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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Country Homes, by 
+George E. Woodward and F. W. Woodward
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Woodward's Country Homes
+
+Author: George E. Woodward
+        F. W. Woodward
+
+Release Date: August 18, 2008 [EBook #26354]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOODWARD'S COUNTRY HOMES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+WOODWARD'S
+
+COUNTRY HOMES,
+
+BY
+
+GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+
+ARCHITECTS,
+
+=Authors of "Woodward's Graperies and Horticultural Buildings."=
+
+FOURTH THOUSAND.
+
+          NEW-YORK:
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, 37 PARK ROW,
+          Office of the HORTICULTURIST.
+          1866.
+
+          Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+          In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States,
+          for the Southern District of New York.
+
+          STEPHEN HALLET,
+          PRINTER,
+          No. 74 Fulton Street.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                         PAGE.
+    INTRODUCTION.
+    Domestic Architecture and Embellishment                7
+
+    DESIGN NO. 1.
+    A Laborer's Cottage                                   25
+
+    DESIGN NO. 2.
+    A Small Frame Cottage                                 28
+
+    DESIGN NO. 3.
+    A Compact Frame Cottage                               30
+
+    DESIGN NO. 4.
+    A Rural Cottage of moderate extent                    34
+
+    DESIGN NO. 5.
+    A Gardener's Cottage                                  40
+
+    DESIGN NO. 6.
+    Stone Stable and Coach House                          45
+
+    DESIGN NO. 7.
+    A Farm Cottage                                        46
+
+    DESIGN NO. 8.
+    Design for a Timber Cottage                           50
+
+    DESIGN NO. 9.
+    Design for a Rural Church.                            53
+
+    DESIGN NO. 10.
+    A Suburban Cottage                                    58
+
+    DESIGN NO. 11.
+    An Ornamental Summer House                            64
+
+    DESIGN NO. 12.
+    Stable and Carriage House                             66
+
+    DESIGN NO. 13.
+    A Model Cottage                                       68
+
+    DESIGN NO. 14.
+    A Cottage Stable                                      75
+
+    DESIGN NO. 15.
+    Design for an Ice House                               76
+
+    DESIGN NO. 16.
+    A Suburban Cottage                                    79
+
+    DESIGN NO. 17.
+    Stable and Carriage House                             86
+
+    DESIGN NO. 18.
+    School House at Irvington                             87
+
+    DESIGN NO. 19.
+    A regular Country House                               93
+
+    DESIGN NO. 20.
+    A Country Chapel                                      96
+
+    DESIGN NO. 21.
+    An Old House Remodeled                                99
+
+    DESIGN NO. 22.
+    Coach House and Stable                               104
+
+    DESIGN NO. 23.
+    Fences                                               106
+
+    DESIGN NO. 24.
+    Plans of the Residence of C. F. Park, Esq.           108
+
+    DESIGN NO. 25.
+    Carriage House and Stable                            111
+
+    DESIGN NO. 26.
+    Residence of T. H. Stout, Esq.                       113
+
+    DESIGN NO. 27.
+    A Chapter on Gates                                   119
+
+    DESIGN NO. 28.
+    Mr. Tristram Allen's House at Ravenswood, Enlarged   131
+
+    DESIGN NO. 29.
+    Plans of the Residence of L. M. Ferris, Esq.         134
+
+    DESIGN NO. 30.
+    A Model Suburban Cottage                             139
+
+    DESIGN NO. 31.
+    Head Stone                                           149
+
+    BALLOON FRAMES.
+    Balloon Frames                                       151
+
+
+
+WOODWARD'S
+
+COUNTRY HOMES.
+
+
+IN presenting to the public a new work on DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, it is
+our aim to furnish practical designs and plans, adapted to the
+requirements of such as are about to build, or remodel and improve,
+their COUNTRY HOMES.
+
+The rapid progress in rural improvement and domestic embellishment all
+over the land, during the last quarter of a century, is evident to the
+observation of every traveler, and, as we have found during several
+years of professional experience, there has grown up a demand for
+architectural designs of various grades, from the simple farm cottage to
+the more elaborate and costly villa, which is not supplied by the
+several excellent works on this subject which are within the reach of
+the building and reading public.
+
+Among the permanent dwellers in the country this spirit of improvement,
+fostered as it is by the diffusion of publications in the various
+departments of Rural Art, and by a wider and more genial general culture
+as the means of intercommunication and education are increased, is
+becoming more manifest every year. But besides these intelligent farmers
+and tradesmen who make the country their home the year round, there is a
+large class of persons whose tastes or business avocations compel them
+to reside a considerable portion of the year in our cities or
+suburbs--prosperous merchants, bankers, professional men, and wealthy
+citizens--who have the tastes and means to command such enjoyments and
+luxuries as the country affords; who need the change in scenes,
+associations, employments and objects of interest, for themselves and
+their households, and who enjoy, with a keen relish, the seclusion, the
+comparative freedom from restraint, the pure, sweet air, the broad, open
+sunshine, and the numerous other rural advantages which are essentially
+denied them in their city homes.
+
+In former years this class of people resorted, almost exclusively, to
+the sea-side, and a few popular mineral springs, taking in, perhaps,
+Niagara in their transit, and rarely venturing into the wild and
+unexplored regions of Lake George. They returned to town in the early
+days of September, with many a backward, longing look at the attractions
+and delights from which they reluctantly tore themselves away, and
+settled down again to the weary tread-mill of business. But for some
+years past this class has largely increased in number, and instead of
+confining themselves to their former resorts, they now seek the upper
+country, and prolong their stay into the glorious days of Autumn. Many
+of them have provided permanent summer homes, among the hills and on the
+lake or river shores. They have bought, and built, and planted, until
+they have identified themselves with the chosen spot, and as their trees
+have taken root in the fertile soil, so have their affections taken root
+in the beautiful country. They hasten gladly to these rural scenes with
+the opening Summer, and they leave them with regret when the exigencies
+of business require their presence in the city,--when the Summer suns
+have ripened the luscious fruits, and the flowers fade with the frosty
+kisses of the cold, and the passenger birds fly Southward. This class of
+our population know where to find all the facilities for the best
+country enjoyments, and their ample means assure them a free choice of
+summer resorts, and adequate command of all the appliances of pleasant
+country living.
+
+But there is another and still larger class of citizens who have neither
+the means to enable them to keep up both town and country residences,
+nor such command of their time that they can pass two or three months of
+every summer away from their business. There are thousands of clerks and
+subordinate officers in the banking and insurance institutions in our
+cities and in our large commercial houses; there are many merchants who
+are making their way slowly and surely to competence and wealth, who
+would gladly compromise for one-third of such a summer vacation. These
+are men of intelligence, and sometimes of a good deal of social and
+intellectual culture and refinement. Many of them were born, and their
+boyhood nurtured amongst the hills. They love the country with the
+intensity and purity of a first love, and they long for communion once
+more with nature in all her moods of loveliness. Their sweetest dreams
+still, when they forget the hard realities of life, are of green lawns
+and sloping hill-sides, of waving trees and cool streams. And they would
+wish that their children should become familiar with the same wholesome
+associations, and be moved by the same attachments and inspirations. In
+the city they are constantly exposed to its excitements, and subjected
+to the restraints of its artificial modes, with few outward influences
+to counteract upon their development; with very little, indeed, except
+the discipline and the affections of home to emancipate them from the
+tendencies to a trivial, artificial, and sordid life. They would gladly
+supply to them the healthful tone and vigor--the outer and inner bloom
+and freshness--which are the product of out-door life in the pure air of
+the country. But they are compelled by considerations of economy, to
+forego most of these advantages, and allow their children to grow up
+with city tastes and habits. They long for the country but think they
+must content themselves with the town, until the time comes when their
+fortunes will enable them to command the coveted indulgences.
+
+The time may come, sooner than they anticipate, when they will be
+obliged to choose the country.
+
+Our towns are rapidly overflowing their local boundaries, and spreading
+out into suburbs, more or less beautiful and desirable. As far as New
+York city is concerned, it is simply a question of time how soon our
+middle-class citizens, who desire to live comfortably, with due regard
+to economical conditions, will be obliged to choose the country for
+their homes.
+
+During the last forty years this city has increased in population with a
+rapid and uniform rate. Within the memory of persons now living, it has
+grown from an inconsiderable commercial town, until it has become one of
+the great cities of the world. This rapid stride and steady progress
+furnish us with the elements for calculating the period when the whole
+island will be covered with buildings, and there will remain no more
+vacant space for the use of its commerce, or the domestic accommodation
+of its citizens. The present population of the city is estimated at
+fully one million. The entire territorial capacity of the city, the
+density of the population remaining the same as it is at present,
+cannot much exceed two millions. The ratio of increase during each
+period of five years, since 1820, is about twenty-eight per cent. It
+will thus be seen that the utmost limit of the city's capacity will be
+reached within the next sixteen or seventeen years, and New York will be
+a solid and compact city from the Battery to Westchester County.
+
+Meanwhile, the expenses of living in the city are increasing every year.
+Rents are higher now than ever before, and there is no prospect of their
+coming down for many years.
+
+For it must be remembered that when we renew our building operations,
+which have been nearly suspended for the last four years, in consequence
+of the unsettled condition of the country, we shall have to provide not
+only for the current increase in population, but for the deficiencies
+which result from the past four years or more, when comparatively few
+houses were erected. At the present time the rent of a convenient and
+respectable house, suitable to the requirements of a family having a
+fair income, and occupying a desirable position in society, is an
+excessive item of cost.
+
+And the remedy for this is to go into the country. Along the lines of
+our railroads and navigable waters there are localities where land is
+comparatively cheap,--beautiful, healthy regions, where the comforts of
+a rural home may be secured, with all the advantages of society, and of
+religious and educational establishments and institutions. The
+facilities for reaching these country homes are already adequate for
+general purposes, and will be increased every year, as the demand for
+them grows. Railroads and steamboats are built and run for the purpose
+of profit on freight and passenger transportation. According to the
+general law of trade, the supply will equal the demand, and as the
+population increases along our lines of travel, the facilities and
+accommodations for transit will be multiplied.
+
+Why, then, should the man who loves the country, and possesses tastes
+and capacities for its enjoyment, and yet is compelled by circumstances
+to practice economy in his mode of living, be restrained to the city
+limits? It is quite a practicable thing for him to realize his
+wishes,--live in the country and enjoy its best luxuries, without
+abandoning the city as far as its commercial advantages are concerned.
+There are localities _within an hour_ of the city hall, where land can
+be purchased at reasonable rates, and where all the advantages of health
+and beauty, of retirement, pure air and attractive scenery can be
+enjoyed for less money than is now expended in the narrow house in the
+crowded street, where every sense is offended--with no open sky or
+distant horizon tinged with the glories of the dying day or rising
+morn--no grassy lawns, or waving trees, or fragrant banks of flowers.
+
+For such accommodations as he has, he pays, we will say, a rent of one
+thousand or twelve hundred dollars. In the country he might purchase two
+acres of land and build a cottage, which would afford him all, or more,
+conveniences than he now has, without the necessity of climbing four or
+five flights of stairs--at an outlay, at the usual cost of building, not
+exceeding six thousand dollars. The interest on this sum would be four
+hundred and twenty dollars. The difference between this amount and his
+present house rent would in a few years pay the whole cost of the place,
+and he would have a _home_--a centre and gathering place for his
+domestic interests and affections.
+
+And this is no fancy sketch--no exaggerated statement of possibilities.
+We know of localities which can be reached from Wall Street in as many
+minutes as would be required to go to 50th Street, where land can be
+obtained for about five hundred dollars an acre, where there are all the
+conditions of health, good water, pure air, extensive and attractive
+views, and whatever else is desirable for a country home. In the
+direction we have now specially in mind, there are at least twenty
+railroad trains which daily stop at convenient stations, between the
+early morning and ten o'clock at night. For the ordinary purposes of
+business, and social intercourse, this is ample travelling
+accommodation, and as we said before, these accommodations will be
+increased in the proportion that the country population in the
+neighborhood of our cities becomes more dense, and thus creates a larger
+demand for such facilities.
+
+The necessity and desirableness of country homes being thus easily
+demonstrable, it is of importance to know how to choose sites for them,
+and how to build. The Poet-author of "Letters from under a bridge," has
+given a wise and admirable suggestion in regard to choice of sites,
+"leaving the climate and productiveness of soil out of the question, the
+main things to find united, are, _shade_, _water_, _and inequality of
+surface_. With these three features given by nature, any spot may be
+made beautiful, and at very little cost: and fortunately for purchasers
+in this country, most land is valued and sold with little or no
+reference to these or other capabilities for embellishment." There is an
+affluence of choice sites all over the country, and what we need most to
+learn is how to develop their capabilities, and add such fitting
+embellishments as belong to beautiful and convenient houses. Here it is
+that the popular taste requires additional cultivation. The impulse
+already given in this direction should be kept up. There is no
+deficiency of wealth for the appropriation and culture of these
+attractive places, and there is often a lavish expenditure upon country
+homes which ought to make them complete and even magnificent. But
+unfortunately we see, every year, costly establishments, designed for
+summer residences, or for permanent homes, built up with as little
+regard for taste, as for expense. The deficiency is found rather in the
+culture than in the dispositions and means of our people. And the remedy
+and supply for this must be provided by the dissemination of works
+treating upon this and kindred topics of rural art, by means of which
+the public taste may be refined and elevated to a higher standard.
+
+In constructing country houses there are several prime conditions to be
+observed, such as adaptation, accommodation, and expression. By
+adaptation is meant not only the arrangement of the main structure, as
+to form and material, to suit the locality and character of the grounds,
+but a fitness as respects the real wants--the habits and condition--of
+the occupants and the purposes of a country home. Nobody wants a modern
+city house planted down in the open country, nor should any sensible man
+seek a refuge from the bare streets of the city in the little less bare
+streets of a country village. There is no congruity between the
+classical forms of Grecian Architecture and the varying climate of our
+land.
+
+The material used in the construction of our country houses has not been
+sufficiently considered by us. Timber is abundant in almost all parts of
+the country, and the facility with which an
+establishment--mansion-house, office, and outbuildings--can be built up
+in a few weeks, of this material, has been the main reason, we suppose,
+why we have so many abortions, in the shape of Grecian temples, and
+miniature Gothic cathedrals and castles, scattered over the land. Let it
+be considered, that in building our country houses, we are not simply
+providing for ourselves, but for our children--we are constructing a
+homestead. It is for the want of this consideration that we have so few
+_homes_ in our country, so few home associations, around and among which
+our deepest and purest affections are entwined. Our thin lath and
+plaster constructions, which rattle and tremble in every wind and leak
+in every rain, do not afford very good or permanent centers for these
+associations and affections.
+
+We have some native woods that are durable, out of which we may build
+houses that will last for several generations; but with these, even, the
+cost of frequent repairs and painting is so great, to say nothing of the
+annoyances thereby entailed, that, in point of economy, wood is by no
+means the most desirable material. Nor is it, in any way, the most
+desirable. The prevailing taste in country dwellings, before Mr.
+Downing's time, was defective enough. A large, square, wooden house,
+painted intensely white, garnished with bright green Venetian
+blinds--standing in a contracted yard--inclosed with a red or white
+wooden fence, was the very beau ideal of a gentleman's country dwelling.
+We are thankful that this dispensation has passed away; and we revere
+the memory of Downing, and of others like him, who were instrumental in
+bringing in a better taste in such matters.
+
+The first cost of a stone or brick dwelling somewhat exceeds that of
+wood, even in places where these materials are readily obtained. But if
+they are properly constructed, such buildings will need very few repairs
+for many years. It is often objected, on the other hand, that such
+buildings are damp and unwholesome. This is, undoubtedly, true of many
+of the old stone houses which we find scattered about the country. And
+it is true, because they were not properly built. When properly built,
+they preserve the most equal temperature at all seasons. They are warm
+in winter and cool in summer, and the sudden changes which affect the
+weather without, need scarcely be felt by the delicate invalid within
+the walls of the stone mansion, if suitable attention is given to the
+simple matter of ventilation.
+
+But let us return to the subject of adaptation. The illustrations which
+occur to us may serve to furnish a somewhat clear idea of what we mean
+by the prime conditions necessary to be observed in building.
+
+By the term adaptation, we mean such choice of style, material, size
+and arrangement as shall fit the structure: 1st, to the site; 2d, to the
+climate; and 3d, to the uses for which it is built.
+
+And, first, as to the site: It would be obviously incongruous to erect
+the same house on these two different sites, with their different
+characteristic features and surroundings; for example, _the one_ a
+nearly level plane gently rising, perhaps, as you approach from the road
+the position where the house shall stand, and sloping away again towards
+other broad green fields and the fertile meadows beyond--with no
+background of hills or mountains, no irregularly formed lake, but with a
+placid, lazy stream, half-sleeping, half-gliding by the weeping elms,
+and among the scattered groups of stately, old trees:--_the other_, a
+romantic hillside in the native forest, with its neighboring mountain
+range, where in the bright summer-time, the noisy, laughing brook keeps
+time to your thoughts and fancies as you wander among the hills, and in
+the bleak winter the winds sigh mournfully through the pines or utter
+their clarion calls to the spirit of the storm.
+
+The one situation would be appropriate to the Italian villa, with its
+flat roof, and overhanging cornices, its spacious verandahs and
+balconies, all having that depth and boldness and variety of outline
+necessary to secure the proper effects of light and shadow which, the
+absence of all variety of form in the landscape, would render
+indispensable. But no man with an artist's eye would think, for a
+moment, of building such a house as this on our wooded hillside. He
+would construct there his English cottage in good solid stone, whose
+steep roofs would shed with facility the summer rain and the winter
+snow, whose irregularities of form and outline would harmonize with
+nature's Gothic work in precipice and rock, in trees and climbing vines.
+Or else, he would place there his Swiss chalét, which would be in
+harmony with the scene, and a pleasing object to the eye of the
+observer. On the broad, open plane the villa should be made, or seem, to
+cover a considerable space, while the nice cottage might be built more
+compactly.
+
+But here let us remark, that many of our attempts at the English
+cottage, generally known as the Gothic, have been failures, and some of
+them sad abortions.
+
+This comes from defective models and plans, and these defects arise
+mainly from these sources--the lack of boldness and variety in the main
+outlines, and in the construction of the roofs and chimneys. Such a
+cottage, to be pleasing and satisfactory, must have irregularities in
+form, variety in ornament, and boldness in treatment. A square house
+with additions of gables, and dormers and pinnacles, and ridge crests,
+will not give us an English cottage. It is a work of art, like a poem
+or a picture, and not a mechanical aggregation of Gothic features and
+ornaments. We were about to say that it should never be attempted in any
+other material than stone, but as many of us cannot command the means
+for such permanent buildings, we will concede that it may be allowable
+for us to put our wooden buildings into the cottage form, using the best
+taste and the most beautiful and picturesque styles, even if the
+material is objectionable.
+
+One other observation, before we return to our main topic, may be
+indulged. It is simply the suggestion that too little attention has been
+paid to the _sky-outlines_ of our country houses. Roofs and chimney-tops
+have been treated as necessary evils, instead of being made, as they may
+be, highly ornamental. The unity of the plan, as a work of art, is lost
+as you ascend above the eaves, all the rest seeming like excrescences
+growing out of structures otherwise commendable and satisfactory. The
+superior horizontal lines of the roof will depend somewhat upon the
+background of the house. When a building is placed upon the crest of a
+hill, or upon a slope descending from the main point of view, so that
+its outlines are seen against the sky, the treatment of the plan will be
+obviously different from that required where the background is solid, as
+a hill or a forest. In any case, however, the horizontal lines should be
+broken, as far as practicable, by making the roofs of the several parts
+of the house of unequal height.
+
+It will be apparent, without special argument, that our choice of style
+in our country houses should be controlled essentially by the climate.
+In our northern climate, the flat roof is objectionable, and we are
+obliged to modify the Italian styles somewhat in this respect, to
+obviate inconveniences. The hot summer sun, when, as on an August day,
+in the city,
+
+          "The pavements all are piping hot,
+            The sky above is brazen,
+          And every head as good as dead
+            The sun can shed his rays on,"
+
+will be more than likely to open the joints and seams of the flat roof,
+and the sudden shower coming down with the force of a tropical storm,
+will find its way through, sadly to the detriment of our ceilings, our
+stuccoes and frescoes, as well as to the comfort and the commendable
+equability of temper of those who suffer the invasion. The heavy winter
+snows, too, require a steep roof, from which they will readily dislodge
+themselves without injury.
+
+And so in the interior arrangements of the house, the provisions for
+heating and ventilation, for summer freedom and winter coziness, for
+domestic comfort and the exercise of the commendable grace of country
+hospitality, due regard must be had to the conditions of climate. There
+must be a proper adaptation to them, if we would secure satisfactory
+country homes.
+
+And this brings us to our last topic, the uses for which our country
+seats are built. The place designed simply for a summer residence for
+the citizen, who is obliged to be at his office or counting room daily,
+bating the few weeks of summer vacation, need not be so complete in its
+appointments and arrangements, as the permanent country residence. One
+essential condition, however, in this case is, that there shall be _room
+enough_, with ample verandahs, and shaded gravel walks, which will
+afford opportunities for open air exercise in all states of the weather.
+There is nothing, perhaps, that interferes so essentially with the
+citizen's enjoyment of the country, as the want of facilities for out
+door exercise. It is too hot or too dusty to ride or walk, before the
+shower, and after its refreshment has come, it is too wet and muddy.
+Spacious verandahs, shaded with vines, and well-made walks, always firm
+and dry, bordered with shrubbery, or overhung with trees, will give us
+"ample scope and verge enough."
+
+But the uses of country seats depend mainly upon the tastes and
+habitudes of the occupants; and their adaptation in style size and
+arrangement should be accordingly. We believe there is no law against a
+man's building an elegant library and picture gallery, though he may
+have no taste for literature or art, but having plenty of money,
+chooses to make this display of it. There are a great many absurdities
+to which poor, frail humanity is liable, against which the legislature,
+in its wisdom, has not thought it worth while to make solemn and
+positive enactments; it is better for the general moral condition of
+society, perhaps, that the vulgar rich man's ambition for display should
+manifest itself in books and pictures, rather than in fast horses. Might
+not the cultivation of the garden--vegetables, fruits and flowers,--take
+the place of both, as simple means of display? These are wholesome and
+agreeable employments even for those who have passed that time of life
+when a taste for books and art may be acquired.
+
+A country seat should combine and express the real uses which are
+required by the intellectual and social condition of its occupants, and
+not attract attention as blazoning the wealth and money importance of
+the owner. If he is rich, let him make it as complete and simply elegant
+as he will, and this he may do without proclaiming to every passer-by
+his miserable pride of wealth.
+
+With these preliminary observations, we submit our work to the judgment
+of those who are interested in these subjects. We have not included in
+our present volume any considerable number of designs for the more
+spacious and costly Villa, the work being designed for popular use and
+to meet a demand which is unprovided for by previous publications.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 1.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--_Front Elevation._]
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--_End Elevation._]
+
+
+This design as shown in figures 1 and 2, is for a laborer's cottage
+intended to be erected on the grounds connected with a fine estate on
+the western slope of the Palisades in New Jersey. It is to be built of
+rough stone, plainly finished. It is 16 by 24 feet outside, having a
+living-room with bed room on the first floor, (Fig. 3,) a large pantry,
+stairway, etc., and a fine cellar below. The second floor (Fig. 4,) has
+two bed-rooms, well lighted and ventilated, and large closets to each.
+This size will admit of several different arrangements; the rear door
+might open out from the pantry, and afford more convenient access to the
+cellar stairs, to get in heavy articles, and shut out some cold in
+winter, but would interfere with the fine ventilation so necessary in
+summer to a generally heated apartment, as a kitchen, dining, and
+living-room combined. A porch might be placed over the rear door, or
+better still, at a small additional expense, a summer-kitchen and
+wood-house might be added. A house of this accommodation is usually the
+first one put up by settlers on the western prairies. They are built of
+wood, balloon frame, with a plain pitch roof, without ornament.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--_Second Floor._]
+
+The elevations as shown, give a greater variety than is usual in this
+class of building, and a house thus constructed may afterwards become a
+very pretty portion of a larger and more expensive structure.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 2.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.--_Front Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.--_Side Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.--_First Floor._]
+
+The second design (Fig. 5,) is for a frame building giving more variety
+of outline. The plan (Fig. 7,) separates the sitting room from the
+kitchen and dining room, and insures more privacy. There is also a
+greater abundance of closets, though smaller. One of the bed rooms above
+might be divided into two, and thus increase the accommodation. A
+portion of the cellar may also be finished for a kitchen, and the
+living room used as a dining room. This plan admits of future additions
+being made without destroying the harmony or proportion of the building.
+To one of moderate means, such a mode of building presents some
+attractions, as it affords a house for immediate wants, to which
+additions may be made as one's means increase. Such houses, if
+tastefully furnished and embellished with suitable surroundings, as neat
+and well-kept grounds, fine trees, shrubbery, flowers, and climbing
+vines, will always attract more attention and admiration than the
+uninviting aspect of many more expensive structures. Money tastefully
+expended in this manner will always yield gratifying results.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.--_Second Floor._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 3.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.--_Front Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.--_Side Elevation._]
+
+This design is similar, in some respects, to design No. 2, and gives,
+perhaps, the most compact arrangement of rooms for a building having so
+irregular an outline. Exteriorly considered, there is much to be admired
+in variety, and light and shadow, the different elevations being
+entirely unlike each other, and affording a constant change from every
+point of view; an object, we think, very much to be desired in cottage
+architecture, and when well managed never fails to make a pleasing
+impression. A high, bold appearance, without the overhanging eaves or
+depth of shadow, is not suitable for a country house; a feeling is
+created that something is wanting to make up the accessories of an
+agreeable habitation.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.--_Basement Plan._]
+
+In this plan, (Fig. 11,) the kitchen is in the basement, convenient to
+the cellar, and with a good pantry attached to it. It is put there for
+the purpose of economizing in the construction. Our own preference is to
+put the kitchen in a well ventilated wing on a level with the main
+floor, and thus avoid, as much as possible, the necessity of running up
+and down stairs. This can be done at any future time when desired, as,
+indeed, can any addition of other rooms be made to meet the wants of an
+increasing family. A dumb waiter connects the kitchen with the dining
+room, and thus saves many steps.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.--_First Floor._]
+
+The first floor (Fig. 12,) gives parlor, dining room, and a library,
+with a roomy vestibule, and a side door or private entrance, and
+supplies all the wants of a small family. The library might be used for
+a bed room. On the second floor (Fig. 13,) are 3 bed rooms with closets.
+
+The engravings are intended to tell their own story as far as possible,
+and but little explanation is necessary to make them fully
+comprehensible. In the matter of cost, one can hardly give a price that
+is reliable; the enormous advance in some building materials and slight
+advance in others, disarrange all old standards of estimating.
+Localities, of course, have much to do with the cost; yet, above all
+others, the business management must be considered. A good manager,
+thoroughly familiar with the qualities and values of materials, who
+knows how to direct labor to the best advantage, will execute work at a
+less cost than one who undertakes his own building without a previous
+training.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.--_Second Floor._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 4.
+
+
+This is a perspective view of a cottage, designed to afford a reasonable
+amount of accommodation for an average sized family, and which, if
+tastefully furnished, and fitted with suitable landscape surroundings,
+will convey a pleasing impression to all; much more so than dwellings of
+a more expensive class, where sufficient attention is not given to such
+accessories.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.--_Perspective._]
+
+The plans of this house are compact, the rooms opening into each other
+in such a manner as to afford easy communication and economy in heating.
+The porch is spacious, and more pleasant than the long, narrow verandah.
+The supply of water for all purposes is from a filtering cistern, which
+is connected with the kitchen sink, by a pump. The entire house may be
+heated by a furnace, hot water, or steam, as is most preferable; or
+stoves may be used in nearly all the rooms, if first cost is to be
+closely considered. A passage underneath the staircase connects with the
+side door from the vestibule, and, with the exception of the library,
+all parts of the house are accessible without passing through other
+rooms.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.--_Basement Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.--_Second Floor._]
+
+In the vicinity of large cities, and more particularly the city of New
+York, there are reasons which have a money value to them, why more
+attention should be given to suburban architecture, and why capitalists,
+as well as individuals, should undertake the construction of
+moderate-priced buildings, that shall command attention from the
+harmonious combination of fine architectural effects. It requires but a
+very limited experience to become aware of the fact, that dwellings of
+precisely the same cost, and similarly situated, will differ in their
+rental at least one half, and it is mainly owing to the reason that one
+is properly designed, and the other perhaps an amateur performance,
+modeled after the ill-proportioned Greek pediment style, too prevalent
+to be countenanced for a moment by any one who prides himself on his
+good taste. There can be no question that a fitly designed cottage,
+conveniently arranged, adds, independently of its own cost, a large per
+centage to the value of the acres which surround it, and is the point
+which arrests the eye and secures the purchaser. Rapid rail-road
+facilities, lower rents, more healthful localities, and the fact that
+the growth of this city "_Spuyten Duyvelward_" has reached a point
+beyond the convenient access of the strictly business man, necessarily
+turn the attention of those who look to the full measure of comfort, to
+a suburban life, ten to fifteen miles away from the unceasing noise and
+hurry of the city, where the business of the day is forgotten, and fresh
+air, fresh milk, butter and eggs, fruits, flowers, birds, &c., are
+luxuries unknown in town. Taking a strictly money view of building
+operations, for sale and rent, in suburban localities, and more
+particularly about New York, it would promise, by every course of
+reasoning, a remunerative return, if the plan were judiciously and
+tastefully carried out. The wants of the public, however, are so
+unequal, and their opinions so varied by the circumstances under which
+they are formed, that, unless an attractive beginning can be shown,
+very desirable property may remain a long time on the market. If we
+canvass real estate thoroughly, we shall find that property sells first,
+and at the best prices, which has ever so humble a cottage on it, a
+starting point in which one may temporarily reside, and lay out his
+plans of future operations; for the construction of a country place is
+of all things one with which to make haste slowly. With those actively
+engaged in business, and to whom time is every thing, there is no
+disposition to add the labor and annoyances of building; the demand is
+for a home ready for occupancy; the thought is entertained, and the
+wish gratified, simply because the opportunity presented itself; but it
+is far less trouble for young and middle-aged business men to stick to
+the city, than to give the time for building, particularly when they
+undertake their own architecture. Let capitalists invite them by snug,
+well-built, convenient, and tasteful cottages, and the demand will
+always be in advance of the supply, in all healthy localities, having
+rapid, reliable, and frequent communication with the city.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.--_First Floor Enlarged._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 5.
+
+A GARDENER'S COTTAGE.
+
+
+The accompanying design was made for William C. Bryant, Esq., by Fred'k
+S. Copley, Esq., Artist, Tompkinsville, Staten Island, and was erected
+on his beautiful estate at Roslyn, Long Island, in 1862. It stands on
+the hill above his residence, overlooking the bay from the village to
+the Sound, possessing one of the finest views on the Island. It was
+intended as a gardener's lodge, and to accommodate one or two families,
+as circumstances might require, (one on each floor,) giving each three
+rooms, and a joint right to the scullery, sink, and cellar.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.--_Perspective View._]
+
+_Arrangement._--The first story is 9 feet in the clear throughout, with
+every convenience suitable for the health and comfort of the occupants.
+From the porch, a small hall, lighted from the roof, is entered, with
+doors on either hand, to parlor or living room, and staircase passage in
+front, communicating with the kitchen at the back, chambers above, and
+cellar beneath.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.--_First Floor._]
+
+The chamber floor, second story, is 9 feet in the clear through the
+centre, and 6 feet at the sides, (from the floor to the plate,) the roof
+cutting off three feet of the ceiling at the sides at an angle of 45
+degrees. This loss of a few feet of the ceiling is more than compensated
+by the cottage-like effect it gives to the rooms, harmonizing the inside
+with the external appearance. The two principal chambers are provided
+with fire-places and ample closet room. The one over the parlor has two
+closets, built outside the frame, and a door into the single room, over
+the porch, forming a most desirable family chamber. Both these rooms
+have ventilators in the same chimney breast, and the small one may be
+warmed by a stove leading thereto. The other has a large closet over the
+store-room for trunks, linen, &c. The attic room over the kitchen wing
+is intended for the domestics.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.--_Chamber Floor._]
+
+By reference to the plans, it will be seen that every room is of good
+size and form, cheerfully lighted, thoroughly ventilated, and of easy
+access one to another, at the same time that privacy, so essential, is
+maintained throughout.
+
+_Construction._--The building is constructed of wood, vertically sided,
+and battened, (with 1-1/2 inch tongued and grooved pine plank,) with
+horizontal strips in line of the window sills and floors, to hide the
+buts, and small triangular pieces in the corners, which gives the pretty
+effect of paneling. The whole is stained by a mixture of oil, &c., that
+heightens the grain of the wood, and gives a brightness of color, and
+that cheerfulness of effect, so desirable in rural dwellings. The roof
+is of slate, in bands of purple and green, and the chimneys are
+surmounted by terra-cotta pots. The whole is filled in with brick.
+
+This cottage is built in a substantial and plain manner, with cellar
+under kitchen, cemented on the gravel the same as the cistern, and all
+the interior wood work is oiled and stained.
+
+As a specimen of cottage architecture, (on the smallest scale, lodge
+class,) it will rank as one of the best. For simplicity, variety of
+form, symmetry of proportion, with convenience of arrangement and
+economy of space and construction, it forms a model cottage, that any
+one might live in and many covet, besides being an addition to the
+landscape and an ornament to the grounds.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 6.
+
+STONE STABLE AND COACH HOUSE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.--_Perspective._]
+
+This design was erected on the Hudson, during the past year, of the
+beautiful rock faced stone so abundant between the Spuyten Duyvil and
+the Highlands, and is a good example of such a building as will meet the
+requirements of a moderately extensive establishment. It is conveniently
+arranged, enabling all the work to be done with the most ease, and gives
+thorough light and ventilation, so essential to the health and comfort
+of animals. The time has gone by to give prospective prices for
+anything, but we have seen the day when this building might have been
+erected for about $4,000. A room for the coachman may easily be made on
+the second floor, and the plan increased or decreased to suit the wants
+of any one.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.--_Ground Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 7.
+
+A FARM COTTAGE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.--_Perspective View._]
+
+We show in this design a style of cottage which, in these high priced
+times of lumber and labor, can be erected at a very reasonable figure;
+and although prepared for a farm cottage, will admit of such changes as
+will adapt it to the wants of those who require a higher grade of
+accommodation. It is the most natural thing in the world for any one to
+take up a plan and suggest innumerable changes and additions, always
+forgetting the unalterable condition of price, situation, and object,
+which restrained the architect while working it up. To prepare a design
+regardless of expense is a very different matter from devising one that
+gives the largest amount of accommodation within a fixed limit of cost.
+We shall arrive gradually at the precise figures, and endeavor to get
+the accommodation wanted by some of our readers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.--_Cellar._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.--_Second Floor._]
+
+It has been frequently observed that the gate lodges and farm cottages
+attached to large estates are generally more attractive in their
+architectural proportions and beauty than the mansion itself; and this
+has been usually attributed to the education of the proprietor's tastes,
+the cottages being the latest erections. This impression is not,
+however, always true; for there is a peculiar beauty and attractiveness
+about cottage architecture which can not be produced in buildings of a
+larger and more commodious class. Certain it is that a prettily designed
+cottage will always arrest attention. "Among the first and most
+pleasing impressions," says a late writer, "of our trite friend, the
+intelligent foreigner, as he entered England by the old Dover road, were
+those suggested by the little whitewashed and woodbined cottages which
+caught his eye at every turn. All books of travels on English ground are
+full of them. Snugly sheltered in its bower of apple trees, or more
+stately group of walnuts, approachable only by its rustic stairs, or
+dotted at neighborly distances along the straggling village, with its
+trim garden of lavender and wall flowers, seen through the wicket gate
+or over the privet hedge, the English cottage, above or below, near or
+in the distance, was alike the delight and envy of the traveler, the
+theme of the journalist and the poet. 'There is scarce a cottage,' says
+an American tourist just landed from America and France, 'between Dover
+and London which a poet might not be happy to live in. I saw a hundred
+little spots I coveted with quite a heart-ache.' Whether or not Rogers
+would have given up his picture-lighted snuggery in St. James' Place for
+his 'Cot beside the hill,' and really preferred to have his latch lifted
+by the pilgrim, instead of his knocker by a London footman, it is
+certain that the cottage homes of England that border the main roads
+have long possessed a beauty far beyond the houses in other lands
+belonging to classes much higher in the social scale, and have been
+coveted, sometimes not without reason, by those who could, if they
+chose, have purchased them fifty times over."
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 8.
+
+
+This design for a timber cottage is simple and at the same time
+picturesque, and built upon a site adapted to it, and in harmony with
+the architectural expression, the effect could not fail to be in a high
+degree pleasing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.--_Perspective View._]
+
+It will be seen that some of the principal timbers of the frame are
+intended to show on the outside, and that there is a designed contrast
+between the horizontal siding extending to the top of the posts, and the
+vertical and battened covering of the pediment above the ornamental
+string course. The brackets and posts which support the roof of the
+porches, should be chamfered, and these timbers should be of sufficient
+thickness to avoid any appearance of meanness, while at the same time,
+they should not be too heavy, and so destroy the proportions of the
+design.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.--_Cellar._]
+
+The roof should be covered with shingles having their ends clipped or
+rounded.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.--_Second Floor._]
+
+The cellar may be divided in such way as to serve the wants of the
+occupants. A portable furnace might be placed at the foot of the
+basement stairs, which would warm the rooms on the first floor, and
+temper the air of the chambers above.
+
+The interior accommodations and conveniences are readily seen on
+inspection of the plans--(Figs. 30. 31). There is no waste of room, and
+for the uses of a small family, the accommodations would be found as
+ample as could well be obtained in a cottage of such size and cost.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 9.--RURAL CHURCH.
+
+DESIGNED BY THE REV. DR. CRESSY.
+
+
+This design is intended for a church which is to occupy a beautiful and
+commanding site on the western shore of Lake George, in the midst of the
+original forest, and is now in process of erection. It will also meet
+the requirements of several correspondents who have requested plans for
+rural churches which could be erected as economically and cheaply as
+possible, with due regard to proportion, fitness and beauty of
+expression.
+
+This design will be found to comprehend, we may say, in an eminent
+degree, variety of outline, correctness of detail, force of expression
+and purity of taste, with simplicity of execution, and in those parts of
+the country where lumber is abundant, and labor not exorbitant, it can
+be erected at a low cost.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32.--_Perspective._]
+
+We have a right to congratulate ourselves on the improvement which the
+last quarter of a century has witnessed among our people in the building
+and adorning of our edifices devoted to Christian worship. Downing, in
+his time, said, "that the ugliest church architecture in Christendom, is
+at this moment to be found in the country towns and villages of the
+United States." And speaking of the influence of what our churches
+should be, in the beauty of their proportions, and in the expression of
+the sacred purposes which they embody, and the feelings of reverence and
+harmony with God and man which they suggest, he fitly says--"We fear
+there are very few country churches in our land that exert this kind of
+spell,--a spell which grows out of making stone, and brick, and timber,
+obey the will of the living soul, and express a religious sentiment.
+Most persons, most committees, select men, vestrymen, and congregations,
+who have to do with the building of churches, appear indeed wholly to
+ignore the fact, that the form and feature of a building may be made to
+express religious, civil, domestic, or a dozen other feelings, as
+distinctly as the form and features of the human face:--and yet this is
+a fact as well known by all true architects, as that joy and sorrow,
+pleasure and pain, are capable of irradiating or darkening the
+countenance. Yes, and we do not say too much, when we add, that right
+expression in a building for religious purposes, has as much to do with
+awakening devotional feelings, and begetting an attachment in the heart,
+as the unmistakable signs of virtue and benevolence in our
+fellow-creatures have in awakening kindred feelings in our own breasts.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33.--_Floor Plan._]
+
+"We do not, of course, mean to say that a beautiful rural church will
+make all the population about it devotional, any more than that sunshine
+will banish gloom; but it is one of the influences that prepare the way
+for religious feeling, and which we are as unwise to neglect, as we
+should be to abjure the world and bury ourselves, like the ancient
+troglodytes, in caves and caverns."
+
+Happily we are coming to appreciate these truths, not only in our
+cities, but in the country, and the ugly, unsightly, and unseemly
+structures which have so long deformed the land are giving place to
+edifices in which the true ideas of harmony, grace, proportion, symmetry
+and expression, which make what we call Beauty, are brought out in due
+proportion.
+
+The church we present is designed to be of wood, the country about the
+site affording an abundance of that material, at the lowest cost. An
+inspection of the design will show that the principal timbers of the
+frame are intended to be visible externally,--the weather-boarding being
+set back from the face of the posts and beams. This exterior covering is
+intended to be made of sound _rough_ plank, from ten to fourteen inches
+wide, and at least one and a-half inches thick. These are to be tongued
+and grooved, so as to make a close joint, and nailed to the frame in a
+_vertical_ manner. The joint is to be covered with a narrow strip, or
+batten, of one and a-half inch plank. These unplaned plank may be
+painted with two good coats and sanded, or they may be left to take such
+tints and complexion as time and the weather may give them.
+
+Lumber, at the proposed site, being cheaper and more easily obtained
+than lime, the interior of the church will be neatly ceiled with narrow
+boards, which will be lightly stained and oiled. The roof will be "open
+timber" of simple construction. All the wood work of the interior will
+be of pine, smoothly planed, stained and oiled, without paint, except
+the ceiling of the roof which should be colored, in order to give
+something like warmth of tone to the interior, the lack of which is
+often sadly felt in our country churches, particularly.
+
+This mode of weather-boarding and "open timber" finish is now so common
+that a more particular description is unnecessary.
+
+This church will seat, comfortably, about two hundred persons. Its cost
+will depend entirely upon the price of lumber and labor, of course, and
+these vary with different localities, and are particularly uncertain at
+this time. We will only add that it will cost no more to build with
+correct proportions and in good taste, than in disregard and defiance of
+these desirable and commendable principles.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 10.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34.--_Perspective._]
+
+We give below a somewhat different example of Cottage Architecture, of a
+form that is compact and every way available, at the same time affording
+every convenience in the arrangement of rooms desirable for a family of
+refined tastes and moderate means. This cottage may be built of wood,
+or, better still, in favorable localities, of brick or stone, and if
+suitably surrounded with tasteful landscape embellishments, will make a
+snug, pretty, and attractive home. One can, by the exercise of
+appropriate taste, produce the right kind of an impression in a house of
+this character. It should become a part of, and belong to the acres
+which surround it; it should be an indispensable accessory to the place
+itself, and the grounds should be laid out and embellished in such a
+manner that the whole combination impresses all with harmonious beauty,
+and not, as is too frequently the case, seek to make up the wretched
+deficiencies in the grounds by elaborate expenditure and display about
+the house. A true appreciation of country life will not tolerate
+slovenly, ill-kept grounds, and no house exhibits its true value unless
+there is a harmony in its surroundings. If this be attended to, a high
+degree of effect can be produced in houses of very moderate cost;
+houses that shall be roomy, warm, substantial, and in every way
+agreeable to their occupants.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35.--_Basement Plan._]
+
+The plans show the arrangement of rooms, and these can be made larger or
+smaller, or be differently disposed, to suit almost any fancy. In this
+design the kitchen apartments are below stairs; in future plans we shall
+give some with kitchen, laundry, etc., on the principal floor; or they
+can be readily added to this plan. The cost of a house is the one thing
+desirable; every one asks for it, and yet every one within our knowledge
+who has built a house himself at a stated price has been sadly deceived.
+Close specifications are very dry reading, and not appropriate here,
+and it is questionable how much service they would be to any but
+professional builders. It is reasonable to suppose, that if one without
+building experience undertakes it, he will have to pay something
+additional for the knowledge he will gain. If he places it to the proper
+account, then we can not be accused of misleading him.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37.--_Second Floor._]
+
+Most men contemplate, at some period of life, the construction of a
+dwelling-house, but few deem it necessary to study their wants or
+prepare their plans until they have selected their site and made all
+other arrangements for building, and then proceed with all possible
+haste to plan a home. That which should have been the study of months or
+years, is hurried through in as many days, imperfectly done at the best,
+and the cause of frequent annoying and expensive changes after the work
+has commenced. It is true, that the site has very much to do with the
+distribution of rooms, but any ingenious architect can readily adapt a
+proper combination of rooms to suit the exposures and views of a
+particular site. It would be vastly better for those who prefer to
+arrange their own plan of rooms, (and there are but very few who do
+not,) that they take abundant time to consider well every thing relating
+to them; and although the hope of building may be very remote, it should
+not be considered time lost to begin to give one's thoughts a definite
+form of what he thinks a house should be; for if nothing else results,
+it may furnish a valuable hint for a friend, and will certainly enlarge
+one's information and experience in these matters. Almost every one is
+capable, with such hints as have been freely given in the volumes of the
+HORTICULTURIST, in the leading papers which treat on rural art, and the
+numerous valuable publications on rural architecture, to make such a
+combination of rooms as will best suit his peculiar wants, tastes, or
+fancies, and then, with the aid of an architect, it can readily be freed
+from mechanical impracticabilities, and put into a proportionate and
+harmonious form. Architecture, both in design and construction, is a
+profession that requires long years of study and practice to develop an
+expert, and those who really want a good thing at the least cost,
+usually seek such assistance; those who prefer to do their own designing
+and building, find out with absolute certainty the most expensive modes
+of erecting very ugly and ill-proportioned structures.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 11.
+
+A SUBURBAN SUMMER HOUSE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38.]
+
+In the adornment of ornamental grounds, some considerable attention has
+been given to summer houses, and similar structures; but these have been
+mainly _rustic_ in their design and finish, and in this respect well
+adapted to their purpose and surroundings. The good taste of these
+structures will not be called in question. There are locations, however,
+in the more immediate vicinity of our large cities, where a style less
+rustic would seem to be more in harmony with the architecture which is
+found to prevail. We refer to residences on the outskirts of our large
+cities, with inclosures containing a few city lots. Here the
+architecture, so far from being rural, is, on the contrary, stiff,
+sharp, and sometimes very ornate. A rustic summer house in such a place
+would be an incongruity. A rustic house is in itself a beautiful object;
+but there is a certain charm in association which can not be widely
+departed from without doing violence to our conceptions of the fitness
+of things; and hence a purely rustic house without rural surroundings is
+destitute of the chief elements which give rise to the beautiful. Most
+persons would say it was out of place.
