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diff --git a/26354-8.txt b/26354-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04b600d --- /dev/null +++ b/26354-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3273 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Country Homes, by +George E. Woodward and F. W. Woodward + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Woodward's Country Homes + +Author: George E. Woodward + F. W. Woodward + +Release Date: August 18, 2008 [EBook #26354] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOODWARD'S COUNTRY HOMES *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + + +WOODWARD'S + +COUNTRY HOMES, + +BY + +GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, + +ARCHITECTS, + +=Authors of "Woodward's Graperies and Horticultural Buildings."= + +FOURTH THOUSAND. + + NEW-YORK: + GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, 37 PARK ROW, + Office of the HORTICULTURIST. + 1866. + + Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by + GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, + In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, + for the Southern District of New York. + + STEPHEN HALLET, + PRINTER, + No. 74 Fulton Street. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE. + INTRODUCTION. + Domestic Architecture and Embellishment 7 + + DESIGN NO. 1. + A Laborer's Cottage 25 + + DESIGN NO. 2. + A Small Frame Cottage 28 + + DESIGN NO. 3. + A Compact Frame Cottage 30 + + DESIGN NO. 4. + A Rural Cottage of moderate extent 34 + + DESIGN NO. 5. + A Gardener's Cottage 40 + + DESIGN NO. 6. + Stone Stable and Coach House 45 + + DESIGN NO. 7. + A Farm Cottage 46 + + DESIGN NO. 8. + Design for a Timber Cottage 50 + + DESIGN NO. 9. + Design for a Rural Church. 53 + + DESIGN NO. 10. + A Suburban Cottage 58 + + DESIGN NO. 11. + An Ornamental Summer House 64 + + DESIGN NO. 12. + Stable and Carriage House 66 + + DESIGN NO. 13. + A Model Cottage 68 + + DESIGN NO. 14. + A Cottage Stable 75 + + DESIGN NO. 15. + Design for an Ice House 76 + + DESIGN NO. 16. + A Suburban Cottage 79 + + DESIGN NO. 17. + Stable and Carriage House 86 + + DESIGN NO. 18. + School House at Irvington 87 + + DESIGN NO. 19. + A regular Country House 93 + + DESIGN NO. 20. + A Country Chapel 96 + + DESIGN NO. 21. + An Old House Remodeled 99 + + DESIGN NO. 22. + Coach House and Stable 104 + + DESIGN NO. 23. + Fences 106 + + DESIGN NO. 24. + Plans of the Residence of C. F. Park, Esq. 108 + + DESIGN NO. 25. + Carriage House and Stable 111 + + DESIGN NO. 26. + Residence of T. H. Stout, Esq. 113 + + DESIGN NO. 27. + A Chapter on Gates 119 + + DESIGN NO. 28. + Mr. Tristram Allen's House at Ravenswood, Enlarged 131 + + DESIGN NO. 29. + Plans of the Residence of L. M. Ferris, Esq. 134 + + DESIGN NO. 30. + A Model Suburban Cottage 139 + + DESIGN NO. 31. + Head Stone 149 + + BALLOON FRAMES. + Balloon Frames 151 + + + +WOODWARD'S + +COUNTRY HOMES. + + +IN presenting to the public a new work on DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, it is +our aim to furnish practical designs and plans, adapted to the +requirements of such as are about to build, or remodel and improve, +their COUNTRY HOMES. + +The rapid progress in rural improvement and domestic embellishment all +over the land, during the last quarter of a century, is evident to the +observation of every traveler, and, as we have found during several +years of professional experience, there has grown up a demand for +architectural designs of various grades, from the simple farm cottage to +the more elaborate and costly villa, which is not supplied by the +several excellent works on this subject which are within the reach of +the building and reading public. + +Among the permanent dwellers in the country this spirit of improvement, +fostered as it is by the diffusion of publications in the various +departments of Rural Art, and by a wider and more genial general culture +as the means of intercommunication and education are increased, is +becoming more manifest every year. But besides these intelligent farmers +and tradesmen who make the country their home the year round, there is a +large class of persons whose tastes or business avocations compel them +to reside a considerable portion of the year in our cities or +suburbs--prosperous merchants, bankers, professional men, and wealthy +citizens--who have the tastes and means to command such enjoyments and +luxuries as the country affords; who need the change in scenes, +associations, employments and objects of interest, for themselves and +their households, and who enjoy, with a keen relish, the seclusion, the +comparative freedom from restraint, the pure, sweet air, the broad, open +sunshine, and the numerous other rural advantages which are essentially +denied them in their city homes. + +In former years this class of people resorted, almost exclusively, to +the sea-side, and a few popular mineral springs, taking in, perhaps, +Niagara in their transit, and rarely venturing into the wild and +unexplored regions of Lake George. They returned to town in the early +days of September, with many a backward, longing look at the attractions +and delights from which they reluctantly tore themselves away, and +settled down again to the weary tread-mill of business. But for some +years past this class has largely increased in number, and instead of +confining themselves to their former resorts, they now seek the upper +country, and prolong their stay into the glorious days of Autumn. Many +of them have provided permanent summer homes, among the hills and on the +lake or river shores. They have bought, and built, and planted, until +they have identified themselves with the chosen spot, and as their trees +have taken root in the fertile soil, so have their affections taken root +in the beautiful country. They hasten gladly to these rural scenes with +the opening Summer, and they leave them with regret when the exigencies +of business require their presence in the city,--when the Summer suns +have ripened the luscious fruits, and the flowers fade with the frosty +kisses of the cold, and the passenger birds fly Southward. This class of +our population know where to find all the facilities for the best +country enjoyments, and their ample means assure them a free choice of +summer resorts, and adequate command of all the appliances of pleasant +country living. + +But there is another and still larger class of citizens who have neither +the means to enable them to keep up both town and country residences, +nor such command of their time that they can pass two or three months of +every summer away from their business. There are thousands of clerks and +subordinate officers in the banking and insurance institutions in our +cities and in our large commercial houses; there are many merchants who +are making their way slowly and surely to competence and wealth, who +would gladly compromise for one-third of such a summer vacation. These +are men of intelligence, and sometimes of a good deal of social and +intellectual culture and refinement. Many of them were born, and their +boyhood nurtured amongst the hills. They love the country with the +intensity and purity of a first love, and they long for communion once +more with nature in all her moods of loveliness. Their sweetest dreams +still, when they forget the hard realities of life, are of green lawns +and sloping hill-sides, of waving trees and cool streams. And they would +wish that their children should become familiar with the same wholesome +associations, and be moved by the same attachments and inspirations. In +the city they are constantly exposed to its excitements, and subjected +to the restraints of its artificial modes, with few outward influences +to counteract upon their development; with very little, indeed, except +the discipline and the affections of home to emancipate them from the +tendencies to a trivial, artificial, and sordid life. They would gladly +supply to them the healthful tone and vigor--the outer and inner bloom +and freshness--which are the product of out-door life in the pure air of +the country. But they are compelled by considerations of economy, to +forego most of these advantages, and allow their children to grow up +with city tastes and habits. They long for the country but think they +must content themselves with the town, until the time comes when their +fortunes will enable them to command the coveted indulgences. + +The time may come, sooner than they anticipate, when they will be +obliged to choose the country. + +Our towns are rapidly overflowing their local boundaries, and spreading +out into suburbs, more or less beautiful and desirable. As far as New +York city is concerned, it is simply a question of time how soon our +middle-class citizens, who desire to live comfortably, with due regard +to economical conditions, will be obliged to choose the country for +their homes. + +During the last forty years this city has increased in population with a +rapid and uniform rate. Within the memory of persons now living, it has +grown from an inconsiderable commercial town, until it has become one of +the great cities of the world. This rapid stride and steady progress +furnish us with the elements for calculating the period when the whole +island will be covered with buildings, and there will remain no more +vacant space for the use of its commerce, or the domestic accommodation +of its citizens. The present population of the city is estimated at +fully one million. The entire territorial capacity of the city, the +density of the population remaining the same as it is at present, +cannot much exceed two millions. The ratio of increase during each +period of five years, since 1820, is about twenty-eight per cent. It +will thus be seen that the utmost limit of the city's capacity will be +reached within the next sixteen or seventeen years, and New York will be +a solid and compact city from the Battery to Westchester County. + +Meanwhile, the expenses of living in the city are increasing every year. +Rents are higher now than ever before, and there is no prospect of their +coming down for many years. + +For it must be remembered that when we renew our building operations, +which have been nearly suspended for the last four years, in consequence +of the unsettled condition of the country, we shall have to provide not +only for the current increase in population, but for the deficiencies +which result from the past four years or more, when comparatively few +houses were erected. At the present time the rent of a convenient and +respectable house, suitable to the requirements of a family having a +fair income, and occupying a desirable position in society, is an +excessive item of cost. + +And the remedy for this is to go into the country. Along the lines of +our railroads and navigable waters there are localities where land is +comparatively cheap,--beautiful, healthy regions, where the comforts of +a rural home may be secured, with all the advantages of society, and of +religious and educational establishments and institutions. The +facilities for reaching these country homes are already adequate for +general purposes, and will be increased every year, as the demand for +them grows. Railroads and steamboats are built and run for the purpose +of profit on freight and passenger transportation. According to the +general law of trade, the supply will equal the demand, and as the +population increases along our lines of travel, the facilities and +accommodations for transit will be multiplied. + +Why, then, should the man who loves the country, and possesses tastes +and capacities for its enjoyment, and yet is compelled by circumstances +to practice economy in his mode of living, be restrained to the city +limits? It is quite a practicable thing for him to realize his +wishes,--live in the country and enjoy its best luxuries, without +abandoning the city as far as its commercial advantages are concerned. +There are localities _within an hour_ of the city hall, where land can +be purchased at reasonable rates, and where all the advantages of health +and beauty, of retirement, pure air and attractive scenery can be +enjoyed for less money than is now expended in the narrow house in the +crowded street, where every sense is offended--with no open sky or +distant horizon tinged with the glories of the dying day or rising +morn--no grassy lawns, or waving trees, or fragrant banks of flowers. + +For such accommodations as he has, he pays, we will say, a rent of one +thousand or twelve hundred dollars. In the country he might purchase two +acres of land and build a cottage, which would afford him all, or more, +conveniences than he now has, without the necessity of climbing four or +five flights of stairs--at an outlay, at the usual cost of building, not +exceeding six thousand dollars. The interest on this sum would be four +hundred and twenty dollars. The difference between this amount and his +present house rent would in a few years pay the whole cost of the place, +and he would have a _home_--a centre and gathering place for his +domestic interests and affections. + +And this is no fancy sketch--no exaggerated statement of possibilities. +We know of localities which can be reached from Wall Street in as many +minutes as would be required to go to 50th Street, where land can be +obtained for about five hundred dollars an acre, where there are all the +conditions of health, good water, pure air, extensive and attractive +views, and whatever else is desirable for a country home. In the +direction we have now specially in mind, there are at least twenty +railroad trains which daily stop at convenient stations, between the +early morning and ten o'clock at night. For the ordinary purposes of +business, and social intercourse, this is ample travelling +accommodation, and as we said before, these accommodations will be +increased in the proportion that the country population in the +neighborhood of our cities becomes more dense, and thus creates a larger +demand for such facilities. + +The necessity and desirableness of country homes being thus easily +demonstrable, it is of importance to know how to choose sites for them, +and how to build. The Poet-author of "Letters from under a bridge," has +given a wise and admirable suggestion in regard to choice of sites, +"leaving the climate and productiveness of soil out of the question, the +main things to find united, are, _shade_, _water_, _and inequality of +surface_. With these three features given by nature, any spot may be +made beautiful, and at very little cost: and fortunately for purchasers +in this country, most land is valued and sold with little or no +reference to these or other capabilities for embellishment." There is an +affluence of choice sites all over the country, and what we need most to +learn is how to develop their capabilities, and add such fitting +embellishments as belong to beautiful and convenient houses. Here it is +that the popular taste requires additional cultivation. The impulse +already given in this direction should be kept up. There is no +deficiency of wealth for the appropriation and culture of these +attractive places, and there is often a lavish expenditure upon country +homes which ought to make them complete and even magnificent. But +unfortunately we see, every year, costly establishments, designed for +summer residences, or for permanent homes, built up with as little +regard for taste, as for expense. The deficiency is found rather in the +culture than in the dispositions and means of our people. And the remedy +and supply for this must be provided by the dissemination of works +treating upon this and kindred topics of rural art, by means of which +the public taste may be refined and elevated to a higher standard. + +In constructing country houses there are several prime conditions to be +observed, such as adaptation, accommodation, and expression. By +adaptation is meant not only the arrangement of the main structure, as +to form and material, to suit the locality and character of the grounds, +but a fitness as respects the real wants--the habits and condition--of +the occupants and the purposes of a country home. Nobody wants a modern +city house planted down in the open country, nor should any sensible man +seek a refuge from the bare streets of the city in the little less bare +streets of a country village. There is no congruity between the +classical forms of Grecian Architecture and the varying climate of our +land. + +The material used in the construction of our country houses has not been +sufficiently considered by us. Timber is abundant in almost all parts of +the country, and the facility with which an +establishment--mansion-house, office, and outbuildings--can be built up +in a few weeks, of this material, has been the main reason, we suppose, +why we have so many abortions, in the shape of Grecian temples, and +miniature Gothic cathedrals and castles, scattered over the land. Let it +be considered, that in building our country houses, we are not simply +providing for ourselves, but for our children--we are constructing a +homestead. It is for the want of this consideration that we have so few +_homes_ in our country, so few home associations, around and among which +our deepest and purest affections are entwined. Our thin lath and +plaster constructions, which rattle and tremble in every wind and leak +in every rain, do not afford very good or permanent centers for these +associations and affections. + +We have some native woods that are durable, out of which we may build +houses that will last for several generations; but