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diff --git a/26602.txt b/26602.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d31679 --- /dev/null +++ b/26602.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3526 @@ +Project Gutenberg's An Account of the Conquest of Peru, by Pedro Sancho + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: An Account of the Conquest of Peru + +Author: Pedro Sancho + +Translator: Philip Ainsworth Means + +Release Date: September 12, 2008 [EBook #26602] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUEST OF PERU *** + + + + +Produced by Stephen Blundell and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + + + + + + + + + DOCUMENTS AND NARRATIVES + CONCERNING THE + DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST + OF LATIN AMERICA + + + PUBLISHED BY + THE CORTES SOCIETY + NEW YORK + + + NUMBER TWO + + + + + _Edition limited to 250 copies + of which ten are on Kelmscott paper_ + + _This copy is Number_ + + 85 + + + + + AN ACCOUNT + OF THE + CONQUEST OF PERU + + + WRITTEN BY + PEDRO SANCHO + + SECRETARY TO PIZARRO + AND SCRIVENER TO HIS ARMY + + + TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH AND ANNOTATED + BY + PHILIP AINSWORTH MEANS + + + THE CORTES SOCIETY + NEW YORK + 1917 + + + + +COCKAYNE, BOSTON + + + + +TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE + + +The work of Pedro Sancho is one of the most valuable accounts of the +Spanish conquest of Peru that we possess. Nor is its value purely +historical. The "Relacion" of Sancho gives much interesting ethnological +information relative to the Inca dominion at the time of its demolition. +Errors Pedro Sancho has in plenty; but the editor has striven to +counteract them by footnotes. + +In every instance the translator has preserved Pedro Sancho's spelling +of proper names, calling attention to the modern equivalent on the first +occurrence of each name. In a few instances, where the text was +unusually obscure, close translation has not been adhered to. + +The virtues, as well as the shortcomings of this account, are so obvious +that an extended reference to them here is superfluous. It must always +be borne in mind that this document partook of the nature of an +"_apologia pro vita sua_" and that it was directly inspired by Pizarro +himself with the purpose of restoring himself to the Emperor's favor. +Its main purpose was to nullify whatever charges Pizarro's enemies may +have been making to the sovereign. Consequently there are numerous +violations of the truth, all of which are, for us, easy to recognize. + +A word as to the previous editions of Pedro Sancho may not be out of +place here. The original manuscript is lost. An Italian translation of +it appears in the "Viaggi" of Giovanni Battista or Giambattista Ramusio, +published in Venice about 1550. The numerous editions of Ramusio's great +work do not need to be listed here. Occasionally the translator has +referred to that of 1563, a copy of which is in his possession. The +edition which has served as a text for the present translation is that +issued and edited by Don Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta, Mexico, 1849. This +edition, like all of Icazbalceta's work, is painstaking. Professor +Marshall Saville has been good enough to lend me his copy of this +edition, which is very rare, in order that I might have it to work with. +Finally, a small portion of Pedro Sancho's narrative was issued by the +Hakluyt Society of London. The editor, Sir Clements Markham, included it +in the same volume with the reports of Xeres, Miguel de Estete, Hernando +Pizarro. The volume, entitled "Reports on the Discovery of Peru," was +issued by the Hakluyt Society in 1872. + + PHILIP AINSWORTH MEANS + BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS + October 9, 1916 + + + + +RELATION + + +Of the events that took place during the conquest and pacification of +these provinces of New Castile, and of the quality of the land, and of +the manner in which the Captain Hernando Pizarro afterward departed to +bear to His Majesty the account of the victory of Caxamalca[1] and of +the capture of the Cacique Atabalipa.[2] + + + + +CHAPTER I + + Concerning the great quantity of silver and gold which was brought + from Cuzco, and of the portion thereof which was sent to H. M. the + emperor as the royal fifth: How the imprisoned Cacique Atabalipa + declared himself free of his promise which he had made to the + Spaniards to fill a house with gold for ransom: And of the treason + which the said Atabalipa meditated against the Spaniards, for which + betrayal they made him die. + + +The Captain Hernando Pizarro had departed with the hundred thousand +pesos of gold and the five thousand marks of silver which were sent to +His Majesty as his royal fifth; after that event, some ten or twelve +days, the two Spaniards who were bringing gold from Cuzco arrived, and +part of the gold was melted at once because it was in very small pieces; +it equalled the sum of[3] ... five hundred-odd plates of gold torn from +some house-walls in Cuzco; and even the smallest plates weighed four or +five pounds apiece; other, larger ones, weighed ten or twelve pounds, +and with plates of this sort all the walls of that temple were covered. +They brought also a seat of very fine gold, worked into the form of a +foot-stool, which weighed eighteen thousand _pesos_.[4] Likewise, they +brought a fountain all of gold and very subtilely worked which was very +fair to see as much for the skill of the work as for the shape which it +had been given; and there were many other pieces such as vases, jars, +and plates which they also brought. All this gold gave a quantity which +came to two millions and a half [_pesos_], which, on being refined to +pure gold, came to one million, three hundred and twenty-odd thousand +pesos, from which was subtracted the fifth of His Majesty, or, two +hundred and seventy-odd thousand pesos. Fifty thousand marks of silver +were found, of which ten thousand were set aside for H. M. One hundred +and seventy thousand pesos and five thousand marks were handed over to +the treasurer of H. M. The remaining hundred thousand pesos and five +marks were taken, as has been said, by Hernando Pizarro to help meet +the expenses which His Caesarian Majesty was encountering in the war +against the Turks, enemies of our Holy Faith, as they say. All that +remained, beyond the royal fifth, was divided among the soldiers and +companions of the Governor. He gave to each one what he conscientiously +thought he justly merited, taking into consideration the trials each man +had passed through and the quality of his person, all of which he did +with the greatest diligence and speed possible in order that they might +set out from that place and go to the city of Xauxa.[5] + +And because there were among those soldiers some who were old and more +fit for rest than for fatigues, and who in that war had fought and +served much, he gave them leave to return to Spain. He procured their +good will so that, on returning, these men would give fairer accounts of +the greatness and wealth of that land so that a sufficient number of +people would come thither to populate and advance it. For, in truth, +the land being very large and very full of natives, the Spaniards who +were in it then were all too few for conquering it, holding it and +settling it, and, although they had already done great things in +conquering it, it was owing more to the aid of God who, in every place +and occasion, gave them the victory, than to any strength and means +which they had for succeeding, with that further aid they were confident +He would sustain them in the future. + +That melting of the metals completed, the Governor commanded the notary +to draw up a document in which it said that the cacique Atabalipa was +free and absolved from the promise and word which he had given to the +Spaniards, who were to take the house full of gold in ransom for +himself. This document the Governor caused to be proclaimed publicly and +to the sound of trumpets in the plaza of that city of Caxamalca, making +it known, at the same time, to the said Atabalipa by means of an +interpreter, and also he [the Governor] declared in the same +proclamation, that, because it suited the service of H. M. and the +security of the land, he wished to maintain the cacique as a prisoner +with good guard, until more Spaniards should arrive who should give +added security; for, the cacique being free, he being so great a lord +and having so many soldiers who feared and obeyed him, prisoner though +he was, and three hundred leagues [from his capital], he could not well +do less in order to free himself from all suspicion; all the more so +because many times it had been thought almost certain that he had given +orders for warriors to assemble to attack the Spaniards. This, as a +matter of fact, had been ordered by him, and the men were all in +readiness with their captains, and the cacique only delayed the attack +because of the lack of freedom in his own person and in that of his +general Chilichuchima,[6] who was also a prisoner. After some days had +passed, and when the Spaniards were on the point of embarking in order +to return to Spain, and the Governor was making the rest ready for +setting out for Xauxa, God Our Lord, who with his infinite goodness was +guiding affairs toward all that was best for his service, as will be +[seen], having already in this land Spaniards who were to inhabit it and +bring to the knowledge of _the true God_ the natives of the said land so +that Our Lord might always be praised and known by these barbarians and +so that his Holy Faith might be extolled, permitted the discovery and +chastisement of the evil plans which this proud tyrant had in mind as a +return for the many good works and kind treatment which he had always +received from the governor and from each one of the Spaniards of his +company; which recompense, according to his intention, was to have been +of the sort he was wont to give to the caciques and lords of the land, +ordering [his men] to kill without let or cause whatever. For it chanced +that our discharged soldiers [were] returning to Spain, he, seeing that +they were taking with them the gold that had been got from his land, +and mindful of the fact that but a short while ago he had been so great +a lord that he held all those provinces with their riches without +dispute or question, and without considering the just causes for which +they had despoiled him of them, had given orders that certain troops +who, by his command, had been assembled in the land of Quito, should +come, on a certain night at an hour agreed upon, to attack the Spaniards +who were at Caxamalca, assaulting them from five directions as they were +in their quarters, and setting fire wherever possible. Thirty or more +Spanish soldiers were marching outside of Caxamalca, having been to the +city of San Miguel in order to place the gold for H. M. on board ship, +and [the Inca] believed that as they were so few he would be able easily +to kill them before they could join forces with those in Caxamalca[7] +... of which there was much information from many caciques and from +their chiefs themselves, that all, without fear of torments or menaces, +voluntarily confessed this plot: [telling] how fifty thousand men of +Quito and many Caribes[8] came to the land, and that all the confines +contained armed men in great numbers; that, not finding supplies for +them all thus united, he had divided them into three or four divisions, +and that, though scattered in this fashion, there were still so many +that not finding enough to sustain themselves, they had cut down the +still green maize and dried it so that they might not lack for food. All +this having been learned, and being now a public matter to all, and as +it was clear that they were saying in his [the Inca's] army that they +were coming to kill all the Christians, and the governor seeing in how +much peril the government and all the Spaniards were, in order to +furnish a remedy, although it grieved him much, nevertheless, after +seeing the information and process drawn up, assembled the officials of +H. M. and the captains of his company and a Doctor who was then in this +army, and the padre Fray Vicente de Valverde, a religious of the order +of Santo Domingo sent by the Emperor our Lord for the conversion and +instruction of the people of these realms; after there had been much +debate and discussion over the harm and the profit that might follow +upon the continued life or the death of Atabalipa, it was resolved that +justice should be done upon him. And because the officials of H. M. +asked for it and the doctor regarded the information as sufficient, he +was finally taken from the prison in which he was, and, to the sound of +a trumpet, his treason and perfidy were published, and he was borne to +the middle of the plaza of the city and tied to a stake, while the +religious was consoling him and teaching him, by means of an +interpreter, the things of our christian faith, telling him that God +wished him to die for the sins which he had committed in the world, and +that he must repent of them, and that God would pardon him if he did so +and was baptised at once. He, [the Inca] moved by this discourse, asked +for baptism. It was at once given to him by that reverend padre who +aided him so much with his exhortation that although he was sentenced to +be burned alive, he was given a twist of rope around his neck, by means +of which he was throttled instead[9] but when he saw that they were +preparing for his death, he said that he recommended to the governor his +little sons, so that he might take them with him, and with these last +words, and while the Spaniards who stood around him said the creed for +his soul, he was quickly throttled. May God take him to his holy glory, +for he died repentant of his sins with the true faith of a Christian. +After he was thus hung, in fulfilment of the sentence, fire was cast +upon him so that a part of his clothes and flesh was burnt. That night +[because he had died in the late afternoon] his body remained in the +plaza in order that all might learn of his death, and on the next day +the Governor ordered that all the Spaniards should be present at his +interment, and, with the cross and other religious paraphernalia, he +was borne to the church and buried with as much solemnity as if he had +been the chief Spaniard of our camp. Because of this all the principal +lords and caciques who served him received great pleasure, considering +as great the honour which was done them, and knowing that, because he +was a christian, he was not burned alive, and he was interred in church +as if he were a Spaniard. + + + + +CHAPTER II + + They choose as lord of the state of Atabalipa his brother + Atabalipa[10] in whose coronation they observed ceremonies in + accordance with the usage of the caciques of those provinces. Of the + vassalage and obedience which Atabalipa and many other caciques + offered to the Emperor. + + +This done, the governor commanded the immediate assembling in the chief +plaza of that city of all the caciques and principal lords who were then +living there in company with the dead lord; they were many, and from +distant lands, and his intention was to give them another lord who +should govern them in the name of H. M., for, as they were accustomed to +give always their obedience and tribute to a sole lord, great confusion +would result if it were not thus, for each of them would rise up with +his own lordship, and it would cost much toil to bring them into +friendship with the Spaniards and into the service of H. M. For this and +many other reasons the Governor made them assemble, and finding among +them a son of Gucunacaba[11] called Atabalipa, a brother of Atabalipa to +whom by law the realm belonged, he said to all that now that they saw +how Atabalipa was dead because of the treason he had plotted against him +[the Governor], and because they were all left without a lord who should +govern them and whom they should obey, he wished to give them a lord who +would please them all, and that he [the lord] was Atabalipa who was +there present, to whom that kingdom legitimately belonged as he was the +son of that Gucunacaba whom they had loved so much. He [Atabalipa] was a +young man who would treat them with much love and who had enough +prudence to govern that land. He [the Governor] urged them, +nevertheless, to look well to it that they wished him for a lord, for if +not, they were to name another, and if he were capable, the governor +would give him to them as lord. They replied that since Atabalipa was +dead, they would obey Atabalipa or whomever else he should give them, +and so it was arranged that they should yield obedience another day +according to the accustomed manner. When the next day had come, once +more they all assembled before the door of the governor where was placed +the cacique in his chair and near him all the other lords and chiefs, +each in his proper position. And due ceremonies having been held, each +one came to offer him a white plume as a sign of vassalage and tribute, +which is an ancient custom dating from the time that this land was +conquered by these Cuzcos.[12] This done, they sang and danced, making a +great festivity, in which the new king neither arrayed himself in +clothes of price nor placed the fringe upon the forehead in the manner +in which the dead lord was wont to wear it. And when the governor asked +him why he did so, he replied that it was the custom of his ancestors +when they took possession of the realm to mourn the dead cacique and to +pass three days in fasting, shut up within their house, after which they +used to come forth with much pomp and solemnity and hold great +festivities, for which reason he, too, would like to spend two days in +fasting. The Governor replied that since it was an ancient custom he +might keep it, and that soon he would give him many things which the +Emperor our Lord sent to him, which he would give to him and to all the +lords of those provinces. And at once the cacique was placed for his +fast in a place apart from the assembly of the others, which was a house +that they had built for this purpose since the day that notice was given +by the Governor; it was near the Governor's lodging; on account of it +the said Governor and the other Spaniards were greatly astonished, +seeing how, in so short a time, so large and fine a house had been +built. In it he was shut up and retired without anyone's seeing him or +entering that place save the servants who waited on him and brought him +food, or the Governor when he wished to send him something. When the +fast was over, he came forth richly clad and accompanied by many troops, +caciques and chiefs who guarded him, and all the places where he was to +sit were adorned with costly cushions, and beneath his feet were placed +fine cloths. Seated near him was Calichuchima, the great general of +Atabalipa who conquered this land, as was told in the account of the +affairs at Caxamalca, and near him was also the captain Tice, one of the +chiefs, and on the other side were certain brothers of the lord, while +on both hands were other caciques and captains and governors of +provinces and other lords of great lands, and, in short, no one sat +there who was not of quality. They all ate together on the ground, for +they use no other table, and when they had eaten, the cacique said that +he wished to give his obedience in the name of H. M., as his chiefs had +given it. The Governor told him to do it in the way that seemed best, +and soon he [the cacique] offered him [the governor] a white plume +which had been given to him by his caciques, saying that it was given as +a token of obedience. The Governor embraced him with much love and +received it, saying that he wished to tell him the things which he was +to tell in the name of the Emperor, and it was agreed between the two +that they should meet again for this purpose the following day. When it +had arrived, the Governor presented himself in the assembly dressed as +well as possible in silken clothes and accompanied by the officials of +H. M. and by some noblemen of his company who assisted well-dressed for +the greater solemnity of this ceremony of friendship and peace, and by +his side he stationed the ensign with the royal standard. Then the +Governor began asking each [cacique] in turn his name and that of the +land of which he was the lord, and he ordered that it be taken down by +his secretary and scrivener, and there were as many as fifty caciques +and chiefs. Then, facing all those people, he told them that D. Carlos +our lord of whom they were servants and vassals who were in his +company, had sent him to that land in order to give them understanding +and to preach to them of how a sole Lord Creator of the sky and of the +earth, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, three distinct persons in one sole +true God, had created them and given them life and being, and had +brought to bear the fruits of the land whereby they were sustained, and +that to this end he would teach them what they were to do and observe in +order to be saved. And he told them how, by the command of the +all-powerful God, and of his vicars upon earth, because he had gone to +heaven where he now dwells and will be eternally glorified, those lands +were given to the Emperor in order that he might have charge of them, +who had sent him [Pizarro] to instruct them in the christian faith and +place them under his obedience. He added that it was all in writing and +that they should listen to it and fulfil that which he had read to them, +by means of an interpreter, word for word. Then he asked them if they +had understood, and they replied that they had, and that since he had +given them Atabalipa for a lord, they would do all that he commanded +them to do in the name of H. M., holding as supreme lord the Emperor, +then the Governor, then Atabalipa, in order to do as much as he +commanded in his [H. M.'s] name. Then the Governor took in his hands the +royal standard which he raised on high three times, and he told them +that, as vassals of the Caesarian Majesty, they ought to do likewise, +and the cacique took it, and afterwards the captains and the other +chiefs, and each one raised it aloft twice; then they went to embrace +the Governor who received them with great joy through seeing their good +will, and with how much contentment they had heard the affairs of God +and of our religion. The Governor wished that all this be drawn up as +testimony in writing, and when it was over, the caciques and chiefs held +great festivities, so much so that every day there were rejoicings such +as games and feasts, usually held in the house of the Governor. + + + + +CHAPTER III + + While leading a new colony of Spaniards to settle in Xauxa, they + receive news of the death of Guaritico,[13] brother of Atahualpa. + Afterwards they passed through the land of Guamachucho,[14] + Adalmach,[15] Guaiglia,[16] Puerto Nevado, and Capo Tombo,[17] and + they hear that in Tarma many Indian warriors are waiting to attack + them, on account of which they take Calichuchima prisoner, and then + proceed intrepidly on their journey to Cachamarca,[18] where they + find much gold. + + +At this time he [the Governor] had just finished distributing the gold +and silver which were in that house among the Spaniards of his company, +and Atabalipa gave the gold belonging to the royal fifths to the +treasurer of H. M. who took charge of it in order to carry it to the +city of Xauxa where he [the Governor] intended to found a colony of +Spaniards on account of the reports he had of the good surrounding +provinces and of the many cities which there were about it. To this +end, he had the Spaniards arranged in order and provided with arms and +other things for the journey, and when the time for departure came, he +gave them Indians to carry their gold and burdens. Before setting out, +having heard how few soldiers there were in San Miguel[19] for the +purpose of holding it, he took, from among those Spaniards whom he was +to take with him, ten cavalrymen and a captain, a person of great +cautiousness, whom he ordered to go to that city where he was to +maintain himself until ships should arrive with troops who might guard +it, after which he was to go to Xauxa where he himself was about to +found a village of Spaniards and melt the gold which he bore, promising +that he would give them all the gold that was due them with as much +punctuality as if they were actually present, because his [the +captain's] return [to San Miguel] was very necessary, that being the +first city to be settled and colonized for the Caesarian Majesty as +well as the chief one because in it they would have to wait there to +receive the ships which should come from Spain, to that land.