+
+The design herewith presented was prepared to meet the requirements of
+such a case; it is consequently somewhat elaborate. It is located on a
+small plot of ground within the city limits, and in full view from three
+streets. The grounds are laid out with a few rectangular walks, and such
+shrubs as the small size of the place would admit of. The house, we
+think corresponds with its surroundings. Its faults, if any, are a
+little too much ornament, but something of this kind seemed to be
+required in the absence of that more beautiful ornamentation produced by
+the drapery of Nature. The house is so located that it receives the
+morning sun for a few hours, but during the rest of the day is in the
+shade; it therefore constitutes a pleasant place of retreat for the
+family at all hours, and is used by the children freely as a play house.
+The floor is laid in narrow stuff, and is elevated a foot above the
+ground for the sake of dryness. Easy seats, a handsome centre table, and
+a hanging lamp complete the interior. Venetian blinds afford ample
+protection on a misty day or a chilly night, or admit the soft summer
+breeze on a hot and sultry eve.--_Horticulturist._
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 12.
+
+STABLE AND CARRIAGE HOUSE.
+
+
+This stable affords abundant accommodation for three horses, with
+carriage house, feed room, and a large harness room on the first floor,
+while the loft above may contain a coachman's room, and leave ample
+space for hay and straw.
+
+If required, a shed and cow house can be extended on the side opposite
+the carriage house, thus adding considerably to the effect of the
+external appearance. Under the stable there should be a cellar for the
+storage of roots for feed, and, if desirable, the winter stock of
+vegetables for household use. This stable may be built of wood, or of
+stone or brick.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40.--_Stable Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 13.
+
+
+This design is intended to cover, at a low cost, as much comfort and
+convenience as a moderate-sized family would require, and to distribute
+the same as much as possible on one floor.
+
+The cellar or basement kitchen is dispensed with and only enough cellar
+room provided to meet the wants of those who occupy suburban places of a
+few acres in extent. Where large quantities of vegetables are stored, or
+where cellar room is required for farm purposes, we think it better to
+build cellars separate from the residence, (an arrangement much more
+healthful, as well as convenient and desirable.) For the preservation in
+warm weather of meats, milk, and other perishable articles, a
+refrigerator, or, better still, an ice closet, can be set up at one end
+of the laundry. This can be supplied with ice through an outside door,
+and is infinitely better and more convenient than any cellar or spring
+house.
+
+The kitchen is without a fire-place, but is provided with a ventilator
+in the chimney near the ceiling. The cooking may be done by a stove,
+which, if properly contrived, is one of the most effective ventilators,
+and preferred by many housekeepers for all kitchen purposes. Or a range
+can be placed in the chimney, if desirable, or a fire-place, if it
+should be considered indispensable.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41.--_Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42.--_Plan._]
+
+A door under the stair-way separates the front and rear halls, and
+disconnects the kitchen apartments from the rest of the house. All the
+doors opening into the rear hall should be hung with the new spiral
+spring butt, the best door spring that has come under our notice. It is
+entirely concealed, and works without a fault.
+
+The closets in the dining room are finished to give an interior
+appearance of a bay window. The dining room and the two chambers above,
+are intended to be heated by a fire-place heater set in the chimney,
+thus warming three rooms, at pleasure, with one fire. A small stove in
+the library will keep that comfortable. Or, in place of all this, the
+whole house may be heated by any of the approved modes, in the use of
+hot air, hot water, or steam.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43.--_First Floor._]
+
+The library, parlor, or general living room in a country house--and we
+like these rooms in one--should have the cheerful, healthful luxury of
+an open fire-place, and we know of no more elegant, cleanly and
+effective contrivance for this purpose than Dixon's low down,
+Philadelphia Grate, in which wood, coal, or any other fuel can be used
+equally well. The advantages combined in this grate are these:--the
+fire flat on the hearth, and radiating the heat from an oval cast iron
+backing: cold air supplied from below, and ashes, dirt, &c., shaken down
+into an ash-pit in the cellar, beneath the grate. We speak confidently
+of this invention, after a trial of two winters, and do not hesitate to
+say that, compared with this, the ordinary grate is worthless. Large
+rooms can be kept perfectly comfortable in the coldest weather, without
+heat from any other source.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44.--_Second Floor._]
+
+This house is supplied with a cistern, constructed with the utmost care,
+ten feet in diameter, and ten feet deep, holding 6,000 gallons of
+water. The roof is of slate, and the rain-water is therefore of great
+purity, free from color, and the woody taste usually imparted to it by
+falling on a shingle roof.
+
+At the laundry sink is one of West's lift and force pumps, which draws
+the water from the cistern. This pump is a simple and effective affair,
+and works with remarkable ease, is always in order, and may be
+considered one of the best pumps known. We have given it a thorough
+trial, and speak from personal knowledge.
+
+On one side of the laundry sink there is also one of Kedzie's large size
+rain-water filters, which holds several pails full of water, and which
+we commend as an admirable contrivance for the purposes intended. It
+possesses every merit claimed for it, and after more than a year's use,
+the water drawn from it is of such crystal purity and sweetness as to
+attract the attention of all to whom it is offered.
+
+No well has been dug or contemplated on the premises connected with this
+cottage. About one-half the cost of a well has been expended upon a
+slate roof, a large and carefully-constructed cistern, West's pump and
+Kedzie's filter--the other half has been safely invested in U. S.
+7-30's, and instead of hoisting water fifty feet, for household, garden,
+and stable uses, the turn of a croton water tap is not more easy and
+convenient, and the finest flow of a silver spring of soft water, is
+not more beautiful than that delivered by West's pump and Kedzie's
+filter, which supplies for all purposes of the cottage, stable, and
+garden, water unsurpassed in its pleasant and wholesome properties.
+Those who seek the most convenient and reliable modes of procuring the
+purest and sweetest water, will find this to be the least costly and the
+most satisfactory.
+
+For a compact, convenient cottage, with every facility for doing the
+work of the household, with the least number of steps--in which all the
+essential modern conveniences are introduced, without the modern prices
+attached--for a low-priced, elegant cottage, we do not know of any plan
+more appropriate than this.
+
+In the construction of this house a bay-window was introduced in front,
+in the parlor, (Fig. 43.) and the veranda was made half octagon. These
+alterations add much to exterior appearance, as well as to the capacity
+of the parlor. On the side of the parlor and dining room an addition is
+contemplated, which will relieve the apparent want of variety which now
+exists, and essentially improve the external appearance.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 14.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45.--_Cottage Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46.--_Plan._]
+
+Fig. 45 shows a design for a cottage stable, giving accommodations for a
+horse and cow, two carriages, one or two wagons, and two tons of hay.
+The main building is so proportioned, that three more stalls may be
+added, and it may then become the wing of a larger building, to be used
+for carriage room and other purposes. For those who keep but one horse
+and cow, this design affords abundant room.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 15.
+
+ICE HOUSE.
+
+
+It is only within a few years that ice, in all seasons, has been classed
+among the necessaries of life. In large cities it is indispensable, but
+the cool spring-house or cellar in the country impresses many with the
+idea that ice, in summer months, can only be regarded as a luxury. Along
+with other conveniences in keeping with this progressive age, the
+ice-house has its place, and a country-seat of any pretensions is not
+complete without it.
+
+It is simple in construction, and can be built very cheaply of rough
+materials, or made as elaborate as is desirable. It forms a pretty
+feature about the grounds, if treated with some architectural taste.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47.--_Ice House._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48.--_Ground Plan._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49.--_Perspective._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 16.
+
+
+This design, with the accompanying plans sufficiently explain themselves
+without minute description. The arrangement, as will be seen upon
+examination, secures a very large amount of accommodation, with good
+sized rooms, and ample store and closet conveniences. The building is
+compact, and at the same time presents a pleasing variety in its
+exterior appearance. By carrying up the library, two dressing rooms, for
+the two principal chambers, may be secured.
+
+When one contemplates building, and has put his thoughts and wishes into
+a tangible form, the leading question asked is, how much will all this
+cost? for what price in dollars and cents, without extras or additional
+charges of any kind, can this dwelling be erected in a good and
+workmanlike manner, in accordance with plans and specifications, and
+satisfactory to the owner? This is precisely the plain English of what a
+business man wants to know; for we hold that it is right and proper,
+that every one should look right through all the connected links and
+complications that require a considerable expenditure of money, and see
+that he lands carefully in the place anticipated. To start with the
+intention of disbursing $5,000, and wind up with an expenditure of
+$12,000, is not only annoying in a money point of view, but an
+impeachment of one's judgment and good sense, not pleasant to hear
+outsiders reflect on; for however much one might wish to shift the
+responsibility on others, it is one of those things that time will
+always place where it belongs. As long as men consider the arts of
+designing and constructing buildings to be of no special importance, or
+that they are qualified, without instruction or experience, to practice
+them, expensive blunders will naturally result, and sooner or later it
+will be discovered that such wisdom is dearly bought. There are many,
+however, who prefer to manage their building affairs thus, and who can
+only learn more agreeable and less expensive modes by actual experience;
+some do it from ignorance, some from supposed economy, and others from
+the supposition that they are best qualified.
+
+The design for a house or other building, and a plan of the interior
+arrangement of each floor, prepared by a professional man who makes such
+things the business of his life, is now very generally admitted by
+intelligent men to be essential; but the management or superintendence
+of the work by the party who has studied and designed it, does not seem
+quite so apparent. An architect prepares the drawings for a dwelling to
+cost $5,000; now whether it actually will cost $5,000, $8,000 or
+$10,000, in the hands of another superintendent, is an unanswered
+problem. A prevailing folly which we find very general, is to suppose
+that all men can build the same house, in all places, for precisely the
+same amount of money; and but few are willing to admit that they, of all
+others, are not the most competent to carry through the whole business
+of building at the lowest figure. Some must find out in the most
+expensive manner, that the profession of an architect, or the skill of a
+builder, can only be attained by long years of careful application.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50.--_Basement Plan._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51.--_First Floor._]
+
+What a house will cost to build is a question always asked with the
+utmost simplicity, and a prompt and reliable answer always expected, and
+if not forthcoming at once, gives rise to a suspicion that one's
+professional ability is not of the most thorough character. There are
+so many conditions to govern results in house building, that even an
+approximate estimate may fall very wide of the mark. Two houses may be
+built from the same plan, and we may also say, from the same
+specifications; one by day's work, and the other by contract, and they
+shall be so exactly alike in all respects when finished, that an
+unprofessional observer would detect no difference, and yet one may
+honestly cost just double the amount in money expended on the other;
+even the same builder may build two houses precisely alike in all
+respects, and yet the cost be quite unequal. On one site stone may be
+easily obtained, a sand bank on the premises, a running brook close at
+hand, saw mills, brick yards, and lime kilns within moderate distances
+and accessible by good roads. The other site may be quite the reverse in
+situation, or have some decided disadvantages in obtaining some very
+necessary materials. We once built a fine stone house where stone was
+abundant and close at hand, but all the lumber and brick had to be
+hauled thirteen miles over hilly roads; the cost of that house has
+nothing to do with the cost of a similar house in a different locality.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52.--_Second Floor._]
+
+A competent business superintendent has a great deal to do with the cost
+of a house; one that understands all the tricks of every building trade,
+that knows the market well, and the value and quality of all building
+materials, and where inferior workmanship and materials can be used to
+an equal advantage with those of first class. To slight work and yet do
+it justice; to give it all the strength and endurance necessary,
+requires one of skillful acquirements. A mechanic may persuade a
+proprietor into many a long day's work, as it pays well to nurse good
+jobs when other work is slack, but an architect who understands such
+things would save the value of useless work.
+
+The cost of a house depends on a well-studied plan; this plan does not
+consist alone in the arrangement of rooms, windows, doors, etc., but
+involves a careful study of the anatomy of construction. One may save by
+a proper distribution of timbers, as well as make a very great saving by
+the arrangement of rooms. Good management is of the greatest importance,
+not only as a matter of economy, but as securing the best class of
+workmanship, and the most judicious use of materials. Good or bad
+management produces the same results in building operations as in war or
+any other pursuit.
+
+One takes up a capital work on rural architecture, written perhaps ten
+or fifteen years ago, before the general introduction of furnaces, steam
+pipes, gas, baths, marble basins, etc.; they find a house that suits
+them, which the book says will cost $6,000, and that is just the amount,
+by close figuring, that can be raised for building. The house is
+ordered, put in the hands of the best mechanic to finish all complete,
+and he goes ahead; he is unrestricted except by the book, and the author
+of it is a man of reputation. In the way of details perhaps nothing has
+been said; they are therefore extravagant in the use of materials, and
+elaborate in workmanship; as it is not considered good policy for a
+workman who has a good order, to make suggestions calculated to decrease
+the amount of work. When the bills to the amount of $6,000 have been
+settled, the house is found to be half finished, and an additional
+$6,000 is necessary to complete it; less that one year's interest of
+which would have amply sufficed to secure the services of one who has
+spent the best years of his life to learn how to design and to manage
+work to cost a specified price.
+
+When an architect says a house can be built for a certain price, it is
+to be understood that materials delivered on the ground shall not exceed
+an average cost, that the payments made are to be in cash, and that he
+manages the work. To hold an architect responsible or blame him for
+blunders in the cost of work that he designed and did not superintend,
+is manifestly unjust, yet it is a frequent occurrence. The cost of work
+is a question easily answered, when one is fully acquainted with all its
+bearings and has it under his control, but no one can say at what price
+a novice in building operations can execute it.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 17.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 54.--_Stable Plan._ (_Reversed._)]
+
+Fig. 53 is a design for a cottage stable, with stalls for two horses,
+and the necessary carriage room and other conveniences. This design, in
+its exterior, presents as great a degree of variety in the combinations
+of form and shadow as the price will admit of. It answers the purposes
+of comfortable protection and convenience, as well or even better than
+the most costly structures. A horse needs a dry, well-ventilated
+apartment, and enjoys fresh air, daylight, and sunlight as well as human
+beings. Unless these very inexpensive wants are provided, no
+compensation is afforded by elaborate detail and workmanship.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 18.
+
+SCHOOL HOUSE AT IRVINGTON, ON THE HUDSON.
+
+
+Our architectural series would be by no means complete if devoted
+entirely to dwellings; and as the resources of an extensive professional
+practice in the arts which embellish and beautify our country may be
+largely made use of, we present here a design for another class of
+buildings.
+
+A school-house is not a building which every one contemplates erecting,
+and yet a large proportion are, or ought to be, interested in developing
+in structures of this class such architectural principles as shall make
+their impressions in early life, and influence future tastes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 55.--_School House._]
+
+This building is designed to accommodate about fifty scholars, being 25
+by 40 feet, with a front projection 10 by 18 feet. In the basement a
+large furnace and abundant accommodation for coal. The main floor is
+divided into school-room, two recitation rooms, hat and coat room, wash
+closet with sink, and water closet, above which is a large tank,
+supplied from the roof. An outside cistern supplies cool drinking-water,
+the purest and healthiest water known, and renders the use of ice
+unnecessary in summer. The height of all these ceilings is nearly
+fourteen feet, and each room is thoroughly ventilated; the belfry is
+provided with a one hundred pound bell; indeed, nothing has been left
+undone that is calculated to promote the health and comfort of the
+pupils.
+
+The partition between the doors to the recitation rooms is made in
+sections, and can be easily removed, thus making one large room for
+exhibition and lecture purposes. The stage, in this case is to be placed
+at the left end of the room. The capacity of the building can be nearly
+doubled by occupying the entire floor as a school-room, and building an
+addition 12 by 24 feet directly in the rear, opposite to the front
+projection, for recitation rooms.
+
+The situation of this building at Irvington, on the Hudson, some
+twenty-five miles above the city of New York, is in a charming, healthy,
+and delightful locality; one made famous by the pen and residence of
+Washington Irving, and noted for its magnificent scenery, its views of
+river and mountain, and the fine taste displayed in landscape and
+architectural embellishments by those who have made their homes in this
+vicinity.
+
+We have always thought that those educational institutions possess the
+most attractions that are so situated that all surroundings shall have a
+favorable influence; and there is nothing like example in early
+training. Bring up and educate a boy among those who know nothing of the
+refinements of life, away from the progressive examples of art and
+taste, in a tumble-down, unplastered, ill-heated and ventilated
+apartment, and he never can become, with all the aid of books and
+teachers, as thoroughly cultivated and fitted for the duties of life, as
+one who has enjoyed associations of a higher order. School architecture
+has a meaning in it; there is value in proportion, harmony, beauty,
+light and shade, as applied to school buildings, that is not
+comprehended by all. A recent writer says better than we can say it,
+that "It is the duty of teachers, as well as parents and school
+committees, to see that the circumstances under which children study are
+such as shall leave a happy impression upon their minds; for whatever is
+brought under the frequent observation of the young must have its
+influence upon their susceptible natures for good or evil. Shabby
+school-houses induce slovenly habits. Ill-constructed benches may not
+only distort the body, but, by reflex influence, the mind as well.
+Conditions like these seldom fail to disgust the learner with his
+school, and neutralize the best efforts of his teachers. On the other
+hand, neat, comfortable places for study may help to awaken the
+associations enchaining the mind and the heart to learning and virtuous
+instruction with links of gold brightening forever."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 56.--_Principal Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 57.--_Perspective View._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 19.
+
+
+This design was prepared for erection in the vicinity of Goshen, Orange
+Co., N. Y., and the accommodation limited to a price not exceeding ----.
+It presents in hall, verandas, and large parlor, some of the very
+necessary attractions of a country house, and is a good example of what
+can be done for a limited sum. While the plan is a parallelogram, and
+the roof free from hips and valleys, the general arrangement is such as
+to show considerable variety in outline, and one, we think, that will
+have a pleasing effect.
+
+Such houses, erected in the vicinity of New York, and many of our large
+cities, would add a large value to the ground they stand on, and pay a
+handsome rate of interest on their cost; better than any other class of
+building investments, as the supply is in nowise equal to the demand. It
+is so simple a matter, with present prompt and rapid railroad
+facilities, to invite a fair proportion of the young business men of our
+large cities to make their homes in the adjoining country, that we
+wonder capitalists and real estate owners do not more frequently make
+money for themselves and others by erecting tasteful, low-priced
+suburban homes.
+
+In former times, a house of this class erected in the country, would be
+painted exteriorly a pure white, with no relief, except probably in the
+violent contrast of bright green venetian blinds to the windows. This
+sort of taste unfortunately still remains, although in the progress of
+rural taste and art, the country is much improved in this respect.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 58.--_Cellar._]
+
+There is a variety of colors, known as neutral tints, which are suitable
+for exteriors, and the effect produced by them is altogether pleasing,
+while a house painted white can never be an agreeable object in any
+landscape, however admirable its architectural proportions and finish
+may be.
+
+The tone of color for a house will depend upon its size, form, and
+situation, and it often requires a nice and cultivated eye to determine
+what would be most appropriate and effective.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 59.--_First Floor._]
+
+For such a house as this, we should choose a light fawn color--not
+yellow--and paint the cornice, window-frames and other projecting and
+ornamental parts two or three shades darker than the body of the
+building. This will give a depth of shadow and expression which cannot
+be obtained in any other way.
+
+Large houses, with massive features of construction, will bear to be
+painted with darker colors, but they should not be too sombre, so as to
+give a gloomy appearance to the house. The country, with its bright
+sunshine, its rich adornments of flowers, and its numberless forms of
+beauty and grace, is eminently cheerful. It often happens that the
+painter does all he can to mar this cheerfulness and beauty, by
+startling contrasts of colors, and by destroying the harmony which
+pervades the landscape.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 60.--_Second Floor._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 20.
+
+A COUNTRY CHAPEL.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 61.--_Perspective._]
+
+We present in this design a plan for a substantial and permanent chapel,
+having capacity for seating about four hundred. For the purpose for
+which it was designed, no distinct chancel was required. Such a
+chancel could be arranged, if desired, in a recess taken off the lecture
+or class room in the rear of the chapel. It could be lighted at the
+roof, or on the sides.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 62.--_Ground Plan._]
+
+This chapel, built of stone throughout, with an open timber roof and
+stained glass windows, would be an ornament to any country locality, and
+a credit to the taste and liberality of those who built it.
+
+Every thing about such a chapel should be _real_, and no suspicion of
+sham or unreality should be tolerated in any part of the work. The
+practice of building the fronts of churches of stone, while the side and
+rear walls are constructed of rough brick, painted and marked off to
+resemble the stone, is very common, we know, both in town and country,
+but it is a species of deceit and false pretence which ought not to be.
+If the best and costliest material cannot be used for the entire
+structure, let the rougher and inferior material be fairly shown, in
+every part. If the means and liberality of the parish cannot provide oak
+or walnut for the interior finish, let the wood work be plainly painted,
+or what is better still, simply oiled, but there should be no cunning
+deception of graining, to represent the costlier wood. It is not
+_honest_, and, we take it, a church, built for religious worship, is the
+last place that should betray our human meanness and want of honesty.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 21.
+
+
+We show in this design what can be done with a substantial old farm
+house; how easily and beautifully it can be changed into a suburban home
+of elegant exterior, and comfortable and convenient interior
+appointments.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 63.--_View of the House at the time of Purchase._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 64.--_The same remodeled._]
+
+This class of spacious and substantial farm houses, with the gambrel,
+curb, or Mansard roof, as shown in Fig. 63, is very numerous about the
+suburbs of New York City, and more particularly in the "neighboring
+province of New Jersey," where one finds them nestled in the valleys or
+by the road side, as best fitting to the taste of our early Dutch
+settlers, who prized seclusion and protection above bleak exposure and
+far-reaching views.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 65.]
+
+As a general thing, the better class of New Jersey farm houses of this
+type were built of squared and hammered red sand-stone, laid up in
+regular courses, and in many instances the character of the work
+differed on all sides, the front being the most finely finished. And in
+many of the most pretentious of these houses, brick was substituted for
+the front, as being less common.
+
+There is, perhaps, nothing more difficult in an architect's experience
+than to make a fine thing out of a subject so destitute of beauty of
+form or proportion, and yet preserve the substantial walls and other
+belongings, that have stood for half a century, and are now stronger,
+and promise a durability that exceeds those of other houses built in
+this progressive age; and yet here is a "presto change" that will almost
+defy the keen eyes of the old settlers to recognize any trace of the
+ancient landmark that for fifty years has overlooked the beautiful
+valley of the Tenakill.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 66.]
+
+There are very many of these old houses that are equally well adapted to
+wear a modern face, though but few purchasers can look through all such
+changes with the eye of a professional expert, and select that to which,
+at a low price, a certain beauty can be added, which, when done, shall
+indicate the wisdom of their choice. First impressions many times are
+sadly against all hopes of success.
+
+          "With weather-stains upon the wall,
+           And stairways worn, and crazy doors,
+           And creaking and uneven floors,
+           And chimneys huge, and tiled and tall."
+
+But these difficulties are the least troublesome to adjust, if the
+walls are good, and ceilings of a fair modern height. It may then be a
+better choice to adapt such a house to the present cultivated tastes and
+requirements, than to build anew from the foundation.
+
+In the plans, the dotted lines show the centers of the old partitions.
+Six feet have been added to the length of the wing, thus improving the
+kitchen accommodations.
+
+This house is situated some fifteen miles from the great commercial
+metropolis, on one of the new lines of Railroad, and in a locality of
+easy access to New York business men.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 22.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 67.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 68.--_Plan._]
+
+This stable may be constructed either of wood, or of stone. It contains
+stalls for four horses, and affords space for their accommodation,
+together with a harness room and a tool closet. This latter is a
+convenience very essential to the comfort of the owner, as well as to
+the proper care and preservation of such implements as belong
+especially to the carriage house and stable.
+
+This building should be surrounded and screened with fruit trees and
+shrubbery, and then, with its evident architectural effects, it will
+become an attractive feature in the landscape of which it becomes a
+part, with the other accessories of the elegant country home.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 23.
+
+FENCES.
+
+
+In spite of all laws to the contrary, cattle will intrude upon one's
+property, and each and all must at great expense build and maintain
+fences for their own protection. There has not as yet been devised any
+practicable mode by which the enormous sums annually spent in fencing
+might be saved. The theory advanced, that it is cheaper for each to
+fence his cattle in, than to fence his neighbor's out, has not as yet
+been practically illustrated, if we except a few suburban localities.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 69.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 70.]
+
+Fig. 69 represents a substantial fence, with a paneled base, of simple
+construction, and yet quite effective in appearance. In Fig. 70 the
+work is somewhat more elaborate, while the base is of stone, or brick.
+Each engraving shows two panels, with a gate in the centre.
+
+With chestnut or cedar posts, the pickets cut from 1-1/2 inch plank, and
+the whole kept painted, such a fence would last many years.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 24.
+
+RESIDENCE OF CHARLES F. PARK, ESQ.
+
+
+This residence of which we show only the floor plans, occupies a
+commanding position on the northern end of the Palisades, on the western
+side of the Hudson, some twenty miles above the city of New York, the
+river, mountain, and inland views from which are exceedingly fine,
+embracing the villages of Dobbs' Ferry, Irvington, Tarrytown, Sing Sing,
+Piermont, Nyack, and Tappan, as well as Tappan Zee and Haverstraw Bay,
+the distant Highlands of the Hudson, and the beautiful valleys of the
+Sparkill and the Hackensack, a section of country rich in historic
+associations, and highly appreciated by those who seek suburban homes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 71.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 72.--_Second Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 73.--_Third Floor._]
+
+This house was designed principally for a summer residence, being nearly
+fifty feet square, with wide halls and spacious verandah, and commodious
+and well ventilated sleeping apartments, the plans showing the
+arrangement of rooms. The style of architecture selected is that
+generally known as the Rural Gothic, which, perhaps, is the most useful
+and most beautiful of any that are adapted to the requirements of our
+climate. The almost square form of the plan is one of the most difficult
+to treat successfully in this style, yet has been carried out in the
+most satisfactory manner. This style admits of an almost never-ending
+variety of form and proportion, and in effects of light and shadow at
+all hours of day is unequaled. Its comparative expense but little
+exceeds the hipped and Mansard roofs.
+
+The building is constructed in the most thorough and workman-like
+manner, and is as well adapted for a winter residence as for summer. The
+frame is built in the balloon style, (the strongest known form of
+framing,) with deep studding filled in with brick, having double air
+chambers, is thoroughly finished throughout, is covered with a slate
+roof, and fulfills all the requirements of a substantial and commodious
+country residence.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 25.
+
+CARRIAGE HOUSE AND STABLE.
+
+
+The accompanying design for a carriage house and stable affords about
+the same amount of accommodation as Design 22. The arrangement, however,
+is somewhat different, and the exterior quite unlike it. In this plan
+the portion appropriated to the stalls is more ample, and the means for
+ventilation abundant.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 74.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 75.--_Stable Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 26.
+
+RESIDENCE OF THOS. H. STOUT, ESQ.,
+
+IRVINGTON, ON THE HUDSON.
+
+
+Irvington is a noted locality for the higher grades of country homes,
+there being many fine examples of substantial, roomy, and elegantly
+appointed mansions. Far within the gradually extending circle which
+limits the daily intercourse of the business man to the city of New
+York, it has become, in virtue of its position, healthfulness, fine
+scenery, and ease of access, one of the most favored of the suburbs of
+this city; a city whose rapid increase of population and corresponding
+decreasing comforts in conveyance from one portion to another, is
+turning the attention of those who like ease of transit, and the quiet
+and health of the country, to a residence among its beautiful and
+attractive suburbs. What the last ten years have accomplished in
+introducing rapid and reliable communication, and building up and
+improving the country about New York, will probably be repeated several
+times over in the next decade. An impetus has been given to rural life,
+that will increase with every facility that is offered, and it will not
+be many years before the suburbs of New York will compare with any city
+in the world; and we question, even now, if elsewhere can be found a
+suburban locality comparable with the east bank of the Hudson, from
+New York to the Highlands.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 76.--_Residence of Thos. H. Stout, Esq., Irvington,
+on the Hudson._]
+
+The accompanying engravings illustrate a country house that embraces
+many of the best features of exterior variety, and interior compactness
+and convenience. The workmanship and materials throughout have been of
+the best description, and no pains have been spared to make it first
+class in every respect.
+
+Situated on the slope of the eastern bank of the Hudson, it overlooks
+the broad expanse of "Tappan Zee," and commands the views peculiar to
+this locality, that reach from the Highlands to the ocean.
+
+To build well, and to do so at a low price, is always desirable; and to
+build artistically, imposingly, attractively, does not imply elaborate
+finish or profuse ornament. Sand paper and decoration will never make an
+ill-proportioned building attractive to an educated taste, while a rough
+exterior of harmonious lines and forms will pass current with those who
+have an eye to the artistic.
+
+One of the most important lessons that the art student learns is that of
+effect; that effects can not be produced by smoothly finished surfaces
+or details; and that in architecture, as well as in sculpture or
+painting, there must be a strong bold manner of execution, when there is
+a desire to convey an impression of strength or power.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 77.--_Cellar._]
+
+Where stone is conveniently obtained as a building material, its use in
+rural architecture deserves far more consideration than is usually
+bestowed on it; and in its unchiselled, quarried form it becomes
+desirable in an economical point of view. There is an imposing grandeur
+in the unhewn stone that asserts its presence in both near and distant
+views, and, with the proper combinations of proportion, and light and
+shade, will illustrate the finest architectural effects. Prevailing
+prejudices are too apt to consider it not only cheap, but inferior in
+protection and durability to finely wrought surfaces and smooth,
+close-fitting joints. We are too apt to estimate the value and beauty of
+a stone house by the amount of labor lavished on its exterior, as if the
+chisel possessed the power to make the joints more impenetrable, and
+bestowed an endurance commensurate with the story of expense that it
+tells. So long as we build well and honestly, with a proper regard to
+protection from the weather, in a substantial and workmanlike manner,
+good taste and sound sense will uphold the use of quarried rock, and
+discover a permanent strength and power in this Cyclopean masonry that
+elaborately finished surfaces and delicately wrought ornaments fail to
+express.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 78.--_First Floor._]
+
+Dressed in squared blocks and hammered lines, stone becomes an expensive
+building material, and preference is then given to something else less
+costly; but if used in its quarried form, irregular in size and shape,
+it becomes, wherever conveniently obtained, among the economical
+materials used for building, and is unsurpassed for its impressiveness
+and durability. No paint is required to preserve it from the weather,
+and no color is so good as the color of the stone; time softens its
+tints, and the clambering vine that lays hold of the massive walls is a
+decoration beyond the resources of architecture.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 79.--_Second Floor._]
+
+"If a building," says Mr. Ruskin, "be under the mark of average
+magnitude, it is not in our power to increase its apparent size by any
+proportionate diminution in the scale of its masonry; but it may be
+often in our power to give it a certain nobility by building it of massy
+stones, or, at all events, introducing such into its make. Thus it is
+impossible that there should ever be majesty in a cottage built of
+brick; but there is a marked element of sublimity in the rude and
+irregular piling of the rocky walls of the mountain cottages of Wales,
+Cumberland, and Scotland.
+
+"And if the nobility of this confessed and natural masonry were more
+commonly felt, we should not lose the dignity of it by smoothing
+surfaces and fitting joints. The sums which we waste in chiselling and
+polishing stones, which would have been better left as they came from
+the quarry, would often raise a building a story higher.
+
+"There is also a magnificence in the natural cleavage of the stone to
+which the art must indeed be great, that pretends to be equivalent; and
+a stern expression of brotherhood with the mountain heart from which it
+has been rent, ill-exchanged for a glistering obedience to the rule and
+measure of men. His eye must be delicate indeed who would desire to see
+the Pitti Palace polished."
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 27.
+
+A CHAPTER ON GATES.
+
+
+We present in the following designs, several illustrations of the
+principle of the truss applied to wooden gates. It was described by us,
+several years ago in the _Country Gentleman_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 80.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 81.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 82.]
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 83.]
+
+Since then, in our professional rambles, we have accidentally noticed
+some thirty gates erected after these designs in different sections
+of the country, and, for aught we know to the contrary, it is one of the
+most popular gates that swing. The principle of this gate is best shown
+in figure 80, and consists of four panels of braces crossing each other,
+and held firmly in position by five iron rods, which can be tightened by
+the screws at the bottom. The braces are not tenoned, and there are no
+nails about the gate. There can be no sagging under any circumstances;
+but should such a thing occur from unequal shrinkage, it can easily be
+remedied by placing a thin strip of wood or sheet lead under the foot
+of the braces running forward. There is economy in the construction of
+these gates, as they can be made with a less number of joints, and
+greater strength and stiffness secured with lighter materials, than in
+any other style of gate we know of. The principle is the one used in
+railroad bridges and roofs of great span, and our own experience with
+them, having built and tested all the gates here illustrated, is, that
+they possess very decided merits. [Illustration: FIG. 84.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 85.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 86.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 87.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 88.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 89.]
+
+Fig. 81 is the principal entrance gate to one of the finest estates on
+the Hudson, above Tarrytown, and although similar in appearance to
+figure 82, has some very decided differences, the cross braces in this
+case reaching only to a second rail; the rods, however, pass through to
+the bottom; it is much more elaborate in workmanship, and the addition
+of a moulding on the top and bottom would increase its effect.
+
+Fig. 84 is the entrance gate at the New Windsor, N. Y., Parsonage, and
+has been hanging six years without a perceptible change. The braces in
+this are one inch square and doubled; they are not halved, but cross
+each other, two one way and one the other, in the manner shown in figure
+85.
+
+There is no other mode of constructing gates in which rustic work can be
+made such good use of. The chief objection to all things made in the
+rustic manner is, that they soon fall to pieces, limbs shrink and twist,
+and nails do not hold; but a rustic gate held together by iron rods will
+remain good until the last brace has decayed.
+
+Fig. 86 is the principal entrance gate to one of the most finely
+finished country seats on Newburgh Bay.
+
+Figs. 87, 88, and 89, illustrate a novel style of hinge, peculiarly
+adapted to this gate, and is really stronger than any other. It requires
+less iron and less blacksmith work.
+
+Fig. 87 shows the top hinge corner, and figure 88 the bottom hinge
+corner. The iron which secures this end of the gate, passes through both
+top and bottom hinge, and binds them and the gate securely together. The
+additional fastenings for hinge are made with carriage-bolts. Nothing
+but a power beyond the enormous tensile strength of iron and the
+compressible strength of wood, will cause the gates to yield in ordinary
+use.
+
+Fig. 89 is a perspective view of the hinge, showing how it may be
+counter-sunk, and thus almost entirely concealed. Figs. 80, 81, 82, and
+83, also show the hinge, and four different styles of stone gate piers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 90.]
+
+Fig. 90 is intended for a farm gate. The cross rails are secured by
+carriage-bolts passed through them and the main braces. Each end of the
+gate has an iron rod only, which is made heavier than the others, and
+saves framing. The hinge is made by having the iron rod project beyond
+the bolt head and nut, and the upper end is passed into an eye, as shown
+in Fig. 91, which is screwed into the post; the lower end is pointed,
+and is placed in a stone as shown, or it may rest on solid iron of
+similar form to the eye. Any intelligent laborer, with an axe and auger,
+can, with the iron work, make these farm gates.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 91.]
+
+This principle of constructing gates admits of an infinite variety of
+designs; those given are merely suggestive. It admits of all classes of
+workmanship, from the plainest to the most elaborate, from the simplest
+farm gate to those required for the finished park, and in beauty,
+strength, and economy stands unequaled.
+
+Fig. 92 and 93.--Plan and elevation of an entrance gate, which we have
+executed in oak, and presents an effective appearance.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 92.--_Elevation of Entrance Gate._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 93.--_Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 28.
+
+RESIDENCE OF TRISTRAM ALLEN, ESQ.,
+
+RAVENSWOOD, N. Y.
+
+
+The accompanying view of Mr. Allen's house is a good example of the
+method of adding to a dwelling which has ceased to be of sufficient
+capacity for the requirements of the family. By reference to the
+basement or cellar plan, the outline of the old house and the foundation
+of the new will be distinctly seen. The addition transforms the cottage
+to a villa, and in a manner which preserves the proportions as
+harmoniously as if the whole had been erected at one time and from one
+plan, thus illustrating a prominent advantage in this style of
+architecture, which admits more freely than any other, successive
+additions, which, when properly designed, add to the variety of outline,
+and its beauty of light and shade. The different floor plans show the
+arrangements of rooms and their connection with the original building,
+which, it will be seen, are convenient and compact.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 94.--_Perspective._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 95.--_Basement._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 96.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 97.--_Second Floor._]
+
+Ravenswood is one of the most elegant of the suburbs of New York, being
+near at hand, and having frequent and rapid communication with the city.
+Situated on the Long Island shore, opposite the centre of Manhattan
+Island, overlooking the great metropolis and its outlying cities, of
+easy access to the Central Park by the Hell Gate Ferry, amid all the
+refinement of fine gardens, polished landscape scenery, and
+architectural taste, it presents at once all the enjoyments that a
+combination of city and country life can afford.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 98.--_Attic._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 29.
+
+RESIDENCE OF LINDLEY M. FERRIS, ESQ.,
+
+NEAR POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y.
+
+
+The residence of Mr. Ferris, of which we give the plans only, is located
+south of the city of Poughkeepsie, and almost or quite within its
+suburbs. The surrounding estate, of 150 acres of handsomely rolling
+land, possesses all the attractions of beauty and fertility so generally
+awarded to the finer portions of Dutchess county. In the immediate
+vicinity are some of the highly finished and well-kept country seats
+which adorn this portion of the Hudson, and make up the attractions
+which taste and refinement always add to country life.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 99.--_First Floor._]
+
+The object aimed at in the design of this house, was that of a
+substantial and commodious mansion, suited to the requirements of a
+large family, and that should express its purpose in the simplest manner
+at a moderate expense. It was therefore desirable to avoid all costly
+irregularity of form, and all the fanciful varieties of gimcracks.
+
+The style selected as best illustrating this purpose is the Chateau
+roof, Louis XV style; the main building being 43 feet square, with a
+rear addition 25 by 29 feet; the plan illustrating the arrangement of
+rooms, verandah, etc. The first floor gives double parlors, (one of
+which may be used as a bed-room or library,) a sitting-room or
+reception-room, dining-room, and a large kitchen, with necessary
+closets, an inclosed verandah, water closets, etc. The second floor,
+main building, gives four large bed rooms and two smaller rooms for
+other purposes, and in the rear are four servants' rooms and a
+bath-room. The attic story, main building, has now five rooms, finished
+with closets, and two rooms more can be added by putting up two
+partitions. These upper rooms, in a roof of this character, are cool,
+well ventilated, well lighted, and agreeable in warm weather, there
+being roomy air chambers between the attic ceiling and the upper roof,
+and also between the walls of the rooms and the outer wall of the house.
+There is but little difference in the value of these rooms and those on
+the floor below, except convenience of access.
+
+The house is built of brick, in a first class manner, the lower roof
+slate, the upper one being tin; is thoroughly finished throughout, and
+is in all respects a convenient, durable, and commanding structure,
+giving the largest amount of room in a desirable and attractive form,
+with the most economy of means. It is situated on a knoll overlooking
+all the surrounding grounds, which include a number of other fine sites,
+one or two of which, we think, even more desirable than the one
+selected. It is not, however, an easy matter to choose one from a dozen
+sites, each almost equally good.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 100.--_Second Floor._]
+
+A new road is now being laid through these and the adjoining premises,
+to connect two of the principal drives southward from Poughkeepsie,
+which when completed, will add a new attraction to the beautiful suburbs
+of this city. The views from the grounds, more particularly from the top
+of the house, are varied and extensive. The mountain panorama, which
+sweeps three-fourths of the horizon, beginning with the Fishkill
+mountains, and ending with the Catskills, is exceedingly fine. The
+eastern view embraces the Vassar Female College, the noble gift of
+Matthew Vassar, Esq., to the cause of female education. In the
+foreground and middle distance are the rich rolling landscapes of
+Dutchess and the fertile hillsides of Ulster counties, the glittering
+spires of Poughkeepsie, the lordly Hudson, and southerly are seen the
+famous Beacons and the Highland Pass,
+
+          "Where Hudson's wave o'er silvery sands
+           Winds through the hills afar."
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 30.
+
+MODEL SUBURBAN COTTAGE--IN THE OLD ENGLISH OR RURAL GOTHIC STYLE.
+
+BY FREDERICK S. COPLEY, ARTIST, TOMPKINSVILLE, S. I.
+
+
+The general appearance of this Cottage, as seen from the road, is shown
+in the engraving, (Fig. 101.) which is a perspective view of the North
+and East Fronts.
+
+It is situated at Montrose, on the lake-like shores of Hempstead Harbor,
+near the village of Roslyn, Long Island, a spot noted for its beauty and
+healthfulness.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 101.--_Perspective._]
+
+Size of building, 44 by 38 feet. Principal Plan (Fig. 103.) 10 feet
+high. P. shows a recessed porch, with double doors of oak, (oiled) the
+outer ones open, to be closed only at night and stormy weather, behind
+the one on the right is a space for wet umbrellas, &c., the inner doors
+have glazed panels to give light within, and should always be closed. V.
+is the vestibule, containing a spiral staircase, with walnut steps and
+rail (oiled). The floor laid with encaustic tiles, with ceiling groined,
+and walls finished in imitation of stone in the sand coat. On the left
+(under the stairs) is a private door opening into a lobby, fitted with
+wash-basin, water, &c., and lighted by a narrow window, that also serves
+to light the front basement stairs, so that a servant could answer a
+call, at either front or back doors, without passing through the central
+hall; which would not only be more convenient for them, but would be to
+the family and guests, especially in time of company, when the hall
+would form a central room, by closing the doors that lead to the stairs:
+nor would this interfere in the least with the domestics, or their
+duties: as they can go from cellar to attic without disturbing the
+privacy of a single room: and the guests could ascend, unseen to the
+dressing rooms above, (from either entrance) or depart in the same
+manner.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 102.--_First Floor._]
+
+The hall screen, separating the vestibule, should be of real oak,
+(oiled) and lighted in the panels with stained glass, which would impart
+a soft and pleasant light to the hall, and produce a fine effect on
+either side, day or night. The hall is here placed in the centre of the
+plan, and so happily arranged are the doors and rooms, as not only to
+give it a symmetrical effect, but to unite the whole, _en suite_,
+without disturbing the individuality of either. Also, the hall lamp and
+stove would light and warm, equally, every room, besides passage,
+vestibule, and stairs. The cloak closet is in the passage which contains
+the back stairs.
+
+P. is the Parlor, which would be the favorite living room in the summer,
+as it faces the north, and has a large bay-window commanding a fine view
+down the harbor to the sound.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 103.--_Second Floor._]
+
+L. is the Library, and living room, connected with the parlor by sliding
+doors, with recessed book-cases, on each side, and the same on the sides
+of the bay-window, here facing the south, and possessing a beautiful
+view of the bay and hills, with the village in the distance, which make
+it the favorite quarters in winter, being fully exposed to the genial
+influences of the sun during the absence of foliage at that season. On
+the right of the mantel is a private closet for plate, papers, &c., both
+these rooms have windows opening on the west veranda, with a fine view
+across the harbor. D. is the Dining room, and a most cheerful one, (as
+it should be,) with a large ornamental window on the east, admitting the
+morning sun, and a fine bay-window on the north, looking down the road
+and harbor, possessing a charming prospect of land and water. To
+harmonize with the bay (on the other end) is the sideboard recess with a
+dumb-waiter on the right, and a china closet on the left; on one side of
+the mantel is the door opening into the lobby, which communicates with
+the hall, and basement plan below, and fitted with wash-basin, water,
+&c., which would be found most convenient to wash hands or glasses,
+delicate or valuable articles of use not wished to be trusted to
+careless servants. It will be seen that the three bay-windows on this
+plan, are of different forms, and each fitted with inside shutters. C.
+is the principal chamber, or boudoir, facing south and east, with fine
+large windows in each. The one on the south has closets on each side,
+and opens into the conservatory, making this a most delightful
+ladies'-work-room. It will be seen that all the rooms on this floor,
+although not large, are of the most comfortable size, perfect and
+elegantly proportioned, and arranged with every conceivable convenience
+requisite for the enjoyment of all the comforts and luxuries of life.
+
+Chamber Plan (Fig. 103.) is nine feet high, and in keeping with the
+rest, in its admirable arrangements, furnishing five excellent rooms,
+with a bath room, convenient to all, fitted with the latest
+improvements, (the water closet enclosed, and vertical pipes, which
+would make freezing impossible). The four principal rooms are about
+equal in size and attractiveness, as they possess the same fine views as
+the corresponding ones beneath, and each finished with fire-places and
+ample closet room. The small room windows open on a balcony, with a
+charming view of the bay; and would afford an agreeable lounge in summer
+evenings, to enjoy the setting sun, or cool breeze. All the rooms on
+these two floors (except the last) to be fitted with Dixon's patent
+grates, and Arnott's ventilating valves, which would secure sweet,
+healthy, and warm rooms, without draughts. The hall, as will be seen,
+is well lighted and ventilated, not only by the staircase window, on the
+north, but by the ventilating sash-lights over the doors of every-room;
+the bath room door is also lighted in the panel with ground glass.
+Between the doors, on the east side, is the lift, or dumb-waiter, and
+dust register, which being in the centre of the plan, is of equal
+convenience to all.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 104.--_Attic and Roof._]
+
+Fig. 104. Roof and attic plan. The attic contains five good rooms for
+the accommodation of the servants, storing fruit, trunks, &c., and
+drying clothes. As this plan has the same central arrangements as all
+the rest, consequently the same advantages in economy of space, and of
+direct and easy access to every room, stairs, &c. The landing here is
+lighted in the same way as the hall below, and by the same staircase
+window, with the addition of a large sky-light and ventilator in the
+centre, which would keep the rooms sweet and cool.