with these, even, the +cost of frequent repairs and painting is so great, to say nothing of the +annoyances thereby entailed, that, in point of economy, wood is by no +means the most desirable material. Nor is it, in any way, the most +desirable. The prevailing taste in country dwellings, before Mr. +Downing's time, was defective enough. A large, square, wooden house, +painted intensely white, garnished with bright green Venetian +blinds--standing in a contracted yard--inclosed with a red or white +wooden fence, was the very beau ideal of a gentleman's country dwelling. +We are thankful that this dispensation has passed away; and we revere +the memory of Downing, and of others like him, who were instrumental in +bringing in a better taste in such matters. + +The first cost of a stone or brick dwelling somewhat exceeds that of +wood, even in places where these materials are readily obtained. But if +they are properly constructed, such buildings will need very few repairs +for many years. It is often objected, on the other hand, that such +buildings are damp and unwholesome. This is, undoubtedly, true of many +of the old stone houses which we find scattered about the country. And +it is true, because they were not properly built. When properly built, +they preserve the most equal temperature at all seasons. They are warm +in winter and cool in summer, and the sudden changes which affect the +weather without, need scarcely be felt by the delicate invalid within +the walls of the stone mansion, if suitable attention is given to the +simple matter of ventilation. + +But let us return to the subject of adaptation. The illustrations which +occur to us may serve to furnish a somewhat clear idea of what we mean +by the prime conditions necessary to be observed in building. + +By the term adaptation, we mean such choice of style, material, size +and arrangement as shall fit the structure: 1st, to the site; 2d, to the +climate; and 3d, to the uses for which it is built. + +And, first, as to the site: It would be obviously incongruous to erect +the same house on these two different sites, with their different +characteristic features and surroundings; for example, _the one_ a +nearly level plane gently rising, perhaps, as you approach from the road +the position where the house shall stand, and sloping away again towards +other broad green fields and the fertile meadows beyond--with no +background of hills or mountains, no irregularly formed lake, but with a +placid, lazy stream, half-sleeping, half-gliding by the weeping elms, +and among the scattered groups of stately, old trees:--_the other_, a +romantic hillside in the native forest, with its neighboring mountain +range, where in the bright summer-time, the noisy, laughing brook keeps +time to your thoughts and fancies as you wander among the hills, and in +the bleak winter the winds sigh mournfully through the pines or utter +their clarion calls to the spirit of the storm. + +The one situation would be appropriate to the Italian villa, with its +flat roof, and overhanging cornices, its spacious verandahs and +balconies, all having that depth and boldness and variety of outline +necessary to secure the proper effects of light and shadow which, the +absence of all variety of form in the landscape, would render +indispensable. But no man with an artist's eye would think, for a +moment, of building such a house as this on our wooded hillside. He +would construct there his English cottage in good solid stone, whose +steep roofs would shed with facility the summer rain and the winter +snow, whose irregularities of form and outline would harmonize with +nature's Gothic work in precipice and rock, in trees and climbing vines. +Or else, he would place there his Swiss chalét, which would be in +harmony with the scene, and a pleasing object to the eye of the +observer. On the broad, open plane the villa should be made, or seem, to +cover a considerable space, while the nice cottage might be built more +compactly. + +But here let us remark, that many of our attempts at the English +cottage, generally known as the Gothic, have been failures, and some of +them sad abortions. + +This comes from defective models and plans, and these defects arise +mainly from these sources--the lack of boldness and variety in the main +outlines, and in the construction of the roofs and chimneys. Such a +cottage, to be pleasing and satisfactory, must have irregularities in +form, variety in ornament, and boldness in treatment. A square house +with additions of gables, and dormers and pinnacles, and ridge crests, +will not give us an English cottage. It is a work of art, like a poem +or a picture, and not a mechanical aggregation of Gothic features and +ornaments. We were about to say that it should never be attempted in any +other material than stone, but as many of us cannot command the means +for such permanent buildings, we will concede that it may be allowable +for us to put our wooden buildings into the cottage form, using the best +taste and the most beautiful and picturesque styles, even if the +material is objectionable. + +One other observation, before we return to our main topic, may be +indulged. It is simply the suggestion that too little attention has been +paid to the _sky-outlines_ of our country houses. Roofs and chimney-tops +have been treated as necessary evils, instead of being made, as they may +be, highly ornamental. The unity of the plan, as a work of art, is lost +as you ascend above the eaves, all the rest seeming like excrescences +growing out of structures otherwise commendable and satisfactory. The +superior horizontal lines of the roof will depend somewhat upon the +background of the house. When a building is placed upon the crest of a +hill, or upon a slope descending from the main point of view, so that +its outlines are seen against the sky, the treatment of the plan will be +obviously different from that required where the background is solid, as +a hill or a forest. In any case, however, the horizontal lines should be +broken, as far as practicable, by making the roofs of the several parts +of the house of unequal height. + +It will be apparent, without special argument, that our choice of style +in our country houses should be controlled essentially by the climate. +In our northern climate, the flat roof is objectionable, and we are +obliged to modify the Italian styles somewhat in this respect, to +obviate inconveniences. The hot summer sun, when, as on an August day, +in the city, + + "The pavements all are piping hot, + The sky above is brazen, + And every head as good as dead + The sun can shed his rays on," + +will be more than likely to open the joints and seams of the flat roof, +and the sudden shower coming down with the force of a tropical storm, +will find its way through, sadly to the detriment of our ceilings, our +stuccoes and frescoes, as well as to the comfort and the commendable +equability of temper of those who suffer the invasion. The heavy winter +snows, too, require a steep roof, from which they will readily dislodge +themselves without injury. + +And so in the interior arrangements of the house, the provisions for +heating and ventilation, for summer freedom and winter coziness, for +domestic comfort and the exercise of the commendable grace of country +hospitality, due regard must be had to the conditions of climate. There +must be a proper adaptation to them, if we would secure satisfactory +country homes. + +And this brings us to our last topic, the uses for which our country +seats are built. The place designed simply for a summer residence for +the citizen, who is obliged to be at his office or counting room daily, +bating the few weeks of summer vacation, need not be so complete in its +appointments and arrangements, as the permanent country residence. One +essential condition, however, in this case is, that there shall be _room +enough_, with ample verandahs, and shaded gravel walks, which will +afford opportunities for open air exercise in all states of the weather. +There is nothing, perhaps, that interferes so essentially with the +citizen's enjoyment of the country, as the want of facilities for out +door exercise. It is too hot or too dusty to ride or walk, before the +shower, and after its refreshment has come, it is too wet and muddy. +Spacious verandahs, shaded with vines, and well-made walks, always firm +and dry, bordered with shrubbery, or overhung with trees, will give us +"ample scope and verge enough." + +But the uses of country seats depend mainly upon the tastes and +habitudes of the occupants; and their adaptation in style size and +arrangement should be accordingly. We believe there is no law against a +man's building an elegant library and picture gallery, though he may +have no taste for literature or art, but having plenty of money, +chooses to make this display of it. There are a great many absurdities +to which poor, frail humanity is liable, against which the legislature, +in its wisdom, has not thought it worth while to make solemn and +positive enactments; it is better for the general moral condition of +society, perhaps, that the vulgar rich man's ambition for display should +manifest itself in books and pictures, rather than in fast horses. Might +not the cultivation of the garden--vegetables, fruits and flowers,--take +the place of both, as simple means of display? These are wholesome and +agreeable employments even for those who have passed that time of life +when a taste for books and art may be acquired. + +A country seat should combine and express the real uses which are +required by the intellectual and social condition of its occupants, and +not attract attention as blazoning the wealth and money importance of +the owner. If he is rich, let him make it as complete and simply elegant +as he will, and this he may do without proclaiming to every passer-by +his miserable pride of wealth. + +With these preliminary observations, we submit our work to the judgment +of those who are interested in these subjects. We have not included in +our present volume any considerable number of designs for the more +spacious and costly Villa, the work being designed for popular use and +to meet a demand which is unprovided for by previous publications. + + + + +DESIGN No. 1. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 1.--_Front Elevation._] + + +[Illustration: FIG. 2.--_End Elevation._] + + +This design as shown in figures 1 and 2, is for a laborer's cottage +intended to be erected on the grounds connected with a fine estate on +the western slope of the Palisades in New Jersey. It is to be built of +rough stone, plainly finished. It is 16 by 24 feet outside, having a +living-room with bed room on the first floor, (Fig. 3,) a large pantry, +stairway, etc., and a fine cellar below. The second floor (Fig. 4,) has +two bed-rooms, well lighted and ventilated, and large closets to each. +This size will admit of several different arrangements; the rear door +might open out from the pantry, and afford more convenient access to the +cellar stairs, to get in heavy articles, and shut out some cold in +winter, but would interfere with the fine ventilation so necessary in +summer to a generally heated apartment, as a kitchen, dining, and +living-room combined. A porch might be placed over the rear door, or +better still, at a small additional expense, a summer-kitchen and +wood-house might be added. A house of this accommodation is usually the +first one put up by settlers on the western prairies. They are built of +wood, balloon frame, with a plain pitch roof, without ornament. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.--_First Floor._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 4.--_Second Floor._] + +The elevations as shown, give a greater variety than is usual in this +class of building, and a house thus constructed may afterwards become a +very pretty portion of a larger and more expensive structure. + + + + +DESIGN No. 2. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 5.--_Front Elevation._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 6.--_Side Elevation._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 7.--_First Floor._] + +The second design (Fig. 5,) is for a frame building giving more variety +of outline. The plan (Fig. 7,) separates the sitting room from the +kitchen and dining room, and insures more privacy. There is also a +greater abundance of closets, though smaller. One of the bed rooms above +might be divided into two, and thus increase the accommodation. A +portion of the cellar may also be finished for a kitchen, and the +living room used as a dining room. This plan admits of future additions +being made without destroying the harmony or proportion of the building. +To one of moderate means, such a mode of building presents some +attractions, as it affords a house for immediate wants, to which +additions may be made as one's means increase. Such houses, if +tastefully furnished and embellished with suitable surroundings, as neat +and well-kept grounds, fine trees, shrubbery, flowers, and climbing +vines, will always attract more attention and admiration than the +uninviting aspect of many more expensive structures. Money tastefully +expended in this manner will always yield gratifying results. + +[Illustration: FIG. 8.--_Second Floor._] + + + + +DESIGN No. 3. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 9.--_Front Elevation._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 10.--_Side Elevation._] + +This design is similar, in some respects, to design No. 2, and gives, +perhaps, the most compact arrangement of rooms for a building having so +irregular an outline. Exteriorly considered, there is much to be admired +in variety, and light and shadow, the different elevations being +entirely unlike each other, and affording a constant change from every +point of view; an object, we think, very much to be desired in cottage +architecture, and when well managed never fails to make a pleasing +impression. A high, bold appearance, without the overhanging eaves or +depth of shadow, is not suitable for a country house; a feeling is +created that something is wanting to make up the accessories of an +agreeable habitation. + +[Illustration: FIG. 11.--_Basement Plan._] + +In this plan, (Fig. 11,) the kitchen is in the basement, convenient to +the cellar, and with a good pantry attached to it. It is put there for +the purpose of economizing in the construction. Our own preference is to +put the kitchen in a well ventilated wing on a level with the main +floor, and thus avoid, as much as possible, the necessity of running up +and down stairs. This can be done at any future time when desired, as, +indeed, can any addition of other rooms be made to meet the wants of an +increasing family. A dumb waiter connects the kitchen with the dining +room, and thus saves many steps. + +[Illustration: FIG. 12.--_First Floor._] + +The first floor (Fig. 12,) gives parlor, dining room, and a library, +with a roomy vestibule, and a side door or private entrance, and +supplies all the wants of a small family. The library might be used for +a bed room. On the second floor (Fig. 13,) are 3 bed rooms with closets. + +The engravings are intended to tell their own story as far as possible, +and but little explanation is necessary to make them fully +comprehensible. In the matter of cost, one can hardly give a price that +is reliable; the enormous advance in some building materials and slight +advance in others, disarrange all old standards of estimating. +Localities, of course, have much to do with the cost; yet, above all +others, the business management must be considered. A good manager, +thoroughly familiar with the qualities and values of materials, who +knows how to direct labor to the best advantage, will execute work at a +less cost than one who undertakes his own building without a previous +training. + +[Illustration: FIG. 13.--_Second Floor._] + + + + +DESIGN No. 4. + + +This is a perspective view of a cottage, designed to afford a reasonable +amount of accommodation for an average sized family, and which, if +tastefully furnished, and fitted with suitable landscape surroundings, +will convey a pleasing impression to all; much more so than dwellings of +a more expensive class, where sufficient attention is not given to such +accessories. + +[Illustration: FIG. 14.--_Perspective._] + +The plans of this house are compact, the rooms opening into each other +in such a manner as to afford easy communication and economy in heating. +The porch is spacious, and more pleasant than the long, narrow verandah. +The supply of water for all purposes is from a filtering cistern, which +is connected with the kitchen sink, by a pump. The entire house may be +heated by a furnace, hot water, or steam, as is most preferable; or +stoves may be used in nearly all the rooms, if first cost is to be +closely considered. A passage underneath the staircase connects with the +side door from the vestibule, and, with the exception of the library, +all parts of the house are accessible without passing through other +rooms. + +[Illustration: FIG. 15.--_Basement Floor._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 16.--_First Floor._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 17.