[20] + +In this manner they set out with the instructions which the Governor +gave them as to what they were to do in the pacification of the people +of that region. The Governor set out one Monday morning, and on that day +travelled three leagues, sleeping by the shore of a river where the news +reached him that a brother of Atabalipa called Guaritico had been killed +by some captains of Atabalipa at his command. This Guaritico was a very +important person and a friend of the Spaniards, and he had been sent by +the Governor from Caxamalca to repair the bridges and bad spots in the +road. The cacique pretended to feel great heaviness because of his +death, and the Governor himself regretted it because he liked him, and +because he was very useful to the Christians. The next day the Governor +set out from that place, and, by his marches, arrived in the land of +Guamachucho, eighteen leagues from Caxamalca. Having rested there two +days, he set out for Caxamalca[21] nine leagues ahead, and arrived there +in three days, and rested four in order that his troops might have +repose and opportunity to collect supplies for the march to Guaiglia, +twenty leagues from there. Having left this village, he came in three +days to the Puerto de Nevado, and a morning's march brought him within a +day's journey of Guaiglia; and the governor commanded a captain of his, +who was the Marshal D. Diego de Almagro, to go with troops and take a +bridge two leagues from Guaiglia, which bridge was built in a manner +that will soon be related. This captain captured the bridge, which is +near a strong mountain that dominated that land. The Governor did not +delay in arriving at the bridge with the rest of his men, and having +crossed it, he went on, in another morning, which was Sunday, to +Guaiglia. Arrived there, they soon heard mass and afterwards entered +certain good rooms; having rested there eight days, he set forth with +the soldiers, and the next day crossed another bridge of osiers,[22] +which was above the said river which here passes through a very +delectable valley. They journeyed thirty leagues to the point where +captain Hernando Pizarro came when he went to Pachacamac,[23] as will be +seen in the long account which was sent to H. M. of all that was done on +that journey to Pachacamac, from there to the city of Xauxa and back to +Caxamalca, on the occasion on which he took with him the captain +Chilichuchima and other matters which do not concern us here. The +Governor changed his route, and, by forced marches, arrived at the land +of Caxatambo.[24] From there he went on without doing more than to ask +for some Indians who should carry the gold of H. M. and of the soldiers, +and always using great vigilance in learning of the affairs which took +place in the land, and always having both a vanguard and a rear-guard as +had been done up to that time for fear that the captain Chilichuchima +whom he had with him, would hatch some treasonable plot, all the more so +on account of the suspicion he felt owing to the fact that neither in +Caxatambo nor in the eighteen leagues after it had he met with any +warriors, nor were his fears lessened during a halt in a village five +leagues beyond because all the people had fled without leaving a living +soul. When he had arrived there, a Spaniard's Indian servant, who was +from that land of Pambo[25] distant from here some ten leagues, and +twenty from Xauxa, came to him saying that he had heard that troops had +been assembled in Xauxa to kill the Christians who were coming, and that +they had as captains Incorabaliba, Iguaparro, Mortay[26] and another +captain, all four being important men who had many troops with them, and +the servant added that they had placed a part of this force in a village +called Tarma five leagues from Xauxa in order to guard a bad pass that +there was in a mountain and to cut and break it up in such a way that +the Spaniards could not pass by. Informed of this, the governor gave +orders that Chilichuchima should be made a prisoner, because it was held +to be certain that that force had been made ready by his advice and +command, he thinking to flee the Christians and to go to join it. Of +these matters the cacique Atabalipa was unaware, and on this account, +these [Spanish] troops did not permit any Indian to pass by in the +direction of the cacique who might give notice of these affairs. The +reason why these Indians had rebelled and were seeking war with the +Christians was that they saw the land being conquered by the Spaniards, +and they themselves wished to govern it. + +The Governor, before setting out from that place, sent a captain with +troops to take a snowy pass three leagues ahead and then to pass the +night in some fields near Pombo,[27] all of which the captain did, and +he passed the pass with much snow, but without encountering any +obstacle. And the Governor crossed it likewise, without any opposition +save for the inconvenience caused by the snow falling upon them. They +all spent the night in that waste without a single hut, and they lacked +for wood and victuals. Having arrived in the land of Pombo, the Governor +provided and commanded that the soldiers should be lodged with the best +order and caution possible, because he had news that the enemy were +increasing every moment, and it was held to be certain that he would +come here to assail the Spaniards, and because of this, the Governor +caused the patrols and sentinels to be increased, always spying upon the +progress of the enemy. After he had waited there another day for certain +envoys whom the cacique Atabalipa had sent to learn what was going on in +Xauxa, one came who told how the warriors were five leagues from Xauxa +on the road from Cuzco and were coming to burn the town so that the +Christians should not find shelter, and that they intended afterward to +return to Cuzco to combine under a captain named Quizquiz who was there +with many troops who had come from Quito by command of Atabalipa for +the security of the land. When this was learned by the Governor, he +caused to be made ready seventy-five light horse, and with twenty peones +who guarded Chilichuchima, and without the impediment of baggage, he set +out for Xauxa, leaving behind the treasurer with the other troops who +were guarding the camp baggage and the gold of H. M., and of the +company. The day on which he set out from Pombo, he travelled some seven +leagues, and he halted in a village called Cacamarca,[28] and here they +found seventy thousand pesos of gold in large pieces, to guard which the +Governor left two Christians from the cavalry in order that when the +rear-guard should arrive, it might be conducted well guarded. Then, in +the morning, he set forth with his men in good array, for he had word +that three leagues from there were four thousand men. And on the march +three or four light horsemen went ahead so that, if they should meet a +spy of the enemy's, they might take him prisoner to prevent his giving +warning of their coming. At the hour of noon, they arrived at that bad +pass of Tarma where warriors were said to be waiting to defend it. The +pass seemed to be so full of difficulties that it would be impossible to +go up it, because there was a bad road of stone down into the gully +where all the riders had to dismount, after which it was necessary to go +up the heights by a slope about a league long, the greater part of which +was steep and difficult forest, all of which was crossed without any +Indians who were said to be armed making an appearance. And in the +afternoon, after the hour of vespers, the Governor and his men arrived +at that village of Tarma where, because it was a bad site and because he +had news that Indians were coming to it to surprise the Christians, he +did not wish to linger longer than was necessary for feeding the horses +and allaying their own hunger and fatigue so as to enable them to go +forth prepared from that place which had no other level spot than the +plaza as it was on a small slope surrounded by mountains for the space +of a league. As it was already night, he made his camp here, being +always on the alert and having the horses saddled. And the men were +without [proper] food and even without any comfort because there was +neither fire-wood nor water, nor had they brought their tents with them +to shelter them, because of which they all nearly died of cold on +account of the fact that it rained much early in the night and then +snowed so that the arms and clothes were drenched. But each one sought +the best remedy he could, and so that evil and troublous night passed to +the dawn when he commanded that all mount their horses so as to arrive +early at Xauxa which was four leagues from there. When two had been +crossed over, the Governor divided the seventy-five soldiers between +three captains, giving fifteen to each, and taking with him the +remaining twenty and the twenty peones who were guarding Chilichuchima. +In this order they journeyed to Porsi a league from Xauxa, having given +each captain orders as to what he was to do, and they all halted in a +small village which they encountered. Then they all marched on in +complete accord, and gave a look at the city. They all halted again on a +slope within a quarter of a league of it. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + They arrive at the city of Xauxa; they leave some soldiers there to + guard that place, and others go against the army of the enemy with + which they fight. They win a victory, and return to Xauxa. + + +The natives all came out along the road in order to look at the +Christians, celebrating much their coming because they thought that, +through it, they would issue forth from the slavery in which that +foreign army [the Incas] held them. [The Spaniards] wished to await a +later hour in the day at this place, but, seeing that no warriors +appeared, they began their journey so as to enter the city. On going +down that little slope, they saw running toward them at great speed an +Indian with a lance erect, and when he came up to them it was found that +he was a servant of the Christians who said that his master had sent +him to inform them that they must hold themselves in readiness because +their enemies were in the city, and that two Christians from the cavalry +had been sent ahead of the rest, and that they had entered the city to +see the buildings there, and while they were inspecting it, they saw +some twenty Indians who came out of certain houses with their lances and +other arms, calling to others to come forth and join with them. The two +Christians, seeing them thus assemble, without heeding their cries and +clamour, attacked them, killed several, and put the others to flight; +the latter soon joined with others who came to their aid, and they +formed a mass of some two hundred which the Spaniards again attacked, in +a narrow street, and broke, forcing them to retreat to the bank of a +great river which passes by that city, and then one of these Spaniards +sent the Indian as I have said, with raised lance as a sign that there +were armed enemies in the city. This having been heard, the Spaniards +set spur to their horses, and, without delay, arrived at the city and +entered it; and when they joined their companions, the latter told them +what had occurred with those Indians. The captains, running in the +direction in which the enemy had retreated, arrived at length at the +bank of the river, which was then very full, and on the other shore, at +a distance of a quarter of a league, they descried the squadrons of +their enemies. Then, having passed the river with no little toil and +danger, they gave chase to them. The Governor remained guarding the city +because it was said that there were enemies hidden within it, as well. +The Indians perceiving that the Christians had crossed the river, they +began to retreat, drawn up in two squadrons. One of the Spanish +captains, with his fifteen light horsemen, spurred ahead toward the +slope of the hill for which they [the Indians] were making so that they +could not retreat thither and fortify themselves. The other two captains +kept right up with them, overtaking them in a field of maize near the +river. There they put them in disorder and routed them, capturing as +many as possible, so that of six hundred [Indians] not more than twenty +or thirty, who took to the mountains before the other captain with his +fifteen men could arrive, saved themselves. Most of the Indians made for +the water, thinking to save themselves in it, but the light horsemen +crossed the river almost by swimming after them, and they did not leave +one alive save some few who had hidden themselves in their flight after +their army was broken in pieces. Then the Spaniards ran through the +country as far as a league below without finding a single Indian. Then, +having returned, they rested themselves and their horses, which were in +great need of it; both because of the long journey of the day before and +on account of their having run those two leagues, they were rather +crippled. When the truth was learned as to what troops those were [with +whom the Spaniards had fought], it was found that the four captains and +the main body were encamped six leagues down the river from Xauxa, and +that, on that very day, they had sent those six hundred men to complete +the burning of the city of Xauxa, having already burned the other half +of it seven or eight days before, and that they had then burned a great +edifice which was in the plaza, as well as many other things before the +eyes of the people of that city, together with many clothes and much +maize, so that the Spaniards should not avail themselves of them. The +citizens were left so hostile to those other Indians that if one of the +latter hid, they showed him to the Christians so that they would kill +him, and they themselves aided in killing them, and they would even have +done so with their own hands if the Christians had permitted it. The +Spanish captains, having studied the place where these enemies were +found as well as the road, along a part of which they journeyed, they +determined not to shut themselves up in Xauxa, but to pass onward and +attack the main body of the army which was four leagues off before it +should receive news of their coming. With this intention, they +commanded the soldiers to make ready, but their proposal did not come to +pass because they found the horses so weary that they held it to be +better council to retire, which they did. Arrived in Xauxa, they +recounted to the Governor all that had happened, with which he was well +pleased, and he received them cheerfully, thanking them all for having +borne themselves so valorously. And he told them that by all means he +intended to attack the camp of the enemy because, although they were +advised of the victory, it was certain that they would be waiting. At +once he ordered his master of the camp to lodge the men and let them +rest during what remained of the day and through the night until +moon-rise, and that then they should make ready to go and attack their +enemies. At that hour fifty light horsemen were in readiness, and at the +sound of the trumpet they presented themselves, armed and with their +horses, at the lodging of the Governor who despatched them very soon +upon their road. Fifteen horsemen remained with him in the city +together with the twenty peones who made the guard all of each night +with the horses saddled, until the captain of that sally returned, which +was in five days. He related to the governor all that had happened from +the time of his departure, telling how, on the night he left Xauxa, he +journeyed some four leagues before dawn, with much eagerness to attack +the enemy's camp before they were warned of his coming; and being now +near [the enemy] at dawn, they saw a great mass of smoke in the place of +their encampment, which seemed to be two leagues further on. And so he +spurred on with his men at a great pace, thinking that the enemy, warned +of his approach, had fled and that the buildings that there were in a +village were burning. And so it was, because they had fled, after having +set fire to that wretched hamlet. Arrived at that place, the Spaniards +followed the footsteps of the warriors through a very broad valley. And +as they overtook them they collided with the enemy who were going more +slowly with many women and children in their rear-guard, and the +Spaniards, leaving these behind them in order to catch up with the men, +ran more than four leagues, and caught up with some of their squadrons. +As some of them [the Indians] saw the Castilians from some distance, +they had time to take shelter on a mountain and save themselves; others, +who were few, were killed, leaving in the power of the Spaniards (who, +because their horses were tired, did not wish to go up the mountain) +many spoils and women and children. And as it was already night, they +returned to sleep in a village which they had left behind. And the +following day these Spaniards determined to follow them as they fled +back to Cuzco so as to take from them certain bridges of net-work and to +prevent their crossing. But, because of lack of pasturage for their +horses, they found themselves obliged to fall back, to the +dissatisfaction of the Governor because they had not at least followed +and taken those bridges so as to prevent the Indians from returning to +Cuzco; it was feared that, being strange people, they would do great +harm to the citizens of those places. + + + + +CHAPTER V + + They name new officials in the city of Xauxa in order to establish a + settlement of Spaniards, and, having had news of the death of + Atabalipa, with great prudence and much craftiness in order to keep + themselves in the good graces of the Indians, they discuss the + appointment of a new lord. + + +And for this reason, as soon as the baggage and the rear-guard, which he +had left at Pombo, had arrived, he [the Governor] published an edict to +the effect that whereas he was determined to found a settlement of +Spaniards in the name of H. M., all those who wished to settle there +might do so. But there was not one Spaniard who wished to remain, and +they said that so long as there were warriors all about in that land +with arms in their hands the natives of that province would not be at +the service and disposal of the Spaniards and in obedience to H. M. When +this was observed by the Governor, he determined not to lose time then +in that matter, but to go against the enemy in the direction of Cuzco in +order to drive them from that province and rout them from all of it. In +the meanwhile, in order to put in order the affairs of that city, he +founded the village in the name of H. M., and created officials of +justice for it [and for its citizens] who were eighty in number, of whom +forty were light horsemen whom he left there as a garrison, and, +[leaving also] the treasurer, who was to guard the gold of H. M. and to +act in all matters as head and chief in command of the government.