+
+Fig. 105, shows the Basement and Cellar plan, nine feet high, and
+containing every requisite convenience for the domestic duties of a
+family. As they are on the same level, and under the principal story,
+the noise and smell of the kitchen would be excluded. The garden
+entrance is shown by the steps on the southwest corner of area, which
+extends the whole of the west side, round to the hall door on the south;
+and covered by verandah, would make these rooms dry, cool, and pleasant,
+as they are but little below ground, and well lighted on two sides, with
+a large bay-window in each; the north bay fitted with wash-tubs, as this
+kitchen is intended as a back one, or scullery, and for cooking in
+during the heat of summer, it has a sink closet on the left of the
+fire-place, and dresser and shelves for pots and pans on the south side,
+by which, is a door opening into the basement, and one out on the area.
+The basement would be a cheerful room, facing the south with a large
+bay-window with seats and inside shutters, on the opposite side is a
+dresser fitted with plate rack, &c. On the east is the range and pantry;
+behind the range, in the hall, is a warm closet for clothes, shoes, &c.,
+and opposite, under the stairs, is a dark one, for potatoes. At the
+north end of the hall, (and behind the scullery, fire-place, &c.) is the
+furnace room and front basement stairs. On the east side of the hall is
+the dumb-waiter, or lift. The coal cellar has two bins placed under the
+shoots, for large and small coal, with two on the east side for ashes
+and wood. Against the middle window is a wire gauze safe, for cooked
+meats, &c.; between this and the wine cellar is the dairy; the other
+division is for stores in general. All the partitions are made open, so
+as to admit the free circulation of light and air.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 105.--_Basement and Cellar._]
+
+On observing the relative position of the different doors and windows,
+in the several plans, it will be found that the house may be ventilated
+by through drafts in every direction at pleasure; a luxury to be
+appreciated in the heat of summer. Also, by carrying the lift, or
+dumb-waiter, to the top of the house, and communicating with every
+floor, its full value would be secured, besides forming a ventilating
+shaft for the whole building, from cellar to attic. Another valuable
+labor-saving convenience (next to the water-works and lift) is the dust
+shoot, which is simply a tin tube, with registers in the floors of the
+different plans, to sweep the dust into, from the rooms, where it
+descends to the cellar, and is caught in a barrel, to be removed when
+full. It is here placed in the hall, by the side of the lift, on every
+floor, which by this central arrangement is at the door of every room.
+
+Construction, although of wood, is made nearly fire proof, by making the
+floors, walls, partitions and stairs solid. The walls and principal
+partitions are formed of slats of one inch thick by four inches broad,
+securely nailed one on the other, so as to form a one inch groove on
+both sides, to plaster on. This forms a good strong six inch solid wall,
+fire and vermin proof, and dryer than any built of stone or brick. The
+stairs to have their skeletons of iron work, filled in solid with
+cement. The floors of basement and entry to be of earthenware tiles, the
+kitchen and cellar cemented. That of the principal plan, (forming the
+ceiling of the basement, &c., the seat of danger,) should be formed of
+brick, arched on iron girders, and filled up with cement, and laid with
+larch, (as that burns less freely than any other wood). The hall, &c.,
+to be laid with encaustic tiles. The floors of the chamber plans should
+have their timbers coated with plaster paris, and filled up with mortar
+and laid with larch, the plastering of the ceilings, &c., on wire
+gauze, instead of lath; a slate roof, and the walls of the basement plan
+of hollow brick, and plastered on the inner surface. By these simple and
+inexpensive means, the house would be nearly fire proof, and life and
+property secure.
+
+The exterior is covered by a sand coat, of a cheerful and rich light
+brown ochre tint, it being the most befitting for the situation and
+design, besides possessing the advantages of economy, and imparting a
+more substantial effect, it avoids that harsh and disagreeable glare and
+glisten of paint.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 31.
+
+
+The design on the following page, for a Head Stone, was published by us
+in the May number, 1864, of the HORTICULTURIST. It attracted the
+attention of one of our most intelligent subscribers and valuable
+contributors in Western New York, who desired to set up, in their
+beautiful Cemetery, a memorial of one of his household who "who had gone
+before." The monument was executed in this city, under the supervision
+of the friend who furnished the design for the HORTICULTURIST. It was
+cut from the Caen stone, and the execution was every way satisfactory.
+The gentleman for whom it was made says in a letter advising of its safe
+arrival:--"Last week I had it set in a solid foundation, and my highest
+anticipations are more than realized. I do not see how the monument
+could be better, as to material, design, and inscriptions. It is unique,
+yet chaste, highly significant and satisfactory. I have only words of
+praise and feelings of gratitude for a result that so fully answers to
+my ideal."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 106.--_Head Stone._]
+
+
+
+
+"BALLOON FRAMES."
+
+          "If it had not been for the knowledge of balloon
+          frames, Chicago and San Francisco would never have
+          arisen as they did, from little villages, to great
+          cities in a single year."--SOLON ROBINSON.
+
+
+In these days of BALLOONING, it is gratifying to know that there is one
+practically useful, well tested principle, which has risen above the
+character of an experiment, and is destined to hold an elevated position
+in the opinions of the masses. That principle is the one which is
+technically, as well as sarcastically, termed Balloon Framing, as
+applied to the construction of all classes of wooden buildings.
+
+The early history of the Balloon Frame, is somewhat obscure, there being
+no well authenticated statements of its origin. It may, however, be
+traced back to the early settlement of our prairie countries, where it
+was impossible to obtain heavy timber and skillful mechanics, and the
+fact is patent to any one who has passed through the pleasures and the
+vicissitudes of the life of a pioneer, that his own necessities have
+indicated the adoption of some principle in construction, that, with the
+materials he has at hand, shall fulfill all the necessary conditions of
+comfort, strength and protection. To these circumstances we must award
+the early conception of this frame, which, with subsequent additions
+and improvements, has led to its universal adoption for buildings of
+every class throughout the States and cities of the West, and on the
+Pacific coast.
+
+The Balloon Frame has for more than twenty years been before the
+building public. Its success, adaptability, and practicability, have
+been fully demonstrated. Its simple, effective and economical manner of
+construction, has very materially aided the rapid settlement of the
+West, and placed the art of building, to a great extent, within the
+control of the pioneer. That necessity, which must do without the aid of
+the mechanic or the knowledge of his skill, has developed a principle in
+construction that has sufficient merit to warrant its use by all who
+wish to erect in a cheap and substantial manner any class of wooden
+buildings.
+
+Like all successful improvements, which thrive on their own merits, the
+Balloon Frame has passed through and survived the theory, ridicule and
+abuse of all who have seen fit to attack it, and may be reckoned among
+the prominent inventions of the present generation, an invention neither
+fostered nor developed by any hope of great rewards, but which plainly
+and boldly acknowledges its origin in necessity.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 107.--_Isometrical Perspective View of the Balloon
+Frame._]
+
+The increasing value of lumber and labor, must turn the attention of men
+of moderate means to those successful plans which have demonstrated
+economy in both, and at the same time preserved the full qualities of
+strength and security so generally accorded to the old fogy principles
+of framing, and which, we presume to say, is inferior in all the true
+requisites of cheap and substantial building. Light sticks, uninjured by
+cutting mortices or tenons, a close basket-like manner of construction,
+short bearings, a continuous support for each piece of timber from
+foundation to rafter, and embracing and taking advantage of the
+practical fact, that the tensile and compressible strength of pine
+lumber is equal to one-fifth of that of wrought iron, constitute
+improvements introduced with this frame.
+
+If, in erecting a building, we can so use our materials that every
+strain will come in the direction of the fibre of some portion of the
+wood work, we can make inch boards answer a better purpose than foot
+square beams, and this application of materials is one reason of the
+strength of Balloon Frames.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 108.--_Floor Plan._]
+
+The Balloon Frame belongs to no one person; nobody claims it as an
+invention, and yet in the art of construction it is one of the most
+sensible improvements that has ever been made.
+
+That which has hitherto called out a whole neighborhood, and required a
+vast expenditure of labor, time, and noise, can, by the adoption of the
+balloon frame, be done with all the quietness and security of an
+ordinary day's work. A man and boy can now attain the same results,
+with ease, that twenty men could on an old fashioned frame.
+
+The name of "Basket Frame" would convey a better impression, but the
+name "Balloon" has long ago outlived the derision which suggested it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 109.--_Elevation Section--manner of nailing--A.
+corner stud, 4 by 4--B. joist, 3 by 8--C. stud, 2 by 4._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 110.--_D. Upper Edge of Joist--E. Stud._]
+
+The moment the foundation is prepared, and the bill of lumber on the
+ground, the balloon frame is ready to raise, and a man and boy can do
+all of it. The sills are generally 3 inches by 8 inches, halved at the
+ends or corners, and nailed together with large nails. Having laid the
+sills upon the foundation, the next thing in order is to put up the
+studding. Use 4 by 4 studs for corners and door posts, or spike two 2 by
+4 studs together, stand them up, set them plumb, and with stay laths
+secure them in position. Set up the intermediate studs, which are 2 by 4
+inches, and 16 inches between centres, toe or nail them diagonally to
+the sill. Then put in the floor joists for first floor, each joist to be
+placed alongside each stud, and nailed to it and to the sill. Next
+measure the height to ceiling, and with a chalk line mark it around the
+entire range of studding; below the ceiling line notch each stud one
+inch deep and four inches wide, and into this, flush with the inside
+face of the studding, nail an inch strip four inches wide. This notch
+may be cut before putting up the studs. If the frame be lined on the
+inside, it will not be necessary to notch the strip into the studs, but
+simply to nail it to the studding; the object of notching the studding
+is to present a flush surface for lathing, as well as to form a shoulder
+or bearing necessary to sustain the second floor; both of these are
+accomplished by lining inside the studding--(for small barns and
+outbuildings that do not require plastering, nail the strip 1 by 4 to
+the studding)--on this rests the joists of the second floor, the ends of
+which come flush to the outside face of the studding, and both ends of
+each joist are securely nailed to each stud; the bearing of the joist on
+the inch strip below is close by the stud, and the inch strip rests on a
+shoulder or lower side of the notch cut to receive it. This bearing is
+so strong that the joists will break before it would yield. Having
+reached the top of the building, each stud is sawed off to an equal
+height; if any are too short they are spliced by placing one on top of
+the other, and nailing a strip of inch board on both sides. The wall
+plate, 2 by 4 inches, is laid flat on top of the studding, and nailed to
+each stud; the rafters are then put on; they are notched, allowing the
+ends to project outside for cornice, &c. The bearing of each rafter
+comes directly over the top of each stud, and is nailed to it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 111.--_Side Elevation.--G. Manner of splicing
+sills.--F. Manner of splicing studs._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 112.--_End Elevation._]
+
+A Balloon Frame looks light, and its name was given in contempt by those
+old fogy mechanics who had been brought up to rob a stick of timber of
+all its strength and durability, by cutting it full of mortices, tenons
+and augur holes, and then supposing it to be stronger than a far lighter
+stick differently applied, and with all its capabilities unimpaired.
+
+Properly constructed, and with timber adapted to its purposes, it will
+stand securely against the fury of the elements, and answer every
+purpose that an old fashioned timber frame is calculated to fulfill.
+
+When the building is supported on posts, heavy sills are necessary, and
+the frame should be securely nailed or spiked together. The bents may be
+16, 24 or 30 inches apart, and covered in the usual manner. The thrust
+of both the rafters and contents of the building are outward; the tie, 1
+by 4, is abundantly strong, as each one will practically sustain, in the
+direction of its fibre, three tons. The floor joists are nailed to studs
+at each end. No one need fear any lack of perfect security, as these
+ties exceed in strength any hold that tenons could have.
+
+Fig. 113 illustrates the manner of framing buildings of one story, such
+as are used about almost every farm or country seat, as tool houses,
+granaries, wash-houses, spring houses, &c., &c.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 113.--_Isometrical Perspective Balloon Frame._]
+
+Very small buildings, if unplastered, will not require ceiling joists; a
+tie at each end will be all-sufficient. Moderate size buildings will be
+strong enough if the ceiling joists are left out, and collars put on
+half way up the rise of the rafter. According to the size and uses of
+the building, the collars or ceiling joists may be put on every rafter,
+every other, or every third rafter; floor joists should be about 16
+inches between centres, and the studding may be from 16 inches to 8 feet
+apart; in the last case only, every sixth floor joist is nailed to the
+stud, the intermediate ones being arranged equally distant from each
+other between the studding. Where the studding is placed wide apart, the
+plate must necessarily be heavier to sustain the roof; if vertical
+siding be used, it should be nailed to the sill and plate, and to an
+intermediate horizontal strip spiked in between the studding; if done
+in this way, the plate may be lighter; when horizontal siding is used,
+the studding should not be more than 4 feet apart--in small buildings,
+say 12 by 20 feet, we should cut all our stuff, except joists, from
+1-1/4 inch plank. Studs 4 inches wide, rafters 5 inches wide; floor
+joists should be 2 by 9 inches, and put all up 30 inches between
+centres.
+
+In Fig. 114 is shown the manner of constructing frames for buildings of
+three stories. The corner stud, 4 by 4, is composed of and built up with
+two 2 by 4 studs, which are nailed together, breaking joints as the
+building progresses in height; the splicing of studs is done in the same
+manner, being nailed together as fast as additional length is required;
+the joists of the last floor are laid upon the plate, and they act as
+tie-beams to sustain the thrust of the rafters. We consider the splice
+where the studs butt and have side strips nailed to them, to be the most
+secure; the lapping splice is very generally used, however, and found to
+answer every purpose.
+
+Ribs for vertical siding may be put on in two ways; one as shown, by
+which the ribs run over the sill, and are nailed to it; a strip of the
+same thickness as ribs, say 1-1/4 inches, nailed on to the sill to fill
+up the space between the ribs, and is then covered by the outside plinth
+or base. The other plan is to set the studs back 1-1/4 inches from face
+edge of sill; then let the end of ribs bevel down on the sill, or
+dovetail them into the edge.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 114.--_Three Story Building._ _Balloon Framing._
+_Details._
+
+Fig. 115. Joist notched down on plate.
+
+Fig. 116. Side girt not gained in for small unplastered buildings. Fig.
+117. Inside lining--answers the same purpose as a side girth.
+
+Fig. 118. Joist bearing on sill.]
+
+Either outside or inside lining may be used, or both together. Where
+diagonal lining is used, it should be reversed or run the other way on
+the opposite side of the house.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 120.--_Diagonal Ribs for Vertical or Battened
+Siding._]
+
+The lining of a Balloon Frame adds immensely to its strength,
+particularly so if put on diagonally; it may be done outside or inside,
+though on the whole the inside is preferable. If done outside, it should
+be carried over the sill and nailed to it; the sill being wider than the
+studding, in order to get a larger bearing on the masonry, and the floor
+joists being in the way, does not admit of inside lining being put on in
+the same manner.
+
+A first-class Balloon Frame should be lined, if for vertical siding,
+outside the studding--if horizontal siding is used, line inside; it
+makes the frame stiffer and the building warmer. Some line diagonally,
+say from centre next the first floor towards extreme upper corners both
+ways; others line one side diagonally in one direction, and the other in
+an opposite direction. This makes assurance of strength doubly sure. If
+lined inside, nail perpendicular lath to the lining 16 inches from
+centres, and on this lath horizontally for plastering.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 121.--_Showing lengthwise and crosswise manner of
+tying frame._]
+
+The principle of Balloon Framing is the true one for strength, as well
+as for economy. If a mechanic is employed, the Balloon Frame can be put
+up for _forty per cent. less money_ than the mortice and tenon frame. If
+you erect a balloon frame yourself, which you can easily do without the
+aid of a mechanic, it costs the price of the materials and whatever
+value you put upon your own time.
+
+Fig. 23 shows the manner of attaching the flooring to gable end
+studding, and in those buildings in which the thrust of the rafters is
+in the direction of the flooring--if every third stud be bolted to the
+joist in the manner shown, it makes the tie equal if not superior to
+that in the direction of the joists.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 122.--_Manner of Framing Large Barns._]
+
+Fig. 122 explains the manner of framing the largest class of barns. Wide
+openings, like bays, require the use of heavy timber, and the mortice,
+tenon and brace, only so far as the gallows frame is concerned; the
+balance of the frame is of light stuff, studding 2 feet to 2-1/2 feet
+apart, 2 by 6 inches, every third one 2 by 8 inches, into which is
+gained the side girt, it being nailed to the others. On this rests one
+end of the temporary floors, the gallows frame supports the roof, and
+the rafters are secured to it, so that they become ties. The side of
+this building is like a floor turned on edge, and is firmly secured by
+the floor joists at the bottom and the rafters at the top.
+
+Warehouses, depots, and other buildings of a very large size, can be
+made stronger by using the Balloon Frame, instead of the heavy timber
+frame. Those who prefer to err on the right side, can get unnecessary
+strength by using deeper studding, placing them closer together, putting
+in one or more rows of bridging and as many diagonal ribs as they like.
+In large buildings there is no saving in timber, only the substitution
+of small sizes for large--the great saving is in the labor, which is
+quite important.
+
+The following are some of the advantages claimed for the Balloon Frame:
+
+1. The principal labor of framing is dispensed with.
+
+2. It is a far cheaper frame to raise.
+
+3. It is stronger and more durable than any other frame.
+
+4. Any stick can be removed, and another put in its place, without
+disturbing the strength of those remaining--in fact, the whole building
+can be renewed stick by stick.
+
+5. It is adapted to every style of building, and better adapted for all
+irregular forms.
+
+6. It is forty per cent. cheaper than any other known style of frame.
+
+7. It embraces strength, security, comfort and economy, and can be put
+up without the aid of a mechanic.
+
+
+
+
+Established in 1846.
+
+"THE HORTICULTURIST,"
+
+AND JOURNAL OF RURAL ART AND RURAL TASTE.
+
+
+Published Monthly at Two Dollars and Fifty Cents per Annum, Twenty-five
+Cents per Number, and devoted to
+
+          GRAPE CULTURE,
+          FLOWERS,
+          RURAL ARCHITECTURE,
+          FRUITS,
+          GARDENING,
+          LANDSCAPE ADORNMENT,
+          AND RURAL PURSUITS.
+
+Forming an annual volume of 400 royal octavo pages handsomely
+Illustrated.
+
+          The Author of _My Farm of Edgewood_,
+            The Author of _Ten Acres Enough_,
+              The Author of _The Grape Culturist_,
+                The Author of _Flowers for Parlor and Garden_,
+                  The Author of _American Fruit Grower's Guide_.
+                    Rev. Dr. CRESCY,
+
+and others of the best practical talent and ability, both East and West,
+write regularly.
+
+_Back Volumes and Numbers supplied._
+
+GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+
+PUBLISHERS, 37 PARK ROW, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+WOODWARD'S GRAPERIES
+
+AND
+
+HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS,
+
+By Geo. E. & F. W. Woodward,
+
+ARCHITECTS AND HORTICULTURISTS.
+
+A new, practical, and original Work on the design and construction of
+all classes of Horticultural Buildings, including Hot-beds, Propagating
+Houses, Hot and Cold Graperies, Orchard Houses, Conservatories, &c.,
+with the best modes of heating, &c. Elegantly Illustrated. Being the
+result of an extensive professional practice.
+
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+          PUBLISHERS,
+          _Office of the "Horticulturist," 37 PARK ROW, N. Y._
+
+
+
+
+GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+
+PUBLISHERS
+
+No. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK
+
+OFFICE OF THE HORTICULTURIST.
+
+BOOKS
+
+ON
+
+          AGRICULTURE,
+            HORTICULTURE,
+              ARCHITECTURE,
+                LANDSCAPE GARDENING,
+                  AND RURAL ART
+
+For Sale at this Office, or mailed, post paid, on receipt of Publisher's
+prices.
+
+*** _Priced Catalogue on application._
+
+NEW YORK AGENTS
+
+for the _Country Gentleman, Gardeners' Monthly, & Hovey's Magazine_.
+
+Subscriptions received and back numbers supplied.
+
+
+
+
+FIRE ON THE HEARTH.
+
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+          37 PARK ROW, N. Y.
+
+_New York Agents for Dixon's low down Philadelphia Grates, for burning
+Wood or Coal, for sale at Manufacturer's Prices._
+
+"It is a plan for warming houses, which has never in all its points been
+surpassed." *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+"It is believed that there is scarcely a single educated Physician in
+Philadelphia, who owns the house he lives in, who is not supplied with
+one or more of these delightful luxuries."      *     *
+
+"We have one of these admirable contrivances, put in our house in 1859,
+and every additional year only increases our appreciation of the
+luxury."--_Dr. W. W. Hall, editor of Hall's Journal of Health, N. Y._
+
+_Price $35 and upwards according to size and finish. Samples at this
+Office._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+This text uses both hyphenated and spaced forms of its rooms, i.e.
+bed-room and bed room. Also used were variations on hyphenated and not
+words such stair-way and stairway.
+
+Page 16 "ofwhich" changed to "of which" (of which the public)
+
+Page 28, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (of this
+accommodation)
+
+Page 34, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (amount of
+accommodation)
+
+Page 83, "understand" changed to "understands" (one that understands)
+
+Page 104, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (for their
+accommodation)
+
+Page 124, "posesses" changed to "possesses" (possesses all the
+attractions)
+
+Page 148, "desends" changed to "descends" (where it descends)
+
+Page 164, "23" changed to "121" (Fig. 121 shows the manner)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Country Homes, by 
+George E. Woodward and F. W. Woodward
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOODWARD'S COUNTRY HOMES ***
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Woodward's Country Homes, by Geo. E. &amp; F. W. Woodward.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Country Homes, by 
+George E. Woodward and F. W. Woodward
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Woodward's Country Homes
+
+Author: George E. Woodward
+        F. W. Woodward
+
+Release Date: August 18, 2008 [EBook #26354]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOODWARD'S COUNTRY HOMES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h1>WOODWARD'S</h1>
+
+<h1>COUNTRY HOMES,</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>GEO. E. &amp; F. W. WOODWARD,</h2>
+
+<h3>ARCHITECTS,</h3>
+
+<div class='center'><br /><br /><br /><b>Authors of "Woodward's Graperies and Horticultural Buildings."</b><br />
+
+<br />
+<br /><br />
+&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+FOURTH THOUSAND.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+NEW-YORK:<br />
+GEO. E. &amp; F. W. WOODWARD, 37 PARK ROW,<br />
+Office of the HORTICULTURIST.<br />
+1866.<br /></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class='copyright'>
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by<br />
+GEO. E. &amp; F. W. WOODWARD,<br />
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States,<br />
+for the Southern District of New York.<br />
+<br />
+
+<br /><br />
+STEPHEN HALLET,<br />
+PRINTER,<br />
+No. 74 Fulton Street.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><span class="smcap"><small>Page.</small></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'>INTRODUCTION.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Domestic Architecture and Embellishment</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 1.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Laborer's Cottage</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 2.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Small Frame Cottage</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 3.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Compact Frame Cottage</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 4.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Rural Cottage of moderate extent</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 5.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Gardener's Cottage</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 6.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stone Stable and Coach House</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 7.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Farm Cottage</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 8.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Design for a Timber Cottage</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 9.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Design for a Rural Church.</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 10.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Suburban Cottage</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 11.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>An Ornamental Summer House</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 12.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stable and Carriage House</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 13.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Model Cottage</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 14.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Cottage Stable</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 15.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Design for an Ice House</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 16.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Suburban Cottage</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 17.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stable and Carriage House</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 18.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>School House at Irvington</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 19.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A regular Country House</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 20.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Country Chapel</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 21.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>An Old House Remodeled</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 22.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coach House and Stable</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 23.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fences</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 24.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Plans of the Residence of C. F. Park, Esq.</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 25.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Carriage House and Stable</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 26.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Residence of T. H. Stout, Esq.</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 27.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Chapter on Gates</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 28.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mr. Tristram Allen's House at Ravenswood, Enlarged&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 29.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Plans of the Residence of L. M. Ferris, Esq.</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 30.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Model Suburban Cottage</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Design No. 31.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Head Stone</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><span class="smcap">Balloon Frames.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Balloon Frames</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>WOODWARD'S<br />
+
+COUNTRY HOMES.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In</span> presenting to the public a new work on <span class="smcap">Domestic
+Architecture</span>, it is our aim to furnish practical
+designs and plans, adapted to the requirements of
+such as are about to build, or remodel and improve,
+their <span class="smcap">Country Homes</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The rapid progress in rural improvement and domestic
+embellishment all over the land, during the
+last quarter of a century, is evident to the observation
+of every traveler, and, as we have found during several
+years of professional experience, there has grown up a
+demand for architectural designs of various grades,
+from the simple farm cottage to the more elaborate
+and costly villa, which is not supplied by the several
+excellent works on this subject which are within the
+reach of the building and reading public.</p>
+
+<p>Among the permanent dwellers in the country this
+spirit of improvement, fostered as it is by the diffusion
+of publications in the various departments of
+Rural Art, and by a wider and more genial general
+culture as the means of intercommunication and education<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+are increased, is becoming more manifest every
+year. But besides these intelligent farmers and
+tradesmen who make the country their home the year
+round, there is a large class of persons whose tastes
+or business avocations compel them to reside a considerable
+portion of the year in our cities or suburbs&mdash;prosperous
+merchants, bankers, professional men,
+and wealthy citizens&mdash;who have the tastes and means
+to command such enjoyments and luxuries as the
+country affords; who need the change in scenes, associations,
+employments and objects of interest, for themselves
+and their households, and who enjoy, with a
+keen relish, the seclusion, the comparative freedom
+from restraint, the pure, sweet air, the broad, open
+sunshine, and the numerous other rural advantages
+which are essentially denied them in their city homes.</p>
+
+<p>In former years this class of people resorted, almost
+exclusively, to the sea-side, and a few popular mineral
+springs, taking in, perhaps, Niagara in their transit,
+and rarely venturing into the wild and unexplored regions
+of Lake George. They returned to town in the
+early days of September, with many a backward, longing
+look at the attractions and delights from which
+they reluctantly tore themselves away, and settled
+down again to the weary tread-mill of business. But
+for some years past this class has largely increased in
+number, and instead of confining themselves to their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+former resorts, they now seek the upper country, and
+prolong their stay into the glorious days of Autumn.
+Many of them have provided permanent summer
+homes, among the hills and on the lake or river shores.
+They have bought, and built, and planted, until they
+have identified themselves with the chosen spot, and
+as their trees have taken root in the fertile soil, so
+have their affections taken root in the beautiful country.
+They hasten gladly to these rural scenes with
+the opening Summer, and they leave them with regret
+when the exigencies of business require their presence
+in the city,&mdash;when the Summer suns have ripened
+the luscious fruits, and the flowers fade with the
+frosty kisses of the cold, and the passenger birds fly
+Southward. This class of our population know where
+to find all the facilities for the best country enjoyments,
+and their ample means assure them a free choice of
+summer resorts, and adequate command of all the appliances
+of pleasant country living.</p>
+
+<p>But there is another and still larger class of citizens
+who have neither the means to enable them to keep up
+both town and country residences, nor such command
+of their time that they can pass two or three months
+of every summer away from their business. There
+are thousands of clerks and subordinate officers in the
+banking and insurance institutions in our cities and in
+our large commercial houses; there are many merchants<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+who are making their way slowly and surely to
+competence and wealth, who would gladly compromise
+for one-third of such a summer vacation. These are
+men of intelligence, and sometimes of a good deal of
+social and intellectual culture and refinement. Many
+of them were born, and their boyhood nurtured
+amongst the hills. They love the country with the
+intensity and purity of a first love, and they long for
+communion once more with nature in all her moods
+of loveliness. Their sweetest dreams still, when they
+forget the hard realities of life, are of green lawns and
+sloping hill-sides, of waving trees and cool streams.
+And they would wish that their children should become
+familiar with the same wholesome associations,
+and be moved by the same attachments and inspirations.
+In the city they are constantly exposed to its
+excitements, and subjected to the restraints of its artificial
+modes, with few outward influences to counteract
+upon their development; with very little, indeed,
+except the discipline and the affections of home to
+emancipate them from the tendencies to a trivial, artificial,
+and sordid life. They would gladly supply to
+them the healthful tone and vigor&mdash;the outer and
+inner bloom and freshness&mdash;which are the product of
+out-door life in the pure air of the country. But they
+are compelled by considerations of economy, to forego
+most of these advantages, and allow their children to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+grow up with city tastes and habits. They long for
+the country but think they must content themselves
+with the town, until the time comes when their fortunes
+will enable them to command the coveted indulgences.</p>
+
+<p>The time may come, sooner than they anticipate,
+when they will be obliged to choose the country.</p>
+
+<p>Our towns are rapidly overflowing their local boundaries,
+and spreading out into suburbs, more or less
+beautiful and desirable. As far as New York city is
+concerned, it is simply a question of time how soon
+our middle-class citizens, who desire to live comfortably,
+with due regard to economical conditions, will
+be obliged to choose the country for their homes.</p>
+
+<p>During the last forty years this city has increased
+in population with a rapid and uniform rate. Within
+the memory of persons now living, it has grown
+from an inconsiderable commercial town, until it has
+become one of the great cities of the world. This rapid
+stride and steady progress furnish us with the elements
+for calculating the period when the whole island
+will be covered with buildings, and there will remain
+no more vacant space for the use of its commerce, or
+the domestic accommodation of its citizens. The
+present population of the city is estimated at fully
+one million. The entire territorial capacity of the
+city, the density of the population remaining the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+as it is at present, cannot much exceed two millions.
+The ratio of increase during each period of five years,
+since 1820, is about twenty-eight per cent. It will
+thus be seen that the utmost limit of the city's capacity
+will be reached within the next sixteen or seventeen
+years, and New York will be a solid and compact
+city from the Battery to Westchester County.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the expenses of living in the city are
+increasing every year. Rents are higher now than ever
+before, and there is no prospect of their coming down
+for many years.</p>
+
+<p>For it must be remembered that when we renew our
+building operations, which have been nearly suspended
+for the last four years, in consequence of the unsettled
+condition of the country, we shall have to provide
+not only for the current increase in population,
+but for the deficiencies which result from the past four
+years or more, when comparatively few houses were
+erected. At the present time the rent of a convenient
+and respectable house, suitable to the requirements
+of a family having a fair income, and occupying a desirable
+position in society, is an excessive item of cost.</p>
+
+<p>And the remedy for this is to go into the country.
+Along the lines of our railroads and navigable waters
+there are localities where land is comparatively cheap,&mdash;beautiful,
+healthy regions, where the comforts of a
+rural home may be secured, with all the advantages<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+of society, and of religious and educational establishments
+and institutions. The facilities for reaching
+these country homes are already adequate for general
+purposes, and will be increased every year, as the demand
+for them grows. Railroads and steamboats are
+built and run for the purpose of profit on freight and
+passenger transportation. According to the general
+law of trade, the supply will equal the demand, and
+as the population increases along our lines of travel,
+the facilities and accommodations for transit will be
+multiplied.</p>
+
+<p>Why, then, should the man who loves the country,
+and <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'posesses'">possesses</ins> tastes and capacities for its enjoyment,
+and yet is compelled by circumstances to practice
+economy in his mode of living, be restrained to the
+city limits? It is quite a practicable thing for him to
+realize his wishes,&mdash;live in the country and enjoy its
+best luxuries, without abandoning the city as far as
+its commercial advantages are concerned. There are
+localities <i>within an hour</i> of the city hall, where land
+can be purchased at reasonable rates, and where all
+the advantages of health and beauty, of retirement,
+pure air and attractive scenery can be enjoyed for less
+money than is now expended in the narrow house in
+the crowded street, where every sense is offended&mdash;with
+no open sky or distant horizon tinged with the
+glories of the dying day or rising morn&mdash;no grassy
+lawns, or waving trees, or fragrant banks of flowers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For such accommodations as he has, he pays, we
+will say, a rent of one thousand or twelve hundred
+dollars. In the country he might purchase two acres
+of land and build a cottage, which would afford him
+all, or more, conveniences than he now has, without
+the necessity of climbing four or five flights of stairs&mdash;at
+an outlay, at the usual cost of building, not exceeding
+six thousand dollars. The interest on this
+sum would be four hundred and twenty dollars. The
+difference between this amount and his present house
+rent would in a few years pay the whole cost of the
+place, and he would have a <i>home</i>&mdash;a centre and gathering
+place for his domestic interests and affections.</p>
+
+<p>And this is no fancy sketch&mdash;no exaggerated statement
+of possibilities. We know of localities which
+can be reached from Wall Street in as many minutes
+as would be required to go to 50th Street, where land
+can be obtained for about five hundred dollars an acre,
+where there are all the conditions of health, good water,
+pure air, extensive and attractive views, and whatever
+else is desirable for a country home. In the direction
+we have now specially in mind, there are at least twenty
+railroad trains which daily stop at convenient stations,
+between the early morning and ten o'clock at
+night. For the ordinary purposes of business, and
+social intercourse, this is ample travelling accommodation,
+and as we said before, these accommodations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+will be increased in the proportion that the country
+population in the neighborhood of our cities becomes
+more dense, and thus creates a larger demand for such
+facilities.</p>
+
+<p>The necessity and desirableness of country homes
+being thus easily demonstrable, it is of importance to
+know how to choose sites for them, and how to build.
+The Poet-author of "Letters from under a bridge,"
+has given a wise and admirable suggestion in regard
+to choice of sites, "leaving the climate and productiveness
+of soil out of the question, the main things to
+find united, are, <i>shade</i>, <i>water</i>, <i>and inequality of surface</i>.
+With these three features given by nature, any
+spot may be made beautiful, and at very little cost:
+and fortunately for purchasers in this country, most
+land is valued and sold with little or no reference to
+these or other capabilities for embellishment." There
+is an affluence of choice sites all over the country, and
+what we need most to learn is how to develop their
+capabilities, and add such fitting embellishments as
+belong to beautiful and convenient houses. Here it
+is that the popular taste requires additional cultivation.
+The impulse already given in this direction should be
+kept up. There is no deficiency of wealth for the appropriation
+and culture of these attractive places, and
+there is often a lavish expenditure upon country homes
+which ought to make them complete and even magnificent.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+But unfortunately we see, every year, costly
+establishments, designed for summer residences, or
+for permanent homes, built up with as little regard
+for taste, as for expense. The deficiency is found
+rather in the culture than in the dispositions and
+means of our people. And the remedy and supply for
+this must be provided by the dissemination of works
+treating upon this and kindred topics of rural art, by
+means <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'ofwhich'">of which</ins> the public taste may be refined and elevated
+to a higher standard.</p>
+
+<p>In constructing country houses there are several
+prime conditions to be observed, such as adaptation,
+accommodation, and expression. By adaptation is
+meant not only the arrangement of the main structure,
+as to form and material, to suit the locality and character
+of the grounds, but a fitness as respects the real
+wants&mdash;the habits and condition&mdash;of the occupants
+and the purposes of a country home. Nobody wants
+a modern city house planted down in the open country,
+nor should any sensible man seek a refuge from
+the bare streets of the city in the little less bare streets
+of a country village. There is no congruity between
+the classical forms of Grecian Architecture and the
+varying climate of our land.</p>
+
+<p>The material used in the construction of our country
+houses has not been sufficiently considered by us.
+Timber is abundant in almost all parts of the country,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+and the facility with which an establishment&mdash;mansion-house,
+office, and outbuildings&mdash;can be built up
+in a few weeks, of this material, has been the main reason,
+we suppose, why we have so many abortions, in the
+shape of Grecian temples, and miniature Gothic cathedrals
+and castles, scattered over the land. Let it be
+considered, that in building our country houses, we are
+not simply providing for ourselves, but for our children&mdash;we
+are constructing a homestead. It is for the
+want of this consideration that we have so few <i>homes</i>
+in our country, so few home associations, around and
+among which our deepest and purest affections are entwined.
+Our thin lath and plaster constructions,
+which rattle and tremble in every wind and leak in
+every rain, do not afford very good or permanent centers
+for these associations and affections.</p>
+
+<p>We have some native woods that are durable, out of
+which we may build houses that will last for several
+generations; but with these, even, the cost of frequent
+repairs and painting is so great, to say nothing
+of the annoyances thereby entailed, that, in point of
+economy, wood is by no means the most desirable material.
+Nor is it, in any way, the most desirable.
+The prevailing taste in country dwellings, before Mr.
+Downing's time, was defective enough. A large,
+square, wooden house, painted intensely white, garnished
+with bright green Venetian blinds&mdash;standing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+in a contracted yard&mdash;inclosed with a red or white
+wooden fence, was the very beau ideal of a gentleman's
+country dwelling. We are thankful that this dispensation
+has passed away; and we revere the memory
+of Downing, and of others like him, who were instrumental
+in bringing in a better taste in such matters.</p>
+
+<p>The first cost of a stone or brick dwelling somewhat
+exceeds that of wood, even in places where these materials
+are readily obtained. But if they are properly
+constructed, such buildings will need very few repairs
+for many years. It is often objected, on the other
+hand, that such buildings are damp and unwholesome.
+This is, undoubtedly, true of many of the old stone
+houses which we find scattered about the country.
+And it is true, because they were not properly built.
+When properly built, they preserve the most equal
+temperature at all seasons. They are warm in winter
+and cool in summer, and the sudden changes which
+affect the weather without, need scarcely be felt by the
+delicate invalid within the walls of the stone mansion,
+if suitable attention is given to the simple matter of
+ventilation.</p>
+
+<p>But let us return to the subject of adaptation. The
+illustrations which occur to us may serve to furnish a
+somewhat clear idea of what we mean by the prime
+conditions necessary to be observed in building.</p>
+
+<p>By the term adaptation, we mean such choice of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+style, material, size and arrangement as shall fit the
+structure: 1st, to the site; 2d, to the climate; and
+3d, to the uses for which it is built.</p>
+
+<p>And, first, as to the site: It would be obviously
+incongruous to erect the same house on these two
+different sites, with their different characteristic features
+and surroundings; for example, <i>the one</i> a nearly
+level plane gently rising, perhaps, as you approach
+from the road the position where the house shall
+stand, and sloping away again towards other broad
+green fields and the fertile meadows beyond&mdash;with no
+background of hills or mountains, no irregularly formed
+lake, but with a placid, lazy stream, half-sleeping,
+half-gliding by the weeping elms, and among the
+scattered groups of stately, old trees:&mdash;<i>the other</i>, a
+romantic hillside in the native forest, with its neighboring
+mountain range, where in the bright summer-time,
+the noisy, laughing brook keeps time to your
+thoughts and fancies as you wander among the hills,
+and in the bleak winter the winds sigh mournfully
+through the pines or utter their clarion calls to the
+spirit of the storm.</p>
+
+<p>The one situation would be appropriate to the
+Italian villa, with its flat roof, and overhanging cornices,
+its spacious verandahs and balconies, all having
+that depth and boldness and variety of outline necessary
+to secure the proper effects of light and shadow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+which, the absence of all variety of form in the landscape,
+would render indispensable. But no man with
+an artist's eye would think, for a moment, of building
+such a house as this on our wooded hillside. He
+would construct there his English cottage in good
+solid stone, whose steep roofs would shed with facility
+the summer rain and the winter snow, whose irregularities
+of form and outline would harmonize with
+nature's Gothic work in precipice and rock, in trees
+and climbing vines. Or else, he would place there
+his Swiss chal&eacute;t, which would be in harmony with the
+scene, and a pleasing object to the eye of the observer.
+On the broad, open plane the villa should be made,
+or seem, to cover a considerable space, while the nice
+cottage might be built more compactly.</p>
+
+<p>But here let us remark, that many of our attempts
+at the English cottage, generally known as the Gothic,
+have been failures, and some of them sad abortions.</p>
+
+<p>This comes from defective models and plans, and
+these defects arise mainly from these sources&mdash;the lack
+of boldness and variety in the main outlines, and in
+the construction of the roofs and chimneys. Such a
+cottage, to be pleasing and satisfactory, must have
+irregularities in form, variety in ornament, and boldness
+in treatment. A square house with additions of
+gables, and dormers and pinnacles, and ridge crests,
+will not give us an English cottage. It is a work of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+art, like a poem or a picture, and not a mechanical
+aggregation of Gothic features and ornaments. We
+were about to say that it should never be attempted
+in any other material than stone, but as many of us
+cannot command the means for such permanent buildings,
+we will concede that it may be allowable for us
+to put our wooden buildings into the cottage form,
+using the best taste and the most beautiful and picturesque
+styles, even if the material is objectionable.</p>
+
+<p>One other observation, before we return to our main
+topic, may be indulged. It is simply the suggestion
+that too little attention has been paid to the <i>sky-outlines</i>
+of our country houses. Roofs and chimney-tops
+have been treated as necessary evils, instead of
+being made, as they may be, highly ornamental. The
+unity of the plan, as a work of art, is lost as you
+ascend above the eaves, all the rest seeming like excrescences
+growing out of structures otherwise commendable
+and satisfactory. The superior horizontal
+lines of the roof will depend somewhat upon the background
+of the house. When a building is placed upon
+the crest of a hill, or upon a slope descending from
+the main point of view, so that its outlines are seen
+against the sky, the treatment of the plan will be
+obviously different from that required where the background
+is solid, as a hill or a forest. In any case,
+however, the horizontal lines should be broken, as far<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+as practicable, by making the roofs of the several
+parts of the house of unequal height.</p>
+
+<p>It will be apparent, without special argument, that
+our choice of style in our country houses should be
+controlled essentially by the climate. In our northern
+climate, the flat roof is objectionable, and we are
+obliged to modify the Italian styles somewhat in this
+respect, to obviate inconveniences. The hot summer
+sun, when, as on an August day, in the city,</p>
+
+<div class='poem'>
+"The pavements all are piping hot,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sky above is brazen,</span><br />
+And every head as good as dead<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sun can shed his rays on,"</span><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class='unindent'>will be more than likely to open the joints and seams
+of the flat roof, and the sudden shower coming down
+with the force of a tropical storm, will find its way
+through, sadly to the detriment of our ceilings, our
+stuccoes and frescoes, as well as to the comfort and
+the commendable equability of temper of those who
+suffer the invasion. The heavy winter snows, too,
+require a steep roof, from which they will readily dislodge
+themselves without injury.</div>
+
+<p>And so in the interior arrangements of the house,
+the provisions for heating and ventilation, for summer
+freedom and winter coziness, for domestic comfort and
+the exercise of the commendable grace of country
+hospitality, due regard must be had to the conditions
+of climate. There must be a proper adaptation to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+them, if we would secure satisfactory country homes.</p>
+
+<p>And this brings us to our last topic, the uses for
+which our country seats are built. The place designed
+simply for a summer residence for the citizen, who is
+obliged to be at his office or counting room daily,
+bating the few weeks of summer vacation, need not be
+so complete in its appointments and arrangements, as
+the permanent country residence. One essential condition,
+however, in this case is, that there shall be
+<i>room enough</i>, with ample verandahs, and shaded
+gravel walks, which will afford opportunities for open
+air exercise in all states of the weather. There is
+nothing, perhaps, that interferes so essentially with
+the citizen's enjoyment of the country, as the want of
+facilities for out door exercise. It is too hot or too
+dusty to ride or walk, before the shower, and after its
+refreshment has come, it is too wet and muddy. Spacious
+verandahs, shaded with vines, and well-made
+walks, always firm and dry, bordered with shrubbery,
+or overhung with trees, will give us "ample scope and
+verge enough."</p>
+
+<p>But the uses of country seats depend mainly upon
+the tastes and habitudes of the occupants; and their
+adaptation in style size and arrangement should be accordingly.
+We believe there is no law against a man's
+building an elegant library and picture gallery, though
+he may have no taste for literature or art, but having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+plenty of money, chooses to make this display of it.
+There are a great many absurdities to which poor,
+frail humanity is liable, against which the legislature,
+in its wisdom, has not thought it worth while to make
+solemn and positive enactments; it is better for the
+general moral condition of society, perhaps, that the
+vulgar rich man's ambition for display should manifest
+itself in books and pictures, rather than in fast
+horses. Might not the cultivation of the garden&mdash;vegetables,
+fruits and flowers,&mdash;take the place of both,
+as simple means of display? These are wholesome
+and agreeable employments even for those who have
+passed that time of life when a taste for books and art
+may be acquired.</p>
+
+<p>A country seat should combine and express the real
+uses which are required by the intellectual and social
+condition of its occupants, and not attract attention
+as blazoning the wealth and money importance of the
+owner. If he is rich, let him make it as complete and
+simply elegant as he will, and this he may do without
+proclaiming to every passer-by his miserable pride of
+wealth.</p>
+
+<p>With these preliminary observations, we submit
+our work to the judgment of those who are interested
+in these subjects. We have not included in our present
+volume any considerable number of designs for
+the more spacious and costly Villa, the work being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+designed for popular use and to meet a demand which
+is unprovided for by previous publications.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 1.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_1" id="Fig_1"></a>
+<img src="images/illus025.png" width="400" height="366" alt="Fig. 1.&mdash;Front Elevation." title="Fig. 1.&mdash;Front Elevation." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 1.&mdash;<i>Front Elevation.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_2" id="Fig_2"></a>
+<img src="images/illus026.png" width="400" height="454" alt="Fig. 2.&mdash;End Elevation." title="Fig. 2.&mdash;End Elevation." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 2.&mdash;<i>End Elevation.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>This design as shown in <a href="#Fig_1">figures 1</a> and <a href="#Fig_2">2</a>, is for a
+laborer's cottage intended to be erected on the grounds
+connected with a fine estate on the western slope of
+the Palisades in New Jersey. It is to be built of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+rough stone, plainly finished. It is 16 by 24 feet outside,
+having a living-room with bed room on the first
+floor, (<a href="#Fig_3">Fig. 3</a>,) a large pantry, stairway, etc., and a
+fine cellar below. The second floor (<a href="#Fig_4">Fig. 4</a>,) has two
+bed-rooms, well lighted and ventilated, and large
+closets to each. This size will admit of several different
+arrangements; the rear door might open out
+from the pantry, and afford more convenient access to
+the cellar stairs, to get in heavy articles, and shut out
+some cold in winter, but would interfere with the fine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+ventilation so necessary in summer to a generally
+heated apartment, as a kitchen, dining, and living-room
+combined. A porch might be placed over the
+rear door, or better still, at a small additional expense,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+a summer-kitchen and wood-house might be added.
