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+Project Gutenberg's An Account of the Conquest of Peru, by Pedro Sancho
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: An Account of the Conquest of Peru
+
+Author: Pedro Sancho
+
+Translator: Philip Ainsworth Means
+
+Release Date: September 12, 2008 [EBook #26602]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUEST OF PERU ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Stephen Blundell and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ DOCUMENTS AND NARRATIVES
+      CONCERNING THE
+  DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
+     OF LATIN AMERICA
+
+
+       PUBLISHED BY
+    THE CORTES SOCIETY
+         NEW YORK
+
+
+        NUMBER TWO
+
+
+
+
+    _Edition limited to 250 copies
+ of which ten are on Kelmscott paper_
+
+        _This copy is Number_
+
+                 85
+
+
+
+
+              AN ACCOUNT
+                OF THE
+           CONQUEST OF PERU
+
+
+              WRITTEN BY
+             PEDRO SANCHO
+
+         SECRETARY TO PIZARRO
+       AND SCRIVENER TO HIS ARMY
+
+
+ TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH AND ANNOTATED
+                  BY
+        PHILIP AINSWORTH MEANS
+
+
+          THE CORTES SOCIETY
+               NEW YORK
+                 1917
+
+
+
+
+COCKAYNE, BOSTON
+
+
+
+
+TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
+
+
+The work of Pedro Sancho is one of the most valuable accounts of the
+Spanish conquest of Peru that we possess. Nor is its value purely
+historical. The "Relacion" of Sancho gives much interesting ethnological
+information relative to the Inca dominion at the time of its demolition.
+Errors Pedro Sancho has in plenty; but the editor has striven to
+counteract them by footnotes.
+
+In every instance the translator has preserved Pedro Sancho's spelling
+of proper names, calling attention to the modern equivalent on the first
+occurrence of each name. In a few instances, where the text was
+unusually obscure, close translation has not been adhered to.
+
+The virtues, as well as the shortcomings of this account, are so obvious
+that an extended reference to them here is superfluous. It must always
+be borne in mind that this document partook of the nature of an
+"_apologia pro vita sua_" and that it was directly inspired by Pizarro
+himself with the purpose of restoring himself to the Emperor's favor.
+Its main purpose was to nullify whatever charges Pizarro's enemies may
+have been making to the sovereign. Consequently there are numerous
+violations of the truth, all of which are, for us, easy to recognize.
+
+A word as to the previous editions of Pedro Sancho may not be out of
+place here. The original manuscript is lost. An Italian translation of
+it appears in the "Viaggi" of Giovanni Battista or Giambattista Ramusio,
+published in Venice about 1550. The numerous editions of Ramusio's great
+work do not need to be listed here. Occasionally the translator has
+referred to that of 1563, a copy of which is in his possession. The
+edition which has served as a text for the present translation is that
+issued and edited by Don Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta, Mexico, 1849. This
+edition, like all of Icazbalceta's work, is painstaking. Professor
+Marshall Saville has been good enough to lend me his copy of this
+edition, which is very rare, in order that I might have it to work with.
+Finally, a small portion of Pedro Sancho's narrative was issued by the
+Hakluyt Society of London. The editor, Sir Clements Markham, included it
+in the same volume with the reports of Xeres, Miguel de Estete, Hernando
+Pizarro. The volume, entitled "Reports on the Discovery of Peru," was
+issued by the Hakluyt Society in 1872.
+
+                                                  PHILIP AINSWORTH MEANS
+ BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
+    October 9, 1916
+
+
+
+
+RELATION
+
+
+Of the events that took place during the conquest and pacification of
+these provinces of New Castile, and of the quality of the land, and of
+the manner in which the Captain Hernando Pizarro afterward departed to
+bear to His Majesty the account of the victory of Caxamalca[1] and of
+the capture of the Cacique Atabalipa.[2]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+    Concerning the great quantity of silver and gold which was brought
+    from Cuzco, and of the portion thereof which was sent to H. M. the
+    emperor as the royal fifth: How the imprisoned Cacique Atabalipa
+    declared himself free of his promise which he had made to the
+    Spaniards to fill a house with gold for ransom: And of the treason
+    which the said Atabalipa meditated against the Spaniards, for which
+    betrayal they made him die.
+
+
+The Captain Hernando Pizarro had departed with the hundred thousand
+pesos of gold and the five thousand marks of silver which were sent to
+His Majesty as his royal fifth; after that event, some ten or twelve
+days, the two Spaniards who were bringing gold from Cuzco arrived, and
+part of the gold was melted at once because it was in very small pieces;
+it equalled the sum of[3] ... five hundred-odd plates of gold torn from
+some house-walls in Cuzco; and even the smallest plates weighed four or
+five pounds apiece; other, larger ones, weighed ten or twelve pounds,
+and with plates of this sort all the walls of that temple were covered.
+They brought also a seat of very fine gold, worked into the form of a
+foot-stool, which weighed eighteen thousand _pesos_.[4] Likewise, they
+brought a fountain all of gold and very subtilely worked which was very
+fair to see as much for the skill of the work as for the shape which it
+had been given; and there were many other pieces such as vases, jars,
+and plates which they also brought. All this gold gave a quantity which
+came to two millions and a half [_pesos_], which, on being refined to
+pure gold, came to one million, three hundred and twenty-odd thousand
+pesos, from which was subtracted the fifth of His Majesty, or, two
+hundred and seventy-odd thousand pesos. Fifty thousand marks of silver
+were found, of which ten thousand were set aside for H. M. One hundred
+and seventy thousand pesos and five thousand marks were handed over to
+the treasurer of H. M. The remaining hundred thousand pesos and five
+marks were taken, as has been said, by Hernando Pizarro to help meet
+the expenses which His Caesarian Majesty was encountering in the war
+against the Turks, enemies of our Holy Faith, as they say. All that
+remained, beyond the royal fifth, was divided among the soldiers and
+companions of the Governor. He gave to each one what he conscientiously
+thought he justly merited, taking into consideration the trials each man
+had passed through and the quality of his person, all of which he did
+with the greatest diligence and speed possible in order that they might
+set out from that place and go to the city of Xauxa.[5]
+
+And because there were among those soldiers some who were old and more
+fit for rest than for fatigues, and who in that war had fought and
+served much, he gave them leave to return to Spain. He procured their
+good will so that, on returning, these men would give fairer accounts of
+the greatness and wealth of that land so that a sufficient number of
+people would come thither to populate and advance it. For, in truth,
+the land being very large and very full of natives, the Spaniards who
+were in it then were all too few for conquering it, holding it and
+settling it, and, although they had already done great things in
+conquering it, it was owing more to the aid of God who, in every place
+and occasion, gave them the victory, than to any strength and means
+which they had for succeeding, with that further aid they were confident
+He would sustain them in the future.
+
+That melting of the metals completed, the Governor commanded the notary
+to draw up a document in which it said that the cacique Atabalipa was
+free and absolved from the promise and word which he had given to the
+Spaniards, who were to take the house full of gold in ransom for
+himself. This document the Governor caused to be proclaimed publicly and
+to the sound of trumpets in the plaza of that city of Caxamalca, making
+it known, at the same time, to the said Atabalipa by means of an
+interpreter, and also he [the Governor] declared in the same
+proclamation, that, because it suited the service of H. M. and the
+security of the land, he wished to maintain the cacique as a prisoner
+with good guard, until more Spaniards should arrive who should give
+added security; for, the cacique being free, he being so great a lord
+and having so many soldiers who feared and obeyed him, prisoner though
+he was, and three hundred leagues [from his capital], he could not well
+do less in order to free himself from all suspicion; all the more so
+because many times it had been thought almost certain that he had given
+orders for warriors to assemble to attack the Spaniards. This, as a
+matter of fact, had been ordered by him, and the men were all in
+readiness with their captains, and the cacique only delayed the attack
+because of the lack of freedom in his own person and in that of his
+general Chilichuchima,[6] who was also a prisoner. After some days had
+passed, and when the Spaniards were on the point of embarking in order
+to return to Spain, and the Governor was making the rest ready for
+setting out for Xauxa, God Our Lord, who with his infinite goodness was
+guiding affairs toward all that was best for his service, as will be
+[seen], having already in this land Spaniards who were to inhabit it and
+bring to the knowledge of _the true God_ the natives of the said land so
+that Our Lord might always be praised and known by these barbarians and
+so that his Holy Faith might be extolled, permitted the discovery and
+chastisement of the evil plans which this proud tyrant had in mind as a
+return for the many good works and kind treatment which he had always
+received from the governor and from each one of the Spaniards of his
+company; which recompense, according to his intention, was to have been
+of the sort he was wont to give to the caciques and lords of the land,
+ordering [his men] to kill without let or cause whatever. For it chanced
+that our discharged soldiers [were] returning to Spain, he, seeing that
+they were taking with them the gold that had been got from his land,
+and mindful of the fact that but a short while ago he had been so great
+a lord that he held all those provinces with their riches without
+dispute or question, and without considering the just causes for which
+they had despoiled him of them, had given orders that certain troops
+who, by his command, had been assembled in the land of Quito, should
+come, on a certain night at an hour agreed upon, to attack the Spaniards
+who were at Caxamalca, assaulting them from five directions as they were
+in their quarters, and setting fire wherever possible. Thirty or more
+Spanish soldiers were marching outside of Caxamalca, having been to the
+city of San Miguel in order to place the gold for H. M. on board ship,
+and [the Inca] believed that as they were so few he would be able easily
+to kill them before they could join forces with those in Caxamalca[7]
+... of which there was much information from many caciques and from
+their chiefs themselves, that all, without fear of torments or menaces,
+voluntarily confessed this plot: [telling] how fifty thousand men of
+Quito and many Caribes[8] came to the land, and that all the confines
+contained armed men in great numbers; that, not finding supplies for
+them all thus united, he had divided them into three or four divisions,
+and that, though scattered in this fashion, there were still so many
+that not finding enough to sustain themselves, they had cut down the
+still green maize and dried it so that they might not lack for food. All
+this having been learned, and being now a public matter to all, and as
+it was clear that they were saying in his [the Inca's] army that they
+were coming to kill all the Christians, and the governor seeing in how
+much peril the government and all the Spaniards were, in order to
+furnish a remedy, although it grieved him much, nevertheless, after
+seeing the information and process drawn up, assembled the officials of
+H. M. and the captains of his company and a Doctor who was then in this
+army, and the padre Fray Vicente de Valverde, a religious of the order
+of Santo Domingo sent by the Emperor our Lord for the conversion and
+instruction of the people of these realms; after there had been much
+debate and discussion over the harm and the profit that might follow
+upon the continued life or the death of Atabalipa, it was resolved that
+justice should be done upon him. And because the officials of H. M.
+asked for it and the doctor regarded the information as sufficient, he
+was finally taken from the prison in which he was, and, to the sound of
+a trumpet, his treason and perfidy were published, and he was borne to
+the middle of the plaza of the city and tied to a stake, while the
+religious was consoling him and teaching him, by means of an
+interpreter, the things of our christian faith, telling him that God
+wished him to die for the sins which he had committed in the world, and
+that he must repent of them, and that God would pardon him if he did so
+and was baptised at once. He, [the Inca] moved by this discourse, asked
+for baptism. It was at once given to him by that reverend padre who
+aided him so much with his exhortation that although he was sentenced to
+be burned alive, he was given a twist of rope around his neck, by means
+of which he was throttled instead[9] but when he saw that they were
+preparing for his death, he said that he recommended to the governor his
+little sons, so that he might take them with him, and with these last
+words, and while the Spaniards who stood around him said the creed for
+his soul, he was quickly throttled. May God take him to his holy glory,
+for he died repentant of his sins with the true faith of a Christian.
+After he was thus hung, in fulfilment of the sentence, fire was cast
+upon him so that a part of his clothes and flesh was burnt. That night
+[because he had died in the late afternoon] his body remained in the
+plaza in order that all might learn of his death, and on the next day
+the Governor ordered that all the Spaniards should be present at his
+interment, and, with the cross and other religious paraphernalia, he
+was borne to the church and buried with as much solemnity as if he had
+been the chief Spaniard of our camp. Because of this all the principal
+lords and caciques who served him received great pleasure, considering
+as great the honour which was done them, and knowing that, because he
+was a christian, he was not burned alive, and he was interred in church
+as if he were a Spaniard.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+    They choose as lord of the state of Atabalipa his brother
+    Atabalipa[10] in whose coronation they observed ceremonies in
+    accordance with the usage of the caciques of those provinces. Of the
+    vassalage and obedience which Atabalipa and many other caciques
+    offered to the Emperor.
+
+
+This done, the governor commanded the immediate assembling in the chief
+plaza of that city of all the caciques and principal lords who were then
+living there in company with the dead lord; they were many, and from
+distant lands, and his intention was to give them another lord who
+should govern them in the name of H. M., for, as they were accustomed to
+give always their obedience and tribute to a sole lord, great confusion
+would result if it were not thus, for each of them would rise up with
+his own lordship, and it would cost much toil to bring them into
+friendship with the Spaniards and into the service of H. M. For this and
+many other reasons the Governor made them assemble, and finding among
+them a son of Gucunacaba[11] called Atabalipa, a brother of Atabalipa to
+whom by law the realm belonged, he said to all that now that they saw
+how Atabalipa was dead because of the treason he had plotted against him
+[the Governor], and because they were all left without a lord who should
+govern them and whom they should obey, he wished to give them a lord who
+would please them all, and that he [the lord] was Atabalipa who was
+there present, to whom that kingdom legitimately belonged as he was the
+son of that Gucunacaba whom they had loved so much. He [Atabalipa] was a
+young man who would treat them with much love and who had enough
+prudence to govern that land. He [the Governor] urged them,
+nevertheless, to look well to it that they wished him for a lord, for if
+not, they were to name another, and if he were capable, the governor
+would give him to them as lord. They replied that since Atabalipa was
+dead, they would obey Atabalipa or whomever else he should give them,
+and so it was arranged that they should yield obedience another day
+according to the accustomed manner. When the next day had come, once
+more they all assembled before the door of the governor where was placed
+the cacique in his chair and near him all the other lords and chiefs,
+each in his proper position. And due ceremonies having been held, each
+one came to offer him a white plume as a sign of vassalage and tribute,
+which is an ancient custom dating from the time that this land was
+conquered by these Cuzcos.[12] This done, they sang and danced, making a
+great festivity, in which the new king neither arrayed himself in
+clothes of price nor placed the fringe upon the forehead in the manner
+in which the dead lord was wont to wear it. And when the governor asked
+him why he did so, he replied that it was the custom of his ancestors
+when they took possession of the realm to mourn the dead cacique and to
+pass three days in fasting, shut up within their house, after which they
+used to come forth with much pomp and solemnity and hold great
+festivities, for which reason he, too, would like to spend two days in
+fasting. The Governor replied that since it was an ancient custom he
+might keep it, and that soon he would give him many things which the
+Emperor our Lord sent to him, which he would give to him and to all the
+lords of those provinces. And at once the cacique was placed for his
+fast in a place apart from the assembly of the others, which was a house
+that they had built for this purpose since the day that notice was given
+by the Governor; it was near the Governor's lodging; on account of it
+the said Governor and the other Spaniards were greatly astonished,
+seeing how, in so short a time, so large and fine a house had been
+built. In it he was shut up and retired without anyone's seeing him or
+entering that place save the servants who waited on him and brought him
+food, or the Governor when he wished to send him something. When the
+fast was over, he came forth richly clad and accompanied by many troops,
+caciques and chiefs who guarded him, and all the places where he was to
+sit were adorned with costly cushions, and beneath his feet were placed
+fine cloths. Seated near him was Calichuchima, the great general of
+Atabalipa who conquered this land, as was told in the account of the
+affairs at Caxamalca, and near him was also the captain Tice, one of the
+chiefs, and on the other side were certain brothers of the lord, while
+on both hands were other caciques and captains and governors of
+provinces and other lords of great lands, and, in short, no one sat
+there who was not of quality. They all ate together on the ground, for
+they use no other table, and when they had eaten, the cacique said that
+he wished to give his obedience in the name of H. M., as his chiefs had
+given it. The Governor told him to do it in the way that seemed best,
+and soon he [the cacique] offered him [the governor] a white plume
+which had been given to him by his caciques, saying that it was given as
+a token of obedience. The Governor embraced him with much love and
+received it, saying that he wished to tell him the things which he was
+to tell in the name of the Emperor, and it was agreed between the two
+that they should meet again for this purpose the following day. When it
+had arrived, the Governor presented himself in the assembly dressed as
+well as possible in silken clothes and accompanied by the officials of
+H. M. and by some noblemen of his company who assisted well-dressed for
+the greater solemnity of this ceremony of friendship and peace, and by
+his side he stationed the ensign with the royal standard. Then the
+Governor began asking each [cacique] in turn his name and that of the
+land of which he was the lord, and he ordered that it be taken down by
+his secretary and scrivener, and there were as many as fifty caciques
+and chiefs. Then, facing all those people, he told them that D. Carlos
+our lord of whom they were servants and vassals who were in his
+company, had sent him to that land in order to give them understanding
+and to preach to them of how a sole Lord Creator of the sky and of the
+earth, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, three distinct persons in one sole
+true God, had created them and given them life and being, and had
+brought to bear the fruits of the land whereby they were sustained, and
+that to this end he would teach them what they were to do and observe in
+order to be saved. And he told them how, by the command of the
+all-powerful God, and of his vicars upon earth, because he had gone to
+heaven where he now dwells and will be eternally glorified, those lands
+were given to the Emperor in order that he might have charge of them,
+who had sent him [Pizarro] to instruct them in the christian faith and
+place them under his obedience. He added that it was all in writing and
+that they should listen to it and fulfil that which he had read to them,
+by means of an interpreter, word for word. Then he asked them if they
+had understood, and they replied that they had, and that since he had
+given them Atabalipa for a lord, they would do all that he commanded
+them to do in the name of H. M., holding as supreme lord the Emperor,
+then the Governor, then Atabalipa, in order to do as much as he
+commanded in his [H. M.'s] name. Then the Governor took in his hands the
+royal standard which he raised on high three times, and he told them
+that, as vassals of the Caesarian Majesty, they ought to do likewise,
+and the cacique took it, and afterwards the captains and the other
+chiefs, and each one raised it aloft twice; then they went to embrace
+the Governor who received them with great joy through seeing their good
+will, and with how much contentment they had heard the affairs of God
+and of our religion. The Governor wished that all this be drawn up as
+testimony in writing, and when it was over, the caciques and chiefs held
+great festivities, so much so that every day there were rejoicings such
+as games and feasts, usually held in the house of the Governor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+    While leading a new colony of Spaniards to settle in Xauxa, they
+    receive news of the death of Guaritico,[13] brother of Atahualpa.
+    Afterwards they passed through the land of Guamachucho,[14]
+    Adalmach,[15] Guaiglia,[16] Puerto Nevado, and Capo Tombo,[17] and
+    they hear that in Tarma many Indian warriors are waiting to attack
+    them, on account of which they take Calichuchima prisoner, and then
+    proceed intrepidly on their journey to Cachamarca,[18] where they
+    find much gold.