--_Second Floor._] + +In the vicinity of large cities, and more particularly the city of New +York, there are reasons which have a money value to them, why more +attention should be given to suburban architecture, and why capitalists, +as well as individuals, should undertake the construction of +moderate-priced buildings, that shall command attention from the +harmonious combination of fine architectural effects. It requires but a +very limited experience to become aware of the fact, that dwellings of +precisely the same cost, and similarly situated, will differ in their +rental at least one half, and it is mainly owing to the reason that one +is properly designed, and the other perhaps an amateur performance, +modeled after the ill-proportioned Greek pediment style, too prevalent +to be countenanced for a moment by any one who prides himself on his +good taste. There can be no question that a fitly designed cottage, +conveniently arranged, adds, independently of its own cost, a large per +centage to the value of the acres which surround it, and is the point +which arrests the eye and secures the purchaser. Rapid rail-road +facilities, lower rents, more healthful localities, and the fact that +the growth of this city "_Spuyten Duyvelward_" has reached a point +beyond the convenient access of the strictly business man, necessarily +turn the attention of those who look to the full measure of comfort, to +a suburban life, ten to fifteen miles away from the unceasing noise and +hurry of the city, where the business of the day is forgotten, and fresh +air, fresh milk, butter and eggs, fruits, flowers, birds, &c., are +luxuries unknown in town. Taking a strictly money view of building +operations, for sale and rent, in suburban localities, and more +particularly about New York, it would promise, by every course of +reasoning, a remunerative return, if the plan were judiciously and +tastefully carried out. The wants of the public, however, are so +unequal, and their opinions so varied by the circumstances under which +they are formed, that, unless an attractive beginning can be shown, +very desirable property may remain a long time on the market. If we +canvass real estate thoroughly, we shall find that property sells first, +and at the best prices, which has ever so humble a cottage on it, a +starting point in which one may temporarily reside, and lay out his +plans of future operations; for the construction of a country place is +of all things one with which to make haste slowly. With those actively +engaged in business, and to whom time is every thing, there is no +disposition to add the labor and annoyances of building; the demand is +for a home ready for occupancy; the thought is entertained, and the +wish gratified, simply because the opportunity presented itself; but it +is far less trouble for young and middle-aged business men to stick to +the city, than to give the time for building, particularly when they +undertake their own architecture. Let capitalists invite them by snug, +well-built, convenient, and tasteful cottages, and the demand will +always be in advance of the supply, in all healthy localities, having +rapid, reliable, and frequent communication with the city. + +[Illustration: FIG. 18.--_First Floor Enlarged._] + + + + +DESIGN No. 5. + +A GARDENER'S COTTAGE. + + +The accompanying design was made for William C. Bryant, Esq., by Fred'k +S. Copley, Esq., Artist, Tompkinsville, Staten Island, and was erected +on his beautiful estate at Roslyn, Long Island, in 1862. It stands on +the hill above his residence, overlooking the bay from the village to +the Sound, possessing one of the finest views on the Island. It was +intended as a gardener's lodge, and to accommodate one or two families, +as circumstances might require, (one on each floor,) giving each three +rooms, and a joint right to the scullery, sink, and cellar. + +[Illustration: FIG. 19.--_Perspective View._] + +_Arrangement._--The first story is 9 feet in the clear throughout, with +every convenience suitable for the health and comfort of the occupants. +From the porch, a small hall, lighted from the roof, is entered, with +doors on either hand, to parlor or living room, and staircase passage in +front, communicating with the kitchen at the back, chambers above, and +cellar beneath. + +[Illustration: FIG. 20.--_First Floor._] + +The chamber floor, second story, is 9 feet in the clear through the +centre, and 6 feet at the sides, (from the floor to the plate,) the roof +cutting off three feet of the ceiling at the sides at an angle of 45 +degrees. This loss of a few feet of the ceiling is more than compensated +by the cottage-like effect it gives to the rooms, harmonizing the inside +with the external appearance. The two principal chambers are provided +with fire-places and ample closet room. The one over the parlor has two +closets, built outside the frame, and a door into the single room, over +the porch, forming a most desirable family chamber. Both these rooms +have ventilators in the same chimney breast, and the small one may be +warmed by a stove leading thereto. The other has a large closet over the +store-room for trunks, linen, &c. The attic room over the kitchen wing +is intended for the domestics. + +[Illustration: FIG. 21.--_Chamber Floor._] + +By reference to the plans, it will be seen that every room is of good +size and form, cheerfully lighted, thoroughly ventilated, and of easy +access one to another, at the same time that privacy, so essential, is +maintained throughout. + +_Construction._--The building is constructed of wood, vertically sided, +and battened, (with 1-1/2 inch tongued and grooved pine plank,) with +horizontal strips in line of the window sills and floors, to hide the +buts, and small triangular pieces in the corners, which gives the pretty +effect of paneling. The whole is stained by a mixture of oil, &c., that +heightens the grain of the wood, and gives a brightness of color, and +that cheerfulness of effect, so desirable in rural dwellings. The roof +is of slate, in bands of purple and green, and the chimneys are +surmounted by terra-cotta pots. The whole is filled in with brick. + +This cottage is built in a substantial and plain manner, with cellar +under kitchen, cemented on the gravel the same as the cistern, and all +the interior wood work is oiled and stained. + +As a specimen of cottage architecture, (on the smallest scale, lodge +class,) it will rank as one of the best. For simplicity, variety of +form, symmetry of proportion, with convenience of arrangement and +economy of space and construction, it forms a model cottage, that any +one might live in and many covet, besides being an addition to the +landscape and an ornament to the grounds. + + + + +DESIGN No. 6. + +STONE STABLE AND COACH HOUSE. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 22.--_Perspective._] + +This design was erected on the Hudson, during the past year, of the +beautiful rock faced stone so abundant between the Spuyten Duyvil and +the Highlands, and is a good example of such a building as will meet the +requirements of a moderately extensive establishment. It is conveniently +arranged, enabling all the work to be done with the most ease, and gives +thorough light and ventilation, so essential to the health and comfort +of animals. The time has gone by to give prospective prices for +anything, but we have seen the day when this building might have been +erected for about $4,000. A room for the coachman may easily be made on +the second floor, and the plan increased or decreased to suit the wants +of any one. + +[Illustration: FIG. 23.--_Ground Plan._] + + + + +DESIGN No. 7. + +A FARM COTTAGE. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 24.--_Perspective View._] + +We show in this design a style of cottage which, in these high priced +times of lumber and labor, can be erected at a very reasonable figure; +and although prepared for a farm cottage, will admit of such changes as +will adapt it to the wants of those who require a higher grade of +accommodation. It is the most natural thing in the world for any one to +take up a plan and suggest innumerable changes and additions, always +forgetting the unalterable condition of price, situation, and object, +which restrained the architect while working it up. To prepare a design +regardless of expense is a very different matter from devising one that +gives the largest amount of accommodation within a fixed limit of cost. +We shall arrive gradually at the precise figures, and endeavor to get +the accommodation wanted by some of our readers. + +[Illustration: FIG. 25.--_Cellar._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 26.--_First Floor._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 27.--_Second Floor._] + +It has been frequently observed that the gate lodges and farm cottages +attached to large estates are generally more attractive in their +architectural proportions and beauty than the mansion itself; and this +has been usually attributed to the education of the proprietor's tastes, +the cottages being the latest erections. This impression is not, +however, always true; for there is a peculiar beauty and attractiveness +about cottage architecture which can not be produced in buildings of a +larger and more commodious class. Certain it is that a prettily designed +cottage will always arrest attention. "Among the first and most +pleasing impressions," says a late writer, "of our trite friend, the +intelligent foreigner, as he entered England by the old Dover road, were +those suggested by the little whitewashed and woodbined cottages which +caught his eye at every turn. All books of travels on English ground are +full of them. Snugly sheltered in its bower of apple trees, or more +stately group of walnuts, approachable only by its rustic stairs, or +dotted at neighborly distances along the straggling village, with its +trim garden of lavender and wall flowers, seen through the wicket gate +or over the privet hedge, the English cottage, above or below, near or +in the distance, was alike the delight and envy of the traveler, the +theme of the journalist and the poet. 'There is scarce a cottage,' says +an American tourist just landed from America and France, 'between Dover +and London which a poet might not be happy to live in. I saw a hundred +little spots I coveted with quite a heart-ache.' Whether or not Rogers +would have given up his picture-lighted snuggery in St. James' Place for +his 'Cot beside the hill,' and really preferred to have his latch lifted +by the pilgrim, instead of his knocker by a London footman, it is +certain that the cottage homes of England that border the main roads +have long possessed a beauty far beyond the houses in other lands +belonging to classes much higher in the social scale, and have been +coveted, sometimes not without reason, by those who could, if they +chose, have purchased them fifty times over." + + + + +DESIGN No. 8. + + +This design for a timber cottage is simple and at the same time +picturesque, and built upon a site adapted to it, and in harmony with +the architectural expression, the effect could not fail to be in a high +degree pleasing. + +[Illustration: FIG. 28.--_Perspective View._] + +It will be seen that some of the principal timbers of the frame are +intended to show on the outside, and that there is a designed contrast +between the horizontal siding extending to the top of the posts, and the +vertical and battened covering of the pediment above the ornamental +string course. The brackets and posts which support the roof of the +porches, should be chamfered, and these timbers should be of sufficient +thickness to avoid any appearance of meanness, while at the same time, +they should not be too heavy, and so destroy the proportions of the +design. + +[Illustration: FIG. 29.--_Cellar._] + +The roof should be covered with shingles having their ends clipped or +rounded. + +[Illustration: FIG. 30.--_First Floor._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 31.--_Second Floor._] + +The cellar may be divided in such way as to serve the wants of the +occupants. A portable furnace might be placed at the foot of the +basement stairs, which would warm the rooms on the first floor, and +temper the air of the chambers above. + +The interior accommodations and conveniences are readily seen on +inspection of the plans--(Figs. 30. 31). There is no waste of room, and +for the uses of a small family, the accommodations would be found as +ample as could well be obtained in a cottage of such size and cost. + + + + +DESIGN No. 9.--RURAL CHURCH. + +DESIGNED BY THE REV. DR. CRESSY. + + +This design is intended for a church which is to occupy a beautiful and +commanding site on the western shore of Lake George, in the midst of the +original forest, and is now in process of erection. It will also meet +the requirements of several correspondents who have requested plans for +rural churches which could be erected as economically and cheaply as +possible, with due regard to proportion, fitness and beauty of +expression. + +This design will be found to comprehend, we may say, in an eminent +degree, variety of outline, correctness of detail, force of expression +and purity of taste, with simplicity of execution, and in those parts of +the country where lumber is abundant, and labor not exorbitant, it can +be erected at a low cost. + +[Illustration: FIG. 32.--_Perspective._] + +We have a right to congratulate ourselves on the improvement which the +last quarter of a century has witnessed among our people in the building +and adorning of our edifices devoted to Christian worship. Downing, in +his time, said, "that the ugliest church architecture in Christendom, is +at this moment to be found in the country towns and villages of the +United States." And speaking of the influence of what our churches +should be, in the beauty of their proportions, and in the expression of +the sacred purposes which they embody, and the feelings of reverence and +harmony with God and man which they suggest, he fitly says--"We fear +there are very few country churches in our land that exert this kind of +spell,--a spell which grows out of making stone, and brick, and timber, +obey the will of the living soul, and express a religious sentiment. +Most persons, most committees, select men, vestrymen, and congregations, +who have to do with the building of churches, appear indeed wholly to +ignore the fact, that the form and feature of a building may be made to +express religious, civil, domestic, or a dozen other feelings, as +distinctly as the form and features of the human face:--and yet this is +a fact as well known by all true architects, as that joy and sorrow, +pleasure and pain, are capable of irradiating or darkening the +countenance. Yes, and we do not say too much, when we add, that right +expression in a building for religious purposes, has as much to do with +awakening devotional feelings, and begetting an attachment in the heart, +as the unmistakable signs of virtue and benevolence in our +fellow-creatures have in awakening kindred feelings in our own breasts. + +[Illustration: FIG. 33.--_Floor Plan._] + +"We do not, of course, mean to say that a beautiful rural church will +make all the population about it devotional, any more than that sunshine +will banish gloom; but it is one of the influences that prepare the way +for religious feeling, and which we are as unwise to neglect, as we +should be to abjure the world and bury ourselves, like the ancient +troglodytes, in caves and caverns." + +Happily we are coming to appreciate these truths, not only in our +cities, but in the country, and the ugly, unsightly, and unseemly +structures which have so long deformed the land are giving place to +edifices in which the true ideas of harmony, grace, proportion, symmetry +and expression, which make what we call Beauty, are brought out in due +proportion. + +The church we present is designed to be of wood, the country about the +site affording an abundance of that material, at the lowest cost. An +inspection of the design will show that the principal timbers of the +frame are intended to be visible externally,--the weather-boarding being +set back from the face of the posts and beams. This exterior covering is +intended to be made of sound _rough_ plank, from ten to fourteen inches +wide, and at least one and a-half inches thick. These are to be tongued +and grooved, so as to make a close joint, and nailed to the frame in a +_vertical_ manner. The joint is to be covered with a narrow strip, or +batten, of one and a-half inch plank. These unplaned plank may be +painted with two good coats and sanded, or they may be left to take such +tints and complexion as time and the weather may give them. + +Lumber, at the proposed site, being cheaper and more easily obtained +than lime, the interior of the church will be neatly ceiled with narrow +boards, which will be lightly stained and oiled. The roof will be "open +timber" of simple construction. All the wood work of the interior will +be of pine, smoothly planed, stained and oiled, without paint, except +the ceiling of the roof which should be colored, in order to give +something like warmth of tone to the interior, the lack of which is +often sadly felt in our country churches, particularly. + +This mode of weather-boarding and "open timber" finish is now so common +that a more particular description is unnecessary. + +This church will seat, comfortably, about two hundred persons. Its cost +will depend entirely upon the price of lumber and labor, of course, and +these vary with different localities, and are particularly uncertain at +this time. We will only add that it will cost no more to build with +correct proportions and in good taste, than in disregard and defiance of +these desirable and commendable principles. + + + + +DESIGN No. 10. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 34.