+A house of this <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'accomodation'">accommodation</ins> is usually the first one
+put up by settlers on the western prairies. They are
+built of wood, balloon frame, with a plain pitch roof,
+without ornament.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_3" id="Fig_3"></a>
+<img src="images/illus027a.png" width="400" height="346" alt="Fig. 3.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 3.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 3.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_4" id="Fig_4"></a>
+<img src="images/illus027b.png" width="400" height="275" alt="Fig. 4.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 4.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 4.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The elevations as shown, give a greater variety than
+is usual in this class of building, and a house thus
+constructed may afterwards become a very pretty
+portion of a larger and more expensive structure.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 2.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_5" id="Fig_5"></a>
+<img src="images/illus028.png" width="300" height="274" alt="Fig. 5.&mdash;Front Elevation." title="Fig. 5.&mdash;Front Elevation." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 5.&mdash;<i>Front Elevation.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_6" id="Fig_6"></a>
+<img src="images/illus029a.png" width="300" height="364" alt="Fig. 6.&mdash;Side Elevation." title="Fig. 6.&mdash;Side Elevation." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 6.&mdash;<i>Side Elevation.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The second design (<a href="#Fig_5">Fig. 5</a>,) is for a frame building
+giving more variety of outline. The plan (<a href="#Fig_7">Fig. 7</a>,)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+separates the sitting room from the kitchen and
+dining room, and insures more privacy. There is also
+a greater abundance of closets, though smaller. One
+of the bed rooms above might be divided into two,
+and thus increase the accommodation. A portion of
+the cellar may also be finished for a kitchen, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+living room used as a dining room. This plan admits
+of future additions being made without destroying
+the harmony or proportion of the building. To one
+of moderate means, such a mode of building presents
+some attractions, as it affords a house for immediate
+wants, to which additions may be made as one's
+means increase. Such houses, if tastefully furnished
+and embellished with suitable surroundings, as neat
+and well-kept grounds, fine trees, shrubbery, flowers,
+and climbing vines, will always attract more attention
+and admiration than the uninviting aspect of many
+more expensive structures. Money tastefully expended
+in this manner will always yield gratifying results.</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_7" id="Fig_7"></a>
+<img src="images/illus029b.png" width="350" height="252" alt="Fig. 7.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 7.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 7.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_8" id="Fig_8"></a>
+<img src="images/illus030.png" width="350" height="253" alt="Fig. 8.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 8.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 8.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 3.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_9" id="Fig_9"></a>
+<img src="images/illus031a.png" width="400" height="356" alt="Fig. 9.&mdash;Front Elevation." title="Fig. 9.&mdash;Front Elevation." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 9.&mdash;<i>Front Elevation.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_10" id="Fig_10"></a>
+<img src="images/illus031b.png" width="400" height="364" alt="Fig. 10.&mdash;Side Elevation." title="Fig. 10.&mdash;Side Elevation." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 10.&mdash;<i>Side Elevation.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This design is similar, in some respects, to design
+No. 2, and gives, perhaps, the most compact arrangement<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+of rooms for a building having so irregular an
+outline. Exteriorly considered, there is much to be
+admired in variety, and light and shadow, the different
+elevations being entirely unlike each other, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+affording a constant change from every point of view;
+an object, we think, very much to be desired in cottage
+architecture, and when well managed never fails
+to make a pleasing impression. A high, bold appearance,
+without the overhanging eaves or depth of
+shadow, is not suitable for a country house; a feeling
+is created that something is wanting to make up the
+accessories of an agreeable habitation.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_11" id="Fig_11"></a>
+<img src="images/illus032.png" width="350" height="329" alt="Fig. 11.&mdash;Basement Plan." title="Fig. 11.&mdash;Basement Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 11.&mdash;<i>Basement Plan.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In this plan, (<a href="#Fig_11">Fig. 11</a>,) the kitchen is in the basement,
+convenient to the cellar, and with a good pantry
+attached to it. It is put there for the purpose of
+economizing in the construction. Our own preference
+is to put the kitchen in a well ventilated wing on a
+level with the main floor, and thus avoid, as much as
+possible, the necessity of running up and down stairs.
+This can be done at any future time when desired, as,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+indeed, can any addition of other rooms be made to
+meet the wants of an increasing family. A dumb waiter
+connects the kitchen with the dining room, and
+thus saves many steps.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_12" id="Fig_12"></a>
+<img src="images/illus033.png" width="350" height="363" alt="Fig. 12.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 12.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 12.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first floor (<a href="#Fig_12">Fig. 12</a>,) gives parlor, dining room,
+and a library, with a roomy vestibule, and a side door
+or private entrance, and supplies all the wants of a
+small family. The library might be used for a bed
+room. On the second floor (<a href="#Fig_13">Fig. 13</a>,) are 3 bed rooms
+with closets.</p>
+
+<p>The engravings are intended to tell their own story
+as far as possible, and but little explanation is necessary
+to make them fully comprehensible. In the
+matter of cost, one can hardly give a price that is
+reliable; the enormous advance in some building materials
+and slight advance in others, disarrange all old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+standards of estimating. Localities, of course, have
+much to do with the cost; yet, above all others, the
+business management must be considered. A good
+manager, thoroughly familiar with the qualities and
+values of materials, who knows how to direct labor to
+the best advantage, will execute work at a less cost
+than one who undertakes his own building without a
+previous training.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_13" id="Fig_13"></a>
+<img src="images/illus034.png" width="350" height="350" alt="Fig. 13.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 13.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 13.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 4.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This is a perspective view of a cottage, designed to
+afford a reasonable amount of <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'accomodation'">accommodation</ins> for an
+average sized family, and which, if tastefully furnished,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+and fitted with suitable landscape surroundings,
+will convey a pleasing impression to all; much more
+so than dwellings of a more expensive class, where sufficient
+attention is not given to such accessories.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_14" id="Fig_14"></a>
+<img src="images/illus035.png" width="500" height="429" alt="Fig. 14.&mdash;Perspective." title="Fig. 14.&mdash;Perspective." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 14.&mdash;<i>Perspective.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The plans of this house are compact, the rooms
+opening into each other in such a manner as to afford
+easy communication and economy in heating. The
+porch is spacious, and more pleasant than the long,
+narrow verandah. The supply of water for all purposes
+is from a filtering cistern, which is connected
+with the kitchen sink, by a pump. The entire house<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+may be heated by a furnace, hot water, or steam, as
+is most preferable; or stoves may be used in nearly
+all the rooms, if first cost is to be closely considered.
+A passage underneath the staircase connects with the
+side door from the vestibule, and, with the exception
+of the library, all parts of the house are accessible
+without passing through other rooms.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_15" id="Fig_15"></a>
+<img src="images/illus036.png" width="350" height="447" alt="Fig. 15.&mdash;Basement Floor." title="Fig. 15.&mdash;Basement Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 15.&mdash;<i>Basement Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_16" id="Fig_16"></a>
+<img src="images/illus037.png" width="350" height="357" alt="Fig. 16.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 16.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 16.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_17" id="Fig_17"></a>
+<img src="images/illus038.png" width="350" height="341" alt="Fig. 17.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 17.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 17.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the vicinity of large cities, and more particularly
+the city of New York, there are reasons which have a
+money value to them, why more attention should be
+given to suburban architecture, and why capitalists,
+as well as individuals, should undertake the construction
+of moderate-priced buildings, that shall command
+attention from the harmonious combination of fine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+architectural effects. It requires but a very limited
+experience to become aware of the fact, that dwellings
+of precisely the same cost, and similarly situated, will
+differ in their rental at least one half, and it is mainly
+owing to the reason that one is properly designed,
+and the other perhaps an amateur performance, modeled
+after the ill-proportioned Greek pediment style,
+too prevalent to be countenanced for a moment by any
+one who prides himself on his good taste. There can
+be no question that a fitly designed cottage, conveniently
+arranged, adds, independently of its own cost,
+a large per centage to the value of the acres which
+surround it, and is the point which arrests the eye and
+secures the purchaser. Rapid rail-road facilities,
+lower rents, more healthful localities, and the fact<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+that the growth of this city "<i>Spuyten Duyvelward</i>"
+has reached a point beyond the convenient access of
+the strictly business man, necessarily turn the attention
+of those who look to the full measure of comfort,
+to a suburban life, ten to fifteen miles away from the
+unceasing noise and hurry of the city, where the business
+of the day is forgotten, and fresh air, fresh milk,
+butter and eggs, fruits, flowers, birds, &amp;c., are luxuries
+unknown in town. Taking a strictly money
+view of building operations, for sale and rent, in
+suburban localities, and more particularly about New
+York, it would promise, by every course of reasoning,
+a remunerative return, if the plan were judiciously
+and tastefully carried out. The wants of the public,
+however, are so unequal, and their opinions so varied
+by the circumstances under which they are formed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+that, unless an attractive beginning can be shown,
+very desirable property may remain a long time on
+the market. If we canvass real estate thoroughly, we
+shall find that property sells first, and at the best
+prices, which has ever so humble a cottage on it, a
+starting point in which one may temporarily reside,
+and lay out his plans of future operations; for the
+construction of a country place is of all things one
+with which to make haste slowly. With those actively
+engaged in business, and to whom time is every
+thing, there is no disposition to add the labor and
+annoyances of building; the demand is for a home<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+ready for occupancy; the thought is entertained, and
+the wish gratified, simply because the opportunity
+presented itself; but it is far less trouble for young
+and middle-aged business men to stick to the city,
+than to give the time for building, particularly when
+they undertake their own architecture. Let capitalists
+invite them by snug, well-built, convenient, and
+tasteful cottages, and the demand will always be in
+advance of the supply, in all healthy localities, having
+rapid, reliable, and frequent communication with the
+city.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_18" id="Fig_18"></a>
+<img src="images/illus039.png" width="350" height="454" alt="Fig. 18.&mdash;First Floor Enlarged." title="Fig. 18.&mdash;First Floor Enlarged." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 18.&mdash;<i>First Floor Enlarged.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 5.</h2>
+
+<h3>A GARDENER'S COTTAGE.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The accompanying design was made for William
+C. Bryant, Esq., by Fred'k S. Copley, Esq., Artist,
+Tompkinsville, Staten Island, and was erected on his
+beautiful estate at Roslyn, Long Island, in 1862. It
+stands on the hill above his residence, overlooking the
+bay from the village to the Sound, possessing one of
+the finest views on the Island. It was intended as a
+gardener's lodge, and to accommodate one or two families,
+as circumstances might require, (one on each
+floor,) giving each three rooms, and a joint right to
+the scullery, sink, and cellar.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_19" id="Fig_19"></a>
+<img src="images/illus041.png" width="500" height="348" alt="Fig. 19.&mdash;Perspective View." title="Fig. 19.&mdash;Perspective View." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 19.&mdash;<i>Perspective View.</i></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Arrangement.</i>&mdash;The first story is 9 feet in the clear
+throughout, with every convenience suitable for the
+health and comfort of the occupants. From the
+porch, a small hall, lighted from the roof, is entered,
+with doors on either hand, to parlor or living
+room, and staircase passage in front, communicating
+with the kitchen at the back, chambers above, and
+cellar beneath.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_20" id="Fig_20"></a>
+<img src="images/illus042.png" width="350" height="320" alt="Fig. 20.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 20.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 20.&mdash;First Floor.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The chamber floor, second story, is 9 feet in the
+clear through the centre, and 6 feet at the sides, (from
+the floor to the plate,) the roof cutting off three feet
+of the ceiling at the sides at an angle of 45 degrees.
+This loss of a few feet of the ceiling is more than compensated
+by the cottage-like effect it gives to the
+rooms, harmonizing the inside with the external appearance.
+The two principal chambers are provided<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+with fire-places and ample closet room. The one over
+the parlor has two closets, built outside the frame,
+and a door into the single room, over the porch, forming
+a most desirable family chamber. Both these
+rooms have ventilators in the same chimney breast,
+and the small one may be warmed by a stove leading
+thereto. The other has a large closet over the store-room
+for trunks, linen, &amp;c. The attic room over the
+kitchen wing is intended for the domestics.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_21" id="Fig_21"></a>
+<img src="images/illus043.png" width="300" height="290" alt="Fig. 21.&mdash;Chamber Floor." title="Fig. 21.&mdash;Chamber Floor." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 21.&mdash;Chamber Floor.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>By reference to the plans, it will be seen that every
+room is of good size and form, cheerfully lighted, thoroughly
+ventilated, and of easy access one to another,
+at the same time that privacy, so essential, is maintained
+throughout.</p>
+
+<p><i>Construction.</i>&mdash;The building is constructed of wood,
+vertically sided, and battened, (with 1&frac12; inch tongued
+and grooved pine plank,) with horizontal strips in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+line of the window sills and floors, to hide the buts,
+and small triangular pieces in the corners, which gives
+the pretty effect of paneling. The whole is stained
+by a mixture of oil, &amp;c., that heightens the grain of
+the wood, and gives a brightness of color, and that
+cheerfulness of effect, so desirable in rural dwellings.
+The roof is of slate, in bands of purple and green, and
+the chimneys are surmounted by terra-cotta pots. The
+whole is filled in with brick.</p>
+
+<p>This cottage is built in a substantial and plain
+manner, with cellar under kitchen, cemented on the
+gravel the same as the cistern, and all the interior
+wood work is oiled and stained.</p>
+
+<p>As a specimen of cottage architecture, (on the smallest
+scale, lodge class,) it will rank as one of the best.
+For simplicity, variety of form, symmetry of proportion,
+with convenience of arrangement and economy of
+space and construction, it forms a model cottage, that
+any one might live in and many covet, besides being an
+addition to the landscape and an ornament to the
+grounds.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESIGN No. 6.</h2>
+
+<h3>STONE STABLE AND COACH HOUSE.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_22" id="Fig_22"></a>
+<img src="images/illus045.png" width="500" height="410" alt="Fig. 22.&mdash;Perspective." title="Fig. 22.&mdash;Perspective." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 22.&mdash;<i>Perspective.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This design was erected on the Hudson, during the
+past year, of the beautiful rock faced stone so abundant
+between the Spuyten Duyvil and the Highlands, and
+is a good example of such a building as will meet the
+requirements of a moderately extensive establishment.
+It is conveniently arranged, enabling all the work to
+be done with the most ease, and gives thorough light
+and ventilation, so essential to the health and comfort
+of animals. The time has gone by to give prospective
+prices for anything, but we have seen the day<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+when this building might have been erected for about
+$4,000. A room for the coachman may easily be made
+on the second floor, and the plan increased or decreased
+to suit the wants of any one.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_23" id="Fig_23"></a>
+<img src="images/illus046.png" width="400" height="232" alt="Fig. 23.&mdash;Ground Plan." title="Fig. 23.&mdash;Ground Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 23.&mdash;<i>Ground Plan.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 7.</h2>
+
+<h3>A FARM COTTAGE.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_24" id="Fig_24"></a>
+<img src="images/illus047.png" width="500" height="360" alt="Fig. 24.&mdash;Perspective View." title="Fig. 24.&mdash;Perspective View." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 24.&mdash;Perspective View.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>We show in this design a style of cottage which, in
+these high priced times of lumber and labor, can be
+erected at a very reasonable figure; and although prepared
+for a farm cottage, will admit of such changes as
+will adapt it to the wants of those who require a higher
+grade of accommodation. It is the most natural thing
+in the world for any one to take up a plan and suggest
+innumerable changes and additions, always forgetting
+the unalterable condition of price, situation, and object,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+which restrained the architect while working it up.
+To prepare a design regardless of expense is a very
+different matter from devising one that gives the largest
+amount of accommodation within a fixed limit of
+cost. We shall arrive gradually at the precise figures,
+and endeavor to get the accommodation wanted by
+some of our readers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"><a name="Fig_25" id="Fig_25"></a>
+<img src="images/illus048.png" width="200" height="237" alt="Fig. 25.&mdash;Cellar." title="Fig. 24.&mdash;Perspective View." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 25.&mdash;<i>Cellar.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"><a name="Fig_26" id="Fig_26"></a>
+<img src="images/illus049a.png" width="200" height="236" alt="Fig. 26.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 26.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 26.&mdash;First Floor.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;"><a name="Fig_27" id="Fig_27"></a>
+<img src="images/illus049b.png" width="200" height="254" alt="Fig. 27.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 27.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 27.&mdash;Second Floor.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It has been frequently observed that the gate lodges
+and farm cottages attached to large estates are generally
+more attractive in their architectural proportions
+and beauty than the mansion itself; and this
+has been usually attributed to the education of the
+proprietor's tastes, the cottages being the latest erections.
+This impression is not, however, always true;
+for there is a peculiar beauty and attractiveness about
+cottage architecture which can not be produced in
+buildings of a larger and more commodious class.
+Certain it is that a prettily designed cottage will always
+arrest attention. "Among the first and most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+pleasing impressions," says a late writer, "of our trite
+friend, the intelligent foreigner, as he entered England
+by the old Dover road, were those suggested by the
+little whitewashed and woodbined cottages which
+caught his eye at every turn. All books of travels on
+English ground are full of them. Snugly sheltered in
+its bower of apple trees, or more stately group of walnuts,
+approachable only by its rustic stairs, or dotted
+at neighborly distances along the straggling village,
+with its trim garden of lavender and wall flowers, seen
+through the wicket gate or over the privet hedge, the
+English cottage, above or below, near or in the distance,
+was alike the delight and envy of the traveler,
+the theme of the journalist and the poet. 'There is
+scarce a cottage,' says an American tourist just landed
+from America and France, 'between Dover and London
+which a poet might not be happy to live in. I
+saw a hundred little spots I coveted with quite a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+heart-ache.' Whether or not Rogers would have given
+up his picture-lighted snuggery in St. James' Place
+for his 'Cot beside the hill,' and really preferred to have
+his latch lifted by the pilgrim, instead of his knocker
+by a London footman, it is certain that the cottage
+homes of England that border the main roads have
+long possessed a beauty far beyond the houses in other
+lands belonging to classes much higher in the social
+scale, and have been coveted, sometimes not without
+reason, by those who could, if they chose, have purchased
+them fifty times over."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 8.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This design for a timber cottage is simple and at
+the same time picturesque, and built upon a site
+adapted to it, and in harmony with the architectural
+expression, the effect could not fail to be in a high
+degree pleasing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_28" id="Fig_28"></a>
+<img src="images/illus051.png" width="500" height="354" alt="Fig. 28.&mdash;Perspective View." title="Fig. 28.&mdash;Perspective View." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 28.&mdash;Perspective View.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It will be seen that some of the principal timbers
+of the frame are intended to show on the outside, and
+that there is a designed contrast between the horizontal
+siding extending to the top of the posts, and the
+vertical and battened covering of the pediment above
+the ornamental string course. The brackets and posts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+which support the roof of the porches, should be chamfered,
+and these timbers should be of sufficient thickness
+to avoid any appearance of meanness, while at
+the same time, they should not be too heavy, and so
+destroy the proportions of the design.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_29" id="Fig_29"></a>
+<img src="images/illus052a.png" width="250" height="207" alt="Fig. 29.&mdash;Cellar." title="Fig. 29.&mdash;Cellar." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 29.&mdash;Cellar.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The roof should be covered with shingles having
+their ends clipped or rounded.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_30" id="Fig_30"></a>
+<img src="images/illus052b.png" width="250" height="216" alt="Fig. 30.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 30.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 30.&mdash;First Floor.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_31" id="Fig_31"></a>
+<img src="images/illus052c.png" width="250" height="195" alt="Fig. 31.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 31.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 31.&mdash;Second Floor.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The cellar may be divided in such way as to serve
+the wants of the occupants. A portable furnace might
+be placed at the foot of the basement stairs, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+would warm the rooms on the first floor, and temper
+the air of the chambers above.</p>
+
+<p>The interior accommodations and conveniences are
+readily seen on inspection of the plans&mdash;(Figs. 30. 31).
+There is no waste of room, and for the uses of a small
+family, the accommodations would be found as ample
+as could well be obtained in a cottage of such size and
+cost.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 9.&mdash;RURAL CHURCH.</h2>
+
+<h3>DESIGNED BY THE REV. DR. CRESSY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>This design is intended for a church which is to
+occupy a beautiful and commanding site on the western
+shore of Lake George, in the midst of the original
+forest, and is now in process of erection. It will also
+meet the requirements of several correspondents who
+have requested plans for rural churches which could
+be erected as economically and cheaply as possible,
+with due regard to proportion, fitness and beauty of
+expression.</p>
+
+<p>This design will be found to comprehend, we may
+say, in an eminent degree, variety of outline, correctness
+of detail, force of expression and purity of taste,
+with simplicity of execution, and in those parts of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+country where lumber is abundant, and labor not exorbitant,
+it can be erected at a low cost.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_32" id="Fig_32"></a>
+<img src="images/illus054.png" width="400" height="333" alt="Fig. 32.&mdash;Perspective." title="Fig. 32.&mdash;Perspective." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 32.&mdash;<i>Perspective.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>We have a right to congratulate ourselves on the
+improvement which the last quarter of a century has
+witnessed among our people in the building and adorning
+of our edifices devoted to Christian worship.
+Downing, in his time, said, "that the ugliest church
+architecture in Christendom, is at this moment to be
+found in the country towns and villages of the United
+States." And speaking of the influence of what our
+churches should be, in the beauty of their proportions,
+and in the expression of the sacred purposes which
+they embody, and the feelings of reverence and harmony
+with God and man which they suggest, he fitly
+says&mdash;"We fear there are very few country churches
+in our land that exert this kind of spell,&mdash;a spell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+which grows out of making stone, and brick, and timber,
+obey the will of the living soul, and express a religious
+sentiment. Most persons, most committees,
+select men, vestrymen, and congregations, who have
+to do with the building of churches, appear indeed
+wholly to ignore the fact, that the form and feature
+of a building may be made to express religious, civil,
+domestic, or a dozen other feelings, as distinctly as the
+form and features of the human face:&mdash;and yet this
+is a fact as well known by all true architects, as that
+joy and sorrow, pleasure and pain, are capable of irradiating
+or darkening the countenance. Yes, and we
+do not say too much, when we add, that right expression
+in a building for religious purposes, has as much
+to do with awakening devotional feelings, and begetting
+an attachment in the heart, as the unmistakable
+signs of virtue and benevolence in our fellow-creatures
+have in awakening kindred feelings in our own
+breasts.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_33" id="Fig_33"></a>
+<img src="images/illus055.png" width="350" height="206" alt="Fig. 33.&mdash;Floor Plan." title="Fig. 33.&mdash;Floor Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 33.&mdash;<i>Floor Plan.</i></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"We do not, of course, mean to say that a beautiful
+rural church will make all the population about it
+devotional, any more than that sunshine will banish
+gloom; but it is one of the influences that prepare the
+way for religious feeling, and which we are as unwise
+to neglect, as we should be to abjure the world and
+bury ourselves, like the ancient troglodytes, in caves
+and caverns."</p>
+
+<p>Happily we are coming to appreciate these truths,
+not only in our cities, but in the country, and the
+ugly, unsightly, and unseemly structures which have
+so long deformed the land are giving place to edifices
+in which the true ideas of harmony, grace, proportion,
+symmetry and expression, which make what we call
+Beauty, are brought out in due proportion.</p>
+
+<p>The church we present is designed to be of wood,
+the country about the site affording an abundance of
+that material, at the lowest cost. An inspection of
+the design will show that the principal timbers of the
+frame are intended to be visible externally,&mdash;the weather-boarding
+being set back from the face of the posts
+and beams. This exterior covering is intended to be
+made of sound <i>rough</i> plank, from ten to fourteen inches
+wide, and at least one and a-half inches thick.
+These are to be tongued and grooved, so as to make
+a close joint, and nailed to the frame in a <i>vertical</i>
+manner. The joint is to be covered with a narrow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+strip, or batten, of one and a-half inch plank. These
+unplaned plank may be painted with two good coats
+and sanded, or they may be left to take such tints and
+complexion as time and the weather may give them.</p>
+
+<p>Lumber, at the proposed site, being cheaper and
+more easily obtained than lime, the interior of the
+church will be neatly ceiled with narrow boards, which
+will be lightly stained and oiled. The roof will be
+"open timber" of simple construction. All the wood
+work of the interior will be of pine, smoothly planed,
+stained and oiled, without paint, except the ceiling of
+the roof which should be colored, in order to give something
+like warmth of tone to the interior, the lack of
+which is often sadly felt in our country churches, particularly.</p>
+
+<p>This mode of weather-boarding and "open timber"
+finish is now so common that a more particular description
+is unnecessary.</p>
+
+<p>This church will seat, comfortably, about two hundred
+persons. Its cost will depend entirely upon the
+price of lumber and labor, of course, and these vary
+with different localities, and are particularly uncertain
+at this time. We will only add that it will cost no
+more to build with correct proportions and in good
+taste, than in disregard and defiance of these desirable
+and commendable principles.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESIGN No. 10.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_34" id="Fig_34"></a>
+<img src="images/illus059.png" width="500" height="347" alt="Fig. 34.&mdash;Perspective." title="Fig. 34.&mdash;Perspective." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 34.&mdash;<i>Perspective.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>We give below a somewhat different example of
+Cottage Architecture, of a form that is compact and
+every way available, at the same time affording every
+convenience in the arrangement of rooms desirable for
+a family of refined tastes and moderate means. This
+cottage may be built of wood, or, better still, in favorable
+localities, of brick or stone, and if suitably surrounded
+with tasteful landscape embellishments, will
+make a snug, pretty, and attractive home. One can,
+by the exercise of appropriate taste, produce the right
+kind of an impression in a house of this character.
+It should become a part of, and belong to the acres
+which surround it; it should be an indispensable
+accessory to the place itself, and the grounds should
+be laid out and embellished in such a manner that
+the whole combination impresses all with harmonious
+beauty, and not, as is too frequently the case, seek to
+make up the wretched deficiencies in the grounds by
+elaborate expenditure and display about the house.
+A true appreciation of country life will not tolerate
+slovenly, ill-kept grounds, and no house exhibits its
+true value unless there is a harmony in its surroundings.
+If this be attended to, a high degree of effect
+can be produced in houses of very moderate cost;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+houses that shall be roomy, warm, substantial, and
+in every way agreeable to their occupants.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_35" id="Fig_35"></a>
+<img src="images/illus060.png" width="400" height="485" alt="Fig. 35.&mdash;Basement Plan." title="Fig. 35.&mdash;Basement Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 35.&mdash;<i>Basement Plan.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The plans show the arrangement of rooms, and
+these can be made larger or smaller, or be differently
+disposed, to suit almost any fancy. In this design
+the kitchen apartments are below stairs; in future
+plans we shall give some with kitchen, laundry, etc.,
+on the principal floor; or they can be readily added
+to this plan. The cost of a house is the one thing
+desirable; every one asks for it, and yet every one
+within our knowledge who has built a house himself
+at a stated price has been sadly deceived. Close<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
+specifications are very dry reading, and not appropriate
+here, and it is questionable how much service they
+would be to any but professional builders. It is
+reasonable to suppose, that if one without building
+experience undertakes it, he will have to pay something
+additional for the knowledge he will gain. If
+he places it to the proper account, then we can not be
+accused of misleading him.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_36" id="Fig_36"></a>
+<img src="images/illus061.png" width="400" height="468" alt="Fig. 36.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 36.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 36.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_37" id="Fig_37"></a>
+<img src="images/illus062.png" width="400" height="476" alt="Fig. 37.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 37.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 37.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Most men contemplate, at some period of life, the
+construction of a dwelling-house, but few deem it
+necessary to study their wants or prepare their plans
+until they have selected their site and made all other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+arrangements for building, and then proceed with all
+possible haste to plan a home. That which should
+have been the study of months or years, is hurried
+through in as many days, imperfectly done at the best,
+and the cause of frequent annoying and expensive
+changes after the work has commenced. It is true,
+that the site has very much to do with the distribution
+of rooms, but any ingenious architect can readily
+adapt a proper combination of rooms to suit the exposures
+and views of a particular site. It would be
+vastly better for those who prefer to arrange their own
+plan of rooms, (and there are but very few who do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>
+not,) that they take abundant time to consider well
+every thing relating to them; and although the hope
+of building may be very remote, it should not be considered
+time lost to begin to give one's thoughts a
+definite form of what he thinks a house should be;
+for if nothing else results, it may furnish a valuable
+hint for a friend, and will certainly enlarge one's
+information and experience in these matters. Almost
+every one is capable, with such hints as have been
+freely given in the volumes of the <span class="smcap">Horticulturist</span>,
+in the leading papers which treat on rural art, and
+the numerous valuable publications on rural architecture,
+to make such a combination of rooms as will
+best suit his peculiar wants, tastes, or fancies, and
+then, with the aid of an architect, it can readily be
+freed from mechanical impracticabilities, and put into
+a proportionate and harmonious form. Architecture,
+both in design and construction, is a profession that
+requires long years of study and practice to develop
+an expert, and those who really want a good thing at
+the least cost, usually seek such assistance; those
+who prefer to do their own designing and building,
+find out with absolute certainty the most expensive
+modes of erecting very ugly and ill-proportioned
+structures.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESIGN No. 11.</h2>
+
+<h3>A SUBURBAN SUMMER HOUSE.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 392px;"><a name="Fig_38" id="Fig_38"></a>
+<img src="images/illus064.png" width="392" height="500" alt="Fig. 38." title="Fig. 38." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 38.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the adornment of ornamental grounds, some considerable
+attention has been given to summer houses,
+and similar structures; but these have been mainly
+<i>rustic</i> in their design and finish, and in this respect
+well adapted to their purpose and surroundings. The
+good taste of these structures will not be called in
+question. There are locations, however, in the more
+immediate vicinity of our large cities, where a style<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+less rustic would seem to be more in harmony with
+the architecture which is found to prevail. We refer
+to residences on the outskirts of our large cities, with
+inclosures containing a few city lots. Here the architecture,
+so far from being rural, is, on the contrary,
+stiff, sharp, and sometimes very ornate. A rustic
+summer house in such a place would be an incongruity.
+A rustic house is in itself a beautiful object; but there
+is a certain charm in association which can not be
+widely departed from without doing violence to our
+conceptions of the fitness of things; and hence a purely
+rustic house without rural surroundings is destitute
+of the chief elements which give rise to the beautiful.
+Most persons would say it was out of place.</p>
+
+<p>The design herewith presented was prepared to
+meet the requirements of such a case; it is consequently
+somewhat elaborate. It is located on a small
+plot of ground within the city limits, and in full view
+from three streets. The grounds are laid out with a few
+rectangular walks, and such shrubs as the small size
+of the place would admit of. The house, we think
+corresponds with its surroundings. Its faults, if any,
+are a little too much ornament, but something of this
+kind seemed to be required in the absence of that
+more beautiful ornamentation produced by the drapery
+of Nature. The house is so located that it receives
+the morning sun for a few hours, but during the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
+rest of the day is in the shade; it therefore constitutes
+a pleasant place of retreat for the family at all hours,
+and is used by the children freely as a play house.
+The floor is laid in narrow stuff, and is elevated a foot
+above the ground for the sake of dryness. Easy seats,
+a handsome centre table, and a hanging lamp complete
+the interior. Venetian blinds afford ample protection
+on a misty day or a chilly night, or admit the soft summer
+breeze on a hot and sultry eve.&mdash;<i>Horticulturist.</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 12.</h2>
+
+<h3>STABLE AND CARRIAGE HOUSE.</h3>
+
+
+<p>This stable affords abundant accommodation for
+three horses, with carriage house, feed room, and a
+large harness room on the first floor, while the loft
+above may contain a coachman's room, and leave ample
+space for hay and straw.</p>
+
+<p>If required, a shed and cow house can be extended
+on the side opposite the carriage house, thus adding
+considerably to the effect of the external appearance.
+Under the stable there should be a cellar for the storage
+of roots for feed, and, if desirable, the winter
+stock of vegetables for household use. This stable
+may be built of wood, or of stone or brick.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_39" id="Fig_39"></a>
+<img src="images/illus067a.png" width="500" height="373" alt="Fig. 39.&mdash;Stable." title="Fig. 39.&mdash;Stable." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 39.&mdash;<i>Stable.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_40" id="Fig_40"></a>
+<img src="images/illus067b.png" width="400" height="273" alt="Fig. 40.&mdash;Stable Plan." title="Fig. 40.&mdash;Stable Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 40.&mdash;<i>Stable Plan.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESIGN No. 13.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This design is intended to cover, at a low cost, as
+much comfort and convenience as a moderate-sized
+family would require, and to distribute the same as
+much as possible on one floor.</p>
+
+<p>The cellar or basement kitchen is dispensed with
+and only enough cellar room provided to meet the
+wants of those who occupy suburban places of a few
+acres in extent. Where large quantities of vegetables
+are stored, or where cellar room is required for farm
+purposes, we think it better to build cellars separate
+from the residence, (an arrangement much more
+healthful, as well as convenient and desirable.) For
+the preservation in warm weather of meats, milk, and
+other perishable articles, a refrigerator, or, better still,
+an ice closet, can be set up at one end of the laundry.
+This can be supplied with ice through an outside door,
+and is infinitely better and more convenient than any
+cellar or spring house.</p>
+
+<p>The kitchen is without a fire-place, but is provided
+with a ventilator in the chimney near the ceiling. The
+cooking may be done by a stove, which, if properly
+contrived, is one of the most effective ventilators, and
+preferred by many housekeepers for all kitchen purposes.
+Or a range can be placed in the chimney, if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+desirable, or a fire-place, if it should be considered indispensable.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_41" id="Fig_41"></a>
+<img src="images/illus069.png" width="500" height="371" alt="Fig. 41.&mdash;Elevation." title="Fig. 41.&mdash;Elevation." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 41.&mdash;<i>Elevation.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_42" id="Fig_42"></a>
+<img src="images/illus070.png" width="350" height="437" alt="Fig. 42.&mdash;Plan." title="Fig. 42.&mdash;Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 42.&mdash;<i>Plan.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A door under the stair-way separates the front and
+rear halls, and disconnects the kitchen apartments
+from the rest of the house. All the doors opening into
+the rear hall should be hung with the new spiral spring
+butt, the best door spring that has come under our
+notice. It is entirely concealed, and works without a
+fault.</p>
+
+<p>The closets in the dining room are finished to give
+an interior appearance of a bay window. The dining
+room and the two chambers above, are intended to be
+heated by a fire-place heater set in the chimney, thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>
+warming three rooms, at pleasure, with one fire. A
+small stove in the library will keep that comfortable.
+Or, in place of all this, the whole house may be heated
+by any of the approved modes, in the use of hot air,
+hot water, or steam.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_43" id="Fig_43"></a>
+<img src="images/illus071.png" width="350" height="435" alt="Fig. 43.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 43.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 43.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The library, parlor, or general living room in a
+country house&mdash;and we like these rooms in one&mdash;should
+have the cheerful, healthful luxury of an open
+fire-place, and we know of no more elegant, cleanly
+and effective contrivance for this purpose than Dixon's
+low down, Philadelphia Grate, in which wood, coal,
+or any other fuel can be used equally well. The advantages<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
+combined in this grate are these:&mdash;the fire
+flat on the hearth, and radiating the heat from an oval
+cast iron backing: cold air supplied from below, and
+ashes, dirt, &amp;c., shaken down into an ash-pit in the
+cellar, beneath the grate. We speak confidently of
+this invention, after a trial of two winters, and do not
+hesitate to say that, compared with this, the ordinary
+grate is worthless. Large rooms can be kept perfectly
+comfortable in the coldest weather, without
+heat from any other source.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_44" id="Fig_44"></a>
+<img src="images/illus072.png" width="350" height="450" alt="Fig. 44.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 44.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 44.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This house is supplied with a cistern, constructed
+with the utmost care, ten feet in diameter, and ten<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+feet deep, holding 6,000 gallons of water. The roof
+is of slate, and the rain-water is therefore of great
+purity, free from color, and the woody taste usually
+imparted to it by falling on a shingle roof.</p>
+
+<p>At the laundry sink is one of West's lift and force
+pumps, which draws the water from the cistern. This
+pump is a simple and effective affair, and works with
+remarkable ease, is always in order, and may be considered
+one of the best pumps known. We have given
+it a thorough trial, and speak from personal knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>On one side of the laundry sink there is also one of
+Kedzie's large size rain-water filters, which holds
+several pails full of water, and which we commend as
+an admirable contrivance for the purposes intended.
+It possesses every merit claimed for it, and after more
+than a year's use, the water drawn from it is of such
+crystal purity and sweetness as to attract the attention
+of all to whom it is offered.</p>
+
+<p>No well has been dug or contemplated on the premises
+connected with this cottage. About one-half
+the cost of a well has been expended upon a slate roof,
+a large and carefully-constructed cistern, West's pump
+and Kedzie's filter&mdash;the other half has been safely invested
+in U. S. 7-30's, and instead of hoisting water
+fifty feet, for household, garden, and stable uses, the
+turn of a croton water tap is not more easy and convenient,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+and the finest flow of a silver spring of soft
+water, is not more beautiful than that delivered by
+West's pump and Kedzie's filter, which supplies for
+all purposes of the cottage, stable, and garden, water
+unsurpassed in its pleasant and wholesome properties.
+Those who seek the most convenient and reliable
+modes of procuring the purest and sweetest water,
+will find this to be the least costly and the most satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>For a compact, convenient cottage, with every facility
+for doing the work of the household, with the
+least number of steps&mdash;in which all the essential
+modern conveniences are introduced, without the
+modern prices attached&mdash;for a low-priced, elegant cottage,
+we do not know of any plan more appropriate
+than this.</p>
+
+<p>In the construction of this house a bay-window was
+introduced in front, in the parlor, (<a href="#Fig_43">Fig. 43</a>.) and the
+veranda was made half octagon. These alterations
+add much to exterior appearance, as well as to the
+capacity of the parlor. On the side of the parlor and
+dining room an addition is contemplated, which will
+relieve the apparent want of variety which now exists,
+and essentially improve the external appearance.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESIGN No. 14.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_45" id="Fig_45"></a>
+<img src="images/illus075a.png" width="500" height="348" alt="Fig. 45.&mdash;Cottage Stable." title="Fig. 45.&mdash;Cottage Stable." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 45.&mdash;<i>Cottage Stable.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 269px;"><a name="Fig_46" id="Fig_46"></a>
+<img src="images/illus075b.png" width="269" height="500" alt="Fig. 46.&mdash;Plan." title="Fig. 46.&mdash;Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 46.&mdash;<i>Plan.</i></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_45">Fig. 45</a> shows a design for a cottage stable, giving
+accommodations for a horse and cow, two carriages,
+one or two wagons, and two tons of hay. The main
+building is so proportioned, that three more stalls
+may be added, and it may then become the wing of a
+larger building, to be used for carriage room and other
+purposes. For those who keep but one horse and cow,
+this design affords abundant room.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 15.</h2>
+
+<h3>ICE HOUSE.</h3>
+
+
+<p>It is only within a few years that ice, in all seasons,
+has been classed among the necessaries of life. In
+large cities it is indispensable, but the cool spring-house
+or cellar in the country impresses many with
+the idea that ice, in summer months, can only be regarded
+as a luxury. Along with other conveniences
+in keeping with this progressive age, the ice-house
+has its place, and a country-seat of any pretensions is
+not complete without it.</p>
+
+<p>It is simple in construction, and can be built very
+cheaply of rough materials, or made as elaborate as is
+desirable. It forms a pretty feature about the grounds,
+if treated with some architectural taste.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_47" id="Fig_47"></a>
+<img src="images/illus077a.png" width="500" height="374" alt="Fig. 47.&mdash;Ice House." title="Fig. 47.&mdash;Ice House." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 47.&mdash;<i>Ice House.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_48" id="Fig_48"></a>
+<img src="images/illus077b.png" width="350" height="249" alt="Fig. 48.&mdash;Ground Plan." title="Fig. 48.&mdash;Ground Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 48.&mdash;<i>Ground Plan.</i></span>
+</div><hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_49" id="Fig_49"></a>
+<img src="images/illus078.png" width="500" height="342" alt="Fig. 49.&mdash;Perspective." title="Fig. 49.&mdash;Perspective." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 49.&mdash;<i>Perspective.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESIGN No. 16.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This design, with the accompanying plans sufficiently
+explain themselves without minute description.
+The arrangement, as will be seen upon examination,
+secures a very large amount of accommodation, with
+good sized rooms, and ample store and closet conveniences.
+The building is compact, and at the same
+time presents a pleasing variety in its exterior appearance.
+By carrying up the library, two dressing rooms,
+for the two principal chambers, may be secured.</p>
+
+<p>When one contemplates building, and has put his
+thoughts and wishes into a tangible form, the leading
+question asked is, how much will all this cost? for
+what price in dollars and cents, without extras or additional
+charges of any kind, can this dwelling be
+erected in a good and workmanlike manner, in accordance
+with plans and specifications, and satisfactory
+to the owner? This is precisely the plain English
+of what a business man wants to know; for we hold
+that it is right and proper, that every one should look
+right through all the connected links and complications
+that require a considerable expenditure of money, and
+see that he lands carefully in the place anticipated.
+To start with the intention of disbursing $5,000, and
+wind up with an expenditure of $12,000, is not only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+annoying in a money point of view, but an impeachment
+of one's judgment and good sense, not pleasant
+to hear outsiders reflect on; for however much one
+might wish to shift the responsibility on others, it is
+one of those things that time will always place where
+it belongs. As long as men consider the arts of designing
+and constructing buildings to be of no special
+importance, or that they are qualified, without instruction
+or experience, to practice them, expensive
+blunders will naturally result, and sooner or later it
+will be discovered that such wisdom is dearly bought.
+There are many, however, who prefer to manage their
+building affairs thus, and who can only learn more
+agreeable and less expensive modes by actual experience;
+some do it from ignorance, some from supposed
+economy, and others from the supposition that they
+are best qualified.</p>
+
+<p>The design for a house or other building, and a
+plan of the interior arrangement of each floor, prepared
+by a professional man who makes such things the
+business of his life, is now very generally admitted
+by intelligent men to be essential; but the management
+or superintendence of the work by the party who
+has studied and designed it, does not seem quite so
+apparent. An architect prepares the drawings for a
+dwelling to cost $5,000; now whether it actually will
+cost $5,000, $8,000 or $10,000, in the hands of another<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+superintendent, is an unanswered problem. A
+prevailing folly which we find very general, is to suppose
+that all men can build the same house, in all
+places, for precisely the same amount of money; and
+but few are willing to admit that they, of all others,
+are not the most competent to carry through the whole
+business of building at the lowest figure. Some must
+find out in the most expensive manner, that the profession
+of an architect, or the skill of a builder, can
+only be attained by long years of careful application.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><a name="Fig_50" id="Fig_50"></a>
+<img src="images/illus081.png" width="450" height="369" alt="Fig. 50.&mdash;Basement Plan." title="Fig. 50.&mdash;Basement Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 50.&mdash;<i>Basement Plan.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_51" id="Fig_51"></a>
+<img src="images/illus082.png" width="400" height="374" alt="Fig. 51.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 51.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 51.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>What a house will cost to build is a question
+always asked with the utmost simplicity, and a prompt
+and reliable answer always expected, and if not forthcoming
+at once, gives rise to a suspicion that one's
+professional ability is not of the most thorough character.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
+There are so many conditions to govern results
+in house building, that even an approximate estimate
+may fall very wide of the mark. Two houses may be
+built from the same plan, and we may also say, from
+the same specifications; one by day's work, and the
+other by contract, and they shall be so exactly alike
+in all respects when finished, that an unprofessional
+observer would detect no difference, and yet one may
+honestly cost just double the amount in money expended
+on the other; even the same builder may build
+two houses precisely alike in all respects, and yet the
+cost be quite unequal. On one site stone may be
+easily obtained, a sand bank on the premises, a running
+brook close at hand, saw mills, brick yards, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+lime kilns within moderate distances and accessible
+by good roads. The other site may be quite the reverse
+in situation, or have some decided disadvantages
+in obtaining some very necessary materials. We once
+built a fine stone house where stone was abundant and
+close at hand, but all the lumber and brick had to be
+hauled thirteen miles over hilly roads; the cost of
+that house has nothing to do with the cost of a similar
+house in a different locality.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_52" id="Fig_52"></a>
+<img src="images/illus083.png" width="400" height="384" alt="Fig. 52.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 52.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 52.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A competent business superintendent has a great
+deal to do with the cost of a house; one that <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'understand'">understands</ins>
+all the tricks of every building trade, that knows
+the market well, and the value and quality of all
+building materials, and where inferior workmanship<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+and materials can be used to an equal advantage with
+those of first class. To slight work and yet do it
+justice; to give it all the strength and endurance necessary,
+requires one of skillful acquirements. A
+mechanic may persuade a proprietor into many a long
+day's work, as it pays well to nurse good jobs when
+other work is slack, but an architect who understands
+such things would save the value of useless work.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of a house depends on a well-studied plan;
+this plan does not consist alone in the arrangement of
+rooms, windows, doors, etc., but involves a careful
+study of the anatomy of construction. One may save
+by a proper distribution of timbers, as well as make a
+very great saving by the arrangement of rooms. Good
+management is of the greatest importance, not only
+as a matter of economy, but as securing the best class
+of workmanship, and the most judicious use of materials.
+Good or bad management produces the same
+results in building operations as in war or any other
+pursuit.</p>
+
+<p>One takes up a capital work on rural architecture,
+written perhaps ten or fifteen years ago, before the
+general introduction of furnaces, steam pipes, gas,
+baths, marble basins, etc.; they find a house that suits
+them, which the book says will cost $6,000, and that
+is just the amount, by close figuring, that can be
+raised for building. The house is ordered, put in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>
+hands of the best mechanic to finish all complete, and
+he goes ahead; he is unrestricted except by the book,
+and the author of it is a man of reputation. In the
+way of details perhaps nothing has been said; they
+are therefore extravagant in the use of materials, and
+elaborate in workmanship; as it is not considered good
+policy for a workman who has a good order, to make
+suggestions calculated to decrease the amount of work.