[29] +While these things were being done, the cacique Atabalipa came to die, +of his illness; because of this, the Governor and all the other +Spaniards felt great sorrow, because it was certain that he was very +prudent and had much love for the Spaniards. It was given out publicly +that the captain Calichuchima had caused his death because he desired +that the land should remain with the people of Quito and not with either +those of Cuzco or with the Spaniards, and if that cacique ["Atabalipa"] +had lived, he [Calichuchima] would not have been able to succeed in what +he desired to do. At once, the Governor had Calichuchima and Tizas[30] +and a brother of the cacique and other leading chiefs and caciques who +had come from Caxamalca summoned to him; to them he said that they must +know very well that he had given them Atabalipa as a lord and that, now +that he was dead, they ought to think of whom they would like as lord in +order that he might give him to them. There was a great difference of +opinion between them on this subject because Calichuchima wished the son +of Atabalipa and brother of the dead cacique Aticoc[31] as lord, and +others, who were not of the land of Quito, wished the lord to be a +native of Cuzco and proposed a brother of Atabalipa (as lord). The +Governor said to those who wished as lord the brother of Atabalipa that +they should send and have him summoned and that after he had come, if he +found him to be a man of worth, he would appoint him. And with this +reply that meeting came to an end. And the Governor, having called aside +the captain Calichuchima, spoke to him in these words: "You already know +that I loved greatly your lord Atabalipa and that I have always wished +him to leave a son after he died, and that this son should be lord, and +that you, who are already a prudent man, should be his captain until he +had reached the age of governing his dominions, and for this reason I +greatly desire that he should be called soon, because, for love of his +father, I love him much, and you likewise. But at the same time, since +all these caciques who are here are your friends and since you have much +influence with the soldiers of their nation, it would be well that you +send them word by messengers to come in peace, because I do not wish to +be enraged against them and to kill them, as you see I am doing, when I +wish that the affairs of these provinces should be quiet and peaceful." +This captain had a great desire, as has been said, that the son of +Atabalipa should be lord, and knowing this, the Governor slyly spoke +these words to him and gave him this hope, not because he had any +intention of carrying it out,[32] but in order that, in the meanwhile, +that son of Atabalipa might come for this purpose (and) might cause +those caciques who had taken up arms [also] to come to him in peace. It +was likewise agreed that he should say to Aticoc and to the other lords +of the province of Cuzco that he [the Governor] would give them as lord +him whom they wished, because it was necessary that those things which +were for the good of all should thus be governed in the state. He tried +to give to Calichuchima words that [would enable him] to cause the +people who were in Cuzco with arms to lay them down in order that they +might do no harm to the people of the country, and those of Cuzco, +because they were true friends of the Christians, gave them notice of +all that the enemy were trying to do and of all that was going on in the +country, and for this reason and others the Governor said this with +great prudence. Chilichuchima, to whom he told it, showed as much +pleasure at these words as if he had been made lord of the whole world, +and he replied that he would do as he was ordered and that it would +cause him much pleasure if the caciques and soldiers were to come in +peace[33] and that he would despatch messengers to Quito in order that +the son of Atabalipa might come. But he feared that two great captains +who were with him would prevent it, and would not let him come. +Nevertheless he would send such a person of importance with the embassy +that he thought that all would conform with his wish. And soon he added, +"Sir, since you wish me to cause these caciques to come, take off this +chain [which I wear] for, seeing me with it, no one wishes to obey me." +The Governor, in order that he should not suspect that he had feigned +what he had said to him, told him that he was pleased to do so, but on +the condition that he was to put a guard of Christians over him until +after he had caused those soldiers who were at war to come in peace and +until the son of Atabalipa had come.[34] He [Chalcuchima] was satisfied +with this, and so he was released, and the Governor put him under a good +guard, because that captain was the key [the possession of which +ensured] having the land quiet and subjected. This precaution taken, and +the troops who were to go with the Governor toward Cuzco being made +ready, the number of whom was one hundred horsemen and thirty peons, he +[the Governor] ordered a captain to go ahead with seventy horsemen and +some peons in order to rebuild the bridges which had been burned, and +the Governor remained behind while he was giving orders for many matters +touching the welfare of the city and Republic which he was to leave +already well established, and in order to await the reply of the +Christians whom he had sent to the coast in order to examine the ports +and set up crosses in them in case some one should come to reconnoitre +the land. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + Description of the bridges which the natives are wont to make in + order to cross the rivers; and of the toilsome journey which the + Spaniards had, in going to Cuzco, and of the arrival at Panarai and + Tarcos. + + +This captain departed with those who were to follow him on Thursday, and +the Governor with the rest of the troops, and Chilichuchima with his +guard left the following Monday. In the morning they were all ready with +their arms and other necessary things; the journey they were to make +being long, they were to leave all the baggage in Xauxa, it not being +convenient to carry it with them on that journey. The Governor journeyed +two days down the valley along the bank of the Xauxa River, which was +very delectable and peopled in many places, and on the third day he +arrived at a bridge of net-work which is over the said river and which +the Indian soldiers had burned after they crossed over, but already the +captain who had gone ahead had made the natives rebuild it. And in the +places where they build these bridges of net-work, where the rivers are +swollen, this inland country far from the sea being densely populated, +and because almost none of the Indians knows how to swim, because of +which even though the rivers are small and might be forded, they +nevertheless throw out these bridges, and after this fashion; If the two +banks of the river are stony, they raise upon them large walls of stone, +and then they place four [ropes of] pliable reeds two palms or a little +less in thickness, and between them, after the fashion of wattle-work, +they weave green osiers two fingers thick and well intertwined, in such +a way that some are not left more slack than others, and all are well +tied. And upon these they place branches crosswise in such a way that +the water is not seen, and in this way they make the floor of the +bridge. And in the same manner they weave a balustrade of these same +osiers along the side of the bridge so that no one may fall into the +water, of which, in truth, there is no danger, although to one who is +not used to it, the matter of crossing appears a thing of danger +because, the span being long, the bridge bends when one goes over it, so +that one goes continually downward until the middle is reached, and from +there he keeps going up until he has finished crossing to the other +bank, and when the bridge is being crossed, it trembles very much, so +that it goes to the head of him who is not accustomed to it. Ordinarily +they make two bridges close together, so that, as they say, the lords +may cross by one and the common people by another. They keep guards over +them, and the lords of all the land keep them there continuously in +order that if someone should steal gold or silver or anything else from +him or from some other lord of the land, he would not be able to cross. +And those who guard these bridges have their houses nearby, and they +always have in their hands osiers and wattles and cords in order to mend +the bridges if they are injured or even to rebuild them if need were. +The guards who were in charge of this bridge when the Indians who burned +it passed over, hid the materials which they had for mending it, for +otherwise the Indians would have burned them also, and for this reason +they rebuilt it in so short a space of time in order that the Spaniards +might cross over. The Spanish cavalry and the Governor crossed by one of +these bridges, although, on account of its being new and not well made, +they had much trouble because the captain who had gone ahead with +seventy cavalrymen had made many holes in it so that it was half +destroyed. Still, the horses got over without endangering themselves, +although nearly all stumbled because the bridge moved and trembled so, +but, as I have said, the bridge was made in such a way that even though +they were thrown upon their knees, they could not fall into the water. +As soon as all were over, the Governor encamped in some groves near +which ran some streams of beautiful clear water. Later they proceeded +on their journey two leagues along the shore of that river through a +narrow valley on both sides of which were very high mountains, and in +some places, this valley through which the river passes has so little +space that there is not more than a stone's throw from the foot of the +mountain to the river, and in other places, because of the slope of the +mountain, there is but little more. Two leagues of this valley having +been travelled, they came to another bridge, a small one over another +river, over which the troops passed on foot while the horses forded, as +much on account of the bridge being in bad order as on account of the +fact that the water was low at that time. Having crossed the river, he +[the Governor] began to climb a very steep and long mountain all made of +steps of very small stones.[35] Here the horses toiled so much that, +when they had finished going up, the greater part of them had lost their +shoes and worn down the hoofs of all four feet. That mountain, which +lasted for more than half a league, having been overcome, and having +journeyed for a bit in the evening along a slope, the Governor with his +men arrived at a village which the hostile Indians had sacked and +burned, on account of which neither people nor maize was found in it, +nor any other food, and the water was very far off because the Indians +had broken the aqueducts which came to the city, which was a great evil +and of much inconvenience for the Spaniards who, because they had found +the road hard, toilsome and long on that day, needed good lodging. The +next day the Governor set out from there and went to sleep in another +village which, although it was very large and fine and full of houses, +had as little food in it as the last one; and this village is called +Panarai. The Governor wondered greatly with his men at finding here +neither food nor anything else, because this place belonged to one of +the lords who had been with Atabalipa and with the dead lord in the +company of the Christians, and he had come in their company as far as +Xauxa, [where] he said he wished to go ahead in order to prepare in this +land his victuals and other things necessary for the Spaniards. And when +they found here neither him nor his people, it was held to be certain +that the country-side had revolted. And not having had any letter from +the captain who had gone ahead with the seventy horsemen, save which let +them know that he was going right after the hostile Indians, it was +feared that the foe had taken some step whereby he was prevented from +sending any messenger. The Spaniards sought so much, that they found +some maize and ewes, ... and the next day, early, they set out and +arrived at a village called Tarcos, where they met the cacique of the +district and some men who told them of the day on which had passed that +way some Christians who were going to fight with the enemy who had +established their camp in a neighboring settlement. All received this +news with great pleasure, and they found a good reception in that +place, because the cacique had brought to the plaza a large quantity of +maize, fire-wood, ewes, and other things of which the Spaniards had +great need. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + While proceeding on their journey they have news sent by the forty + Spanish horsemen of the state of the Indian army with which the + latter had fought victoriously. + + +On the next day, which was Saturday, All Saints' day, the friar who was +with this company said mass in the morning, according to the custom of +saying it on such a day, and later all set out and journeyed until they +arrived at a full river three leagues beyond, always descending from the +mountains by a rough and long slope. This river, likewise, had a +net-work bridge which, being broken, made it necessary to ford the +stream, and afterwards a very large mountain was ascended which, looked +at from below, seemed impossible of ascent by the very birds of the air, +and still more so by men on horseback toiling over the ground. But the +climb was made less arduous for them by the fact that the road went up +in spirals, and not straight. The greater part, however, was made of +large steps of stone which greatly fatigued the horses and wore down and +injured their hoofs, even though they were led by the bridle. In this +manner a long league was surmounted, and another was traversed by a more +easy road along a declivity, and in the afternoon the Governor with the +Spaniards arrived at a small village of which a part was burned, and in +the other part, which had remained whole, the Spaniards settled. And in +the evening two Indian couriers, sent by the captain who was ahead, +arrived. They brought news, in letters to the Governor, that the captain +had arrived with all speed at the land of Parcos[36] which he had left +behind him, having had news that the [Indian] captains were thereabout +with all the hostile forces; [but] he did not encounter them, and it was +held to be certain that they had withdrawn to Bilcas,[37] and through so +much of the road as he traversed until coming to [a place] within five +leagues of Bilcas, where he spent the night, he marched secretly in +order not to be forestalled by certain spies who were placed a league +from Bilcas. And having news that the enemy were in a town without +having warning of his coming, the captain was delighted, and, having +gone down the rather difficult slope where that place was, at dawn he +entered [the town where some warriors were lodged with few +precautions].[38] The Spanish cavalry began to attack them in the plazas +until so many had been killed or had fled that no one remained; because +there were a few Indian soldiers who had retired to a mountain on one +side of the road who, as soon as the day became bright and they saw the +Spaniards, assembled in squadrons, and came against them crying out +_Ingres_,[39] which name they hold to be very insulting, being that of a +contemned people who live in the hot lands of the sea-coast, and because +that province was cold and the Spaniards wore clothes over their flesh, +[the Indians] called them Ingres and threatened them with slavery as +they were few, not more than forty, and defying them by saying that they +would come down to where they were. The captain, although he knew that +that was a bad place for fighting on horseback, of which position the +Spaniards could little avail themselves there, nevertheless, in order +that the enemy should not think that he would not fight from lack of +spirit, took with him thirty horsemen, leaving the rest to guard the +town, and went down through a cleft[40] in the mountain by a very +painful slope. The enemy boldly awaited them and in the shock of battle +they killed one horse and wounded two others, but finally, all being +dispersed, some fled in one direction and others in another over the +mountain [by] a very rough road where the horses could neither follow +them nor injure them. At this juncture, an [Indian] captain who had fled +from the village, and who knew that they had killed one horse and +wounded two, said "Come, let us turn back and fight with these men +until not one is left alive, for there are but a few of them!" and at +once all returned with more spirit and greater impetuosity than before, +and in this way a sharper battle than the first was fought. At the end, +the Indians fled and the horsemen followed them in all directions as +long as they could. In these two encounters more than six hundred men +were left dead, and it is believed also that Maila, one of their +captains, died, and the Indians affirmed it also, and they, on their +part, when they killed a horse, cut off his head and put it on a lance +which they bore before them like a standard. [The Spanish captain] +likewise informed [his men] that he intended to rest there for three +days out of consideration for the wounded Christians and horses, and +that later they would set out to take, first of all, a bridge of +net-work which was near there, so that the fugitive enemies should not +cross it and go to join with Quizquiz[41] in Cuzco and with the garrison +of troops he had there, which was said to be waiting for the Spaniards +in a bad pass near Cuzco. But, although they found it to be more than +bad, they hoped in God who, in whatever place that battle might be +fought, even in a land all rough and stony, would not permit the Indians +to be able to defend themselves any where, no matter how difficult and +toilsome it might be, nor to attack the Spaniards in any bad pass. And, +having set out from here and having crossed the bridge three leagues +from Cuzco [the captain declared] that he would there await the Governor +as he had informed him by swift messenger Indians of what had occurred. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + After having suffered various inconveniences, and having passed the + cities of Bilcas and of Andabailla,[42] and before arriving at + Airamba,[43] they have letters from the Spaniards in which they ask + for the aid of thirty cavaliers. + + +Having received this letter, the Governor and all the Spaniards who were +with him were filled with infinite content over the victory which the +captain had obtained, and at once he sent it, together with another, to +the city of Xauxa, to the treasurer and to the Spaniards who had +remained there in order that they might share in the gladness over the +victory of the captain. And likewise he sent despatches to the captain +and the Spaniards who were with him congratulating them much on the +victory they had won, and begging them and counseling them to be +governed in these matters more by prudence than by confidence in their +own strength, and commanding, at all events, that, having passed the +last bridge, they should await him [the Governor] there so that they +might then enter the city of Cuzco all together. This done, the Governor +set out the following day and went by a rough and tiring road through +rocky mountains and over ascents and descents of stone steps from which +all believed they could only bring their horses with difficulty, +considering the road already traversed and that still to be traversed. +They slept that night in a village on the other side of the river, which +here, as elsewhere, had a bridge of net-work. The horses crossed through +the water and the footsoldiers and the servants of the Spaniards by the +bridge. On the next day they had a good road beside the river where they +encountered many wild animals, deer and antelope; and that day they +arrived at nightfall at some rooms in the vicinity of Bilcas where the +captain who was going ahead had made halt in order to travel by night +and so enter Bilcas without being found out, as he did enter it, and +here was received another letter from him in which he said that he had +left Bilcas two days before, and had come to a river four leagues ahead +which he had forded because the bridge had been burned, and here he had +understood that the captain Narabaliba was fleeing with some twenty +Indians and that he had met two thousand Indians whom the captain of +Cuzco had sent to him as aid who, as soon as they knew of the rout at +Bilcas, turned around and fled with him, endeavouring to join with the +scattered remnants of those who were fleeing, in order to await them +[the Spaniards] in a village called Andabailla,[44] and [the Spanish +captain said] that he was resolved not to stay his course until he +should encounter them. These announcements being understood by the +Governor, he first thought of sending aid to the captain, but later he +did not do so because he considered that if there were to be a battle at +all it would have occurred already and the aid would not arrive in +time, and he determined furthermore not to linger a single day until he +should catch up with him, and in this way he set out for Bilcas which he +entered very early the following day, and on that day he did not wish to +go further. This city of Bilcas[45] is placed on a high mountain and is +a large town and the head of a province. It has a beautiful and fine +fortress; there are many well built houses of stone, and it is half-way +by road from Xauxa to Cuzco. And on the next day the Governor encamped +on the other side of the river, four leagues from Bilcas, and although +the day's march was short, it was nevertheless toilsome because it was +entirely a descent almost all composed of stone steps, and the troops +waded the river with much fatigue because it was very full, and he set +up his camp on the other bank among some groves. Scarcely had the +Governor arrived here, when he received a letter from the captain who +was reconnoitring in which the latter informed him that the enemy had +gone on five leagues and were in waiting on the slope of a mountain in +a land called Curamba,[46] and that there were many warriors there, and +that they had made many preparations and had arranged great quantities +of stones so that the Spaniards would not be able to go up. The +Governor, when he understood this, although the captain did not ask him +for aid, believed that it was necessary now, and he at once ordered the +Marshal D. Diego de Almagro to get ready with thirty light horsemen, +well equipped as to arms and horses, and he did not wish him to take a +single peon with him, because he ordered him [Almagro] not to delay for +anything until he should come up with the captain who was ahead with the +others. And when he [Almagro] had set out, the Governor likewise +started, on the following day, with ten horsemen and the twenty peons +who were guarding Chilichuchima, and he quickened his pace so much that +day that of two days' marches he made one. And just as he was about to +arrive at the village called Andabailla, where he was to sleep, an +Indian came to him on the run to say that on a certain slope of the +mountain, which he pointed out with his finger, there had been +discovered hostile troops of war, on which account, the Governor, armed +as he was and on horseback, went with the Spaniards he had with him to +take the summit of that slope, and he examined the whole of it without +finding the warriors of whom the Indian had spoken, because they were +troops native to the land who were fleeing from the Indians of Quito +because the latter did them very great harm. The Governor and company +having arrived at that village of Andabailla, they supped and spent the +night there. On the next day, they arrived at the village of Airamba +from where the captain had written that he was with the armed troops +waiting for them upon the road.