+
+
+At this time he [the Governor] had just finished distributing the gold
+and silver which were in that house among the Spaniards of his company,
+and Atabalipa gave the gold belonging to the royal fifths to the
+treasurer of H. M. who took charge of it in order to carry it to the
+city of Xauxa where he [the Governor] intended to found a colony of
+Spaniards on account of the reports he had of the good surrounding
+provinces and of the many cities which there were about it. To this
+end, he had the Spaniards arranged in order and provided with arms and
+other things for the journey, and when the time for departure came, he
+gave them Indians to carry their gold and burdens. Before setting out,
+having heard how few soldiers there were in San Miguel[19] for the
+purpose of holding it, he took, from among those Spaniards whom he was
+to take with him, ten cavalrymen and a captain, a person of great
+cautiousness, whom he ordered to go to that city where he was to
+maintain himself until ships should arrive with troops who might guard
+it, after which he was to go to Xauxa where he himself was about to
+found a village of Spaniards and melt the gold which he bore, promising
+that he would give them all the gold that was due them with as much
+punctuality as if they were actually present, because his [the
+captain's] return [to San Miguel] was very necessary, that being the
+first city to be settled and colonized for the Caesarian Majesty as
+well as the chief one because in it they would have to wait there to
+receive the ships which should come from Spain, to that land.[20]
+
+In this manner they set out with the instructions which the Governor
+gave them as to what they were to do in the pacification of the people
+of that region. The Governor set out one Monday morning, and on that day
+travelled three leagues, sleeping by the shore of a river where the news
+reached him that a brother of Atabalipa called Guaritico had been killed
+by some captains of Atabalipa at his command. This Guaritico was a very
+important person and a friend of the Spaniards, and he had been sent by
+the Governor from Caxamalca to repair the bridges and bad spots in the
+road. The cacique pretended to feel great heaviness because of his
+death, and the Governor himself regretted it because he liked him, and
+because he was very useful to the Christians. The next day the Governor
+set out from that place, and, by his marches, arrived in the land of
+Guamachucho, eighteen leagues from Caxamalca. Having rested there two
+days, he set out for Caxamalca[21] nine leagues ahead, and arrived there
+in three days, and rested four in order that his troops might have
+repose and opportunity to collect supplies for the march to Guaiglia,
+twenty leagues from there. Having left this village, he came in three
+days to the Puerto de Nevado, and a morning's march brought him within a
+day's journey of Guaiglia; and the governor commanded a captain of his,
+who was the Marshal D. Diego de Almagro, to go with troops and take a
+bridge two leagues from Guaiglia, which bridge was built in a manner
+that will soon be related. This captain captured the bridge, which is
+near a strong mountain that dominated that land. The Governor did not
+delay in arriving at the bridge with the rest of his men, and having
+crossed it, he went on, in another morning, which was Sunday, to
+Guaiglia. Arrived there, they soon heard mass and afterwards entered
+certain good rooms; having rested there eight days, he set forth with
+the soldiers, and the next day crossed another bridge of osiers,[22]
+which was above the said river which here passes through a very
+delectable valley. They journeyed thirty leagues to the point where
+captain Hernando Pizarro came when he went to Pachacamac,[23] as will be
+seen in the long account which was sent to H. M. of all that was done on
+that journey to Pachacamac, from there to the city of Xauxa and back to
+Caxamalca, on the occasion on which he took with him the captain
+Chilichuchima and other matters which do not concern us here. The
+Governor changed his route, and, by forced marches, arrived at the land
+of Caxatambo.[24] From there he went on without doing more than to ask
+for some Indians who should carry the gold of H. M. and of the soldiers,
+and always using great vigilance in learning of the affairs which took
+place in the land, and always having both a vanguard and a rear-guard as
+had been done up to that time for fear that the captain Chilichuchima
+whom he had with him, would hatch some treasonable plot, all the more so
+on account of the suspicion he felt owing to the fact that neither in
+Caxatambo nor in the eighteen leagues after it had he met with any
+warriors, nor were his fears lessened during a halt in a village five
+leagues beyond because all the people had fled without leaving a living
+soul. When he had arrived there, a Spaniard's Indian servant, who was
+from that land of Pambo[25] distant from here some ten leagues, and
+twenty from Xauxa, came to him saying that he had heard that troops had
+been assembled in Xauxa to kill the Christians who were coming, and that
+they had as captains Incorabaliba, Iguaparro, Mortay[26] and another
+captain, all four being important men who had many troops with them, and
+the servant added that they had placed a part of this force in a village
+called Tarma five leagues from Xauxa in order to guard a bad pass that
+there was in a mountain and to cut and break it up in such a way that
+the Spaniards could not pass by. Informed of this, the governor gave
+orders that Chilichuchima should be made a prisoner, because it was held
+to be certain that that force had been made ready by his advice and
+command, he thinking to flee the Christians and to go to join it. Of
+these matters the cacique Atabalipa was unaware, and on this account,
+these [Spanish] troops did not permit any Indian to pass by in the
+direction of the cacique who might give notice of these affairs. The
+reason why these Indians had rebelled and were seeking war with the
+Christians was that they saw the land being conquered by the Spaniards,
+and they themselves wished to govern it.
+
+The Governor, before setting out from that place, sent a captain with
+troops to take a snowy pass three leagues ahead and then to pass the
+night in some fields near Pombo,[27] all of which the captain did, and
+he passed the pass with much snow, but without encountering any
+obstacle. And the Governor crossed it likewise, without any opposition
+save for the inconvenience caused by the snow falling upon them. They
+all spent the night in that waste without a single hut, and they lacked
+for wood and victuals. Having arrived in the land of Pombo, the Governor
+provided and commanded that the soldiers should be lodged with the best
+order and caution possible, because he had news that the enemy were
+increasing every moment, and it was held to be certain that he would
+come here to assail the Spaniards, and because of this, the Governor
+caused the patrols and sentinels to be increased, always spying upon the
+progress of the enemy. After he had waited there another day for certain
+envoys whom the cacique Atabalipa had sent to learn what was going on in
+Xauxa, one came who told how the warriors were five leagues from Xauxa
+on the road from Cuzco and were coming to burn the town so that the
+Christians should not find shelter, and that they intended afterward to
+return to Cuzco to combine under a captain named Quizquiz who was there
+with many troops who had come from Quito by command of Atabalipa for
+the security of the land. When this was learned by the Governor, he
+caused to be made ready seventy-five light horse, and with twenty peones
+who guarded Chilichuchima, and without the impediment of baggage, he set
+out for Xauxa, leaving behind the treasurer with the other troops who
+were guarding the camp baggage and the gold of H. M., and of the
+company. The day on which he set out from Pombo, he travelled some seven
+leagues, and he halted in a village called Cacamarca,[28] and here they
+found seventy thousand pesos of gold in large pieces, to guard which the
+Governor left two Christians from the cavalry in order that when the
+rear-guard should arrive, it might be conducted well guarded. Then, in
+the morning, he set forth with his men in good array, for he had word
+that three leagues from there were four thousand men. And on the march
+three or four light horsemen went ahead so that, if they should meet a
+spy of the enemy's, they might take him prisoner to prevent his giving
+warning of their coming. At the hour of noon, they arrived at that bad
+pass of Tarma where warriors were said to be waiting to defend it. The
+pass seemed to be so full of difficulties that it would be impossible to
+go up it, because there was a bad road of stone down into the gully
+where all the riders had to dismount, after which it was necessary to go
+up the heights by a slope about a league long, the greater part of which
+was steep and difficult forest, all of which was crossed without any
+Indians who were said to be armed making an appearance. And in the
+afternoon, after the hour of vespers, the Governor and his men arrived
+at that village of Tarma where, because it was a bad site and because he
+had news that Indians were coming to it to surprise the Christians, he
+did not wish to linger longer than was necessary for feeding the horses
+and allaying their own hunger and fatigue so as to enable them to go
+forth prepared from that place which had no other level spot than the
+plaza as it was on a small slope surrounded by mountains for the space
+of a league. As it was already night, he made his camp here, being
+always on the alert and having the horses saddled. And the men were
+without [proper] food and even without any comfort because there was
+neither fire-wood nor water, nor had they brought their tents with them
+to shelter them, because of which they all nearly died of cold on
+account of the fact that it rained much early in the night and then
+snowed so that the arms and clothes were drenched. But each one sought
+the best remedy he could, and so that evil and troublous night passed to
+the dawn when he commanded that all mount their horses so as to arrive
+early at Xauxa which was four leagues from there. When two had been
+crossed over, the Governor divided the seventy-five soldiers between
+three captains, giving fifteen to each, and taking with him the
+remaining twenty and the twenty peones who were guarding Chilichuchima.
+In this order they journeyed to Porsi a league from Xauxa, having given
+each captain orders as to what he was to do, and they all halted in a
+small village which they encountered. Then they all marched on in
+complete accord, and gave a look at the city. They all halted again on a
+slope within a quarter of a league of it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+    They arrive at the city of Xauxa; they leave some soldiers there to
+    guard that place, and others go against the army of the enemy with
+    which they fight. They win a victory, and return to Xauxa.
+
+
+The natives all came out along the road in order to look at the
+Christians, celebrating much their coming because they thought that,
+through it, they would issue forth from the slavery in which that
+foreign army [the Incas] held them. [The Spaniards] wished to await a
+later hour in the day at this place, but, seeing that no warriors
+appeared, they began their journey so as to enter the city. On going
+down that little slope, they saw running toward them at great speed an
+Indian with a lance erect, and when he came up to them it was found that
+he was a servant of the Christians who said that his master had sent
+him to inform them that they must hold themselves in readiness because
+their enemies were in the city, and that two Christians from the cavalry
+had been sent ahead of the rest, and that they had entered the city to
+see the buildings there, and while they were inspecting it, they saw
+some twenty Indians who came out of certain houses with their lances and
+other arms, calling to others to come forth and join with them. The two
+Christians, seeing them thus assemble, without heeding their cries and
+clamour, attacked them, killed several, and put the others to flight;
+the latter soon joined with others who came to their aid, and they
+formed a mass of some two hundred which the Spaniards again attacked, in
+a narrow street, and broke, forcing them to retreat to the bank of a
+great river which passes by that city, and then one of these Spaniards
+sent the Indian as I have said, with raised lance as a sign that there
+were armed enemies in the city. This having been heard, the Spaniards
+set spur to their horses, and, without delay, arrived at the city and
+entered it; and when they joined their companions, the latter told them
+what had occurred with those Indians. The captains, running in the
+direction in which the enemy had retreated, arrived at length at the
+bank of the river, which was then very full, and on the other shore, at
+a distance of a quarter of a league, they descried the squadrons of
+their enemies. Then, having passed the river with no little toil and
+danger, they gave chase to them. The Governor remained guarding the city
+because it was said that there were enemies hidden within it, as well.
+The Indians perceiving that the Christians had crossed the river, they
+began to retreat, drawn up in two squadrons. One of the Spanish
+captains, with his fifteen light horsemen, spurred ahead toward the
+slope of the hill for which they [the Indians] were making so that they
+could not retreat thither and fortify themselves. The other two captains
+kept right up with them, overtaking them in a field of maize near the
+river. There they put them in disorder and routed them, capturing as
+many as possible, so that of six hundred [Indians] not more than twenty
+or thirty, who took to the mountains before the other captain with his
+fifteen men could arrive, saved themselves. Most of the Indians made for
+the water, thinking to save themselves in it, but the light horsemen
+crossed the river almost by swimming after them, and they did not leave
+one alive save some few who had hidden themselves in their flight after
+their army was broken in pieces. Then the Spaniards ran through the
+country as far as a league below without finding a single Indian. Then,
+having returned, they rested themselves and their horses, which were in
+great need of it; both because of the long journey of the day before and
+on account of their having run those two leagues, they were rather
+crippled. When the truth was learned as to what troops those were [with
+whom the Spaniards had fought], it was found that the four captains and
+the main body were encamped six leagues down the river from Xauxa, and
+that, on that very day, they had sent those six hundred men to complete
+the burning of the city of Xauxa, having already burned the other half
+of it seven or eight days before, and that they had then burned a great
+edifice which was in the plaza, as well as many other things before the
+eyes of the people of that city, together with many clothes and much
+maize, so that the Spaniards should not avail themselves of them. The
+citizens were left so hostile to those other Indians that if one of the
+latter hid, they showed him to the Christians so that they would kill
+him, and they themselves aided in killing them, and they would even have
+done so with their own hands if the Christians had permitted it. The
+Spanish captains, having studied the place where these enemies were
+found as well as the road, along a part of which they journeyed, they
+determined not to shut themselves up in Xauxa, but to pass onward and
+attack the main body of the army which was four leagues off before it
+should receive news of their coming. With this intention, they
+commanded the soldiers to make ready, but their proposal did not come to
+pass because they found the horses so weary that they held it to be
+better council to retire, which they did. Arrived in Xauxa, they
+recounted to the Governor all that had happened, with which he was well
+pleased, and he received them cheerfully, thanking them all for having
+borne themselves so valorously. And he told them that by all means he
+intended to attack the camp of the enemy because, although they were
+advised of the victory, it was certain that they would be waiting. At
+once he ordered his master of the camp to lodge the men and let them
+rest during what remained of the day and through the night until
+moon-rise, and that then they should make ready to go and attack their
+enemies. At that hour fifty light horsemen were in readiness, and at the
+sound of the trumpet they presented themselves, armed and with their
+horses, at the lodging of the Governor who despatched them very soon
+upon their road. Fifteen horsemen remained with him in the city
+together with the twenty peones who made the guard all of each night
+with the horses saddled, until the captain of that sally returned, which
+was in five days. He related to the governor all that had happened from
+the time of his departure, telling how, on the night he left Xauxa, he
+journeyed some four leagues before dawn, with much eagerness to attack
+the enemy's camp before they were warned of his coming; and being now
+near [the enemy] at dawn, they saw a great mass of smoke in the place of
+their encampment, which seemed to be two leagues further on. And so he
+spurred on with his men at a great pace, thinking that the enemy, warned
+of his approach, had fled and that the buildings that there were in a
+village were burning. And so it was, because they had fled, after having
+set fire to that wretched hamlet. Arrived at that place, the Spaniards
+followed the footsteps of the warriors through a very broad valley. And
+as they overtook them they collided with the enemy who were going more
+slowly with many women and children in their rear-guard, and the
+Spaniards, leaving these behind them in order to catch up with the men,
+ran more than four leagues, and caught up with some of their squadrons.
+As some of them [the Indians] saw the Castilians from some distance,
+they had time to take shelter on a mountain and save themselves; others,
+who were few, were killed, leaving in the power of the Spaniards (who,
+because their horses were tired, did not wish to go up the mountain)
+many spoils and women and children. And as it was already night, they
+returned to sleep in a village which they had left behind. And the
+following day these Spaniards determined to follow them as they fled
+back to Cuzco so as to take from them certain bridges of net-work and to
+prevent their crossing. But, because of lack of pasturage for their
+horses, they found themselves obliged to fall back, to the
+dissatisfaction of the Governor because they had not at least followed
+and taken those bridges so as to prevent the Indians from returning to
+Cuzco; it was feared that, being strange people, they would do great
+harm to the citizens of those places.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+    They name new officials in the city of Xauxa in order to establish a
+    settlement of Spaniards, and, having had news of the death of
+    Atabalipa, with great prudence and much craftiness in order to keep
+    themselves in the good graces of the Indians, they discuss the
+    appointment of a new lord.
+
+
+And for this reason, as soon as the baggage and the rear-guard, which he
+had left at Pombo, had arrived, he [the Governor] published an edict to
+the effect that whereas he was determined to found a settlement of
+Spaniards in the name of H. M., all those who wished to settle there
+might do so. But there was not one Spaniard who wished to remain, and
+they said that so long as there were warriors all about in that land
+with arms in their hands the natives of that province would not be at
+the service and disposal of the Spaniards and in obedience to H. M. When
+this was observed by the Governor, he determined not to lose time then
+in that matter, but to go against the enemy in the direction of Cuzco in
+order to drive them from that province and rout them from all of it. In
+the meanwhile, in order to put in order the affairs of that city, he
+founded the village in the name of H. M., and created officials of
+justice for it [and for its citizens] who were eighty in number, of whom
+forty were light horsemen whom he left there as a garrison, and,
+[leaving also] the treasurer, who was to guard the gold of H. M. and to
+act in all matters as head and chief in command of the government.[29]
+While these things were being done, the cacique Atabalipa came to die,
+of his illness; because of this, the Governor and all the other
+Spaniards felt great sorrow, because it was certain that he was very
+prudent and had much love for the Spaniards. It was given out publicly
+that the captain Calichuchima had caused his death because he desired
+that the land should remain with the people of Quito and not with either
+those of Cuzco or with the Spaniards, and if that cacique ["Atabalipa"]
+had lived, he [Calichuchima] would not have been able to succeed in what
+he desired to do. At once, the Governor had Calichuchima and Tizas[30]
+and a brother of the cacique and other leading chiefs and caciques who
+had come from Caxamalca summoned to him; to them he said that they must
+know very well that he had given them Atabalipa as a lord and that, now
+that he was dead, they ought to think of whom they would like as lord in
+order that he might give him to them. There was a great difference of
+opinion between them on this subject because Calichuchima wished the son
+of Atabalipa and brother of the dead cacique Aticoc[31] as lord, and
+others, who were not of the land of Quito, wished the lord to be a
+native of Cuzco and proposed a brother of Atabalipa (as lord). The
+Governor said to those who wished as lord the brother of Atabalipa that
+they should send and have him summoned and that after he had come, if he
+found him to be a man of worth, he would appoint him. And with this
+reply that meeting came to an end. And the Governor, having called aside
+the captain Calichuchima, spoke to him in these words: "You already know
+that I loved greatly your lord Atabalipa and that I have always wished
+him to leave a son after he died, and that this son should be lord, and
+that you, who are already a prudent man, should be his captain until he
+had reached the age of governing his dominions, and for this reason I
+greatly desire that he should be called soon, because, for love of his
+father, I love him much, and you likewise. But at the same time, since
+all these caciques who are here are your friends and since you have much
+influence with the soldiers of their nation, it would be well that you
+send them word by messengers to come in peace, because I do not wish to
+be enraged against them and to kill them, as you see I am doing, when I
+wish that the affairs of these provinces should be quiet and peaceful."
+This captain had a great desire, as has been said, that the son of
+Atabalipa should be lord, and knowing this, the Governor slyly spoke
+these words to him and gave him this hope, not because he had any
+intention of carrying it out,[32] but in order that, in the meanwhile,
+that son of Atabalipa might come for this purpose (and) might cause
+those caciques who had taken up arms [also] to come to him in peace. It
+was likewise agreed that he should say to Aticoc and to the other lords
+of the province of Cuzco that he [the Governor] would give them as lord
+him whom they wished, because it was necessary that those things which
+were for the good of all should thus be governed in the state. He tried
+to give to Calichuchima words that [would enable him] to cause the
+people who were in Cuzco with arms to lay them down in order that they
+might do no harm to the people of the country, and those of Cuzco,
+because they were true friends of the Christians, gave them notice of
+all that the enemy were trying to do and of all that was going on in the
+country, and for this reason and others the Governor said this with
+great prudence. Chilichuchima, to whom he told it, showed as much
+pleasure at these words as if he had been made lord of the whole world,
+and he replied that he would do as he was ordered and that it would
+cause him much pleasure if the caciques and soldiers were to come in
+peace[33] and that he would despatch messengers to Quito in order that
+the son of Atabalipa might come. But he feared that two great captains
+who were with him would prevent it, and would not let him come.