+When the bills to the amount of $6,000 have been
+settled, the house is found to be half finished, and an
+additional $6,000 is necessary to complete it; less
+that one year's interest of which would have amply
+sufficed to secure the services of one who has spent the
+best years of his life to learn how to design and to
+manage work to cost a specified price.</p>
+
+<p>When an architect says a house can be built for a
+certain price, it is to be understood that materials
+delivered on the ground shall not exceed an average
+cost, that the payments made are to be in cash, and
+that he manages the work. To hold an architect responsible
+or blame him for blunders in the cost of
+work that he designed and did not superintend, is
+manifestly unjust, yet it is a frequent occurrence.
+The cost of work is a question easily answered, when
+one is fully acquainted with all its bearings and has
+it under his control, but no one can say at what price
+a novice in building operations can execute it.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESIGN No. 17.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_53" id="Fig_53"></a>
+<img src="images/illus086a.png" width="500" height="375" alt="Fig. 53.&mdash;Stable." title="Fig. 53.&mdash;Stable." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 53.&mdash;<i>Stable.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_54" id="Fig_54"></a>
+<img src="images/illus086b.png" width="400" height="304" alt="Fig. 54.&mdash;Stable Plan. (Reversed.)" title="Fig. 54.&mdash;Stable Plan. (Reversed.)" />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 54.&mdash;<i>Stable Plan. (Reversed.)</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_53">Fig. 53</a> is a design for a cottage stable, with stalls
+for two horses, and the necessary carriage room and
+other conveniences. This design, in its exterior, presents<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+as great a degree of variety in the combinations
+of form and shadow as the price will admit of. It
+answers the purposes of comfortable protection and
+convenience, as well or even better than the most
+costly structures. A horse needs a dry, well-ventilated
+apartment, and enjoys fresh air, daylight, and
+sunlight as well as human beings. Unless these very
+inexpensive wants are provided, no compensation is
+afforded by elaborate detail and workmanship.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 18.</h2>
+
+<h3>SCHOOL HOUSE AT IRVINGTON, ON THE HUDSON.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Our architectural series would be by no means complete
+if devoted entirely to dwellings; and as the resources
+of an extensive professional practice in the
+arts which embellish and beautify our country may
+be largely made use of, we present here a design for
+another class of buildings.</p>
+
+<p>A school-house is not a building which every one
+contemplates erecting, and yet a large proportion are,
+or ought to be, interested in developing in structures of
+this class such architectural principles as shall make
+their impressions in early life, and influence future
+tastes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_55" id="Fig_55"></a>
+<img src="images/illus088.png" width="500" height="311" alt="Fig. 55.&mdash;School House." title="Fig. 55.&mdash;School House." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 55.&mdash;<i>School House.</i></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This building is designed to accommodate about fifty
+scholars, being 25 by 40 feet, with a front projection
+10 by 18 feet. In the basement a large furnace and
+abundant accommodation for coal. The main floor is
+divided into school-room, two recitation rooms, hat
+and coat room, wash closet with sink, and water
+closet, above which is a large tank, supplied from the
+roof. An outside cistern supplies cool drinking-water,
+the purest and healthiest water known, and renders
+the use of ice unnecessary in summer. The
+height of all these ceilings is nearly fourteen feet, and
+each room is thoroughly ventilated; the belfry is provided
+with a one hundred pound bell; indeed, nothing
+has been left undone that is calculated to promote the
+health and comfort of the pupils.</p>
+
+<p>The partition between the doors to the recitation
+rooms is made in sections, and can be easily removed,
+thus making one large room for exhibition and lecture
+purposes. The stage, in this case is to be placed at
+the left end of the room. The capacity of the building
+can be nearly doubled by occupying the entire floor
+as a school-room, and building an addition 12 by 24
+feet directly in the rear, opposite to the front projection,
+for recitation rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The situation of this building at Irvington, on the
+Hudson, some twenty-five miles above the city of
+New York, is in a charming, healthy, and delightful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+locality; one made famous by the pen and residence
+of Washington Irving, and noted for its magnificent
+scenery, its views of river and mountain, and the fine
+taste displayed in landscape and architectural embellishments
+by those who have made their homes in
+this vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>We have always thought that those educational institutions
+possess the most attractions that are so
+situated that all surroundings shall have a favorable
+influence; and there is nothing like example in early
+training. Bring up and educate a boy among those
+who know nothing of the refinements of life, away
+from the progressive examples of art and taste, in a
+tumble-down, unplastered, ill-heated and ventilated
+apartment, and he never can become, with all the aid
+of books and teachers, as thoroughly cultivated and
+fitted for the duties of life, as one who has enjoyed
+associations of a higher order. School architecture
+has a meaning in it; there is value in proportion, harmony,
+beauty, light and shade, as applied to school
+buildings, that is not comprehended by all. A recent
+writer says better than we can say it, that "It is the
+duty of teachers, as well as parents and school committees,
+to see that the circumstances under which
+children study are such as shall leave a happy impression
+upon their minds; for whatever is brought under
+the frequent observation of the young must have its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
+influence upon their susceptible natures for good or
+evil. Shabby school-houses induce slovenly habits.
+Ill-constructed benches may not only distort the body,
+but, by reflex influence, the mind as well. Conditions
+like these seldom fail to disgust the learner with his
+school, and neutralize the best efforts of his teachers.
+On the other hand, neat, comfortable places for study
+may help to awaken the associations enchaining the
+mind and the heart to learning and virtuous instruction
+with links of gold brightening forever."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><a name="Fig_56" id="Fig_56"></a>
+<img src="images/illus091.png" width="450" height="368" alt="Fig. 56.&mdash;Principal Floor." title="Fig. 56.&mdash;Principal Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 56.&mdash;<i>Principal Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_57" id="Fig_57"></a>
+<img src="images/illus092.png" width="500" height="289" alt="Fig. 57.&mdash;Perspective View." title="Fig. 57.&mdash;Perspective View." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 57.&mdash;<i>Perspective View.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESIGN No. 19.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This design was prepared for erection in the vicinity
+of Goshen, Orange Co., N. Y., and the accommodation
+limited to a price not exceeding &mdash;&mdash;. It presents
+in hall, verandas, and large parlor, some of the very
+necessary attractions of a country house, and is a good
+example of what can be done for a limited sum.
+While the plan is a parallelogram, and the roof free
+from hips and valleys, the general arrangement is such
+as to show considerable variety in outline, and one,
+we think, that will have a pleasing effect.</p>
+
+<p>Such houses, erected in the vicinity of New York,
+and many of our large cities, would add a large value
+to the ground they stand on, and pay a handsome rate
+of interest on their cost; better than any other class
+of building investments, as the supply is in nowise
+equal to the demand. It is so simple a matter, with
+present prompt and rapid railroad facilities, to invite
+a fair proportion of the young business men of our
+large cities to make their homes in the adjoining
+country, that we wonder capitalists and real estate
+owners do not more frequently make money for themselves
+and others by erecting tasteful, low-priced suburban
+homes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In former times, a house of this class erected in the
+country, would be painted exteriorly a pure white, with
+no relief, except probably in the violent contrast of
+bright green venetian blinds to the windows. This
+sort of taste unfortunately still remains, although in
+the progress of rural taste and art, the country is
+much improved in this respect.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_58" id="Fig_58"></a>
+<img src="images/illus094.png" width="350" height="369" alt="Fig. 58.&mdash;Cellar." title="Fig. 58.&mdash;Cellar." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 58.&mdash;<i>Cellar.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is a variety of colors, known as neutral tints,
+which are suitable for exteriors, and the effect produced
+by them is altogether pleasing, while a house
+painted white can never be an agreeable object in any
+landscape, however admirable its architectural proportions
+and finish may be.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The tone of color for a house will depend upon its
+size, form, and situation, and it often requires a nice
+and cultivated eye to determine what would be most
+appropriate and effective.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_59" id="Fig_59"></a>
+<img src="images/illus095.png" width="350" height="348" alt="Fig. 59.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 59.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 59.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For such a house as this, we should choose a light
+fawn color&mdash;not yellow&mdash;and paint the cornice, window-frames
+and other projecting and ornamental parts
+two or three shades darker than the body of the building.
+This will give a depth of shadow and expression
+which cannot be obtained in any other way.</p>
+
+<p>Large houses, with massive features of construction,
+will bear to be painted with darker colors, but they
+should not be too sombre, so as to give a gloomy appearance
+to the house. The country, with its bright<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
+sunshine, its rich adornments of flowers, and its numberless
+forms of beauty and grace, is eminently cheerful.
+It often happens that the painter does all he can
+to mar this cheerfulness and beauty, by startling contrasts
+of colors, and by destroying the harmony which
+pervades the landscape.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_60" id="Fig_60"></a>
+<img src="images/illus096.png" width="350" height="355" alt="Fig. 60.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 60.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 60.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 20.</h2>
+
+<h3>A COUNTRY CHAPEL.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_61" id="Fig_61"></a>
+<img src="images/illus097.png" width="500" height="367" alt="Fig. 61.&mdash;Perspective." title="Fig. 61.&mdash;Perspective." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 61.&mdash;<i>Perspective.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>We present in this design a plan for a substantial
+and permanent chapel, having capacity for seating
+about four hundred. For the purpose for which it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
+was designed, no distinct chancel was required. Such
+a chancel could be arranged, if desired, in a recess
+taken off the lecture or class room in the rear of the
+chapel. It could be lighted at the roof, or on the
+sides.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_62" id="Fig_62"></a>
+<img src="images/illus098.png" width="500" height="252" alt="Fig. 62.&mdash;Ground Plan." title="Fig. 62.&mdash;Ground Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 62.&mdash;<i>Ground Plan.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This chapel, built of stone throughout, with an
+open timber roof and stained glass windows, would be
+an ornament to any country locality, and a credit to
+the taste and liberality of those who built it.</p>
+
+<p>Every thing about such a chapel should be <i>real</i>,
+and no suspicion of sham or unreality should be tolerated
+in any part of the work. The practice of building
+the fronts of churches of stone, while the side and
+rear walls are constructed of rough brick, painted and
+marked off to resemble the stone, is very common, we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
+know, both in town and country, but it is a species
+of deceit and false pretence which ought not to be.
+If the best and costliest material cannot be used for
+the entire structure, let the rougher and inferior material
+be fairly shown, in every part. If the means
+and liberality of the parish cannot provide oak or walnut
+for the interior finish, let the wood work be
+plainly painted, or what is better still, simply oiled,
+but there should be no cunning deception of graining,
+to represent the costlier wood. It is not <i>honest</i>, and,
+we take it, a church, built for religious worship, is
+the last place that should betray our human meanness
+and want of honesty.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 21.</h2>
+
+
+<p>We show in this design what can be done with a
+substantial old farm house; how easily and beautifully
+it can be changed into a suburban home of elegant
+exterior, and comfortable and convenient interior appointments.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_63" id="Fig_63"></a>
+<img src="images/illus100.png" width="500" height="350" alt="Fig. 63.&mdash;View of the House at the time of Purchase." title="Fig. 63.&mdash;View of the House at the time of Purchase." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 63.&mdash;<i>View of the House at the time of Purchase.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>This class of spacious and substantial farm houses,
+with the gambrel, curb, or Mansard roof, as shown in
+Fig. 63, is very numerous about the suburbs of New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>
+York City, and more particularly in the "neighboring
+province of New Jersey," where one finds them nestled
+in the valleys or by the road side, as best fitting to
+the taste of our early Dutch settlers, who prized seclusion
+and protection above bleak exposure and far-reaching
+views.</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illus101.png" width="500" height="353" alt="Fig. 64.&mdash;The same remodeled." title="Fig. 64.&mdash;The same remodeled." />
+<a name="Fig_64" id="Fig_64"></a><span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 64.&mdash;<i>The same remodeled.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_65" id="Fig_65"></a>
+<img src="images/illus102.png" width="350" height="233" alt="Fig. 65." title="Fig. 65." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 65.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>As a general thing, the better class of New Jersey
+farm houses of this type were built of squared and
+hammered red sand-stone, laid up in regular courses,
+and in many instances the character of the work differed
+on all sides, the front being the most finely
+finished. And in many of the most pretentious of
+these houses, brick was substituted for the front, as
+being less common.</p>
+
+<p>There is, perhaps, nothing more difficult in an architect's
+experience than to make a fine thing out of
+a subject so destitute of beauty of form or proportion,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>
+and yet preserve the substantial walls and other belongings,
+that have stood for half a century, and are
+now stronger, and promise a durability that exceeds
+those of other houses built in this progressive age;
+and yet here is a "presto change" that will almost
+defy the keen eyes of the old settlers to recognize any
+trace of the ancient landmark that for fifty years has
+overlooked the beautiful valley of the Tenakill.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_66" id="Fig_66"></a>
+<img src="images/illus103.png" width="350" height="206" alt="Fig. 66." title="Fig. 66." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 66.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are very many of these old houses that are
+equally well adapted to wear a modern face, though but
+few purchasers can look through all such changes with
+the eye of a professional expert, and select that to
+which, at a low price, a certain beauty can be added,
+which, when done, shall indicate the wisdom of their
+choice. First impressions many times are sadly
+against all hopes of success.</p>
+
+<div class='poem'>
+"With weather-stains upon the wall,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">And stairways worn, and crazy doors,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">And creaking and uneven floors,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">And chimneys huge, and tiled and tall."</span><br />
+</div>
+
+<p>But these difficulties are the least troublesome to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>
+adjust, if the walls are good, and ceilings of a fair
+modern height. It may then be a better choice to
+adapt such a house to the present cultivated tastes
+and requirements, than to build anew from the foundation.</p>
+
+<p>In the plans, the dotted lines show the centers of
+the old partitions. Six feet have been added to the
+length of the wing, thus improving the kitchen accommodations.</p>
+
+<p>This house is situated some fifteen miles from the
+great commercial metropolis, on one of the new lines
+of Railroad, and in a locality of easy access to New
+York business men.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 22.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_67" id="Fig_67"></a>
+<img src="images/illus105a.png" width="500" height="398" alt="Fig. 67.&mdash;Stable." title="Fig. 67.&mdash;Stable." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 67.&mdash;<i>Stable.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_68" id="Fig_68"></a>
+<img src="images/illus105b.png" width="400" height="273" alt="Fig. 68.&mdash;Plan." title="Fig. 68.&mdash;Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 68.&mdash;<i>Plan.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This stable may be constructed either of wood, or
+of stone. It contains stalls for four horses, and affords
+space for their <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'accomodation'">accommodation</ins>, together with a harness
+room and a tool closet. This latter is a convenience
+very essential to the comfort of the owner, as well as
+to the proper care and preservation of such implements<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>
+as belong especially to the carriage house and
+stable.</p>
+
+<p>This building should be surrounded and screened
+with fruit trees and shrubbery, and then, with its evident
+architectural effects, it will become an attractive
+feature in the landscape of which it becomes a part,
+with the other accessories of the elegant country home.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 23.</h2>
+
+<h3>FENCES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In spite of all laws to the contrary, cattle will intrude
+upon one's property, and each and all must at
+great expense build and maintain fences for their own
+protection. There has not as yet been devised any
+practicable mode by which the enormous sums annually
+spent in fencing might be saved. The theory advanced,
+that it is cheaper for each to fence his cattle
+in, than to fence his neighbor's out, has not as yet
+been practically illustrated, if we except a few suburban
+localities.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_69" id="Fig_69"></a>
+<img src="images/illus107a.png" width="500" height="160" alt="Fig. 69." title="Fig. 69." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 69.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_69">Fig. 69</a> represents a substantial fence, with a paneled
+base, of simple construction, and yet quite effective<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>
+in appearance. In <a href="#Fig_70">Fig. 70</a> the work is somewhat
+more elaborate, while the base is of stone, or brick.
+Each engraving shows two panels, with a gate in the
+centre.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_70" id="Fig_70"></a>
+<img src="images/illus107b.png" width="500" height="162" alt="Fig. 70." title="Fig. 70." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 70.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>With chestnut or cedar posts, the pickets cut from
+1&frac12; inch plank, and the whole kept painted, such a
+fence would last many years.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 24.</h2>
+
+<h3>RESIDENCE OF CHARLES F. PARK, ESQ.</h3>
+
+
+<p>This residence of which we show only the floor
+plans, occupies a commanding position on the northern
+end of the Palisades, on the western side of the Hudson,
+some twenty miles above the city of New York,
+the river, mountain, and inland views from which are
+exceedingly fine, embracing the villages of Dobbs'
+Ferry, Irvington, Tarrytown, Sing Sing, Piermont,
+Nyack, and Tappan, as well as Tappan Zee and
+Haverstraw Bay, the distant Highlands of the Hudson,
+and the beautiful valleys of the Sparkill and the
+Hackensack, a section of country rich in historic associations,
+and highly appreciated by those who seek
+suburban homes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"><a name="Fig_71" id="Fig_71"></a>
+<img src="images/illus109.png" width="402" height="450" alt="Fig. 71.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 71.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 71.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 417px;"><a name="Fig_72" id="Fig_72"></a>
+<img src="images/illus110a.png" width="417" height="450" alt="Fig. 72.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 72.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 72.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_73" id="Fig_73"></a>
+<img src="images/illus110b.png" width="400" height="388" alt="Fig. 73.&mdash;Third Floor." title="Fig. 73.&mdash;Third Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 73.&mdash;<i>Third Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This house was designed principally for a summer
+residence, being nearly fifty feet square, with wide
+halls and spacious verandah, and commodious and
+well ventilated sleeping apartments, the plans showing
+the arrangement of rooms. The style of architecture
+selected is that generally known as the Rural
+Gothic, which, perhaps, is the most useful and most
+beautiful of any that are adapted to the requirements
+of our climate. The almost square form of the plan
+is one of the most difficult to treat successfully in this
+style, yet has been carried out in the most satisfactory
+manner. This style admits of an almost never-ending<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>
+variety of form and proportion, and in effects of
+light and shadow at all hours of day is unequaled.
+Its comparative expense but little exceeds the hipped
+and Mansard roofs.</p>
+
+<p>The building is constructed in the most thorough
+and workman-like manner, and is as well adapted for
+a winter residence as for summer. The frame is built
+in the balloon style, (the strongest known form of
+framing,) with deep studding filled in with brick,
+having double air chambers, is thoroughly finished
+throughout, is covered with a slate roof, and fulfills
+all the requirements of a substantial and commodious
+country residence.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 25.</h2>
+
+<h3>CARRIAGE HOUSE AND STABLE.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The accompanying design for a carriage house and
+stable affords about the same amount of accommodation
+as <a href="#Page_104">Design 22</a>. The arrangement, however, is somewhat
+different, and the exterior quite unlike it. In
+this plan the portion appropriated to the stalls is
+more ample, and the means for ventilation abundant.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_74" id="Fig_74"></a>
+<img src="images/illus112a.png" width="500" height="366" alt="Fig. 74.&mdash;Stable." title="Fig. 74.&mdash;Stable." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 74.&mdash;<i>Stable.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_75" id="Fig_75"></a>
+<img src="images/illus112b.png" width="400" height="259" alt="Fig. 75.&mdash;Stable Plan." title="Fig. 75.&mdash;Stable Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 75.&mdash;<i>Stable Plan.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESIGN No. 26.</h2>
+
+<h3>RESIDENCE OF THOS. H. STOUT, ESQ.,</h3>
+
+<div class='center'>IRVINGTON, ON THE HUDSON.</div>
+
+
+<p>Irvington is a noted locality for the higher grades
+of country homes, there being many fine examples of
+substantial, roomy, and elegantly appointed mansions.
+Far within the gradually extending circle which
+limits the daily intercourse of the business man to
+the city of New York, it has become, in virtue of its
+position, healthfulness, fine scenery, and ease of
+access, one of the most favored of the suburbs of this
+city; a city whose rapid increase of population and
+corresponding decreasing comforts in conveyance from
+one portion to another, is turning the attention of
+those who like ease of transit, and the quiet and
+health of the country, to a residence among its beautiful
+and attractive suburbs. What the last ten years
+have accomplished in introducing rapid and reliable
+communication, and building up and improving the
+country about New York, will probably be repeated
+several times over in the next decade. An impetus
+has been given to rural life, that will increase with
+every facility that is offered, and it will not be many
+years before the suburbs of New York will compare
+with any city in the world; and we question, even
+now, if elsewhere can be found a suburban locality<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>
+comparable with the east bank of the Hudson, from
+New York to the Highlands.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_76" id="Fig_76"></a>
+<img src="images/illus114.png" width="500" height="358" alt="Fig. 76.&mdash;Residence of Thos. H. Stout, Esq., Irvington, on the Hudson." title="Fig. 76.&mdash;Residence of Thos. H. Stout, Esq., Irvington, on the Hudson." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 76.&mdash;<i>Residence of Thos. H. Stout, Esq., Irvington, on the Hudson.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The accompanying engravings illustrate a country
+house that embraces many of the best features of
+exterior variety, and interior compactness and
+convenience. The workmanship and materials throughout
+have been of the best description, and no pains have
+been spared to make it first class in every respect.</p>
+
+<p>Situated on the slope of the eastern bank of the
+Hudson, it overlooks the broad expanse of "Tappan
+Zee," and commands the views peculiar to this
+locality, that reach from the Highlands to the ocean.</p>
+
+<p>To build well, and to do so at a low price, is always
+desirable; and to build artistically, imposingly,
+attractively, does not imply elaborate finish or profuse
+ornament. Sand paper and decoration will never
+make an ill-proportioned building attractive to an
+educated taste, while a rough exterior of harmonious
+lines and forms will pass current with those who have
+an eye to the artistic.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most important lessons that the art
+student learns is that of effect; that effects can not
+be produced by smoothly finished surfaces or details;
+and that in architecture, as well as in sculpture or
+painting, there must be a strong bold manner of
+execution, when there is a desire to convey an
+impression of strength or power.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_77" id="Fig_77"></a>
+<img src="images/illus116.png" width="400" height="281" alt="Fig. 77.&mdash;Cellar." title="Fig. 77.&mdash;Cellar." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 77.&mdash;<i>Cellar.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Where stone is conveniently obtained as a building
+material, its use in rural architecture deserves far
+more consideration than is usually bestowed on it;
+and in its unchiselled, quarried form it becomes
+desirable in an economical point of view. There is an
+imposing grandeur in the unhewn stone that asserts
+its presence in both near and distant views, and, with
+the proper combinations of proportion, and light and
+shade, will illustrate the finest architectural effects.
+Prevailing prejudices are too apt to consider it not
+only cheap, but inferior in protection and durability
+to finely wrought surfaces and smooth, close-fitting
+joints. We are too apt to estimate the value and
+beauty of a stone house by the amount of labor
+lavished on its exterior, as if the chisel possessed the
+power to make the joints more impenetrable, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>
+bestowed an endurance commensurate with the story
+of expense that it tells. So long as we build well and
+honestly, with a proper regard to protection from the
+weather, in a substantial and workmanlike manner,
+good taste and sound sense will uphold the use of
+quarried rock, and discover a permanent strength and
+power in this Cyclopean masonry that elaborately
+finished surfaces and delicately wrought ornaments
+fail to express.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_78" id="Fig_78"></a>
+<img src="images/illus117.png" width="400" height="262" alt="Fig. 78.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 78.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 78.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Dressed in squared blocks and hammered lines,
+stone becomes an expensive building material, and
+preference is then given to something else less costly;
+but if used in its quarried form, irregular in size and
+shape, it becomes, wherever conveniently obtained,
+among the economical materials used for building,
+and is unsurpassed for its impressiveness and durability.
+No paint is required to preserve it from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
+weather, and no color is so good as the color of the
+stone; time softens its tints, and the clambering vine
+that lays hold of the massive walls is a decoration
+beyond the resources of architecture.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_79" id="Fig_79"></a>
+<img src="images/illus118.png" width="400" height="257" alt="Fig. 79.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 79.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 79.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"If a building," says Mr. Ruskin, "be under the
+mark of average magnitude, it is not in our power to
+increase its apparent size by any proportionate diminution
+in the scale of its masonry; but it may be
+often in our power to give it a certain nobility by
+building it of massy stones, or, at all events, introducing
+such into its make. Thus it is impossible
+that there should ever be majesty in a cottage built of
+brick; but there is a marked element of sublimity in
+the rude and irregular piling of the rocky walls of the
+mountain cottages of Wales, Cumberland, and Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>"And if the nobility of this confessed and natural<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>
+masonry were more commonly felt, we should not lose
+the dignity of it by smoothing surfaces and fitting
+joints. The sums which we waste in chiselling and
+polishing stones, which would have been better left as
+they came from the quarry, would often raise a building
+a story higher.</p>
+
+<p>"There is also a magnificence in the natural cleavage
+of the stone to which the art must indeed be great,
+that pretends to be equivalent; and a stern expression
+of brotherhood with the mountain heart from which
+it has been rent, ill-exchanged for a glistering obedience
+to the rule and measure of men. His eye must
+be delicate indeed who would desire to see the Pitti
+Palace polished."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 27.</h2>
+
+<h3>A CHAPTER ON GATES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>We present in the following designs, several illustrations
+of the principle of the truss applied to
+wooden gates. It was described by us, several years
+ago in the <i>Country Gentleman</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_80" id="Fig_80"></a>
+<img src="images/illus120.png" width="500" height="208" alt="Fig. 80." title="Fig. 80." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 80.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_81" id="Fig_81"></a>
+<img src="images/illus121.png" width="500" height="234" alt="Fig. 81." title="Fig. 81." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 81.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 525px;"><a name="Fig_82" id="Fig_82"></a>
+<img src="images/illus122.png" width="525" height="170" alt="Fig. 82." title="Fig. 82." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 82.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 530px;"><a name="Fig_83" id="Fig_83"></a>
+<img src="images/illus123.png" width="530" height="200" alt="Fig. 83." title="Fig. 83." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 83.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Since then, in our professional rambles, we have
+accidentally noticed some thirty gates erected after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
+these designs in different sections of the country, and,
+for aught we know to the contrary, it is one of the
+most popular gates that swing. The principle of this
+gate is best shown in <a href="#Fig_80">figure 80</a>, and consists of four
+panels of braces crossing each other, and held firmly
+in position by five iron rods, which can be tightened
+by the screws at the bottom. The braces are not
+tenoned, and there are no nails about the gate. There
+can be no sagging under any circumstances; but
+should such a thing occur from unequal shrinkage, it
+can easily be remedied by placing a thin strip of wood<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>
+or sheet lead under the foot of the braces running
+forward. There is economy in the construction of
+these gates, as they can be made with a less number of
+joints, and greater strength and stiffness secured with
+lighter materials, than in any other style of gate we
+know of. The principle is the one used in railroad
+bridges and roofs of great span, and our own experience
+with them, having built and tested all the gates<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
+here illustrated, is, that they possess very decided
+merits.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_81">Fig. 81</a> is the principal entrance gate to one of the
+finest estates on the Hudson, above Tarrytown, and
+although similar in appearance to <a href="#Fig_82">figure 82</a>, has some
+very decided differences, the cross braces in this case
+reaching only to a second rail; the rods, however, pass
+through to the bottom; it is much more elaborate in
+workmanship, and the addition of a moulding on the
+top and bottom would increase its effect.</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_84" id="Fig_84"></a>
+<img src="images/illus124a.png" width="500" height="200" alt="Fig. 84." title="Fig. 84." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 84.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_84">Fig. 84</a> is the entrance gate at the New Windsor,
+N. Y., Parsonage, and has been hanging six years
+without a perceptible change. The braces in this are
+one inch square and doubled; they are not halved, but
+cross each other, two one way and one the other, in
+the manner shown in <a href="#Fig_85">figure 85</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"><a name="Fig_85" id="Fig_85"></a>
+<img src="images/illus124b.png" width="150" height="188" alt="Fig. 85." title="Fig. 85." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 85.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is no other mode of constructing gates in
+which rustic work can be made such good use of. The
+chief objection to all things made in the rustic manner
+is, that they soon fall to pieces, limbs shrink and
+twist, and nails do not hold; but a rustic gate held
+together by iron rods will remain good until the last
+brace has decayed.</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_86" id="Fig_86"></a>
+<img src="images/illus124c.png" width="500" height="207" alt="Fig. 86." title="Fig. 86." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 86.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_86">Fig. 86</a> is the principal entrance gate to one of the
+most finely finished country seats on Newburgh Bay.</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_87" id="Fig_87"></a>
+<img src="images/illus125a.png" width="350" height="199" alt="Fig. 87." title="Fig. 87." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 87.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_88" id="Fig_88"></a>
+<img src="images/illus125b.png" width="350" height="248" alt="Fig. 88." title="Fig. 88." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 88.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_89" id="Fig_89"></a>
+<img src="images/illus126.png" width="350" height="302" alt="Fig. 89." title="Fig. 89." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 89.</span>
+</div>
+<p><a href="#Fig_86">Figs. 87</a>, <a href="#Fig_88">88</a>, and <a href="#Fig_89">89</a>, illustrate a novel style of hinge,
+peculiarly adapted to this gate, and is really stronger
+than any other. It requires less iron and less blacksmith
+work.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_87">Fig. 87</a> shows the top hinge corner, and <a href="#Fig_88">figure 88</a>
+the bottom hinge corner. The iron which secures
+this end of the gate, passes through both top and
+bottom hinge, and binds them and the gate securely
+together. The additional fastenings for hinge are
+made with carriage-bolts. Nothing but a power beyond
+the enormous tensile strength of iron and the
+compressible strength of wood, will cause the gates to
+yield in ordinary use.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_89">Fig. 89</a> is a perspective view of the hinge, showing
+how it may be counter-sunk, and thus almost entirely
+concealed. <a href="#Fig_80">Figs. 80</a>, <a href="#Fig_81">81</a>, <a href="#Fig_82">82</a>, and <a href="#Fig_83">83</a>, also show the
+hinge, and four different styles of stone gate piers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_90" id="Fig_90"></a>
+<img src="images/illus128.png" width="500" height="201" alt="Fig. 90." title="Fig. 90." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 90.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_90">Fig. 90</a> is intended for a farm gate. The cross rails<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>
+are secured by carriage-bolts passed through them and
+the main braces. Each end of the gate has an iron
+rod only, which is made heavier than the others, and
+saves framing. The hinge is made by having the iron
+rod project beyond the bolt head and nut, and the
+upper end is passed into an eye, as shown in <a href="#Fig_91">Fig. 91</a>,
+which is screwed into the post; the lower end is
+pointed, and is placed in a stone as shown, or it may
+rest on solid iron of similar form to the eye. Any
+intelligent laborer, with an axe and auger, can, with
+the iron work, make these farm gates.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;"><a name="Fig_91" id="Fig_91"></a>
+<img src="images/illus129.png" width="150" height="61" alt="Fig. 91." title="Fig. 91." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 91.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This principle of constructing gates admits of an
+infinite variety of designs; those given are merely
+suggestive. It admits of all classes of workmanship,
+from the plainest to the most elaborate, from the
+simplest farm gate to those required for the finished
+park, and in beauty, strength, and economy stands
+unequaled.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_92">Fig. 92</a> and <a href="#Fig_93">93</a>.&mdash;Plan and elevation of an entrance
+gate, which we have executed in oak, and presents an
+effective appearance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_92" id="Fig_92"></a>
+<img src="images/illus130a.png" width="500" height="138" alt="Fig. 92.&mdash;Elevation of Entrance Gate." title="Fig. 92.&mdash;Elevation of Entrance Gate." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 92.&mdash;<i>Elevation of Entrance Gate.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_93" id="Fig_93"></a>
+<img src="images/illus130b.png" width="500" height="127" alt="Fig. 93.&mdash;Plan." title="Fig. 93.&mdash;Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 93.&mdash;<i>Plan.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESIGN No. 28.</h2>
+
+<h3>RESIDENCE OF TRISTRAM ALLEN, ESQ.,</h3>
+
+<div class='center'>RAVENSWOOD, N. Y.</div>
+
+
+<p>The accompanying view of Mr. Allen's house is a
+good example of the method of adding to a dwelling
+which has ceased to be of sufficient capacity for the
+requirements of the family. By reference to the basement
+or cellar plan, the outline of the old house and
+the foundation of the new will be distinctly seen. The
+addition transforms the cottage to a villa, and in a
+manner which preserves the proportions as harmoniously
+as if the whole had been erected at one time
+and from one plan, thus illustrating a prominent advantage
+in this style of architecture, which admits
+more freely than any other, successive additions, which,
+when properly designed, add to the variety of outline,
+and its beauty of light and shade. The different floor
+plans show the arrangements of rooms and their connection
+with the original building, which, it will be
+seen, are convenient and compact.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_94" id="Fig_94"></a>
+<img src="images/illus132.png" width="500" height="301" alt="Fig. 94.&mdash;Perspective." title="Fig. 94.&mdash;Perspective." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 94.&mdash;<i>Perspective.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_95" id="Fig_95"></a>
+<img src="images/illus133a.png" width="400" height="257" alt="Fig. 95.&mdash;Basement." title="Fig. 95.&mdash;Basement." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 95.&mdash;<i>Basement.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_96" id="Fig_96"></a>
+<img src="images/illus133b.png" width="400" height="282" alt="Fig. 96.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 96.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 96.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_97" id="Fig_97"></a>
+<img src="images/illus133c.png" width="400" height="252" alt="Fig. 97.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 97.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 97.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ravenswood is one of the most elegant of the
+suburbs of New York, being near at hand, and having
+frequent and rapid communication with the city.
+Situated on the Long Island shore, opposite the centre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>
+of Manhattan Island, overlooking the great metropolis
+and its outlying cities, of easy access to the Central
+Park by the Hell Gate Ferry, amid all the refinement
+of fine gardens, polished landscape scenery, and architectural
+taste, it presents at once all the enjoyments
+that a combination of city and country life can afford.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_98" id="Fig_98"></a>
+<img src="images/illus134.png" width="350" height="216" alt="Fig. 98.&mdash;Attic." title="Fig. 98.&mdash;Attic." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 98.&mdash;<i>Attic.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 29.</h2>
+
+<h3>RESIDENCE OF LINDLEY M. FERRIS, ESQ.,</h3>
+
+<div class='center'>NEAR POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y.</div>
+
+
+<p>The residence of Mr. Ferris, of which we give the
+plans only, is located south of the city of Poughkeepsie,
+and almost or quite within its suburbs. The
+surrounding estate, of 150 acres of handsomely rolling
+land, possesses all the attractions of beauty and fertility
+so generally awarded to the finer portions of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
+Dutchess county. In the immediate vicinity are some
+of the highly finished and well-kept country seats
+which adorn this portion of the Hudson, and make up
+the attractions which taste and refinement always add
+to country life.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 352px;"><a name="Fig_99" id="Fig_99"></a>
+<img src="images/illus135.png" width="352" height="500" alt="Fig. 99.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 99.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 99.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The object aimed at in the design of this house,
+was that of a substantial and commodious mansion,
+suited to the requirements of a large family, and that
+should express its purpose in the simplest manner at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>
+a moderate expense. It was therefore desirable to
+avoid all costly irregularity of form, and all the fanciful
+varieties of gimcracks.</p>
+
+<p>The style selected as best illustrating this purpose
+is the Chateau roof, Louis XV style; the main building
+being 43 feet square, with a rear addition 25 by
+29 feet; the plan illustrating the arrangement of
+rooms, verandah, etc. The first floor gives double
+parlors, (one of which may be used as a bed-room or
+library,) a sitting-room or reception-room, dining-room,
+and a large kitchen, with necessary closets, an
+inclosed verandah, water closets, etc. The second
+floor, main building, gives four large bed rooms and
+two smaller rooms for other purposes, and in the rear
+are four servants' rooms and a bath-room. The attic
+story, main building, has now five rooms, finished with
+closets, and two rooms more can be added by putting
+up two partitions. These upper rooms, in a roof of
+this character, are cool, well ventilated, well lighted,
+and agreeable in warm weather, there being roomy air
+chambers between the attic ceiling and the upper roof,
+and also between the walls of the rooms and the outer
+wall of the house. There is but little difference in
+the value of these rooms and those on the floor below,
+except convenience of access.</p>
+
+<p>The house is built of brick, in a first class manner,
+the lower roof slate, the upper one being tin; is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>
+thoroughly finished throughout, and is in all respects
+a convenient, durable, and commanding structure,
+giving the largest amount of room in a desirable and
+attractive form, with the most economy of means. It
+is situated on a knoll overlooking all the surrounding
+grounds, which include a number of other fine sites,
+one or two of which, we think, even more desirable
+than the one selected. It is not, however, an easy
+matter to choose one from a dozen sites, each almost
+equally good.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 359px;"><a name="Fig_100" id="Fig_100"></a>
+<img src="images/illus137.png" width="359" height="500" alt="Fig. 100.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 100.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 100.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A new road is now being laid through these and the
+adjoining premises, to connect two of the principal
+drives southward from Poughkeepsie, which when
+completed, will add a new attraction to the beautiful
+suburbs of this city. The views from the grounds,
+more particularly from the top of the house, are varied
+and extensive. The mountain panorama, which
+sweeps three-fourths of the horizon, beginning with
+the Fishkill mountains, and ending with the Catskills,
+is exceedingly fine. The eastern view embraces the
+Vassar Female College, the noble gift of Matthew
+Vassar, Esq., to the cause of female education. In
+the foreground and middle distance are the rich rolling
+landscapes of Dutchess and the fertile hillsides of
+Ulster counties, the glittering spires of Poughkeepsie,
+the lordly Hudson, and southerly are seen the famous
+Beacons and the Highland Pass,</p>
+
+<div class='poem'>
+"Where Hudson's wave o'er silvery sands<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Winds through the hills afar."</span><br />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESIGN No. 30.</h2>
+
+<h3>MODEL SUBURBAN COTTAGE&mdash;IN THE OLD ENGLISH
+OR RURAL GOTHIC STYLE.</h3>
+
+<div class='center'>BY FREDERICK S. COPLEY, ARTIST, TOMPKINSVILLE, S. I.</div>
+
+
+<p>The general appearance of this Cottage, as seen
+from the road, is shown in the engraving, (<a href="#Fig_101">Fig. 101</a>.)
+which is a perspective view of the North and East
+Fronts.</p>
+
+<p>It is situated at Montrose, on the lake-like shores
+of Hempstead Harbor, near the village of Roslyn,
+Long Island, a spot noted for its beauty and healthfulness.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_101" id="Fig_101"></a>
+<img src="images/illus140.png" width="500" height="342" alt="Fig. 101.&mdash;Perspective." title="Fig. 101.&mdash;Perspective." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 101.&mdash;<i>Perspective.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Size of building, 44 by 38 feet. Principal Plan
+(<a href="#Fig_103">Fig. 103</a>.) 10 feet high. P. shows a recessed porch,
+with double doors of oak, (oiled) the outer ones open,
+to be closed only at night and stormy weather, behind
+the one on the right is a space for wet umbrellas, &amp;c.,
+the inner doors have glazed panels to give light within,
+and should always be closed. V. is the vestibule,
+containing a spiral staircase, with walnut steps and
+rail (oiled). The floor laid with encaustic tiles, with
+ceiling groined, and walls finished in imitation of
+stone in the sand coat. On the left (under the stairs)
+is a private door opening into a lobby, fitted with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>
+wash-basin, water, &amp;c., and lighted by a narrow window,
+that also serves to light the front basement
+stairs, so that a servant could answer a call, at either
+front or back doors, without passing through the
+central hall; which would not only be more convenient
+for them, but would be to the family and
+guests, especially in time of company, when the hall
+would form a central room, by closing the doors that
+lead to the stairs: nor would this interfere in the least
+with the domestics, or their duties: as they can go
+from cellar to attic without disturbing the privacy of
+a single room: and the guests could ascend, unseen
+to the dressing rooms above, (from either entrance) or
+depart in the same manner.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_102" id="Fig_102"></a>
+<img src="images/illus141.png" width="400" height="324" alt="Fig. 102.&mdash;First Floor." title="Fig. 102.&mdash;First Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 102.&mdash;<i>First Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The hall screen, separating the vestibule, should be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>
+of real oak, (oiled) and lighted in the panels with
+stained glass, which would impart a soft and pleasant
+light to the hall, and produce a fine effect on either
+side, day or night. The hall is here placed in the
+centre of the plan, and so happily arranged are the
+doors and rooms, as not only to give it a symmetrical
+effect, but to unite the whole, <i>en suite</i>, without disturbing
+the individuality of either. Also, the hall
+lamp and stove would light and warm, equally, every
+room, besides passage, vestibule, and stairs. The
+cloak closet is in the passage which contains the
+back stairs.</p>
+
+<p>P. is the Parlor, which would be the favorite living
+room in the summer, as it faces the north, and has a
+large bay-window commanding a fine view down the
+harbor to the sound.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_103" id="Fig_103"></a>
+<img src="images/illus143.png" width="350" height="295" alt="Fig. 103.&mdash;Second Floor." title="Fig. 103.&mdash;Second Floor." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 103.&mdash;<i>Second Floor.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>L. is the Library, and living room, connected with
+the parlor by sliding doors, with recessed book-cases,
+on each side, and the same on the sides of the bay-window,
+here facing the south, and possessing a
+beautiful view of the bay and hills, with the village
+in the distance, which make it the favorite quarters
+in winter, being fully exposed to the genial influences
+of the sun during the absence of foliage at that season.
+On the right of the mantel is a private closet for plate,
+papers, &amp;c., both these rooms have windows opening
+on the west veranda, with a fine view across the harbor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>
+D. is the Dining room, and a most cheerful one,
+(as it should be,) with a large ornamental window on
+the east, admitting the morning sun, and a fine bay-window
+on the north, looking down the road and harbor,
+possessing a charming prospect of land and water.
+To harmonize with the bay (on the other end) is the
+sideboard recess with a dumb-waiter on the right, and
+a china closet on the left; on one side of the mantel
+is the door opening into the lobby, which communicates
+with the hall, and basement plan below, and
+fitted with wash-basin, water, &amp;c., which would be
+found most convenient to wash hands or glasses, delicate
+or valuable articles of use not wished to be trusted
+to careless servants. It will be seen that the three
+bay-windows on this plan, are of different forms, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>
+each fitted with inside shutters. C. is the principal
+chamber, or boudoir, facing south and east, with fine
+large windows in each. The one on the south has
+closets on each side, and opens into the conservatory,
+making this a most delightful ladies'-work-room. It
+will be seen that all the rooms on this floor, although
+not large, are of the most comfortable size, perfect
+and elegantly proportioned, and arranged with every
+conceivable convenience requisite for the enjoyment of
+all the comforts and luxuries of life.</p>
+
+<p>Chamber Plan (<a href="#Fig_103">Fig. 103</a>.) is nine feet high, and in
+keeping with the rest, in its admirable arrangements,
+furnishing five excellent rooms, with a bath room,
+convenient to all, fitted with the latest improvements,
+(the water closet enclosed, and vertical pipes, which
+would make freezing impossible). The four principal
+rooms are about equal in size and attractiveness, as
+they possess the same fine views as the corresponding
+ones beneath, and each finished with fire-places and
+ample closet room. The small room windows open on
+a balcony, with a charming view of the bay; and
+would afford an agreeable lounge in summer evenings,
+to enjoy the setting sun, or cool breeze. All the
+rooms on these two floors (except the last) to be fitted
+with Dixon's patent grates, and Arnott's ventilating
+valves, which would secure sweet, healthy, and warm
+rooms, without draughts. The hall, as will be seen,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>
+is well lighted and ventilated, not only by the staircase
+window, on the north, but by the ventilating
+sash-lights over the doors of every-room; the bath
+room door is also lighted in the panel with ground
+glass. Between the doors, on the east side, is the lift,
+or dumb-waiter, and dust register, which being in the
+centre of the plan, is of equal convenience to all.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_104" id="Fig_104"></a>
+<img src="images/illus145.png" width="300" height="248" alt="Fig. 104.&mdash;Attic and Roof." title="Fig. 104.&mdash;Attic and Roof." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 104.&mdash;<i>Attic and Roof.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_104">Fig. 104</a>. Roof and attic plan. The attic
+contains five good rooms for the accommodation of
+the servants, storing fruit, trunks, &amp;c., and drying
+clothes. As this plan has the same central arrangements
+as all the rest, consequently the same advantages
+in economy of space, and of direct and easy
+access to every room, stairs, &amp;c. The landing here is
+lighted in the same way as the hall below, and by the
+same staircase window, with the addition of a large
+sky-light and ventilator in the centre, which would
+keep the rooms sweet and cool.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_105">Fig. 105</a>, shows the Basement and Cellar plan, nine
+feet high, and containing every requisite convenience
+for the domestic duties of a family. As they are on
+the same level, and under the principal story, the
+noise and smell of the kitchen would be excluded. The
+garden entrance is shown by the steps on the southwest
+corner of area, which extends the whole of the
+west side, round to the hall door on the south; and
+covered by verandah, would make these rooms dry,
+cool, and pleasant, as they are but little below ground,
+and well lighted on two sides, with a large bay-window
+in each; the north bay fitted with wash-tubs, as this
+kitchen is intended as a back one, or scullery, and for
+cooking in during the heat of summer, it has a sink
+closet on the left of the fire-place, and dresser and
+shelves for pots and pans on the south side, by which,
+is a door opening into the basement, and one out on
+the area. The basement would be a cheerful room,
+facing the south with a large bay-window with seats
+and inside shutters, on the opposite side is a dresser
+fitted with plate rack, &amp;c. On the east is the range
+and pantry; behind the range, in the hall, is a warm
+closet for clothes, shoes, &amp;c., and opposite, under the
+stairs, is a dark one, for potatoes. At the north end
+of the hall, (and behind the scullery, fire-place, &amp;c.)