--_Perspective._] + +We give below a somewhat different example of Cottage Architecture, of a +form that is compact and every way available, at the same time affording +every convenience in the arrangement of rooms desirable for a family of +refined tastes and moderate means. This cottage may be built of wood, +or, better still, in favorable localities, of brick or stone, and if +suitably surrounded with tasteful landscape embellishments, will make a +snug, pretty, and attractive home. One can, by the exercise of +appropriate taste, produce the right kind of an impression in a house of +this character. It should become a part of, and belong to the acres +which surround it; it should be an indispensable accessory to the place +itself, and the grounds should be laid out and embellished in such a +manner that the whole combination impresses all with harmonious beauty, +and not, as is too frequently the case, seek to make up the wretched +deficiencies in the grounds by elaborate expenditure and display about +the house. A true appreciation of country life will not tolerate +slovenly, ill-kept grounds, and no house exhibits its true value unless +there is a harmony in its surroundings. If this be attended to, a high +degree of effect can be produced in houses of very moderate cost; +houses that shall be roomy, warm, substantial, and in every way +agreeable to their occupants. + +[Illustration: FIG. 35.--_Basement Plan._] + +The plans show the arrangement of rooms, and these can be made larger or +smaller, or be differently disposed, to suit almost any fancy. In this +design the kitchen apartments are below stairs; in future plans we shall +give some with kitchen, laundry, etc., on the principal floor; or they +can be readily added to this plan. The cost of a house is the one thing +desirable; every one asks for it, and yet every one within our knowledge +who has built a house himself at a stated price has been sadly deceived. +Close specifications are very dry reading, and not appropriate here, +and it is questionable how much service they would be to any but +professional builders. It is reasonable to suppose, that if one without +building experience undertakes it, he will have to pay something +additional for the knowledge he will gain. If he places it to the proper +account, then we can not be accused of misleading him. + +[Illustration: FIG. 36.--_First Floor._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 37.--_Second Floor._] + +Most men contemplate, at some period of life, the construction of a +dwelling-house, but few deem it necessary to study their wants or +prepare their plans until they have selected their site and made all +other arrangements for building, and then proceed with all possible +haste to plan a home. That which should have been the study of months or +years, is hurried through in as many days, imperfectly done at the best, +and the cause of frequent annoying and expensive changes after the work +has commenced. It is true, that the site has very much to do with the +distribution of rooms, but any ingenious architect can readily adapt a +proper combination of rooms to suit the exposures and views of a +particular site. It would be vastly better for those who prefer to +arrange their own plan of rooms, (and there are but very few who do +not,) that they take abundant time to consider well every thing relating +to them; and although the hope of building may be very remote, it should +not be considered time lost to begin to give one's thoughts a definite +form of what he thinks a house should be; for if nothing else results, +it may furnish a valuable hint for a friend, and will certainly enlarge +one's information and experience in these matters. Almost every one is +capable, with such hints as have been freely given in the volumes of the +HORTICULTURIST, in the leading papers which treat on rural art, and the +numerous valuable publications on rural architecture, to make such a +combination of rooms as will best suit his peculiar wants, tastes, or +fancies, and then, with the aid of an architect, it can readily be freed +from mechanical impracticabilities, and put into a proportionate and +harmonious form. Architecture, both in design and construction, is a +profession that requires long years of study and practice to develop an +expert, and those who really want a good thing at the least cost, +usually seek such assistance; those who prefer to do their own designing +and building, find out with absolute certainty the most expensive modes +of erecting very ugly and ill-proportioned structures. + + + + +DESIGN No. 11. + +A SUBURBAN SUMMER HOUSE. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 38.] + +In the adornment of ornamental grounds, some considerable attention has +been given to summer houses, and similar structures; but these have been +mainly _rustic_ in their design and finish, and in this respect well +adapted to their purpose and surroundings. The good taste of these +structures will not be called in question. There are locations, however, +in the more immediate vicinity of our large cities, where a style less +rustic would seem to be more in harmony with the architecture which is +found to prevail. We refer to residences on the outskirts of our large +cities, with inclosures containing a few city lots. Here the +architecture, so far from being rural, is, on the contrary, stiff, +sharp, and sometimes very ornate. A rustic summer house in such a place +would be an incongruity. A rustic house is in itself a beautiful object; +but there is a certain charm in association which can not be widely +departed from without doing violence to our conceptions of the fitness +of things; and hence a purely rustic house without rural surroundings is +destitute of the chief elements which give rise to the beautiful. Most +persons would say it was out of place. + +The design herewith presented was prepared to meet the requirements of +such a case; it is consequently somewhat elaborate. It is located on a +small plot of ground within the city limits, and in full view from three +streets. The grounds are laid out with a few rectangular walks, and such +shrubs as the small size of the place would admit of. The house, we +think corresponds with its surroundings. Its faults, if any, are a +little too much ornament, but something of this kind seemed to be +required in the absence of that more beautiful ornamentation produced by +the drapery of Nature. The house is so located that it receives the +morning sun for a few hours, but during the rest of the day is in the +shade; it therefore constitutes a pleasant place of retreat for the +family at all hours, and is used by the children freely as a play house. +The floor is laid in narrow stuff, and is elevated a foot above the +ground for the sake of dryness. Easy seats, a handsome centre table, and +a hanging lamp complete the interior. Venetian blinds afford ample +protection on a misty day or a chilly night, or admit the soft summer +breeze on a hot and sultry eve.--_Horticulturist._ + + + + +DESIGN No. 12. + +STABLE AND CARRIAGE HOUSE. + + +This stable affords abundant accommodation for three horses, with +carriage house, feed room, and a large harness room on the first floor, +while the loft above may contain a coachman's room, and leave ample +space for hay and straw. + +If required, a shed and cow house can be extended on the side opposite +the carriage house, thus adding considerably to the effect of the +external appearance. Under the stable there should be a cellar for the +storage of roots for feed, and, if desirable, the winter stock of +vegetables for household use. This stable may be built of wood, or of +stone or brick. + +[Illustration: FIG. 39.--_Stable._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 40.--_Stable Plan._] + + + + +DESIGN No. 13. + + +This design is intended to cover, at a low cost, as much comfort and +convenience as a moderate-sized family would require, and to distribute +the same as much as possible on one floor. + +The cellar or basement kitchen is dispensed with and only enough cellar +room provided to meet the wants of those who occupy suburban places of a +few acres in extent. Where large quantities of vegetables are stored, or +where cellar room is required for farm purposes, we think it better to +build cellars separate from the residence, (an arrangement much more +healthful, as well as convenient and desirable.) For the preservation in +warm weather of meats, milk, and other perishable articles, a +refrigerator, or, better still, an ice closet, can be set up at one end +of the laundry. This can be supplied with ice through an outside door, +and is infinitely better and more convenient than any cellar or spring +house. + +The kitchen is without a fire-place, but is provided with a ventilator +in the chimney near the ceiling. The cooking may be done by a stove, +which, if properly contrived, is one of the most effective ventilators, +and preferred by many housekeepers for all kitchen purposes. Or a range +can be placed in the chimney, if desirable, or a fire-place, if it +should be considered indispensable. + +[Illustration: FIG. 41.--_Elevation._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 42.--_Plan._] + +A door under the stair-way separates the front and rear halls, and +disconnects the kitchen apartments from the rest of the house. All the +doors opening into the rear hall should be hung with the new spiral +spring butt, the best door spring that has come under our notice. It is +entirely concealed, and works without a fault. + +The closets in the dining room are finished to give an interior +appearance of a bay window. The dining room and the two chambers above, +are intended to be heated by a fire-place heater set in the chimney, +thus warming three rooms, at pleasure, with one fire. A small stove in +the library will keep that comfortable. Or, in place of all this, the +whole house may be heated by any of the approved modes, in the use of +hot air, hot water, or steam. + +[Illustration: FIG. 43.--_First Floor._] + +The library, parlor, or general living room in a country house--and we +like these rooms in one--should have the cheerful, healthful luxury of +an open fire-place, and we know of no more elegant, cleanly and +effective contrivance for this purpose than Dixon's low down, +Philadelphia Grate, in which wood, coal, or any other fuel can be used +equally well. The advantages combined in this grate are these:--the +fire flat on the hearth, and radiating the heat from an oval cast iron +backing: cold air supplied from below, and ashes, dirt, &c., shaken down +into an ash-pit in the cellar, beneath the grate. We speak confidently +of this invention, after a trial of two winters, and do not hesitate to +say that, compared with this, the ordinary grate is worthless. Large +rooms can be kept perfectly comfortable in the coldest weather, without +heat from any other source. + +[Illustration: FIG. 44.--_Second Floor._] + +This house is supplied with a cistern, constructed with the utmost care, +ten feet in diameter, and ten feet deep, holding 6,000 gallons of +water. The roof is of slate, and the rain-water is therefore of great +purity, free from color, and the woody taste usually imparted to it by +falling on a shingle roof. + +At the laundry sink is one of West's lift and force pumps, which draws +the water from the cistern. This pump is a simple and effective affair, +and works with remarkable ease, is always in order, and may be +considered one of the best pumps known. We have given it a thorough +trial, and speak from personal knowledge. + +On one side of the laundry sink there is also one of Kedzie's large size +rain-water filters, which holds several pails full of water, and which +we commend as an admirable contrivance for the purposes intended. It +possesses every merit claimed for it, and after more than a year's use, +the water drawn from it is of such crystal purity and sweetness as to +attract the attention of all to whom it is offered. + +No well has been dug or contemplated on the premises connected with this +cottage. About one-half the cost of a well has been expended upon a +slate roof, a large and carefully-constructed cistern, West's pump and +Kedzie's filter--the other half has been safely invested in U. S. +7-30's, and instead of hoisting water fifty feet, for household, garden, +and stable uses, the turn of a croton water tap is not more easy and +convenient, and the finest flow of a silver spring of soft water, is +not more beautiful than that delivered by West's pump and Kedzie's +filter, which supplies for all purposes of the cottage, stable, and +garden, water unsurpassed in its pleasant and wholesome properties. +Those who seek the most convenient and reliable modes of procuring the +purest and sweetest water, will find this to be the least costly and the +most satisfactory. + +For a compact, convenient cottage, with every facility for doing the +work of the household, with the least number of steps--in which all the +essential modern conveniences are introduced, without the modern prices +attached--for a low-priced, elegant cottage, we do not know of any plan +more appropriate than this. + +In the construction of this house a bay-window was introduced in front, +in the parlor, (Fig. 43.) and the veranda was made half octagon. These +alterations add much to exterior appearance, as well as to the capacity +of the parlor. On the side of the parlor and dining room an addition is +contemplated, which will relieve the apparent want of variety which now +exists, and essentially improve the external appearance. + + + + +DESIGN No. 14. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 45.--_Cottage Stable._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 46.--_Plan._] + +Fig. 45 shows a design for a cottage stable, giving accommodations for a +horse and cow, two carriages, one or two wagons, and two tons of hay. +The main building is so proportioned, that three more stalls may be +added, and it may then become the wing of a larger building, to be used +for carriage room and other purposes. For those who keep but one horse +and cow, this design affords abundant room. + + + + +DESIGN No. 15. + +ICE HOUSE. + + +It is only within a few years that ice, in all seasons, has been classed +among the necessaries of life. In large cities it is indispensable, but +the cool spring-house or cellar in the country impresses many with the +idea that ice, in summer months, can only be regarded as a luxury. Along +with other conveniences in keeping with this progressive age, the +ice-house has its place, and a country-seat of any pretensions is not +complete without it. + +It is simple in construction, and can be built very cheaply of rough +materials, or made as elaborate as is desirable. It forms a pretty +feature about the grounds, if treated with some architectural taste. + +[Illustration: FIG. 47.--_Ice House._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 48.--_Ground Plan._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 49.--_Perspective._] + + + + +DESIGN No. 16. + + +This design, with the accompanying plans sufficiently explain themselves +without minute description. The arrangement, as will be seen upon +examination, secures a very large amount of accommodation, with good +sized rooms, and ample store and closet conveniences. The building is +compact, and at the same time presents a pleasing variety in its +exterior appearance. By carrying up the library, two dressing rooms, for +the two principal chambers, may be secured. + +When one contemplates building, and has put his thoughts and wishes into +a tangible form, the leading question asked is, how much will all this +cost? for what price in dollars and cents, without extras or additional +charges of any kind, can this dwelling be erected in a good and +workmanlike manner, in accordance with plans and specifications, and +satisfactory to the owner? This is precisely the plain English of what a +business man wants to know; for we hold that it is right and proper, +that every one should look right through all the connected links and +complications that require a considerable expenditure of money, and see +that he lands carefully in the place anticipated. To start with the +intention of disbursing $5,000, and wind up with an expenditure of +$12,000, is not only annoying in a money point of view, but an +impeachment of one's judgment and good sense, not pleasant to hear +outsiders reflect on; for however much one might wish to shift the +responsibility on others, it is one of those things that time will +always place where it belongs. As long as men consider the arts of +designing and constructing buildings to be of no special importance, or +that they are qualified, without instruction or experience, to practice +them, expensive blunders will naturally result, and sooner or later it +will be discovered that such wisdom is dearly bought. There are many, +however, who prefer to manage their building affairs thus, and who can +only learn more agreeable and less expensive modes by actual experience; +some do it from ignorance, some from supposed economy, and others from +the supposition that they are best qualified. + +The design for a house or other building, and a plan of the interior +arrangement of each floor, prepared by a professional man who makes such +things the business of his life, is now very generally admitted by +intelligent men to be essential; but the management or superintendence +of the work by the party who has studied and designed it, does not seem +quite so apparent. An architect prepares the drawings for a dwelling to +cost $5,000; now whether it actually will cost $5,000, $8,000 or +$10,000, in the hands of another superintendent, is an unanswered +problem. A prevailing folly which we find very general, is to suppose +that all men can build the same house, in all places, for precisely the +same amount of money; and but few are willing to admit that they, of all +others, are not the most competent to carry through the whole business +of building at the lowest figure. Some must find out in the most +expensive manner, that the profession of an architect, or the skill of a +builder, can only be attained by long years of careful application. + +[Illustration: FIG. 50.