miscellaneous Property.
+Catalogues will be sent on application: if in the country, on receipt of
+six stamps.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish
+of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.
+Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.
+Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of
+London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, October
+8. 1853.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+page 350, "entered upon his eightieth year": 'eighteenth' in original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 206, October
+8, 1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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