+is the furnace room and front basement stairs. On
+the east side of the hall is the dumb-waiter, or lift.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>
+The coal cellar has two bins placed under the shoots,
+for large and small coal, with two on the east side for
+ashes and wood. Against the middle window is a
+wire gauze safe, for cooked meats, &amp;c.; between this
+and the wine cellar is the dairy; the other division
+is for stores in general. All the partitions are made
+open, so as to admit the free circulation of light and
+air.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_105" id="Fig_105"></a>
+<img src="images/illus147.png" width="350" height="296" alt="Fig. 105.&mdash;Basement and Cellar." title="Fig. 105.&mdash;Basement and Cellar." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 105.&mdash;<i>Basement and Cellar.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On observing the relative position of the different
+doors and windows, in the several plans, it will be
+found that the house may be ventilated by through
+drafts in every direction at pleasure; a luxury to be
+appreciated in the heat of summer. Also, by carrying
+the lift, or dumb-waiter, to the top of the house, and
+communicating with every floor, its full value would
+be secured, besides forming a ventilating shaft for the
+whole building, from cellar to attic. Another valuable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>
+labor-saving convenience (next to the water-works and
+lift) is the dust shoot, which is simply a tin tube,
+with registers in the floors of the different plans, to
+sweep the dust into, from the rooms, where it <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'desends'">descends</ins>
+to the cellar, and is caught in a barrel, to be removed
+when full. It is here placed in the hall, by the side
+of the lift, on every floor, which by this central arrangement
+is at the door of every room.</p>
+
+<p>Construction, although of wood, is made nearly fire
+proof, by making the floors, walls, partitions and
+stairs solid. The walls and principal partitions are
+formed of slats of one inch thick by four inches broad,
+securely nailed one on the other, so as to form a one
+inch groove on both sides, to plaster on. This forms
+a good strong six inch solid wall, fire and vermin
+proof, and dryer than any built of stone or brick.
+The stairs to have their skeletons of iron work, filled
+in solid with cement. The floors of basement and
+entry to be of earthenware tiles, the kitchen and cellar
+cemented. That of the principal plan, (forming the
+ceiling of the basement, &amp;c., the seat of danger,)
+should be formed of brick, arched on iron girders, and
+filled up with cement, and laid with larch, (as that
+burns less freely than any other wood). The hall,
+&amp;c., to be laid with encaustic tiles. The floors of the
+chamber plans should have their timbers coated with
+plaster paris, and filled up with mortar and laid with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span>
+larch, the plastering of the ceilings, &amp;c., on wire
+gauze, instead of lath; a slate roof, and the walls of
+the basement plan of hollow brick, and plastered on
+the inner surface. By these simple and inexpensive
+means, the house would be nearly fire proof, and life
+and property secure.</p>
+
+<p>The exterior is covered by a sand coat, of a cheerful
+and rich light brown ochre tint, it being the most
+befitting for the situation and design, besides possessing
+the advantages of economy, and imparting a more
+substantial effect, it avoids that harsh and disagreeable
+glare and glisten of paint.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>DESIGN No. 31.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The design on the following page, for a Head Stone,
+was published by us in the May number, 1864, of the
+<span class="smcap">Horticulturist</span>. It attracted the attention of one
+of our most intelligent subscribers and valuable contributors
+in Western New York, who desired to set
+up, in their beautiful Cemetery, a memorial of one of
+his household who "who had gone before." The
+monument was executed in this city, under the supervision<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>
+of the friend who furnished the design for the
+<span class="smcap">Horticulturist</span>. It was cut from the Caen stone,
+and the execution was every way satisfactory. The
+gentleman for whom it was made says in a letter
+advising of its safe arrival:&mdash;"Last week I had it set
+in a solid foundation, and my highest anticipations
+are more than realized. I do not see how the monument
+could be better, as to material, design, and
+inscriptions. It is unique, yet chaste, highly significant
+and satisfactory. I have only words of praise
+and feelings of gratitude for a result that so fully
+answers to my ideal."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 281px;"><a name="Fig_106" id="Fig_106"></a>
+<img src="images/illus150.png" width="281" height="400" alt="Fig. 106.&mdash;Head Stone." title="Fig. 106.&mdash;Head Stone." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 106.&mdash;<i>Head Stone.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span></p>
+<h2>"BALLOON FRAMES."</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"If it had not been for the knowledge of balloon frames, Chicago and San Francisco
+would never have arisen as they did, from little villages, to great cities in a
+single year."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Solon Robinson.</span></p></div>
+
+
+<p>In these days of <span class="smcap">Ballooning</span>, it is gratifying to
+know that there is one practically useful, well tested
+principle, which has risen above the character of an
+experiment, and is destined to hold an elevated position
+in the opinions of the masses. That principle is
+the one which is technically, as well as sarcastically,
+termed Balloon Framing, as applied to the construction
+of all classes of wooden buildings.</p>
+
+<p>The early history of the Balloon Frame, is somewhat
+obscure, there being no well authenticated statements
+of its origin. It may, however, be traced back
+to the early settlement of our prairie countries, where
+it was impossible to obtain heavy timber and skillful
+mechanics, and the fact is patent to any one who has
+passed through the pleasures and the vicissitudes of
+the life of a pioneer, that his own necessities have
+indicated the adoption of some principle in construction,
+that, with the materials he has at hand, shall
+fulfill all the necessary conditions of comfort, strength
+and protection. To these circumstances we must
+award the early conception of this frame, which, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>
+subsequent additions and improvements, has led to its
+universal adoption for buildings of every class throughout
+the States and cities of the West, and on the
+Pacific coast.</p>
+
+<p>The Balloon Frame has for more than twenty years
+been before the building public. Its success, adaptability,
+and practicability, have been fully demonstrated.
+Its simple, effective and economical manner
+of construction, has very materially aided the rapid
+settlement of the West, and placed the art of building,
+to a great extent, within the control of the pioneer.
+That necessity, which must do without the aid of the
+mechanic or the knowledge of his skill, has developed
+a principle in construction that has sufficient merit to
+warrant its use by all who wish to erect in a cheap
+and substantial manner any class of wooden buildings.</p>
+
+<p>Like all successful improvements, which thrive on
+their own merits, the Balloon Frame has passed
+through and survived the theory, ridicule and abuse
+of all who have seen fit to attack it, and may be reckoned
+among the prominent inventions of the present
+generation, an invention neither fostered nor developed
+by any hope of great rewards, but which plainly and
+boldly acknowledges its origin in necessity.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 394px;"><a name="Fig_107" id="Fig_107"></a>
+<img src="images/illus153.png" width="394" height="450" alt="Fig. 107.&mdash;Isometrical Perspective View of the Balloon Frame." title="Fig. 107.&mdash;Isometrical Perspective View of the Balloon Frame." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 107.&mdash;<i>Isometrical Perspective View of the Balloon Frame.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The increasing value of lumber and labor, must
+turn the attention of men of moderate means to those
+successful plans which have demonstrated economy in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>
+both, and at the same time preserved the full qualities
+of strength and security so generally accorded to the
+old fogy principles of framing, and which, we presume
+to say, is inferior in all the true requisites of cheap
+and substantial building. Light sticks, uninjured by
+cutting mortices or tenons, a close basket-like manner
+of construction, short bearings, a continuous support
+for each piece of timber from foundation to rafter,
+and embracing and taking advantage of the practical
+fact, that the tensile and compressible strength of
+pine lumber is equal to one-fifth of that of wrought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>
+iron, constitute improvements introduced with this
+frame.</p>
+
+<p>If, in erecting a building, we can so use our materials
+that every strain will come in the direction of
+the fibre of some portion of the wood work, we can
+make inch boards answer a better purpose than foot
+square beams, and this application of materials is one
+reason of the strength of Balloon Frames.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_108" id="Fig_108"></a>
+<img src="images/illus154.png" width="250" height="241" alt="Fig. 108.&mdash;Floor Plan." title="Fig. 108.&mdash;Floor Plan." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 108.&mdash;<i>Floor Plan.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Balloon Frame belongs to no one person;
+nobody claims it as an invention, and yet in the art
+of construction it is one of the most sensible improvements
+that has ever been made.</p>
+
+<p>That which has hitherto called out a whole neighborhood,
+and required a vast expenditure of labor,
+time, and noise, can, by the adoption of the balloon
+frame, be done with all the quietness and security of
+an ordinary day's work. A man and boy can now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>
+attain the same results, with ease, that twenty men
+could on an old fashioned frame.</p>
+
+<p>The name of "Basket Frame" would convey a
+better impression, but the name "Balloon" has long
+ago outlived the derision which suggested it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"><a name="Fig_109" id="Fig_109"></a>
+<img src="images/illus155.png" width="200" height="214" alt="Fig. 109.&mdash;Elevation Section&mdash;manner of nailing&mdash;A. corner stud, 4 by 4&mdash;B. joist, 3 by 8&mdash;C. stud, 2 by 4." title="Fig. 109.&mdash;Elevation Section&mdash;manner of nailing&mdash;A. corner stud, 4 by 4&mdash;B. joist, 3 by 8&mdash;C. stud, 2 by 4." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 109.&mdash;<i>Elevation Section&mdash;manner of nailing&mdash;A. corner stud, 4 by 4&mdash;B. joist, 3 by 8&mdash;C. stud, 2 by 4.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"><a name="Fig_110" id="Fig_110"></a>
+<img src="images/illus156.png" width="100" height="146" alt="Fig. 110.&mdash;D. Upper Edge of Joist&mdash;E. Stud." title="Fig. 110.&mdash;D. Upper Edge of Joist&mdash;E. Stud." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 110.&mdash;<i>D. Upper Edge of Joist&mdash;E. Stud.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The moment the foundation is prepared, and the
+bill of lumber on the ground, the balloon frame is
+ready to raise, and a man and boy can do all of it.
+The sills are generally 3 inches by 8 inches, halved at
+the ends or corners, and nailed together with large
+nails. Having laid the sills upon the foundation, the
+next thing in order is to put up the studding. Use
+4 by 4 studs for corners and door posts, or spike two
+2 by 4 studs together, stand them up, set them
+plumb, and with stay laths secure them in position.
+Set up the intermediate studs, which are 2 by 4 inches,
+and 16 inches between centres, toe or nail them diagonally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>
+to the sill. Then put in the floor joists for
+first floor, each joist to be placed alongside each stud,
+and nailed to it and to the sill. Next measure the
+height to ceiling, and with a chalk line mark it
+around the entire range of studding; below the ceiling
+line notch each stud one inch deep and four inches
+wide, and into this, flush with the inside face of the
+studding, nail an inch strip four inches wide. This
+notch may be cut before putting up the studs. If the
+frame be lined on the inside, it will not be necessary
+to notch the strip into the studs, but simply to nail
+it to the studding; the object of notching the studding
+is to present a flush surface for lathing, as well
+as to form a shoulder or bearing necessary to sustain
+the second floor; both of these are accomplished by
+lining inside the studding&mdash;(for small barns and outbuildings
+that do not require plastering, nail the strip
+1 by 4 to the studding)&mdash;on this rests the joists of the
+second floor, the ends of which come flush to the outside<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>
+face of the studding, and both ends of each joist
+are securely nailed to each stud; the bearing of the
+joist on the inch strip below is close by the stud,
+and the inch strip rests on a shoulder or lower side of
+the notch cut to receive it. This bearing is so strong
+that the joists will break before it would yield.
+Having reached the top of the building, each stud is
+sawed off to an equal height; if any are too short
+they are spliced by placing one on top of the other,
+and nailing a strip of inch board on both sides. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>
+wall plate, 2 by 4 inches, is laid flat on top of the
+studding, and nailed to each stud; the rafters are
+then put on; they are notched, allowing the ends to
+project outside for cornice, &amp;c. The bearing of each
+rafter comes directly over the top of each stud, and is
+nailed to it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_111" id="Fig_111"></a>
+<img src="images/illus157.png" width="300" height="543" alt="Fig. 111.&mdash;Side Elevation.&mdash;G. Manner of splicing sills.&mdash;F. Manner of splicing studs." title="Fig. 111.&mdash;Side Elevation.&mdash;G. Manner of splicing sills.&mdash;F. Manner of splicing studs." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 111.&mdash;<i>Side Elevation.&mdash;G. Manner of splicing sills.&mdash;F. Manner of splicing studs.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 174px;"><a name="Fig_112" id="Fig_112"></a>
+<img src="images/illus158.png" width="174" height="400" alt="Fig. 112.&mdash;End Elevation." title="Fig. 112.&mdash;End Elevation." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 112.&mdash;<i>End Elevation.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A Balloon Frame looks light, and its name was
+given in contempt by those old fogy mechanics who
+had been brought up to rob a stick of timber of all its
+strength and durability, by cutting it full of mortices,
+tenons and augur holes, and then supposing it to be
+stronger than a far lighter stick differently applied,
+and with all its capabilities unimpaired.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Properly constructed, and with timber adapted to
+its purposes, it will stand securely against the fury of
+the elements, and answer every purpose that an old
+fashioned timber frame is calculated to fulfill.</p>
+
+<p>When the building is supported on posts, heavy
+sills are necessary, and the frame should be securely
+nailed or spiked together. The bents may be 16, 24
+or 30 inches apart, and covered in the usual manner.
+The thrust of both the rafters and contents of the
+building are outward; the tie, 1 by 4, is abundantly
+strong, as each one will practically sustain, in the
+direction of its fibre, three tons. The floor joists are
+nailed to studs at each end. No one need fear any
+lack of perfect security, as these ties exceed in strength
+any hold that tenons could have.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_113">Fig. 113</a> illustrates the manner of framing buildings
+of one story, such as are used about almost every
+farm or country seat, as tool houses, granaries, wash-houses,
+spring houses, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 450px;"><a name="Fig_113" id="Fig_113"></a>
+<img src="images/illus160.png" width="450" height="595" alt="Fig. 113.&mdash;Isometrical Perspective Balloon Frame." title="Fig. 113.&mdash;Isometrical Perspective Balloon Frame." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 113.&mdash;<i>Isometrical Perspective Balloon Frame.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Very small buildings, if unplastered, will not require
+ceiling joists; a tie at each end will be all-sufficient.
+Moderate size buildings will be strong enough
+if the ceiling joists are left out, and collars put on
+half way up the rise of the rafter. According to the
+size and uses of the building, the collars or ceiling
+joists may be put on every rafter, every other, or
+every third rafter; floor joists should be about 16<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>
+inches between centres, and the studding may be from
+16 inches to 8 feet apart; in the last case only, every
+sixth floor joist is nailed to the stud, the intermediate
+ones being arranged equally distant from each other
+between the studding. Where the studding is placed
+wide apart, the plate must necessarily be heavier to
+sustain the roof; if vertical siding be used, it should
+be nailed to the sill and plate, and to an intermediate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>
+horizontal strip spiked in between the studding; if
+done in this way, the plate may be lighter; when
+horizontal siding is used, the studding should not be
+more than 4 feet apart&mdash;in small buildings, say 12 by
+20 feet, we should cut all our stuff, except joists,
+from 1&frac14; inch plank. Studs 4 inches wide, rafters 5
+inches wide; floor joists should be 2 by 9 inches, and
+put all up 30 inches between centres.</p>
+
+<p>In <a href="#Fig_114">Fig. 114</a> is shown the manner of constructing
+frames for buildings of three stories. The corner stud,
+4 by 4, is composed of and built up with two 2 by 4
+studs, which are nailed together, breaking joints as
+the building progresses in height; the splicing of
+studs is done in the same manner, being nailed together
+as fast as additional length is required; the
+joists of the last floor are laid upon the plate, and
+they act as tie-beams to sustain the thrust of the
+rafters. We consider the splice where the studs butt
+and have side strips nailed to them, to be the most
+secure; the lapping splice is very generally used,
+however, and found to answer every purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Ribs for vertical siding may be put on in two ways;
+one as shown, by which the ribs run over the sill, and
+are nailed to it; a strip of the same thickness as ribs,
+say 1&frac14; inches, nailed on to the sill to fill up the space
+between the ribs, and is then covered by the outside
+plinth or base. The other plan is to set the studs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>
+back 1&frac14; inches from face edge of sill; then let the
+end of ribs bevel down on the sill, or dovetail them
+into the edge.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"><a name="Fig_114" id="Fig_114"></a><a name="Fig_115" id="Fig_115"></a><a name="Fig_116" id="Fig_116"></a><a name="Fig_117" id="Fig_117"></a><a name="Fig_118" id="Fig_118"></a>
+<img src="images/illus162.png" width="550" height="539" alt="Fig. 114, Fig. 115, Fig. 116, Fig. 117, Fig. 118." title="Fig. 114, Fig. 115, Fig. 116, Fig. 117, Fig. 118." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 114, <span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 115, <span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 116, <span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 117, <span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 118.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Either outside or inside lining may be used, or both
+together. Where diagonal lining is used, it should
+be reversed or run the other way on the opposite side
+of the house.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Fig_120" id="Fig_120"></a>
+<img src="images/illus163.png" width="500" height="530" alt="Fig. 120.&mdash;Diagonal Ribs for Vertical or Battened Siding." title="Fig. 120.&mdash;Diagonal Ribs for Vertical or Battened Siding." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 120.&mdash;<i>Diagonal Ribs for Vertical or Battened Siding.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The lining of a Balloon Frame adds immensely to
+its strength, particularly so if put on diagonally; it
+may be done outside or inside, though on the whole
+the inside is preferable. If done outside, it should be
+carried over the sill and nailed to it; the sill being
+wider than the studding, in order to get a larger bearing
+on the masonry, and the floor joists being in the
+way, does not admit of inside lining being put on in
+the same manner.</p>
+
+<p>A first-class Balloon Frame should be lined, if for
+vertical siding, outside the studding&mdash;if horizontal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>
+siding is used, line inside; it makes the frame stiffer
+and the building warmer. Some line diagonally, say
+from centre next the first floor towards extreme upper
+corners both ways; others line one side diagonally in
+one direction, and the other in an opposite direction.
+This makes assurance of strength doubly sure. If
+lined inside, nail perpendicular lath to the lining 16
+inches from centres, and on this lath horizontally for
+plastering.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_121" id="Fig_121"></a>
+<img src="images/illus164.png" width="250" height="147" alt="Fig. 121.&mdash;Showing lengthwise and crosswise manner of tying frame." title="Fig. 121.&mdash;Showing lengthwise and crosswise manner of tying frame." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 121.&mdash;<i>Showing lengthwise and crosswise manner of tying frame.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The principle of Balloon Framing is the true one
+for strength, as well as for economy. If a mechanic
+is employed, the Balloon Frame can be put up for
+<i>forty per cent. less money</i> than the mortice and
+tenon frame. If you erect a balloon frame yourself,
+which you can easily do without the aid of a mechanic,
+it costs the price of the materials and whatever
+value you put upon your own time.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_121">Fig. <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads '23'">121</ins></a> shows the manner of attaching the flooring
+to gable end studding, and in those buildings in
+which the thrust of the rafters is in the direction of
+the flooring&mdash;if every third stud be bolted to the joist<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>
+in the manner shown, it makes the tie equal if not
+superior to that in the direction of the joists.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 253px;"><a name="Fig_122" id="Fig_122"></a>
+<img src="images/illus165.png" width="253" height="400" alt="Fig. 122.&mdash;Manner of Framing Large Barns." title="Fig. 122.&mdash;Manner of Framing Large Barns." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 122.&mdash;<i>Manner of Framing Large Barns.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_122">Fig. 122</a> explains the manner of framing the largest
+class of barns. Wide openings, like bays, require the
+use of heavy timber, and the mortice, tenon and brace,
+only so far as the gallows frame is concerned; the
+balance of the frame is of light stuff, studding 2 feet
+to 2&frac12; feet apart, 2 by 6 inches, every third one 2 by
+8 inches, into which is gained the side girt, it being
+nailed to the others. On this rests one end of the
+temporary floors, the gallows frame supports the roof,
+and the rafters are secured to it, so that they become
+ties. The side of this building is like a floor turned
+on edge, and is firmly secured by the floor joists at the
+bottom and the rafters at the top.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Warehouses, depots, and other buildings of a very
+large size, can be made stronger by using the Balloon
+Frame, instead of the heavy timber frame. Those
+who prefer to err on the right side, can get unnecessary
+strength by using deeper studding, placing them
+closer together, putting in one or more rows of bridging
+and as many diagonal ribs as they like. In large
+buildings there is no saving in timber, only the substitution
+of small sizes for large&mdash;the great saving is
+in the labor, which is quite important.</p>
+
+<p>The following are some of the advantages claimed
+for the Balloon Frame:</p>
+
+<p>1. The principal labor of framing is dispensed with.</p>
+
+<p>2. It is a far cheaper frame to raise.</p>
+
+<p>3. It is stronger and more durable than any other
+frame.</p>
+
+<p>4. Any stick can be removed, and another put in
+its place, without disturbing the strength of those
+remaining&mdash;in fact, the whole building can be renewed
+stick by stick.</p>
+
+<p>5. It is adapted to every style of building, and better
+adapted for all irregular forms.</p>
+
+<p>6. It is forty per cent. cheaper than any other known
+style of frame.</p>
+
+<p>7. It embraces strength, security, comfort and
+economy, and can be put up without the aid of a
+mechanic.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span></p>
+<h3>Established in 1846.</h3>
+<div class='center'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</div>
+<h2>"THE HORTICULTURIST,"</h2>
+
+<h3>AND JOURNAL OF RURAL ART AND RURAL TASTE.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Published Monthly at Two Dollars and Fifty Cents per Annum,
+Twenty-five Cents per Number, and devoted to</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+<tr><td align='left'>GRAPE CULTURE,</td><td align='left'>FRUITS,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>FLOWERS,</td><td align='left'>GARDENING,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>RURAL ARCHITECTURE,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>LANDSCAPE ADORNMENT,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>AND RURAL PURSUITS.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>Forming an annual volume of 400 royal octavo pages handsomely
+Illustrated.</div>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Author's Works">
+<tr><td align='left'>The Author of <i>My Farm of Edgewood</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Author of <i>Ten Acres Enough</i>,</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Author of <i>The Grape Culturist</i>,</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">The Author of <i>Flowers for Parlor and Garden</i>,</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">The Author of <i>American Fruit Grower's Guide</i>.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Rev. Dr. <span class="smcap">Crescy</span>,</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class='unindent'>and others of the best practical talent and ability, both East and
+West, write regularly.</div>
+
+<p><i>Back Volumes and Numbers supplied.</i></p>
+
+<div class='center'><b>GEO. E. &amp; F. W. WOODWARD,</b><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">PUBLISHERS, 37 PARK ROW, N. Y.</span></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>WOODWARD'S GRAPERIES</h2>
+
+<div class='center'>AND</div>
+
+<h3>HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS,</h3>
+
+<div class='center'><big>By Geo. E. &amp; F. W. Woodward,</big><br />
+
+<small>ARCHITECTS AND HORTICULTURISTS.</small></div>
+
+<p>A new, practical, and original Work on the design and construction
+of all classes of Horticultural Buildings, including Hot-beds,
+Propagating Houses, Hot and Cold Graperies, Orchard
+Houses, Conservatories, &amp;c., with the best modes of heating, &amp;c.
+Elegantly Illustrated. Being the result of an extensive professional
+practice.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<b>GEO. E. &amp; F. W. WOODWARD,</b><br />
+PUBLISHERS,<br />
+<i>Office of the "Horticulturist," 37 PARK ROW, N. Y.</i><br />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span></p>
+<h2>GEO. E. &amp; F. W. WOODWARD,</h2>
+
+<h3>PUBLISHERS</h3>
+
+<h3><i>No. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>OFFICE OF THE HORTICULTURIST.</div>
+
+<h2>BOOKS</h2>
+
+<div class='center'>ON</div>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Books published by Woodward">
+<tr><td align='left'>AGRICULTURE,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">HORTICULTURE,</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">ARCHITECTURE,</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">LANDSCAPE GARDENING,</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">AND RURAL ART</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>For Sale at this Office, or mailed, post paid, on receipt of Publisher's
+prices.</p>
+
+<p><sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> <i>Priced Catalogue on application.</i></p>
+
+<h4>NEW YORK AGENTS</h4>
+
+<div class='unindent'>for the <i>Country Gentleman, Gardeners' Monthly, &amp; Hovey's Magazine</i>.</div>
+
+<div class='center'>Subscriptions received and back numbers supplied.</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>FIRE ON THE HEARTH.</h2>
+
+<div class='center'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</div>
+<h3>GEO. E. &amp; F. W. WOODWARD,</h3>
+<div class='center'>37 PARK ROW, N. Y.<br /><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class='blockquot'>
+<p><i>New York Agents for Dixon's low down Philadelphia Grates, for
+burning Wood or Coal, for sale at Manufacturer's Prices.</i></p>
+
+<p>"It is a plan for warming houses, which has never in all its
+points been surpassed."&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>"It is believed that there is scarcely a single educated Physician
+in Philadelphia, who owns the house he lives in, who is not
+supplied with one or more of these delightful luxuries."&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>"We have one of these admirable contrivances, put in our
+house in 1859, and every additional year only increases our appreciation
+of the luxury."&mdash;<i>Dr. W. W. Hall, editor of Hall's Journal
+of Health, N. Y.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Price $35 and upwards according to size and finish. Samples at
+this Office.</i></p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3>
+<p>Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</p>
+<p>This text uses both hyphenated and spaced forms of its rooms, i.e. bed-room and bed room.
+Also used were variations on hyphenated and not words such stair-way and stairway.</p>
+
+<p>The remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections. Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Country Homes, by 
+George E. Woodward and F. W. Woodward
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOODWARD'S COUNTRY HOMES ***
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Country Homes, by
+George E. Woodward and F. W. Woodward
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Woodward's Country Homes
+
+Author: George E. Woodward
+        F. W. Woodward
+
+Release Date: August 18, 2008 [EBook #26354]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOODWARD'S COUNTRY HOMES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+WOODWARD'S
+
+COUNTRY HOMES,
+
+BY
+
+GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+
+ARCHITECTS,
+
+=Authors of "Woodward's Graperies and Horticultural Buildings."=
+
+FOURTH THOUSAND.
+
+          NEW-YORK:
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, 37 PARK ROW,
+          Office of the HORTICULTURIST.
+          1866.
+
+          Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+          In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States,
+          for the Southern District of New York.
+
+          STEPHEN HALLET,
+          PRINTER,
+          No. 74 Fulton Street.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                         PAGE.
+    INTRODUCTION.
+    Domestic Architecture and Embellishment                7
+
+    DESIGN NO. 1.
+    A Laborer's Cottage                                   25
+
+    DESIGN NO. 2.
+    A Small Frame Cottage                                 28
+
+    DESIGN NO. 3.
+    A Compact Frame Cottage                               30
+
+    DESIGN NO. 4.
+    A Rural Cottage of moderate extent                    34
+
+    DESIGN NO. 5.
+    A Gardener's Cottage                                  40
+
+    DESIGN NO. 6.
+    Stone Stable and Coach House                          45
+
+    DESIGN NO. 7.
+    A Farm Cottage                                        46
+
+    DESIGN NO. 8.
+    Design for a Timber Cottage                           50
+
+    DESIGN NO. 9.
+    Design for a Rural Church.                            53
+
+    DESIGN NO. 10.
+    A Suburban Cottage                                    58
+
+    DESIGN NO. 11.
+    An Ornamental Summer House                            64
+
+    DESIGN NO. 12.
+    Stable and Carriage House                             66
+
+    DESIGN NO. 13.
+    A Model Cottage                                       68
+
+    DESIGN NO. 14.
+    A Cottage Stable                                      75
+
+    DESIGN NO. 15.
+    Design for an Ice House                               76
+
+    DESIGN NO. 16.
+    A Suburban Cottage                                    79
+
+    DESIGN NO. 17.
+    Stable and Carriage House                             86
+
+    DESIGN NO. 18.
+    School House at Irvington                             87
+
+    DESIGN NO. 19.
+    A regular Country House                               93
+
+    DESIGN NO. 20.
+    A Country Chapel                                      96
+
+    DESIGN NO. 21.
+    An Old House Remodeled                                99
+
+    DESIGN NO. 22.
+    Coach House and Stable                               104
+
+    DESIGN NO. 23.
+    Fences                                               106
+
+    DESIGN NO. 24.
+    Plans of the Residence of C. F. Park, Esq.           108
+
+    DESIGN NO. 25.
+    Carriage House and Stable                            111
+
+    DESIGN NO. 26.
+    Residence of T. H. Stout, Esq.                       113
+
+    DESIGN NO. 27.
+    A Chapter on Gates                                   119
+
+    DESIGN NO. 28.
+    Mr. Tristram Allen's House at Ravenswood, Enlarged   131
+
+    DESIGN NO. 29.
+    Plans of the Residence of L. M. Ferris, Esq.         134
+
+    DESIGN NO. 30.
+    A Model Suburban Cottage                             139
+
+    DESIGN NO. 31.
+    Head Stone                                           149
+
+    BALLOON FRAMES.
+    Balloon Frames                                       151
+
+
+
+WOODWARD'S
+
+COUNTRY HOMES.
+
+
+IN presenting to the public a new work on DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, it is
+our aim to furnish practical designs and plans, adapted to the
+requirements of such as are about to build, or remodel and improve,
+their COUNTRY HOMES.
+
+The rapid progress in rural improvement and domestic embellishment all
+over the land, during the last quarter of a century, is evident to the
+observation of every traveler, and, as we have found during several
+years of professional experience, there has grown up a demand for
+architectural designs of various grades, from the simple farm cottage to
+the more elaborate and costly villa, which is not supplied by the
+several excellent works on this subject which are within the reach of
+the building and reading public.
+
+Among the permanent dwellers in the country this spirit of improvement,
+fostered as it is by the diffusion of publications in the various
+departments of Rural Art, and by a wider and more genial general culture
+as the means of intercommunication and education are increased, is
+becoming more manifest every year. But besides these intelligent farmers
+and tradesmen who make the country their home the year round, there is a
+large class of persons whose tastes or business avocations compel them
+to reside a considerable portion of the year in our cities or
+suburbs--prosperous merchants, bankers, professional men, and wealthy
+citizens--who have the tastes and means to command such enjoyments and
+luxuries as the country affords; who need the change in scenes,
+associations, employments and objects of interest, for themselves and
+their households, and who enjoy, with a keen relish, the seclusion, the
+comparative freedom from restraint, the pure, sweet air, the broad, open
+sunshine, and the numerous other rural advantages which are essentially
+denied them in their city homes.
+
+In former years this class of people resorted, almost exclusively, to
+the sea-side, and a few popular mineral springs, taking in, perhaps,
+Niagara in their transit, and rarely venturing into the wild and
+unexplored regions of Lake George. They returned to town in the early
+days of September, with many a backward, longing look at the attractions
+and delights from which they reluctantly tore themselves away, and
+settled down again to the weary tread-mill of business. But for some
+years past this class has largely increased in number, and instead of
+confining themselves to their former resorts, they now seek the upper
+country, and prolong their stay into the glorious days of Autumn. Many
+of them have provided permanent summer homes, among the hills and on the
+lake or river shores. They have bought, and built, and planted, until
+they have identified themselves with the chosen spot, and as their trees
+have taken root in the fertile soil, so have their affections taken root
+in the beautiful country. They hasten gladly to these rural scenes with
+the opening Summer, and they leave them with regret when the exigencies
+of business require their presence in the city,--when the Summer suns
+have ripened the luscious fruits, and the flowers fade with the frosty
+kisses of the cold, and the passenger birds fly Southward. This class of
+our population know where to find all the facilities for the best
+country enjoyments, and their ample means assure them a free choice of
+summer resorts, and adequate command of all the appliances of pleasant
+country living.
+
+But there is another and still larger class of citizens who have neither
+the means to enable them to keep up both town and country residences,
+nor such command of their time that they can pass two or three months of
+every summer away from their business. There are thousands of clerks and
+subordinate officers in the banking and insurance institutions in our
+cities and in our large commercial houses; there are many merchants who
+are making their way slowly and surely to competence and wealth, who
+would gladly compromise for one-third of such a summer vacation. These
+are men of intelligence, and sometimes of a good deal of social and
+intellectual culture and refinement. Many of them were born, and their
+boyhood nurtured amongst the hills. They love the country with the
+intensity and purity of a first love, and they long for communion once
+more with nature in all her moods of loveliness. Their sweetest dreams
+still, when they forget the hard realities of life, are of green lawns
+and sloping hill-sides, of waving trees and cool streams. And they would
+wish that their children should become familiar with the same wholesome
+associations, and be moved by the same attachments and inspirations. In
+the city they are constantly exposed to its excitements, and subjected
+to the restraints of its artificial modes, with few outward influences
+to counteract upon their development; with very little, indeed, except
+the discipline and the affections of home to emancipate them from the
+tendencies to a trivial, artificial, and sordid life. They would gladly
+supply to them the healthful tone and vigor--the outer and inner bloom
+and freshness--which are the product of out-door life in the pure air of
+the country. But they are compelled by considerations of economy, to
+forego most of these advantages, and allow their children to grow up
+with city tastes and habits. They long for the country but think they
+must content themselves with the town, until the time comes when their
+fortunes will enable them to command the coveted indulgences.
+
+The time may come, sooner than they anticipate, when they will be
+obliged to choose the country.
+
+Our towns are rapidly overflowing their local boundaries, and spreading
+out into suburbs, more or less beautiful and desirable. As far as New
+York city is concerned, it is simply a question of time how soon our
+middle-class citizens, who desire to live comfortably, with due regard
+to economical conditions, will be obliged to choose the country for
+their homes.
+
+During the last forty years this city has increased in population with a
+rapid and uniform rate. Within the memory of persons now living, it has
+grown from an inconsiderable commercial town, until it has become one of
+the great cities of the world. This rapid stride and steady progress
+furnish us with the elements for calculating the period when the whole
+island will be covered with buildings, and there will remain no more
+vacant space for the use of its commerce, or the domestic accommodation
+of its citizens. The present population of the city is estimated at
+fully one million. The entire territorial capacity of the city, the
+density of the population remaining the same as it is at present,
+cannot much exceed two millions. The ratio of increase during each
+period of five years, since 1820, is about twenty-eight per cent. It
+will thus be seen that the utmost limit of the city's capacity will be
+reached within the next sixteen or seventeen years, and New York will be
+a solid and compact city from the Battery to Westchester County.
+
+Meanwhile, the expenses of living in the city are increasing every year.
+Rents are higher now than ever before, and there is no prospect of their
+coming down for many years.
+
+For it must be remembered that when we renew our building operations,
+which have been nearly suspended for the last four years, in consequence
+of the unsettled condition of the country, we shall have to provide not
+only for the current increase in population, but for the deficiencies
+which result from the past four years or more, when comparatively few
+houses were erected. At the present time the rent of a convenient and
+respectable house, suitable to the requirements of a family having a
+fair income, and occupying a desirable position in society, is an
+excessive item of cost.
+
+And the remedy for this is to go into the country. Along the lines of
+our railroads and navigable waters there are localities where land is
+comparatively cheap,--beautiful, healthy regions, where the comforts of
+a rural home may be secured, with all the advantages of society, and of
+religious and educational establishments and institutions. The
+facilities for reaching these country homes are already adequate for
+general purposes, and will be increased every year, as the demand for
+them grows. Railroads and steamboats are built and run for the purpose
+of profit on freight and passenger transportation. According to the
+general law of trade, the supply will equal the demand, and as the
+population increases along our lines of travel, the facilities and
+accommodations for transit will be multiplied.
+
+Why, then, should the man who loves the country, and possesses tastes
+and capacities for its enjoyment, and yet is compelled by circumstances
+to practice economy in his mode of living, be restrained to the city
+limits? It is quite a practicable thing for him to realize his
+wishes,--live in the country and enjoy its best luxuries, without
+abandoning the city as far as its commercial advantages are concerned.
+There are localities _within an hour_ of the city hall, where land can
+be purchased at reasonable rates, and where all the advantages of health
+and beauty, of retirement, pure air and attractive scenery can be
+enjoyed for less money than is now expended in the narrow house in the
+crowded street, where every sense is offended--with no open sky or
+distant horizon tinged with the glories of the dying day or rising
+morn--no grassy lawns, or waving trees, or fragrant banks of flowers.
+
+For such accommodations as he has, he pays, we will say, a rent of one
+thousand or twelve hundred dollars. In the country he might purchase two
+acres of land and build a cottage, which would afford him all, or more,
+conveniences than he now has, without the necessity of climbing four or
+five flights of stairs--at an outlay, at the usual cost of building, not
+exceeding six thousand dollars. The interest on this sum would be four
+hundred and twenty dollars. The difference between this amount and his
+present house rent would in a few years pay the whole cost of the place,
+and he would have a _home_--a centre and gathering place for his
+domestic interests and affections.
+
+And this is no fancy sketch--no exaggerated statement of possibilities.
+We know of localities which can be reached from Wall Street in as many
+minutes as would be required to go to 50th Street, where land can be
+obtained for about five hundred dollars an acre, where there are all the
+conditions of health, good water, pure air, extensive and attractive
+views, and whatever else is desirable for a country home. In the
+direction we have now specially in mind, there are at least twenty
+railroad trains which daily stop at convenient stations, between the
+early morning and ten o'clock at night. For the ordinary purposes of
+business, and social intercourse, this is ample travelling
+accommodation, and as we said before, these accommodations will be
+increased in the proportion that the country population in the
+neighborhood of our cities becomes more dense, and thus creates a larger
+demand for such facilities.
+
+The necessity and desirableness of country homes being thus easily
+demonstrable, it is of importance to know how to choose sites for them,
+and how to build. The Poet-author of "Letters from under a bridge," has
+given a wise and admirable suggestion in regard to choice of sites,
+"leaving the climate and productiveness of soil out of the question, the
+main things to find united, are, _shade_, _water_, _and inequality of
+surface_. With these three features given by nature, any spot may be
+made beautiful, and at very little cost: and fortunately for purchasers
+in this country, most land is valued and sold with little or no
+reference to these or other capabilities for embellishment." There is an
+affluence of choice sites all over the country, and what we need most to
+learn is how to develop their capabilities, and add such fitting
+embellishments as belong to beautiful and convenient houses. Here it is
+that the popular taste requires additional cultivation. The impulse
+already given in this direction should be kept up. There is no
+deficiency of wealth for the appropriation and culture of these
+attractive places, and there is often a lavish expenditure upon country
+homes which ought to make them complete and even magnificent. But
+unfortunately we see, every year, costly establishments, designed for
+summer residences, or for permanent homes, built up with as little
+regard for taste, as for expense. The deficiency is found rather in the
+culture than in the dispositions and means of our people. And the remedy
+and supply for this must be provided by the dissemination of works
+treating upon this and kindred topics of rural art, by means of which
+the public taste may be refined and elevated to a higher standard.
+
+In constructing country houses there are several prime conditions to be
+observed, such as adaptation, accommodation, and expression. By
+adaptation is meant not only the arrangement of the main structure, as
+to form and material, to suit the locality and character of the grounds,
+but a fitness as respects the real wants--the habits and condition--of
+the occupants and the purposes of a country home. Nobody wants a modern
+city house planted down in the open country, nor should any sensible man
+seek a refuge from the bare streets of the city in the little less bare
+streets of a country village. There is no congruity between the
+classical forms of Grecian Architecture and the varying climate of our
+land.
+
+The material used in the construction of our country houses has not been
+sufficiently considered by us. Timber is abundant in almost all parts of
+the country, and the facility with which an
+establishment--mansion-house, office, and outbuildings--can be built up
+in a few weeks, of this material, has been the main reason, we suppose,
+why we have so many abortions, in the shape of Grecian temples, and
+miniature Gothic cathedrals and castles, scattered over the land. Let it
+be considered, that in building our country houses, we are not simply
+providing for ourselves, but for our children--we are constructing a
+homestead. It is for the want of this consideration that we have so few
+_homes_ in our country, so few home associations, around and among which
+our deepest and purest affections are entwined. Our thin lath and
+plaster constructions, which rattle and tremble in every wind and leak
+in every rain, do not afford very good or permanent centers for these
+associations and affections.
+
+We have some native woods that are durable, out of which we may build
+houses that will last for several generations; but with these, even, the
+cost of frequent repairs and painting is so great, to say nothing of the
+annoyances thereby entailed, that, in point of economy, wood is by no
+means the most desirable material. Nor is it, in any way, the most
+desirable. The prevailing taste in country dwellings, before Mr.
+Downing's time, was defective enough. A large, square, wooden house,
+painted intensely white, garnished with bright green Venetian
+blinds--standing in a contracted yard--inclosed with a red or white
+wooden fence, was the very beau ideal of a gentleman's country dwelling.
+We are thankful that this dispensation has passed away; and we revere
+the memory of Downing, and of others like him, who were instrumental in
+bringing in a better taste in such matters.
+
+The first cost of a stone or brick dwelling somewhat exceeds that of
+wood, even in places where these materials are readily obtained. But if
+they are properly constructed, such buildings will need very few repairs
+for many years. It is often objected, on the other hand, that such
+buildings are damp and unwholesome. This is, undoubtedly, true of many
+of the old stone houses which we find scattered about the country. And
+it is true, because they were not properly built. When properly built,
+they preserve the most equal temperature at all seasons. They are warm
+in winter and cool in summer, and the sudden changes which affect the
+weather without, need scarcely be felt by the delicate invalid within
+the walls of the stone mansion, if suitable attention is given to the
+simple matter of ventilation.
+
+But let us return to the subject of adaptation. The illustrations which
+occur to us may serve to furnish a somewhat clear idea of what we mean
+by the prime conditions necessary to be observed in building.
+
+By the term adaptation, we mean such choice of style, material, size
+and arrangement as shall fit the structure: 1st, to the site; 2d, to the
+climate; and 3d, to the uses for which it is built.
+
+And, first, as to the site: It would be obviously incongruous to erect
+the same house on these two different sites, with their different
+characteristic features and surroundings; for example, _the one_ a
+nearly level plane gently rising, perhaps, as you approach from the road
+the position where the house shall stand, and sloping away again towards
+other broad green fields and the fertile meadows beyond--with no
+background of hills or mountains, no irregularly formed lake, but with a
+placid, lazy stream, half-sleeping, half-gliding by the weeping elms,
+and among the scattered groups of stately, old trees:--_the other_, a
+romantic hillside in the native forest, with its neighboring mountain
+range, where in the bright summer-time, the noisy, laughing brook keeps
+time to your thoughts and fancies as you wander among the hills, and in
+the bleak winter the winds sigh mournfully through the pines or utter
+their clarion calls to the spirit of the storm.
+
+The one situation would be appropriate to the Italian villa, with its
+flat roof, and overhanging cornices, its spacious verandahs and
+balconies, all having that depth and boldness and variety of outline
+necessary to secure the proper effects of light and shadow which, the
+absence of all variety of form in the landscape, would render
+indispensable. But no man with an artist's eye would think, for a
+moment, of building such a house as this on our wooded hillside. He
+would construct there his English cottage in good solid stone, whose
+steep roofs would shed with facility the summer rain and the winter
+snow, whose irregularities of form and outline would harmonize with
+nature's Gothic work in precipice and rock, in trees and climbing vines.
+Or else, he would place there his Swiss chalet, which would be in
+harmony with the scene, and a pleasing object to the eye of the
+observer. On the broad, open plane the villa should be made, or seem, to
+cover a considerable space, while the nice cottage might be built more
+compactly.
+
+But here let us remark, that many of our attempts at the English
+cottage, generally known as the Gothic, have been failures, and some of
+them sad abortions.
+
+This comes from defective models and plans, and these defects arise
+mainly from these sources--the lack of boldness and variety in the main
+outlines, and in the construction of the roofs and chimneys. Such a
+cottage, to be pleasing and satisfactory, must have irregularities in
+form, variety in ornament, and boldness in treatment. A square house
+with additions of gables, and dormers and pinnacles, and ridge crests,
+will not give us an English cottage. It is a work of art, like a poem
+or a picture, and not a mechanical aggregation of Gothic features and
+ornaments. We were about to say that it should never be attempted in any
+other material than stone, but as many of us cannot command the means
+for such permanent buildings, we will concede that it may be allowable
+for us to put our wooden buildings into the cottage form, using the best
+taste and the most beautiful and picturesque styles, even if the
+material is objectionable.
+
+One other observation, before we return to our main topic, may be
+indulged. It is simply the suggestion that too little attention has been
+paid to the _sky-outlines_ of our country houses. Roofs and chimney-tops
+have been treated as necessary evils, instead of being made, as they may
+be, highly ornamental. The unity of the plan, as a work of art, is lost
+as you ascend above the eaves, all the rest seeming like excrescences
+growing out of structures otherwise commendable and satisfactory. The
+superior horizontal lines of the roof will depend somewhat upon the
+background of the house. When a building is placed upon the crest of a
+hill, or upon a slope descending from the main point of view, so that
+its outlines are seen against the sky, the treatment of the plan will be
+obviously different from that required where the background is solid, as
+a hill or a forest. In any case, however, the horizontal lines should be
+broken, as far as practicable, by making the roofs of the several parts
+of the house of unequal height.
+
+It will be apparent, without special argument, that our choice of style
+in our country houses should be controlled essentially by the climate.
+In our northern climate, the flat roof is objectionable, and we are
+obliged to modify the Italian styles somewhat in this respect, to
+obviate inconveniences. The hot summer sun, when, as on an August day,
+in the city,
+
+          "The pavements all are piping hot,
+            The sky above is brazen,
+          And every head as good as dead
+            The sun can shed his rays on,"
+
+will be more than likely to open the joints and seams of the flat roof,
+and the sudden shower coming down with the force of a tropical storm,
+will find its way through, sadly to the detriment of our ceilings, our
+stuccoes and frescoes, as well as to the comfort and the commendable
+equability of temper of those who suffer the invasion. The heavy winter
+snows, too, require a steep roof, from which they will readily dislodge
+themselves without injury.
+
+And so in the interior arrangements of the house, the provisions for
+heating and ventilation, for summer freedom and winter coziness, for
+domestic comfort and the exercise of the commendable grace of country
+hospitality, due regard must be had to the conditions of climate. There
+must be a proper adaptation to them, if we would secure satisfactory
+country homes.
+
+And this brings us to our last topic, the uses for which our country
+seats are built. The place designed simply for a summer residence for
+the citizen, who is obliged to be at his office or counting room daily,
+bating the few weeks of summer vacation, need not be so complete in its
+appointments and arrangements, as the permanent country residence. One
+essential condition, however, in this case is, that there shall be _room
+enough_, with ample verandahs, and shaded gravel walks, which will
+afford opportunities for open air exercise in all states of the weather.
+There is nothing, perhaps, that interferes so essentially with the
+citizen's enjoyment of the country, as the want of facilities for out
+door exercise. It is too hot or too dusty to ride or walk, before the
+shower, and after its refreshment has come, it is too wet and muddy.