+Nevertheless he would send such a person of importance with the embassy
+that he thought that all would conform with his wish. And soon he added,
+"Sir, since you wish me to cause these caciques to come, take off this
+chain [which I wear] for, seeing me with it, no one wishes to obey me."
+The Governor, in order that he should not suspect that he had feigned
+what he had said to him, told him that he was pleased to do so, but on
+the condition that he was to put a guard of Christians over him until
+after he had caused those soldiers who were at war to come in peace and
+until the son of Atabalipa had come.[34] He [Chalcuchima] was satisfied
+with this, and so he was released, and the Governor put him under a good
+guard, because that captain was the key [the possession of which
+ensured] having the land quiet and subjected. This precaution taken, and
+the troops who were to go with the Governor toward Cuzco being made
+ready, the number of whom was one hundred horsemen and thirty peons, he
+[the Governor] ordered a captain to go ahead with seventy horsemen and
+some peons in order to rebuild the bridges which had been burned, and
+the Governor remained behind while he was giving orders for many matters
+touching the welfare of the city and Republic which he was to leave
+already well established, and in order to await the reply of the
+Christians whom he had sent to the coast in order to examine the ports
+and set up crosses in them in case some one should come to reconnoitre
+the land.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+    Description of the bridges which the natives are wont to make in
+    order to cross the rivers; and of the toilsome journey which the
+    Spaniards had, in going to Cuzco, and of the arrival at Panarai and
+    Tarcos.
+
+
+This captain departed with those who were to follow him on Thursday, and
+the Governor with the rest of the troops, and Chilichuchima with his
+guard left the following Monday. In the morning they were all ready with
+their arms and other necessary things; the journey they were to make
+being long, they were to leave all the baggage in Xauxa, it not being
+convenient to carry it with them on that journey. The Governor journeyed
+two days down the valley along the bank of the Xauxa River, which was
+very delectable and peopled in many places, and on the third day he
+arrived at a bridge of net-work which is over the said river and which
+the Indian soldiers had burned after they crossed over, but already the
+captain who had gone ahead had made the natives rebuild it. And in the
+places where they build these bridges of net-work, where the rivers are
+swollen, this inland country far from the sea being densely populated,
+and because almost none of the Indians knows how to swim, because of
+which even though the rivers are small and might be forded, they
+nevertheless throw out these bridges, and after this fashion; If the two
+banks of the river are stony, they raise upon them large walls of stone,
+and then they place four [ropes of] pliable reeds two palms or a little
+less in thickness, and between them, after the fashion of wattle-work,
+they weave green osiers two fingers thick and well intertwined, in such
+a way that some are not left more slack than others, and all are well
+tied. And upon these they place branches crosswise in such a way that
+the water is not seen, and in this way they make the floor of the
+bridge. And in the same manner they weave a balustrade of these same
+osiers along the side of the bridge so that no one may fall into the
+water, of which, in truth, there is no danger, although to one who is
+not used to it, the matter of crossing appears a thing of danger
+because, the span being long, the bridge bends when one goes over it, so
+that one goes continually downward until the middle is reached, and from
+there he keeps going up until he has finished crossing to the other
+bank, and when the bridge is being crossed, it trembles very much, so
+that it goes to the head of him who is not accustomed to it. Ordinarily
+they make two bridges close together, so that, as they say, the lords
+may cross by one and the common people by another. They keep guards over
+them, and the lords of all the land keep them there continuously in
+order that if someone should steal gold or silver or anything else from
+him or from some other lord of the land, he would not be able to cross.
+And those who guard these bridges have their houses nearby, and they
+always have in their hands osiers and wattles and cords in order to mend
+the bridges if they are injured or even to rebuild them if need were.
+The guards who were in charge of this bridge when the Indians who burned
+it passed over, hid the materials which they had for mending it, for
+otherwise the Indians would have burned them also, and for this reason
+they rebuilt it in so short a space of time in order that the Spaniards
+might cross over. The Spanish cavalry and the Governor crossed by one of
+these bridges, although, on account of its being new and not well made,
+they had much trouble because the captain who had gone ahead with
+seventy cavalrymen had made many holes in it so that it was half
+destroyed. Still, the horses got over without endangering themselves,
+although nearly all stumbled because the bridge moved and trembled so,
+but, as I have said, the bridge was made in such a way that even though
+they were thrown upon their knees, they could not fall into the water.
+As soon as all were over, the Governor encamped in some groves near
+which ran some streams of beautiful clear water. Later they proceeded
+on their journey two leagues along the shore of that river through a
+narrow valley on both sides of which were very high mountains, and in
+some places, this valley through which the river passes has so little
+space that there is not more than a stone's throw from the foot of the
+mountain to the river, and in other places, because of the slope of the
+mountain, there is but little more. Two leagues of this valley having
+been travelled, they came to another bridge, a small one over another
+river, over which the troops passed on foot while the horses forded, as
+much on account of the bridge being in bad order as on account of the
+fact that the water was low at that time. Having crossed the river, he
+[the Governor] began to climb a very steep and long mountain all made of
+steps of very small stones.[35] Here the horses toiled so much that,
+when they had finished going up, the greater part of them had lost their
+shoes and worn down the hoofs of all four feet. That mountain, which
+lasted for more than half a league, having been overcome, and having
+journeyed for a bit in the evening along a slope, the Governor with his
+men arrived at a village which the hostile Indians had sacked and
+burned, on account of which neither people nor maize was found in it,
+nor any other food, and the water was very far off because the Indians
+had broken the aqueducts which came to the city, which was a great evil
+and of much inconvenience for the Spaniards who, because they had found
+the road hard, toilsome and long on that day, needed good lodging. The
+next day the Governor set out from there and went to sleep in another
+village which, although it was very large and fine and full of houses,
+had as little food in it as the last one; and this village is called
+Panarai. The Governor wondered greatly with his men at finding here
+neither food nor anything else, because this place belonged to one of
+the lords who had been with Atabalipa and with the dead lord in the
+company of the Christians, and he had come in their company as far as
+Xauxa, [where] he said he wished to go ahead in order to prepare in this
+land his victuals and other things necessary for the Spaniards. And when
+they found here neither him nor his people, it was held to be certain
+that the country-side had revolted. And not having had any letter from
+the captain who had gone ahead with the seventy horsemen, save which let
+them know that he was going right after the hostile Indians, it was
+feared that the foe had taken some step whereby he was prevented from
+sending any messenger. The Spaniards sought so much, that they found
+some maize and ewes, ... and the next day, early, they set out and
+arrived at a village called Tarcos, where they met the cacique of the
+district and some men who told them of the day on which had passed that
+way some Christians who were going to fight with the enemy who had
+established their camp in a neighboring settlement. All received this
+news with great pleasure, and they found a good reception in that
+place, because the cacique had brought to the plaza a large quantity of
+maize, fire-wood, ewes, and other things of which the Spaniards had
+great need.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+    While proceeding on their journey they have news sent by the forty
+    Spanish horsemen of the state of the Indian army with which the
+    latter had fought victoriously.
+
+
+On the next day, which was Saturday, All Saints' day, the friar who was
+with this company said mass in the morning, according to the custom of
+saying it on such a day, and later all set out and journeyed until they
+arrived at a full river three leagues beyond, always descending from the
+mountains by a rough and long slope. This river, likewise, had a
+net-work bridge which, being broken, made it necessary to ford the
+stream, and afterwards a very large mountain was ascended which, looked
+at from below, seemed impossible of ascent by the very birds of the air,
+and still more so by men on horseback toiling over the ground. But the
+climb was made less arduous for them by the fact that the road went up
+in spirals, and not straight. The greater part, however, was made of
+large steps of stone which greatly fatigued the horses and wore down and
+injured their hoofs, even though they were led by the bridle. In this
+manner a long league was surmounted, and another was traversed by a more
+easy road along a declivity, and in the afternoon the Governor with the
+Spaniards arrived at a small village of which a part was burned, and in
+the other part, which had remained whole, the Spaniards settled. And in
+the evening two Indian couriers, sent by the captain who was ahead,
+arrived. They brought news, in letters to the Governor, that the captain
+had arrived with all speed at the land of Parcos[36] which he had left
+behind him, having had news that the [Indian] captains were thereabout
+with all the hostile forces; [but] he did not encounter them, and it was
+held to be certain that they had withdrawn to Bilcas,[37] and through so
+much of the road as he traversed until coming to [a place] within five
+leagues of Bilcas, where he spent the night, he marched secretly in
+order not to be forestalled by certain spies who were placed a league
+from Bilcas. And having news that the enemy were in a town without
+having warning of his coming, the captain was delighted, and, having
+gone down the rather difficult slope where that place was, at dawn he
+entered [the town where some warriors were lodged with few
+precautions].[38] The Spanish cavalry began to attack them in the plazas
+until so many had been killed or had fled that no one remained; because
+there were a few Indian soldiers who had retired to a mountain on one
+side of the road who, as soon as the day became bright and they saw the
+Spaniards, assembled in squadrons, and came against them crying out
+_Ingres_,[39] which name they hold to be very insulting, being that of a
+contemned people who live in the hot lands of the sea-coast, and because
+that province was cold and the Spaniards wore clothes over their flesh,
+[the Indians] called them Ingres and threatened them with slavery as
+they were few, not more than forty, and defying them by saying that they
+would come down to where they were. The captain, although he knew that
+that was a bad place for fighting on horseback, of which position the
+Spaniards could little avail themselves there, nevertheless, in order
+that the enemy should not think that he would not fight from lack of
+spirit, took with him thirty horsemen, leaving the rest to guard the
+town, and went down through a cleft[40] in the mountain by a very
+painful slope. The enemy boldly awaited them and in the shock of battle
+they killed one horse and wounded two others, but finally, all being
+dispersed, some fled in one direction and others in another over the
+mountain [by] a very rough road where the horses could neither follow
+them nor injure them. At this juncture, an [Indian] captain who had fled
+from the village, and who knew that they had killed one horse and
+wounded two, said "Come, let us turn back and fight with these men
+until not one is left alive, for there are but a few of them!" and at
+once all returned with more spirit and greater impetuosity than before,
+and in this way a sharper battle than the first was fought. At the end,
+the Indians fled and the horsemen followed them in all directions as
+long as they could. In these two encounters more than six hundred men
+were left dead, and it is believed also that Maila, one of their
+captains, died, and the Indians affirmed it also, and they, on their
+part, when they killed a horse, cut off his head and put it on a lance
+which they bore before them like a standard. [The Spanish captain]
+likewise informed [his men] that he intended to rest there for three
+days out of consideration for the wounded Christians and horses, and
+that later they would set out to take, first of all, a bridge of
+net-work which was near there, so that the fugitive enemies should not
+cross it and go to join with Quizquiz[41] in Cuzco and with the garrison
+of troops he had there, which was said to be waiting for the Spaniards
+in a bad pass near Cuzco. But, although they found it to be more than
+bad, they hoped in God who, in whatever place that battle might be
+fought, even in a land all rough and stony, would not permit the Indians
+to be able to defend themselves any where, no matter how difficult and
+toilsome it might be, nor to attack the Spaniards in any bad pass. And,
+having set out from here and having crossed the bridge three leagues
+from Cuzco [the captain declared] that he would there await the Governor
+as he had informed him by swift messenger Indians of what had occurred.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+    After having suffered various inconveniences, and having passed the
+    cities of Bilcas and of Andabailla,[42] and before arriving at
+    Airamba,[43] they have letters from the Spaniards in which they ask
+    for the aid of thirty cavaliers.
+
+
+Having received this letter, the Governor and all the Spaniards who were
+with him were filled with infinite content over the victory which the
+captain had obtained, and at once he sent it, together with another, to
+the city of Xauxa, to the treasurer and to the Spaniards who had
+remained there in order that they might share in the gladness over the
+victory of the captain. And likewise he sent despatches to the captain
+and the Spaniards who were with him congratulating them much on the
+victory they had won, and begging them and counseling them to be
+governed in these matters more by prudence than by confidence in their
+own strength, and commanding, at all events, that, having passed the
+last bridge, they should await him [the Governor] there so that they
+might then enter the city of Cuzco all together. This done, the Governor
+set out the following day and went by a rough and tiring road through
+rocky mountains and over ascents and descents of stone steps from which
+all believed they could only bring their horses with difficulty,
+considering the road already traversed and that still to be traversed.
+They slept that night in a village on the other side of the river, which
+here, as elsewhere, had a bridge of net-work. The horses crossed through
+the water and the footsoldiers and the servants of the Spaniards by the
+bridge. On the next day they had a good road beside the river where they
+encountered many wild animals, deer and antelope; and that day they
+arrived at nightfall at some rooms in the vicinity of Bilcas where the
+captain who was going ahead had made halt in order to travel by night
+and so enter Bilcas without being found out, as he did enter it, and
+here was received another letter from him in which he said that he had
+left Bilcas two days before, and had come to a river four leagues ahead
+which he had forded because the bridge had been burned, and here he had
+understood that the captain Narabaliba was fleeing with some twenty
+Indians and that he had met two thousand Indians whom the captain of
+Cuzco had sent to him as aid who, as soon as they knew of the rout at
+Bilcas, turned around and fled with him, endeavouring to join with the
+scattered remnants of those who were fleeing, in order to await them
+[the Spaniards] in a village called Andabailla,[44] and [the Spanish
+captain said] that he was resolved not to stay his course until he
+should encounter them. These announcements being understood by the
+Governor, he first thought of sending aid to the captain, but later he
+did not do so because he considered that if there were to be a battle at
+all it would have occurred already and the aid would not arrive in
+time, and he determined furthermore not to linger a single day until he
+should catch up with him, and in this way he set out for Bilcas which he
+entered very early the following day, and on that day he did not wish to
+go further. This city of Bilcas[45] is placed on a high mountain and is
+a large town and the head of a province. It has a beautiful and fine
+fortress; there are many well built houses of stone, and it is half-way
+by road from Xauxa to Cuzco. And on the next day the Governor encamped
+on the other side of the river, four leagues from Bilcas, and although
+the day's march was short, it was nevertheless toilsome because it was
+entirely a descent almost all composed of stone steps, and the troops
+waded the river with much fatigue because it was very full, and he set
+up his camp on the other bank among some groves. Scarcely had the
+Governor arrived here, when he received a letter from the captain who
+was reconnoitring in which the latter informed him that the enemy had
+gone on five leagues and were in waiting on the slope of a mountain in
+a land called Curamba,[46] and that there were many warriors there, and
+that they had made many preparations and had arranged great quantities
+of stones so that the Spaniards would not be able to go up. The
+Governor, when he understood this, although the captain did not ask him
+for aid, believed that it was necessary now, and he at once ordered the
+Marshal D. Diego de Almagro to get ready with thirty light horsemen,
+well equipped as to arms and horses, and he did not wish him to take a
+single peon with him, because he ordered him [Almagro] not to delay for
+anything until he should come up with the captain who was ahead with the
+others. And when he [Almagro] had set out, the Governor likewise
+started, on the following day, with ten horsemen and the twenty peons
+who were guarding Chilichuchima, and he quickened his pace so much that
+day that of two days' marches he made one. And just as he was about to
+arrive at the village called Andabailla, where he was to sleep, an
+Indian came to him on the run to say that on a certain slope of the
+mountain, which he pointed out with his finger, there had been
+discovered hostile troops of war, on which account, the Governor, armed
+as he was and on horseback, went with the Spaniards he had with him to
+take the summit of that slope, and he examined the whole of it without
+finding the warriors of whom the Indian had spoken, because they were
+troops native to the land who were fleeing from the Indians of Quito
+because the latter did them very great harm. The Governor and company
+having arrived at that village of Andabailla, they supped and spent the
+night there. On the next day, they arrived at the village of Airamba
+from where the captain had written that he was with the armed troops
+waiting for them upon the road.[47]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+    Having arrived at a village, they find much silver in plates
+    twenty-feet long. Proceeding on their journey, they receive letters
+    from the Spaniards relating the brisk and adverse struggle they had
+    had against the army of the Indians.
+
+
+Here were found two dead horses,[48] from which it was suspected that
+some misfortune had befallen the captain. But, having entered the
+village, they learned, from a letter that arrived before they retired
+for the night, that the captain had here encountered some warriors, and
+that, in order to gain the mountain, he had gone up a slope where he had
+found assembled a great quantity of stone, a sign which showed that they
+[the Indians] wished to guard [the pass], and that they were gone in
+search of [other] Indians because they had warning that [the Spaniards]
+were not far off and that the two horses had died of so many changes
+from heat to cold. He [the captain] wrote nothing of the aid which the
+Governor had sent to him, because of which it was thought that it had
+not yet arrived. The next day the Governor set out from there, and slept
+[the next night] by a river whose bridge had been burned by the enemy,
+so that it was necessary to ford it, with great fatigue on account of
+the fact that the current was very swift and the bottom very stony. On
+the next day, they encamped at a town in the houses of which was found
+much silver in large slabs twenty feet long, one broad, and one or two
+fingers thick. And the Indians who were there related that those slabs
+belonged to a great cacique and that one of the lords of Cuzco had won
+them and had carried them off thus in plates, together with those of
+which the conquered cacique had built a house.[49] The next day, the
+Governor set out in order to cross the last bridge, which was almost
+three leagues from there. Before he arrived at that river, a messenger
+came with a letter from the captain in which he informed him that he had
+arrived at the last bridge with great speed in order that the enemy
+should not have opportunity to burn it; but that, at the time of his
+arrival there, they had finished burning it, and as it was already late,
+he did not wish to cross the river that same day, but had gone to camp
+in a village which was nearby. The next day, he [the captain] had passed
+through the water, which came to the breasts of the horses, and had
+proceeded straight along the road to Cuzco which was twelve leagues from
+there; and as, on the way, he was informed that, on a neighbouring
+mountain [where] forts had been built, all the enemies were hoping that
+the next day Quizquiz would come to their aid with reenforcements from
+the troops which he had in Cuzco, for this reason he [the captain] had
+spurred ahead with all speed together with fifty horsemen,[50] for ten
+had been left guarding the baggage and certain gold which had been
+found in the rout of Bilcas. And one Saturday, at noon, they had begun
+to go up on horseback a slope which lasted well over a league, and,
+being wearied by the sharp ascent and by the mid-day heat, which was
+very great, they stopped awhile and gave to the horses some maize which
+they had because the natives of a village nearby had brought it to them.