[47] + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + Having arrived at a village, they find much silver in plates + twenty-feet long. Proceeding on their journey, they receive letters + from the Spaniards relating the brisk and adverse struggle they had + had against the army of the Indians. + + +Here were found two dead horses,[48] from which it was suspected that +some misfortune had befallen the captain. But, having entered the +village, they learned, from a letter that arrived before they retired +for the night, that the captain had here encountered some warriors, and +that, in order to gain the mountain, he had gone up a slope where he had +found assembled a great quantity of stone, a sign which showed that they +[the Indians] wished to guard [the pass], and that they were gone in +search of [other] Indians because they had warning that [the Spaniards] +were not far off and that the two horses had died of so many changes +from heat to cold. He [the captain] wrote nothing of the aid which the +Governor had sent to him, because of which it was thought that it had +not yet arrived. The next day the Governor set out from there, and slept +[the next night] by a river whose bridge had been burned by the enemy, +so that it was necessary to ford it, with great fatigue on account of +the fact that the current was very swift and the bottom very stony. On +the next day, they encamped at a town in the houses of which was found +much silver in large slabs twenty feet long, one broad, and one or two +fingers thick. And the Indians who were there related that those slabs +belonged to a great cacique and that one of the lords of Cuzco had won +them and had carried them off thus in plates, together with those of +which the conquered cacique had built a house.[49] The next day, the +Governor set out in order to cross the last bridge, which was almost +three leagues from there. Before he arrived at that river, a messenger +came with a letter from the captain in which he informed him that he had +arrived at the last bridge with great speed in order that the enemy +should not have opportunity to burn it; but that, at the time of his +arrival there, they had finished burning it, and as it was already late, +he did not wish to cross the river that same day, but had gone to camp +in a village which was nearby. The next day, he [the captain] had passed +through the water, which came to the breasts of the horses, and had +proceeded straight along the road to Cuzco which was twelve leagues from +there; and as, on the way, he was informed that, on a neighbouring +mountain [where] forts had been built, all the enemies were hoping that +the next day Quizquiz would come to their aid with reenforcements from +the troops which he had in Cuzco, for this reason he [the captain] had +spurred ahead with all speed together with fifty horsemen,[50] for ten +had been left guarding the baggage and certain gold which had been +found in the rout of Bilcas. And one Saturday, at noon, they had begun +to go up on horseback a slope which lasted well over a league, and, +being wearied by the sharp ascent and by the mid-day heat, which was +very great, they stopped awhile and gave to the horses some maize which +they had because the natives of a village nearby had brought it to them. +Then, proceeding on their journey, the captain, who rode a cross-bow +shot ahead, saw the enemy on the summit of the mountain, which they +entirely covered, and [he saw] that three or four thousand were coming +down in order to pass the point where they [the Spaniards] were. Because +of this, although he called to the Spaniards to put themselves in +battle-array, he could not hope to join them, because the Indians were +already very near and were coming with great rapidity. But with those +who were in readiness, he advanced to give battle [to the Indians], and +the Spaniards who kept coming up mounted the slope of the mountain, some +on one hand, others on the other. They dashed among those of the enemy +who were foremost without waiting for the beginning of the fight, save +for defending themselves against the stones which were hurled upon them, +until they mounted to the summit of the mountain, in which deed they +thought they saw a certain victory to be accomplished. The horses were +so tired that they could not get breath in order to attack with +impetuosity such a multitude of enemies, nor did the latter cease to +inconvenience and harass them continually with the lances stones and +arrows which they hurled at them, so they fatigued all to such an extent +that the riders could hardly keep their horses at the trot or even at +the pace. The Indians, perceiving the weariness of the horses, began to +charge with greater fury, and five Christians, whose horses could not go +up to the summit of the slope, were charged so furiously by so many of +the throng that to two of them it was impossible to alight, and they +were killed upon their horses. The others fought on foot very +valorously, but at length, not being seen by any companions who could +bring them aid, they remained prisoners, and only one was killed without +being able to lay hand upon his sword or to defend himself, the cause of +which was that a good soldier was left dead beside him, the tail of his +horse having been seized which prevented his going ahead with the rest. +They [the Indians] opened the heads of all by means of their battle-axes +and clubs; they wounded eighteen horses and six Christians; but none of +the wounds were dangerous save those of one horse which died of them. It +pleased God Our Lord that the Spaniards should gain a plain which was +near that mountain, and the Indians collected on a hill nearby. The +captain commanded half of his men to take the bridles off their horses +and let them drink in a rivulet that ran there, and then to do the same +for the other half, which was done without being hindered by the +enemies. Then, the captain said to all: "Gentlemen, let us withdraw from +here step by step down this declivity in such a way that the enemy may +think that we are fleeing from them, in order that they may come in +search of us below, for, if we can attract them to this plain, we will +attack them all of a sudden in such a manner that I hope not one of them +will escape from our hands. Our horses are already somewhat tired, and +if we put the enemy to flight, we shall end by gaining the summit of the +mountain." And thus it was that some of the Indians, thinking that the +Spaniards were retreating, came down below, throwing stones at them, +with their slings, and shooting arrows.[51] When this was seen by the +Christians, [they knew] that now was their time, [and] they turned their +horses' heads, and before the Indians could gather together on the +mountain where they were before, some twenty of them were killed. When +this was seen by the others, and when they perceived that there was +little safety in the place where they were, they left that mountain and +retired to another one which was higher. The captain, with his men, +finished climbing the mountain, and there, because it was already night, +he camped with his soldiers. The Indians also camped two cross-bow shots +away, in such a manner that in either camp could be heard the voices in +the other. The captain caused the wounds to be cared for and posted +patrols and sentinels for the night, and he ordered that all the horses +were to remain saddled and bridled until the following day, on which he +was to fight with the Indians. And he tried to cheer his men up and +renew their valor, saying: "that by all means it was necessary to attack +the enemy the following morning without delaying an instant, because he +had news that the captain Quizquiz was coming with great reenforcements, +and by no means should they wait until he joined forces with them." All +showed as much spirits and confidence as if they already had the victory +in their hands, and again the captain comforted them, saying: "he held +the day just passed through to be more perilous than that which awaited +them on the morrow, and that God Our Lord who had delivered them from +danger in the past would grant them victory in the future, and that they +should look to it whether, on the day before, when their horses were so +weary, they had attacked their enemies with disadvantage and had routed +them and driven them from their fortresses, even though their own number +did not exceed fifty, and that of the enemy eight thousand; ought they +not, then, to hope for victory when they were fresh and rested?" With +these and other spirited conversations, that night was passed, and the +Indians were in their own camp, uttering cries and saying: "Wait, +Christians, until dawn, when you are all to die, and we shall take away +from you just as many horses as you have!"[52] and they added insulting +words in their language having determined to enter into combat with the +Christians as soon as it should dawn, believing them and their horses to +be weary on account of the toil of the day before and because they saw +them to be so few in numbers and because they knew that many of the +horses were wounded. In this manner the same thought prevailed on the +one side and on the other, but the Indians firmly believed that the +Christians would not escape from them.[53] + + + + +CHAPTER X + + News comes of the victory won by the Spaniards, even to their + putting the Indian army to flight. They command that a chain be + placed about the neck of Chilichuchima, holding him to be a traitor. + They cross the Rimac[54] and all reunite once more at + Sachisagagna,[55] where they burn Chilichuchima. + + +This news reached the Governor near the last river, as I have said, and +he, without showing any change in his countenance, communicated it to +the ten horsemen and twenty peons whom he had with him, consoling them +all with good words which he spoke to them, although they were greatly +disturbed in their minds, for they thought that if a small number of +Indians, relatively to the number anticipated, had maltreated the +Christians in such a manner in the first action, they would bring upon +them still greater war on the following day when their horses were +wounded and when the aid of thirty horsemen, which had been sent to +them, had not yet arrived among the Spaniards. But all showed that they +knew how to place their hopes in God, and they arrived at the river +which they crossed in _balsas_, swimming the horses, because the bridge +was burned down. And the river being very full, they delayed in crossing +it the rest of that day and the next one until the hour of siesta when +the Governor, smiling [determined] to set out without waiting for the +Indian allies to cross.[56] [Just then] a Christian was seen coming, and +when all saw him from afar, they judged that the captain with the +horsemen had been routed and that this man was bringing the news in his +flight. But when he had arrived in the presence of the Governor, he gave +great consolation to the minds of all with the news that he brought, +relating that God Our Lord, who never abandons his faithful servants +even in the direst extremities, ordained that while the captain with +the others [of his company] was passing that night cautiously and +encouraging his men for the combat on the morrow, the Marshal arrived +with the reenforcements of thirty horsemen which had been sent, and +these, together with the ten others whom they had left behind, made +forty altogether, and when all perceived this, the first group felt as +much pleasure as if they had resuscitated that day [just lived through], +holding it to be certain that the victory would be theirs on the +following day. When day had come, which was Sunday, they all mounted at +dawn, and, disposed in a wing formation in order to present a better +front, they attacked the rear of the Indians who, during the night, had +determined to attack the Christians, but who, in the morning, seeing so +many soldiers, thought that some aid must have come to them during the +night, on account of which, not having the courage to put on a bold +front, and seeing that the Spaniards were coming up the slope in pursuit +of them, turned their backs and retired from mountain to mountain. The +Spaniards did not follow them because the land was rough, and besides, a +mist arose which was so thick that they could not see one another, and +yet withal, on the slope of a hill, they killed many of the enemy. At +this juncture, a thousand Indians in a squadron commanded by Quizquiz +arrived in aid of the Indians who, seeing the Christians on horseback +and so warlike, judged it time to withdraw to the mountain.[57] At the +same time, the Christians assembled in their [the Indians'] fort, whence +the captain had sent this messenger to the Governor to tell him that he +would await him there until he should arrive. When this news was heard +by the Governor, he rejoiced greatly over the victory which God Our Lord +had given him when he least expected it, and without delaying an instant +he ordered that all should go forward with the dunnage and the remaining +Indians, because, jointly with this news, he had received warning that +in the retreat of this hostile force of soldiers, four thousand men had +split off from the rest, and that therefore he should proceed +cautiously, and should also be very sure that Chilichuchima was +arranging and commanding all this and was giving advice to the enemy as +to what they were to do, and that, on this account, he should bear +himself with caution. When the Governor had finished his day's march, he +had chains put upon Chilichuchima and said to him: "Well you know how I +have always borne myself toward you and how I have always tried [to be +generous with you], making you the captain who should rule all this land +until the son of Atabalipa should come from Quito in order to be made +lord [of it], and although I have had many causes for putting you to +death, I have not wished to do so, believing always that you would mend +your ways. Likewise, I have asked you many times to urge these hostile +Indians, with whom you have influence and friendliness, to calm +themselves and lay down their arms, since, although they had done much +harm and had killed Guaritico[58] who came from Xauxa at my command, I +would pardon them all. But in spite of all these admonitions of mine you +have wished to persist in your evil attitude and intentions, thinking +that the advice which you gave to the hostile captains was powerful +enough to make your wicked design succeed. But now you can see how, with +the aid of our God, we have always routed them, and that it will always +be so in the future, and you may be very sure that they will not be able +to escape nor to return to Quito whence they came, nor will you ever +again see Cuzco[59] because as soon as I have arrived at the place where +this captain is with my soldiers, I shall cause you to be burned alive +because you have known how to keep so ill the friendship which, in the +name of Caesar,[60] my lord, I have agreed upon with you. Have no doubt +that this will be done unless you urge these Indian friends of yours to +lay down their arms and come in peace, as I have asked you to do many +times before." To all these reasonings Chilichuchima listened +attentively without returning a word. But always firm in his obstinacy, +he [at length] replied: "that those captains had not done as he had +ordered them to do because they did not wish to obey him, and, for that +reason he had not remained to make them understand that they must come +in peace," and with such words he excused himself from what was +attributed to him. But the Governor, who already knew of certain of his +dealings, left him with his evil thoughts and did not return to speak to +him upon the matter. Then, having crossed the river in the afternoon, +the Governor went forward with those soldiers and arrived by night in a +village called Rimac[61] a league from that river. And there the Marshal +arrived, with four horsemen, to wait for him, and after they had talked +together, they set out the next day for the camp of the Spaniards where +they arrived in the afternoon, the captain and many others having come +out to meet them, and all rejoiced greatly at seeing themselves all +together again. The Governor gave each one thanks, according to his +merits, for the valour they had shown, and all set out together in the +evening and arrived two leagues further on at a village called +Sachisagagna.[62] The captains informed the Governor all that had +happened, just as I have related it. When they were all lodged in this +village, the captain and the Marshal urged the Governor to do justice on +Chilichuchima, because he ought to know that Chilichuchima advised the +enemy of all that the Christians did, and that he it was who had made +the Indians come out of the mountains of Bilcas, exhorting them to come +and fight with the Christians who were few and who, with their horses, +could not climb those mountains save step by step and on foot, and +giving them, at the same time, a thousand other counsels as to where +they were to wait and what they were to do, like a man who had seen +those places and who knew the skill of the Christians with whom he had +lived so long a time. Informed of all these things, the Governor gave +orders that he was to be burned alive in the middle of the plaza, and +so it was done, for his chiefs and most familiar friends were those who +were quickest in setting fire to him.[63] The religious[64] tried to +persuade him to become a Christian, saying to him that those who were +baptized and who believed with true faith in our saviour Jesus Christ +went to glory in paradise and that those who did not believe in him went +to hell and its tortures. He made him understand this by means of an +interpreter. But he [Chilichuchima] did not wish to be a Christian, +saying that he did not know what sort of thing this law was, and he +began to invoke Paccamaca[65] and captain Quizquiz that they might come +to his aid. This Paccamaca the Indians have as their God and they offer +him much gold and silver, and it is a well-known thing that the demon is +in that idol and speaks with those who come to ask him something.[66] +And of this matter I have spoken at length in the relation which was +sent to H. M. from Caxamalca. In this way this captain paid for the +cruelties which he committed in the conquests of Atabalipa, and for the +evils which he plotted to the hurt of the Spaniards and in disservice of +H. M. All the people of the country rejoiced infinitely at his death, +because he was very much abhorred by all who knew what a cruel man he +was.[67] + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + A son of the cacique Guainacaba[68] visits them; they agree upon + friendship with him, and he tells them of the movements of the army + of hostile Indians with which they have some encounters before + entering Cuzco, where they establish as lord the son of + Guainacaba.[69] + + +Here the Spaniards rested that night, having set good guards, because +they were given to understand that Quizquiz was close by with all his +men. And on the following morning, came to visit the Governor a son of +Guainacaba and a brother of the dead cacique Atabalipa,[70] and the +greatest and most important lord who was then in that land; and he had +ever been a fugitive so that those of Quito might not kill him. This man +said to the Governor that he would aid him to the extent of his power in +order to drive from that land all those of Quito, who were his enemies +and who hated him and did not wish to be the subjects of a foreign +people. This man was the man to whom, by law, came all that province and +whom all the caciques of it wished for their lord. When he came to see +the Governor, he came through the mountains, avoiding the roads for fear +of those of Quito, and the Governor received him with great gladness and +replied to him: "Much does what you say please me, as does also finding +you with so good a desire to expel these men of Quito, and you must know +that I have come from Xauxa for no other purpose than to prevent them +from doing you harm and free you from slavery to them, and you can +believe that I have not come for my own benefit because I was in Xauxa, +sure of having war with them and I had an excuse for not making this +long and difficult journey. But knowing the injuries they were doing to +you, I wanted to come to rectify and undo them, as the Emperor my lord +commanded me to do. And so, you may be sure that I will do in your favor +all that seems suitable for me to do. And I will do the same to +liberate from this tyranny the people of Cuzco." The Governor made him +all these promises in order to please him so that he might continue to +give news of how affairs were going, and that cacique remained +marvellously satisfied, as did also those who had come with him. And he +[Manco] replied: "Henceforth I shall give you exact information +concerning all that they of Quito do in order that they may not +inconvenience you." And in this manner he took leave of the Governor, +saying: "I am going to fish because I know that tomorrow the Christians +do not eat flesh, and I shall encounter this messenger who tells me that +Quizquiz is going with his men to burn Cuzco and that he is now near at +hand, and I have wished to warn you of it in order that you may fix upon +a remedy." The Governor at once placed all the soldiers upon the alert, +and, although it was already noon, when he knew the needs of the +situation, he did not wish to delay even to eat, but journeyed with all +the Spaniards straight toward Cuzco, which was four leagues from that +place, with the intention of establishing his camp near the city so as +to enter it early the next day. And when he had travelled two leagues, +he saw rise up in the distance a great smoke, and when he asked some +Indians the cause of it, they told him that a squadron of the men of +Quizquiz had come down a mountain and set fire [word missing]. Two +captains went ahead with some forty horsemen to see if they could catch +up with this squadron, which speedily joined with the men of Quizquiz +and the other captains who were on a slope a league in front of Cuzco +waiting for the Christians in a pass close to the road. Seen by the +captains and Spaniards, they [the Indians] could not avoid an encounter +with them, although the Governor had them made to understand that they +[the Spaniards] would wait for the rest to join them, which they would +have done, were it not for the fact that the Indians incited each other +with much spirit to encounter them. And before they [the Spaniards] +could be attacked, they fell upon them on the skirt of a hill, and in a +short time they routed them, forcing them to flee to the mountain and +killing two hundred of them. Another squad of cavalry crossed over +another slope of the mountain where were two or three thousand Indians +who, not having the pluck to wait for them, threw down their lances in +order to be able to run the better, and fled headlong. And after those +first two squads broke and fled, they [the Spaniards] made them flee to +the heights; and [at the same time] two Spanish light horsemen saw +certain Indians return down the slope, and they set themselves to +skirmish with them. They perceived that they were in great danger, but +they were helped, and the horse of one of them was killed, from which +the Indians derived so much encouragement that they wounded four or five +horses and a Christian, and they made them retreat as far as the plain. +The Indians who, until then, had not seen the Christians retire, thought +that they were doing it in order to attract them to the plain and there +attack them as they had done at Bilcas, and they said so among +themselves and were cautious, not wishing to go down and follow them. By +this time the Governor had arrived with the [rest of] the Spaniards and, +as it was already late, they set up their camp on a plain, and the +Indians maintained themselves an arquebuse-shot away on a slope until +mid-night, yelling, and the Spaniards spent all that night with their +horses saddled and bridled. And the next day, at the first ray of dawn, +the Governor arranged the troops, horse and foot, and he took the road +to Cuzco, with good understanding and caution, believing that the enemy +would come to attack him on the road, but none of them appeared. In this +way the Governor and his troops entered that great city of Cuzco without +any other resistance or battle on Friday, at the hour of high mass, on +the fifteenth day of the month of November of the year of the birth of +our Saviour and Redeemer Jesus Christ MDXXXIII. The Governor caused all +the Christians to lodge in the dwellings around the plaza of the city, +and he ordered that all should come forth with their horses to the plaza +and sleep in their tents, until it could be seen whether the enemy were +coming to attack them. This order was continued and observed for a +month. On another day, the Governor created as lord that son of +Guainacaba, for he was young, prudent and alive and the most important +of all those who were there at that time, and was the one to whom that +lordship came by law. And he did it so soon in order that the lords and +caciques should not go away to their own lands which were divers +provinces, and some very far away, and so that the natives should not +join those of Quito, but should have a separate lord of their own whom +they might reverence and obey and not organize themselves into bands. So +he commanded all the caciques to obey him [Manco] as their lord and to +do all that he should order them to do.