+Spacious verandahs, shaded with vines, and well-made walks, always firm
+and dry, bordered with shrubbery, or overhung with trees, will give us
+"ample scope and verge enough."
+
+But the uses of country seats depend mainly upon the tastes and
+habitudes of the occupants; and their adaptation in style size and
+arrangement should be accordingly. We believe there is no law against a
+man's building an elegant library and picture gallery, though he may
+have no taste for literature or art, but having plenty of money,
+chooses to make this display of it. There are a great many absurdities
+to which poor, frail humanity is liable, against which the legislature,
+in its wisdom, has not thought it worth while to make solemn and
+positive enactments; it is better for the general moral condition of
+society, perhaps, that the vulgar rich man's ambition for display should
+manifest itself in books and pictures, rather than in fast horses. Might
+not the cultivation of the garden--vegetables, fruits and flowers,--take
+the place of both, as simple means of display? These are wholesome and
+agreeable employments even for those who have passed that time of life
+when a taste for books and art may be acquired.
+
+A country seat should combine and express the real uses which are
+required by the intellectual and social condition of its occupants, and
+not attract attention as blazoning the wealth and money importance of
+the owner. If he is rich, let him make it as complete and simply elegant
+as he will, and this he may do without proclaiming to every passer-by
+his miserable pride of wealth.
+
+With these preliminary observations, we submit our work to the judgment
+of those who are interested in these subjects. We have not included in
+our present volume any considerable number of designs for the more
+spacious and costly Villa, the work being designed for popular use and
+to meet a demand which is unprovided for by previous publications.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 1.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--_Front Elevation._]
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--_End Elevation._]
+
+
+This design as shown in figures 1 and 2, is for a laborer's cottage
+intended to be erected on the grounds connected with a fine estate on
+the western slope of the Palisades in New Jersey. It is to be built of
+rough stone, plainly finished. It is 16 by 24 feet outside, having a
+living-room with bed room on the first floor, (Fig. 3,) a large pantry,
+stairway, etc., and a fine cellar below. The second floor (Fig. 4,) has
+two bed-rooms, well lighted and ventilated, and large closets to each.
+This size will admit of several different arrangements; the rear door
+might open out from the pantry, and afford more convenient access to the
+cellar stairs, to get in heavy articles, and shut out some cold in
+winter, but would interfere with the fine ventilation so necessary in
+summer to a generally heated apartment, as a kitchen, dining, and
+living-room combined. A porch might be placed over the rear door, or
+better still, at a small additional expense, a summer-kitchen and
+wood-house might be added. A house of this accommodation is usually the
+first one put up by settlers on the western prairies. They are built of
+wood, balloon frame, with a plain pitch roof, without ornament.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--_Second Floor._]
+
+The elevations as shown, give a greater variety than is usual in this
+class of building, and a house thus constructed may afterwards become a
+very pretty portion of a larger and more expensive structure.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 2.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.--_Front Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.--_Side Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.--_First Floor._]
+
+The second design (Fig. 5,) is for a frame building giving more variety
+of outline. The plan (Fig. 7,) separates the sitting room from the
+kitchen and dining room, and insures more privacy. There is also a
+greater abundance of closets, though smaller. One of the bed rooms above
+might be divided into two, and thus increase the accommodation. A
+portion of the cellar may also be finished for a kitchen, and the
+living room used as a dining room. This plan admits of future additions
+being made without destroying the harmony or proportion of the building.
+To one of moderate means, such a mode of building presents some
+attractions, as it affords a house for immediate wants, to which
+additions may be made as one's means increase. Such houses, if
+tastefully furnished and embellished with suitable surroundings, as neat
+and well-kept grounds, fine trees, shrubbery, flowers, and climbing
+vines, will always attract more attention and admiration than the
+uninviting aspect of many more expensive structures. Money tastefully
+expended in this manner will always yield gratifying results.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.--_Second Floor._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 3.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.--_Front Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.--_Side Elevation._]
+
+This design is similar, in some respects, to design No. 2, and gives,
+perhaps, the most compact arrangement of rooms for a building having so
+irregular an outline. Exteriorly considered, there is much to be admired
+in variety, and light and shadow, the different elevations being
+entirely unlike each other, and affording a constant change from every
+point of view; an object, we think, very much to be desired in cottage
+architecture, and when well managed never fails to make a pleasing
+impression. A high, bold appearance, without the overhanging eaves or
+depth of shadow, is not suitable for a country house; a feeling is
+created that something is wanting to make up the accessories of an
+agreeable habitation.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.--_Basement Plan._]
+
+In this plan, (Fig. 11,) the kitchen is in the basement, convenient to
+the cellar, and with a good pantry attached to it. It is put there for
+the purpose of economizing in the construction. Our own preference is to
+put the kitchen in a well ventilated wing on a level with the main
+floor, and thus avoid, as much as possible, the necessity of running up
+and down stairs. This can be done at any future time when desired, as,
+indeed, can any addition of other rooms be made to meet the wants of an
+increasing family. A dumb waiter connects the kitchen with the dining
+room, and thus saves many steps.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.--_First Floor._]
+
+The first floor (Fig. 12,) gives parlor, dining room, and a library,
+with a roomy vestibule, and a side door or private entrance, and
+supplies all the wants of a small family. The library might be used for
+a bed room. On the second floor (Fig. 13,) are 3 bed rooms with closets.
+
+The engravings are intended to tell their own story as far as possible,
+and but little explanation is necessary to make them fully
+comprehensible. In the matter of cost, one can hardly give a price that
+is reliable; the enormous advance in some building materials and slight
+advance in others, disarrange all old standards of estimating.
+Localities, of course, have much to do with the cost; yet, above all
+others, the business management must be considered. A good manager,
+thoroughly familiar with the qualities and values of materials, who
+knows how to direct labor to the best advantage, will execute work at a
+less cost than one who undertakes his own building without a previous
+training.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.--_Second Floor._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 4.
+
+
+This is a perspective view of a cottage, designed to afford a reasonable
+amount of accommodation for an average sized family, and which, if
+tastefully furnished, and fitted with suitable landscape surroundings,
+will convey a pleasing impression to all; much more so than dwellings of
+a more expensive class, where sufficient attention is not given to such
+accessories.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.--_Perspective._]
+
+The plans of this house are compact, the rooms opening into each other
+in such a manner as to afford easy communication and economy in heating.
+The porch is spacious, and more pleasant than the long, narrow verandah.
+The supply of water for all purposes is from a filtering cistern, which
+is connected with the kitchen sink, by a pump. The entire house may be
+heated by a furnace, hot water, or steam, as is most preferable; or
+stoves may be used in nearly all the rooms, if first cost is to be
+closely considered. A passage underneath the staircase connects with the
+side door from the vestibule, and, with the exception of the library,
+all parts of the house are accessible without passing through other
+rooms.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.--_Basement Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.--_Second Floor._]
+
+In the vicinity of large cities, and more particularly the city of New
+York, there are reasons which have a money value to them, why more
+attention should be given to suburban architecture, and why capitalists,
+as well as individuals, should undertake the construction of
+moderate-priced buildings, that shall command attention from the
+harmonious combination of fine architectural effects. It requires but a
+very limited experience to become aware of the fact, that dwellings of
+precisely the same cost, and similarly situated, will differ in their
+rental at least one half, and it is mainly owing to the reason that one
+is properly designed, and the other perhaps an amateur performance,
+modeled after the ill-proportioned Greek pediment style, too prevalent
+to be countenanced for a moment by any one who prides himself on his
+good taste. There can be no question that a fitly designed cottage,
+conveniently arranged, adds, independently of its own cost, a large per
+centage to the value of the acres which surround it, and is the point
+which arrests the eye and secures the purchaser. Rapid rail-road
+facilities, lower rents, more healthful localities, and the fact that
+the growth of this city "_Spuyten Duyvelward_" has reached a point
+beyond the convenient access of the strictly business man, necessarily
+turn the attention of those who look to the full measure of comfort, to
+a suburban life, ten to fifteen miles away from the unceasing noise and
+hurry of the city, where the business of the day is forgotten, and fresh
+air, fresh milk, butter and eggs, fruits, flowers, birds, &c., are
+luxuries unknown in town. Taking a strictly money view of building
+operations, for sale and rent, in suburban localities, and more
+particularly about New York, it would promise, by every course of
+reasoning, a remunerative return, if the plan were judiciously and
+tastefully carried out. The wants of the public, however, are so
+unequal, and their opinions so varied by the circumstances under which
+they are formed, that, unless an attractive beginning can be shown,
+very desirable property may remain a long time on the market. If we
+canvass real estate thoroughly, we shall find that property sells first,
+and at the best prices, which has ever so humble a cottage on it, a
+starting point in which one may temporarily reside, and lay out his
+plans of future operations; for the construction of a country place is
+of all things one with which to make haste slowly. With those actively
+engaged in business, and to whom time is every thing, there is no
+disposition to add the labor and annoyances of building; the demand is
+for a home ready for occupancy; the thought is entertained, and the
+wish gratified, simply because the opportunity presented itself; but it
+is far less trouble for young and middle-aged business men to stick to
+the city, than to give the time for building, particularly when they
+undertake their own architecture. Let capitalists invite them by snug,
+well-built, convenient, and tasteful cottages, and the demand will
+always be in advance of the supply, in all healthy localities, having
+rapid, reliable, and frequent communication with the city.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.--_First Floor Enlarged._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 5.
+
+A GARDENER'S COTTAGE.
+
+
+The accompanying design was made for William C. Bryant, Esq., by Fred'k
+S. Copley, Esq., Artist, Tompkinsville, Staten Island, and was erected
+on his beautiful estate at Roslyn, Long Island, in 1862. It stands on
+the hill above his residence, overlooking the bay from the village to
+the Sound, possessing one of the finest views on the Island. It was
+intended as a gardener's lodge, and to accommodate one or two families,
+as circumstances might require, (one on each floor,) giving each three
+rooms, and a joint right to the scullery, sink, and cellar.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.--_Perspective View._]
+
+_Arrangement._--The first story is 9 feet in the clear throughout, with
+every convenience suitable for the health and comfort of the occupants.
+From the porch, a small hall, lighted from the roof, is entered, with
+doors on either hand, to parlor or living room, and staircase passage in
+front, communicating with the kitchen at the back, chambers above, and
+cellar beneath.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.--_First Floor._]
+
+The chamber floor, second story, is 9 feet in the clear through the
+centre, and 6 feet at the sides, (from the floor to the plate,) the roof
+cutting off three feet of the ceiling at the sides at an angle of 45
+degrees. This loss of a few feet of the ceiling is more than compensated
+by the cottage-like effect it gives to the rooms, harmonizing the inside
+with the external appearance. The two principal chambers are provided
+with fire-places and ample closet room. The one over the parlor has two
+closets, built outside the frame, and a door into the single room, over
+the porch, forming a most desirable family chamber. Both these rooms
+have ventilators in the same chimney breast, and the small one may be
+warmed by a stove leading thereto. The other has a large closet over the
+store-room for trunks, linen, &c. The attic room over the kitchen wing
+is intended for the domestics.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.--_Chamber Floor._]
+
+By reference to the plans, it will be seen that every room is of good
+size and form, cheerfully lighted, thoroughly ventilated, and of easy
+access one to another, at the same time that privacy, so essential, is
+maintained throughout.
+
+_Construction._--The building is constructed of wood, vertically sided,
+and battened, (with 1-1/2 inch tongued and grooved pine plank,) with
+horizontal strips in line of the window sills and floors, to hide the
+buts, and small triangular pieces in the corners, which gives the pretty
+effect of paneling. The whole is stained by a mixture of oil, &c., that
+heightens the grain of the wood, and gives a brightness of color, and
+that cheerfulness of effect, so desirable in rural dwellings. The roof
+is of slate, in bands of purple and green, and the chimneys are
+surmounted by terra-cotta pots. The whole is filled in with brick.
+
+This cottage is built in a substantial and plain manner, with cellar
+under kitchen, cemented on the gravel the same as the cistern, and all
+the interior wood work is oiled and stained.
+
+As a specimen of cottage architecture, (on the smallest scale, lodge
+class,) it will rank as one of the best. For simplicity, variety of
+form, symmetry of proportion, with convenience of arrangement and
+economy of space and construction, it forms a model cottage, that any
+one might live in and many covet, besides being an addition to the
+landscape and an ornament to the grounds.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 6.
+
+STONE STABLE AND COACH HOUSE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.--_Perspective._]
+
+This design was erected on the Hudson, during the past year, of the
+beautiful rock faced stone so abundant between the Spuyten Duyvil and
+the Highlands, and is a good example of such a building as will meet the
+requirements of a moderately extensive establishment. It is conveniently
+arranged, enabling all the work to be done with the most ease, and gives
+thorough light and ventilation, so essential to the health and comfort
+of animals. The time has gone by to give prospective prices for
+anything, but we have seen the day when this building might have been
+erected for about $4,000. A room for the coachman may easily be made on
+the second floor, and the plan increased or decreased to suit the wants
+of any one.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.--_Ground Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 7.
+
+A FARM COTTAGE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.--_Perspective View._]
+
+We show in this design a style of cottage which, in these high priced
+times of lumber and labor, can be erected at a very reasonable figure;
+and although prepared for a farm cottage, will admit of such changes as
+will adapt it to the wants of those who require a higher grade of
+accommodation. It is the most natural thing in the world for any one to
+take up a plan and suggest innumerable changes and additions, always
+forgetting the unalterable condition of price, situation, and object,
+which restrained the architect while working it up. To prepare a design
+regardless of expense is a very different matter from devising one that
+gives the largest amount of accommodation within a fixed limit of cost.
+We shall arrive gradually at the precise figures, and endeavor to get
+the accommodation wanted by some of our readers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.--_Cellar._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.--_Second Floor._]
+
+It has been frequently observed that the gate lodges and farm cottages
+attached to large estates are generally more attractive in their
+architectural proportions and beauty than the mansion itself; and this
+has been usually attributed to the education of the proprietor's tastes,
+the cottages being the latest erections. This impression is not,
+however, always true; for there is a peculiar beauty and attractiveness
+about cottage architecture which can not be produced in buildings of a
+larger and more commodious class. Certain it is that a prettily designed
+cottage will always arrest attention. "Among the first and most
+pleasing impressions," says a late writer, "of our trite friend, the
+intelligent foreigner, as he entered England by the old Dover road, were
+those suggested by the little whitewashed and woodbined cottages which
+caught his eye at every turn. All books of travels on English ground are
+full of them. Snugly sheltered in its bower of apple trees, or more
+stately group of walnuts, approachable only by its rustic stairs, or
+dotted at neighborly distances along the straggling village, with its
+trim garden of lavender and wall flowers, seen through the wicket gate
+or over the privet hedge, the English cottage, above or below, near or
+in the distance, was alike the delight and envy of the traveler, the
+theme of the journalist and the poet. 'There is scarce a cottage,' says
+an American tourist just landed from America and France, 'between Dover
+and London which a poet might not be happy to live in. I saw a hundred
+little spots I coveted with quite a heart-ache.' Whether or not Rogers
+would have given up his picture-lighted snuggery in St. James' Place for
+his 'Cot beside the hill,' and really preferred to have his latch lifted
+by the pilgrim, instead of his knocker by a London footman, it is
+certain that the cottage homes of England that border the main roads
+have long possessed a beauty far beyond the houses in other lands
+belonging to classes much higher in the social scale, and have been
+coveted, sometimes not without reason, by those who could, if they
+chose, have purchased them fifty times over."
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 8.
+
+
+This design for a timber cottage is simple and at the same time
+picturesque, and built upon a site adapted to it, and in harmony with
+the architectural expression, the effect could not fail to be in a high
+degree pleasing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.--_Perspective View._]
+
+It will be seen that some of the principal timbers of the frame are
+intended to show on the outside, and that there is a designed contrast
+between the horizontal siding extending to the top of the posts, and the
+vertical and battened covering of the pediment above the ornamental
+string course. The brackets and posts which support the roof of the
+porches, should be chamfered, and these timbers should be of sufficient
+thickness to avoid any appearance of meanness, while at the same time,
+they should not be too heavy, and so destroy the proportions of the
+design.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.--_Cellar._]
+
+The roof should be covered with shingles having their ends clipped or
+rounded.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.--_Second Floor._]
+
+The cellar may be divided in such way as to serve the wants of the
+occupants. A portable furnace might be placed at the foot of the
+basement stairs, which would warm the rooms on the first floor, and
+temper the air of the chambers above.
+
+The interior accommodations and conveniences are readily seen on
+inspection of the plans--(Figs. 30. 31). There is no waste of room, and
+for the uses of a small family, the accommodations would be found as
+ample as could well be obtained in a cottage of such size and cost.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 9.--RURAL CHURCH.
+
+DESIGNED BY THE REV. DR. CRESSY.
+
+
+This design is intended for a church which is to occupy a beautiful and
+commanding site on the western shore of Lake George, in the midst of the
+original forest, and is now in process of erection. It will also meet
+the requirements of several correspondents who have requested plans for
+rural churches which could be erected as economically and cheaply as
+possible, with due regard to proportion, fitness and beauty of
+expression.
+
+This design will be found to comprehend, we may say, in an eminent
+degree, variety of outline, correctness of detail, force of expression
+and purity of taste, with simplicity of execution, and in those parts of
+the country where lumber is abundant, and labor not exorbitant, it can
+be erected at a low cost.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32.--_Perspective._]
+
+We have a right to congratulate ourselves on the improvement which the
+last quarter of a century has witnessed among our people in the building
+and adorning of our edifices devoted to Christian worship. Downing, in
+his time, said, "that the ugliest church architecture in Christendom, is
+at this moment to be found in the country towns and villages of the
+United States." And speaking of the influence of what our churches
+should be, in the beauty of their proportions, and in the expression of
+the sacred purposes which they embody, and the feelings of reverence and
+harmony with God and man which they suggest, he fitly says--"We fear
+there are very few country churches in our land that exert this kind of
+spell,--a spell which grows out of making stone, and brick, and timber,
+obey the will of the living soul, and express a religious sentiment.
+Most persons, most committees, select men, vestrymen, and congregations,
+who have to do with the building of churches, appear indeed wholly to
+ignore the fact, that the form and feature of a building may be made to
+express religious, civil, domestic, or a dozen other feelings, as
+distinctly as the form and features of the human face:--and yet this is
+a fact as well known by all true architects, as that joy and sorrow,
+pleasure and pain, are capable of irradiating or darkening the
+countenance. Yes, and we do not say too much, when we add, that right
+expression in a building for religious purposes, has as much to do with
+awakening devotional feelings, and begetting an attachment in the heart,
+as the unmistakable signs of virtue and benevolence in our
+fellow-creatures have in awakening kindred feelings in our own breasts.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33.--_Floor Plan._]
+
+"We do not, of course, mean to say that a beautiful rural church will
+make all the population about it devotional, any more than that sunshine
+will banish gloom; but it is one of the influences that prepare the way
+for religious feeling, and which we are as unwise to neglect, as we
+should be to abjure the world and bury ourselves, like the ancient
+troglodytes, in caves and caverns."
+
+Happily we are coming to appreciate these truths, not only in our
+cities, but in the country, and the ugly, unsightly, and unseemly
+structures which have so long deformed the land are giving place to
+edifices in which the true ideas of harmony, grace, proportion, symmetry
+and expression, which make what we call Beauty, are brought out in due
+proportion.
+
+The church we present is designed to be of wood, the country about the
+site affording an abundance of that material, at the lowest cost. An
+inspection of the design will show that the principal timbers of the
+frame are intended to be visible externally,--the weather-boarding being
+set back from the face of the posts and beams. This exterior covering is
+intended to be made of sound _rough_ plank, from ten to fourteen inches
+wide, and at least one and a-half inches thick. These are to be tongued
+and grooved, so as to make a close joint, and nailed to the frame in a
+_vertical_ manner. The joint is to be covered with a narrow strip, or
+batten, of one and a-half inch plank. These unplaned plank may be
+painted with two good coats and sanded, or they may be left to take such
+tints and complexion as time and the weather may give them.
+
+Lumber, at the proposed site, being cheaper and more easily obtained
+than lime, the interior of the church will be neatly ceiled with narrow
+boards, which will be lightly stained and oiled. The roof will be "open
+timber" of simple construction. All the wood work of the interior will
+be of pine, smoothly planed, stained and oiled, without paint, except
+the ceiling of the roof which should be colored, in order to give
+something like warmth of tone to the interior, the lack of which is
+often sadly felt in our country churches, particularly.
+
+This mode of weather-boarding and "open timber" finish is now so common
+that a more particular description is unnecessary.
+
+This church will seat, comfortably, about two hundred persons. Its cost
+will depend entirely upon the price of lumber and labor, of course, and
+these vary with different localities, and are particularly uncertain at
+this time. We will only add that it will cost no more to build with
+correct proportions and in good taste, than in disregard and defiance of
+these desirable and commendable principles.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 10.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34.--_Perspective._]
+
+We give below a somewhat different example of Cottage Architecture, of a
+form that is compact and every way available, at the same time affording
+every convenience in the arrangement of rooms desirable for a family of
+refined tastes and moderate means. This cottage may be built of wood,
+or, better still, in favorable localities, of brick or stone, and if
+suitably surrounded with tasteful landscape embellishments, will make a
+snug, pretty, and attractive home. One can, by the exercise of
+appropriate taste, produce the right kind of an impression in a house of
+this character. It should become a part of, and belong to the acres
+which surround it; it should be an indispensable accessory to the place
+itself, and the grounds should be laid out and embellished in such a
+manner that the whole combination impresses all with harmonious beauty,
+and not, as is too frequently the case, seek to make up the wretched
+deficiencies in the grounds by elaborate expenditure and display about
+the house. A true appreciation of country life will not tolerate
+slovenly, ill-kept grounds, and no house exhibits its true value unless
+there is a harmony in its surroundings. If this be attended to, a high
+degree of effect can be produced in houses of very moderate cost;
+houses that shall be roomy, warm, substantial, and in every way
+agreeable to their occupants.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35.--_Basement Plan._]
+
+The plans show the arrangement of rooms, and these can be made larger or
+smaller, or be differently disposed, to suit almost any fancy. In this
+design the kitchen apartments are below stairs; in future plans we shall
+give some with kitchen, laundry, etc., on the principal floor; or they
+can be readily added to this plan. The cost of a house is the one thing
+desirable; every one asks for it, and yet every one within our knowledge
+who has built a house himself at a stated price has been sadly deceived.
+Close specifications are very dry reading, and not appropriate here,
+and it is questionable how much service they would be to any but
+professional builders. It is reasonable to suppose, that if one without
+building experience undertakes it, he will have to pay something
+additional for the knowledge he will gain. If he places it to the proper
+account, then we can not be accused of misleading him.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37.--_Second Floor._]
+
+Most men contemplate, at some period of life, the construction of a
+dwelling-house, but few deem it necessary to study their wants or
+prepare their plans until they have selected their site and made all
+other arrangements for building, and then proceed with all possible
+haste to plan a home. That which should have been the study of months or
+years, is hurried through in as many days, imperfectly done at the best,
+and the cause of frequent annoying and expensive changes after the work
+has commenced. It is true, that the site has very much to do with the
+distribution of rooms, but any ingenious architect can readily adapt a
+proper combination of rooms to suit the exposures and views of a
+particular site. It would be vastly better for those who prefer to
+arrange their own plan of rooms, (and there are but very few who do
+not,) that they take abundant time to consider well every thing relating
+to them; and although the hope of building may be very remote, it should
+not be considered time lost to begin to give one's thoughts a definite
+form of what he thinks a house should be; for if nothing else results,
+it may furnish a valuable hint for a friend, and will certainly enlarge
+one's information and experience in these matters. Almost every one is
+capable, with such hints as have been freely given in the volumes of the
+HORTICULTURIST, in the leading papers which treat on rural art, and the
+numerous valuable publications on rural architecture, to make such a
+combination of rooms as will best suit his peculiar wants, tastes, or
+fancies, and then, with the aid of an architect, it can readily be freed
+from mechanical impracticabilities, and put into a proportionate and
+harmonious form. Architecture, both in design and construction, is a
+profession that requires long years of study and practice to develop an
+expert, and those who really want a good thing at the least cost,
+usually seek such assistance; those who prefer to do their own designing
+and building, find out with absolute certainty the most expensive modes
+of erecting very ugly and ill-proportioned structures.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 11.
+
+A SUBURBAN SUMMER HOUSE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38.]
+
+In the adornment of ornamental grounds, some considerable attention has
+been given to summer houses, and similar structures; but these have been
+mainly _rustic_ in their design and finish, and in this respect well
+adapted to their purpose and surroundings. The good taste of these
+structures will not be called in question. There are locations, however,
+in the more immediate vicinity of our large cities, where a style less
+rustic would seem to be more in harmony with the architecture which is
+found to prevail. We refer to residences on the outskirts of our large
+cities, with inclosures containing a few city lots. Here the
+architecture, so far from being rural, is, on the contrary, stiff,
+sharp, and sometimes very ornate. A rustic summer house in such a place
+would be an incongruity. A rustic house is in itself a beautiful object;
+but there is a certain charm in association which can not be widely
+departed from without doing violence to our conceptions of the fitness
+of things; and hence a purely rustic house without rural surroundings is
+destitute of the chief elements which give rise to the beautiful. Most
+persons would say it was out of place.
+
+The design herewith presented was prepared to meet the requirements of
+such a case; it is consequently somewhat elaborate. It is located on a
+small plot of ground within the city limits, and in full view from three
+streets. The grounds are laid out with a few rectangular walks, and such
+shrubs as the small size of the place would admit of. The house, we
+think corresponds with its surroundings. Its faults, if any, are a
+little too much ornament, but something of this kind seemed to be
+required in the absence of that more beautiful ornamentation produced by
+the drapery of Nature. The house is so located that it receives the
+morning sun for a few hours, but during the rest of the day is in the
+shade; it therefore constitutes a pleasant place of retreat for the
+family at all hours, and is used by the children freely as a play house.
+The floor is laid in narrow stuff, and is elevated a foot above the
+ground for the sake of dryness. Easy seats, a handsome centre table, and
+a hanging lamp complete the interior. Venetian blinds afford ample
+protection on a misty day or a chilly night, or admit the soft summer
+breeze on a hot and sultry eve.--_Horticulturist._
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 12.
+
+STABLE AND CARRIAGE HOUSE.
+
+
+This stable affords abundant accommodation for three horses, with
+carriage house, feed room, and a large harness room on the first floor,
+while the loft above may contain a coachman's room, and leave ample
+space for hay and straw.
+
+If required, a shed and cow house can be extended on the side opposite
+the carriage house, thus adding considerably to the effect of the
+external appearance. Under the stable there should be a cellar for the
+storage of roots for feed, and, if desirable, the winter stock of
+vegetables for household use. This stable may be built of wood, or of
+stone or brick.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40.--_Stable Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 13.
+
+
+This design is intended to cover, at a low cost, as much comfort and
+convenience as a moderate-sized family would require, and to distribute
+the same as much as possible on one floor.
+
+The cellar or basement kitchen is dispensed with and only enough cellar
+room provided to meet the wants of those who occupy suburban places of a
+few acres in extent. Where large quantities of vegetables are stored, or
+where cellar room is required for farm purposes, we think it better to
+build cellars separate from the residence, (an arrangement much more
+healthful, as well as convenient and desirable.) For the preservation in
+warm weather of meats, milk, and other perishable articles, a
+refrigerator, or, better still, an ice closet, can be set up at one end
+of the laundry. This can be supplied with ice through an outside door,
+and is infinitely better and more convenient than any cellar or spring
+house.
+
+The kitchen is without a fire-place, but is provided with a ventilator
+in the chimney near the ceiling. The cooking may be done by a stove,
+which, if properly contrived, is one of the most effective ventilators,
+and preferred by many housekeepers for all kitchen purposes. Or a range
+can be placed in the chimney, if desirable, or a fire-place, if it
+should be considered indispensable.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41.--_Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42.--_Plan._]
+
+A door under the stair-way separates the front and rear halls, and
+disconnects the kitchen apartments from the rest of the house. All the
+doors opening into the rear hall should be hung with the new spiral
+spring butt, the best door spring that has come under our notice. It is
+entirely concealed, and works without a fault.
+
+The closets in the dining room are finished to give an interior
+appearance of a bay window. The dining room and the two chambers above,
+are intended to be heated by a fire-place heater set in the chimney,
+thus warming three rooms, at pleasure, with one fire. A small stove in
+the library will keep that comfortable. Or, in place of all this, the
+whole house may be heated by any of the approved modes, in the use of
+hot air, hot water, or steam.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43.--_First Floor._]
+
+The library, parlor, or general living room in a country house--and we
+like these rooms in one--should have the cheerful, healthful luxury of
+an open fire-place, and we know of no more elegant, cleanly and
+effective contrivance for this purpose than Dixon's low down,
+Philadelphia Grate, in which wood, coal, or any other fuel can be used
+equally well. The advantages combined in this grate are these:--the
+fire flat on the hearth, and radiating the heat from an oval cast iron
+backing: cold air supplied from below, and ashes, dirt, &c., shaken down
+into an ash-pit in the cellar, beneath the grate. We speak confidently
+of this invention, after a trial of two winters, and do not hesitate to
+say that, compared with this, the ordinary grate is worthless. Large
+rooms can be kept perfectly comfortable in the coldest weather, without
+heat from any other source.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44.--_Second Floor._]
+
+This house is supplied with a cistern, constructed with the utmost care,
+ten feet in diameter, and ten feet deep, holding 6,000 gallons of
+water. The roof is of slate, and the rain-water is therefore of great
+purity, free from color, and the woody taste usually imparted to it by
+falling on a shingle roof.
+
+At the laundry sink is one of West's lift and force pumps, which draws
+the water from the cistern. This pump is a simple and effective affair,
+and works with remarkable ease, is always in order, and may be
+considered one of the best pumps known. We have given it a thorough
+trial, and speak from personal knowledge.
+
+On one side of the laundry sink there is also one of Kedzie's large size
+rain-water filters, which holds several pails full of water, and which
+we commend as an admirable contrivance for the purposes intended. It
+possesses every merit claimed for it, and after more than a year's use,
+the water drawn from it is of such crystal purity and sweetness as to
+attract the attention of all to whom it is offered.
+
+No well has been dug or contemplated on the premises connected with this
+cottage. About one-half the cost of a well has been expended upon a
+slate roof, a large and carefully-constructed cistern, West's pump and
+Kedzie's filter--the other half has been safely invested in U. S.
+7-30's, and instead of hoisting water fifty feet, for household, garden,
+and stable uses, the turn of a croton water tap is not more easy and
+convenient, and the finest flow of a silver spring of soft water, is
+not more beautiful than that delivered by West's pump and Kedzie's
+filter, which supplies for all purposes of the cottage, stable, and
+garden, water unsurpassed in its pleasant and wholesome properties.
+Those who seek the most convenient and reliable modes of procuring the
+purest and sweetest water, will find this to be the least costly and the
+most satisfactory.
+
+For a compact, convenient cottage, with every facility for doing the
+work of the household, with the least number of steps--in which all the
+essential modern conveniences are introduced, without the modern prices
+attached--for a low-priced, elegant cottage, we do not know of any plan
+more appropriate than this.
+
+In the construction of this house a bay-window was introduced in front,
+in the parlor, (Fig. 43.) and the veranda was made half octagon. These
+alterations add much to exterior appearance, as well as to the capacity
+of the parlor. On the side of the parlor and dining room an addition is
+contemplated, which will relieve the apparent want of variety which now
+exists, and essentially improve the external appearance.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 14.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45.--_Cottage Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46.--_Plan._]
+
+Fig. 45 shows a design for a cottage stable, giving accommodations for a
+horse and cow, two carriages, one or two wagons, and two tons of hay.
+The main building is so proportioned, that three more stalls may be
+added, and it may then become the wing of a larger building, to be used
+for carriage room and other purposes. For those who keep but one horse
+and cow, this design affords abundant room.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 15.
+
+ICE HOUSE.
+
+
+It is only within a few years that ice, in all seasons, has been classed
+among the necessaries of life. In large cities it is indispensable, but
+the cool spring-house or cellar in the country impresses many with the
+idea that ice, in summer months, can only be regarded as a luxury. Along
+with other conveniences in keeping with this progressive age, the
+ice-house has its place, and a country-seat of any pretensions is not
+complete without it.
+
+It is simple in construction, and can be built very cheaply of rough
+materials, or made as elaborate as is desirable. It forms a pretty
+feature about the grounds, if treated with some architectural taste.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47.--_Ice House._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48.--_Ground Plan._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49.--_Perspective._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 16.
+
+
+This design, with the accompanying plans sufficiently explain themselves
+without minute description. The arrangement, as will be seen upon
+examination, secures a very large amount of accommodation, with good
+sized rooms, and ample store and closet conveniences. The building is
+compact, and at the same time presents a pleasing variety in its
+exterior appearance. By carrying up the library, two dressing rooms, for
+the two principal chambers, may be secured.
+
+When one contemplates building, and has put his thoughts and wishes into
+a tangible form, the leading question asked is, how much will all this
+cost? for what price in dollars and cents, without extras or additional
+charges of any kind, can this dwelling be erected in a good and
+workmanlike manner, in accordance with plans and specifications, and
+satisfactory to the owner? This is precisely the plain English of what a
+business man wants to know; for we hold that it is right and proper,
+that every one should look right through all the connected links and
+complications that require a considerable expenditure of money, and see
+that he lands carefully in the place anticipated. To start with the
+intention of disbursing $5,000, and wind up with an expenditure of
+$12,000, is not only annoying in a money point of view, but an
+impeachment of one's judgment and good sense, not pleasant to hear
+outsiders reflect on; for however much one might wish to shift the
+responsibility on others, it is one of those things that time will
+always place where it belongs. As long as men consider the arts of
+designing and constructing buildings to be of no special importance, or
+that they are qualified, without instruction or experience, to practice
+them, expensive blunders will naturally result, and sooner or later it
+will be discovered that such wisdom is dearly bought. There are many,
+however, who prefer to manage their building affairs thus, and who can
+only learn more agreeable and less expensive modes by actual experience;
+some do it from ignorance, some from supposed economy, and others from
+the supposition that they are best qualified.
+
+The design for a house or other building, and a plan of the interior
+arrangement of each floor, prepared by a professional man who makes such
+things the business of his life, is now very generally admitted by
+intelligent men to be essential; but the management or superintendence
+of the work by the party who has studied and designed it, does not seem
+quite so apparent. An architect prepares the drawings for a dwelling to
+cost $5,000; now whether it actually will cost $5,000, $8,000 or
+$10,000, in the hands of another superintendent, is an unanswered
+problem. A prevailing folly which we find very general, is to suppose
+that all men can build the same house, in all places, for precisely the
+same amount of money; and but few are willing to admit that they, of all
+others, are not the most competent to carry through the whole business
+of building at the lowest figure. Some must find out in the most
+expensive manner, that the profession of an architect, or the skill of a
+builder, can only be attained by long years of careful application.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50.--_Basement Plan._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51.--_First Floor._]
+
+What a house will cost to build is a question always asked with the
+utmost simplicity, and a prompt and reliable answer always expected, and
+if not forthcoming at once, gives rise to a suspicion that one's
+professional ability is not of the most thorough character. There are
+so many conditions to govern results in house building, that even an
+approximate estimate may fall very wide of the mark. Two houses may be
+built from the same plan, and we may also say, from the same
+specifications; one by day's work, and the other by contract, and they
+shall be so exactly alike in all respects when finished, that an
+unprofessional observer would detect no difference, and yet one may
+honestly cost just double the amount in money expended on the other;
+even the same builder may build two houses precisely alike in all
+respects, and yet the cost be quite unequal. On one site stone may be
+easily obtained, a sand bank on the premises, a running brook close at
+hand, saw mills, brick yards, and lime kilns within moderate distances
+and accessible by good roads. The other site may be quite the reverse in
+situation, or have some decided disadvantages in obtaining some very
+necessary materials. We once built a fine stone house where stone was
+abundant and close at hand, but all the lumber and brick had to be
+hauled thirteen miles over hilly roads; the cost of that house has
+nothing to do with the cost of a similar house in a different locality.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52.--_Second Floor._]
+
+A competent business superintendent has a great deal to do with the cost
+of a house; one that understands all the tricks of every building trade,
+that knows the market well, and the value and quality of all building
+materials, and where inferior workmanship and materials can be used to
+an equal advantage with those of first class. To slight work and yet do
+it justice; to give it all the strength and endurance necessary,
+requires one of skillful acquirements. A mechanic may persuade a
+proprietor into many a long day's work, as it pays well to nurse good
+jobs when other work is slack, but an architect who understands such
+things would save the value of useless work.
+
+The cost of a house depends on a well-studied plan; this plan does not
+consist alone in the arrangement of rooms, windows, doors, etc., but
+involves a careful study of the anatomy of construction. One may save by
+a proper distribution of timbers, as well as make a very great saving by
+the arrangement of rooms. Good management is of the greatest importance,
+not only as a matter of economy, but as securing the best class of
+workmanship, and the most judicious use of materials. Good or bad
+management produces the same results in building operations as in war or
+any other pursuit.
+
+One takes up a capital work on rural architecture, written perhaps ten
+or fifteen years ago, before the general introduction of furnaces, steam
+pipes, gas, baths, marble basins, etc.; they find a house that suits
+them, which the book says will cost $6,000, and that is just the amount,
+by close figuring, that can be raised for building. The house is
+ordered, put in the hands of the best mechanic to finish all complete,
+and he goes ahead; he is unrestricted except by the book, and the author
+of it is a man of reputation. In the way of details perhaps nothing has
+been said; they are therefore extravagant in the use of materials, and
+elaborate in workmanship; as it is not considered good policy for a
+workman who has a good order, to make suggestions calculated to decrease
+the amount of work. When the bills to the amount of $6,000 have been
+settled, the house is found to be half finished, and an additional
+$6,000 is necessary to complete it; less that one year's interest of
+which would have amply sufficed to secure the services of one who has
+spent the best years of his life to learn how to design and to manage
+work to cost a specified price.
+
+When an architect says a house can be built for a certain price, it is
+to be understood that materials delivered on the ground shall not exceed
+an average cost, that the payments made are to be in cash, and that he
+manages the work. To hold an architect responsible or blame him for
+blunders in the cost of work that he designed and did not superintend,
+is manifestly unjust, yet it is a frequent occurrence. The cost of work
+is a question easily answered, when one is fully acquainted with all its
+bearings and has it under his control, but no one can say at what price
+a novice in building operations can execute it.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 17.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 54.--_Stable Plan._ (_Reversed._)]
+
+Fig. 53 is a design for a cottage stable, with stalls for two horses,
+and the necessary carriage room and other conveniences. This design, in
+its exterior, presents as great a degree of variety in the combinations
+of form and shadow as the price will admit of. It answers the purposes
+of comfortable protection and convenience, as well or even better than
+the most costly structures. A horse needs a dry, well-ventilated
+apartment, and enjoys fresh air, daylight, and sunlight as well as human
+beings. Unless these very inexpensive wants are provided, no
+compensation is afforded by elaborate detail and workmanship.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 18.
+
+SCHOOL HOUSE AT IRVINGTON, ON THE HUDSON.
+
+
+Our architectural series would be by no means complete if devoted
+entirely to dwellings; and as the resources of an extensive professional
+practice in the arts which embellish and beautify our country may be
+largely made use of, we present here a design for another class of
+buildings.
+
+A school-house is not a building which every one contemplates erecting,
+and yet a large proportion are, or ought to be, interested in developing
+in structures of this class such architectural principles as shall make
+their impressions in early life, and influence future tastes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 55.--_School House._]
+
+This building is designed to accommodate about fifty scholars, being 25
+by 40 feet, with a front projection 10 by 18 feet. In the basement a
+large furnace and abundant accommodation for coal. The main floor is
+divided into school-room, two recitation rooms, hat and coat room, wash
+closet with sink, and water closet, above which is a large tank,
+supplied from the roof. An outside cistern supplies cool drinking-water,
+the purest and healthiest water known, and renders the use of ice
+unnecessary in summer. The height of all these ceilings is nearly
+fourteen feet, and each room is thoroughly ventilated; the belfry is
+provided with a one hundred pound bell; indeed, nothing has been left
+undone that is calculated to promote the health and comfort of the
+pupils.
+
+The partition between the doors to the recitation rooms is made in
+sections, and can be easily removed, thus making one large room for
+exhibition and lecture purposes. The stage, in this case is to be placed
+at the left end of the room. The capacity of the building can be nearly
+doubled by occupying the entire floor as a school-room, and building an
+addition 12 by 24 feet directly in the rear, opposite to the front
+projection, for recitation rooms.
+
+The situation of this building at Irvington, on the Hudson, some
+twenty-five miles above the city of New York, is in a charming, healthy,
+and delightful locality; one made famous by the pen and residence of
+Washington Irving, and noted for its magnificent scenery, its views of
+river and mountain, and the fine taste displayed in landscape and
+architectural embellishments by those who have made their homes in this
+vicinity.
+
+We have always thought that those educational institutions possess the
+most attractions that are so situated that all surroundings shall have a
+favorable influence; and there is nothing like example in early
+training. Bring up and educate a boy among those who know nothing of the
+refinements of life, away from the progressive examples of art and
+taste, in a tumble-down, unplastered, ill-heated and ventilated
+apartment, and he never can become, with all the aid of books and
+teachers, as thoroughly cultivated and fitted for the duties of life, as
+one who has enjoyed associations of a higher order. School architecture
+has a meaning in it; there is value in proportion, harmony, beauty,
+light and shade, as applied to school buildings, that is not
+comprehended by all. A recent writer says better than we can say it,
+that "It is the duty of teachers, as well as parents and school
+committees, to see that the circumstances under which children study are
+such as shall leave a happy impression upon their minds; for whatever is
+brought under the frequent observation of the young must have its
+influence upon their susceptible natures for good or evil. Shabby
+school-houses induce slovenly habits. Ill-constructed benches may not
+only distort the body, but, by reflex influence, the mind as well.
+Conditions like these seldom fail to disgust the learner with his
+school, and neutralize the best efforts of his teachers. On the other
+hand, neat, comfortable places for study may help to awaken the
+associations enchaining the mind and the heart to learning and virtuous
+instruction with links of gold brightening forever."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 56.--_Principal Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 57.--_Perspective View._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 19.
+
+
+This design was prepared for erection in the vicinity of Goshen, Orange
+Co., N. Y., and the accommodation limited to a price not exceeding ----.
+It presents in hall, verandas, and large parlor, some of the very
+necessary attractions of a country house, and is a good example of what
+can be done for a limited sum. While the plan is a parallelogram, and
+the roof free from hips and valleys, the general arrangement is such as
+to show considerable variety in outline, and one, we think, that will
+have a pleasing effect.
+
+Such houses, erected in the vicinity of New York, and many of our large
+cities, would add a large value to the ground they stand on, and pay a
+handsome rate of interest on their cost; better than any other class of
+building investments, as the supply is in nowise equal to the demand. It
+is so simple a matter, with present prompt and rapid railroad
+facilities, to invite a fair proportion of the young business men of our
+large cities to make their homes in the adjoining country, that we
+wonder capitalists and real estate owners do not more frequently make
+money for themselves and others by erecting tasteful, low-priced
+suburban homes.
+
+In former times, a house of this class erected in the country, would be
+painted exteriorly a pure white, with no relief, except probably in the
+violent contrast of bright green venetian blinds to the windows. This
+sort of taste unfortunately still remains, although in the progress of
+rural taste and art, the country is much improved in this respect.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 58.--_Cellar._]
+
+There is a variety of colors, known as neutral tints, which are suitable
+for exteriors, and the effect produced by them is altogether pleasing,
+while a house painted white can never be an agreeable object in any
+landscape, however admirable its architectural proportions and finish
+may be.
+
+The tone of color for a house will depend upon its size, form, and
+situation, and it often requires a nice and cultivated eye to determine
+what would be most appropriate and effective.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 59.--_First Floor._]
+
+For such a house as this, we should choose a light fawn color--not
+yellow--and paint the cornice, window-frames and other projecting and
+ornamental parts two or three shades darker than the body of the
+building. This will give a depth of shadow and expression which cannot
+be obtained in any other way.
+
+Large houses, with massive features of construction, will bear to be
+painted with darker colors, but they should not be too sombre, so as to
+give a gloomy appearance to the house. The country, with its bright
+sunshine, its rich adornments of flowers, and its numberless forms of
+beauty and grace, is eminently cheerful. It often happens that the
+painter does all he can to mar this cheerfulness and beauty, by
+startling contrasts of colors, and by destroying the harmony which
+pervades the landscape.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 60.--_Second Floor._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 20.
+
+A COUNTRY CHAPEL.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 61.--_Perspective._]
+
+We present in this design a plan for a substantial and permanent chapel,
+having capacity for seating about four hundred. For the purpose for
+which it was designed, no distinct chancel was required. Such a
+chancel could be arranged, if desired, in a recess taken off the lecture
+or class room in the rear of the chapel. It could be lighted at the
+roof, or on the sides.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 62.--_Ground Plan._]
+
+This chapel, built of stone throughout, with an open timber roof and
+stained glass windows, would be an ornament to any country locality, and
+a credit to the taste and liberality of those who built it.
+
+Every thing about such a chapel should be _real_, and no suspicion of
+sham or unreality should be tolerated in any part of the work. The
+practice of building the fronts of churches of stone, while the side and
+rear walls are constructed of rough brick, painted and marked off to
+resemble the stone, is very common, we know, both in town and country,
+but it is a species of deceit and false pretence which ought not to be.
+If the best and costliest material cannot be used for the entire
+structure, let the rougher and inferior material be fairly shown, in
+every part. If the means and liberality of the parish cannot provide oak
+or walnut for the interior finish, let the wood work be plainly painted,
+or what is better still, simply oiled, but there should be no cunning
+deception of graining, to represent the costlier wood. It is not
+_honest_, and, we take it, a church, built for religious worship, is the
+last place that should betray our human meanness and want of honesty.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 21.