+Then, proceeding on their journey, the captain, who rode a cross-bow
+shot ahead, saw the enemy on the summit of the mountain, which they
+entirely covered, and [he saw] that three or four thousand were coming
+down in order to pass the point where they [the Spaniards] were. Because
+of this, although he called to the Spaniards to put themselves in
+battle-array, he could not hope to join them, because the Indians were
+already very near and were coming with great rapidity. But with those
+who were in readiness, he advanced to give battle [to the Indians], and
+the Spaniards who kept coming up mounted the slope of the mountain, some
+on one hand, others on the other. They dashed among those of the enemy
+who were foremost without waiting for the beginning of the fight, save
+for defending themselves against the stones which were hurled upon them,
+until they mounted to the summit of the mountain, in which deed they
+thought they saw a certain victory to be accomplished. The horses were
+so tired that they could not get breath in order to attack with
+impetuosity such a multitude of enemies, nor did the latter cease to
+inconvenience and harass them continually with the lances stones and
+arrows which they hurled at them, so they fatigued all to such an extent
+that the riders could hardly keep their horses at the trot or even at
+the pace. The Indians, perceiving the weariness of the horses, began to
+charge with greater fury, and five Christians, whose horses could not go
+up to the summit of the slope, were charged so furiously by so many of
+the throng that to two of them it was impossible to alight, and they
+were killed upon their horses. The others fought on foot very
+valorously, but at length, not being seen by any companions who could
+bring them aid, they remained prisoners, and only one was killed without
+being able to lay hand upon his sword or to defend himself, the cause of
+which was that a good soldier was left dead beside him, the tail of his
+horse having been seized which prevented his going ahead with the rest.
+They [the Indians] opened the heads of all by means of their battle-axes
+and clubs; they wounded eighteen horses and six Christians; but none of
+the wounds were dangerous save those of one horse which died of them. It
+pleased God Our Lord that the Spaniards should gain a plain which was
+near that mountain, and the Indians collected on a hill nearby. The
+captain commanded half of his men to take the bridles off their horses
+and let them drink in a rivulet that ran there, and then to do the same
+for the other half, which was done without being hindered by the
+enemies. Then, the captain said to all: "Gentlemen, let us withdraw from
+here step by step down this declivity in such a way that the enemy may
+think that we are fleeing from them, in order that they may come in
+search of us below, for, if we can attract them to this plain, we will
+attack them all of a sudden in such a manner that I hope not one of them
+will escape from our hands. Our horses are already somewhat tired, and
+if we put the enemy to flight, we shall end by gaining the summit of the
+mountain." And thus it was that some of the Indians, thinking that the
+Spaniards were retreating, came down below, throwing stones at them,
+with their slings, and shooting arrows.[51] When this was seen by the
+Christians, [they knew] that now was their time, [and] they turned their
+horses' heads, and before the Indians could gather together on the
+mountain where they were before, some twenty of them were killed. When
+this was seen by the others, and when they perceived that there was
+little safety in the place where they were, they left that mountain and
+retired to another one which was higher. The captain, with his men,
+finished climbing the mountain, and there, because it was already night,
+he camped with his soldiers. The Indians also camped two cross-bow shots
+away, in such a manner that in either camp could be heard the voices in
+the other. The captain caused the wounds to be cared for and posted
+patrols and sentinels for the night, and he ordered that all the horses
+were to remain saddled and bridled until the following day, on which he
+was to fight with the Indians. And he tried to cheer his men up and
+renew their valor, saying: "that by all means it was necessary to attack
+the enemy the following morning without delaying an instant, because he
+had news that the captain Quizquiz was coming with great reenforcements,
+and by no means should they wait until he joined forces with them." All
+showed as much spirits and confidence as if they already had the victory
+in their hands, and again the captain comforted them, saying: "he held
+the day just passed through to be more perilous than that which awaited
+them on the morrow, and that God Our Lord who had delivered them from
+danger in the past would grant them victory in the future, and that they
+should look to it whether, on the day before, when their horses were so
+weary, they had attacked their enemies with disadvantage and had routed
+them and driven them from their fortresses, even though their own number
+did not exceed fifty, and that of the enemy eight thousand; ought they
+not, then, to hope for victory when they were fresh and rested?" With
+these and other spirited conversations, that night was passed, and the
+Indians were in their own camp, uttering cries and saying: "Wait,
+Christians, until dawn, when you are all to die, and we shall take away
+from you just as many horses as you have!"[52] and they added insulting
+words in their language having determined to enter into combat with the
+Christians as soon as it should dawn, believing them and their horses to
+be weary on account of the toil of the day before and because they saw
+them to be so few in numbers and because they knew that many of the
+horses were wounded. In this manner the same thought prevailed on the
+one side and on the other, but the Indians firmly believed that the
+Christians would not escape from them.[53]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+    News comes of the victory won by the Spaniards, even to their
+    putting the Indian army to flight. They command that a chain be
+    placed about the neck of Chilichuchima, holding him to be a traitor.
+    They cross the Rimac[54] and all reunite once more at
+    Sachisagagna,[55] where they burn Chilichuchima.
+
+
+This news reached the Governor near the last river, as I have said, and
+he, without showing any change in his countenance, communicated it to
+the ten horsemen and twenty peons whom he had with him, consoling them
+all with good words which he spoke to them, although they were greatly
+disturbed in their minds, for they thought that if a small number of
+Indians, relatively to the number anticipated, had maltreated the
+Christians in such a manner in the first action, they would bring upon
+them still greater war on the following day when their horses were
+wounded and when the aid of thirty horsemen, which had been sent to
+them, had not yet arrived among the Spaniards. But all showed that they
+knew how to place their hopes in God, and they arrived at the river
+which they crossed in _balsas_, swimming the horses, because the bridge
+was burned down. And the river being very full, they delayed in crossing
+it the rest of that day and the next one until the hour of siesta when
+the Governor, smiling [determined] to set out without waiting for the
+Indian allies to cross.[56] [Just then] a Christian was seen coming, and
+when all saw him from afar, they judged that the captain with the
+horsemen had been routed and that this man was bringing the news in his
+flight. But when he had arrived in the presence of the Governor, he gave
+great consolation to the minds of all with the news that he brought,
+relating that God Our Lord, who never abandons his faithful servants
+even in the direst extremities, ordained that while the captain with
+the others [of his company] was passing that night cautiously and
+encouraging his men for the combat on the morrow, the Marshal arrived
+with the reenforcements of thirty horsemen which had been sent, and
+these, together with the ten others whom they had left behind, made
+forty altogether, and when all perceived this, the first group felt as
+much pleasure as if they had resuscitated that day [just lived through],
+holding it to be certain that the victory would be theirs on the
+following day. When day had come, which was Sunday, they all mounted at
+dawn, and, disposed in a wing formation in order to present a better
+front, they attacked the rear of the Indians who, during the night, had
+determined to attack the Christians, but who, in the morning, seeing so
+many soldiers, thought that some aid must have come to them during the
+night, on account of which, not having the courage to put on a bold
+front, and seeing that the Spaniards were coming up the slope in pursuit
+of them, turned their backs and retired from mountain to mountain. The
+Spaniards did not follow them because the land was rough, and besides, a
+mist arose which was so thick that they could not see one another, and
+yet withal, on the slope of a hill, they killed many of the enemy. At
+this juncture, a thousand Indians in a squadron commanded by Quizquiz
+arrived in aid of the Indians who, seeing the Christians on horseback
+and so warlike, judged it time to withdraw to the mountain.[57] At the
+same time, the Christians assembled in their [the Indians'] fort, whence
+the captain had sent this messenger to the Governor to tell him that he
+would await him there until he should arrive. When this news was heard
+by the Governor, he rejoiced greatly over the victory which God Our Lord
+had given him when he least expected it, and without delaying an instant
+he ordered that all should go forward with the dunnage and the remaining
+Indians, because, jointly with this news, he had received warning that
+in the retreat of this hostile force of soldiers, four thousand men had
+split off from the rest, and that therefore he should proceed
+cautiously, and should also be very sure that Chilichuchima was
+arranging and commanding all this and was giving advice to the enemy as
+to what they were to do, and that, on this account, he should bear
+himself with caution. When the Governor had finished his day's march, he
+had chains put upon Chilichuchima and said to him: "Well you know how I
+have always borne myself toward you and how I have always tried [to be
+generous with you], making you the captain who should rule all this land
+until the son of Atabalipa should come from Quito in order to be made
+lord [of it], and although I have had many causes for putting you to
+death, I have not wished to do so, believing always that you would mend
+your ways. Likewise, I have asked you many times to urge these hostile
+Indians, with whom you have influence and friendliness, to calm
+themselves and lay down their arms, since, although they had done much
+harm and had killed Guaritico[58] who came from Xauxa at my command, I
+would pardon them all. But in spite of all these admonitions of mine you
+have wished to persist in your evil attitude and intentions, thinking
+that the advice which you gave to the hostile captains was powerful
+enough to make your wicked design succeed. But now you can see how, with
+the aid of our God, we have always routed them, and that it will always
+be so in the future, and you may be very sure that they will not be able
+to escape nor to return to Quito whence they came, nor will you ever
+again see Cuzco[59] because as soon as I have arrived at the place where
+this captain is with my soldiers, I shall cause you to be burned alive
+because you have known how to keep so ill the friendship which, in the
+name of Caesar,[60] my lord, I have agreed upon with you. Have no doubt
+that this will be done unless you urge these Indian friends of yours to
+lay down their arms and come in peace, as I have asked you to do many
+times before." To all these reasonings Chilichuchima listened
+attentively without returning a word. But always firm in his obstinacy,
+he [at length] replied: "that those captains had not done as he had
+ordered them to do because they did not wish to obey him, and, for that
+reason he had not remained to make them understand that they must come
+in peace," and with such words he excused himself from what was
+attributed to him. But the Governor, who already knew of certain of his
+dealings, left him with his evil thoughts and did not return to speak to
+him upon the matter. Then, having crossed the river in the afternoon,
+the Governor went forward with those soldiers and arrived by night in a
+village called Rimac[61] a league from that river. And there the Marshal
+arrived, with four horsemen, to wait for him, and after they had talked
+together, they set out the next day for the camp of the Spaniards where
+they arrived in the afternoon, the captain and many others having come
+out to meet them, and all rejoiced greatly at seeing themselves all
+together again. The Governor gave each one thanks, according to his
+merits, for the valour they had shown, and all set out together in the
+evening and arrived two leagues further on at a village called
+Sachisagagna.[62] The captains informed the Governor all that had
+happened, just as I have related it. When they were all lodged in this
+village, the captain and the Marshal urged the Governor to do justice on
+Chilichuchima, because he ought to know that Chilichuchima advised the
+enemy of all that the Christians did, and that he it was who had made
+the Indians come out of the mountains of Bilcas, exhorting them to come
+and fight with the Christians who were few and who, with their horses,
+could not climb those mountains save step by step and on foot, and
+giving them, at the same time, a thousand other counsels as to where
+they were to wait and what they were to do, like a man who had seen
+those places and who knew the skill of the Christians with whom he had
+lived so long a time. Informed of all these things, the Governor gave
+orders that he was to be burned alive in the middle of the plaza, and
+so it was done, for his chiefs and most familiar friends were those who
+were quickest in setting fire to him.[63] The religious[64] tried to
+persuade him to become a Christian, saying to him that those who were
+baptized and who believed with true faith in our saviour Jesus Christ
+went to glory in paradise and that those who did not believe in him went
+to hell and its tortures. He made him understand this by means of an
+interpreter. But he [Chilichuchima] did not wish to be a Christian,
+saying that he did not know what sort of thing this law was, and he
+began to invoke Paccamaca[65] and captain Quizquiz that they might come
+to his aid. This Paccamaca the Indians have as their God and they offer
+him much gold and silver, and it is a well-known thing that the demon is
+in that idol and speaks with those who come to ask him something.[66]
+And of this matter I have spoken at length in the relation which was
+sent to H. M. from Caxamalca. In this way this captain paid for the
+cruelties which he committed in the conquests of Atabalipa, and for the
+evils which he plotted to the hurt of the Spaniards and in disservice of
+H. M. All the people of the country rejoiced infinitely at his death,
+because he was very much abhorred by all who knew what a cruel man he
+was.[67]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+    A son of the cacique Guainacaba[68] visits them; they agree upon
+    friendship with him, and he tells them of the movements of the army
+    of hostile Indians with which they have some encounters before
+    entering Cuzco, where they establish as lord the son of
+    Guainacaba.[69]
+
+
+Here the Spaniards rested that night, having set good guards, because
+they were given to understand that Quizquiz was close by with all his
+men. And on the following morning, came to visit the Governor a son of
+Guainacaba and a brother of the dead cacique Atabalipa,[70] and the
+greatest and most important lord who was then in that land; and he had
+ever been a fugitive so that those of Quito might not kill him. This man
+said to the Governor that he would aid him to the extent of his power in
+order to drive from that land all those of Quito, who were his enemies
+and who hated him and did not wish to be the subjects of a foreign
+people. This man was the man to whom, by law, came all that province and
+whom all the caciques of it wished for their lord. When he came to see
+the Governor, he came through the mountains, avoiding the roads for fear
+of those of Quito, and the Governor received him with great gladness and
+replied to him: "Much does what you say please me, as does also finding
+you with so good a desire to expel these men of Quito, and you must know
+that I have come from Xauxa for no other purpose than to prevent them
+from doing you harm and free you from slavery to them, and you can
+believe that I have not come for my own benefit because I was in Xauxa,
+sure of having war with them and I had an excuse for not making this
+long and difficult journey. But knowing the injuries they were doing to
+you, I wanted to come to rectify and undo them, as the Emperor my lord
+commanded me to do. And so, you may be sure that I will do in your favor
+all that seems suitable for me to do. And I will do the same to
+liberate from this tyranny the people of Cuzco." The Governor made him
+all these promises in order to please him so that he might continue to
+give news of how affairs were going, and that cacique remained
+marvellously satisfied, as did also those who had come with him. And he
+[Manco] replied: "Henceforth I shall give you exact information
+concerning all that they of Quito do in order that they may not
+inconvenience you." And in this manner he took leave of the Governor,
+saying: "I am going to fish because I know that tomorrow the Christians
+do not eat flesh, and I shall encounter this messenger who tells me that
+Quizquiz is going with his men to burn Cuzco and that he is now near at
+hand, and I have wished to warn you of it in order that you may fix upon
+a remedy." The Governor at once placed all the soldiers upon the alert,
+and, although it was already noon, when he knew the needs of the
+situation, he did not wish to delay even to eat, but journeyed with all
+the Spaniards straight toward Cuzco, which was four leagues from that
+place, with the intention of establishing his camp near the city so as
+to enter it early the next day. And when he had travelled two leagues,
+he saw rise up in the distance a great smoke, and when he asked some
+Indians the cause of it, they told him that a squadron of the men of
+Quizquiz had come down a mountain and set fire [word missing]. Two
+captains went ahead with some forty horsemen to see if they could catch
+up with this squadron, which speedily joined with the men of Quizquiz
+and the other captains who were on a slope a league in front of Cuzco
+waiting for the Christians in a pass close to the road. Seen by the
+captains and Spaniards, they [the Indians] could not avoid an encounter
+with them, although the Governor had them made to understand that they
+[the Spaniards] would wait for the rest to join them, which they would
+have done, were it not for the fact that the Indians incited each other
+with much spirit to encounter them. And before they [the Spaniards]
+could be attacked, they fell upon them on the skirt of a hill, and in a
+short time they routed them, forcing them to flee to the mountain and
+killing two hundred of them. Another squad of cavalry crossed over
+another slope of the mountain where were two or three thousand Indians
+who, not having the pluck to wait for them, threw down their lances in
+order to be able to run the better, and fled headlong. And after those
+first two squads broke and fled, they [the Spaniards] made them flee to
+the heights; and [at the same time] two Spanish light horsemen saw
+certain Indians return down the slope, and they set themselves to
+skirmish with them. They perceived that they were in great danger, but
+they were helped, and the horse of one of them was killed, from which
+the Indians derived so much encouragement that they wounded four or five
+horses and a Christian, and they made them retreat as far as the plain.
+The Indians who, until then, had not seen the Christians retire, thought
+that they were doing it in order to attract them to the plain and there
+attack them as they had done at Bilcas, and they said so among
+themselves and were cautious, not wishing to go down and follow them. By
+this time the Governor had arrived with the [rest of] the Spaniards and,
+as it was already late, they set up their camp on a plain, and the
+Indians maintained themselves an arquebuse-shot away on a slope until
+mid-night, yelling, and the Spaniards spent all that night with their
+horses saddled and bridled. And the next day, at the first ray of dawn,
+the Governor arranged the troops, horse and foot, and he took the road
+to Cuzco, with good understanding and caution, believing that the enemy
+would come to attack him on the road, but none of them appeared. In this
+way the Governor and his troops entered that great city of Cuzco without
+any other resistance or battle on Friday, at the hour of high mass, on
+the fifteenth day of the month of November of the year of the birth of
+our Saviour and Redeemer Jesus Christ MDXXXIII. The Governor caused all
+the Christians to lodge in the dwellings around the plaza of the city,
+and he ordered that all should come forth with their horses to the plaza
+and sleep in their tents, until it could be seen whether the enemy were
+coming to attack them. This order was continued and observed for a
+month. On another day, the Governor created as lord that son of
+Guainacaba, for he was young, prudent and alive and the most important
+of all those who were there at that time, and was the one to whom that
+lordship came by law. And he did it so soon in order that the lords and
+caciques should not go away to their own lands which were divers
+provinces, and some very far away, and so that the natives should not
+join those of Quito, but should have a separate lord of their own whom
+they might reverence and obey and not organize themselves into bands. So
+he commanded all the caciques to obey him [Manco] as their lord and to
+do all that he should order them to do.[71]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+    The new cacique[72] goes with an army to drive Quizquiz from the
+    state of Quito. He has some encounters with the Indians, and,
+    because of the roughness of the roads, they return, and they later
+    go thither again with a company of Spaniards, and before they set
+    out, the cacique pays his obedience to the emperor.
+
+
+As soon as this was done, he [the Governor] gave orders to the new
+cacique to assemble many warriors in order to go and vanquish Quizquiz
+and drive from the land those of Quito, and he [the Governor] said to
+the Inca that it was not regular that, when he was lord, another should
+remain in his land against his will, and [the Governor] said many other
+words to him upon this subject in the presence of all in order that they
+might see the favor which he did him [Manco] and the fondness which he
+showed him, and this not for the sake of advantages that might result
+from it, but for his own [Manco's] sake.[73] The cacique had great
+pleasure in receiving this order, and in the space of four days he
+assembled more than five thousand Indians, all in readiness with their
+arms, and the Governor sent with them a captain of his own and fifty
+cavalrymen; he himself remained guarding the city with the rest of the
+troops. When ten days had gone by, the captain returned and related to
+the Governor what had happened, saying that at nightfall he had arrived
+with his troops at the camp of Quizquiz five leagues from there, because
+he had gone by a roundabout road through which the cacique guided
+him.[74] But, before arriving at enemy's camp, he encountered two
+hundred Indians posted in a hollow, and because the land was rough he
+was not able to take their fort away from them and to overpower them so
+that they could not give notice of his coming, which they did do. But,
+although this company [of Indians] was in a strong place, it was not so
+bold as to wait for his attack and it withdrew to the other side of a
+bridge to cross which was impossible [for the Spaniards] because, from a
+mountain which dominated it, to which the Indians had retired, they
+hurled so many stones that no one was permitted to cross, and, because
+the land was the roughest and most inaccessible that had been seen, they
+[the Spaniards] turned back. [The captain] said that two hundred Indians
+had been killed, and that the cacique was much pleased at what [the
+captain] had done, and, on their return to the city had guided them
+through another and shorter road on which, in many places, the captain
+found great quantities of stones piled up for defense against the
+Christians, and he found, among other passes, one so bad and difficult
+that he, with all his troops, suffered great trials and could not follow
+it further. At that place it became apparent that the cacique had true,
+and not feigned, friendship for the Governor and Christians, for he led
+them out of that road from which not one Spaniard could have escaped
+[alone]. [The captain] said that after he left the city, he did not go
+over as much as a cross-bow shot of flat land, and that all the country
+was mountainous, stony and very difficult to traverse and [he added]
+that if it had not been for the fact that it was the first time that the
+cacique was travelling with him and might impute it to fear, he would
+have turned back. The Governor would have liked him to follow the enemy
+until he drove them from the place where they were, but when he heard
+the nature of the place, he remained content with what had been done.
