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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Country Homes, by 
+George E. Woodward and F. W. Woodward
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Woodward's Country Homes
+
+Author: George E. Woodward
+        F. W. Woodward
+
+Release Date: August 18, 2008 [EBook #26354]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOODWARD'S COUNTRY HOMES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
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+
+
+WOODWARD'S
+
+COUNTRY HOMES,
+
+BY
+
+GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+
+ARCHITECTS,
+
+=Authors of "Woodward's Graperies and Horticultural Buildings."=
+
+FOURTH THOUSAND.
+
+          NEW-YORK:
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, 37 PARK ROW,
+          Office of the HORTICULTURIST.
+          1866.
+
+          Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+          In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States,
+          for the Southern District of New York.
+
+          STEPHEN HALLET,
+          PRINTER,
+          No. 74 Fulton Street.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                         PAGE.
+    INTRODUCTION.
+    Domestic Architecture and Embellishment                7
+
+    DESIGN NO. 1.
+    A Laborer's Cottage                                   25
+
+    DESIGN NO. 2.
+    A Small Frame Cottage                                 28
+
+    DESIGN NO. 3.
+    A Compact Frame Cottage                               30
+
+    DESIGN NO. 4.
+    A Rural Cottage of moderate extent                    34
+
+    DESIGN NO. 5.
+    A Gardener's Cottage                                  40
+
+    DESIGN NO. 6.
+    Stone Stable and Coach House                          45
+
+    DESIGN NO. 7.
+    A Farm Cottage                                        46
+
+    DESIGN NO. 8.
+    Design for a Timber Cottage                           50
+
+    DESIGN NO. 9.
+    Design for a Rural Church.                            53
+
+    DESIGN NO. 10.
+    A Suburban Cottage                                    58
+
+    DESIGN NO. 11.
+    An Ornamental Summer House                            64
+
+    DESIGN NO. 12.
+    Stable and Carriage House                             66
+
+    DESIGN NO. 13.
+    A Model Cottage                                       68
+
+    DESIGN NO. 14.
+    A Cottage Stable                                      75
+
+    DESIGN NO. 15.
+    Design for an Ice House                               76
+
+    DESIGN NO. 16.
+    A Suburban Cottage                                    79
+
+    DESIGN NO. 17.
+    Stable and Carriage House                             86
+
+    DESIGN NO. 18.
+    School House at Irvington                             87
+
+    DESIGN NO. 19.
+    A regular Country House                               93
+
+    DESIGN NO. 20.
+    A Country Chapel                                      96
+
+    DESIGN NO. 21.
+    An Old House Remodeled                                99
+
+    DESIGN NO. 22.
+    Coach House and Stable                               104
+
+    DESIGN NO. 23.
+    Fences                                               106
+
+    DESIGN NO. 24.
+    Plans of the Residence of C. F. Park, Esq.           108
+
+    DESIGN NO. 25.
+    Carriage House and Stable                            111
+
+    DESIGN NO. 26.
+    Residence of T. H. Stout, Esq.                       113
+
+    DESIGN NO. 27.
+    A Chapter on Gates                                   119
+
+    DESIGN NO. 28.
+    Mr. Tristram Allen's House at Ravenswood, Enlarged   131
+
+    DESIGN NO. 29.
+    Plans of the Residence of L. M. Ferris, Esq.         134
+
+    DESIGN NO. 30.
+    A Model Suburban Cottage                             139
+
+    DESIGN NO. 31.
+    Head Stone                                           149
+
+    BALLOON FRAMES.
+    Balloon Frames                                       151
+
+
+
+WOODWARD'S
+
+COUNTRY HOMES.
+
+
+IN presenting to the public a new work on DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, it is
+our aim to furnish practical designs and plans, adapted to the
+requirements of such as are about to build, or remodel and improve,
+their COUNTRY HOMES.
+
+The rapid progress in rural improvement and domestic embellishment all
+over the land, during the last quarter of a century, is evident to the
+observation of every traveler, and, as we have found during several
+years of professional experience, there has grown up a demand for
+architectural designs of various grades, from the simple farm cottage to
+the more elaborate and costly villa, which is not supplied by the
+several excellent works on this subject which are within the reach of
+the building and reading public.
+
+Among the permanent dwellers in the country this spirit of improvement,
+fostered as it is by the diffusion of publications in the various
+departments of Rural Art, and by a wider and more genial general culture
+as the means of intercommunication and education are increased, is
+becoming more manifest every year. But besides these intelligent farmers
+and tradesmen who make the country their home the year round, there is a
+large class of persons whose tastes or business avocations compel them
+to reside a considerable portion of the year in our cities or
+suburbs--prosperous merchants, bankers, professional men, and wealthy
+citizens--who have the tastes and means to command such enjoyments and
+luxuries as the country affords; who need the change in scenes,
+associations, employments and objects of interest, for themselves and
+their households, and who enjoy, with a keen relish, the seclusion, the
+comparative freedom from restraint, the pure, sweet air, the broad, open
+sunshine, and the numerous other rural advantages which are essentially
+denied them in their city homes.
+
+In former years this class of people resorted, almost exclusively, to
+the sea-side, and a few popular mineral springs, taking in, perhaps,
+Niagara in their transit, and rarely venturing into the wild and
+unexplored regions of Lake George. They returned to town in the early
+days of September, with many a backward, longing look at the attractions
+and delights from which they reluctantly tore themselves away, and
+settled down again to the weary tread-mill of business. But for some
+years past this class has largely increased in number, and instead of
+confining themselves to their former resorts, they now seek the upper
+country, and prolong their stay into the glorious days of Autumn. Many
+of them have provided permanent summer homes, among the hills and on the
+lake or river shores. They have bought, and built, and planted, until
+they have identified themselves with the chosen spot, and as their trees
+have taken root in the fertile soil, so have their affections taken root
+in the beautiful country. They hasten gladly to these rural scenes with
+the opening Summer, and they leave them with regret when the exigencies
+of business require their presence in the city,--when the Summer suns
+have ripened the luscious fruits, and the flowers fade with the frosty
+kisses of the cold, and the passenger birds fly Southward. This class of
+our population know where to find all the facilities for the best
+country enjoyments, and their ample means assure them a free choice of
+summer resorts, and adequate command of all the appliances of pleasant
+country living.