[71] + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + The new cacique[72] goes with an army to drive Quizquiz from the + state of Quito. He has some encounters with the Indians, and, + because of the roughness of the roads, they return, and they later + go thither again with a company of Spaniards, and before they set + out, the cacique pays his obedience to the emperor. + + +As soon as this was done, he [the Governor] gave orders to the new +cacique to assemble many warriors in order to go and vanquish Quizquiz +and drive from the land those of Quito, and he [the Governor] said to +the Inca that it was not regular that, when he was lord, another should +remain in his land against his will, and [the Governor] said many other +words to him upon this subject in the presence of all in order that they +might see the favor which he did him [Manco] and the fondness which he +showed him, and this not for the sake of advantages that might result +from it, but for his own [Manco's] sake.[73] The cacique had great +pleasure in receiving this order, and in the space of four days he +assembled more than five thousand Indians, all in readiness with their +arms, and the Governor sent with them a captain of his own and fifty +cavalrymen; he himself remained guarding the city with the rest of the +troops. When ten days had gone by, the captain returned and related to +the Governor what had happened, saying that at nightfall he had arrived +with his troops at the camp of Quizquiz five leagues from there, because +he had gone by a roundabout road through which the cacique guided +him.[74] But, before arriving at enemy's camp, he encountered two +hundred Indians posted in a hollow, and because the land was rough he +was not able to take their fort away from them and to overpower them so +that they could not give notice of his coming, which they did do. But, +although this company [of Indians] was in a strong place, it was not so +bold as to wait for his attack and it withdrew to the other side of a +bridge to cross which was impossible [for the Spaniards] because, from a +mountain which dominated it, to which the Indians had retired, they +hurled so many stones that no one was permitted to cross, and, because +the land was the roughest and most inaccessible that had been seen, they +[the Spaniards] turned back. [The captain] said that two hundred Indians +had been killed, and that the cacique was much pleased at what [the +captain] had done, and, on their return to the city had guided them +through another and shorter road on which, in many places, the captain +found great quantities of stones piled up for defense against the +Christians, and he found, among other passes, one so bad and difficult +that he, with all his troops, suffered great trials and could not follow +it further. At that place it became apparent that the cacique had true, +and not feigned, friendship for the Governor and Christians, for he led +them out of that road from which not one Spaniard could have escaped +[alone]. [The captain] said that after he left the city, he did not go +over as much as a cross-bow shot of flat land, and that all the country +was mountainous, stony and very difficult to traverse and [he added] +that if it had not been for the fact that it was the first time that the +cacique was travelling with him and might impute it to fear, he would +have turned back. The Governor would have liked him to follow the enemy +until he drove them from the place where they were, but when he heard +the nature of the place, he remained content with what had been done. +The cacique said that he had sent his soldiers after the enemy, and that +he thought they would do them some damage; and accordingly within four +days news came that they had killed a thousand Indians. The Governor +once more charged the cacique to cause more warriors to be assembled, +and he himself wished to send with them some of his cavalry in order +that they might not desist until they had driven the enemy from the +land. When he returned from [the first] trip, the cacique went to fast +in a house which was on a mountain, a dwelling which his father had +built in another day; there he stayed three days, after which he came to +the plaza where the men of that land gave him obedience according to +their usage, recognizing him as their lord and offering him the white +plume, just as they had to the cacique Atabalipa in Caxamalcha. When +this was done, he caused all the caciques and lords who were there to +assemble, and, having spoken to them concerning the harm that the men of +Quito were doing in his land and about the good that would result to all +if a stop were put to it, he commanded them to call and prepare warriors +who should go against those of Quito and drive them from the place in +which they had posted themselves. This the captains did at once, and +they so managed to raise troops that, in the period of eight days, ten +thousand warriors were in that city, all, picked men, and the Governor +caused to be prepared fifty light horsemen with a captain in order that +they might set out on the last day of the feast of the Nativity. The +Governor, before that journey was made, wishing to re-affirm peace and +friendship with that cacique and his people, when mass had been said on +Christmas day by the religious,[75] went out to the plaza with many of +the soldiers of his company, and into the presence of the cacique and of +the lords of the land and of the warriors who were seated along with his +Spaniards, the cacique on a stool and his men on the ground around him. +The Governor made them an address, as he was wont to do on such +occasions, and by me, his secretary and the scrivener of the army, was +read the demand and requirement which H. M. had sent, and its contents +were declared to them by an interpreter; all understood it and replied +[in a friendly manner]. It was required of them that they should be and +should call themselves vassals of H. M., and the Governor received +[their obedience] with the same ceremony as was used the other time, +namely, of twice raising the royal standard, and in testimony [of the +friendship] the Governor embraced them to the sound of trumpets, +observing other solemnities which I do not write in order to avoid +prolixity. This done, the cacique stood up and, in a vase of gold, gave +drink to the Governor and the Spaniards with his own hands, and then all +went off to eat, it being already evening. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + They suspect that the cacique wishes to rebel. It turns out to be + unfounded. Many Spaniards go with him and twenty thousand Indians + against Quizquiz, and of what happens to them they give news in a + letter to the Governor. + + +And when the Spanish captain with the Indians and the cacique were about +to depart within two days in order to go against the enemy ...[76] the +Governor was informed by some Spaniards, some Indian friends and some +allied natives of the country that among some of the cacique's chief +men, it was being talked of that they should join with the warriors of +Quito, and they [the informers] accused him of other things. Because of +this, there arose some suspicion, and, in order to make sure as to +whether the friendship of the cacique for the Christians who loved him +so was faithful and true, wishing to know truth of the matter, [the +Governor] caused the cacique and some of his chief men to be called, on +the next day, to his room. And he told them what was being said about +them; after investigation had been made and torture had been given to +some Indians, it came out that the cacique and the chiefs were without +any blame, and it was certified that, neither by word nor deed, had they +done anything to the hurt of the Spaniards, but that two chiefs had said +that because their ancestors had never been subject to anyone neither +they nor the cacique ought to submit themselves [to the Spaniards]. But +notwithstanding this, by what was known then and afterwards, it was +believed that the Indians always loved the Spaniards and that their +friendship with them was not feigned.[77] The troops did not set out on +their journey because the rigor of winter [was at its height] and it +rained a great deal every day, so it was determined to allow the height +of the rainy season go by, principally because of the fact that many +bridges had been ill-treated and broken, to mend which was essential. +When the season in which the rains ceased arrived, the Governor had the +fifty cavalrymen, the cacique the men he had and make ready. All of +these, with the captain whom he gave them, put themselves on the march +for Xauxa by way of the city of Bilcas,[78] where, it was understood, +the enemy were because the roads were cut up by the many winter rains +and the rivers were swollen; although there was no bridge over many of +them, the Spaniards crossed on their horses with great trouble, and one +of them was drowned. Arrived by [long] marches at the river which is +four leagues from Bilcas, it was learned that the enemy had gone on to +Xauxa. And the river being swollen and furious, and the bridge burned, +it was necessary for them to stop and build it anew, for, without it, it +would have been impossible to cross the river, either in those boats +which are called _balsas_ or by swimming or in any other way. Twenty +days the camp was here in order to mend the bridge, for the officers +[maestros] had much to do, because the water was high and kept breaking +down the osier ropes which were put in place. And if the cacique had not +had so great a number of men to build the bridge and to cross over by it +and pull over the ropes of osiers, it would not have been possible to +build it. But having twenty-four thousand warriors, and by crossing [the +stream] again and again to attempt [to set in place the ropes] making +use of cords and _balsas_, at last they succeeded in placing the osier +ropes and when they had been passed across [the river], the bridge was +built in a very short space of time. [It was] so good and well built +that another like it is not to be found in that land, for it is three +hundred and seventy-odd feet long, and broad enough to allow two horses +to cross at once without any risk. Then, having crossed that bridge and +having arrived at Bilcas, the Spaniards found quarters in the city, from +which they sent to the Governor a report on how affairs were +progressing. Here the camp stopped for some days, resting, in order +that they might have news of the place in which the enemy were, of which +they learned no more than that they had set out for Xauxa, and that they +were thinking of attacking the Spaniards who had remained there as +garrison. When he learned this, the captain at once set out with the +Spaniards to aid [the garrison], taking with him a brother of the +cacique and four thousand warriors. The cacique returned to Cuzco, and +the captain sent the governor a letter which his lieutenant wrote from +Xauxa in great haste, and which was of the following tenor: "When your +excellency drove the enemy from Cuzco, they rallied and came to Xauxa, +and before they arrived, it was learned by our men that they were coming +in great force, because, from all the places of the region, they were +drawing as many men as they could, as much for warriors as to carry the +supplies and baggage; when this was learned by the treasurer Alfonso [in +Xauxa], he sent four light horsemen to a bridge which is twelve leagues +from the city of Xauxa where the enemy were on the other side, in a very +important province. When they had returned, the treasurer used his best +efforts, as much in guarding the city and in treating well the caciques +who were there with him as in informing himself stealthily of all the +doings of the enemy. And the greatest suspicions which he had were of +the Indians who were in the town and in the region and who were very +numerous, because almost all were in agreement with the enemy to come +and attack the Spaniards on four sides. With this agreement, the Indians +of Quito crossed [the bridge before mentioned] with the intention that a +captain with five hundred of their men should come from the direction of +a [certain] mountain and cross a river which is a quarter of a league +from the city and place himself on the highest part of the mountain +[near Xauxa] in order to assault the city on the day agreed upon between +them. The captain Quizquiz and Incurabaliba,[79] who were their chief +leaders, were to come by the plains with a greater force of warriors. +This was speedily learned from an Indian to whom torture was given. The +captain who was to cross the river and attack the city from the mountain +travelled rapidly and arrived a day before the rest of the warriors. And +one morning at dawn news came to the city of how many enemies had +crossed the bridge, from which was born a great disaffection among the +natives of Xauxa who [formerly] served the Christians loyally, from +which it was supposed that the whole land had risen in arms, as has been +said. First of all, the treasurer arranged that all the gold of H. M. +and of the men which was in the city should be placed in a large house, +and he set a guard of the feeblest and sickest Spaniards, ordering that +the rest should be prepared to fight; and he ordered ten light horsemen +to go out to see how large a number of the enemy had crossed the river +in order to take the mountain, and he himself, with the rest of the +soldiers, waited on the plaza in case the greater number of the enemy +should come by way of the plain. The Spanish scouts attacked the Indians +who had crossed the bridge; they retired, and the Spaniards had to cross +the bridge after them some peon cross-bowmen whom the treasurer had sent +them, so that the Indians turned and fled with great loss. The great +blow of the others, who came by the plain, did not take place at the +time agreed upon with the others for assaulting the city, and in waiting +for it, they lost time. That night and the [following] day the city was +vigilant, and the soldiers were always armed and their horses saddled, +all being together in the plaza, thinking that on the following night +the Indians would come to attack the city and burn it, as it was said +that they intended to do. When [the first] two quarters of the night +were passed, seeing that the enemy did not appear, the treasurer took +with him a light-armed horseman and went to see in what place the enemy +had camped and how many of them had approached the city, [for the +Indians who gave news of all this did not know where they were, and +likewise because the enemy took roads of which no one could give +information], with the result that at daybreak the treasurer found +himself four leagues from the city, and, having seen the place where the +Indians were and the nature of the site, he returned to the city at +which he arrived a little after noon. When it was seen by the hostile +Indians that the Spaniards had discovered them, they were in great fear, +and got up from that site and went towards the city, and in the night +they came and took up a position a quarter of a league from the city +beside a small river which entered the large one. When this was known by +the Spaniards, they spent that night with the greatest caution, and on +the following day, after hearing mass, the treasurer took twenty light +horse and twenty peons with two thousand friendly Indians, leaving as +many more Spanish cavalry and some foot soldiers in the city with the +understanding that they were to give a signal whenever the enemy should +attack them so that the other [Spaniards] might come to aid them. Having +gone out from the city with the lieutenant, the Spaniards saw that the +Indians of Quito had crossed the little river with their squadrons in +which there might be some six thousand of them, and, seeing the +Spaniards, they turned and crossed to the other bank. Then, the +treasurer and the Spaniards perceiving that if they did not attack the +Indians that day, the following night the latter would come to sack and +set fire to the city, so that there would be greater trouble if night +was awaited, he [the treasurer] determined to cross the river and fight +with the enemy. A sharp skirmish was held [on the other side], as much +with cross-bows and arrows as with stones, and the treasurer, who was +going in advance of the rest down the stream, received a stone on the +crown of his head which threw him from his horse into the midst of the +river, and, stunned, he was borne along quite a distance, so that he +would have been drowned had not some Spanish cross-bowmen who were +there helped him and pulled him from the water with much trouble. [The +Indians] also gave his horse [a blow] in the leg which broke it, and he +died soon. From this the Spaniards drew great animosity, and they +hastened to cross the river. Seeing their determination the Indians +withdrew, fleeing to a mountain where some hundred of them died. The +horsemen followed them through the mountains more than a league and a +half, and [finally], because they withdrew to the strongest position of +the mountain, where the horses could not go up, [the Spaniards] went +back to the city. And, soon perceiving that the Indians did not venture +forth from that fortress [the Spaniards] determined to return once more +against them, and twenty Spaniards with more than three thousand Indian +friends attacked them on that mountain where they were fortified and +killed many, driving them from that fortress and pursuing them more than +three leagues, killing many neighboring caciques who were in their +favor. With this victory the Indian friends were as much pleased as if +they alone had won it. The Indians of Quito re-assembled once more in a +place called Tarma five leagues from Xauxa, whence, likewise, they were +driven because they did much harm in the neighboring lands." + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + Of the great quantity of gold and silver which they caused to be + smelted from the figures of gold which the Indians adored. Of the + foundation of the city of Cuzco where a settlement of Spaniards was + established, and of the order which was set up there. + + +When this good news was learned by the Governor, he had it published at +once, and because of it the Spaniards were filled with content and gave +infinite thanks to God for having shown himself favorable in everything +to this enterprise. Then the Governor wrote and sent couriers to the +city of Xauxa, giving to all his congratulations and thanking them for +the valor they had shown, and especially his lieutenant, asking him to +give him information of all that took place in the future. And in the +meanwhile, the Governor hastened matters for setting out thence, leaving +affairs provided for in the city, founding a colony, and peopling +plentifully the said city. He caused all the gold which had been +collected to be melted, which was in small pieces, an operation quickly +performed by Indians skilled in the process. And when the sum total was +weighed, it was found to contain five hundred and eighty thousand, two +hundred-odd pesos of good gold. The fifth for H. M. was taken out, and +it was one hundred and sixteen thousand, and seventy-odd pesos of good +gold. And the same smelting was performed for the silver, which was +found to contain two hundred and fifteen thousand marks, a little more +or less, and of them one hundred and seventy thousand or so were fine +silver in vessels and plates, pure and good, and the rest was not so +because it was in plates and pieces mixed with other metals from which, +according, the silver was extracted. And from all this, likewise, was +taken the fifth of H. M. Truly it was a thing worthy to be seen, this +house where the melting took place, all full of so much gold in plates +of eight and ten pounds each, and in vessels, and vases and pieces of +various forms with which the lords of that land were served, and among +other very sightly things were four sheep[80] in fine gold and very +large, and ten or twelve figures of women of the size of the women of +that land, all of fine gold and as beautiful and well-made as if they +were alive. These they held in as much veneration as if they had been +the rulers of all the world, and alive [as well], and they dressed them +in beautiful and very fine clothing, and they adored them as Goddesses, +and gave them food and talked with them as if they were women of +flesh.