+The cacique said that he had sent his soldiers after the enemy, and that
+he thought they would do them some damage; and accordingly within four
+days news came that they had killed a thousand Indians. The Governor
+once more charged the cacique to cause more warriors to be assembled,
+and he himself wished to send with them some of his cavalry in order
+that they might not desist until they had driven the enemy from the
+land. When he returned from [the first] trip, the cacique went to fast
+in a house which was on a mountain, a dwelling which his father had
+built in another day; there he stayed three days, after which he came to
+the plaza where the men of that land gave him obedience according to
+their usage, recognizing him as their lord and offering him the white
+plume, just as they had to the cacique Atabalipa in Caxamalcha. When
+this was done, he caused all the caciques and lords who were there to
+assemble, and, having spoken to them concerning the harm that the men of
+Quito were doing in his land and about the good that would result to all
+if a stop were put to it, he commanded them to call and prepare warriors
+who should go against those of Quito and drive them from the place in
+which they had posted themselves. This the captains did at once, and
+they so managed to raise troops that, in the period of eight days, ten
+thousand warriors were in that city, all, picked men, and the Governor
+caused to be prepared fifty light horsemen with a captain in order that
+they might set out on the last day of the feast of the Nativity. The
+Governor, before that journey was made, wishing to re-affirm peace and
+friendship with that cacique and his people, when mass had been said on
+Christmas day by the religious,[75] went out to the plaza with many of
+the soldiers of his company, and into the presence of the cacique and of
+the lords of the land and of the warriors who were seated along with his
+Spaniards, the cacique on a stool and his men on the ground around him.
+The Governor made them an address, as he was wont to do on such
+occasions, and by me, his secretary and the scrivener of the army, was
+read the demand and requirement which H. M. had sent, and its contents
+were declared to them by an interpreter; all understood it and replied
+[in a friendly manner]. It was required of them that they should be and
+should call themselves vassals of H. M., and the Governor received
+[their obedience] with the same ceremony as was used the other time,
+namely, of twice raising the royal standard, and in testimony [of the
+friendship] the Governor embraced them to the sound of trumpets,
+observing other solemnities which I do not write in order to avoid
+prolixity. This done, the cacique stood up and, in a vase of gold, gave
+drink to the Governor and the Spaniards with his own hands, and then all
+went off to eat, it being already evening.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+    They suspect that the cacique wishes to rebel. It turns out to be
+    unfounded. Many Spaniards go with him and twenty thousand Indians
+    against Quizquiz, and of what happens to them they give news in a
+    letter to the Governor.
+
+
+And when the Spanish captain with the Indians and the cacique were about
+to depart within two days in order to go against the enemy ...[76] the
+Governor was informed by some Spaniards, some Indian friends and some
+allied natives of the country that among some of the cacique's chief
+men, it was being talked of that they should join with the warriors of
+Quito, and they [the informers] accused him of other things. Because of
+this, there arose some suspicion, and, in order to make sure as to
+whether the friendship of the cacique for the Christians who loved him
+so was faithful and true, wishing to know truth of the matter, [the
+Governor] caused the cacique and some of his chief men to be called, on
+the next day, to his room. And he told them what was being said about
+them; after investigation had been made and torture had been given to
+some Indians, it came out that the cacique and the chiefs were without
+any blame, and it was certified that, neither by word nor deed, had they
+done anything to the hurt of the Spaniards, but that two chiefs had said
+that because their ancestors had never been subject to anyone neither
+they nor the cacique ought to submit themselves [to the Spaniards]. But
+notwithstanding this, by what was known then and afterwards, it was
+believed that the Indians always loved the Spaniards and that their
+friendship with them was not feigned.[77] The troops did not set out on
+their journey because the rigor of winter [was at its height] and it
+rained a great deal every day, so it was determined to allow the height
+of the rainy season go by, principally because of the fact that many
+bridges had been ill-treated and broken, to mend which was essential.
+When the season in which the rains ceased arrived, the Governor had the
+fifty cavalrymen, the cacique the men he had and make ready. All of
+these, with the captain whom he gave them, put themselves on the march
+for Xauxa by way of the city of Bilcas,[78] where, it was understood,
+the enemy were because the roads were cut up by the many winter rains
+and the rivers were swollen; although there was no bridge over many of
+them, the Spaniards crossed on their horses with great trouble, and one
+of them was drowned. Arrived by [long] marches at the river which is
+four leagues from Bilcas, it was learned that the enemy had gone on to
+Xauxa. And the river being swollen and furious, and the bridge burned,
+it was necessary for them to stop and build it anew, for, without it, it
+would have been impossible to cross the river, either in those boats
+which are called _balsas_ or by swimming or in any other way. Twenty
+days the camp was here in order to mend the bridge, for the officers
+[maestros] had much to do, because the water was high and kept breaking
+down the osier ropes which were put in place. And if the cacique had not
+had so great a number of men to build the bridge and to cross over by it
+and pull over the ropes of osiers, it would not have been possible to
+build it. But having twenty-four thousand warriors, and by crossing [the
+stream] again and again to attempt [to set in place the ropes] making
+use of cords and _balsas_, at last they succeeded in placing the osier
+ropes and when they had been passed across [the river], the bridge was
+built in a very short space of time. [It was] so good and well built
+that another like it is not to be found in that land, for it is three
+hundred and seventy-odd feet long, and broad enough to allow two horses
+to cross at once without any risk. Then, having crossed that bridge and
+having arrived at Bilcas, the Spaniards found quarters in the city, from
+which they sent to the Governor a report on how affairs were
+progressing. Here the camp stopped for some days, resting, in order
+that they might have news of the place in which the enemy were, of which
+they learned no more than that they had set out for Xauxa, and that they
+were thinking of attacking the Spaniards who had remained there as
+garrison. When he learned this, the captain at once set out with the
+Spaniards to aid [the garrison], taking with him a brother of the
+cacique and four thousand warriors. The cacique returned to Cuzco, and
+the captain sent the governor a letter which his lieutenant wrote from
+Xauxa in great haste, and which was of the following tenor: "When your
+excellency drove the enemy from Cuzco, they rallied and came to Xauxa,
+and before they arrived, it was learned by our men that they were coming
+in great force, because, from all the places of the region, they were
+drawing as many men as they could, as much for warriors as to carry the
+supplies and baggage; when this was learned by the treasurer Alfonso [in
+Xauxa], he sent four light horsemen to a bridge which is twelve leagues
+from the city of Xauxa where the enemy were on the other side, in a very
+important province. When they had returned, the treasurer used his best
+efforts, as much in guarding the city and in treating well the caciques
+who were there with him as in informing himself stealthily of all the
+doings of the enemy. And the greatest suspicions which he had were of
+the Indians who were in the town and in the region and who were very
+numerous, because almost all were in agreement with the enemy to come
+and attack the Spaniards on four sides. With this agreement, the Indians
+of Quito crossed [the bridge before mentioned] with the intention that a
+captain with five hundred of their men should come from the direction of
+a [certain] mountain and cross a river which is a quarter of a league
+from the city and place himself on the highest part of the mountain
+[near Xauxa] in order to assault the city on the day agreed upon between
+them. The captain Quizquiz and Incurabaliba,[79] who were their chief
+leaders, were to come by the plains with a greater force of warriors.
+This was speedily learned from an Indian to whom torture was given. The
+captain who was to cross the river and attack the city from the mountain
+travelled rapidly and arrived a day before the rest of the warriors. And
+one morning at dawn news came to the city of how many enemies had
+crossed the bridge, from which was born a great disaffection among the
+natives of Xauxa who [formerly] served the Christians loyally, from
+which it was supposed that the whole land had risen in arms, as has been
+said. First of all, the treasurer arranged that all the gold of H. M.
+and of the men which was in the city should be placed in a large house,
+and he set a guard of the feeblest and sickest Spaniards, ordering that
+the rest should be prepared to fight; and he ordered ten light horsemen
+to go out to see how large a number of the enemy had crossed the river
+in order to take the mountain, and he himself, with the rest of the
+soldiers, waited on the plaza in case the greater number of the enemy
+should come by way of the plain. The Spanish scouts attacked the Indians
+who had crossed the bridge; they retired, and the Spaniards had to cross
+the bridge after them some peon cross-bowmen whom the treasurer had sent
+them, so that the Indians turned and fled with great loss. The great
+blow of the others, who came by the plain, did not take place at the
+time agreed upon with the others for assaulting the city, and in waiting
+for it, they lost time. That night and the [following] day the city was
+vigilant, and the soldiers were always armed and their horses saddled,
+all being together in the plaza, thinking that on the following night
+the Indians would come to attack the city and burn it, as it was said
+that they intended to do. When [the first] two quarters of the night
+were passed, seeing that the enemy did not appear, the treasurer took
+with him a light-armed horseman and went to see in what place the enemy
+had camped and how many of them had approached the city, [for the
+Indians who gave news of all this did not know where they were, and
+likewise because the enemy took roads of which no one could give
+information], with the result that at daybreak the treasurer found
+himself four leagues from the city, and, having seen the place where the
+Indians were and the nature of the site, he returned to the city at
+which he arrived a little after noon. When it was seen by the hostile
+Indians that the Spaniards had discovered them, they were in great fear,
+and got up from that site and went towards the city, and in the night
+they came and took up a position a quarter of a league from the city
+beside a small river which entered the large one. When this was known by
+the Spaniards, they spent that night with the greatest caution, and on
+the following day, after hearing mass, the treasurer took twenty light
+horse and twenty peons with two thousand friendly Indians, leaving as
+many more Spanish cavalry and some foot soldiers in the city with the
+understanding that they were to give a signal whenever the enemy should
+attack them so that the other [Spaniards] might come to aid them. Having
+gone out from the city with the lieutenant, the Spaniards saw that the
+Indians of Quito had crossed the little river with their squadrons in
+which there might be some six thousand of them, and, seeing the
+Spaniards, they turned and crossed to the other bank. Then, the
+treasurer and the Spaniards perceiving that if they did not attack the
+Indians that day, the following night the latter would come to sack and
+set fire to the city, so that there would be greater trouble if night
+was awaited, he [the treasurer] determined to cross the river and fight
+with the enemy. A sharp skirmish was held [on the other side], as much
+with cross-bows and arrows as with stones, and the treasurer, who was
+going in advance of the rest down the stream, received a stone on the
+crown of his head which threw him from his horse into the midst of the
+river, and, stunned, he was borne along quite a distance, so that he
+would have been drowned had not some Spanish cross-bowmen who were
+there helped him and pulled him from the water with much trouble. [The
+Indians] also gave his horse [a blow] in the leg which broke it, and he
+died soon. From this the Spaniards drew great animosity, and they
+hastened to cross the river. Seeing their determination the Indians
+withdrew, fleeing to a mountain where some hundred of them died. The
+horsemen followed them through the mountains more than a league and a
+half, and [finally], because they withdrew to the strongest position of
+the mountain, where the horses could not go up, [the Spaniards] went
+back to the city. And, soon perceiving that the Indians did not venture
+forth from that fortress [the Spaniards] determined to return once more
+against them, and twenty Spaniards with more than three thousand Indian
+friends attacked them on that mountain where they were fortified and
+killed many, driving them from that fortress and pursuing them more than
+three leagues, killing many neighboring caciques who were in their
+favor. With this victory the Indian friends were as much pleased as if
+they alone had won it. The Indians of Quito re-assembled once more in a
+place called Tarma five leagues from Xauxa, whence, likewise, they were
+driven because they did much harm in the neighboring lands."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+    Of the great quantity of gold and silver which they caused to be
+    smelted from the figures of gold which the Indians adored. Of the
+    foundation of the city of Cuzco where a settlement of Spaniards was
+    established, and of the order which was set up there.
+
+
+When this good news was learned by the Governor, he had it published at
+once, and because of it the Spaniards were filled with content and gave
+infinite thanks to God for having shown himself favorable in everything
+to this enterprise. Then the Governor wrote and sent couriers to the
+city of Xauxa, giving to all his congratulations and thanking them for
+the valor they had shown, and especially his lieutenant, asking him to
+give him information of all that took place in the future. And in the
+meanwhile, the Governor hastened matters for setting out thence, leaving
+affairs provided for in the city, founding a colony, and peopling
+plentifully the said city. He caused all the gold which had been
+collected to be melted, which was in small pieces, an operation quickly
+performed by Indians skilled in the process. And when the sum total was
+weighed, it was found to contain five hundred and eighty thousand, two
+hundred-odd pesos of good gold. The fifth for H. M. was taken out, and
+it was one hundred and sixteen thousand, and seventy-odd pesos of good
+gold. And the same smelting was performed for the silver, which was
+found to contain two hundred and fifteen thousand marks, a little more
+or less, and of them one hundred and seventy thousand or so were fine
+silver in vessels and plates, pure and good, and the rest was not so
+because it was in plates and pieces mixed with other metals from which,
+according, the silver was extracted. And from all this, likewise, was
+taken the fifth of H. M. Truly it was a thing worthy to be seen, this
+house where the melting took place, all full of so much gold in plates
+of eight and ten pounds each, and in vessels, and vases and pieces of
+various forms with which the lords of that land were served, and among
+other very sightly things were four sheep[80] in fine gold and very
+large, and ten or twelve figures of women of the size of the women of
+that land, all of fine gold and as beautiful and well-made as if they
+were alive. These they held in as much veneration as if they had been
+the rulers of all the world, and alive [as well], and they dressed them
+in beautiful and very fine clothing, and they adored them as Goddesses,
+and gave them food and talked with them as if they were women of
+flesh.[81] These went to form a part of the fifth of H. M. There were,
+besides, other odd silver objects of like form. The seeing of great
+vases and pieces of burnished silver was certainly a matter for great
+satisfaction. The Governor divided and distributed all this treasure
+among all the Spaniards who were at Cuzco and those who remained in the
+city of Xauxa, giving to each one as much good silver, and as much
+impure, together with as much gold [as he deserved], and to each man who
+had a horse he gave according to the man's merit and that of the horse
+and in accordance with the services he had done; and to the peons he did
+the same according to what was posted up to his credit in the book of
+distributions, which was kept [for this purpose]. All this was completed
+within eight days, and at the end of as many more, the Governor set out
+from here, leaving the city settled in the manner which has been told.
+In the month of March, 1534, the Governor ordered that the greater part
+of the Spaniards he had with him should be assembled in this city, and
+he made an act of foundation and settlement of the town, saying that he
+placed it and founded it in his own authority[82] and he took possession
+of it in the middle of the plaza. And as a sign of the foundation and of
+the commencement of building and founding the colony, he held certain
+ceremonies in accordance with the act which was drawn up, which I, the
+scrivener, read in a loud voice in the presence of all. And the name of
+the city was agreed upon, "the very noble and great city of Cuzco." And,
+continuing the settlement, he appointed the site[83] for the church
+which was to be built, its boundaries, limits, and jurisdiction, and
+immediately afterward he proclaimed that all who might come to settle
+here would be received as citizens, and many came in the next three
+years.[84] From among them all they chose the persons most fitted for
+undertaking the charge of governing public affairs, and he [the
+Governor] appointed his lieutenant, alcaldes and ordinary regidores and
+other public officials, all of whom he chose in the name of H. M. and he
+gave them the powers to exercise their offices. This done, the Governor,
+with the consent and advice of the religious whom he had with him and of
+H. M.'s paymaster who was then with him, with whose assistance he looked
+over and considered the circumstances of the citizens until as many [had
+been chosen] as H. M. had arranged should take part in the
+_repartimiento_ of the natives; in the meanwhile a certain number of
+them [Indians] was assigned to all the Spaniards who were to remain, in
+order that they might instruct them in the things of our holy catholic
+faith. And there set aside and given to the service of H. M. twelve
+thousand-odd married Indians in the province of the Collao in the middle
+thereof, near the mines, in order that they might take out gold for H.
+M. from which, it is understood, there will be great profits,
+considering the great wealth of the mines which are there, of which
+matters lengthy mention is made in the book of the foundation of this
+colony and in the register of the deposit which was made by the
+neighbouring Indians. And the approving, confirming or amending of these
+arrangements was left to the will of H. M. according as should seem best
+to suit his royal service.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+    The Governor sets out with the cacique for Xauxa, and they receive
+    news of the army of Quito, and of certain ships which some Spaniards
+    who went to the city of San Miguel saw on those coasts.
+
+
+When these things were done, the Governor set out for Xauxa, taking the
+cacique with him, and the citizens remained guarding the city
+[according] to orders which the Governor left them so that they might
+govern themselves until he should command something else. Journeying by
+forced marches, on the day of Easter, he found himself on the Bilcas
+river, where he learned from letters and notices from Xauxa, that the
+warriors of Quito, after they were routed and driven from their last
+positions by the captain from Cuzco, had withdrawn and fortified
+themselves forty leagues from Xauxa on the Caxamalcha road in a bad
+pass in the immediate vicinity of the road, and had built their walls to
+prevent the [possibility of] the horses [crossing] the pass. [These
+walls had] some very narrow gates in them, and a street by which to
+mount a high boulder where the captain and the warriors lived and which
+had no other entrance than this one by way of this fort that they had
+built with these very narrow doors; [and the Governor learned] that they
+were planning to await aid here, because it was known that the son of
+Atabalipa was coming with many warriors. This news the Governor
+communicated to the cacique who at once sent off couriers to the city of
+Cuzco in order to cause warriors to come who should not exceed two
+thousand in number, but who were to be the best there were in all that
+province, because the Governor told him that it would be better were
+they few and good than if they were many and unserviceable, because the
+many would destroy the food in the land through which they were to pass
+without necessity or profit. At the same time the Governor wrote to the
+lieutenant and corregidor of Cuzco that he should aid the captains of
+the cacique and see to it that the warriors came soon. On the second day
+after Easter, the Governor set out from this place, and, by forced
+marches, arrived in Xauxa, where he learned the whole of what had passed
+there in his absence, and especially what those of Quito had done, and,
+in particular, they told him that after the enemy was put to flight from
+the environs of Xauxa, they had retired twenty or thirty leagues from
+there into the mountains, and that, according to the captain who went
+out against them with the brother of the cacique and four thousand men,
+they arrived within sight of them [the Indians], and that, after a rest
+of a few days, they went to attack them and routed them and drove them
+from that place with much trouble and great danger. When they [the
+Spanish force] had returned to Xauxa, the Marshal Don Diego de Almagro
+who, when the captain and Spaniards came from Cuzco, had come with them
+by order of the Governor to inspect the Indians round about in order to
+see and know the state of things in that city and among its citizens,
+went out to visit the caciques and lords of the region of Chincha[85]
+and Pachacama, and the others who had their lands and lived on the
+sea-coast.