+
+But there is another and still larger class of citizens who have neither
+the means to enable them to keep up both town and country residences,
+nor such command of their time that they can pass two or three months of
+every summer away from their business. There are thousands of clerks and
+subordinate officers in the banking and insurance institutions in our
+cities and in our large commercial houses; there are many merchants who
+are making their way slowly and surely to competence and wealth, who
+would gladly compromise for one-third of such a summer vacation. These
+are men of intelligence, and sometimes of a good deal of social and
+intellectual culture and refinement. Many of them were born, and their
+boyhood nurtured amongst the hills. They love the country with the
+intensity and purity of a first love, and they long for communion once
+more with nature in all her moods of loveliness. Their sweetest dreams
+still, when they forget the hard realities of life, are of green lawns
+and sloping hill-sides, of waving trees and cool streams. And they would
+wish that their children should become familiar with the same wholesome
+associations, and be moved by the same attachments and inspirations. In
+the city they are constantly exposed to its excitements, and subjected
+to the restraints of its artificial modes, with few outward influences
+to counteract upon their development; with very little, indeed, except
+the discipline and the affections of home to emancipate them from the
+tendencies to a trivial, artificial, and sordid life. They would gladly
+supply to them the healthful tone and vigor--the outer and inner bloom
+and freshness--which are the product of out-door life in the pure air of
+the country. But they are compelled by considerations of economy, to
+forego most of these advantages, and allow their children to grow up
+with city tastes and habits. They long for the country but think they
+must content themselves with the town, until the time comes when their
+fortunes will enable them to command the coveted indulgences.
+
+The time may come, sooner than they anticipate, when they will be
+obliged to choose the country.
+
+Our towns are rapidly overflowing their local boundaries, and spreading
+out into suburbs, more or less beautiful and desirable. As far as New
+York city is concerned, it is simply a question of time how soon our
+middle-class citizens, who desire to live comfortably, with due regard
+to economical conditions, will be obliged to choose the country for
+their homes.
+
+During the last forty years this city has increased in population with a
+rapid and uniform rate. Within the memory of persons now living, it has
+grown from an inconsiderable commercial town, until it has become one of
+the great cities of the world. This rapid stride and steady progress
+furnish us with the elements for calculating the period when the whole
+island will be covered with buildings, and there will remain no more
+vacant space for the use of its commerce, or the domestic accommodation
+of its citizens. The present population of the city is estimated at
+fully one million. The entire territorial capacity of the city, the
+density of the population remaining the same as it is at present,
+cannot much exceed two millions. The ratio of increase during each
+period of five years, since 1820, is about twenty-eight per cent. It
+will thus be seen that the utmost limit of the city's capacity will be
+reached within the next sixteen or seventeen years, and New York will be
+a solid and compact city from the Battery to Westchester County.
+
+Meanwhile, the expenses of living in the city are increasing every year.
+Rents are higher now than ever before, and there is no prospect of their
+coming down for many years.
+
+For it must be remembered that when we renew our building operations,
+which have been nearly suspended for the last four years, in consequence
+of the unsettled condition of the country, we shall have to provide not
+only for the current increase in population, but for the deficiencies
+which result from the past four years or more, when comparatively few
+houses were erected. At the present time the rent of a convenient and
+respectable house, suitable to the requirements of a family having a
+fair income, and occupying a desirable position in society, is an
+excessive item of cost.
+
+And the remedy for this is to go into the country. Along the lines of
+our railroads and navigable waters there are localities where land is
+comparatively cheap,--beautiful, healthy regions, where the comforts of
+a rural home may be secured, with all the advantages of society, and of
+religious and educational establishments and institutions. The
+facilities for reaching these country homes are already adequate for
+general purposes, and will be increased every year, as the demand for
+them grows. Railroads and steamboats are built and run for the purpose
+of profit on freight and passenger transportation. According to the
+general law of trade, the supply will equal the demand, and as the
+population increases along our lines of travel, the facilities and
+accommodations for transit will be multiplied.
+
+Why, then, should the man who loves the country, and possesses tastes
+and capacities for its enjoyment, and yet is compelled by circumstances
+to practice economy in his mode of living, be restrained to the city
+limits? It is quite a practicable thing for him to realize his
+wishes,--live in the country and enjoy its best luxuries, without
+abandoning the city as far as its commercial advantages are concerned.
+There are localities _within an hour_ of the city hall, where land can
+be purchased at reasonable rates, and where all the advantages of health
+and beauty, of retirement, pure air and attractive scenery can be
+enjoyed for less money than is now expended in the narrow house in the
+crowded street, where every sense is offended--with no open sky or
+distant horizon tinged with the glories of the dying day or rising
+morn--no grassy lawns, or waving trees, or fragrant banks of flowers.
+
+For such accommodations as he has, he pays, we will say, a rent of one
+thousand or twelve hundred dollars. In the country he might purchase two
+acres of land and build a cottage, which would afford him all, or more,
+conveniences than he now has, without the necessity of climbing four or
+five flights of stairs--at an outlay, at the usual cost of building, not
+exceeding six thousand dollars. The interest on this sum would be four
+hundred and twenty dollars. The difference between this amount and his
+present house rent would in a few years pay the whole cost of the place,
+and he would have a _home_--a centre and gathering place for his
+domestic interests and affections.
+
+And this is no fancy sketch--no exaggerated statement of possibilities.
+We know of localities which can be reached from Wall Street in as many
+minutes as would be required to go to 50th Street, where land can be
+obtained for about five hundred dollars an acre, where there are all the
+conditions of health, good water, pure air, extensive and attractive
+views, and whatever else is desirable for a country home. In the
+direction we have now specially in mind, there are at least twenty
+railroad trains which daily stop at convenient stations, between the
+early morning and ten o'clock at night. For the ordinary purposes of
+business, and social intercourse, this is ample travelling
+accommodation, and as we said before, these accommodations will be
+increased in the proportion that the country population in the
+neighborhood of our cities becomes more dense, and thus creates a larger
+demand for such facilities.
+
+The necessity and desirableness of country homes being thus easily
+demonstrable, it is of importance to know how to choose sites for them,
+and how to build. The Poet-author of "Letters from under a bridge," has
+given a wise and admirable suggestion in regard to choice of sites,
+"leaving the climate and productiveness of soil out of the question, the
+main things to find united, are, _shade_, _water_, _and inequality of
+surface_. With these three features given by nature, any spot may be
+made beautiful, and at very little cost: and fortunately for purchasers
+in this country, most land is valued and sold with little or no
+reference to these or other capabilities for embellishment." There is an
+affluence of choice sites all over the country, and what we need most to
+learn is how to develop their capabilities, and add such fitting
+embellishments as belong to beautiful and convenient houses. Here it is
+that the popular taste requires additional cultivation. The impulse
+already given in this direction should be kept up. There is no
+deficiency of wealth for the appropriation and culture of these
+attractive places, and there is often a lavish expenditure upon country
+homes which ought to make them complete and even magnificent. But
+unfortunately we see, every year, costly establishments, designed for
+summer residences, or for permanent homes, built up with as little
+regard for taste, as for expense. The deficiency is found rather in the
+culture than in the dispositions and means of our people. And the remedy
+and supply for this must be provided by the dissemination of works
+treating upon this and kindred topics of rural art, by means of which
+the public taste may be refined and elevated to a higher standard.