[81] These went to form a part of the fifth of H. M. There were, +besides, other odd silver objects of like form. The seeing of great +vases and pieces of burnished silver was certainly a matter for great +satisfaction. The Governor divided and distributed all this treasure +among all the Spaniards who were at Cuzco and those who remained in the +city of Xauxa, giving to each one as much good silver, and as much +impure, together with as much gold [as he deserved], and to each man who +had a horse he gave according to the man's merit and that of the horse +and in accordance with the services he had done; and to the peons he did +the same according to what was posted up to his credit in the book of +distributions, which was kept [for this purpose]. All this was completed +within eight days, and at the end of as many more, the Governor set out +from here, leaving the city settled in the manner which has been told. +In the month of March, 1534, the Governor ordered that the greater part +of the Spaniards he had with him should be assembled in this city, and +he made an act of foundation and settlement of the town, saying that he +placed it and founded it in his own authority[82] and he took possession +of it in the middle of the plaza. And as a sign of the foundation and of +the commencement of building and founding the colony, he held certain +ceremonies in accordance with the act which was drawn up, which I, the +scrivener, read in a loud voice in the presence of all. And the name of +the city was agreed upon, "the very noble and great city of Cuzco." And, +continuing the settlement, he appointed the site[83] for the church +which was to be built, its boundaries, limits, and jurisdiction, and +immediately afterward he proclaimed that all who might come to settle +here would be received as citizens, and many came in the next three +years.[84] From among them all they chose the persons most fitted for +undertaking the charge of governing public affairs, and he [the +Governor] appointed his lieutenant, alcaldes and ordinary regidores and +other public officials, all of whom he chose in the name of H. M. and he +gave them the powers to exercise their offices. This done, the Governor, +with the consent and advice of the religious whom he had with him and of +H. M.'s paymaster who was then with him, with whose assistance he looked +over and considered the circumstances of the citizens until as many [had +been chosen] as H. M. had arranged should take part in the +_repartimiento_ of the natives; in the meanwhile a certain number of +them [Indians] was assigned to all the Spaniards who were to remain, in +order that they might instruct them in the things of our holy catholic +faith. And there set aside and given to the service of H. M. twelve +thousand-odd married Indians in the province of the Collao in the middle +thereof, near the mines, in order that they might take out gold for H. +M. from which, it is understood, there will be great profits, +considering the great wealth of the mines which are there, of which +matters lengthy mention is made in the book of the foundation of this +colony and in the register of the deposit which was made by the +neighbouring Indians. And the approving, confirming or amending of these +arrangements was left to the will of H. M. according as should seem best +to suit his royal service. + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + The Governor sets out with the cacique for Xauxa, and they receive + news of the army of Quito, and of certain ships which some Spaniards + who went to the city of San Miguel saw on those coasts. + + +When these things were done, the Governor set out for Xauxa, taking the +cacique with him, and the citizens remained guarding the city +[according] to orders which the Governor left them so that they might +govern themselves until he should command something else. Journeying by +forced marches, on the day of Easter, he found himself on the Bilcas +river, where he learned from letters and notices from Xauxa, that the +warriors of Quito, after they were routed and driven from their last +positions by the captain from Cuzco, had withdrawn and fortified +themselves forty leagues from Xauxa on the Caxamalcha road in a bad +pass in the immediate vicinity of the road, and had built their walls to +prevent the [possibility of] the horses [crossing] the pass. [These +walls had] some very narrow gates in them, and a street by which to +mount a high boulder where the captain and the warriors lived and which +had no other entrance than this one by way of this fort that they had +built with these very narrow doors; [and the Governor learned] that they +were planning to await aid here, because it was known that the son of +Atabalipa was coming with many warriors. This news the Governor +communicated to the cacique who at once sent off couriers to the city of +Cuzco in order to cause warriors to come who should not exceed two +thousand in number, but who were to be the best there were in all that +province, because the Governor told him that it would be better were +they few and good than if they were many and unserviceable, because the +many would destroy the food in the land through which they were to pass +without necessity or profit. At the same time the Governor wrote to the +lieutenant and corregidor of Cuzco that he should aid the captains of +the cacique and see to it that the warriors came soon. On the second day +after Easter, the Governor set out from this place, and, by forced +marches, arrived in Xauxa, where he learned the whole of what had passed +there in his absence, and especially what those of Quito had done, and, +in particular, they told him that after the enemy was put to flight from +the environs of Xauxa, they had retired twenty or thirty leagues from +there into the mountains, and that, according to the captain who went +out against them with the brother of the cacique and four thousand men, +they arrived within sight of them [the Indians], and that, after a rest +of a few days, they went to attack them and routed them and drove them +from that place with much trouble and great danger. When they [the +Spanish force] had returned to Xauxa, the Marshal Don Diego de Almagro +who, when the captain and Spaniards came from Cuzco, had come with them +by order of the Governor to inspect the Indians round about in order to +see and know the state of things in that city and among its citizens, +went out to visit the caciques and lords of the region of Chincha[85] +and Pachacama, and the others who had their lands and lived on the +sea-coast. + +In this state the Governor found affairs when arrived at Xauxa, and, +having rested from the long journey without arranging anything in the +first few days, he waited for the Indians[86] [for whom he had sent] in +order to go and drive the enemy from the fort which they had made and +finish with them, when there came to him one of two Spanish messengers +who had gone to the city of San Miguel to see how things were going +there, and who spoke to him in this way: "My lord, when I had set out +from here by order of the Marshal, I set myself to journey with all +speed along the plains and the shore of the sea, not without trouble, +because many of the caciques who are along that road were in revolt. +But some who were friendly provided us with whatever we needed, and they +informed us that some ships had been seen along the sea-coast, which I +myself saw one day, and, considering that I was sent to the city of San +Miguel to find out whether the ships of the Adelantado Alvarado or of +other people had arrived, I went [rapidly] along the coast for nine days +and nights, sometimes in sight of them, believing that they would take +port and that I would thus learn who they were. But even with all this +speed and trouble I could not do what I wished, on which account I made +up my mind to continue my journey to the city of San Miguel, and, having +crossed to the other side of the large river, I was informed by the +Indians of the country that Christians were coming along that road, and +I, thinking that without doubt it would prove to be the troops of the +Adelantado Alvarado, my companion and I went on our guard in order not +to encounter them _impromptu_.[87] And when they arrived at Motupe, I +learned that they were near that place [where I was], and I waited for +the night. At dawn I sent my companion to speak with them, and to see +what people they were, and I gave him certain tokens by which he could +inform me, and finally, I learned that they were soldiers who were +coming to the conquest of these kingdoms. Because of this, I went to +them and spoke at length, telling them the errand I was on, and they, in +return, informed me that they had come to the city of San Miguel in +certain ships from Panama and were two hundred and fifty in number. When +they had arrived at San Miguel, the captain who was in that city with +two hundred men, seventy of them cavalry, had gone away to the provinces +of Quito in order to conquer them, and they, some thirty persons with +their horses, knowing the conquests which were being made in Cuzco, and +the lack of men there was there, did not wish to go with the captain to +those provinces of Quito and so were coming to Xauxa. And we gave them +news of all that had happened here and of the war which we had had with +the Indians of Quito. And in order to bring more quickly the news of +what had happened there I returned from that place without going to the +city of San Miguel, knowing for certain that the captain would have +departed with his men and would already be near Cossibamba.[88] Turning +back on my road, I met, on Easter, the Marshal D. Diego de Almagro near +Cena[89] which is where the road to Caxamalca branches off, and to him I +related how things were going and how some suspected that the captain +who was going to Quito was not going with good intentions. As soon as +the Marshal heard this, he set off in order to catch up with the captain +who was taking these soldiers on the march to Quito, in order to detain +him until together they could arrange the necessary provisions for this +war. This, then, sir, is what has happened to me on this journey, during +which I tried to get information about those ships, but could not learn +anything else about them. Of Alvarado nothing more is known than that he +has already embarked on these shores or has passed further on, as +letters inform me." + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + They build a church in the city of Xauxa, and send some three + thousand Indians with some Spaniards against the hostile Indians. + They have news of the arrival of many Spaniards and horses, on which + account they send soldiers to the province of Quito. A Relation of + the quality and people of the land from Tumbez to Chincha, and of + the province of Collao and Condisuyo.[90] + + +The Governor received this messenger, read the letters which he brought, +and asked him many other things, and, in order to arrange all that +seemed suitable in this business, he called all the officials of H. M. +After they had discussed the journey of that captain to Quito and how +the Marshal would already have reasoned with him, according to the +report brought by that messenger, permission was given [to the Governor] +that he should send one of his lieutenants with sufficient powers for +the task in hand. And when his letters to the city of San Miguel and to +the Marshal, in which he told them what was to be done, were written, he +sent off with them three Christians, in order that the letters might go +more quickly and safely, ordering the men to hasten with all speed upon +the road and keep advising him of what they learned. After this had been +arranged, he [Pizarro] chose the place in which the church was to be +erected in that city of Xauxa. This task he commanded to be done by the +caciques of the district, and it was built with its great doors of +stone.[91] In the meanwhile, there arrived the four thousand Indian +warriors whom the cacique had called from Cuzco, and the Governor caused +to be made ready fifty Spanish cavalrymen and thirty peons to go [with +the Indians] in order to drive the enemy from the pass where they were, +and they set out with the cacique and his soldiers, who loved the +Spaniards better every day.[92] The Governor ordered the captain of +these Spaniards to pursue the enemy as far as Guanaco[93] and as far +beyond as he believed necessary, and that he should keep him informed +continually, by letters and messengers of what went on. After this, the +Governor received news of the ships on the feast of the Holy Ghost, and +at the same time, he received a letter from San Miguel which two +Spaniards brought him, and he learned how the ships, because of bad +weather, had remained seventy leagues from Paccacama[94] without being +able to go further, and how the Adelantado de Alvarado had gone up to +Puerto Viejo three months before with four hundred men [on foot] and one +hundred and fifty cavalry[95] and with them he entered the interior in +the direction of Quito, believing that he would arrive there at the same +time that the Marshal Don Diego de Almagro would enter those provinces +from the other side. As a result of all this information concerning the +justice and government of the city of S. Miguel and of other places, the +Governor entered upon the control of it [himself]. And, in order to +mend matters, with the consent of the officials, he sent his messengers +in a brigantine by sea, and with them he sent orders to the Marshal +that, in the name of H. M., he should lend him [Pizarro] aid, and should +conquer, pacify and settle those provinces of Quito with the troops he +had with him and with those who were in readiness in the city of San +Miguel. At the same time, he arranged other matters in this connection, +so that Alvarado should do no harm in the land, and because H. M. so +desired that it should be, and likewise he determined that, on the +arrival of the ships, he would send a report to H. M. of all that had +taken place on that venture up to that very hour, so that he [H. M.] +might be informed of all and might provide in every instance what he +held to be the best for his royal service. This is the state of the +affairs of war and of other matters in this land: and of the quality of +it I shall speak briefly because a relation of it was sent from +Caxamalca. This land, from Tumbez to Chincha has [a width of some] ten +leagues, in some places more, in others less; it is a broad, flat, sandy +land in which no grass or herbs grow and where it rains but little; it +is [in places] fertile in maize and fruits because the people sow and +irrigate their farms with water from the rivers that come down from the +mountains. The houses which the laborers use are made of rushes and +branches, because, when it does not rain, it is very hot, and few of the +houses have roofs.[96] They are a wretched folk, and many of them are +blind on account of the great amount of sand that there is. They are +poor in gold and silver, and what they have is because those who live in +the sierra exchange it for goods. All the land beside the sea is of this +description as far as Chincha, and even fifty leagues beyond there. They +dress in cotton [bambaso] and eat maize both cooked and raw, and +half-raw meat. At the end of the plains which are called Ingres are some +very high mountains which extend from the city of San Miguel as far as +Xauxa, and which may well be one hundred and fifty leagues long, but +have little breadth. It is a very high and rugged land of mountains and +many rivers; there are no forests save some trees in places where there +is always a thick mist. It is very cold because there is a snow-capped +mountain range which extends from Caxamalca to Xauxa and on which there +is snow all the year through. The people who live there are much more +advanced than the others, because they are very polished and warlike and +of good dispositions. They are very rich in gold and silver because they +get it from many places in the mountains. None of the lords who have +governed these provinces have ever been able to make any use of these +coast-people, as they are such a wretched and poor folk, as I have said, +that they are fit to be used for nothing else than to carry fish and +fruits [up into the highlands], for as soon as they come into the +mountainous regions, their own land being very hot, they sicken for the +most part; and the same thing happens to those who inhabit the +mountains if they go down into the hot country. Those who dwell on the +other side of the land, beyond the summits of the mountains, are like +savages who have no houses nor any maize save a little; they have very +great forests and maintain themselves almost entirely on the fruit of +the trees; they have no domicile, nor fixed settlements that are known; +there are very great rivers, and the land is so useless that it paid all +its tribute to the lords in parrot feathers.[97] + +The mountainous region being the chief part of the country, and being so +narrow, as well as being torn by the wars that have been there, +settlements of Christians cannot be made there, for it is a very remote +region. From the city of Xauxa along the Cuzco road, the country keeps +getting more shut in by mountains and the distance from the sea is +greater. And those who have been lords of Cuzco, their own dwelling +being in Cuzco, called the rest of the land, in the direction of Quito, +Cancasuetio, and the land beyond [Cuzco], called Callao, Collasuyo, +and, in the direction of the sea, Condisuyo, and the interior +Candasuyo;[98] and in this way they gave names to these four provinces, +disposed like a cross, which contained their empire. In the Collao they +know not of the sea, and it is a flat land to judge from what has been +seen of it, and it is large and cold, and there are in it many rivers +from which gold is got. The Indians say that in the province is a large +lake of fresh water which, in its centre, has two islands.[99] In order +to learn the state of this land and its government, the Governor sent +two Christians to bring him a long report of it; they set out in the +beginning of December. The region of Condisuyo, toward the sea from +Cuzco is a small and delectable land, although it is all of forests and +stones, and the inland region is so likewise. Through it [the Antisuyu] +run all the rivers which do not flow into the western sea. It is a land +of many trees and mountains and is very thinly populated. This sierra +runs from Tumbes as far as Xauxa, and from Xauxa as far as the city of +Cuzco. It is stony and rough; if there were not roads made by hand it +would not be possible to travel on foot, still less on horseback, and +for the roads there are many houses full of materials for repairing the +pavement, and in this matter the lords had so much firmness that there +was nothing to do but keep it in order.[100] All the mountain +fields[101] are made in the guise of stairways of stone, and the rest of +the road has no great width because of some mountains that hem it in on +both sides, and on one side they had made a buttress of stone so that +one day it should not slide down [the mountain], and there are, +likewise, other places, in which the road has a breadth of four or five +human bodies, all made and paved with stone. One of the greatest works +the conquerors saw in this land was these roads. All or most of the +people on these slopes of the mountains live on high hills and +mountains; their houses are of stone and earth; there are many dwellings +in each village. Along the road each league or two or nearer, are found +the dwellings built for the purpose of allowing the lords to rest when +they were out visiting and inspecting their land; and every twenty +leagues there are important cities, heads of provinces, to which the +smaller cities brought their tribute of maize, clothes and other things. +All these large cities have storehouses full of the things which are in +the land, and, because it is very cold but little maize is harvested +except in specially assigned places; but [there is plenty of] all the +many vegetables and roots with which the people sustained themselves, +and also good grass like that of Spain. There are also wild turnips +which are bitter. There is a sufficiency of herds of sheep[102] which go +about in flocks with their shepherds who keep them away from the sown +fields, and they have a certain part of [each] province set apart for +them to winter in. The people, as I have said, are very polished and +intelligent, and go always clad and shod; they eat maize both cooked and +raw, and drink much chicha, which is a beverage made from maize after +the fashion of beer. The people are very tractable and very obedient and +yet warlike. They have many arms of diverse sorts, as has been told in +the relation of the imprisonment of Atabalipa which was sent from +Caxamalca, as was said above.[103] + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + Description of the city of Cuzco and of its wonderful fortress, and + of the customs of its inhabitants. + + +The city of Cuzco is the principal one of all those where the lords of +this land have their residence; it is so large and so beautiful that it +would be worthy of admiration even in Spain; and it is full of the +palaces of the lords, because no poor people live there, and each lord +builds there his house, and all the caciques[104] do likewise, although +the latter do not dwell there continuously. The greater part of these +houses are of stone, and others have half the facade of stone. There are +many houses of adobe, and they are all arranged in very good order. The +streets are laid out at right angles; they are very straight, and are +paved, and down the middle runs a gutter for water lined with stone. The +chief defect which the streets have is that of being narrow, so that +only one horse and rider can go on one side of the gutter and another +upon the opposite side. This city is located upon the slope of a +mountain, and there are many houses upon the slope and others below on +the plain. The plaza is rectangular, and the greater part of it is flat +and paved with small stones. Around the plaza are four houses of +noblemen, who are the chief men of the city; [the houses] are of stone, +painted and carved, and the best of them is the house of +Guaynacaba,[105] a former chief, and the door of it is of marble +[colored] white and red and of other colors;[106] and there are other +very sightly buildings with flat roofs. There are, in the said city, +many other buildings and grandeurs. Along the two sides [of the city] +pass two rivers which rise a league above Cuzco, and from there down to +the city and for two leagues below it they run over stone flags so that +the water may be pure and clear, and so that, though they may rise, they +may not overflow. They have bridges for those who enter the city. Upon +the hill which, toward the city, is rounded and very steep, there is a +very beautiful fortress of earth and stone. Its large windows which look +over the city make it appear still more beautiful.