+
+In this state the Governor found affairs when arrived at Xauxa, and,
+having rested from the long journey without arranging anything in the
+first few days, he waited for the Indians[86] [for whom he had sent] in
+order to go and drive the enemy from the fort which they had made and
+finish with them, when there came to him one of two Spanish messengers
+who had gone to the city of San Miguel to see how things were going
+there, and who spoke to him in this way: "My lord, when I had set out
+from here by order of the Marshal, I set myself to journey with all
+speed along the plains and the shore of the sea, not without trouble,
+because many of the caciques who are along that road were in revolt.
+But some who were friendly provided us with whatever we needed, and they
+informed us that some ships had been seen along the sea-coast, which I
+myself saw one day, and, considering that I was sent to the city of San
+Miguel to find out whether the ships of the Adelantado Alvarado or of
+other people had arrived, I went [rapidly] along the coast for nine days
+and nights, sometimes in sight of them, believing that they would take
+port and that I would thus learn who they were. But even with all this
+speed and trouble I could not do what I wished, on which account I made
+up my mind to continue my journey to the city of San Miguel, and, having
+crossed to the other side of the large river, I was informed by the
+Indians of the country that Christians were coming along that road, and
+I, thinking that without doubt it would prove to be the troops of the
+Adelantado Alvarado, my companion and I went on our guard in order not
+to encounter them _impromptu_.[87] And when they arrived at Motupe, I
+learned that they were near that place [where I was], and I waited for
+the night. At dawn I sent my companion to speak with them, and to see
+what people they were, and I gave him certain tokens by which he could
+inform me, and finally, I learned that they were soldiers who were
+coming to the conquest of these kingdoms. Because of this, I went to
+them and spoke at length, telling them the errand I was on, and they, in
+return, informed me that they had come to the city of San Miguel in
+certain ships from Panama and were two hundred and fifty in number. When
+they had arrived at San Miguel, the captain who was in that city with
+two hundred men, seventy of them cavalry, had gone away to the provinces
+of Quito in order to conquer them, and they, some thirty persons with
+their horses, knowing the conquests which were being made in Cuzco, and
+the lack of men there was there, did not wish to go with the captain to
+those provinces of Quito and so were coming to Xauxa. And we gave them
+news of all that had happened here and of the war which we had had with
+the Indians of Quito. And in order to bring more quickly the news of
+what had happened there I returned from that place without going to the
+city of San Miguel, knowing for certain that the captain would have
+departed with his men and would already be near Cossibamba.[88] Turning
+back on my road, I met, on Easter, the Marshal D. Diego de Almagro near
+Cena[89] which is where the road to Caxamalca branches off, and to him I
+related how things were going and how some suspected that the captain
+who was going to Quito was not going with good intentions. As soon as
+the Marshal heard this, he set off in order to catch up with the captain
+who was taking these soldiers on the march to Quito, in order to detain
+him until together they could arrange the necessary provisions for this
+war. This, then, sir, is what has happened to me on this journey, during
+which I tried to get information about those ships, but could not learn
+anything else about them. Of Alvarado nothing more is known than that he
+has already embarked on these shores or has passed further on, as
+letters inform me."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+    They build a church in the city of Xauxa, and send some three
+    thousand Indians with some Spaniards against the hostile Indians.
+    They have news of the arrival of many Spaniards and horses, on which
+    account they send soldiers to the province of Quito. A Relation of
+    the quality and people of the land from Tumbez to Chincha, and of
+    the province of Collao and Condisuyo.[90]
+
+
+The Governor received this messenger, read the letters which he brought,
+and asked him many other things, and, in order to arrange all that
+seemed suitable in this business, he called all the officials of H. M.
+After they had discussed the journey of that captain to Quito and how
+the Marshal would already have reasoned with him, according to the
+report brought by that messenger, permission was given [to the Governor]
+that he should send one of his lieutenants with sufficient powers for
+the task in hand. And when his letters to the city of San Miguel and to
+the Marshal, in which he told them what was to be done, were written, he
+sent off with them three Christians, in order that the letters might go
+more quickly and safely, ordering the men to hasten with all speed upon
+the road and keep advising him of what they learned. After this had been
+arranged, he [Pizarro] chose the place in which the church was to be
+erected in that city of Xauxa. This task he commanded to be done by the
+caciques of the district, and it was built with its great doors of
+stone.[91] In the meanwhile, there arrived the four thousand Indian
+warriors whom the cacique had called from Cuzco, and the Governor caused
+to be made ready fifty Spanish cavalrymen and thirty peons to go [with
+the Indians] in order to drive the enemy from the pass where they were,
+and they set out with the cacique and his soldiers, who loved the
+Spaniards better every day.[92] The Governor ordered the captain of
+these Spaniards to pursue the enemy as far as Guanaco[93] and as far
+beyond as he believed necessary, and that he should keep him informed
+continually, by letters and messengers of what went on. After this, the
+Governor received news of the ships on the feast of the Holy Ghost, and
+at the same time, he received a letter from San Miguel which two
+Spaniards brought him, and he learned how the ships, because of bad
+weather, had remained seventy leagues from Paccacama[94] without being
+able to go further, and how the Adelantado de Alvarado had gone up to
+Puerto Viejo three months before with four hundred men [on foot] and one
+hundred and fifty cavalry[95] and with them he entered the interior in
+the direction of Quito, believing that he would arrive there at the same
+time that the Marshal Don Diego de Almagro would enter those provinces
+from the other side. As a result of all this information concerning the
+justice and government of the city of S. Miguel and of other places, the
+Governor entered upon the control of it [himself]. And, in order to
+mend matters, with the consent of the officials, he sent his messengers
+in a brigantine by sea, and with them he sent orders to the Marshal
+that, in the name of H. M., he should lend him [Pizarro] aid, and should
+conquer, pacify and settle those provinces of Quito with the troops he
+had with him and with those who were in readiness in the city of San
+Miguel. At the same time, he arranged other matters in this connection,
+so that Alvarado should do no harm in the land, and because H. M. so
+desired that it should be, and likewise he determined that, on the
+arrival of the ships, he would send a report to H. M. of all that had
+taken place on that venture up to that very hour, so that he [H. M.]
+might be informed of all and might provide in every instance what he
+held to be the best for his royal service. This is the state of the
+affairs of war and of other matters in this land: and of the quality of
+it I shall speak briefly because a relation of it was sent from
+Caxamalca. This land, from Tumbez to Chincha has [a width of some] ten
+leagues, in some places more, in others less; it is a broad, flat, sandy
+land in which no grass or herbs grow and where it rains but little; it
+is [in places] fertile in maize and fruits because the people sow and
+irrigate their farms with water from the rivers that come down from the
+mountains. The houses which the laborers use are made of rushes and
+branches, because, when it does not rain, it is very hot, and few of the
+houses have roofs.[96] They are a wretched folk, and many of them are
+blind on account of the great amount of sand that there is. They are
+poor in gold and silver, and what they have is because those who live in
+the sierra exchange it for goods. All the land beside the sea is of this
+description as far as Chincha, and even fifty leagues beyond there. They
+dress in cotton [bambaso] and eat maize both cooked and raw, and
+half-raw meat. At the end of the plains which are called Ingres are some
+very high mountains which extend from the city of San Miguel as far as
+Xauxa, and which may well be one hundred and fifty leagues long, but
+have little breadth. It is a very high and rugged land of mountains and
+many rivers; there are no forests save some trees in places where there
+is always a thick mist. It is very cold because there is a snow-capped
+mountain range which extends from Caxamalca to Xauxa and on which there
+is snow all the year through. The people who live there are much more
+advanced than the others, because they are very polished and warlike and
+of good dispositions. They are very rich in gold and silver because they
+get it from many places in the mountains. None of the lords who have
+governed these provinces have ever been able to make any use of these
+coast-people, as they are such a wretched and poor folk, as I have said,
+that they are fit to be used for nothing else than to carry fish and
+fruits [up into the highlands], for as soon as they come into the
+mountainous regions, their own land being very hot, they sicken for the
+most part; and the same thing happens to those who inhabit the
+mountains if they go down into the hot country. Those who dwell on the
+other side of the land, beyond the summits of the mountains, are like
+savages who have no houses nor any maize save a little; they have very
+great forests and maintain themselves almost entirely on the fruit of
+the trees; they have no domicile, nor fixed settlements that are known;
+there are very great rivers, and the land is so useless that it paid all
+its tribute to the lords in parrot feathers.[97]
+
+The mountainous region being the chief part of the country, and being so
+narrow, as well as being torn by the wars that have been there,
+settlements of Christians cannot be made there, for it is a very remote
+region. From the city of Xauxa along the Cuzco road, the country keeps
+getting more shut in by mountains and the distance from the sea is
+greater. And those who have been lords of Cuzco, their own dwelling
+being in Cuzco, called the rest of the land, in the direction of Quito,
+Cancasuetio, and the land beyond [Cuzco], called Callao, Collasuyo,
+and, in the direction of the sea, Condisuyo, and the interior
+Candasuyo;[98] and in this way they gave names to these four provinces,
+disposed like a cross, which contained their empire. In the Collao they
+know not of the sea, and it is a flat land to judge from what has been
+seen of it, and it is large and cold, and there are in it many rivers
+from which gold is got. The Indians say that in the province is a large
+lake of fresh water which, in its centre, has two islands.[99] In order
+to learn the state of this land and its government, the Governor sent
+two Christians to bring him a long report of it; they set out in the
+beginning of December. The region of Condisuyo, toward the sea from
+Cuzco is a small and delectable land, although it is all of forests and
+stones, and the inland region is so likewise. Through it [the Antisuyu]
+run all the rivers which do not flow into the western sea. It is a land
+of many trees and mountains and is very thinly populated. This sierra
+runs from Tumbes as far as Xauxa, and from Xauxa as far as the city of
+Cuzco. It is stony and rough; if there were not roads made by hand it
+would not be possible to travel on foot, still less on horseback, and
+for the roads there are many houses full of materials for repairing the
+pavement, and in this matter the lords had so much firmness that there
+was nothing to do but keep it in order.[100] All the mountain
+fields[101] are made in the guise of stairways of stone, and the rest of
+the road has no great width because of some mountains that hem it in on
+both sides, and on one side they had made a buttress of stone so that
+one day it should not slide down [the mountain], and there are,
+likewise, other places, in which the road has a breadth of four or five
+human bodies, all made and paved with stone. One of the greatest works
+the conquerors saw in this land was these roads. All or most of the
+people on these slopes of the mountains live on high hills and
+mountains; their houses are of stone and earth; there are many dwellings
+in each village. Along the road each league or two or nearer, are found
+the dwellings built for the purpose of allowing the lords to rest when
+they were out visiting and inspecting their land; and every twenty
+leagues there are important cities, heads of provinces, to which the
+smaller cities brought their tribute of maize, clothes and other things.
+All these large cities have storehouses full of the things which are in
+the land, and, because it is very cold but little maize is harvested
+except in specially assigned places; but [there is plenty of] all the
+many vegetables and roots with which the people sustained themselves,
+and also good grass like that of Spain. There are also wild turnips
+which are bitter. There is a sufficiency of herds of sheep[102] which go
+about in flocks with their shepherds who keep them away from the sown
+fields, and they have a certain part of [each] province set apart for
+them to winter in. The people, as I have said, are very polished and
+intelligent, and go always clad and shod; they eat maize both cooked and
+raw, and drink much chicha, which is a beverage made from maize after
+the fashion of beer. The people are very tractable and very obedient and
+yet warlike. They have many arms of diverse sorts, as has been told in
+the relation of the imprisonment of Atabalipa which was sent from
+Caxamalca, as was said above.[103]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+    Description of the city of Cuzco and of its wonderful fortress, and
+    of the customs of its inhabitants.
+
+
+The city of Cuzco is the principal one of all those where the lords of
+this land have their residence; it is so large and so beautiful that it
+would be worthy of admiration even in Spain; and it is full of the
+palaces of the lords, because no poor people live there, and each lord
+builds there his house, and all the caciques[104] do likewise, although
+the latter do not dwell there continuously. The greater part of these
+houses are of stone, and others have half the facade of stone. There are
+many houses of adobe, and they are all arranged in very good order. The
+streets are laid out at right angles; they are very straight, and are
+paved, and down the middle runs a gutter for water lined with stone. The
+chief defect which the streets have is that of being narrow, so that
+only one horse and rider can go on one side of the gutter and another
+upon the opposite side. This city is located upon the slope of a
+mountain, and there are many houses upon the slope and others below on
+the plain. The plaza is rectangular, and the greater part of it is flat
+and paved with small stones. Around the plaza are four houses of
+noblemen, who are the chief men of the city; [the houses] are of stone,
+painted and carved, and the best of them is the house of
+Guaynacaba,[105] a former chief, and the door of it is of marble
+[colored] white and red and of other colors;[106] and there are other
+very sightly buildings with flat roofs. There are, in the said city,
+many other buildings and grandeurs. Along the two sides [of the city]
+pass two rivers which rise a league above Cuzco, and from there down to
+the city and for two leagues below it they run over stone flags so that
+the water may be pure and clear, and so that, though they may rise, they
+may not overflow. They have bridges for those who enter the city. Upon
+the hill which, toward the city, is rounded and very steep, there is a
+very beautiful fortress of earth and stone. Its large windows which look
+over the city make it appear still more beautiful.[107] Within, there
+are many dwellings, and a chief tower in the centre, built square, and
+having four or five terraces one above another. The rooms inside are
+small and the stones of which it is built are very well worked and so
+well adjusted to one another that it does not appear that they have any
+mortar and they are so smooth that they look like polished slabs with
+the joinings in regular order and alternating with one another after the
+usage in Spain.[108] There are so many rooms and towers that a person
+could not see them all in one day; and many Spaniards who have been in
+Lombardy and in other foreign kingdoms say that they have never seen any
+other fortress like this one nor a stronger castle. Five thousand
+Spaniards might well be within it; nor could it be given a broadside or
+be mined, because it is on a rocky mountain. On the side toward the
+city, which is a very steep slope, there is no more than one wall;[109]
+on the other side, which is less steep, there are three, one above the
+other. The most beautiful thing which can be seen in the edifices of
+that land are these walls, because they are of stones so large that
+anyone who sees them would not say that they had been put in place by
+human hands, for they are as large as chunks of mountains and huge
+rocks, and they have a height of thirty palms and a length of as many
+more, and others have twenty and twenty-five, and others fifteen, but
+there is none so small that three carts could carry it. These are not
+smooth stones, but rather well joined and matched one with another. The
+Spaniards who see them say that neither the bridge of Segovia nor any
+other of the edifices which Hercules or the Romans made is so worthy of
+being seen as this. The city of Tarragona has some works in its walls
+made in this style, but neither so strong nor of such large stones.
+These walls twist in such a way that if they are attacked, it is not
+possible to do so from directly in front, but only obliquely.[110] These
+walls are of the same stone, and between wall and wall there is enough
+earth to permit three carts to go along the top at one time. They are
+made after the fashion of steps, so that one begins where another leaves
+off. The whole fortress was a deposit of arms, clubs, lances, bows,
+axes, shields, doublets thickly padded with cotton and other arms of
+various sorts, and clothes for the soldiers collected here from all
+parts of the land subject to the lords of Cuzco. They had many colors,
+blue, yellow, brown and many others for painting, much tin and lead with
+other metals, and much silver and some gold, many mantles and quilted
+doublets for the warriors. The reason why this fortress contained so
+much workmanship was that, when this city was founded it was done by a
+lord _orejon_[111] who came from Condisuyo, toward the sea, a great
+warrior who conquered this land as far as Bilcas and who, perceiving
+that this was the best place to fix his domicile, founded that city
+with its fortress. And all the other lords who followed after him made
+some improvements in this fortress so that it was ever augmenting in
+size. From this fortress are seen around the city many houses a quarter
+of a league, half a league and a league away, and in the valley, which
+is surrounded by hills, there are more than five thousand houses, many
+of them for the pleasure and recreation of former lords and others for
+the caciques of all the land who dwell continuously in the city. The
+others are storehouses full of mantles, wool, arms, metals, and clothes
+and all the things which are grown or made in this land. There are
+houses where the tribute is kept which the vassals bring to the
+caciques; and there is a house where are kept more than a hundred dried
+birds because they make garments of their feathers, which are of many
+colors, and there are many houses for this [work]. There are bucklers,
+oval shields made of leather, beams for roofing the houses, knives and
+other tools, sandals and breast-plates for the warriors in such great
+quantity that the mind does not cease to wonder how so great a tribute
+of so many kinds of things can have been given. Each dead lord has here
+his house and all that was paid to him as tribute during his life, for
+no lord who succeeds another [and this is the law among them] can, after
+the death of the last one, take possession of his inheritance. Each one
+has his service of gold and of silver, and his things and clothes for
+himself, and he who follows takes nothing from him. The caciques and
+lords maintain their houses of recreation with the corresponding staff
+of servants and women who sow their fields with maize and place a little
+of it in their sepulchres. They adore the sun and have built many
+temples to him, and of all the things which they have, as much of
+clothes as of maize and other things, they offer some to the sun, of
+which the warriors later avail themselves.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+    Of the province of the Collao and of the qualities and customs of
+    its people, and of the rich gold mines that are found there.