+
+In constructing country houses there are several prime conditions to be
+observed, such as adaptation, accommodation, and expression. By
+adaptation is meant not only the arrangement of the main structure, as
+to form and material, to suit the locality and character of the grounds,
+but a fitness as respects the real wants--the habits and condition--of
+the occupants and the purposes of a country home. Nobody wants a modern
+city house planted down in the open country, nor should any sensible man
+seek a refuge from the bare streets of the city in the little less bare
+streets of a country village. There is no congruity between the
+classical forms of Grecian Architecture and the varying climate of our
+land.
+
+The material used in the construction of our country houses has not been
+sufficiently considered by us. Timber is abundant in almost all parts of
+the country, and the facility with which an
+establishment--mansion-house, office, and outbuildings--can be built up
+in a few weeks, of this material, has been the main reason, we suppose,
+why we have so many abortions, in the shape of Grecian temples, and
+miniature Gothic cathedrals and castles, scattered over the land. Let it
+be considered, that in building our country houses, we are not simply
+providing for ourselves, but for our children--we are constructing a
+homestead. It is for the want of this consideration that we have so few
+_homes_ in our country, so few home associations, around and among which
+our deepest and purest affections are entwined. Our thin lath and
+plaster constructions, which rattle and tremble in every wind and leak
+in every rain, do not afford very good or permanent centers for these
+associations and affections.
+
+We have some native woods that are durable, out of which we may build
+houses that will last for several generations; but with these, even, the
+cost of frequent repairs and painting is so great, to say nothing of the
+annoyances thereby entailed, that, in point of economy, wood is by no
+means the most desirable material. Nor is it, in any way, the most
+desirable. The prevailing taste in country dwellings, before Mr.
+Downing's time, was defective enough. A large, square, wooden house,
+painted intensely white, garnished with bright green Venetian
+blinds--standing in a contracted yard--inclosed with a red or white
+wooden fence, was the very beau ideal of a gentleman's country dwelling.
+We are thankful that this dispensation has passed away; and we revere
+the memory of Downing, and of others like him, who were instrumental in
+bringing in a better taste in such matters.
+
+The first cost of a stone or brick dwelling somewhat exceeds that of
+wood, even in places where these materials are readily obtained. But if
+they are properly constructed, such buildings will need very few repairs
+for many years. It is often objected, on the other hand, that such
+buildings are damp and unwholesome. This is, undoubtedly, true of many
+of the old stone houses which we find scattered about the country. And
+it is true, because they were not properly built. When properly built,
+they preserve the most equal temperature at all seasons. They are warm
+in winter and cool in summer, and the sudden changes which affect the
+weather without, need scarcely be felt by the delicate invalid within
+the walls of the stone mansion, if suitable attention is given to the
+simple matter of ventilation.
+
+But let us return to the subject of adaptation. The illustrations which
+occur to us may serve to furnish a somewhat clear idea of what we mean
+by the prime conditions necessary to be observed in building.
+
+By the term adaptation, we mean such choice of style, material, size
+and arrangement as shall fit the structure: 1st, to the site; 2d, to the
+climate; and 3d, to the uses for which it is built.
+
+And, first, as to the site: It would be obviously incongruous to erect
+the same house on these two different sites, with their different
+characteristic features and surroundings; for example, _the one_ a
+nearly level plane gently rising, perhaps, as you approach from the road
+the position where the house shall stand, and sloping away again towards
+other broad green fields and the fertile meadows beyond--with no
+background of hills or mountains, no irregularly formed lake, but with a
+placid, lazy stream, half-sleeping, half-gliding by the weeping elms,
+and among the scattered groups of stately, old trees:--_the other_, a
+romantic hillside in the native forest, with its neighboring mountain
+range, where in the bright summer-time, the noisy, laughing brook keeps
+time to your thoughts and fancies as you wander among the hills, and in
+the bleak winter the winds sigh mournfully through the pines or utter
+their clarion calls to the spirit of the storm.
+
+The one situation would be appropriate to the Italian villa, with its
+flat roof, and overhanging cornices, its spacious verandahs and
+balconies, all having that depth and boldness and variety of outline
+necessary to secure the proper effects of light and shadow which, the
+absence of all variety of form in the landscape, would render
+indispensable. But no man with an artist's eye would think, for a
+moment, of building such a house as this on our wooded hillside. He
+would construct there his English cottage in good solid stone, whose
+steep roofs would shed with facility the summer rain and the winter
+snow, whose irregularities of form and outline would harmonize with
+nature's Gothic work in precipice and rock, in trees and climbing vines.
+Or else, he would place there his Swiss chalét, which would be in
+harmony with the scene, and a pleasing object to the eye of the
+observer. On the broad, open plane the villa should be made, or seem, to
+cover a considerable space, while the nice cottage might be built more
+compactly.
+
+But here let us remark, that many of our attempts at the English
+cottage, generally known as the Gothic, have been failures, and some of
+them sad abortions.
+
+This comes from defective models and plans, and these defects arise
+mainly from these sources--the lack of boldness and variety in the main
+outlines, and in the construction of the roofs and chimneys. Such a
+cottage, to be pleasing and satisfactory, must have irregularities in
+form, variety in ornament, and boldness in treatment. A square house
+with additions of gables, and dormers and pinnacles, and ridge crests,
+will not give us an English cottage. It is a work of art, like a poem
+or a picture, and not a mechanical aggregation of Gothic features and
+ornaments. We were about to say that it should never be attempted in any
+other material than stone, but as many of us cannot command the means
+for such permanent buildings, we will concede that it may be allowable
+for us to put our wooden buildings into the cottage form, using the best
+taste and the most beautiful and picturesque styles, even if the
+material is objectionable.