--_Basement Plan._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 51.--_First Floor._] + +What a house will cost to build is a question always asked with the +utmost simplicity, and a prompt and reliable answer always expected, and +if not forthcoming at once, gives rise to a suspicion that one's +professional ability is not of the most thorough character. There are +so many conditions to govern results in house building, that even an +approximate estimate may fall very wide of the mark. Two houses may be +built from the same plan, and we may also say, from the same +specifications; one by day's work, and the other by contract, and they +shall be so exactly alike in all respects when finished, that an +unprofessional observer would detect no difference, and yet one may +honestly cost just double the amount in money expended on the other; +even the same builder may build two houses precisely alike in all +respects, and yet the cost be quite unequal. On one site stone may be +easily obtained, a sand bank on the premises, a running brook close at +hand, saw mills, brick yards, and lime kilns within moderate distances +and accessible by good roads. The other site may be quite the reverse in +situation, or have some decided disadvantages in obtaining some very +necessary materials. We once built a fine stone house where stone was +abundant and close at hand, but all the lumber and brick had to be +hauled thirteen miles over hilly roads; the cost of that house has +nothing to do with the cost of a similar house in a different locality. + +[Illustration: FIG. 52.--_Second Floor._] + +A competent business superintendent has a great deal to do with the cost +of a house; one that understands all the tricks of every building trade, +that knows the market well, and the value and quality of all building +materials, and where inferior workmanship and materials can be used to +an equal advantage with those of first class. To slight work and yet do +it justice; to give it all the strength and endurance necessary, +requires one of skillful acquirements. A mechanic may persuade a +proprietor into many a long day's work, as it pays well to nurse good +jobs when other work is slack, but an architect who understands such +things would save the value of useless work. + +The cost of a house depends on a well-studied plan; this plan does not +consist alone in the arrangement of rooms, windows, doors, etc., but +involves a careful study of the anatomy of construction. One may save by +a proper distribution of timbers, as well as make a very great saving by +the arrangement of rooms. Good management is of the greatest importance, +not only as a matter of economy, but as securing the best class of +workmanship, and the most judicious use of materials. Good or bad +management produces the same results in building operations as in war or +any other pursuit. + +One takes up a capital work on rural architecture, written perhaps ten +or fifteen years ago, before the general introduction of furnaces, steam +pipes, gas, baths, marble basins, etc.; they find a house that suits +them, which the book says will cost $6,000, and that is just the amount, +by close figuring, that can be raised for building. The house is +ordered, put in the hands of the best mechanic to finish all complete, +and he goes ahead; he is unrestricted except by the book, and the author +of it is a man of reputation. In the way of details perhaps nothing has +been said; they are therefore extravagant in the use of materials, and +elaborate in workmanship; as it is not considered good policy for a +workman who has a good order, to make suggestions calculated to decrease +the amount of work. When the bills to the amount of $6,000 have been +settled, the house is found to be half finished, and an additional +$6,000 is necessary to complete it; less that one year's interest of +which would have amply sufficed to secure the services of one who has +spent the best years of his life to learn how to design and to manage +work to cost a specified price. + +When an architect says a house can be built for a certain price, it is +to be understood that materials delivered on the ground shall not exceed +an average cost, that the payments made are to be in cash, and that he +manages the work. To hold an architect responsible or blame him for +blunders in the cost of work that he designed and did not superintend, +is manifestly unjust, yet it is a frequent occurrence. The cost of work +is a question easily answered, when one is fully acquainted with all its +bearings and has it under his control, but no one can say at what price +a novice in building operations can execute it. + + + + +DESIGN No. 17. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 53.--_Stable._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 54.--_Stable Plan._ (_Reversed._)] + +Fig. 53 is a design for a cottage stable, with stalls for two horses, +and the necessary carriage room and other conveniences. This design, in +its exterior, presents as great a degree of variety in the combinations +of form and shadow as the price will admit of. It answers the purposes +of comfortable protection and convenience, as well or even better than +the most costly structures. A horse needs a dry, well-ventilated +apartment, and enjoys fresh air, daylight, and sunlight as well as human +beings. Unless these very inexpensive wants are provided, no +compensation is afforded by elaborate detail and workmanship. + + + + +DESIGN No. 18. + +SCHOOL HOUSE AT IRVINGTON, ON THE HUDSON. + + +Our architectural series would be by no means complete if devoted +entirely to dwellings; and as the resources of an extensive professional +practice in the arts which embellish and beautify our country may be +largely made use of, we present here a design for another class of +buildings. + +A school-house is not a building which every one contemplates erecting, +and yet a large proportion are, or ought to be, interested in developing +in structures of this class such architectural principles as shall make +their impressions in early life, and influence future tastes. + +[Illustration: FIG. 55.--_School House._] + +This building is designed to accommodate about fifty scholars, being 25 +by 40 feet, with a front projection 10 by 18 feet. In the basement a +large furnace and abundant accommodation for coal. The main floor is +divided into school-room, two recitation rooms, hat and coat room, wash +closet with sink, and water closet, above which is a large tank, +supplied from the roof. An outside cistern supplies cool drinking-water, +the purest and healthiest water known, and renders the use of ice +unnecessary in summer. The height of all these ceilings is nearly +fourteen feet, and each room is thoroughly ventilated; the belfry is +provided with a one hundred pound bell; indeed, nothing has been left +undone that is calculated to promote the health and comfort of the +pupils. + +The partition between the doors to the recitation rooms is made in +sections, and can be easily removed, thus making one large room for +exhibition and lecture purposes. The stage, in this case is to be placed +at the left end of the room. The capacity of the building can be nearly +doubled by occupying the entire floor as a school-room, and building an +addition 12 by 24 feet directly in the rear, opposite to the front +projection, for recitation rooms. + +The situation of this building at Irvington, on the Hudson, some +twenty-five miles above the city of New York, is in a charming, healthy, +and delightful locality; one made famous by the pen and residence of +Washington Irving, and noted for its magnificent scenery, its views of +river and mountain, and the fine taste displayed in landscape and +architectural embellishments by those who have made their homes in this +vicinity. + +We have always thought that those educational institutions possess the +most attractions that are so situated that all surroundings shall have a +favorable influence; and there is nothing like example in early +training. Bring up and educate a boy among those who know nothing of the +refinements of life, away from the progressive examples of art and +taste, in a tumble-down, unplastered, ill-heated and ventilated +apartment, and he never can become, with all the aid of books and +teachers, as thoroughly cultivated and fitted for the duties of life, as +one who has enjoyed associations of a higher order. School architecture +has a meaning in it; there is value in proportion, harmony, beauty, +light and shade, as applied to school buildings, that is not +comprehended by all. A recent writer says better than we can say it, +that "It is the duty of teachers, as well as parents and school +committees, to see that the circumstances under which children study are +such as shall leave a happy impression upon their minds; for whatever is +brought under the frequent observation of the young must have its +influence upon their susceptible natures for good or evil. Shabby +school-houses induce slovenly habits. Ill-constructed benches may not +only distort the body, but, by reflex influence, the mind as well. +Conditions like these seldom fail to disgust the learner with his +school, and neutralize the best efforts of his teachers. On the other +hand, neat, comfortable places for study may help to awaken the +associations enchaining the mind and the heart to learning and virtuous +instruction with links of gold brightening forever." + +[Illustration: FIG. 56.--_Principal Floor._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 57.--_Perspective View._] + + + + +DESIGN No. 19. + + +This design was prepared for erection in the vicinity of Goshen, Orange +Co., N. Y., and the accommodation limited to a price not exceeding ----. +It presents in hall, verandas, and large parlor, some of the very +necessary attractions of a country house, and is a good example of what +can be done for a limited sum. While the plan is a parallelogram, and +the roof free from hips and valleys, the general arrangement is such as +to show considerable variety in outline, and one, we think, that will +have a pleasing effect. + +Such houses, erected in the vicinity of New York, and many of our large +cities, would add a large value to the ground they stand on, and pay a +handsome rate of interest on their cost; better than any other class of +building investments, as the supply is in nowise equal to the demand. It +is so simple a matter, with present prompt and rapid railroad +facilities, to invite a fair proportion of the young business men of our +large cities to make their homes in the adjoining country, that we +wonder capitalists and real estate owners do not more frequently make +money for themselves and others by erecting tasteful, low-priced +suburban homes. + +In former times, a house of this class erected in the country, would be +painted exteriorly a pure white, with no relief, except probably in the +violent contrast of bright green venetian blinds to the windows. This +sort of taste unfortunately still remains, although in the progress of +rural taste and art, the country is much improved in this respect. + +[Illustration: FIG. 58.--_Cellar._] + +There is a variety of colors, known as neutral tints, which are suitable +for exteriors, and the effect produced by them is altogether pleasing, +while a house painted white can never be an agreeable object in any +landscape, however admirable its architectural proportions and finish +may be. + +The tone of color for a house will depend upon its size, form, and +situation, and it often requires a nice and cultivated eye to determine +what would be most appropriate and effective. + +[Illustration: FIG. 59.--_First Floor._] + +For such a house as this, we should choose a light fawn color--not +yellow--and paint the cornice, window-frames and other projecting and +ornamental parts two or three shades darker than the body of the +building. This will give a depth of shadow and expression which cannot +be obtained in any other way. + +Large houses, with massive features of construction, will bear to be +painted with darker colors, but they should not be too sombre, so as to +give a gloomy appearance to the house. The country, with its bright +sunshine, its rich adornments of flowers, and its numberless forms of +beauty and grace, is eminently cheerful. It often happens that the +painter does all he can to mar this cheerfulness and beauty, by +startling contrasts of colors, and by destroying the harmony which +pervades the landscape. + +[Illustration: FIG. 60.--_Second Floor._] + + + + +DESIGN No. 20. + +A COUNTRY CHAPEL. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 61.--_Perspective._] + +We present in this design a plan for a substantial and permanent chapel, +having capacity for seating about four hundred. For the purpose for +which it was designed, no distinct chancel was required. Such a +chancel could be arranged, if desired, in a recess taken off the lecture +or class room in the rear of the chapel. It could be lighted at the +roof, or on the sides. + +[Illustration: FIG. 62.--_Ground Plan._] + +This chapel, built of stone throughout, with an open timber roof and +stained glass windows, would be an ornament to any country locality, and +a credit to the taste and liberality of those who built it. + +Every thing about such a chapel should be _real_, and no suspicion of +sham or unreality should be tolerated in any part of the work. The +practice of building the fronts of churches of stone, while the side and +rear walls are constructed of rough brick, painted and marked off to +resemble the stone, is very common, we know, both in town and country, +but it is a species of deceit and false pretence which ought not to be. +If the best and costliest material cannot be used for the entire +structure, let the rougher and inferior material be fairly shown, in +every part. If the means and liberality of the parish cannot provide oak +or walnut for the interior finish, let the wood work be plainly painted, +or what is better still, simply oiled, but there should be no cunning +deception of graining, to represent the costlier wood. It is not +_honest_, and, we take it, a church, built for religious worship, is the +last place that should betray our human meanness and want of honesty. + + + + +DESIGN No. 21. + + +We show in this design what can be done with a substantial old farm +house; how easily and beautifully it can be changed into a suburban home +of elegant exterior, and comfortable and convenient interior +appointments. + +[Illustration: FIG. 63.--_View of the House at the time of Purchase._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 64.--_The same remodeled._] + +This class of spacious and substantial farm houses, with the gambrel, +curb, or Mansard roof, as shown in Fig. 63, is very numerous about the +suburbs of New York City, and more particularly in the "neighboring +province of New Jersey," where one finds them nestled in the valleys or +by the road side, as best fitting to the taste of our early Dutch +settlers, who prized seclusion and protection above bleak exposure and +far-reaching views. + +[Illustration: FIG. 65.] + +As a general thing, the better class of New Jersey farm houses of this +type were built of squared and hammered red sand-stone, laid up in +regular courses, and in many instances the character of the work +differed on all sides, the front being the most finely finished. And in +many of the most pretentious of these houses, brick was substituted for +the front, as being less common. + +There is, perhaps, nothing more difficult in an architect's experience +than to make a fine thing out of a subject so destitute of beauty of +form or proportion, and yet preserve the substantial walls and other +belongings, that have stood for half a century, and are now stronger, +and promise a durability that exceeds those of other houses built in +this progressive age; and yet here is a "presto change" that will almost +defy the keen eyes of the old settlers to recognize any trace of the +ancient landmark that for fifty years has overlooked the beautiful +valley of the Tenakill. + +[Illustration: FIG. 66.] + +There are very many of these old houses that are equally well adapted to +wear a modern face, though but few purchasers can look through all such +changes with the eye of a professional expert, and select that to which, +at a low price, a certain beauty can be added, which, when done, shall +indicate the wisdom of their choice. First impressions many times are +sadly against all hopes of success. + + "With weather-stains upon the wall, + And stairways worn, and crazy doors, + And creaking and uneven floors, + And chimneys huge, and tiled and tall." + +But these difficulties are the least troublesome to adjust, if the +walls are good, and ceilings of a fair modern height. It may then be a +better choice to adapt such a house to the present cultivated tastes and +requirements, than to build anew from the foundation. + +In the plans, the dotted lines show the centers of the old partitions. +Six feet have been added to the length of the wing, thus improving the +kitchen accommodations. + +This house is situated some fifteen miles from the great commercial +metropolis, on one of the new lines of Railroad, and in a locality of +easy access to New York business men. + + + + +DESIGN No. 22. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 67.--_Stable._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 68.--_Plan._] + +This stable may be constructed either of wood, or of stone. It contains +stalls for four horses, and affords space for their accommodation, +together with a harness room and a tool closet. This latter is a +convenience very essential to the comfort of the owner, as well as to +the proper care and preservation of such implements as belong +especially to the carriage house and stable. + +This building should be surrounded and screened with fruit trees and +shrubbery, and then, with its evident architectural effects, it will +become an attractive feature in the landscape of which it becomes a +part, with the other accessories of the elegant country home. + + + + +DESIGN No. 23. + +FENCES. + + +In spite of all laws to the contrary, cattle will intrude upon one's +property, and each and all must at great expense build and maintain +fences for their own protection. There has not as yet been devised any +practicable mode by which the enormous sums annually spent in fencing +might be saved. The theory advanced, that it is cheaper for each to +fence his cattle in, than to fence his neighbor's out, has not as yet +been practically illustrated, if we except a few suburban localities. + +[Illustration: FIG. 69.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 70.] + +Fig. 69 represents a substantial fence, with a paneled base, of simple +construction, and yet quite effective in appearance. In Fig. 70 the +work is somewhat more elaborate, while the base is of stone, or brick. +Each engraving shows two panels, with a gate in the centre. + +With chestnut or cedar posts, the pickets cut from 1-1/2 inch plank, and +the whole kept painted, such a fence would last many years. + + + + +DESIGN No. 24. + +RESIDENCE OF CHARLES F. PARK, ESQ. + + +This residence of which we show only the floor plans, occupies a +commanding position on the northern end of the Palisades, on the western +side of the Hudson, some twenty miles above the city of New York, the +river, mountain, and inland views from which are exceedingly fine, +embracing the villages of Dobbs' Ferry, Irvington, Tarrytown, Sing Sing, +Piermont, Nyack, and Tappan, as well as Tappan Zee and Haverstraw Bay, +the distant Highlands of the Hudson, and the beautiful valleys of the +Sparkill and the Hackensack, a section of country rich in historic +associations, and highly appreciated by those who seek suburban homes. + +[Illustration: FIG. 71.--_First Floor._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 72.--_Second Floor._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 73.--_Third Floor._] + +This house was designed principally for a summer residence, being nearly +fifty feet square, with wide halls and spacious verandah, and commodious +and well ventilated sleeping apartments, the plans showing the +arrangement of rooms. The style of architecture selected is that +generally known as the Rural Gothic, which, perhaps, is the most useful +and most beautiful of any that are adapted to the requirements of our +climate. The almost square form of the plan is one of the most difficult +to treat successfully in this style, yet has been carried out in the +most satisfactory manner. This style admits of an almost never-ending +variety of form and proportion, and in effects of light and shadow at +all hours of day is unequaled. Its comparative expense but little +exceeds the hipped and Mansard roofs. + +The building is constructed in the most thorough and workman-like +manner, and is as well adapted for a winter residence as for summer. The +frame is built in the balloon style, (the strongest known form of +framing,) with deep studding filled in with brick, having double air +chambers, is thoroughly finished throughout, is covered with a slate +roof, and fulfills all the requirements of a substantial and commodious +country residence. + + + + +DESIGN No. 25. + +CARRIAGE HOUSE AND STABLE. + + +The accompanying design for a carriage house and stable affords about +the same amount of accommodation as Design 22. The arrangement, however, +is somewhat different, and the exterior quite unlike it. In this plan +the portion appropriated to the stalls is more ample, and the means for +ventilation abundant. + +[Illustration: FIG. 74.--_Stable._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 75.--_Stable Plan._] + + + + +DESIGN No. 26. + +RESIDENCE OF THOS. H. STOUT, ESQ., + +IRVINGTON, ON THE HUDSON. + + +Irvington is a noted locality for the higher grades of country homes, +there being many fine examples of substantial, roomy, and elegantly +appointed mansions. Far within the gradually extending circle which +limits the daily intercourse of the business man to the city of New +York, it has become, in virtue of its position, healthfulness, fine +scenery, and ease of access, one of the most favored of the suburbs of +this city; a city whose rapid increase of population and corresponding +decreasing comforts in conveyance from one portion to another, is +turning the attention of those who like ease of transit, and the quiet +and health of the country, to a residence among its beautiful and +attractive suburbs. What the last ten years have accomplished in +introducing rapid and reliable communication, and building up and +improving the country about New York, will probably be repeated several +times over in the next decade. An impetus has been given to rural life, +that will increase with every facility that is offered, and it will not +be many years before the suburbs of New York will compare with any city +in the world; and we question, even now, if elsewhere can be found a +suburban locality comparable with the east bank of the Hudson, from +New York to the Highlands. + +[Illustration: FIG. 76.--_Residence of Thos. H. Stout, Esq., Irvington, +on the Hudson._] + +The accompanying engravings illustrate a country house that embraces +many of the best features of exterior variety, and interior compactness +and convenience. The workmanship and materials throughout have been of +the best description, and no pains have been spared to make it first +class in every respect. + +Situated on the slope of the eastern bank of the Hudson, it overlooks +the broad expanse of "Tappan Zee," and commands the views peculiar to +this locality, that reach from the Highlands to the ocean. + +To build well, and to do so at a low price, is always desirable; and to +build artistically, imposingly, attractively, does not imply elaborate +finish or profuse ornament. Sand paper and decoration will never make an +ill-proportioned building attractive to an educated taste, while a rough +exterior of harmonious lines and forms will pass current with those who +have an eye to the artistic. + +One of the most important lessons that the art student learns is that of +effect; that effects can not be produced by smoothly finished surfaces +or details; and that in architecture, as well as in sculpture or +painting, there must be a strong bold manner of execution, when there is +a desire to convey an impression of strength or power. + +[Illustration: FIG. 77.--_Cellar._] + +Where stone is conveniently obtained as a building material, its use in +rural architecture deserves far more consideration than is usually +bestowed on it; and in its unchiselled, quarried form it becomes +desirable in an economical point of view. There is an imposing grandeur +in the unhewn stone that asserts its presence in both near and distant +views, and, with the proper combinations of proportion, and light and +shade, will illustrate the finest architectural effects. Prevailing +prejudices are too apt to consider it not only cheap, but inferior in +protection and durability to finely wrought surfaces and smooth, +close-fitting joints. We are too apt to estimate the value and beauty of +a stone house by the amount of labor lavished on its exterior, as if the +chisel possessed the power to make the joints more impenetrable, and +bestowed an endurance commensurate with the story of expense that it +tells. So long as we build well and honestly, with a proper regard to +protection from the weather, in a substantial and workmanlike manner, +good taste and sound sense will uphold the use of quarried rock, and +discover a permanent strength and power in this Cyclopean masonry that +elaborately finished surfaces and delicately wrought ornaments fail to +express. + +[Illustration: FIG. 78.--_First Floor._] + +Dressed in squared blocks and hammered lines, stone becomes an expensive +building material, and preference is then given to something else less +costly; but if used in its quarried form, irregular in size and shape, +it becomes, wherever conveniently obtained, among the economical +materials used for building, and is unsurpassed for its impressiveness +and durability. No paint is required to preserve it from the weather, +and no color is so good as the color of the stone; time softens its +tints, and the clambering vine that lays hold of the massive walls is a +decoration beyond the resources of architecture. + +[Illustration: FIG. 79.--_Second Floor._] + +"If a building," says Mr. Ruskin, "be under the mark of average +magnitude, it is not in our power to increase its apparent size by any +proportionate diminution in the scale of its masonry; but it may be +often in our power to give it a certain nobility by building it of massy +stones, or, at all events, introducing such into its make. Thus it is +impossible that there should ever be majesty in a cottage built of +brick; but there is a marked element of sublimity in the rude and +irregular piling of the rocky walls of the mountain cottages of Wales, +Cumberland, and Scotland. + +"And if the nobility of this confessed and natural masonry were more +commonly felt, we should not lose the dignity of it by smoothing +surfaces and fitting joints. The sums which we waste in chiselling and +polishing stones, which would have been better left as they came from +the quarry, would often raise a building a story higher. + +"There is also a magnificence in the natural cleavage of the stone to +which the art must indeed be great, that pretends to be equivalent; and +a stern expression of brotherhood with the mountain heart from which it +has been rent, ill-exchanged for a glistering obedience to the rule and +measure of men. His eye must be delicate indeed who would desire to see +the Pitti Palace polished." + + + + +DESIGN No. 27. + +A CHAPTER ON GATES. + + +We present in the following designs, several illustrations of the +principle of the truss applied to wooden gates. It was described by us, +several years ago in the _Country Gentleman_. + +[Illustration: FIG. 80.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 81.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 82.] + + +[Illustration: FIG. 83.] + +Since then, in our professional rambles, we have accidentally noticed +some thirty gates erected after these designs in different sections +of the country, and, for aught we know to the contrary, it is one of the +most popular gates that swing. The principle of this gate is best shown +in figure 80, and consists of four panels of braces crossing each other, +and held firmly in position by five iron rods, which can be tightened by +the screws at the bottom. The braces are not tenoned, and there are no +nails about the gate. There can be no sagging under any circumstances; +but should such a thing occur from unequal shrinkage, it can easily be +remedied by placing a thin strip of wood or sheet lead under the foot +of the braces running forward. There is economy in the construction of +these gates, as they can be made with a less number of joints, and +greater strength and stiffness secured with lighter materials, than in +any other style of gate we know of. The principle is the one used in +railroad bridges and roofs of great span, and our own experience with +them, having built and tested all the gates here illustrated, is, that +they possess very decided merits. [Illustration: FIG. 84.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 85.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 86.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 87.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 88.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 89.] + +Fig. 81 is the principal entrance gate to one of the finest estates on +the Hudson, above Tarrytown, and although similar in appearance to +figure 82, has some very decided differences, the cross braces in this +case reaching only to a second rail; the rods, however, pass through to +the bottom; it is much more elaborate in workmanship, and the addition +of a moulding on the top and bottom would increase its effect. + +Fig. 84 is the entrance gate at the New Windsor, N. Y., Parsonage, and +has been hanging six years without a perceptible change. The braces in +this are one inch square and doubled; they are not halved, but cross +each other, two one way and one the other, in the manner shown in figure +85. + +There is no other mode of constructing gates in which rustic work can be +made such good use of. The chief objection to all things made in the +rustic manner is, that they soon fall to pieces, limbs shrink and twist, +and nails do not hold; but a rustic gate held together by iron rods will +remain good until the last brace has decayed. + +Fig. 86 is the principal entrance gate to one of the most finely +finished country seats on Newburgh Bay. + +Figs. 87, 88, and 89, illustrate a novel style of hinge, peculiarly +adapted to this gate, and is really stronger than any other. It requires +less iron and less blacksmith work. + +Fig. 87 shows the top hinge corner, and figure 88 the bottom hinge +corner. The iron which secures this end of the gate, passes through both +top and bottom hinge, and binds them and the gate securely together. The +additional fastenings for hinge are made with carriage-bolts. Nothing +but a power beyond the enormous tensile strength of iron and the +compressible strength of wood, will cause the gates to yield in ordinary +use. + +Fig. 89 is a perspective view of the hinge, showing how it may be +counter-sunk, and thus almost entirely concealed. Figs. 80, 81, 82, and +83, also show the hinge, and four different styles of stone gate piers. + +[Illustration: FIG. 90.] + +Fig. 90 is intended for a farm gate. The cross rails are secured by +carriage-bolts passed through them and the main braces. Each end of the +gate has an iron rod only, which is made heavier than the others, and +saves framing. The hinge is made by having the iron rod project beyond +the bolt head and nut, and the upper end is passed into an eye, as shown +in Fig. 91, which is screwed into the post; the lower end is pointed, +and is placed in a stone as shown, or it may rest on solid iron of +similar form to the eye. Any intelligent laborer, with an axe and auger, +can, with the iron work, make these farm gates. + +[Illustration: FIG. 91.] + +This principle of constructing gates admits of an infinite variety of +designs; those given are merely suggestive. It admits of all classes of +workmanship, from the plainest to the most elaborate, from the simplest +farm gate to those required for the finished park, and in beauty, +strength, and economy stands unequaled. + +Fig. 92 and 93.--Plan and elevation of an entrance gate, which we have +executed in oak, and presents an effective appearance. + +[Illustration: FIG. 92.--_Elevation of Entrance Gate._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 93.--_Plan._] + + + + +DESIGN No. 28. + +RESIDENCE OF TRISTRAM ALLEN, ESQ., + +RAVENSWOOD, N. Y. + + +The accompanying view of Mr. Allen's house is a good example of the +method of adding to a dwelling which has ceased to be of sufficient +capacity for the requirements of the family. By reference to the +basement or cellar plan, the outline of the old house and the foundation +of the new will be distinctly seen. The addition transforms the cottage +to a villa, and in a manner which preserves the proportions as +harmoniously as if the whole had been erected at one time and from one +plan, thus illustrating a prominent advantage in this style of +architecture, which admits more freely than any other, successive +additions, which, when properly designed, add to the variety of outline, +and its beauty of light and shade. The different floor plans show the +arrangements of rooms and their connection with the original building, +which, it will be seen, are convenient and compact. + +[Illustration: FIG. 94.--_Perspective._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 95.--_Basement._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 96.--_First Floor._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 97.--_Second Floor._] + +Ravenswood is one of the most elegant of the suburbs of New York, being +near at hand, and having frequent and rapid communication with the city. +Situated on the Long Island shore, opposite the centre of Manhattan +Island, overlooking the great metropolis and its outlying cities, of +easy access to the Central Park by the Hell Gate Ferry, amid all the +refinement of fine gardens, polished landscape scenery, and +architectural taste, it presents at once all the enjoyments that a +combination of city and country life can afford. + +[Illustration: FIG. 98.