+
+
+The two Christians who were sent to see the province of the Collao were
+forty days upon their journey, and, as soon as they had returned to
+Cuzco where the governor was, they gave him news and a report of all
+that they had seen and learned, which is set forth below. The land of
+the Collao is far off and a long way from the sea, so much so that the
+natives who inhabit it, have no knowledge of it. The sierra is very high
+and rather broad, and with all this, it is excessively cold. There are
+in the region no groves or woods, nor is there any wood for burning, and
+what little there is in use there comes from trade, in exchange for
+merchandise, with those who live near the sea and are called Ingres,
+and also with those who live below near the rivers, for these people
+have fire-wood and they exchange it for sheep[112] and other animals and
+vegetables, since, for the most part, the land is sterile, and all the
+people live on roots, herbs, maize and sometimes flesh, not because
+there is not, in that province of the Collao, a good quantity of sheep,
+but because the people are so much the subjects of the lord to whom they
+are bound to give obedience that, without his licence or that of the
+chief or governor who, by his command, is in the country, they do not
+kill one [llama], nor do even the lords and caciques dare to kill any
+without such permission. The land is well populated because wars have
+not destroyed it as they have other provinces. The villages are of
+ordinary size and their houses are small, with walls of stone and adobe
+mixed and covered with roofs of straw. The grass which grows in this
+land is short and sparse. There are some rivers, although of small
+volume. In the middle of the province there is a great lake, in length
+almost one hundred leagues, and the most thickly peopled land is around
+its shore; in the middle of the lake there are two islets, and on one of
+them is a mosque and house of the sun which is held in great veneration,
+and to it they come to make their offerings and sacrifices on a great
+stone on the island which they call Tichicasa[113] which either because
+the devil hides himself there and speaks to them or because of an
+ancient custom, or on account of some other cause that has never been
+made clear, all the people of that province hold in great esteem, and
+they offer there gold, silver and other things. There are more than six
+hundred Indians serving in this place, and more than a thousand women
+who make chicha in order to throw it upon that stone Tichicasa.[114] The
+rich mines of that province of the Collao are beyond this lake [in a
+region] called Chuchiabo.[115] The mines are in the gorge [caja-chiusa]
+of a river, about half-way up the sides. They are made like caves, by
+whose mouths they enter to scrape the earth, and they scrape it with
+the horns of deer and they carry it outside in certain hides sewn into
+the form of sacks or of wine-skins of sheep-hide. The manner in which
+they wash it is that they take from the river a [jet?][116] of water,
+and on the bank they set up certain very smooth flag-stones on which
+they throw the water, after which they draw off by a duct the water of
+the [jet?] which has just fallen down [upon the gold-earth?], and the
+water carries off the earth little by little so that the gold is left
+upon the flag-stones themselves, and in this manner they collect it. The
+mines go far into the earth, one ten brazas, another twenty, and the
+greatest mine, which is called Guarnacabo[117] goes into the earth some
+forty brazas.[118] They have no light, nor are they broader than is
+necessary for one person to enter crouching down, and until the man who
+is in the mine comes out, no other can go in. The people who get out the
+gold here are as many as fifty,[119] counting men and women, and these
+are all of this land, and from one cacique come twenty, from another
+fifty, from another thirty, and from others more or less according to
+the number that they have, and they take out gold for the chief lord,
+and they have taken such precautions in the matter that in nowise can
+any of what is taken out be stolen, because they have placed guards
+around the mines so that none of those who take out the gold can get
+away without being seen. At night, when they return to their houses in
+the village, they enter by a gate where the overseers are who have the
+gold in their charge, and from each person they receive the gold that he
+has got. There are other mines beyond these, and there are still others
+scattered about through the land which are like wells a man's height in
+depth, so that the worker can just throw the earth from below on top of
+the ground. And when they dig them so deep that they cannot throw the
+earth out on top, they leave them and make new wells.[120] But the
+richest mines, and the ones from which the most gold is got, are the
+first, which do not have the inconvenience of washing the earth, and,
+because of the cold, they do not work those mines more than four months
+of the year, [and then only] from the hour of noon to nearly
+sunset.[121] The people are very mild, and so accustomed to serve, that
+all that has to be done in the land they do themselves, and so it is, in
+the roads and in the houses which the chief lord commands them to build,
+and they continually offer themselves for work and for carrying the
+burdens of the warriors when the lord goes to some place [in the
+region]. The Spaniards took from those mines a load of earth and carried
+it to Cuzco without doing anything else. It was washed by the hand of
+the Governor after the Spaniards had sworn that they had not placed the
+gold in it or done anything to it save take it from the mine as the
+Indians did who washed it, and from it three pesos of gold was got. All
+those who understand mines and the getting of gold, being informed of
+the manner in which it is got in this land, say that all the [country
+is full of mines], and that if the Spaniards gave implements and skill
+[in using them] to the Indians so that it might be got out, much gold
+would be taken from the earth, and it is believed that when this time
+has arrived, a year will not go by in which a million of gold is not
+got. The people of this province, as well men as women, are very filthy,
+and they have large hands, and the province is very large.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+    Of the great veneration in which the Indians held Guarnacaba[122]
+    when he lived[123] and of that in which they hold him now, after
+    death. And how, through the disunion of the Indians, the Spaniards
+    entered Cuzco, and of the fidelity of the new cacique
+    Guarnacaba[124] to the Christians.
+
+
+The city of Cuzco is the head and principal province of all the others,
+and from here to the beach of San Mateo and, in the other direction, to
+beyond the province of Collao, which is entirely a land of arrow-using
+savages, all is subject to one single lord who was Atabalipa, and,
+before him, to the other by-gone lords, and at present the lord of all
+is this son of Guarnacaba. This Guarnacaba, who was so renowned and
+feared, and is so even to this day, although he is dead, was very much
+beloved by his vassals, and subjected great provinces, and made them
+his tributaries. He was well obeyed and almost worshipped, and his body
+is in the city of Cuzco, quite whole, enveloped in rich cloths and
+lacking only the tip of the nose. There are other images of plaster of
+clay which have only the hair and nails which were cut off in life and
+the clothes that were worn, and these images are as much venerated by
+those people as if they were their gods. Frequently they take the [body]
+out into the plaza with music and dancing, and they always stay close to
+it, day and night, driving away the flies. When some important lords
+come to see the cacique, they go first to salute these figures, and they
+then go to the cacique and hold, with him, so many ceremonies that it
+would be a great prolixity to describe them. So many people assemble at
+these feasts, which are held in that plaza, that their number exceeds
+one hundred thousand souls. It turned out to be fortunate that they [the
+Spaniards] had made that son of Guarnacaba lord, because all the
+caciques and lords of the land and of remote provinces came to serve
+him and, out of respect for him, to yield obedience to the Emperor. The
+conquerors passed through great trials, because all the land is the most
+mountainous and roughest that can be traversed on horseback, and it may
+be believed that, had it not been for the discord which existed between
+the people of Quito and those of Cuzco and its neighbourhood, the
+Spaniards would never have entered Cuzco, nor would there have been
+enough of them to get beyond Xauxa, and in order to enter they would
+have had to go in a force of five hundred, and, to maintain themselves,
+they would have needed many more, because the land is so large and so
+rough that there are mountains and passes that ten men could defend
+against ten thousand. And the Governor never thought of being able to go
+with less than five hundred Christians to conquer, pacify, and make a
+tributary of it. But as he learned of the great disunion that existed
+between the people of that land [Cuzco] and those of Quito, it was
+proposed that he should go with the few Christians that he had to
+deliver them from subjection and servitude, and to put a stop to the
+mischief and wrongs that those of Quito were doing in that land, and Our
+Lord saw fit to favor him [in it]. Nor would the Governor ever have
+ventured to make so long and toilsome a journey in this great
+undertaking had it not been for the great confidence which he had in all
+the Spaniards of his company through having tried them out and having
+learned that they were dextrous and skilled in so many conquests and
+accustomed to these lands and to the toils of war. All of this they
+showed themselves to be in this journey through rains and snows, in
+swimming across many rivers, in crossing great mountain chains and in
+sleeping many nights in the open air without water to drink and without
+anything on which to feed, and always, day and night, having to be armed
+and on guard, in going, at the end of the war, to reduce many caciques
+and lands which had rebelled, and in going from Xauxa to Cuzco, on which
+journey they suffered, with their governor, so many trials and on which
+they so often placed their lives in peril in rivers and mountains where
+many horses were killed by falling headlong. This son of Guarnacaba has
+much friendship and concord with the Christians, and for this reason, in
+order to preserve him in the lordship, the Spaniards put themselves to
+infinite pains and likewise bore themselves in all these undertakings so
+valorously, and suffered so much, just as other Spaniards have been able
+to do in the service of the Emperor, that, as a result, the very
+Spaniards who have found themselves in this undertaking, marvel at what
+they have done when once more they set themselves to think upon it, and
+they do not know how they come to be alive as they have been able to
+suffer so many trials and such prolonged hunger. But they hold that all
+[their troubles] were put to a good use, and they would again offer
+themselves, were it necessary, to enter upon the greatest wearinesses
+for the conversion of those people and the exaltation of our holy
+catholic faith. Of the greatness and situation of the aforesaid land, I
+omit to speak, and it only remains to give thanks and praises to Our
+Lord because, so obviously, he has wished to guide with his hand the
+affairs of H. M. and of these kingdoms which, by his divine providence,
+have been illumined and directed upon the true road of salvation. May he
+bend his infinite goodness so that henceforth the [kingdoms] may go from
+good to better by the intercession of his blessed Mother, the advocate
+of all our steps who directs them to a good end.
+
+This relation was finished in the city of Xauxa on the 15th day of the
+month of July, 1534. And I, Pero Sancho, Scrivener general of these
+kingdoms of New Castile and secretary of the governor Francisco Pizarro,
+by his order and that of the officials of H. M. wrote it just as things
+happened, and when it was finished I read it in the presence of the
+governor and of the officials of H. M., and, as it was all true, they
+said governor and officials of H. M. sign it with their hand.
+
+                   FRANCISCO PIZARRO
+          ALVARO RIQUELME.   ANTONIO NAVARRO.
+                   GARCIA DE SALCEDO
+
+ _By order of the Governor and Officials._      SANCHO
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+[1] The modern Cajamarca; called by the Indians Casamarca.
+
+[2] Properly Atahualpa.
+
+[3] Thus the original. Something is lacking to complete the sense.--Note
+by Icazbalceta.
+
+[4] The _peso_ is about an ounce.
+
+[5] Jauja.
+
+[6] Properly Challcuchima or Calicuchima. This remarkable Indian general
+was a son of Epiclachima, younger brother of Cacha, last Caran Scyri of
+Quito. Cacha was conquered by Huayna Capac about 1487, and Calicuchima
+entered the service of Atahualpa who was his kinsman through Paccha his
+cousin, Huayna Capac's wife. (Velasco.)
+
+[7] Something lacking in the text.
+
+[8] _Caribes_, in Spanish, sometimes means the Carib people; here,
+simply savages.
+
+[9] In the text of Ramusio, _Se gli diede una storta col mangano al
+collo_.
+
+[10] This name is, of course, an error.
+
+[11] Gucunacaba is Huayna Capac. He left three legitimate sons beside
+Huascar, viz., Manco, Paullu, and Titu Atauchi. I do not know which of
+them was Sancho's "Atabalipa" number two. See Sarmiento, 1907, p. xvii.
+
+[12] Cuzcos = Incas.
+
+[13] Probably Huascar.
+
+[14] Huamachuco.
+
+[15] Andamarca.
+
+[16] Huaylas.
+
+[17] Cajatambo.
+
+[18] Icazbalceta suggests that this place is Cajamarquilla. I do not
+agree with this opinion, because Cajamarquilla had long been in ruins
+when the Spaniards arrived. (Cf. Hodge, 1897, pp. 304 ff.) It was
+probably Chacamarca, (see below).
+
+[19] San Miguel de Piura.
+
+[20] San Miguel was founded first at another site which, on being found
+to be unhealthy, was deserted; San Miguel was soon refounded at Piura.
+(Cf. Prescott, Bk. III, Cap. III, Moses, 1914, vol. I, p. 99.) It is
+possible that the "captain" mentioned here was no other than Sebastian
+de Belalcazar or Benalcazar who later conquered Quito. (Cf. Moses, 1914,
+I, p. 106.)
+
+[21] This is obviously a mistake.
+
+[22] Descriptions of Inca bridges will be found at:
+
+    Garcilasso, 1859, I, pp. 253 ff., 260.
+    Cieza de Leon, 1864, pp. 314-315.
+    Joyce, 1912, pp. 142-143.
+    Beuchat, 1912, pp. 608, 650.
+    Pinkerton, 1808-1814, XIV, p. 530. (Picture.)
+
+[23] Pachacamac has often been described. See especially Uhle, 1903; and
+Estete, 1872; and Markham, 1912, pp. 232 ff.
+
+[24] Cajatambo.
+
+[25] Pambo = Pombo = Pumpu.
+
+[26] It is impossible to tell what the correct names of these personages
+may have been.
+
+[27] Pombo = Pambo = Pumpu.
+
+[28] Chacamarca. See Raimondi's map, 1875.
+
+[29] The Spanish here is very prolix. I have given an approximate and
+shorter phraseology.
+
+[30] This may be the "Tice" mentioned in Section II, under another name.
+But all Sancho's proper names are in great confusion.
+
+[31] It is barely possible that "Aticoc" may be an attempt at Titu
+Atauchi.
+
+[32] The candor or barefacedness with which the secretary, Sancho,
+confesses and even applauds the bad faith of Pizarro in various places
+in this narrative, which he wrote by order of Pizarro, is worthy of
+admiration.--Note by Icazbalceta.
+
+[33] The original: _che haurebbe dato rame che i Capitani etc., soldati
+fossero venuti alla pase_. The significance of the word _rame_ is
+obscure; as at times it means _money_, whence comes the vulgar phrase
+_questo sa di rame_, in order to indicate that a thing is dear, it
+appeared to me that I might adopt the interpretation which I give,
+although I am not satisfied with it.--Note by Icazbalceta. The present
+translator has translated the Spanish as given by Icazbalceta.
+
+[34] The original; _veduto_ appears to me an error for
+_venuto_.--Icazbalceta.
+
+[35] Inca "roads" were designed for foot traffic, and steps were the
+means used for going up slopes.
+
+[36] Parcostambo.
+
+[37] Vilcas.
+
+[38] All within the parentheses is a reconstruction of the evident sense
+rather than a translation.
+
+[39] Cf. Bandelier, 1910, p. 61.
+
+[40] _Serrata_ means either _espesura_ [thicket] or _angostura_ [cleft].
+
+[41] Quizquiz, like Chalicuchima, had been a general of Atahualpa before
+the coming of the Spaniards. He fought long against the invaders, but at
+length his unavailing efforts caused him to be murdered by his own
+followers. See Garcilasso, II, p. 509; Sarmiento, 171-173; Cieza de
+Leon, Chr., Pt. II, pp. 164 and 227; Markham, 1912, pp. 247-251.
+
+[42] Andahuaylas.
+
+[43] Curamba.
+
+[44] Andahuaylas.
+
+[45] Vilcas.
+
+[46] Curamba is the correct form for Airamba (given above).
+
+[47] Vilcas, sometimes called Vilcashuaman, was a part of the territory
+controlled by the Chanca before they were made subjects to Cuzco. The
+conquest of the Chanca may have begun in the time of Rocca, but it had
+its culmination in that of Viracocha. Tupac Yupanqui built numerous
+temples and palaces there, and the region round about Vilcas was
+traversed by important roads or trails. It is a place that is mentioned
+by nearly all the early writers. Cf. Garcilasso, I, pp. 324-326, II, p.
+58; Cieza de Leon, I, 312-315, II, 150-154; Joyce, 1912, p. 107;
+Markham, 1912, p. 178.
+
+[48] Sancho is vague in his use of the words _caballo_ and _ligero
+caballo_. The latter means "light horse" or "light-armed cavalry." But
+he uses the word _caballo_ when he means _caballero_. In the present
+instance he really means _caballo_.
+
+[49] The veracity of this story is certainly open to question.
+
+[50] Here the text says _caballos_, although it is plain that
+_caballeros_ is the word intended.
+
+[51] See Squier, 1877, p. 177; Cieza, Tr. p. 355; Velasco, 1840, p. 22;
+Joyce, 1912, pp. 210-212.
+
+[52] This speech can hardly be regarded as verbatim, of course.
+
+[53] Sancho's imagination was drawn upon throughout this section.
+
+[54] Limatambo (correctly, Rimactampu).
+
+[55] Xaquixaguana or Sacsahuana.
+
+[56] The text has: "_y que riendo el Gobernador partirse sin aguardar a
+que pasaran los indios amigos, ..._"
+
+[57] _tuvieron tiempo de retraerse al monte_ really means, "they had
+time to withdraw to the mountain," but the obvious sense is better
+preserved in the translation I have given.
+
+[58] Possibly this means Huascar, whom Atahualpa had caused to be put to
+death.
+
+[59] In Spanish they always say "el Cuzco." I believe that the reason
+for this is that "Cuzco" comes from a Quichua word meaning "navel." If
+this is so, "el Cuzco" has the significance of "the Navel" (of the
+World). In English, of course, we use the word simply as a place-name.
+
+[60] The official designation of the Emperor was: S. C. C. M., or
+Sagrada Cesarea Catolica Majestad.
+
+[61] The modern village of Limatambo. When I was there the fine walls so
+often spoken of were in a bad condition from neglect on the part of the
+natives. Yet, in spite of the refuse piled around them and the throngs
+of pigs all about, one could see that the masonry was of the finest
+Cyclopean type. Cf. Squier, 1877, p. 535; Markham, 1912, pp. 286 and
+319; Cieza, Tr., p. 320; Sarmiento, pp. 119 and 209. Garcilasso tells us
+that it was founded by Manco Capac and that it was the place where
+Viracocha waited for the Chanca. Garcilasso, I, p. 80, and II, p. 52.
+
+[62] Now called Zurite. It was the site of a palace of Viracocha, who
+added it to his realm once more by a victory (won by Pachacutec) over
+the Chanca. Cf. Sarmiento, p. 85; Garcilasso, I, p. 53; Cieza, Chr., p.
+128; The "Finca de los Andenes" is doubtless the site of the palace.
+
+[63] The truth of this statement is very questionable.
+
+[64] Valverde.
+
+[65] Pachacamac.
+
+[66] In the days before the Incas the Creator-God (under the names of
+Pachacamac, Viracocha, Irma, etc.) was worshipped without idols. He was
+conceived as being superior to all other gods and as being invisible.
+To judge from all accounts, his cult, at this stage, was an advanced
+type of religion. Later, however, the custom of having idols sprang up.
+As their attributes were the same, there can be but little doubt that
+Pachacamac and Viracocha were the same deity. Pachacamac's chief shrine
+was on the coast, at Pachacamac. Inca Pachacutec conquered Cuismancu,
+lord of Pachacamac, about 1410, and built a Sun Temple there. The chief
+temple to Viracocha was at Cacha south of Cuzco, and it was probably
+erected by the Inca Viracocha to celebrate his defeat of the Chanca
+confederacy. Both these temples (under Inca influence) had idols. Cf.
+Blas Valera, 1879, pp. 137-140; Sarmiento, pp. 28-29; Garcilasso, II,
+pp. 69, 185-193, 428, 460; Cieza, Tr., pp. 161-163, 251-254; Cobo, 1892,
+III, pp. 320-323; Uhle, 1903; Markham, 1912, pp. 41, 97, 181, 233-234;
+Joyce, 1912, pp. 150-152; Beuchat, 1912, pp. 615-616.
+
+[67] Another obvious fabrication.
+
+[68] Huayna Capac, ruled ca. 1500-1525.
+
+[69] This was Manco Inca, a son of Huayna Capac by his third wife. Manco
+died in 1544, leaving a grand-daughter, Coya Beatriz, who married Don
+Martin Garcia Loyola. Their daughter, Lorenza, became Marquesa de
+Oropesa.--Note by Sir C. R. M. Cf. Garcilasso, II, pp. 352 and 526.
+
+[70] A half-brother only.
+
+[71] The story of Manco Inca is one of the most pathetic in South
+American history. Although our author describes some of the events in
+the young Inca's life, I will give a brief resume of it here.