+
+One other observation, before we return to our main topic, may be
+indulged. It is simply the suggestion that too little attention has been
+paid to the _sky-outlines_ of our country houses. Roofs and chimney-tops
+have been treated as necessary evils, instead of being made, as they may
+be, highly ornamental. The unity of the plan, as a work of art, is lost
+as you ascend above the eaves, all the rest seeming like excrescences
+growing out of structures otherwise commendable and satisfactory. The
+superior horizontal lines of the roof will depend somewhat upon the
+background of the house. When a building is placed upon the crest of a
+hill, or upon a slope descending from the main point of view, so that
+its outlines are seen against the sky, the treatment of the plan will be
+obviously different from that required where the background is solid, as
+a hill or a forest. In any case, however, the horizontal lines should be
+broken, as far as practicable, by making the roofs of the several parts
+of the house of unequal height.
+
+It will be apparent, without special argument, that our choice of style
+in our country houses should be controlled essentially by the climate.
+In our northern climate, the flat roof is objectionable, and we are
+obliged to modify the Italian styles somewhat in this respect, to
+obviate inconveniences. The hot summer sun, when, as on an August day,
+in the city,
+
+          "The pavements all are piping hot,
+            The sky above is brazen,
+          And every head as good as dead
+            The sun can shed his rays on,"
+
+will be more than likely to open the joints and seams of the flat roof,
+and the sudden shower coming down with the force of a tropical storm,
+will find its way through, sadly to the detriment of our ceilings, our
+stuccoes and frescoes, as well as to the comfort and the commendable
+equability of temper of those who suffer the invasion. The heavy winter
+snows, too, require a steep roof, from which they will readily dislodge
+themselves without injury.
+
+And so in the interior arrangements of the house, the provisions for
+heating and ventilation, for summer freedom and winter coziness, for
+domestic comfort and the exercise of the commendable grace of country
+hospitality, due regard must be had to the conditions of climate. There
+must be a proper adaptation to them, if we would secure satisfactory
+country homes.
+
+And this brings us to our last topic, the uses for which our country
+seats are built. The place designed simply for a summer residence for
+the citizen, who is obliged to be at his office or counting room daily,
+bating the few weeks of summer vacation, need not be so complete in its
+appointments and arrangements, as the permanent country residence. One
+essential condition, however, in this case is, that there shall be _room
+enough_, with ample verandahs, and shaded gravel walks, which will
+afford opportunities for open air exercise in all states of the weather.
+There is nothing, perhaps, that interferes so essentially with the
+citizen's enjoyment of the country, as the want of facilities for out
+door exercise. It is too hot or too dusty to ride or walk, before the
+shower, and after its refreshment has come, it is too wet and muddy.
+Spacious verandahs, shaded with vines, and well-made walks, always firm
+and dry, bordered with shrubbery, or overhung with trees, will give us
+"ample scope and verge enough."
+
+But the uses of country seats depend mainly upon the tastes and
+habitudes of the occupants; and their adaptation in style size and
+arrangement should be accordingly. We believe there is no law against a
+man's building an elegant library and picture gallery, though he may
+have no taste for literature or art, but having plenty of money,
+chooses to make this display of it. There are a great many absurdities
+to which poor, frail humanity is liable, against which the legislature,
+in its wisdom, has not thought it worth while to make solemn and
+positive enactments; it is better for the general moral condition of
+society, perhaps, that the vulgar rich man's ambition for display should
+manifest itself in books and pictures, rather than in fast horses. Might
+not the cultivation of the garden--vegetables, fruits and flowers,--take
+the place of both, as simple means of display? These are wholesome and
+agreeable employments even for those who have passed that time of life
+when a taste for books and art may be acquired.
+
+A country seat should combine and express the real uses which are
+required by the intellectual and social condition of its occupants, and
+not attract attention as blazoning the wealth and money importance of
+the owner. If he is rich, let him make it as complete and simply elegant
+as he will, and this he may do without proclaiming to every passer-by
+his miserable pride of wealth.
+
+With these preliminary observations, we submit our work to the judgment
+of those who are interested in these subjects. We have not included in
+our present volume any considerable number of designs for the more
+spacious and costly Villa, the work being designed for popular use and
+to meet a demand which is unprovided for by previous publications.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 1.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--_Front Elevation._]
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--_End Elevation._]
+
+
+This design as shown in figures 1 and 2, is for a laborer's cottage
+intended to be erected on the grounds connected with a fine estate on
+the western slope of the Palisades in New Jersey. It is to be built of
+rough stone, plainly finished. It is 16 by 24 feet outside, having a
+living-room with bed room on the first floor, (Fig. 3,) a large pantry,
+stairway, etc., and a fine cellar below. The second floor (Fig. 4,) has
+two bed-rooms, well lighted and ventilated, and large closets to each.
+This size will admit of several different arrangements; the rear door
+might open out from the pantry, and afford more convenient access to the
+cellar stairs, to get in heavy articles, and shut out some cold in
+winter, but would interfere with the fine ventilation so necessary in
+summer to a generally heated apartment, as a kitchen, dining, and
+living-room combined. A porch might be placed over the rear door, or
+better still, at a small additional expense, a summer-kitchen and
+wood-house might be added. A house of this accommodation is usually the
+first one put up by settlers on the western prairies. They are built of
+wood, balloon frame, with a plain pitch roof, without ornament.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--_Second Floor._]
+
+The elevations as shown, give a greater variety than is usual in this
+class of building, and a house thus constructed may afterwards become a
+very pretty portion of a larger and more expensive structure.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 2.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.--_Front Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.--_Side Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.--_First Floor._]
+
+The second design (Fig. 5,) is for a frame building giving more variety
+of outline. The plan (Fig. 7,) separates the sitting room from the
+kitchen and dining room, and insures more privacy. There is also a
+greater abundance of closets, though smaller. One of the bed rooms above
+might be divided into two, and thus increase the accommodation. A
+portion of the cellar may also be finished for a kitchen, and the
+living room used as a dining room. This plan admits of future additions
+being made without destroying the harmony or proportion of the building.