[107] Within, there +are many dwellings, and a chief tower in the centre, built square, and +having four or five terraces one above another. The rooms inside are +small and the stones of which it is built are very well worked and so +well adjusted to one another that it does not appear that they have any +mortar and they are so smooth that they look like polished slabs with +the joinings in regular order and alternating with one another after the +usage in Spain.[108] There are so many rooms and towers that a person +could not see them all in one day; and many Spaniards who have been in +Lombardy and in other foreign kingdoms say that they have never seen any +other fortress like this one nor a stronger castle. Five thousand +Spaniards might well be within it; nor could it be given a broadside or +be mined, because it is on a rocky mountain. On the side toward the +city, which is a very steep slope, there is no more than one wall;[109] +on the other side, which is less steep, there are three, one above the +other. The most beautiful thing which can be seen in the edifices of +that land are these walls, because they are of stones so large that +anyone who sees them would not say that they had been put in place by +human hands, for they are as large as chunks of mountains and huge +rocks, and they have a height of thirty palms and a length of as many +more, and others have twenty and twenty-five, and others fifteen, but +there is none so small that three carts could carry it. These are not +smooth stones, but rather well joined and matched one with another. The +Spaniards who see them say that neither the bridge of Segovia nor any +other of the edifices which Hercules or the Romans made is so worthy of +being seen as this. The city of Tarragona has some works in its walls +made in this style, but neither so strong nor of such large stones. +These walls twist in such a way that if they are attacked, it is not +possible to do so from directly in front, but only obliquely.[110] These +walls are of the same stone, and between wall and wall there is enough +earth to permit three carts to go along the top at one time. They are +made after the fashion of steps, so that one begins where another leaves +off. The whole fortress was a deposit of arms, clubs, lances, bows, +axes, shields, doublets thickly padded with cotton and other arms of +various sorts, and clothes for the soldiers collected here from all +parts of the land subject to the lords of Cuzco. They had many colors, +blue, yellow, brown and many others for painting, much tin and lead with +other metals, and much silver and some gold, many mantles and quilted +doublets for the warriors. The reason why this fortress contained so +much workmanship was that, when this city was founded it was done by a +lord _orejon_[111] who came from Condisuyo, toward the sea, a great +warrior who conquered this land as far as Bilcas and who, perceiving +that this was the best place to fix his domicile, founded that city +with its fortress. And all the other lords who followed after him made +some improvements in this fortress so that it was ever augmenting in +size. From this fortress are seen around the city many houses a quarter +of a league, half a league and a league away, and in the valley, which +is surrounded by hills, there are more than five thousand houses, many +of them for the pleasure and recreation of former lords and others for +the caciques of all the land who dwell continuously in the city. The +others are storehouses full of mantles, wool, arms, metals, and clothes +and all the things which are grown or made in this land. There are +houses where the tribute is kept which the vassals bring to the +caciques; and there is a house where are kept more than a hundred dried +birds because they make garments of their feathers, which are of many +colors, and there are many houses for this [work]. There are bucklers, +oval shields made of leather, beams for roofing the houses, knives and +other tools, sandals and breast-plates for the warriors in such great +quantity that the mind does not cease to wonder how so great a tribute +of so many kinds of things can have been given. Each dead lord has here +his house and all that was paid to him as tribute during his life, for +no lord who succeeds another [and this is the law among them] can, after +the death of the last one, take possession of his inheritance. Each one +has his service of gold and of silver, and his things and clothes for +himself, and he who follows takes nothing from him. The caciques and +lords maintain their houses of recreation with the corresponding staff +of servants and women who sow their fields with maize and place a little +of it in their sepulchres. They adore the sun and have built many +temples to him, and of all the things which they have, as much of +clothes as of maize and other things, they offer some to the sun, of +which the warriors later avail themselves. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + Of the province of the Collao and of the qualities and customs of + its people, and of the rich gold mines that are found there. + + +The two Christians who were sent to see the province of the Collao were +forty days upon their journey, and, as soon as they had returned to +Cuzco where the governor was, they gave him news and a report of all +that they had seen and learned, which is set forth below. The land of +the Collao is far off and a long way from the sea, so much so that the +natives who inhabit it, have no knowledge of it. The sierra is very high +and rather broad, and with all this, it is excessively cold. There are +in the region no groves or woods, nor is there any wood for burning, and +what little there is in use there comes from trade, in exchange for +merchandise, with those who live near the sea and are called Ingres, +and also with those who live below near the rivers, for these people +have fire-wood and they exchange it for sheep[112] and other animals and +vegetables, since, for the most part, the land is sterile, and all the +people live on roots, herbs, maize and sometimes flesh, not because +there is not, in that province of the Collao, a good quantity of sheep, +but because the people are so much the subjects of the lord to whom they +are bound to give obedience that, without his licence or that of the +chief or governor who, by his command, is in the country, they do not +kill one [llama], nor do even the lords and caciques dare to kill any +without such permission. The land is well populated because wars have +not destroyed it as they have other provinces. The villages are of +ordinary size and their houses are small, with walls of stone and adobe +mixed and covered with roofs of straw. The grass which grows in this +land is short and sparse. There are some rivers, although of small +volume. In the middle of the province there is a great lake, in length +almost one hundred leagues, and the most thickly peopled land is around +its shore; in the middle of the lake there are two islets, and on one of +them is a mosque and house of the sun which is held in great veneration, +and to it they come to make their offerings and sacrifices on a great +stone on the island which they call Tichicasa[113] which either because +the devil hides himself there and speaks to them or because of an +ancient custom, or on account of some other cause that has never been +made clear, all the people of that province hold in great esteem, and +they offer there gold, silver and other things. There are more than six +hundred Indians serving in this place, and more than a thousand women +who make chicha in order to throw it upon that stone Tichicasa.[114] The +rich mines of that province of the Collao are beyond this lake [in a +region] called Chuchiabo.[115] The mines are in the gorge [caja-chiusa] +of a river, about half-way up the sides. They are made like caves, by +whose mouths they enter to scrape the earth, and they scrape it with +the horns of deer and they carry it outside in certain hides sewn into +the form of sacks or of wine-skins of sheep-hide. The manner in which +they wash it is that they take from the river a [jet?][116] of water, +and on the bank they set up certain very smooth flag-stones on which +they throw the water, after which they draw off by a duct the water of +the [jet?] which has just fallen down [upon the gold-earth?], and the +water carries off the earth little by little so that the gold is left +upon the flag-stones themselves, and in this manner they collect it. The +mines go far into the earth, one ten brazas, another twenty, and the +greatest mine, which is called Guarnacabo[117] goes into the earth some +forty brazas.[118] They have no light, nor are they broader than is +necessary for one person to enter crouching down, and until the man who +is in the mine comes out, no other can go in. The people who get out the +gold here are as many as fifty,[119] counting men and women, and these +are all of this land, and from one cacique come twenty, from another +fifty, from another thirty, and from others more or less according to +the number that they have, and they take out gold for the chief lord, +and they have taken such precautions in the matter that in nowise can +any of what is taken out be stolen, because they have placed guards +around the mines so that none of those who take out the gold can get +away without being seen. At night, when they return to their houses in +the village, they enter by a gate where the overseers are who have the +gold in their charge, and from each person they receive the gold that he +has got. There are other mines beyond these, and there are still others +scattered about through the land which are like wells a man's height in +depth, so that the worker can just throw the earth from below on top of +the ground. And when they dig them so deep that they cannot throw the +earth out on top, they leave them and make new wells.[120] But the +richest mines, and the ones from which the most gold is got, are the +first, which do not have the inconvenience of washing the earth, and, +because of the cold, they do not work those mines more than four months +of the year, [and then only] from the hour of noon to nearly +sunset.[121] The people are very mild, and so accustomed to serve, that +all that has to be done in the land they do themselves, and so it is, in +the roads and in the houses which the chief lord commands them to build, +and they continually offer themselves for work and for carrying the +burdens of the warriors when the lord goes to some place [in the +region]. The Spaniards took from those mines a load of earth and carried +it to Cuzco without doing anything else. It was washed by the hand of +the Governor after the Spaniards had sworn that they had not placed the +gold in it or done anything to it save take it from the mine as the +Indians did who washed it, and from it three pesos of gold was got. All +those who understand mines and the getting of gold, being informed of +the manner in which it is got in this land, say that all the [country +is full of mines], and that if the Spaniards gave implements and skill +[in using them] to the Indians so that it might be got out, much gold +would be taken from the earth, and it is believed that when this time +has arrived, a year will not go by in which a million of gold is not +got. The people of this province, as well men as women, are very filthy, +and they have large hands, and the province is very large. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + Of the great veneration in which the Indians held Guarnacaba[122] + when he lived[123] and of that in which they hold him now, after + death. And how, through the disunion of the Indians, the Spaniards + entered Cuzco, and of the fidelity of the new cacique + Guarnacaba[124] to the Christians. + + +The city of Cuzco is the head and principal province of all the others, +and from here to the beach of San Mateo and, in the other direction, to +beyond the province of Collao, which is entirely a land of arrow-using +savages, all is subject to one single lord who was Atabalipa, and, +before him, to the other by-gone lords, and at present the lord of all +is this son of Guarnacaba. This Guarnacaba, who was so renowned and +feared, and is so even to this day, although he is dead, was very much +beloved by his vassals, and subjected great provinces, and made them +his tributaries. He was well obeyed and almost worshipped, and his body +is in the city of Cuzco, quite whole, enveloped in rich cloths and +lacking only the tip of the nose. There are other images of plaster of +clay which have only the hair and nails which were cut off in life and +the clothes that were worn, and these images are as much venerated by +those people as if they were their gods. Frequently they take the [body] +out into the plaza with music and dancing, and they always stay close to +it, day and night, driving away the flies. When some important lords +come to see the cacique, they go first to salute these figures, and they +then go to the cacique and hold, with him, so many ceremonies that it +would be a great prolixity to describe them. So many people assemble at +these feasts, which are held in that plaza, that their number exceeds +one hundred thousand souls. It turned out to be fortunate that they [the +Spaniards] had made that son of Guarnacaba lord, because all the +caciques and lords of the land and of remote provinces came to serve +him and, out of respect for him, to yield obedience to the Emperor. The +conquerors passed through great trials, because all the land is the most +mountainous and roughest that can be traversed on horseback, and it may +be believed that, had it not been for the discord which existed between +the people of Quito and those of Cuzco and its neighbourhood, the +Spaniards would never have entered Cuzco, nor would there have been +enough of them to get beyond Xauxa, and in order to enter they would +have had to go in a force of five hundred, and, to maintain themselves, +they would have needed many more, because the land is so large and so +rough that there are mountains and passes that ten men could defend +against ten thousand. And the Governor never thought of being able to go +with less than five hundred Christians to conquer, pacify, and make a +tributary of it. But as he learned of the great disunion that existed +between the people of that land [Cuzco] and those of Quito, it was +proposed that he should go with the few Christians that he had to +deliver them from subjection and servitude, and to put a stop to the +mischief and wrongs that those of Quito were doing in that land, and Our +Lord saw fit to favor him [in it]. Nor would the Governor ever have +ventured to make so long and toilsome a journey in this great +undertaking had it not been for the great confidence which he had in all +the Spaniards of his company through having tried them out and having +learned that they were dextrous and skilled in so many conquests and +accustomed to these lands and to the toils of war. All of this they +showed themselves to be in this journey through rains and snows, in +swimming across many rivers, in crossing great mountain chains and in +sleeping many nights in the open air without water to drink and without +anything on which to feed, and always, day and night, having to be armed +and on guard, in going, at the end of the war, to reduce many caciques +and lands which had rebelled, and in going from Xauxa to Cuzco, on which +journey they suffered, with their governor, so many trials and on which +they so often placed their lives in peril in rivers and mountains where +many horses were killed by falling headlong. This son of Guarnacaba has +much friendship and concord with the Christians, and for this reason, in +order to preserve him in the lordship, the Spaniards put themselves to +infinite pains and likewise bore themselves in all these undertakings so +valorously, and suffered so much, just as other Spaniards have been able +to do in the service of the Emperor, that, as a result, the very +Spaniards who have found themselves in this undertaking, marvel at what +they have done when once more they set themselves to think upon it, and +they do not know how they come to be alive as they have been able to +suffer so many trials and such prolonged hunger. But they hold that all +[their troubles] were put to a good use, and they would again offer +themselves, were it necessary, to enter upon the greatest wearinesses +for the conversion of those people and the exaltation of our holy +catholic faith. Of the greatness and situation of the aforesaid land, I +omit to speak, and it only remains to give thanks and praises to Our +Lord because, so obviously, he has wished to guide with his hand the +affairs of H. M. and of these kingdoms which, by his divine providence, +have been illumined and directed upon the true road of salvation. May he +bend his infinite goodness so that henceforth the [kingdoms] may go from +good to better by the intercession of his blessed Mother, the advocate +of all our steps who directs them to a good end. + +This relation was finished in the city of Xauxa on the 15th day of the +month of July, 1534. And I, Pero Sancho, Scrivener general of these +kingdoms of New Castile and secretary of the governor Francisco Pizarro, +by his order and that of the officials of H. M. wrote it just as things +happened, and when it was finished I read it in the presence of the +governor and of the officials of H. M., and, as it was all true, they +said governor and officials of H. M. sign it with their hand. + + FRANCISCO PIZARRO + ALVARO RIQUELME. ANTONIO NAVARRO. + GARCIA DE SALCEDO + + _By order of the Governor and Officials._ SANCHO + + + + +NOTES + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] The modern Cajamarca; called by the Indians Casamarca. + +[2] Properly Atahualpa. + +[3] Thus the original. Something is lacking to complete the sense.--Note +by Icazbalceta. + +[4] The _peso_ is about an ounce. + +[5] Jauja. + +[6] Properly Challcuchima or Calicuchima. This remarkable Indian general +was a son of Epiclachima, younger brother of Cacha, last Caran Scyri of +Quito. Cacha was conquered by Huayna Capac about 1487, and Calicuchima +entered the service of Atahualpa who was his kinsman through Paccha his +cousin, Huayna Capac's wife. (Velasco.) + +[7] Something lacking in the text. + +[8] _Caribes_, in Spanish, sometimes means the Carib people; here, +simply savages. + +[9] In the text of Ramusio, _Se gli diede una storta col mangano al +collo_. + +[10] This name is, of course, an error. + +[11] Gucunacaba is Huayna Capac. He left three legitimate sons beside +Huascar, viz., Manco, Paullu, and Titu Atauchi. I do not know which of +them was Sancho's "Atabalipa" number two. See Sarmiento, 1907, p. xvii. + +[12] Cuzcos = Incas. + +[13] Probably Huascar. + +[14] Huamachuco. + +[15] Andamarca. + +[16] Huaylas. + +[17] Cajatambo. + +[18] Icazbalceta suggests that this place is Cajamarquilla. I do not +agree with this opinion, because Cajamarquilla had long been in ruins +when the Spaniards arrived. (Cf. Hodge, 1897, pp. 304 ff.) It was +probably Chacamarca, (see below). + +[19] San Miguel de Piura. + +[20] San Miguel was founded first at another site which, on being found +to be unhealthy, was deserted; San Miguel was soon refounded at Piura. +(Cf. Prescott, Bk. III, Cap. III, Moses, 1914, vol. I, p. 99.) It is +possible that the "captain" mentioned here was no other than Sebastian +de Belalcazar or Benalcazar who later conquered Quito. (Cf. Moses, 1914, +I, p. 106.) + +[21] This is obviously a mistake. + +[22] Descriptions of Inca bridges will be found at: + + Garcilasso, 1859, I, pp. 253 ff., 260. + Cieza de Leon, 1864, pp. 314-315. + Joyce, 1912, pp. 142-143. + Beuchat, 1912, pp. 608, 650. + Pinkerton, 1808-1814, XIV, p. 530. (Picture.) + +[23] Pachacamac has often been described. See especially Uhle, 1903; and +Estete, 1872; and Markham, 1912, pp. 232 ff. + +[24] Cajatambo. + +[25] Pambo = Pombo = Pumpu. + +[26] It is impossible to tell what the correct names of these personages +may have been. + +[27] Pombo = Pambo = Pumpu. + +[28] Chacamarca. See Raimondi's map, 1875. + +[29] The Spanish here is very prolix. I have given an approximate and +shorter phraseology. + +[30] This may be the "Tice" mentioned in Section II, under another name. +But all Sancho's proper names are in great confusion. + +[31] It is barely possible that "Aticoc" may be an attempt at Titu +Atauchi. + +[32] The candor or barefacedness with which the secretary, Sancho, +confesses and even applauds the bad faith of Pizarro in various places +in this narrative, which he wrote by order of Pizarro, is worthy of +admiration.--Note by Icazbalceta. + +[33] The original: _che haurebbe dato rame che i Capitani etc., soldati +fossero venuti alla pase_. The significance of the word _rame_ is +obscure; as at times it means _money_, whence comes the vulgar phrase +_questo sa di rame_, in order to indicate that a thing is dear, it +appeared to me that I might adopt the interpretation which I give, +although I am not satisfied with it.--Note by Icazbalceta. The present +translator has translated the Spanish as given by Icazbalceta. + +[34] The original; _veduto_ appears to me an error for +_venuto_.