+
+Manco was "crowned" with the _borla_ or fringe on March 24, 1534, at
+Cuzco. To please him, Almagro the elder killed his two brothers (who
+might have become his rivals) in order to get Manco on his side in the
+quarrel which he had with the Pizarros as to which ought to control
+Cuzco. After Almagro went to Chile, the _Villac Umu_ (High Priest) urged
+his brother Manco to rise in revolt against the Spaniards, who were
+divided among themselves. On April 18, 1536, Manco revolted at Yucay. He
+laid siege to Cuzco with a very large force and attacked the small
+Spanish garrison mercilessly, setting fire to the roofs of houses by
+means of arrows tipped with blazing tow and otherwise harassing them.
+The Inca and his forces were, for a time, successful. They captured the
+great fortress of Sacsahuaman, which was, however, retaken by Juan
+Pizarro and Gonzalo Pizarro. Disheartened by this, the Inca retired to
+the fortress of Ollantaytampu, where he successfully combatted the
+attempts of Hernando Pizarro to capture him. Later, Manco was forced by
+Orgonez to withdraw to the mountainous region of Vilcapampa. The last
+Inca capital was set up at Viticos, and there Manco held his court for
+several years. He often raided the Spanish travellers between Cuzco and
+Lima. His court became a place of refuge for all Spaniards who fell out
+with their fellows. One of these refugees, Gomez Perez, either killed
+Manco himself in a brawl over a game of quoits or helped to kill him as
+the result of a plot. The Inca, at all events, was murdered by Spaniards
+whom he had befriended. That was in 1544. In 1911 Professor Hiram
+Bingham visited Vitcos the situation of which is clearly shown on the
+map, dated 1907, that accompanies Sir Clements Markham's translation of
+Sarmiento and Ocampo (Hakluyt, 2d Series, no. XXII, p. 203). Professor
+Bingham's description of the site is adequate, and, I think, unique.
+
+At about the same time as the siege of Cuzco, another Inca force, led by
+Titu Yupanqui, marched on the newly founded Spanish capital (the Ciudad
+de los Reyes or Lima). It was driven off by the Marques Francisco
+Pizarro.
+
+A brother of Manco, Paullu, was christened under the name of Don
+Cristoval Paullu. He lived in the Colcampata palace (which had been the
+great Pachacutec's), and the small church of San Cristoval was built
+near at hand for his use. He died about 1550, being survived by Sayri
+Tupac, Cusi Titu Yupanqui, and two other children of Manco (who all
+lived on at Viticos) and by his own sons Carlos and Felipe. It was on
+the occasion of a particular request made by the Viceroy, Don Andres
+Hurtado de Mendoza, Marques de Canete, that Sayri Tupac's aunt, Princess
+Beatriz, successfully urged him to come and live in Cuzco. Sayri Tupac
+died in 1560. Cf. Cieza, Tr., pp. 304-307; Garcilasso, II, pp. 104-105,
+526; Titu Cusi Yupanqui, apud Cieza's "War of Quito," pp. 164-166;
+Montesinos, 1906, I, pp. 88-93; Cobo, 1892, III, pp. 203-210; Markham,
+1892, pp. 93-96; Markham, 1912, pp. 254-259; Appleton's Cyclopaedia,
+1888, IV, pp. 186 and 682; Cabildos de Lima, I, pp. 1 ff.; Bingham,
+1912, entire.
+
+[72] Manco Inca.
+
+[73] Contrast this version with that given by Prescott in Book III,
+Chapter 10. It is hardly necessary to say that Prescott's is the correct
+one.
+
+[74] Here, it is not difficult to read between the lines and see what
+sort of treatment Manco got.
+
+[75] Vicente de Valverde.
+
+[76] An involved and unimportant clause here.
+
+[77] This is all for the benefit of the Emperor, whose policy it was to
+deal fairly by his new subjects.
+
+[78] Vilcas.
+
+[79] I do not know who is meant by this name.
+
+[80] Llamas.
+
+[81] Possibly these figures were the embalmed bodies of the coyacuna or
+"queens" which, according to Garcilasso, were placed in Curicancha--the
+Sun Temple.
+
+[82] _en su mismo ser_.
+
+[83] _Casa_ really means house.
+
+[84] "Che vi corcorsero assai in tre anni," says the original, which can
+only be translated as I have done it above. But when the secretary wrote
+his relation, no such three years had gone by since the foundation of
+Cuzco, but only four months, so it is necessary to suppose that the
+Italian translator did not understand his original well, _or_ that it is
+an interpolation made later on.--Note by Icazbalceta.
+
+[85] The civilized inhabitants of the Chilca region came originally from
+the interior, probably from the Yauyos region. This event occurred,
+presumably, somewhere about 800-900 of our era, for, by the time the
+Incas were founding Cuzco (ca. 1100), they found themselves strong
+enough to make raids into the interior. Joyce points out that these
+raids may have occurred even earlier, at a time when the Tiahuanacu
+empire still flourished. At any rate, there was an important contact
+with the interior cultures at an early date. The Chincha also were
+constantly at war with the Chimu, Chuquimancu and Cuismancu who each
+ruled large and civilized coast states. The Chincha were conquered by
+the Inca either in the reign of Pachacutec or in that of Tupac Yupanqui
+(more probably the former) somewhere about 1450. According to Estete,
+their ruler (under Inca tutelage) in the time of the Conquest was
+Tamviambea. The cultural development of the Chincha was, artistically
+speaking, not so high as that of the Chimu. It was, however, in pre-Inca
+times, relatively complex. They practised trephining successfully (an
+art derived from their Yauyu ancestors), and they also frequently
+indulged in the anterio-posterior type of cranial deformation. Their
+general physical condition was good. They numbered about 25,000. Cf.
+Cieza, Tr., p. 228; Garcilasso, II, pp. 146-149; Joyce, 1912, pp. 95,
+187; Markham, 1912, pp. 237-239; Tello, 1912; Hrdlicka, 1914, pp. 22-24;
+Lafone-Quevedo, 1912, p. 115.
+
+[86] This may have been the chief Taurichumbi mentioned by Estete. Cf.
+Markham, 1912, p. 239.
+
+[87] This was before Alvarado and Pizarro met and came to an agreement.
+
+[88] Possibly Riobamba, Tumebamba, or some other place in the "Kingdom"
+of Quito.
+
+[89] Probably Sana.
+
+[90] Properly Colla-suyu and Cunti-suyu, i.e. the Southern province and
+the Western province of Ttahuan-tin-suyu.
+
+[91] Jauja (or Xauxa) was the predecessor of la Ciudad de los Reyes. A
+letter to Charles V, dated July 20, 1534, describes it thus: "Esta
+Cibdad es la mexor y mayor quen la Tierra se ha vista, e aun en
+_Indias_; e decimos a Vuestra Magestad ques tan hermosa e de tan buenos
+edyficios quen _Espana_ seria muy de ver; tiene las calles por mucho
+concierto empedradas de guixas pequenas; todas las mas de las casas son
+de senores prencipales fechas de canteria; esta en una ladera de un
+cerro, en el qual sobrel pueblo esta una fortaleza muy bien obrada de
+canteria tan de ver, que por espanoles que an andado Reinos extranos,
+dizen no aber visto otro edyficio igual al della; ..." Cf. Cabildos,
+III, pp. 4-5.
+
+[92] The Italian is: "_Il quale tuttavia piu veniua ponendo amore a gli
+Spagnuoli._"--Note by Icazbalceta.
+
+[93] Huanuco.
+
+[94] Pachacamac.
+
+[95] Prescott places the total at 500 of which 230 were cavalry. Cf.
+Prescott, Bk. III, Cap. 9.
+
+[96] It seems to me that, even in the days of the Chimu and the Inca,
+the poorer people must have lived in this sort of hut-like houses, and
+that only the great dwelt in the "palaces" whose ruins are so
+remarkable. Such a state of things would explain the apparent
+impossibility of a large population existing in the dwellings we now
+see. Cf. Hodge, 1897.
+
+[97] This montana is to-day the richest and most valuable part of Peru.
+
+[98] According to Garcilasso, Lib. II, Cap. 11, the Peruvian empire was
+divided into four parts, Cuzco being considered the centre. They called
+the northern part Chinchasuya, the southern Coyasuya, the western
+Cuntisuya, and the eastern Antisuyu.--Note by Icazbalceta.
+
+[99] Lake Titicaca contains several islands, notably Titicaca and Coati.
+
+[100] An obscure passage translated merely in most general terms.
+
+[101] _Agras_ I take to mean fields from its similarity to the Latin
+word, _ager_.
+
+[102] Llamas.
+
+[103] At this point Ramusio gives a fanciful view of the city of Cuzco,
+which has no real interest whatever.--Note by Icazbalceta.
+
+[104] _Cacique_ is really a West Indies word. The early Spanish writers
+are wont to apply it to any sort of native official. Here, no doubt, the
+correct term would be the Quichua word _Curaca_. Officials thus
+designated under the Inca dominion were the hereditary chiefs of
+formerly independent tribes and territories--roughly analogous to the
+mediatized princes of Europe. Though made vassals of the Inca, the
+_curacas_ were often continued in the command of their former subjects
+and were intrusted with the governorship of provinces over which they
+were formerly sovereigns. The _curacas_ ranked immediately below the
+Inca caste, and ruled what was known as a _hunu_. Sometimes a _curaca_
+was made an Inca-by-privilege as a reward of services.
+
+[105] Huayna Capac.
+
+[106] The marble was really granite. No marble was used by the Incas.
+
+[107] This reference to windows is important. At the outset we must
+remind ourselves that Sancho may have confused _windows_ and _niches_.
+It is entirely possible, however, that windows may formerly have been
+present in those walls of Sacsahuaman. As is well known, windows and
+niches were distinguishing features of Inca architecture during the
+later period of that dynasty. Sites like Pissac, Limatambo, Yucay,
+Quente, Vilcabamba (alias Machu Pichu, a post-conquest site in part),
+and Huaman-marca in the Amaybamba Valley all present one or both of
+these features, and all present unmistakable signs of recent
+construction, say from the reign of Viracocha (circa 1425-50) onward.
+The importance of this mention of windows (or niches) lies in this: It
+gives strong evidence in support of my belief that the walls of
+Sacsahuaman which are toward Cuzco were of Inca construction. Garcilasso
+(II, pp. 305 ff.) attempts to give the credit for the whole of
+Sacsahuaman to Inca Yupanqui, and ignores the fact that the cyclopean
+walls on the north side of the hill undoubtedly date, as do "the seats
+of the Inca" close at hand, from the days of Tiahuanaco. When we see the
+statement made that the fortress of Sacsahuaman was of Inca construction
+we must remember that really only the southern walls and a few buildings
+behind them were built under the Incas.
+
+[108] That is, the joints do not come above one another, but are
+alternated, as in brick-work.
+
+[109] There are really six walls on the south and three on the north.
+Cf. Garcilasso, II, 305.
+
+[110] This is a poor attempt to describe the entrant and re-entrant
+angles that make the cyclopean walls so remarkable from a military point
+of view. See the plan by Squier and Davis, Garcilasso, II, p. 305.
+
+[111] Orejon, lit. "large-ear"; i.e. a member of the Inca clan
+privileged to distend his ears by means of ear-plugs. This myth of the
+founding of Cuzco by a man from the sea is not found elsewhere.
+
+[112] Llamas.
+
+[113] Titicaca.
+
+[114] Cobo describes the Temple of the Sun on Titicaca and that of the
+Moon on Coati as being, together, the third most important sanctuary in
+the Inca dominion. The other two, of course, were the temples in Cuzco
+and Pachacamac. For a detailed description of the temples in Lake
+Titicaca see Cobo, IV, pp. 54-63 and Bandelier, 1910. The structures at
+that point are all of late-Inca construction and seem to have been built
+after the Inca conceived the idea of making himself out to be the "Son
+of the Sun." They were perhaps built with a view to lending colour to
+the myth.
+
+[115] Correctly, Chuqui-apu.
+
+[116] The original _una seriola_ is a word whose meaning I have not been
+able to find. It is found again a little below. The method the Indians
+had for washing the earth and getting the gold can be seen in Oviedo,
+Historia General de las Indias, Parte I, lib. 6, Cap. 8.--Note by
+Icazbalceta.
+
+[117] Huayna Capac.
+
+[118] A braza is six feet.
+
+[119] It says this in the original, but it is an error, for it will be
+seen that the number must have been much greater.--Note by Icazbalceta.
+
+[120] As the text of this passage is obscure I give it here: _...
+profundos como de la altura de un hombre, en cuanto pueda el de abajo
+dar la tierra al de arriba; y cuando los cavan tanto que ya el de arriba
+no puede alcanzarla, lo dejan asi, y se van a hacer otros pozos ..._
+
+[121] Here is another rather obscure passage: "_... pero e pui ricche
+... sono le prime che non hanno caricho da lauar la terra & per rispetto
+del freddo & delle mine que vi e non lo cauano. &c._" Oviedo (Hist.
+General, Parte I, lib. 6, Cap. 8); Acosta (Hist. nat. y mor. de las
+Ind., lib. 4, Cap. 4); y Garcilasso (Com. Real., Parte I, lib. 8, Cap.
+24) distinguish three sorts of gold mines. In the first class are
+counted those which produce pure gold in rather large grains, so that
+they can be collected without further operations. These are, perhaps,
+the sort that the secretary Sancho says are the richest, although he has
+not spoken of them before. In the second class are included those which
+produce gold in dust or in very small grains mixed with earth which it
+is necessary to remove by means of washing, and these are those which
+Sancho mentions. The third class of mines, which this man does not
+mention, are those which yield gold mingled with stones and other
+metals, just as silver is commonly found. These mines, although at times
+very rich, failed to be worked because of the expenses which labour
+caused.--Note by Icazbalceta.
+
+[122] Huayna Capac.
+
+[123] The text says _vino_--"came." I think, however, that it must be a
+misprint for _vivo_--"lived."
+
+[124] This means, of course, Manco Inca.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS CONSULTED IN THE COURSE OF THIS TRANSLATION OF
+PEDRO SANCHO
+
+
+ ACOSTA, JOSEPH DE:
+ 1880.  The Natural and Moral History of the Indies.
+        Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.
+
+ APPLETON'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY:
+ 1888.  Edited by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske. New York. 6 vols.
+
+ BANDELIER, AD. F.:
+ 1910.  Titicaca and Koati. New York.
+
+ BEUCHAT, HENRI:
+ 1912.  Manuel d'archeologie americaine. Paris.
+
+ BINGHAM, HIRAM:
+ 1912.  Vitcos, the last Inca Capital.
+        American Antiquarian Society. Worcester.
+
+ BLAS VALERA:
+ 1879.  Relacion ...
+        _Apud_, Jimenez de la Espada.
+
+ CABILDOS DE LIMA:
+ 1900.  Paris. 3 vols.
+
+ CIEZA DE LEON, PEDRO DE:
+ 1864.  Travels.
+        Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.
+
+ CIEZA DE LEON, PEDRO DE:
+ 1883.  Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru.
+        Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.
+
+ CIEZA DE LEON, PEDRO DE:
+ 1913.  The War of Quito.
+        Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.
+
+ COBO, BERNABE:
+ 1892-93.  Historia del Nuevo Mundo.
+           Edited by Marcos Jimenez de la Espada. Seville. 4 vols.
+
+ ESTETE, MIGUEL DE:
+ 1872.  Report ...
+        In "Reports on the Discovery of Peru."
+        Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.
+
+ GARCILASSO DE LA VEGA EL YNCA:
+ 1869-71.  Royal Commentaries of the Yncas.
+           Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.
+
+ HODGE, F. W.:
+ 1897.  Bandelier's researches in Peru and Bolivia.
+        Am. Anth. X, 1897, pp. 303-316.
+
+ HRDLICKA, ALES:
+ 1914.  Anthropological Work in Peru in 1913.
+        Smith. Misc. Pub. LXI, #18. Washington.
+
+ ICAZBALCETA, JOAQUIN GARCIA:
+ 1849.  Edition of Relacion of Pedro Sancho.
+        Mexico.
+
+ JIMENEZ DE LA ESPADA, MARCOS:
+ 1879.  Tres relaciones de antiguedades Peruanas.
+        Madrid.
+
+ JOYCE, T. A.:
+ 1912.  South American Archaeology.
+        New York.
+
+ LAFONE-QUEVEDO, SAMUEL A.:
+ 1912.  Pronominal Classification of Certain South American Linguistic
+            Stocks.
+        Int. Cong. Am., XVIIIth Sess., pp. 111-125.
+
+ MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS:
+ 1892.  History of Peru.
+        Chicago.
+
+ MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS:
+ 1912.  The Incas of Peru.
+        London (2d Ed.)
+
+ MONTESINOS, FERNANDO:
+ 1906.  Anales del Peru.
+        Edited by Victor M. Maurtua. Madrid. 2 vols.
+
+ MOSES, BERNARD:
+ 1914.  The Spanish Dependencies in South America.
+        New York. 2 vols.
+
+ OVIEDO Y VALDES, GONZOLO FERNANDEZ DE:
+ 1526.  Historia General de las Indias.
+
+ PINKERTON, JOHN:
+ 1808-14.  A ... Collection ... of ... Voyages.
+           London. 17 vols.
+
+ PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING:
+ 1847.  The Conquest of Peru.
+        New York. 2 vols.
+
+ RAIMONDI, A.:
+ 1864-1913.  El Peru.
+             Lima. 6 vols.
+
+ RAMUSIO, GIAMBATTISTA:
+ 1563.  Viaggi.
+        Venice. 3 vols.
+
+ SANCHO, PEDRO:
+ 1849.  (See Icazbalceta.)
+
+ SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA, PEDRO:
+ 1907.  The History of the Incas.
+        Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.
+
+ SQUIER, E. GEORGE:
+ 1877.  Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas.
+        New York.
+
+ TELLO, JULIO C.:
+ 1912.  Prehistoric Trephining among the Yauyos of Peru.
+        Int. Cong. Am., XVIIIth Sess., pp. 75-83.
+
+ TRUEBA Y COSIO, TELESFORO.:
+ 1846.  History of the Conquest of Peru.
+        Philadelphia.
+
+ UHLE, MAX:
+ 1903.  Pachacamac.
+        University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1903.
+
+ VELASCO, JUAN DE:
+ 1840.  Histoire du Royaume de Quito.
+        Paris.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Variant spellings of proper names in the main body of the text, as
+    noted in the Preface, have been retained. Minor typographical errors
+    have been corrected without note, whilst significant amendments have
+    been listed below:
+
+      p. 7, 'Miguel de Astete' amended to _Miguel de Estete_;
+      p. 170, 'as it they were' amended to _as if they were_;
+      p. 179, 'Quitu' amended to _Quito_;
+      p. 179, 'His three left three' amended to _He left three_;
+      p. 180, 'Cajarmaquilla' amended to _Cajamarquilla_;
+      p. 183, 'Atalhualpa' amended to _Atahualpa_;
+      p. 190, 'Cabildo' amended to _Cabildos_;
+      p. 192, 'The curacus ranked' amended to _The curacas ranked_.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's An Account of the Conquest of Peru, by Pedro Sancho
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