+To one of moderate means, such a mode of building presents some
+attractions, as it affords a house for immediate wants, to which
+additions may be made as one's means increase. Such houses, if
+tastefully furnished and embellished with suitable surroundings, as neat
+and well-kept grounds, fine trees, shrubbery, flowers, and climbing
+vines, will always attract more attention and admiration than the
+uninviting aspect of many more expensive structures. Money tastefully
+expended in this manner will always yield gratifying results.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.--_Second Floor._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 3.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.--_Front Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.--_Side Elevation._]
+
+This design is similar, in some respects, to design No. 2, and gives,
+perhaps, the most compact arrangement of rooms for a building having so
+irregular an outline. Exteriorly considered, there is much to be admired
+in variety, and light and shadow, the different elevations being
+entirely unlike each other, and affording a constant change from every
+point of view; an object, we think, very much to be desired in cottage
+architecture, and when well managed never fails to make a pleasing
+impression. A high, bold appearance, without the overhanging eaves or
+depth of shadow, is not suitable for a country house; a feeling is
+created that something is wanting to make up the accessories of an
+agreeable habitation.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.--_Basement Plan._]
+
+In this plan, (Fig. 11,) the kitchen is in the basement, convenient to
+the cellar, and with a good pantry attached to it. It is put there for
+the purpose of economizing in the construction. Our own preference is to
+put the kitchen in a well ventilated wing on a level with the main
+floor, and thus avoid, as much as possible, the necessity of running up
+and down stairs. This can be done at any future time when desired, as,
+indeed, can any addition of other rooms be made to meet the wants of an
+increasing family. A dumb waiter connects the kitchen with the dining
+room, and thus saves many steps.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.--_First Floor._]
+
+The first floor (Fig. 12,) gives parlor, dining room, and a library,
+with a roomy vestibule, and a side door or private entrance, and
+supplies all the wants of a small family. The library might be used for
+a bed room. On the second floor (Fig. 13,) are 3 bed rooms with closets.
+
+The engravings are intended to tell their own story as far as possible,
+and but little explanation is necessary to make them fully
+comprehensible. In the matter of cost, one can hardly give a price that
+is reliable; the enormous advance in some building materials and slight
+advance in others, disarrange all old standards of estimating.
+Localities, of course, have much to do with the cost; yet, above all
+others, the business management must be considered. A good manager,
+thoroughly familiar with the qualities and values of materials, who
+knows how to direct labor to the best advantage, will execute work at a
+less cost than one who undertakes his own building without a previous
+training.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.--_Second Floor._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 4.
+
+
+This is a perspective view of a cottage, designed to afford a reasonable
+amount of accommodation for an average sized family, and which, if
+tastefully furnished, and fitted with suitable landscape surroundings,
+will convey a pleasing impression to all; much more so than dwellings of
+a more expensive class, where sufficient attention is not given to such
+accessories.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.--_Perspective._]
+
+The plans of this house are compact, the rooms opening into each other
+in such a manner as to afford easy communication and economy in heating.
+The porch is spacious, and more pleasant than the long, narrow verandah.
+The supply of water for all purposes is from a filtering cistern, which
+is connected with the kitchen sink, by a pump. The entire house may be
+heated by a furnace, hot water, or steam, as is most preferable; or
+stoves may be used in nearly all the rooms, if first cost is to be
+closely considered. A passage underneath the staircase connects with the
+side door from the vestibule, and, with the exception of the library,
+all parts of the house are accessible without passing through other
+rooms.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.--_Basement Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.--_Second Floor._]
+
+In the vicinity of large cities, and more particularly the city of New
+York, there are reasons which have a money value to them, why more
+attention should be given to suburban architecture, and why capitalists,
+as well as individuals, should undertake the construction of
+moderate-priced buildings, that shall command attention from the
+harmonious combination of fine architectural effects. It requires but a
+very limited experience to become aware of the fact, that dwellings of
+precisely the same cost, and similarly situated, will differ in their
+rental at least one half, and it is mainly owing to the reason that one
+is properly designed, and the other perhaps an amateur performance,
+modeled after the ill-proportioned Greek pediment style, too prevalent
+to be countenanced for a moment by any one who prides himself on his
+good taste. There can be no question that a fitly designed cottage,
+conveniently arranged, adds, independently of its own cost, a large per
+centage to the value of the acres which surround it, and is the point
+which arrests the eye and secures the purchaser. Rapid rail-road
+facilities, lower rents, more healthful localities, and the fact that
+the growth of this city "_Spuyten Duyvelward_" has reached a point
+beyond the convenient access of the strictly business man, necessarily
+turn the attention of those who look to the full measure of comfort, to
+a suburban life, ten to fifteen miles away from the unceasing noise and
+hurry of the city, where the business of the day is forgotten, and fresh
+air, fresh milk, butter and eggs, fruits, flowers, birds, &c., are
+luxuries unknown in town. Taking a strictly money view of building
+operations, for sale and rent, in suburban localities, and more
+particularly about New York, it would promise, by every course of
+reasoning, a remunerative return, if the plan were judiciously and
+tastefully carried out. The wants of the public, however, are so
+unequal, and their opinions so varied by the circumstances under which
+they are formed, that, unless an attractive beginning can be shown,
+very desirable property may remain a long time on the market. If we
+canvass real estate thoroughly, we shall find that property sells first,
+and at the best prices, which has ever so humble a cottage on it, a
+starting point in which one may temporarily reside, and lay out his
+plans of future operations; for the construction of a country place is
+of all things one with which to make haste slowly. With those actively
+engaged in business, and to whom time is every thing, there is no
+disposition to add the labor and annoyances of building; the demand is
+for a home ready for occupancy; the thought is entertained, and the
+wish gratified, simply because the opportunity presented itself; but it
+is far less trouble for young and middle-aged business men to stick to
+the city, than to give the time for building, particularly when they
+undertake their own architecture. Let capitalists invite them by snug,
+well-built, convenient, and tasteful cottages, and the demand will
+always be in advance of the supply, in all healthy localities, having
+rapid, reliable, and frequent communication with the city.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.--_First Floor Enlarged._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 5.
+
+A GARDENER'S COTTAGE.
+
+
+The accompanying design was made for William C. Bryant, Esq., by Fred'k
+S. Copley, Esq., Artist, Tompkinsville, Staten Island, and was erected
+on his beautiful estate at Roslyn, Long Island, in 1862. It stands on
+the hill above his residence, overlooking the bay from the village to
+the Sound, possessing one of the finest views on the Island. It was
+intended as a gardener's lodge, and to accommodate one or two families,
+as circumstances might require, (one on each floor,) giving each three
+rooms, and a joint right to the scullery, sink, and cellar.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.--_Perspective View._]
+
+_Arrangement._--The first story is 9 feet in the clear throughout, with
+every convenience suitable for the health and comfort of the occupants.