--_Attic._] + + + + +DESIGN No. 29. + +RESIDENCE OF LINDLEY M. FERRIS, ESQ., + +NEAR POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y. + + +The residence of Mr. Ferris, of which we give the plans only, is located +south of the city of Poughkeepsie, and almost or quite within its +suburbs. The surrounding estate, of 150 acres of handsomely rolling +land, possesses all the attractions of beauty and fertility so generally +awarded to the finer portions of Dutchess county. In the immediate +vicinity are some of the highly finished and well-kept country seats +which adorn this portion of the Hudson, and make up the attractions +which taste and refinement always add to country life. + +[Illustration: FIG. 99.--_First Floor._] + +The object aimed at in the design of this house, was that of a +substantial and commodious mansion, suited to the requirements of a +large family, and that should express its purpose in the simplest manner +at a moderate expense. It was therefore desirable to avoid all costly +irregularity of form, and all the fanciful varieties of gimcracks. + +The style selected as best illustrating this purpose is the Chateau +roof, Louis XV style; the main building being 43 feet square, with a +rear addition 25 by 29 feet; the plan illustrating the arrangement of +rooms, verandah, etc. The first floor gives double parlors, (one of +which may be used as a bed-room or library,) a sitting-room or +reception-room, dining-room, and a large kitchen, with necessary +closets, an inclosed verandah, water closets, etc. The second floor, +main building, gives four large bed rooms and two smaller rooms for +other purposes, and in the rear are four servants' rooms and a +bath-room. The attic story, main building, has now five rooms, finished +with closets, and two rooms more can be added by putting up two +partitions. These upper rooms, in a roof of this character, are cool, +well ventilated, well lighted, and agreeable in warm weather, there +being roomy air chambers between the attic ceiling and the upper roof, +and also between the walls of the rooms and the outer wall of the house. +There is but little difference in the value of these rooms and those on +the floor below, except convenience of access. + +The house is built of brick, in a first class manner, the lower roof +slate, the upper one being tin; is thoroughly finished throughout, and +is in all respects a convenient, durable, and commanding structure, +giving the largest amount of room in a desirable and attractive form, +with the most economy of means. It is situated on a knoll overlooking +all the surrounding grounds, which include a number of other fine sites, +one or two of which, we think, even more desirable than the one +selected. It is not, however, an easy matter to choose one from a dozen +sites, each almost equally good. + +[Illustration: FIG. 100.--_Second Floor._] + +A new road is now being laid through these and the adjoining premises, +to connect two of the principal drives southward from Poughkeepsie, +which when completed, will add a new attraction to the beautiful suburbs +of this city. The views from the grounds, more particularly from the top +of the house, are varied and extensive. The mountain panorama, which +sweeps three-fourths of the horizon, beginning with the Fishkill +mountains, and ending with the Catskills, is exceedingly fine. The +eastern view embraces the Vassar Female College, the noble gift of +Matthew Vassar, Esq., to the cause of female education. In the +foreground and middle distance are the rich rolling landscapes of +Dutchess and the fertile hillsides of Ulster counties, the glittering +spires of Poughkeepsie, the lordly Hudson, and southerly are seen the +famous Beacons and the Highland Pass, + + "Where Hudson's wave o'er silvery sands + Winds through the hills afar." + + + + +DESIGN No. 30. + +MODEL SUBURBAN COTTAGE--IN THE OLD ENGLISH OR RURAL GOTHIC STYLE. + +BY FREDERICK S. COPLEY, ARTIST, TOMPKINSVILLE, S. I. + + +The general appearance of this Cottage, as seen from the road, is shown +in the engraving, (Fig. 101.) which is a perspective view of the North +and East Fronts. + +It is situated at Montrose, on the lake-like shores of Hempstead Harbor, +near the village of Roslyn, Long Island, a spot noted for its beauty and +healthfulness. + +[Illustration: FIG. 101.--_Perspective._] + +Size of building, 44 by 38 feet. Principal Plan (Fig. 103.) 10 feet +high. P. shows a recessed porch, with double doors of oak, (oiled) the +outer ones open, to be closed only at night and stormy weather, behind +the one on the right is a space for wet umbrellas, &c., the inner doors +have glazed panels to give light within, and should always be closed. V. +is the vestibule, containing a spiral staircase, with walnut steps and +rail (oiled). The floor laid with encaustic tiles, with ceiling groined, +and walls finished in imitation of stone in the sand coat. On the left +(under the stairs) is a private door opening into a lobby, fitted with +wash-basin, water, &c., and lighted by a narrow window, that also serves +to light the front basement stairs, so that a servant could answer a +call, at either front or back doors, without passing through the central +hall; which would not only be more convenient for them, but would be to +the family and guests, especially in time of company, when the hall +would form a central room, by closing the doors that lead to the stairs: +nor would this interfere in the least with the domestics, or their +duties: as they can go from cellar to attic without disturbing the +privacy of a single room: and the guests could ascend, unseen to the +dressing rooms above, (from either entrance) or depart in the same +manner. + +[Illustration: FIG. 102.--_First Floor._] + +The hall screen, separating the vestibule, should be of real oak, +(oiled) and lighted in the panels with stained glass, which would impart +a soft and pleasant light to the hall, and produce a fine effect on +either side, day or night. The hall is here placed in the centre of the +plan, and so happily arranged are the doors and rooms, as not only to +give it a symmetrical effect, but to unite the whole, _en suite_, +without disturbing the individuality of either. Also, the hall lamp and +stove would light and warm, equally, every room, besides passage, +vestibule, and stairs. The cloak closet is in the passage which contains +the back stairs. + +P. is the Parlor, which would be the favorite living room in the summer, +as it faces the north, and has a large bay-window commanding a fine view +down the harbor to the sound. + +[Illustration: FIG. 103.--_Second Floor._] + +L. is the Library, and living room, connected with the parlor by sliding +doors, with recessed book-cases, on each side, and the same on the sides +of the bay-window, here facing the south, and possessing a beautiful +view of the bay and hills, with the village in the distance, which make +it the favorite quarters in winter, being fully exposed to the genial +influences of the sun during the absence of foliage at that season. On +the right of the mantel is a private closet for plate, papers, &c., both +these rooms have windows opening on the west veranda, with a fine view +across the harbor. D. is the Dining room, and a most cheerful one, (as +it should be,) with a large ornamental window on the east, admitting the +morning sun, and a fine bay-window on the north, looking down the road +and harbor, possessing a charming prospect of land and water. To +harmonize with the bay (on the other end) is the sideboard recess with a +dumb-waiter on the right, and a china closet on the left; on one side of +the mantel is the door opening into the lobby, which communicates with +the hall, and basement plan below, and fitted with wash-basin, water, +&c., which would be found most convenient to wash hands or glasses, +delicate or valuable articles of use not wished to be trusted to +careless servants. It will be seen that the three bay-windows on this +plan, are of different forms, and each fitted with inside shutters. C. +is the principal chamber, or boudoir, facing south and east, with fine +large windows in each. The one on the south has closets on each side, +and opens into the conservatory, making this a most delightful +ladies'-work-room. It will be seen that all the rooms on this floor, +although not large, are of the most comfortable size, perfect and +elegantly proportioned, and arranged with every conceivable convenience +requisite for the enjoyment of all the comforts and luxuries of life. + +Chamber Plan (Fig. 103.) is nine feet high, and in keeping with the +rest, in its admirable arrangements, furnishing five excellent rooms, +with a bath room, convenient to all, fitted with the latest +improvements, (the water closet enclosed, and vertical pipes, which +would make freezing impossible). The four principal rooms are about +equal in size and attractiveness, as they possess the same fine views as +the corresponding ones beneath, and each finished with fire-places and +ample closet room. The small room windows open on a balcony, with a +charming view of the bay; and would afford an agreeable lounge in summer +evenings, to enjoy the setting sun, or cool breeze. All the rooms on +these two floors (except the last) to be fitted with Dixon's patent +grates, and Arnott's ventilating valves, which would secure sweet, +healthy, and warm rooms, without draughts. The hall, as will be seen, +is well lighted and ventilated, not only by the staircase window, on the +north, but by the ventilating sash-lights over the doors of every-room; +the bath room door is also lighted in the panel with ground glass. +Between the doors, on the east side, is the lift, or dumb-waiter, and +dust register, which being in the centre of the plan, is of equal +convenience to all. + +[Illustration: FIG. 104.--_Attic and Roof._] + +Fig. 104. Roof and attic plan. The attic contains five good rooms for +the accommodation of the servants, storing fruit, trunks, &c., and +drying clothes. As this plan has the same central arrangements as all +the rest, consequently the same advantages in economy of space, and of +direct and easy access to every room, stairs, &c. The landing here is +lighted in the same way as the hall below, and by the same staircase +window, with the addition of a large sky-light and ventilator in the +centre, which would keep the rooms sweet and cool. + +Fig. 105, shows the Basement and Cellar plan, nine feet high, and +containing every requisite convenience for the domestic duties of a +family. As they are on the same level, and under the principal story, +the noise and smell of the kitchen would be excluded. The garden +entrance is shown by the steps on the southwest corner of area, which +extends the whole of the west side, round to the hall door on the south; +and covered by verandah, would make these rooms dry, cool, and pleasant, +as they are but little below ground, and well lighted on two sides, with +a large bay-window in each; the north bay fitted with wash-tubs, as this +kitchen is intended as a back one, or scullery, and for cooking in +during the heat of summer, it has a sink closet on the left of the +fire-place, and dresser and shelves for pots and pans on the south side, +by which, is a door opening into the basement, and one out on the area. +The basement would be a cheerful room, facing the south with a large +bay-window with seats and inside shutters, on the opposite side is a +dresser fitted with plate rack, &c. On the east is the range and pantry; +behind the range, in the hall, is a warm closet for clothes, shoes, &c., +and opposite, under the stairs, is a dark one, for potatoes. At the +north end of the hall, (and behind the scullery, fire-place, &c.) is the +furnace room and front basement stairs. On the east side of the hall is +the dumb-waiter, or lift. The coal cellar has two bins placed under the +shoots, for large and small coal, with two on the east side for ashes +and wood. Against the middle window is a wire gauze safe, for cooked +meats, &c.; between this and the wine cellar is the dairy; the other +division is for stores in general. All the partitions are made open, so +as to admit the free circulation of light and air. + +[Illustration: FIG. 105.--_Basement and Cellar._] + +On observing the relative position of the different doors and windows, +in the several plans, it will be found that the house may be ventilated +by through drafts in every direction at pleasure; a luxury to be +appreciated in the heat of summer. Also, by carrying the lift, or +dumb-waiter, to the top of the house, and communicating with every +floor, its full value would be secured, besides forming a ventilating +shaft for the whole building, from cellar to attic. Another valuable +labor-saving convenience (next to the water-works and lift) is the dust +shoot, which is simply a tin tube, with registers in the floors of the +different plans, to sweep the dust into, from the rooms, where it +descends to the cellar, and is caught in a barrel, to be removed when +full. It is here placed in the hall, by the side of the lift, on every +floor, which by this central arrangement is at the door of every room. + +Construction, although of wood, is made nearly fire proof, by making the +floors, walls, partitions and stairs solid. The walls and principal +partitions are formed of slats of one inch thick by four inches broad, +securely nailed one on the other, so as to form a one inch groove on +both sides, to plaster on. This forms a good strong six inch solid wall, +fire and vermin proof, and dryer than any built of stone or brick. The +stairs to have their skeletons of iron work, filled in solid with +cement. The floors of basement and entry to be of earthenware tiles, the +kitchen and cellar cemented. That of the principal plan, (forming the +ceiling of the basement, &c., the seat of danger,) should be formed of +brick, arched on iron girders, and filled up with cement, and laid with +larch, (as that burns less freely than any other wood). The hall, &c., +to be laid with encaustic tiles. The floors of the chamber plans should +have their timbers coated with plaster paris, and filled up with mortar +and laid with larch, the plastering of the ceilings, &c., on wire +gauze, instead of lath; a slate roof, and the walls of the basement plan +of hollow brick, and plastered on the inner surface. By these simple and +inexpensive means, the house would be nearly fire proof, and life and +property secure. + +The exterior is covered by a sand coat, of a cheerful and rich light +brown ochre tint, it being the most befitting for the situation and +design, besides possessing the advantages of economy, and imparting a +more substantial effect, it avoids that harsh and disagreeable glare and +glisten of paint. + + + + +DESIGN No. 31. + + +The design on the following page, for a Head Stone, was published by us +in the May number, 1864, of the HORTICULTURIST. It attracted the +attention of one of our most intelligent subscribers and valuable +contributors in Western New York, who desired to set up, in their +beautiful Cemetery, a memorial of one of his household who "who had gone +before." The monument was executed in this city, under the supervision +of the friend who furnished the design for the HORTICULTURIST. It was +cut from the Caen stone, and the execution was every way satisfactory. +The gentleman for whom it was made says in a letter advising of its safe +arrival:--"Last week I had it set in a solid foundation, and my highest +anticipations are more than realized. I do not see how the monument +could be better, as to material, design, and inscriptions. It is unique, +yet chaste, highly significant and satisfactory. I have only words of +praise and feelings of gratitude for a result that so fully answers to +my ideal." + +[Illustration: FIG. 106.--_Head Stone._] + + + + +"BALLOON FRAMES." + + "If it had not been for the knowledge of balloon + frames, Chicago and San Francisco would never have + arisen as they did, from little villages, to great + cities in a single year."--SOLON ROBINSON. + + +In these days of BALLOONING, it is gratifying to know that there is one +practically useful, well tested principle, which has risen above the +character of an experiment, and is destined to hold an elevated position +in the opinions of the masses. That principle is the one which is +technically, as well as sarcastically, termed Balloon Framing, as +applied to the construction of all classes of wooden buildings. + +The early history of the Balloon Frame, is somewhat obscure, there being +no well authenticated statements of its origin. It may, however, be +traced back to the early settlement of our prairie countries, where it +was impossible to obtain heavy timber and skillful mechanics, and the +fact is patent to any one who has passed through the pleasures and the +vicissitudes of the life of a pioneer, that his own necessities have +indicated the adoption of some principle in construction, that, with the +materials he has at hand, shall fulfill all the necessary conditions of +comfort, strength and protection. To these circumstances we must award +the early conception of this frame, which, with subsequent additions +and improvements, has led to its universal adoption for buildings of +every class throughout the States and cities of the West, and on the +Pacific coast. + +The Balloon Frame has for more than twenty years been before the +building public. Its success, adaptability, and practicability, have +been fully demonstrated. Its simple, effective and economical manner of +construction, has very materially aided the rapid settlement of the +West, and placed the art of building, to a great extent, within the +control of the pioneer. That necessity, which must do without the aid of +the mechanic or the knowledge of his skill, has developed a principle in +construction that has sufficient merit to warrant its use by all who +wish to erect in a cheap and substantial manner any class of wooden +buildings. + +Like all successful improvements, which thrive on their own merits, the +Balloon Frame has passed through and survived the theory, ridicule and +abuse of all who have seen fit to attack it, and may be reckoned among +the prominent inventions of the present generation, an invention neither +fostered nor developed by any hope of great rewards, but which plainly +and boldly acknowledges its origin in necessity. + +[Illustration: FIG. 107.