+
+
+We show in this design what can be done with a substantial old farm
+house; how easily and beautifully it can be changed into a suburban home
+of elegant exterior, and comfortable and convenient interior
+appointments.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 63.--_View of the House at the time of Purchase._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 64.--_The same remodeled._]
+
+This class of spacious and substantial farm houses, with the gambrel,
+curb, or Mansard roof, as shown in Fig. 63, is very numerous about the
+suburbs of New York City, and more particularly in the "neighboring
+province of New Jersey," where one finds them nestled in the valleys or
+by the road side, as best fitting to the taste of our early Dutch
+settlers, who prized seclusion and protection above bleak exposure and
+far-reaching views.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 65.]
+
+As a general thing, the better class of New Jersey farm houses of this
+type were built of squared and hammered red sand-stone, laid up in
+regular courses, and in many instances the character of the work
+differed on all sides, the front being the most finely finished. And in
+many of the most pretentious of these houses, brick was substituted for
+the front, as being less common.
+
+There is, perhaps, nothing more difficult in an architect's experience
+than to make a fine thing out of a subject so destitute of beauty of
+form or proportion, and yet preserve the substantial walls and other
+belongings, that have stood for half a century, and are now stronger,
+and promise a durability that exceeds those of other houses built in
+this progressive age; and yet here is a "presto change" that will almost
+defy the keen eyes of the old settlers to recognize any trace of the
+ancient landmark that for fifty years has overlooked the beautiful
+valley of the Tenakill.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 66.]
+
+There are very many of these old houses that are equally well adapted to
+wear a modern face, though but few purchasers can look through all such
+changes with the eye of a professional expert, and select that to which,
+at a low price, a certain beauty can be added, which, when done, shall
+indicate the wisdom of their choice. First impressions many times are
+sadly against all hopes of success.
+
+          "With weather-stains upon the wall,
+           And stairways worn, and crazy doors,
+           And creaking and uneven floors,
+           And chimneys huge, and tiled and tall."
+
+But these difficulties are the least troublesome to adjust, if the
+walls are good, and ceilings of a fair modern height. It may then be a
+better choice to adapt such a house to the present cultivated tastes and
+requirements, than to build anew from the foundation.
+
+In the plans, the dotted lines show the centers of the old partitions.
+Six feet have been added to the length of the wing, thus improving the
+kitchen accommodations.
+
+This house is situated some fifteen miles from the great commercial
+metropolis, on one of the new lines of Railroad, and in a locality of
+easy access to New York business men.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 22.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 67.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 68.--_Plan._]
+
+This stable may be constructed either of wood, or of stone. It contains
+stalls for four horses, and affords space for their accommodation,
+together with a harness room and a tool closet. This latter is a
+convenience very essential to the comfort of the owner, as well as to
+the proper care and preservation of such implements as belong
+especially to the carriage house and stable.
+
+This building should be surrounded and screened with fruit trees and
+shrubbery, and then, with its evident architectural effects, it will
+become an attractive feature in the landscape of which it becomes a
+part, with the other accessories of the elegant country home.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 23.
+
+FENCES.
+
+
+In spite of all laws to the contrary, cattle will intrude upon one's
+property, and each and all must at great expense build and maintain
+fences for their own protection. There has not as yet been devised any
+practicable mode by which the enormous sums annually spent in fencing
+might be saved. The theory advanced, that it is cheaper for each to
+fence his cattle in, than to fence his neighbor's out, has not as yet
+been practically illustrated, if we except a few suburban localities.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 69.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 70.]
+
+Fig. 69 represents a substantial fence, with a paneled base, of simple
+construction, and yet quite effective in appearance. In Fig. 70 the
+work is somewhat more elaborate, while the base is of stone, or brick.
+Each engraving shows two panels, with a gate in the centre.
+
+With chestnut or cedar posts, the pickets cut from 1-1/2 inch plank, and
+the whole kept painted, such a fence would last many years.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 24.
+
+RESIDENCE OF CHARLES F. PARK, ESQ.
+
+
+This residence of which we show only the floor plans, occupies a
+commanding position on the northern end of the Palisades, on the western
+side of the Hudson, some twenty miles above the city of New York, the
+river, mountain, and inland views from which are exceedingly fine,
+embracing the villages of Dobbs' Ferry, Irvington, Tarrytown, Sing Sing,
+Piermont, Nyack, and Tappan, as well as Tappan Zee and Haverstraw Bay,
+the distant Highlands of the Hudson, and the beautiful valleys of the
+Sparkill and the Hackensack, a section of country rich in historic
+associations, and highly appreciated by those who seek suburban homes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 71.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 72.--_Second Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 73.--_Third Floor._]
+
+This house was designed principally for a summer residence, being nearly
+fifty feet square, with wide halls and spacious verandah, and commodious
+and well ventilated sleeping apartments, the plans showing the
+arrangement of rooms. The style of architecture selected is that
+generally known as the Rural Gothic, which, perhaps, is the most useful
+and most beautiful of any that are adapted to the requirements of our
+climate. The almost square form of the plan is one of the most difficult
+to treat successfully in this style, yet has been carried out in the
+most satisfactory manner. This style admits of an almost never-ending
+variety of form and proportion, and in effects of light and shadow at
+all hours of day is unequaled. Its comparative expense but little
+exceeds the hipped and Mansard roofs.
+
+The building is constructed in the most thorough and workman-like
+manner, and is as well adapted for a winter residence as for summer. The
+frame is built in the balloon style, (the strongest known form of
+framing,) with deep studding filled in with brick, having double air
+chambers, is thoroughly finished throughout, is covered with a slate
+roof, and fulfills all the requirements of a substantial and commodious
+country residence.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 25.
+
+CARRIAGE HOUSE AND STABLE.
+
+
+The accompanying design for a carriage house and stable affords about
+the same amount of accommodation as Design 22. The arrangement, however,
+is somewhat different, and the exterior quite unlike it. In this plan
+the portion appropriated to the stalls is more ample, and the means for
+ventilation abundant.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 74.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 75.--_Stable Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 26.
+
+RESIDENCE OF THOS. H. STOUT, ESQ.,
+
+IRVINGTON, ON THE HUDSON.
+
+
+Irvington is a noted locality for the higher grades of country homes,
+there being many fine examples of substantial, roomy, and elegantly
+appointed mansions. Far within the gradually extending circle which
+limits the daily intercourse of the business man to the city of New
+York, it has become, in virtue of its position, healthfulness, fine
+scenery, and ease of access, one of the most favored of the suburbs of
+this city; a city whose rapid increase of population and corresponding
+decreasing comforts in conveyance from one portion to another, is
+turning the attention of those who like ease of transit, and the quiet
+and health of the country, to a residence among its beautiful and
+attractive suburbs. What the last ten years have accomplished in
+introducing rapid and reliable communication, and building up and
+improving the country about New York, will probably be repeated several
+times over in the next decade. An impetus has been given to rural life,
+that will increase with every facility that is offered, and it will not
+be many years before the suburbs of New York will compare with any city
+in the world; and we question, even now, if elsewhere can be found a
+suburban locality comparable with the east bank of the Hudson, from
+New York to the Highlands.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 76.--_Residence of Thos. H. Stout, Esq., Irvington,
+on the Hudson._]
+
+The accompanying engravings illustrate a country house that embraces
+many of the best features of exterior variety, and interior compactness
+and convenience. The workmanship and materials throughout have been of
+the best description, and no pains have been spared to make it first
+class in every respect.
+
+Situated on the slope of the eastern bank of the Hudson, it overlooks
+the broad expanse of "Tappan Zee," and commands the views peculiar to
+this locality, that reach from the Highlands to the ocean.
+
+To build well, and to do so at a low price, is always desirable; and to
+build artistically, imposingly, attractively, does not imply elaborate
+finish or profuse ornament. Sand paper and decoration will never make an
+ill-proportioned building attractive to an educated taste, while a rough
+exterior of harmonious lines and forms will pass current with those who
+have an eye to the artistic.
+
+One of the most important lessons that the art student learns is that of
+effect; that effects can not be produced by smoothly finished surfaces
+or details; and that in architecture, as well as in sculpture or
+painting, there must be a strong bold manner of execution, when there is
+a desire to convey an impression of strength or power.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 77.--_Cellar._]
+
+Where stone is conveniently obtained as a building material, its use in
+rural architecture deserves far more consideration than is usually
+bestowed on it; and in its unchiselled, quarried form it becomes
+desirable in an economical point of view. There is an imposing grandeur
+in the unhewn stone that asserts its presence in both near and distant
+views, and, with the proper combinations of proportion, and light and
+shade, will illustrate the finest architectural effects. Prevailing
+prejudices are too apt to consider it not only cheap, but inferior in
+protection and durability to finely wrought surfaces and smooth,
+close-fitting joints. We are too apt to estimate the value and beauty of
+a stone house by the amount of labor lavished on its exterior, as if the
+chisel possessed the power to make the joints more impenetrable, and
+bestowed an endurance commensurate with the story of expense that it
+tells. So long as we build well and honestly, with a proper regard to
+protection from the weather, in a substantial and workmanlike manner,
+good taste and sound sense will uphold the use of quarried rock, and
+discover a permanent strength and power in this Cyclopean masonry that
+elaborately finished surfaces and delicately wrought ornaments fail to
+express.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 78.--_First Floor._]
+
+Dressed in squared blocks and hammered lines, stone becomes an expensive
+building material, and preference is then given to something else less
+costly; but if used in its quarried form, irregular in size and shape,
+it becomes, wherever conveniently obtained, among the economical
+materials used for building, and is unsurpassed for its impressiveness
+and durability. No paint is required to preserve it from the weather,
+and no color is so good as the color of the stone; time softens its
+tints, and the clambering vine that lays hold of the massive walls is a
+decoration beyond the resources of architecture.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 79.--_Second Floor._]
+
+"If a building," says Mr. Ruskin, "be under the mark of average
+magnitude, it is not in our power to increase its apparent size by any
+proportionate diminution in the scale of its masonry; but it may be
+often in our power to give it a certain nobility by building it of massy
+stones, or, at all events, introducing such into its make. Thus it is
+impossible that there should ever be majesty in a cottage built of
+brick; but there is a marked element of sublimity in the rude and
+irregular piling of the rocky walls of the mountain cottages of Wales,
+Cumberland, and Scotland.
+
+"And if the nobility of this confessed and natural masonry were more
+commonly felt, we should not lose the dignity of it by smoothing
+surfaces and fitting joints. The sums which we waste in chiselling and
+polishing stones, which would have been better left as they came from
+the quarry, would often raise a building a story higher.
+
+"There is also a magnificence in the natural cleavage of the stone to
+which the art must indeed be great, that pretends to be equivalent; and
+a stern expression of brotherhood with the mountain heart from which it
+has been rent, ill-exchanged for a glistering obedience to the rule and
+measure of men. His eye must be delicate indeed who would desire to see
+the Pitti Palace polished."
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 27.
+
+A CHAPTER ON GATES.
+
+
+We present in the following designs, several illustrations of the
+principle of the truss applied to wooden gates. It was described by us,
+several years ago in the _Country Gentleman_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 80.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 81.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 82.]
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 83.]
+
+Since then, in our professional rambles, we have accidentally noticed
+some thirty gates erected after these designs in different sections
+of the country, and, for aught we know to the contrary, it is one of the
+most popular gates that swing. The principle of this gate is best shown
+in figure 80, and consists of four panels of braces crossing each other,
+and held firmly in position by five iron rods, which can be tightened by
+the screws at the bottom. The braces are not tenoned, and there are no
+nails about the gate. There can be no sagging under any circumstances;
+but should such a thing occur from unequal shrinkage, it can easily be
+remedied by placing a thin strip of wood or sheet lead under the foot
+of the braces running forward. There is economy in the construction of
+these gates, as they can be made with a less number of joints, and
+greater strength and stiffness secured with lighter materials, than in
+any other style of gate we know of. The principle is the one used in
+railroad bridges and roofs of great span, and our own experience with
+them, having built and tested all the gates here illustrated, is, that
+they possess very decided merits. [Illustration: FIG. 84.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 85.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 86.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 87.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 88.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 89.]
+
+Fig. 81 is the principal entrance gate to one of the finest estates on
+the Hudson, above Tarrytown, and although similar in appearance to
+figure 82, has some very decided differences, the cross braces in this
+case reaching only to a second rail; the rods, however, pass through to
+the bottom; it is much more elaborate in workmanship, and the addition
+of a moulding on the top and bottom would increase its effect.
+
+Fig. 84 is the entrance gate at the New Windsor, N. Y., Parsonage, and
+has been hanging six years without a perceptible change. The braces in
+this are one inch square and doubled; they are not halved, but cross
+each other, two one way and one the other, in the manner shown in figure
+85.
+
+There is no other mode of constructing gates in which rustic work can be
+made such good use of. The chief objection to all things made in the
+rustic manner is, that they soon fall to pieces, limbs shrink and twist,
+and nails do not hold; but a rustic gate held together by iron rods will
+remain good until the last brace has decayed.
+
+Fig. 86 is the principal entrance gate to one of the most finely
+finished country seats on Newburgh Bay.
+
+Figs. 87, 88, and 89, illustrate a novel style of hinge, peculiarly
+adapted to this gate, and is really stronger than any other. It requires
+less iron and less blacksmith work.
+
+Fig. 87 shows the top hinge corner, and figure 88 the bottom hinge
+corner. The iron which secures this end of the gate, passes through both
+top and bottom hinge, and binds them and the gate securely together. The
+additional fastenings for hinge are made with carriage-bolts. Nothing
+but a power beyond the enormous tensile strength of iron and the
+compressible strength of wood, will cause the gates to yield in ordinary
+use.
+
+Fig. 89 is a perspective view of the hinge, showing how it may be
+counter-sunk, and thus almost entirely concealed. Figs. 80, 81, 82, and
+83, also show the hinge, and four different styles of stone gate piers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 90.]
+
+Fig. 90 is intended for a farm gate. The cross rails are secured by
+carriage-bolts passed through them and the main braces. Each end of the
+gate has an iron rod only, which is made heavier than the others, and
+saves framing. The hinge is made by having the iron rod project beyond
+the bolt head and nut, and the upper end is passed into an eye, as shown
+in Fig. 91, which is screwed into the post; the lower end is pointed,
+and is placed in a stone as shown, or it may rest on solid iron of
+similar form to the eye. Any intelligent laborer, with an axe and auger,
+can, with the iron work, make these farm gates.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 91.]
+
+This principle of constructing gates admits of an infinite variety of
+designs; those given are merely suggestive. It admits of all classes of
+workmanship, from the plainest to the most elaborate, from the simplest
+farm gate to those required for the finished park, and in beauty,
+strength, and economy stands unequaled.
+
+Fig. 92 and 93.--Plan and elevation of an entrance gate, which we have
+executed in oak, and presents an effective appearance.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 92.--_Elevation of Entrance Gate._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 93.--_Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 28.
+
+RESIDENCE OF TRISTRAM ALLEN, ESQ.,
+
+RAVENSWOOD, N. Y.
+
+
+The accompanying view of Mr. Allen's house is a good example of the
+method of adding to a dwelling which has ceased to be of sufficient
+capacity for the requirements of the family. By reference to the
+basement or cellar plan, the outline of the old house and the foundation
+of the new will be distinctly seen. The addition transforms the cottage
+to a villa, and in a manner which preserves the proportions as
+harmoniously as if the whole had been erected at one time and from one
+plan, thus illustrating a prominent advantage in this style of
+architecture, which admits more freely than any other, successive
+additions, which, when properly designed, add to the variety of outline,
+and its beauty of light and shade. The different floor plans show the
+arrangements of rooms and their connection with the original building,
+which, it will be seen, are convenient and compact.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 94.--_Perspective._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 95.--_Basement._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 96.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 97.--_Second Floor._]
+
+Ravenswood is one of the most elegant of the suburbs of New York, being
+near at hand, and having frequent and rapid communication with the city.
+Situated on the Long Island shore, opposite the centre of Manhattan
+Island, overlooking the great metropolis and its outlying cities, of
+easy access to the Central Park by the Hell Gate Ferry, amid all the
+refinement of fine gardens, polished landscape scenery, and
+architectural taste, it presents at once all the enjoyments that a
+combination of city and country life can afford.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 98.--_Attic._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 29.
+
+RESIDENCE OF LINDLEY M. FERRIS, ESQ.,
+
+NEAR POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y.
+
+
+The residence of Mr. Ferris, of which we give the plans only, is located
+south of the city of Poughkeepsie, and almost or quite within its
+suburbs. The surrounding estate, of 150 acres of handsomely rolling
+land, possesses all the attractions of beauty and fertility so generally
+awarded to the finer portions of Dutchess county. In the immediate
+vicinity are some of the highly finished and well-kept country seats
+which adorn this portion of the Hudson, and make up the attractions
+which taste and refinement always add to country life.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 99.--_First Floor._]
+
+The object aimed at in the design of this house, was that of a
+substantial and commodious mansion, suited to the requirements of a
+large family, and that should express its purpose in the simplest manner
+at a moderate expense. It was therefore desirable to avoid all costly
+irregularity of form, and all the fanciful varieties of gimcracks.
+
+The style selected as best illustrating this purpose is the Chateau
+roof, Louis XV style; the main building being 43 feet square, with a
+rear addition 25 by 29 feet; the plan illustrating the arrangement of
+rooms, verandah, etc. The first floor gives double parlors, (one of
+which may be used as a bed-room or library,) a sitting-room or
+reception-room, dining-room, and a large kitchen, with necessary
+closets, an inclosed verandah, water closets, etc. The second floor,
+main building, gives four large bed rooms and two smaller rooms for
+other purposes, and in the rear are four servants' rooms and a
+bath-room. The attic story, main building, has now five rooms, finished
+with closets, and two rooms more can be added by putting up two
+partitions. These upper rooms, in a roof of this character, are cool,
+well ventilated, well lighted, and agreeable in warm weather, there
+being roomy air chambers between the attic ceiling and the upper roof,
+and also between the walls of the rooms and the outer wall of the house.
+There is but little difference in the value of these rooms and those on
+the floor below, except convenience of access.
+
+The house is built of brick, in a first class manner, the lower roof
+slate, the upper one being tin; is thoroughly finished throughout, and
+is in all respects a convenient, durable, and commanding structure,
+giving the largest amount of room in a desirable and attractive form,
+with the most economy of means. It is situated on a knoll overlooking
+all the surrounding grounds, which include a number of other fine sites,
+one or two of which, we think, even more desirable than the one
+selected. It is not, however, an easy matter to choose one from a dozen
+sites, each almost equally good.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 100.--_Second Floor._]
+
+A new road is now being laid through these and the adjoining premises,
+to connect two of the principal drives southward from Poughkeepsie,
+which when completed, will add a new attraction to the beautiful suburbs
+of this city. The views from the grounds, more particularly from the top
+of the house, are varied and extensive. The mountain panorama, which
+sweeps three-fourths of the horizon, beginning with the Fishkill
+mountains, and ending with the Catskills, is exceedingly fine. The
+eastern view embraces the Vassar Female College, the noble gift of
+Matthew Vassar, Esq., to the cause of female education. In the
+foreground and middle distance are the rich rolling landscapes of
+Dutchess and the fertile hillsides of Ulster counties, the glittering
+spires of Poughkeepsie, the lordly Hudson, and southerly are seen the
+famous Beacons and the Highland Pass,
+
+          "Where Hudson's wave o'er silvery sands
+           Winds through the hills afar."
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 30.
+
+MODEL SUBURBAN COTTAGE--IN THE OLD ENGLISH OR RURAL GOTHIC STYLE.
+
+BY FREDERICK S. COPLEY, ARTIST, TOMPKINSVILLE, S. I.
+
+
+The general appearance of this Cottage, as seen from the road, is shown
+in the engraving, (Fig. 101.) which is a perspective view of the North
+and East Fronts.
+
+It is situated at Montrose, on the lake-like shores of Hempstead Harbor,
+near the village of Roslyn, Long Island, a spot noted for its beauty and
+healthfulness.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 101.--_Perspective._]
+
+Size of building, 44 by 38 feet. Principal Plan (Fig. 103.) 10 feet
+high. P. shows a recessed porch, with double doors of oak, (oiled) the
+outer ones open, to be closed only at night and stormy weather, behind
+the one on the right is a space for wet umbrellas, &c., the inner doors
+have glazed panels to give light within, and should always be closed. V.
+is the vestibule, containing a spiral staircase, with walnut steps and
+rail (oiled). The floor laid with encaustic tiles, with ceiling groined,
+and walls finished in imitation of stone in the sand coat. On the left
+(under the stairs) is a private door opening into a lobby, fitted with
+wash-basin, water, &c., and lighted by a narrow window, that also serves
+to light the front basement stairs, so that a servant could answer a
+call, at either front or back doors, without passing through the central
+hall; which would not only be more convenient for them, but would be to
+the family and guests, especially in time of company, when the hall
+would form a central room, by closing the doors that lead to the stairs:
+nor would this interfere in the least with the domestics, or their
+duties: as they can go from cellar to attic without disturbing the
+privacy of a single room: and the guests could ascend, unseen to the
+dressing rooms above, (from either entrance) or depart in the same
+manner.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 102.--_First Floor._]
+
+The hall screen, separating the vestibule, should be of real oak,
+(oiled) and lighted in the panels with stained glass, which would impart
+a soft and pleasant light to the hall, and produce a fine effect on
+either side, day or night. The hall is here placed in the centre of the
+plan, and so happily arranged are the doors and rooms, as not only to
+give it a symmetrical effect, but to unite the whole, _en suite_,
+without disturbing the individuality of either. Also, the hall lamp and
+stove would light and warm, equally, every room, besides passage,
+vestibule, and stairs. The cloak closet is in the passage which contains
+the back stairs.
+
+P. is the Parlor, which would be the favorite living room in the summer,
+as it faces the north, and has a large bay-window commanding a fine view
+down the harbor to the sound.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 103.--_Second Floor._]
+
+L. is the Library, and living room, connected with the parlor by sliding
+doors, with recessed book-cases, on each side, and the same on the sides
+of the bay-window, here facing the south, and possessing a beautiful
+view of the bay and hills, with the village in the distance, which make
+it the favorite quarters in winter, being fully exposed to the genial
+influences of the sun during the absence of foliage at that season. On
+the right of the mantel is a private closet for plate, papers, &c., both
+these rooms have windows opening on the west veranda, with a fine view
+across the harbor. D. is the Dining room, and a most cheerful one, (as
+it should be,) with a large ornamental window on the east, admitting the
+morning sun, and a fine bay-window on the north, looking down the road
+and harbor, possessing a charming prospect of land and water. To
+harmonize with the bay (on the other end) is the sideboard recess with a
+dumb-waiter on the right, and a china closet on the left; on one side of
+the mantel is the door opening into the lobby, which communicates with
+the hall, and basement plan below, and fitted with wash-basin, water,
+&c., which would be found most convenient to wash hands or glasses,
+delicate or valuable articles of use not wished to be trusted to
+careless servants. It will be seen that the three bay-windows on this
+plan, are of different forms, and each fitted with inside shutters. C.
+is the principal chamber, or boudoir, facing south and east, with fine
+large windows in each. The one on the south has closets on each side,
+and opens into the conservatory, making this a most delightful
+ladies'-work-room. It will be seen that all the rooms on this floor,
+although not large, are of the most comfortable size, perfect and
+elegantly proportioned, and arranged with every conceivable convenience
+requisite for the enjoyment of all the comforts and luxuries of life.
+
+Chamber Plan (Fig. 103.) is nine feet high, and in keeping with the
+rest, in its admirable arrangements, furnishing five excellent rooms,
+with a bath room, convenient to all, fitted with the latest
+improvements, (the water closet enclosed, and vertical pipes, which
+would make freezing impossible). The four principal rooms are about
+equal in size and attractiveness, as they possess the same fine views as
+the corresponding ones beneath, and each finished with fire-places and
+ample closet room. The small room windows open on a balcony, with a
+charming view of the bay; and would afford an agreeable lounge in summer
+evenings, to enjoy the setting sun, or cool breeze. All the rooms on
+these two floors (except the last) to be fitted with Dixon's patent
+grates, and Arnott's ventilating valves, which would secure sweet,
+healthy, and warm rooms, without draughts. The hall, as will be seen,
+is well lighted and ventilated, not only by the staircase window, on the
+north, but by the ventilating sash-lights over the doors of every-room;
+the bath room door is also lighted in the panel with ground glass.
+Between the doors, on the east side, is the lift, or dumb-waiter, and
+dust register, which being in the centre of the plan, is of equal
+convenience to all.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 104.--_Attic and Roof._]
+
+Fig. 104. Roof and attic plan. The attic contains five good rooms for
+the accommodation of the servants, storing fruit, trunks, &c., and
+drying clothes. As this plan has the same central arrangements as all
+the rest, consequently the same advantages in economy of space, and of
+direct and easy access to every room, stairs, &c. The landing here is
+lighted in the same way as the hall below, and by the same staircase
+window, with the addition of a large sky-light and ventilator in the
+centre, which would keep the rooms sweet and cool.
+
+Fig. 105, shows the Basement and Cellar plan, nine feet high, and
+containing every requisite convenience for the domestic duties of a
+family. As they are on the same level, and under the principal story,
+the noise and smell of the kitchen would be excluded. The garden
+entrance is shown by the steps on the southwest corner of area, which
+extends the whole of the west side, round to the hall door on the south;
+and covered by verandah, would make these rooms dry, cool, and pleasant,
+as they are but little below ground, and well lighted on two sides, with
+a large bay-window in each; the north bay fitted with wash-tubs, as this
+kitchen is intended as a back one, or scullery, and for cooking in
+during the heat of summer, it has a sink closet on the left of the
+fire-place, and dresser and shelves for pots and pans on the south side,
+by which, is a door opening into the basement, and one out on the area.
+The basement would be a cheerful room, facing the south with a large
+bay-window with seats and inside shutters, on the opposite side is a
+dresser fitted with plate rack, &c. On the east is the range and pantry;
+behind the range, in the hall, is a warm closet for clothes, shoes, &c.,
+and opposite, under the stairs, is a dark one, for potatoes. At the
+north end of the hall, (and behind the scullery, fire-place, &c.) is the
+furnace room and front basement stairs. On the east side of the hall is
+the dumb-waiter, or lift. The coal cellar has two bins placed under the
+shoots, for large and small coal, with two on the east side for ashes
+and wood. Against the middle window is a wire gauze safe, for cooked
+meats, &c.; between this and the wine cellar is the dairy; the other
+division is for stores in general. All the partitions are made open, so
+as to admit the free circulation of light and air.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 105.--_Basement and Cellar._]
+
+On observing the relative position of the different doors and windows,
+in the several plans, it will be found that the house may be ventilated
+by through drafts in every direction at pleasure; a luxury to be
+appreciated in the heat of summer. Also, by carrying the lift, or
+dumb-waiter, to the top of the house, and communicating with every
+floor, its full value would be secured, besides forming a ventilating
+shaft for the whole building, from cellar to attic. Another valuable
+labor-saving convenience (next to the water-works and lift) is the dust
+shoot, which is simply a tin tube, with registers in the floors of the
+different plans, to sweep the dust into, from the rooms, where it
+descends to the cellar, and is caught in a barrel, to be removed when
+full. It is here placed in the hall, by the side of the lift, on every
+floor, which by this central arrangement is at the door of every room.
+
+Construction, although of wood, is made nearly fire proof, by making the
+floors, walls, partitions and stairs solid. The walls and principal
+partitions are formed of slats of one inch thick by four inches broad,
+securely nailed one on the other, so as to form a one inch groove on
+both sides, to plaster on. This forms a good strong six inch solid wall,
+fire and vermin proof, and dryer than any built of stone or brick. The
+stairs to have their skeletons of iron work, filled in solid with
+cement. The floors of basement and entry to be of earthenware tiles, the
+kitchen and cellar cemented. That of the principal plan, (forming the
+ceiling of the basement, &c., the seat of danger,) should be formed of
+brick, arched on iron girders, and filled up with cement, and laid with
+larch, (as that burns less freely than any other wood). The hall, &c.,
+to be laid with encaustic tiles. The floors of the chamber plans should
+have their timbers coated with plaster paris, and filled up with mortar
+and laid with larch, the plastering of the ceilings, &c., on wire
+gauze, instead of lath; a slate roof, and the walls of the basement plan
+of hollow brick, and plastered on the inner surface. By these simple and
+inexpensive means, the house would be nearly fire proof, and life and
+property secure.
+
+The exterior is covered by a sand coat, of a cheerful and rich light
+brown ochre tint, it being the most befitting for the situation and
+design, besides possessing the advantages of economy, and imparting a
+more substantial effect, it avoids that harsh and disagreeable glare and
+glisten of paint.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 31.
+
+
+The design on the following page, for a Head Stone, was published by us
+in the May number, 1864, of the HORTICULTURIST. It attracted the
+attention of one of our most intelligent subscribers and valuable
+contributors in Western New York, who desired to set up, in their
+beautiful Cemetery, a memorial of one of his household who "who had gone
+before." The monument was executed in this city, under the supervision
+of the friend who furnished the design for the HORTICULTURIST. It was
+cut from the Caen stone, and the execution was every way satisfactory.
+The gentleman for whom it was made says in a letter advising of its safe
+arrival:--"Last week I had it set in a solid foundation, and my highest
+anticipations are more than realized. I do not see how the monument
+could be better, as to material, design, and inscriptions. It is unique,
+yet chaste, highly significant and satisfactory. I have only words of
+praise and feelings of gratitude for a result that so fully answers to
+my ideal."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 106.--_Head Stone._]
+
+
+
+
+"BALLOON FRAMES."
+
+          "If it had not been for the knowledge of balloon
+          frames, Chicago and San Francisco would never have
+          arisen as they did, from little villages, to great
+          cities in a single year."--SOLON ROBINSON.
+
+
+In these days of BALLOONING, it is gratifying to know that there is one
+practically useful, well tested principle, which has risen above the
+character of an experiment, and is destined to hold an elevated position
+in the opinions of the masses. That principle is the one which is
+technically, as well as sarcastically, termed Balloon Framing, as
+applied to the construction of all classes of wooden buildings.
+
+The early history of the Balloon Frame, is somewhat obscure, there being
+no well authenticated statements of its origin. It may, however, be
+traced back to the early settlement of our prairie countries, where it
+was impossible to obtain heavy timber and skillful mechanics, and the
+fact is patent to any one who has passed through the pleasures and the
+vicissitudes of the life of a pioneer, that his own necessities have
+indicated the adoption of some principle in construction, that, with the
+materials he has at hand, shall fulfill all the necessary conditions of
+comfort, strength and protection. To these circumstances we must award
+the early conception of this frame, which, with subsequent additions
+and improvements, has led to its universal adoption for buildings of
+every class throughout the States and cities of the West, and on the
+Pacific coast.
+
+The Balloon Frame has for more than twenty years been before the
+building public. Its success, adaptability, and practicability, have
+been fully demonstrated. Its simple, effective and economical manner of
+construction, has very materially aided the rapid settlement of the
+West, and placed the art of building, to a great extent, within the
+control of the pioneer. That necessity, which must do without the aid of
+the mechanic or the knowledge of his skill, has developed a principle in
+construction that has sufficient merit to warrant its use by all who
+wish to erect in a cheap and substantial manner any class of wooden
+buildings.
+
+Like all successful improvements, which thrive on their own merits, the
+Balloon Frame has passed through and survived the theory, ridicule and
+abuse of all who have seen fit to attack it, and may be reckoned among
+the prominent inventions of the present generation, an invention neither
+fostered nor developed by any hope of great rewards, but which plainly
+and boldly acknowledges its origin in necessity.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 107.--_Isometrical Perspective View of the Balloon
+Frame._]
+
+The increasing value of lumber and labor, must turn the attention of men
+of moderate means to those successful plans which have demonstrated
+economy in both, and at the same time preserved the full qualities of
+strength and security so generally accorded to the old fogy principles
+of framing, and which, we presume to say, is inferior in all the true
+requisites of cheap and substantial building. Light sticks, uninjured by
+cutting mortices or tenons, a close basket-like manner of construction,
+short bearings, a continuous support for each piece of timber from
+foundation to rafter, and embracing and taking advantage of the
+practical fact, that the tensile and compressible strength of pine
+lumber is equal to one-fifth of that of wrought iron, constitute
+improvements introduced with this frame.
+
+If, in erecting a building, we can so use our materials that every
+strain will come in the direction of the fibre of some portion of the
+wood work, we can make inch boards answer a better purpose than foot
+square beams, and this application of materials is one reason of the
+strength of Balloon Frames.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 108.--_Floor Plan._]
+
+The Balloon Frame belongs to no one person; nobody claims it as an
+invention, and yet in the art of construction it is one of the most
+sensible improvements that has ever been made.
+
+That which has hitherto called out a whole neighborhood, and required a
+vast expenditure of labor, time, and noise, can, by the adoption of the
+balloon frame, be done with all the quietness and security of an
+ordinary day's work. A man and boy can now attain the same results,
+with ease, that twenty men could on an old fashioned frame.
+
+The name of "Basket Frame" would convey a better impression, but the
+name "Balloon" has long ago outlived the derision which suggested it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 109.--_Elevation Section--manner of nailing--A.
+corner stud, 4 by 4--B. joist, 3 by 8--C. stud, 2 by 4._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 110.--_D. Upper Edge of Joist--E. Stud._]
+
+The moment the foundation is prepared, and the bill of lumber on the
+ground, the balloon frame is ready to raise, and a man and boy can do
+all of it. The sills are generally 3 inches by 8 inches, halved at the
+ends or corners, and nailed together with large nails. Having laid the
+sills upon the foundation, the next thing in order is to put up the
+studding. Use 4 by 4 studs for corners and door posts, or spike two 2 by
+4 studs together, stand them up, set them plumb, and with stay laths
+secure them in position. Set up the intermediate studs, which are 2 by 4
+inches, and 16 inches between centres, toe or nail them diagonally to
+the sill. Then put in the floor joists for first floor, each joist to be
+placed alongside each stud, and nailed to it and to the sill. Next
+measure the height to ceiling, and with a chalk line mark it around the
+entire range of studding; below the ceiling line notch each stud one
+inch deep and four inches wide, and into this, flush with the inside
+face of the studding, nail an inch strip four inches wide. This notch
+may be cut before putting up the studs. If the frame be lined on the
+inside, it will not be necessary to notch the strip into the studs, but
+simply to nail it to the studding; the object of notching the studding
+is to present a flush surface for lathing, as well as to form a shoulder
+or bearing necessary to sustain the second floor; both of these are
+accomplished by lining inside the studding--(for small barns and
+outbuildings that do not require plastering, nail the strip 1 by 4 to
+the studding)--on this rests the joists of the second floor, the ends of
+which come flush to the outside face of the studding, and both ends of
+each joist are securely nailed to each stud; the bearing of the joist on
+the inch strip below is close by the stud, and the inch strip rests on a
+shoulder or lower side of the notch cut to receive it. This bearing is
+so strong that the joists will break before it would yield. Having
+reached the top of the building, each stud is sawed off to an equal
+height; if any are too short they are spliced by placing one on top of
+the other, and nailing a strip of inch board on both sides. The wall
+plate, 2 by 4 inches, is laid flat on top of the studding, and nailed to
+each stud; the rafters are then put on; they are notched, allowing the
+ends to project outside for cornice, &c. The bearing of each rafter
+comes directly over the top of each stud, and is nailed to it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 111.--_Side Elevation.--G. Manner of splicing
+sills.--F. Manner of splicing studs._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 112.--_End Elevation._]
+
+A Balloon Frame looks light, and its name was given in contempt by those
+old fogy mechanics who had been brought up to rob a stick of timber of
+all its strength and durability, by cutting it full of mortices, tenons
+and augur holes, and then supposing it to be stronger than a far lighter
+stick differently applied, and with all its capabilities unimpaired.
+
+Properly constructed, and with timber adapted to its purposes, it will
+stand securely against the fury of the elements, and answer every
+purpose that an old fashioned timber frame is calculated to fulfill.
+
+When the building is supported on posts, heavy sills are necessary, and
+the frame should be securely nailed or spiked together. The bents may be
+16, 24 or 30 inches apart, and covered in the usual manner. The thrust
+of both the rafters and contents of the building are outward; the tie, 1
+by 4, is abundantly strong, as each one will practically sustain, in the
+direction of its fibre, three tons. The floor joists are nailed to studs
+at each end. No one need fear any lack of perfect security, as these
+ties exceed in strength any hold that tenons could have.
+
+Fig. 113 illustrates the manner of framing buildings of one story, such
+as are used about almost every farm or country seat, as tool houses,
+granaries, wash-houses, spring houses, &c., &c.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 113.--_Isometrical Perspective Balloon Frame._]
+
+Very small buildings, if unplastered, will not require ceiling joists; a
+tie at each end will be all-sufficient. Moderate size buildings will be
+strong enough if the ceiling joists are left out, and collars put on
+half way up the rise of the rafter. According to the size and uses of
+the building, the collars or ceiling joists may be put on every rafter,
+every other, or every third rafter; floor joists should be about 16
+inches between centres, and the studding may be from 16 inches to 8 feet
+apart; in the last case only, every sixth floor joist is nailed to the
+stud, the intermediate ones being arranged equally distant from each
+other between the studding. Where the studding is placed wide apart, the
+plate must necessarily be heavier to sustain the roof; if vertical
+siding be used, it should be nailed to the sill and plate, and to an
+intermediate horizontal strip spiked in between the studding; if done
+in this way, the plate may be lighter; when horizontal siding is used,
+the studding should not be more than 4 feet apart--in small buildings,
+say 12 by 20 feet, we should cut all our stuff, except joists, from
+1-1/4 inch plank. Studs 4 inches wide, rafters 5 inches wide; floor
+joists should be 2 by 9 inches, and put all up 30 inches between
+centres.
+
+In Fig. 114 is shown the manner of constructing frames for buildings of
+three stories. The corner stud, 4 by 4, is composed of and built up with
+two 2 by 4 studs, which are nailed together, breaking joints as the
+building progresses in height; the splicing of studs is done in the same
+manner, being nailed together as fast as additional length is required;
+the joists of the last floor are laid upon the plate, and they act as
+tie-beams to sustain the thrust of the rafters. We consider the splice
+where the studs butt and have side strips nailed to them, to be the most
+secure; the lapping splice is very generally used, however, and found to
+answer every purpose.
+
+Ribs for vertical siding may be put on in two ways; one as shown, by
+which the ribs run over the sill, and are nailed to it; a strip of the
+same thickness as ribs, say 1-1/4 inches, nailed on to the sill to fill
+up the space between the ribs, and is then covered by the outside plinth
+or base. The other plan is to set the studs back 1-1/4 inches from face
+edge of sill; then let the end of ribs bevel down on the sill, or
+dovetail them into the edge.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 114.--_Three Story Building._ _Balloon Framing._
+_Details._
+
+Fig. 115. Joist notched down on plate.
+
+Fig. 116. Side girt not gained in for small unplastered buildings. Fig.
+117. Inside lining--answers the same purpose as a side girth.
+
+Fig. 118. Joist bearing on sill.]
+
+Either outside or inside lining may be used, or both together. Where
+diagonal lining is used, it should be reversed or run the other way on
+the opposite side of the house.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 120.--_Diagonal Ribs for Vertical or Battened
+Siding._]
+
+The lining of a Balloon Frame adds immensely to its strength,
+particularly so if put on diagonally; it may be done outside or inside,
+though on the whole the inside is preferable. If done outside, it should
+be carried over the sill and nailed to it; the sill being wider than the
+studding, in order to get a larger bearing on the masonry, and the floor
+joists being in the way, does not admit of inside lining being put on in
+the same manner.
+
+A first-class Balloon Frame should be lined, if for vertical siding,
+outside the studding--if horizontal siding is used, line inside; it
+makes the frame stiffer and the building warmer. Some line diagonally,
+say from centre next the first floor towards extreme upper corners both
+ways; others line one side diagonally in one direction, and the other in
+an opposite direction. This makes assurance of strength doubly sure. If
+lined inside, nail perpendicular lath to the lining 16 inches from
+centres, and on this lath horizontally for plastering.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 121.--_Showing lengthwise and crosswise manner of
+tying frame._]
+
+The principle of Balloon Framing is the true one for strength, as well
+as for economy. If a mechanic is employed, the Balloon Frame can be put
+up for _forty per cent. less money_ than the mortice and tenon frame. If
+you erect a balloon frame yourself, which you can easily do without the
+aid of a mechanic, it costs the price of the materials and whatever
+value you put upon your own time.
+
+Fig. 23 shows the manner of attaching the flooring to gable end
+studding, and in those buildings in which the thrust of the rafters is
+in the direction of the flooring--if every third stud be bolted to the
+joist in the manner shown, it makes the tie equal if not superior to
+that in the direction of the joists.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 122.--_Manner of Framing Large Barns._]
+
+Fig. 122 explains the manner of framing the largest class of barns. Wide
+openings, like bays, require the use of heavy timber, and the mortice,
+tenon and brace, only so far as the gallows frame is concerned; the
+balance of the frame is of light stuff, studding 2 feet to 2-1/2 feet
+apart, 2 by 6 inches, every third one 2 by 8 inches, into which is
+gained the side girt, it being nailed to the others. On this rests one
+end of the temporary floors, the gallows frame supports the roof, and
+the rafters are secured to it, so that they become ties. The side of
+this building is like a floor turned on edge, and is firmly secured by
+the floor joists at the bottom and the rafters at the top.
+
+Warehouses, depots, and other buildings of a very large size, can be
+made stronger by using the Balloon Frame, instead of the heavy timber
+frame. Those who prefer to err on the right side, can get unnecessary
+strength by using deeper studding, placing them closer together, putting
+in one or more rows of bridging and as many diagonal ribs as they like.
+In large buildings there is no saving in timber, only the substitution
+of small sizes for large--the great saving is in the labor, which is
+quite important.
+
+The following are some of the advantages claimed for the Balloon Frame:
+
+1. The principal labor of framing is dispensed with.
+
+2. It is a far cheaper frame to raise.
+
+3. It is stronger and more durable than any other frame.
+
+4. Any stick can be removed, and another put in its place, without
+disturbing the strength of those remaining--in fact, the whole building
+can be renewed stick by stick.
+
+5. It is adapted to every style of building, and better adapted for all
+irregular forms.
+
+6. It is forty per cent. cheaper than any other known style of frame.
+
+7. It embraces strength, security, comfort and economy, and can be put
+up without the aid of a mechanic.
+
+
+
+
+Established in 1846.
+
+"THE HORTICULTURIST,"
+
+AND JOURNAL OF RURAL ART AND RURAL TASTE.
+
+
+Published Monthly at Two Dollars and Fifty Cents per Annum, Twenty-five
+Cents per Number, and devoted to
+
+          GRAPE CULTURE,
+          FLOWERS,
+          RURAL ARCHITECTURE,
+          FRUITS,
+          GARDENING,
+          LANDSCAPE ADORNMENT,
+          AND RURAL PURSUITS.
+
+Forming an annual volume of 400 royal octavo pages handsomely
+Illustrated.
+
+          The Author of _My Farm of Edgewood_,
+            The Author of _Ten Acres Enough_,
+              The Author of _The Grape Culturist_,
+                The Author of _Flowers for Parlor and Garden_,
+                  The Author of _American Fruit Grower's Guide_.
+                    Rev. Dr. CRESCY,
+
+and others of the best practical talent and ability, both East and West,
+write regularly.
+
+_Back Volumes and Numbers supplied._
+
+GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+
+PUBLISHERS, 37 PARK ROW, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+WOODWARD'S GRAPERIES
+
+AND
+
+HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS,
+
+By Geo. E. & F. W. Woodward,
+
+ARCHITECTS AND HORTICULTURISTS.
+
+A new, practical, and original Work on the design and construction of
+all classes of Horticultural Buildings, including Hot-beds, Propagating
+Houses, Hot and Cold Graperies, Orchard Houses, Conservatories, &c.,
+with the best modes of heating, &c. Elegantly Illustrated. Being the
+result of an extensive professional practice.
+
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+          PUBLISHERS,
+          _Office of the "Horticulturist," 37 PARK ROW, N. Y._
+
+
+
+
+GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+
+PUBLISHERS
+
+No. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK
+
+OFFICE OF THE HORTICULTURIST.
+
+BOOKS
+
+ON
+
+          AGRICULTURE,
+            HORTICULTURE,
+              ARCHITECTURE,
+                LANDSCAPE GARDENING,
+                  AND RURAL ART
+
+For Sale at this Office, or mailed, post paid, on receipt of Publisher's
+prices.
+
+*** _Priced Catalogue on application._
+
+NEW YORK AGENTS
+
+for the _Country Gentleman, Gardeners' Monthly, & Hovey's Magazine_.
+
+Subscriptions received and back numbers supplied.
+
+
+
+
+FIRE ON THE HEARTH.
+
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+          37 PARK ROW, N. Y.
+
+_New York Agents for Dixon's low down Philadelphia Grates, for burning
+Wood or Coal, for sale at Manufacturer's Prices._
+
+"It is a plan for warming houses, which has never in all its points been
+surpassed." *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+"It is believed that there is scarcely a single educated Physician in
+Philadelphia, who owns the house he lives in, who is not supplied with
+one or more of these delightful luxuries."      *     *
+
+"We have one of these admirable contrivances, put in our house in 1859,
+and every additional year only increases our appreciation of the
+luxury."--_Dr. W. W. Hall, editor of Hall's Journal of Health, N. Y._
+
+_Price $35 and upwards according to size and finish. Samples at this
+Office._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+This text uses both hyphenated and spaced forms of its rooms, i.e.
+bed-room and bed room. Also used were variations on hyphenated and not
+words such stair-way and stairway.
+
+Page 16 "ofwhich" changed to "of which" (of which the public)
+
+Page 28, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (of this
+accommodation)
+
+Page 34, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (amount of
+accommodation)
+
+Page 83, "understand" changed to "understands" (one that understands)
+
+Page 104, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (for their
+accommodation)
+
+Page 124, "posesses" changed to "possesses" (possesses all the
+attractions)
+
+Page 148, "desends" changed to "descends" (where it descends)
+
+Page 164, "23" changed to "121" (Fig. 121 shows the manner)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Country Homes, by
+George E. Woodward and F. W. Woodward
+
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