+From the porch, a small hall, lighted from the roof, is entered, with
+doors on either hand, to parlor or living room, and staircase passage in
+front, communicating with the kitchen at the back, chambers above, and
+cellar beneath.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.--_First Floor._]
+
+The chamber floor, second story, is 9 feet in the clear through the
+centre, and 6 feet at the sides, (from the floor to the plate,) the roof
+cutting off three feet of the ceiling at the sides at an angle of 45
+degrees. This loss of a few feet of the ceiling is more than compensated
+by the cottage-like effect it gives to the rooms, harmonizing the inside
+with the external appearance. The two principal chambers are provided
+with fire-places and ample closet room. The one over the parlor has two
+closets, built outside the frame, and a door into the single room, over
+the porch, forming a most desirable family chamber. Both these rooms
+have ventilators in the same chimney breast, and the small one may be
+warmed by a stove leading thereto. The other has a large closet over the
+store-room for trunks, linen, &c. The attic room over the kitchen wing
+is intended for the domestics.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.--_Chamber Floor._]
+
+By reference to the plans, it will be seen that every room is of good
+size and form, cheerfully lighted, thoroughly ventilated, and of easy
+access one to another, at the same time that privacy, so essential, is
+maintained throughout.
+
+_Construction._--The building is constructed of wood, vertically sided,
+and battened, (with 1-1/2 inch tongued and grooved pine plank,) with
+horizontal strips in line of the window sills and floors, to hide the
+buts, and small triangular pieces in the corners, which gives the pretty
+effect of paneling. The whole is stained by a mixture of oil, &c., that
+heightens the grain of the wood, and gives a brightness of color, and
+that cheerfulness of effect, so desirable in rural dwellings. The roof
+is of slate, in bands of purple and green, and the chimneys are
+surmounted by terra-cotta pots. The whole is filled in with brick.
+
+This cottage is built in a substantial and plain manner, with cellar
+under kitchen, cemented on the gravel the same as the cistern, and all
+the interior wood work is oiled and stained.
+
+As a specimen of cottage architecture, (on the smallest scale, lodge
+class,) it will rank as one of the best. For simplicity, variety of
+form, symmetry of proportion, with convenience of arrangement and
+economy of space and construction, it forms a model cottage, that any
+one might live in and many covet, besides being an addition to the
+landscape and an ornament to the grounds.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 6.
+
+STONE STABLE AND COACH HOUSE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.--_Perspective._]
+
+This design was erected on the Hudson, during the past year, of the
+beautiful rock faced stone so abundant between the Spuyten Duyvil and
+the Highlands, and is a good example of such a building as will meet the
+requirements of a moderately extensive establishment. It is conveniently
+arranged, enabling all the work to be done with the most ease, and gives
+thorough light and ventilation, so essential to the health and comfort
+of animals. The time has gone by to give prospective prices for
+anything, but we have seen the day when this building might have been
+erected for about $4,000. A room for the coachman may easily be made on
+the second floor, and the plan increased or decreased to suit the wants
+of any one.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.--_Ground Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 7.
+
+A FARM COTTAGE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.--_Perspective View._]
+
+We show in this design a style of cottage which, in these high priced
+times of lumber and labor, can be erected at a very reasonable figure;
+and although prepared for a farm cottage, will admit of such changes as
+will adapt it to the wants of those who require a higher grade of
+accommodation. It is the most natural thing in the world for any one to
+take up a plan and suggest innumerable changes and additions, always
+forgetting the unalterable condition of price, situation, and object,
+which restrained the architect while working it up. To prepare a design
+regardless of expense is a very different matter from devising one that
+gives the largest amount of accommodation within a fixed limit of cost.
+We shall arrive gradually at the precise figures, and endeavor to get
+the accommodation wanted by some of our readers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.--_Cellar._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.--_Second Floor._]
+
+It has been frequently observed that the gate lodges and farm cottages
+attached to large estates are generally more attractive in their
+architectural proportions and beauty than the mansion itself; and this
+has been usually attributed to the education of the proprietor's tastes,
+the cottages being the latest erections. This impression is not,
+however, always true; for there is a peculiar beauty and attractiveness
+about cottage architecture which can not be produced in buildings of a
+larger and more commodious class. Certain it is that a prettily designed
+cottage will always arrest attention. "Among the first and most
+pleasing impressions," says a late writer, "of our trite friend, the
+intelligent foreigner, as he entered England by the old Dover road, were
+those suggested by the little whitewashed and woodbined cottages which
+caught his eye at every turn. All books of travels on English ground are
+full of them. Snugly sheltered in its bower of apple trees, or more
+stately group of walnuts, approachable only by its rustic stairs, or
+dotted at neighborly distances along the straggling village, with its
+trim garden of lavender and wall flowers, seen through the wicket gate
+or over the privet hedge, the English cottage, above or below, near or
+in the distance, was alike the delight and envy of the traveler, the
+theme of the journalist and the poet. 'There is scarce a cottage,' says
+an American tourist just landed from America and France, 'between Dover
+and London which a poet might not be happy to live in. I saw a hundred
+little spots I coveted with quite a heart-ache.' Whether or not Rogers
+would have given up his picture-lighted snuggery in St. James' Place for
+his 'Cot beside the hill,' and really preferred to have his latch lifted
+by the pilgrim, instead of his knocker by a London footman, it is
+certain that the cottage homes of England that border the main roads
+have long possessed a beauty far beyond the houses in other lands
+belonging to classes much higher in the social scale, and have been
+coveted, sometimes not without reason, by those who could, if they
+chose, have purchased them fifty times over."
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 8.
+
+
+This design for a timber cottage is simple and at the same time
+picturesque, and built upon a site adapted to it, and in harmony with
+the architectural expression, the effect could not fail to be in a high
+degree pleasing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.--_Perspective View._]
+
+It will be seen that some of the principal timbers of the frame are
+intended to show on the outside, and that there is a designed contrast
+between the horizontal siding extending to the top of the posts, and the
+vertical and battened covering of the pediment above the ornamental
+string course. The brackets and posts which support the roof of the
+porches, should be chamfered, and these timbers should be of sufficient
+thickness to avoid any appearance of meanness, while at the same time,
+they should not be too heavy, and so destroy the proportions of the
+design.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.--_Cellar._]
+
+The roof should be covered with shingles having their ends clipped or
+rounded.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.--_Second Floor._]
+
+The cellar may be divided in such way as to serve the wants of the
+occupants. A portable furnace might be placed at the foot of the
+basement stairs, which would warm the rooms on the first floor, and
+temper the air of the chambers above.
+
+The interior accommodations and conveniences are readily seen on
+inspection of the plans--(Figs. 30. 31). There is no waste of room, and
+for the uses of a small family, the accommodations would be found as
+ample as could well be obtained in a cottage of such size and cost.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 9.--RURAL CHURCH.
+
+DESIGNED BY THE REV. DR. CRESSY.
+
+
+This design is intended for a church which is to occupy a beautiful and
+commanding site on the western shore of Lake George, in the midst of the
+original forest, and is now in process of erection. It will also meet
+the requirements of several correspondents who have requested plans for
+rural churches which could be erected as economically and cheaply as
+possible, with due regard to proportion, fitness and beauty of
+expression.