--_Isometrical Perspective View of the Balloon +Frame._] + +The increasing value of lumber and labor, must turn the attention of men +of moderate means to those successful plans which have demonstrated +economy in both, and at the same time preserved the full qualities of +strength and security so generally accorded to the old fogy principles +of framing, and which, we presume to say, is inferior in all the true +requisites of cheap and substantial building. Light sticks, uninjured by +cutting mortices or tenons, a close basket-like manner of construction, +short bearings, a continuous support for each piece of timber from +foundation to rafter, and embracing and taking advantage of the +practical fact, that the tensile and compressible strength of pine +lumber is equal to one-fifth of that of wrought iron, constitute +improvements introduced with this frame. + +If, in erecting a building, we can so use our materials that every +strain will come in the direction of the fibre of some portion of the +wood work, we can make inch boards answer a better purpose than foot +square beams, and this application of materials is one reason of the +strength of Balloon Frames. + +[Illustration: FIG. 108.--_Floor Plan._] + +The Balloon Frame belongs to no one person; nobody claims it as an +invention, and yet in the art of construction it is one of the most +sensible improvements that has ever been made. + +That which has hitherto called out a whole neighborhood, and required a +vast expenditure of labor, time, and noise, can, by the adoption of the +balloon frame, be done with all the quietness and security of an +ordinary day's work. A man and boy can now attain the same results, +with ease, that twenty men could on an old fashioned frame. + +The name of "Basket Frame" would convey a better impression, but the +name "Balloon" has long ago outlived the derision which suggested it. + +[Illustration: FIG. 109.--_Elevation Section--manner of nailing--A. +corner stud, 4 by 4--B. joist, 3 by 8--C. stud, 2 by 4._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 110.--_D. Upper Edge of Joist--E. Stud._] + +The moment the foundation is prepared, and the bill of lumber on the +ground, the balloon frame is ready to raise, and a man and boy can do +all of it. The sills are generally 3 inches by 8 inches, halved at the +ends or corners, and nailed together with large nails. Having laid the +sills upon the foundation, the next thing in order is to put up the +studding. Use 4 by 4 studs for corners and door posts, or spike two 2 by +4 studs together, stand them up, set them plumb, and with stay laths +secure them in position. Set up the intermediate studs, which are 2 by 4 +inches, and 16 inches between centres, toe or nail them diagonally to +the sill. Then put in the floor joists for first floor, each joist to be +placed alongside each stud, and nailed to it and to the sill. Next +measure the height to ceiling, and with a chalk line mark it around the +entire range of studding; below the ceiling line notch each stud one +inch deep and four inches wide, and into this, flush with the inside +face of the studding, nail an inch strip four inches wide. This notch +may be cut before putting up the studs. If the frame be lined on the +inside, it will not be necessary to notch the strip into the studs, but +simply to nail it to the studding; the object of notching the studding +is to present a flush surface for lathing, as well as to form a shoulder +or bearing necessary to sustain the second floor; both of these are +accomplished by lining inside the studding--(for small barns and +outbuildings that do not require plastering, nail the strip 1 by 4 to +the studding)--on this rests the joists of the second floor, the ends of +which come flush to the outside face of the studding, and both ends of +each joist are securely nailed to each stud; the bearing of the joist on +the inch strip below is close by the stud, and the inch strip rests on a +shoulder or lower side of the notch cut to receive it. This bearing is +so strong that the joists will break before it would yield. Having +reached the top of the building, each stud is sawed off to an equal +height; if any are too short they are spliced by placing one on top of +the other, and nailing a strip of inch board on both sides. The wall +plate, 2 by 4 inches, is laid flat on top of the studding, and nailed to +each stud; the rafters are then put on; they are notched, allowing the +ends to project outside for cornice, &c. The bearing of each rafter +comes directly over the top of each stud, and is nailed to it. + +[Illustration: FIG. 111.--_Side Elevation.--G. Manner of splicing +sills.--F. Manner of splicing studs._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 112.--_End Elevation._] + +A Balloon Frame looks light, and its name was given in contempt by those +old fogy mechanics who had been brought up to rob a stick of timber of +all its strength and durability, by cutting it full of mortices, tenons +and augur holes, and then supposing it to be stronger than a far lighter +stick differently applied, and with all its capabilities unimpaired. + +Properly constructed, and with timber adapted to its purposes, it will +stand securely against the fury of the elements, and answer every +purpose that an old fashioned timber frame is calculated to fulfill. + +When the building is supported on posts, heavy sills are necessary, and +the frame should be securely nailed or spiked together. The bents may be +16, 24 or 30 inches apart, and covered in the usual manner. The thrust +of both the rafters and contents of the building are outward; the tie, 1 +by 4, is abundantly strong, as each one will practically sustain, in the +direction of its fibre, three tons. The floor joists are nailed to studs +at each end. No one need fear any lack of perfect security, as these +ties exceed in strength any hold that tenons could have. + +Fig. 113 illustrates the manner of framing buildings of one story, such +as are used about almost every farm or country seat, as tool houses, +granaries, wash-houses, spring houses, &c., &c. + +[Illustration: FIG. 113.--_Isometrical Perspective Balloon Frame._] + +Very small buildings, if unplastered, will not require ceiling joists; a +tie at each end will be all-sufficient. Moderate size buildings will be +strong enough if the ceiling joists are left out, and collars put on +half way up the rise of the rafter. According to the size and uses of +the building, the collars or ceiling joists may be put on every rafter, +every other, or every third rafter; floor joists should be about 16 +inches between centres, and the studding may be from 16 inches to 8 feet +apart; in the last case only, every sixth floor joist is nailed to the +stud, the intermediate ones being arranged equally distant from each +other between the studding. Where the studding is placed wide apart, the +plate must necessarily be heavier to sustain the roof; if vertical +siding be used, it should be nailed to the sill and plate, and to an +intermediate horizontal strip spiked in between the studding; if done +in this way, the plate may be lighter; when horizontal siding is used, +the studding should not be more than 4 feet apart--in small buildings, +say 12 by 20 feet, we should cut all our stuff, except joists, from +1-1/4 inch plank. Studs 4 inches wide, rafters 5 inches wide; floor +joists should be 2 by 9 inches, and put all up 30 inches between +centres. + +In Fig. 114 is shown the manner of constructing frames for buildings of +three stories. The corner stud, 4 by 4, is composed of and built up with +two 2 by 4 studs, which are nailed together, breaking joints as the +building progresses in height; the splicing of studs is done in the same +manner, being nailed together as fast as additional length is required; +the joists of the last floor are laid upon the plate, and they act as +tie-beams to sustain the thrust of the rafters. We consider the splice +where the studs butt and have side strips nailed to them, to be the most +secure; the lapping splice is very generally used, however, and found to +answer every purpose. + +Ribs for vertical siding may be put on in two ways; one as shown, by +which the ribs run over the sill, and are nailed to it; a strip of the +same thickness as ribs, say 1-1/4 inches, nailed on to the sill to fill +up the space between the ribs, and is then covered by the outside plinth +or base. The other plan is to set the studs back 1-1/4 inches from face +edge of sill; then let the end of ribs bevel down on the sill, or +dovetail them into the edge. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 114.--_Three Story Building._ _Balloon Framing._ +_Details._ + +Fig. 115. Joist notched down on plate. + +Fig. 116. Side girt not gained in for small unplastered buildings. Fig. +117. Inside lining--answers the same purpose as a side girth. + +Fig. 118. Joist bearing on sill.] + +Either outside or inside lining may be used, or both together. Where +diagonal lining is used, it should be reversed or run the other way on +the opposite side of the house. + +[Illustration: FIG. 120.--_Diagonal Ribs for Vertical or Battened +Siding._] + +The lining of a Balloon Frame adds immensely to its strength, +particularly so if put on diagonally; it may be done outside or inside, +though on the whole the inside is preferable. If done outside, it should +be carried over the sill and nailed to it; the sill being wider than the +studding, in order to get a larger bearing on the masonry, and the floor +joists being in the way, does not admit of inside lining being put on in +the same manner. + +A first-class Balloon Frame should be lined, if for vertical siding, +outside the studding--if horizontal siding is used, line inside; it +makes the frame stiffer and the building warmer. Some line diagonally, +say from centre next the first floor towards extreme upper corners both +ways; others line one side diagonally in one direction, and the other in +an opposite direction. This makes assurance of strength doubly sure. If +lined inside, nail perpendicular lath to the lining 16 inches from +centres, and on this lath horizontally for plastering. + +[Illustration: FIG. 121.--_Showing lengthwise and crosswise manner of +tying frame._] + +The principle of Balloon Framing is the true one for strength, as well +as for economy. If a mechanic is employed, the Balloon Frame can be put +up for _forty per cent. less money_ than the mortice and tenon frame. If +you erect a balloon frame yourself, which you can easily do without the +aid of a mechanic, it costs the price of the materials and whatever +value you put upon your own time. + +Fig. 23 shows the manner of attaching the flooring to gable end +studding, and in those buildings in which the thrust of the rafters is +in the direction of the flooring--if every third stud be bolted to the +joist in the manner shown, it makes the tie equal if not superior to +that in the direction of the joists. + +[Illustration: FIG. 122.--_Manner of Framing Large Barns._] + +Fig. 122 explains the manner of framing the largest class of barns. Wide +openings, like bays, require the use of heavy timber, and the mortice, +tenon and brace, only so far as the gallows frame is concerned; the +balance of the frame is of light stuff, studding 2 feet to 2-1/2 feet +apart, 2 by 6 inches, every third one 2 by 8 inches, into which is +gained the side girt, it being nailed to the others. On this rests one +end of the temporary floors, the gallows frame supports the roof, and +the rafters are secured to it, so that they become ties. The side of +this building is like a floor turned on edge, and is firmly secured by +the floor joists at the bottom and the rafters at the top. + +Warehouses, depots, and other buildings of a very large size, can be +made stronger by using the Balloon Frame, instead of the heavy timber +frame. Those who prefer to err on the right side, can get unnecessary +strength by using deeper studding, placing them closer together, putting +in one or more rows of bridging and as many diagonal ribs as they like. +In large buildings there is no saving in timber, only the substitution +of small sizes for large--the great saving is in the labor, which is +quite important. + +The following are some of the advantages claimed for the Balloon Frame: + +1. The principal labor of framing is dispensed with. + +2. It is a far cheaper frame to raise. + +3. It is stronger and more durable than any other frame. + +4. Any stick can be removed, and another put in its place, without +disturbing the strength of those remaining--in fact, the whole building +can be renewed stick by stick. + +5. It is adapted to every style of building, and better adapted for all +irregular forms. + +6. It is forty per cent. cheaper than any other known style of frame. + +7. It embraces strength, security, comfort and economy, and can be put +up without the aid of a mechanic. + + + + +Established in 1846. + +"THE HORTICULTURIST," + +AND JOURNAL OF RURAL ART AND RURAL TASTE. + + +Published Monthly at Two Dollars and Fifty Cents per Annum, Twenty-five +Cents per Number, and devoted to + + GRAPE CULTURE, + FLOWERS, + RURAL ARCHITECTURE, + FRUITS, + GARDENING, + LANDSCAPE ADORNMENT, + AND RURAL PURSUITS. + +Forming an annual volume of 400 royal octavo pages handsomely +Illustrated. + + The Author of _My Farm of Edgewood_, + The Author of _Ten Acres Enough_, + The Author of _The Grape Culturist_, + The Author of _Flowers for Parlor and Garden_, + The Author of _American Fruit Grower's Guide_. + Rev. Dr. CRESCY, + +and others of the best practical talent and ability, both East and West, +write regularly. + +_Back Volumes and Numbers supplied._ + +GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, + +PUBLISHERS, 37 PARK ROW, N. Y. + + + + +WOODWARD'S GRAPERIES + +AND + +HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS, + +By Geo. E. & F. W. Woodward, + +ARCHITECTS AND HORTICULTURISTS. + +A new, practical, and original Work on the design and construction of +all classes of Horticultural Buildings, including Hot-beds, Propagating +Houses, Hot and Cold Graperies, Orchard Houses, Conservatories, &c., +with the best modes of heating, &c. Elegantly Illustrated. Being the +result of an extensive professional practice. + + GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, + PUBLISHERS, + _Office of the "Horticulturist," 37 PARK ROW, N. Y._ + + + + +GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, + +PUBLISHERS + +No. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK + +OFFICE OF THE HORTICULTURIST. + +BOOKS + +ON + + AGRICULTURE, + HORTICULTURE, + ARCHITECTURE, + LANDSCAPE GARDENING, + AND RURAL ART + +For Sale at this Office, or mailed, post paid, on receipt of Publisher's +prices. + +*** _Priced Catalogue on application._ + +NEW YORK AGENTS + +for the _Country Gentleman, Gardeners' Monthly, & Hovey's Magazine_. + +Subscriptions received and back numbers supplied. + + + + +FIRE ON THE HEARTH. + + GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, + 37 PARK ROW, N. Y. + +_New York Agents for Dixon's low down Philadelphia Grates, for burning +Wood or Coal, for sale at Manufacturer's Prices._ + +"It is a plan for warming houses, which has never in all its points been +surpassed." * * * * * * + +"It is believed that there is scarcely a single educated Physician in +Philadelphia, who owns the house he lives in, who is not supplied with +one or more of these delightful luxuries." * * + +"We have one of these admirable contrivances, put in our house in 1859, +and every additional year only increases our appreciation of the +luxury."--_Dr. W. W. Hall, editor of Hall's Journal of Health, N. Y._ + +_Price $35 and upwards according to size and finish. Samples at this +Office._ + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Obvious punctuation errors repaired. + +This text uses both hyphenated and spaced forms of its rooms, i.e. +bed-room and bed room. Also used were variations on hyphenated and not +words such stair-way and stairway. + +Page 16 "ofwhich" changed to "of which" (of which the public) + +Page 28, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (of this +accommodation) + +Page 34, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (amount of +accommodation) + +Page 83, "understand" changed to "understands" (one that understands) + +Page 104, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (for their +accommodation) + +Page 124, "posesses" changed to "possesses" (possesses all the +attractions) + +Page 148, "desends" changed to "descends" (where it descends) + +Page 164, "23" changed to "121" (Fig. 121 shows the manner) + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Country Homes, by +George E. Woodward and F. W. 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