--Icazbalceta. + +[35] Inca "roads" were designed for foot traffic, and steps were the +means used for going up slopes. + +[36] Parcostambo. + +[37] Vilcas. + +[38] All within the parentheses is a reconstruction of the evident sense +rather than a translation. + +[39] Cf. Bandelier, 1910, p. 61. + +[40] _Serrata_ means either _espesura_ [thicket] or _angostura_ [cleft]. + +[41] Quizquiz, like Chalicuchima, had been a general of Atahualpa before +the coming of the Spaniards. He fought long against the invaders, but at +length his unavailing efforts caused him to be murdered by his own +followers. See Garcilasso, II, p. 509; Sarmiento, 171-173; Cieza de +Leon, Chr., Pt. II, pp. 164 and 227; Markham, 1912, pp. 247-251. + +[42] Andahuaylas. + +[43] Curamba. + +[44] Andahuaylas. + +[45] Vilcas. + +[46] Curamba is the correct form for Airamba (given above). + +[47] Vilcas, sometimes called Vilcashuaman, was a part of the territory +controlled by the Chanca before they were made subjects to Cuzco. The +conquest of the Chanca may have begun in the time of Rocca, but it had +its culmination in that of Viracocha. Tupac Yupanqui built numerous +temples and palaces there, and the region round about Vilcas was +traversed by important roads or trails. It is a place that is mentioned +by nearly all the early writers. Cf. Garcilasso, I, pp. 324-326, II, p. +58; Cieza de Leon, I, 312-315, II, 150-154; Joyce, 1912, p. 107; +Markham, 1912, p. 178. + +[48] Sancho is vague in his use of the words _caballo_ and _ligero +caballo_. The latter means "light horse" or "light-armed cavalry." But +he uses the word _caballo_ when he means _caballero_. In the present +instance he really means _caballo_. + +[49] The veracity of this story is certainly open to question. + +[50] Here the text says _caballos_, although it is plain that +_caballeros_ is the word intended. + +[51] See Squier, 1877, p. 177; Cieza, Tr. p. 355; Velasco, 1840, p. 22; +Joyce, 1912, pp. 210-212. + +[52] This speech can hardly be regarded as verbatim, of course. + +[53] Sancho's imagination was drawn upon throughout this section. + +[54] Limatambo (correctly, Rimactampu). + +[55] Xaquixaguana or Sacsahuana. + +[56] The text has: "_y que riendo el Gobernador partirse sin aguardar a +que pasaran los indios amigos, ..._" + +[57] _tuvieron tiempo de retraerse al monte_ really means, "they had +time to withdraw to the mountain," but the obvious sense is better +preserved in the translation I have given. + +[58] Possibly this means Huascar, whom Atahualpa had caused to be put to +death. + +[59] In Spanish they always say "el Cuzco." I believe that the reason +for this is that "Cuzco" comes from a Quichua word meaning "navel." If +this is so, "el Cuzco" has the significance of "the Navel" (of the +World). In English, of course, we use the word simply as a place-name. + +[60] The official designation of the Emperor was: S. C. C. M., or +Sagrada Cesarea Catolica Majestad. + +[61] The modern village of Limatambo. When I was there the fine walls so +often spoken of were in a bad condition from neglect on the part of the +natives. Yet, in spite of the refuse piled around them and the throngs +of pigs all about, one could see that the masonry was of the finest +Cyclopean type. Cf. Squier, 1877, p. 535; Markham, 1912, pp. 286 and +319; Cieza, Tr., p. 320; Sarmiento, pp. 119 and 209. Garcilasso tells us +that it was founded by Manco Capac and that it was the place where +Viracocha waited for the Chanca. Garcilasso, I, p. 80, and II, p. 52. + +[62] Now called Zurite. It was the site of a palace of Viracocha, who +added it to his realm once more by a victory (won by Pachacutec) over +the Chanca. Cf. Sarmiento, p. 85; Garcilasso, I, p. 53; Cieza, Chr., p. +128; The "Finca de los Andenes" is doubtless the site of the palace. + +[63] The truth of this statement is very questionable. + +[64] Valverde. + +[65] Pachacamac. + +[66] In the days before the Incas the Creator-God (under the names of +Pachacamac, Viracocha, Irma, etc.) was worshipped without idols. He was +conceived as being superior to all other gods and as being invisible. +To judge from all accounts, his cult, at this stage, was an advanced +type of religion. Later, however, the custom of having idols sprang up. +As their attributes were the same, there can be but little doubt that +Pachacamac and Viracocha were the same deity. Pachacamac's chief shrine +was on the coast, at Pachacamac. Inca Pachacutec conquered Cuismancu, +lord of Pachacamac, about 1410, and built a Sun Temple there. The chief +temple to Viracocha was at Cacha south of Cuzco, and it was probably +erected by the Inca Viracocha to celebrate his defeat of the Chanca +confederacy. Both these temples (under Inca influence) had idols. Cf. +Blas Valera, 1879, pp. 137-140; Sarmiento, pp. 28-29; Garcilasso, II, +pp. 69, 185-193, 428, 460; Cieza, Tr., pp. 161-163, 251-254; Cobo, 1892, +III, pp. 320-323; Uhle, 1903; Markham, 1912, pp. 41, 97, 181, 233-234; +Joyce, 1912, pp. 150-152; Beuchat, 1912, pp. 615-616. + +[67] Another obvious fabrication. + +[68] Huayna Capac, ruled ca. 1500-1525. + +[69] This was Manco Inca, a son of Huayna Capac by his third wife. Manco +died in 1544, leaving a grand-daughter, Coya Beatriz, who married Don +Martin Garcia Loyola. Their daughter, Lorenza, became Marquesa de +Oropesa.--Note by Sir C. R. M. Cf. Garcilasso, II, pp. 352 and 526. + +[70] A half-brother only. + +[71] The story of Manco Inca is one of the most pathetic in South +American history. Although our author describes some of the events in +the young Inca's life, I will give a brief resume of it here. + +Manco was "crowned" with the _borla_ or fringe on March 24, 1534, at +Cuzco. To please him, Almagro the elder killed his two brothers (who +might have become his rivals) in order to get Manco on his side in the +quarrel which he had with the Pizarros as to which ought to control +Cuzco. After Almagro went to Chile, the _Villac Umu_ (High Priest) urged +his brother Manco to rise in revolt against the Spaniards, who were +divided among themselves. On April 18, 1536, Manco revolted at Yucay. He +laid siege to Cuzco with a very large force and attacked the small +Spanish garrison mercilessly, setting fire to the roofs of houses by +means of arrows tipped with blazing tow and otherwise harassing them. +The Inca and his forces were, for a time, successful. They captured the +great fortress of Sacsahuaman, which was, however, retaken by Juan +Pizarro and Gonzalo Pizarro. Disheartened by this, the Inca retired to +the fortress of Ollantaytampu, where he successfully combatted the +attempts of Hernando Pizarro to capture him. Later, Manco was forced by +Orgonez to withdraw to the mountainous region of Vilcapampa. The last +Inca capital was set up at Viticos, and there Manco held his court for +several years. He often raided the Spanish travellers between Cuzco and +Lima. His court became a place of refuge for all Spaniards who fell out +with their fellows. One of these refugees, Gomez Perez, either killed +Manco himself in a brawl over a game of quoits or helped to kill him as +the result of a plot. The Inca, at all events, was murdered by Spaniards +whom he had befriended. That was in 1544. In 1911 Professor Hiram +Bingham visited Vitcos the situation of which is clearly shown on the +map, dated 1907, that accompanies Sir Clements Markham's translation of +Sarmiento and Ocampo (Hakluyt, 2d Series, no. XXII, p. 203). Professor +Bingham's description of the site is adequate, and, I think, unique. + +At about the same time as the siege of Cuzco, another Inca force, led by +Titu Yupanqui, marched on the newly founded Spanish capital (the Ciudad +de los Reyes or Lima). It was driven off by the Marques Francisco +Pizarro. + +A brother of Manco, Paullu, was christened under the name of Don +Cristoval Paullu. He lived in the Colcampata palace (which had been the +great Pachacutec's), and the small church of San Cristoval was built +near at hand for his use. He died about 1550, being survived by Sayri +Tupac, Cusi Titu Yupanqui, and two other children of Manco (who all +lived on at Viticos) and by his own sons Carlos and Felipe. It was on +the occasion of a particular request made by the Viceroy, Don Andres +Hurtado de Mendoza, Marques de Canete, that Sayri Tupac's aunt, Princess +Beatriz, successfully urged him to come and live in Cuzco. Sayri Tupac +died in 1560. Cf. Cieza, Tr., pp. 304-307; Garcilasso, II, pp. 104-105, +526; Titu Cusi Yupanqui, apud Cieza's "War of Quito," pp. 164-166; +Montesinos, 1906, I, pp. 88-93; Cobo, 1892, III, pp. 203-210; Markham, +1892, pp. 93-96; Markham, 1912, pp. 254-259; Appleton's Cyclopaedia, +1888, IV, pp. 186 and 682; Cabildos de Lima, I, pp. 1 ff.; Bingham, +1912, entire. + +[72] Manco Inca. + +[73] Contrast this version with that given by Prescott in Book III, +Chapter 10. It is hardly necessary to say that Prescott's is the correct +one. + +[74] Here, it is not difficult to read between the lines and see what +sort of treatment Manco got. + +[75] Vicente de Valverde. + +[76] An involved and unimportant clause here. + +[77] This is all for the benefit of the Emperor, whose policy it was to +deal fairly by his new subjects. + +[78] Vilcas. + +[79] I do not know who is meant by this name. + +[80] Llamas. + +[81] Possibly these figures were the embalmed bodies of the coyacuna or +"queens" which, according to Garcilasso, were placed in Curicancha--the +Sun Temple. + +[82] _en su mismo ser_. + +[83] _Casa_ really means house. + +[84] "Che vi corcorsero assai in tre anni," says the original, which can +only be translated as I have done it above. But when the secretary wrote +his relation, no such three years had gone by since the foundation of +Cuzco, but only four months, so it is necessary to suppose that the +Italian translator did not understand his original well, _or_ that it is +an interpolation made later on.--Note by Icazbalceta. + +[85] The civilized inhabitants of the Chilca region came originally from +the interior, probably from the Yauyos region. This event occurred, +presumably, somewhere about 800-900 of our era, for, by the time the +Incas were founding Cuzco (ca. 1100), they found themselves strong +enough to make raids into the interior. Joyce points out that these +raids may have occurred even earlier, at a time when the Tiahuanacu +empire still flourished. At any rate, there was an important contact +with the interior cultures at an early date. The Chincha also were +constantly at war with the Chimu, Chuquimancu and Cuismancu who each +ruled large and civilized coast states. The Chincha were conquered by +the Inca either in the reign of Pachacutec or in that of Tupac Yupanqui +(more probably the former) somewhere about 1450. According to Estete, +their ruler (under Inca tutelage) in the time of the Conquest was +Tamviambea. The cultural development of the Chincha was, artistically +speaking, not so high as that of the Chimu. It was, however, in pre-Inca +times, relatively complex. They practised trephining successfully (an +art derived from their Yauyu ancestors), and they also frequently +indulged in the anterio-posterior type of cranial deformation. Their +general physical condition was good. They numbered about 25,000. Cf. +Cieza, Tr., p. 228; Garcilasso, II, pp. 146-149; Joyce, 1912, pp. 95, +187; Markham, 1912, pp. 237-239; Tello, 1912; Hrdlicka, 1914, pp. 22-24; +Lafone-Quevedo, 1912, p. 115. + +[86] This may have been the chief Taurichumbi mentioned by Estete. Cf. +Markham, 1912, p. 239. + +[87] This was before Alvarado and Pizarro met and came to an agreement. + +[88] Possibly Riobamba, Tumebamba, or some other place in the "Kingdom" +of Quito. + +[89] Probably Sana. + +[90] Properly Colla-suyu and Cunti-suyu, i.e. the Southern province and +the Western province of Ttahuan-tin-suyu. + +[91] Jauja (or Xauxa) was the predecessor of la Ciudad de los Reyes. A +letter to Charles V, dated July 20, 1534, describes it thus: "Esta +Cibdad es la mexor y mayor quen la Tierra se ha vista, e aun en +_Indias_; e decimos a Vuestra Magestad ques tan hermosa e de tan buenos +edyficios quen _Espana_ seria muy de ver; tiene las calles por mucho +concierto empedradas de guixas pequenas; todas las mas de las casas son +de senores prencipales fechas de canteria; esta en una ladera de un +cerro, en el qual sobrel pueblo esta una fortaleza muy bien obrada de +canteria tan de ver, que por espanoles que an andado Reinos extranos, +dizen no aber visto otro edyficio igual al della; ..." Cf. Cabildos, +III, pp. 4-5. + +[92] The Italian is: "_Il quale tuttavia piu veniua ponendo amore a gli +Spagnuoli._"--Note by Icazbalceta. + +[93] Huanuco. + +[94] Pachacamac. + +[95] Prescott places the total at 500 of which 230 were cavalry. Cf. +Prescott, Bk. III, Cap. 9. + +[96] It seems to me that, even in the days of the Chimu and the Inca, +the poorer people must have lived in this sort of hut-like houses, and +that only the great dwelt in the "palaces" whose ruins are so +remarkable. Such a state of things would explain the apparent +impossibility of a large population existing in the dwellings we now +see. Cf. Hodge, 1897. + +[97] This montana is to-day the richest and most valuable part of Peru. + +[98] According to Garcilasso, Lib. II, Cap. 11, the Peruvian empire was +divided into four parts, Cuzco being considered the centre. They called +the northern part Chinchasuya, the southern Coyasuya, the western +Cuntisuya, and the eastern Antisuyu.--Note by Icazbalceta. + +[99] Lake Titicaca contains several islands, notably Titicaca and Coati. + +[100] An obscure passage translated merely in most general terms. + +[101] _Agras_ I take to mean fields from its similarity to the Latin +word, _ager_. + +[102] Llamas. + +[103] At this point Ramusio gives a fanciful view of the city of Cuzco, +which has no real interest whatever.--Note by Icazbalceta. + +[104] _Cacique_ is really a West Indies word. The early Spanish writers +are wont to apply it to any sort of native official. Here, no doubt, the +correct term would be the Quichua word _Curaca_. Officials thus +designated under the Inca dominion were the hereditary chiefs of +formerly independent tribes and territories--roughly analogous to the +mediatized princes of Europe. Though made vassals of the Inca, the +_curacas_ were often continued in the command of their former subjects +and were intrusted with the governorship of provinces over which they +were formerly sovereigns. The _curacas_ ranked immediately below the +Inca caste, and ruled what was known as a _hunu_. Sometimes a _curaca_ +was made an Inca-by-privilege as a reward of services. + +[105] Huayna Capac. + +[106] The marble was really granite. No marble was used by the Incas. + +[107] This reference to windows is important. At the outset we must +remind ourselves that Sancho may have confused _windows_ and _niches_. +It is entirely possible, however, that windows may formerly have been +present in those walls of Sacsahuaman. As is well known, windows and +niches were distinguishing features of Inca architecture during the +later period of that dynasty. Sites like Pissac, Limatambo, Yucay, +Quente, Vilcabamba (alias Machu Pichu, a post-conquest site in part), +and Huaman-marca in the Amaybamba Valley all present one or both of +these features, and all present unmistakable signs of recent +construction, say from the reign of Viracocha (circa 1425-50) onward. +The importance of this mention of windows (or niches) lies in this: It +gives strong evidence in support of my belief that the walls of +Sacsahuaman which are toward Cuzco were of Inca construction. Garcilasso +(II, pp. 305 ff.) attempts to give the credit for the whole of +Sacsahuaman to Inca Yupanqui, and ignores the fact that the cyclopean +walls on the north side of the hill undoubtedly date, as do "the seats +of the Inca" close at hand, from the days of Tiahuanaco. When we see the +statement made that the fortress of Sacsahuaman was of Inca construction +we must remember that really only the southern walls and a few buildings +behind them were built under the Incas. + +[108] That is, the joints do not come above one another, but are +alternated, as in brick-work. + +[109] There are really six walls on the south and three on the north. +Cf. Garcilasso, II, 305. + +[110] This is a poor attempt to describe the entrant and re-entrant +angles that make the cyclopean walls so remarkable from a military point +of view. See the plan by Squier and Davis, Garcilasso, II, p. 305. + +[111] Orejon, lit. "large-ear"; i.e. a member of the Inca clan +privileged to distend his ears by means of ear-plugs. This myth of the +founding of Cuzco by a man from the sea is not found elsewhere. + +[112] Llamas. + +[113] Titicaca. + +[114] Cobo describes the Temple of the Sun on Titicaca and that of the +Moon on Coati as being, together, the third most important sanctuary in +the Inca dominion. The other two, of course, were the temples in Cuzco +and Pachacamac. For a detailed description of the temples in Lake +Titicaca see Cobo, IV, pp. 54-63 and Bandelier, 1910. The structures at +that point are all of late-Inca construction and seem to have been built +after the Inca conceived the idea of making himself out to be the "Son +of the Sun." They were perhaps built with a view to lending colour to +the myth. + +[115] Correctly, Chuqui-apu. + +[116] The original _una seriola_ is a word whose meaning I have not been +able to find. It is found again a little below. The method the Indians +had for washing the earth and getting the gold can be seen in Oviedo, +Historia General de las Indias, Parte I, lib. 6, Cap. 8.--Note by +Icazbalceta. + +[117] Huayna Capac. + +[118] A braza is six feet. + +[119] It says this in the original, but it is an error, for it will be +seen that the number must have been much greater.--Note by Icazbalceta. + +[120] As the text of this passage is obscure I give it here: _... +profundos como de la altura de un hombre, en cuanto pueda el de abajo +dar la tierra al de arriba; y cuando los cavan tanto que ya el de arriba +no puede alcanzarla, lo dejan asi, y se van a hacer otros pozos ..._ + +[121] Here is another rather obscure passage: "_... pero e pui ricche +... sono le prime che non hanno caricho da lauar la terra & per rispetto +del freddo & delle mine que vi e non lo cauano. &c._" Oviedo (Hist. +General, Parte I, lib. 6, Cap. 8); Acosta (Hist. nat. y mor. de las +Ind., lib. 4, Cap. 4); y Garcilasso (Com. Real., Parte I, lib. 8, Cap. +24) distinguish three sorts of gold mines. In the first class are +counted those which produce pure gold in rather large grains, so that +they can be collected without further operations. These are, perhaps, +the sort that the secretary Sancho says are the richest, although he has +not spoken of them before. In the second class are included those which +produce gold in dust or in very small grains mixed with earth which it +is necessary to remove by means of washing, and these are those which +Sancho mentions. The third class of mines, which this man does not +mention, are those which yield gold mingled with stones and other +metals, just as silver is commonly found. These mines, although at times +very rich, failed to be worked because of the expenses which labour +caused.--Note by Icazbalceta. + +[122] Huayna Capac. + +[123] The text says _vino_--"came." I think, however, that it must be a +misprint for _vivo_--"lived." + +[124] This means, of course, Manco Inca. + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS CONSULTED IN THE COURSE OF THIS TRANSLATION OF +PEDRO SANCHO + + + ACOSTA, JOSEPH DE: + 1880. The Natural and Moral History of the Indies. + Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London. + + APPLETON'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY: + 1888. Edited by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske. New York. 6 vols. + + BANDELIER, AD. F.: + 1910. Titicaca and Koati. New York. + + BEUCHAT, HENRI: + 1912. Manuel d'archeologie americaine. Paris. + + BINGHAM, HIRAM: + 1912. Vitcos, the last Inca Capital. + American Antiquarian Society. Worcester. + + BLAS VALERA: + 1879. Relacion ... + _Apud_, Jimenez de la Espada. + + CABILDOS DE LIMA: + 1900. Paris. 3 vols. + + CIEZA DE LEON, PEDRO DE: + 1864. Travels. + Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London. + + CIEZA DE LEON, PEDRO DE: + 1883. 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Tres relaciones de antiguedades Peruanas. + Madrid. + + JOYCE, T. A.: + 1912. South American Archaeology. + New York. + + LAFONE-QUEVEDO, SAMUEL A.: + 1912. Pronominal Classification of Certain South American Linguistic + Stocks. + Int. Cong. Am., XVIIIth Sess., pp. 111-125. + + MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS: + 1892. History of Peru. + Chicago. + + MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS: + 1912. The Incas of Peru. + London (2d Ed.) + + MONTESINOS, FERNANDO: + 1906. Anales del Peru. + Edited by Victor M. Maurtua. Madrid. 2 vols. + + MOSES, BERNARD: + 1914. The Spanish Dependencies in South America. + New York. 2 vols. + + OVIEDO Y VALDES, GONZOLO FERNANDEZ DE: + 1526. Historia General de las Indias. + + PINKERTON, JOHN: + 1808-14. A ... Collection ... of ... Voyages. + London. 17 vols. + + PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING: + 1847. The Conquest of Peru. + New York. 2 vols. + + RAIMONDI, A.: + 1864-1913. El Peru. + Lima. 6 vols. + + RAMUSIO, GIAMBATTISTA: + 1563. Viaggi. + Venice. 3 vols. + + SANCHO, PEDRO: + 1849. (See Icazbalceta.) + + SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA, PEDRO: + 1907. The History of the Incas. + Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London. + + SQUIER, E. GEORGE: + 1877. Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas. + New York. + + TELLO, JULIO C.: + 1912. Prehistoric Trephining among the Yauyos of Peru. + Int. Cong. Am., XVIIIth Sess., pp. 75-83. + + TRUEBA Y COSIO, TELESFORO.: + 1846. History of the Conquest of Peru. + Philadelphia. + + UHLE, MAX: + 1903. Pachacamac. + University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1903. + + VELASCO, JUAN DE: + 1840. Histoire du Royaume de Quito. + Paris. + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Variant spellings of proper names in the main body of the text, as + noted in the Preface, have been retained. Minor typographical errors + have been corrected without note, whilst significant amendments have + been listed below: + + p. 7, 'Miguel de Astete' amended to _Miguel de Estete_; + p. 170, 'as it they were' amended to _as if they were_; + p. 179, 'Quitu' amended to _Quito_; + p. 179, 'His three left three' amended to _He left three_; + p. 180, 'Cajarmaquilla' amended to _Cajamarquilla_; + p. 183, 'Atalhualpa' amended to _Atahualpa_; + p. 190, 'Cabildo' amended to _Cabildos_; + p. 192, 'The curacus ranked' amended to _The curacas ranked_. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's An Account of the Conquest of Peru, by Pedro Sancho + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUEST OF PERU *** + +***** This file should be named 26602.txt or 26602.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/6/0/26602/ + +Produced by Stephen Blundell and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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