+
+This design will be found to comprehend, we may say, in an eminent
+degree, variety of outline, correctness of detail, force of expression
+and purity of taste, with simplicity of execution, and in those parts of
+the country where lumber is abundant, and labor not exorbitant, it can
+be erected at a low cost.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32.--_Perspective._]
+
+We have a right to congratulate ourselves on the improvement which the
+last quarter of a century has witnessed among our people in the building
+and adorning of our edifices devoted to Christian worship. Downing, in
+his time, said, "that the ugliest church architecture in Christendom, is
+at this moment to be found in the country towns and villages of the
+United States." And speaking of the influence of what our churches
+should be, in the beauty of their proportions, and in the expression of
+the sacred purposes which they embody, and the feelings of reverence and
+harmony with God and man which they suggest, he fitly says--"We fear
+there are very few country churches in our land that exert this kind of
+spell,--a spell which grows out of making stone, and brick, and timber,
+obey the will of the living soul, and express a religious sentiment.
+Most persons, most committees, select men, vestrymen, and congregations,
+who have to do with the building of churches, appear indeed wholly to
+ignore the fact, that the form and feature of a building may be made to
+express religious, civil, domestic, or a dozen other feelings, as
+distinctly as the form and features of the human face:--and yet this is
+a fact as well known by all true architects, as that joy and sorrow,
+pleasure and pain, are capable of irradiating or darkening the
+countenance. Yes, and we do not say too much, when we add, that right
+expression in a building for religious purposes, has as much to do with
+awakening devotional feelings, and begetting an attachment in the heart,
+as the unmistakable signs of virtue and benevolence in our
+fellow-creatures have in awakening kindred feelings in our own breasts.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33.--_Floor Plan._]
+
+"We do not, of course, mean to say that a beautiful rural church will
+make all the population about it devotional, any more than that sunshine
+will banish gloom; but it is one of the influences that prepare the way
+for religious feeling, and which we are as unwise to neglect, as we
+should be to abjure the world and bury ourselves, like the ancient
+troglodytes, in caves and caverns."
+
+Happily we are coming to appreciate these truths, not only in our
+cities, but in the country, and the ugly, unsightly, and unseemly
+structures which have so long deformed the land are giving place to
+edifices in which the true ideas of harmony, grace, proportion, symmetry
+and expression, which make what we call Beauty, are brought out in due
+proportion.
+
+The church we present is designed to be of wood, the country about the
+site affording an abundance of that material, at the lowest cost. An
+inspection of the design will show that the principal timbers of the
+frame are intended to be visible externally,--the weather-boarding being
+set back from the face of the posts and beams. This exterior covering is
+intended to be made of sound _rough_ plank, from ten to fourteen inches
+wide, and at least one and a-half inches thick. These are to be tongued
+and grooved, so as to make a close joint, and nailed to the frame in a
+_vertical_ manner. The joint is to be covered with a narrow strip, or
+batten, of one and a-half inch plank. These unplaned plank may be
+painted with two good coats and sanded, or they may be left to take such
+tints and complexion as time and the weather may give them.
+
+Lumber, at the proposed site, being cheaper and more easily obtained
+than lime, the interior of the church will be neatly ceiled with narrow
+boards, which will be lightly stained and oiled. The roof will be "open
+timber" of simple construction. All the wood work of the interior will
+be of pine, smoothly planed, stained and oiled, without paint, except
+the ceiling of the roof which should be colored, in order to give
+something like warmth of tone to the interior, the lack of which is
+often sadly felt in our country churches, particularly.
+
+This mode of weather-boarding and "open timber" finish is now so common
+that a more particular description is unnecessary.
+
+This church will seat, comfortably, about two hundred persons. Its cost
+will depend entirely upon the price of lumber and labor, of course, and
+these vary with different localities, and are particularly uncertain at
+this time. We will only add that it will cost no more to build with
+correct proportions and in good taste, than in disregard and defiance of
+these desirable and commendable principles.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 10.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34.--_Perspective._]
+
+We give below a somewhat different example of Cottage Architecture, of a
+form that is compact and every way available, at the same time affording
+every convenience in the arrangement of rooms desirable for a family of
+refined tastes and moderate means. This cottage may be built of wood,
+or, better still, in favorable localities, of brick or stone, and if
+suitably surrounded with tasteful landscape embellishments, will make a
+snug, pretty, and attractive home. One can, by the exercise of
+appropriate taste, produce the right kind of an impression in a house of
+this character. It should become a part of, and belong to the acres
+which surround it; it should be an indispensable accessory to the place
+itself, and the grounds should be laid out and embellished in such a
+manner that the whole combination impresses all with harmonious beauty,
+and not, as is too frequently the case, seek to make up the wretched
+deficiencies in the grounds by elaborate expenditure and display about
+the house. A true appreciation of country life will not tolerate
+slovenly, ill-kept grounds, and no house exhibits its true value unless
+there is a harmony in its surroundings. If this be attended to, a high
+degree of effect can be produced in houses of very moderate cost;
+houses that shall be roomy, warm, substantial, and in every way
+agreeable to their occupants.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35.--_Basement Plan._]
+
+The plans show the arrangement of rooms, and these can be made larger or
+smaller, or be differently disposed, to suit almost any fancy. In this
+design the kitchen apartments are below stairs; in future plans we shall
+give some with kitchen, laundry, etc., on the principal floor; or they
+can be readily added to this plan. The cost of a house is the one thing
+desirable; every one asks for it, and yet every one within our knowledge
+who has built a house himself at a stated price has been sadly deceived.
+Close specifications are very dry reading, and not appropriate here,
+and it is questionable how much service they would be to any but
+professional builders. It is reasonable to suppose, that if one without
+building experience undertakes it, he will have to pay something
+additional for the knowledge he will gain. If he places it to the proper
+account, then we can not be accused of misleading him.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37.--_Second Floor._]
+
+Most men contemplate, at some period of life, the construction of a
+dwelling-house, but few deem it necessary to study their wants or
+prepare their plans until they have selected their site and made all
+other arrangements for building, and then proceed with all possible
+haste to plan a home. That which should have been the study of months or
+years, is hurried through in as many days, imperfectly done at the best,
+and the cause of frequent annoying and expensive changes after the work
+has commenced. It is true, that the site has very much to do with the
+distribution of rooms, but any ingenious architect can readily adapt a
+proper combination of rooms to suit the exposures and views of a
+particular site. It would be vastly better for those who prefer to
+arrange their own plan of rooms, (and there are but very few who do
+not,) that they take abundant time to consider well every thing relating
+to them; and although the hope of building may be very remote, it should
+not be considered time lost to begin to give one's thoughts a definite
+form of what he thinks a house should be; for if nothing else results,
+it may furnish a valuable hint for a friend, and will certainly enlarge
+one's information and experience in these matters. Almost every one is
+capable, with such hints as have been freely given in the volumes of the
+HORTICULTURIST, in the leading papers which treat on rural art, and the
+numerous valuable publications on rural architecture, to make such a
+combination of rooms as will best suit his peculiar wants, tastes, or
+fancies, and then, with the aid of an architect, it can readily be freed
+from mechanical impracticabilities, and put into a proportionate and
+harmonious form. Architecture, both in design and construction, is a
+profession that requires long years of study and practice to develop an
+expert, and those who really want a good thing at the least cost,
+usually seek such assistance; those who prefer to do their own designing
+and building, find out with absolute certainty the most expensive modes
+of erecting very ugly and ill-proportioned structures.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 11.
+
+A SUBURBAN SUMMER HOUSE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38.]
+
+In the adornment of ornamental grounds, some considerable attention has
+been given to summer houses, and similar structures; but these have been
+mainly _rustic_ in their design and finish, and in this respect well
+adapted to their purpose and surroundings. The good taste of these
+structures will not be called in question. There are locations, however,
+in the more immediate vicinity of our large cities, where a style less
+rustic would seem to be more in harmony with the architecture which is
+found to prevail. We refer to residences on the outskirts of our large
+cities, with inclosures containing a few city lots. Here the
+architecture, so far from being rural, is, on the contrary, stiff,
+sharp, and sometimes very ornate. A rustic summer house in such a place
+would be an incongruity. A rustic house is in itself a beautiful object;
+but there is a certain charm in association which can not be widely
+departed from without doing violence to our conceptions of the fitness
+of things; and hence a purely rustic house without rural surroundings is
+destitute of the chief elements which give rise to the beautiful. Most
+persons would say it was out of place.
+
+The design herewith presented was prepared to meet the requirements of
+such a case; it is consequently somewhat elaborate. It is located on a
+small plot of ground within the city limits, and in full view from three
+streets. The grounds are laid out with a few rectangular walks, and such
+shrubs as the small size of the place would admit of. The house, we
+think corresponds with its surroundings. Its faults, if any, are a
+little too much ornament, but something of this kind seemed to be
+required in the absence of that more beautiful ornamentation produced by
+the drapery of Nature. The house is so located that it receives the
+morning sun for a few hours, but during the rest of the day is in the
+shade; it therefore constitutes a pleasant place of retreat for the
+family at all hours, and is used by the children freely as a play house.
+The floor is laid in narrow stuff, and is elevated a foot above the
+ground for the sake of dryness. Easy seats, a handsome centre table, and
+a hanging lamp complete the interior. Venetian blinds afford ample
+protection on a misty day or a chilly night, or admit the soft summer
+breeze on a hot and sultry eve.--_Horticulturist._
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 12.
+
+STABLE AND CARRIAGE HOUSE.
+
+
+This stable affords abundant accommodation for three horses, with
+carriage house, feed room, and a large harness room on the first floor,
+while the loft above may contain a coachman's room, and leave ample
+space for hay and straw.
+
+If required, a shed and cow house can be extended on the side opposite
+the carriage house, thus adding considerably to the effect of the
+external appearance. Under the stable there should be a cellar for the
+storage of roots for feed, and, if desirable, the winter stock of
+vegetables for household use. This stable may be built of wood, or of
+stone or brick.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40.--_Stable Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 13.
+
+
+This design is intended to cover, at a low cost, as much comfort and
+convenience as a moderate-sized family would require, and to distribute
+the same as much as possible on one floor.
+
+The cellar or basement kitchen is dispensed with and only enough cellar
+room provided to meet the wants of those who occupy suburban places of a
+few acres in extent. Where large quantities of vegetables are stored, or
+where cellar room is required for farm purposes, we think it better to
+build cellars separate from the residence, (an arrangement much more
+healthful, as well as convenient and desirable.) For the preservation in
+warm weather of meats, milk, and other perishable articles, a
+refrigerator, or, better still, an ice closet, can be set up at one end
+of the laundry. This can be supplied with ice through an outside door,
+and is infinitely better and more convenient than any cellar or spring
+house.
+
+The kitchen is without a fire-place, but is provided with a ventilator
+in the chimney near the ceiling. The cooking may be done by a stove,
+which, if properly contrived, is one of the most effective ventilators,
+and preferred by many housekeepers for all kitchen purposes. Or a range
+can be placed in the chimney, if desirable, or a fire-place, if it
+should be considered indispensable.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41.--_Elevation._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42.--_Plan._]
+
+A door under the stair-way separates the front and rear halls, and
+disconnects the kitchen apartments from the rest of the house. All the
+doors opening into the rear hall should be hung with the new spiral
+spring butt, the best door spring that has come under our notice. It is
+entirely concealed, and works without a fault.
+
+The closets in the dining room are finished to give an interior
+appearance of a bay window. The dining room and the two chambers above,
+are intended to be heated by a fire-place heater set in the chimney,
+thus warming three rooms, at pleasure, with one fire. A small stove in
+the library will keep that comfortable. Or, in place of all this, the
+whole house may be heated by any of the approved modes, in the use of
+hot air, hot water, or steam.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43.--_First Floor._]
+
+The library, parlor, or general living room in a country house--and we
+like these rooms in one--should have the cheerful, healthful luxury of
+an open fire-place, and we know of no more elegant, cleanly and
+effective contrivance for this purpose than Dixon's low down,
+Philadelphia Grate, in which wood, coal, or any other fuel can be used
+equally well. The advantages combined in this grate are these:--the
+fire flat on the hearth, and radiating the heat from an oval cast iron
+backing: cold air supplied from below, and ashes, dirt, &c., shaken down
+into an ash-pit in the cellar, beneath the grate. We speak confidently
+of this invention, after a trial of two winters, and do not hesitate to
+say that, compared with this, the ordinary grate is worthless. Large
+rooms can be kept perfectly comfortable in the coldest weather, without
+heat from any other source.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44.--_Second Floor._]
+
+This house is supplied with a cistern, constructed with the utmost care,
+ten feet in diameter, and ten feet deep, holding 6,000 gallons of
+water. The roof is of slate, and the rain-water is therefore of great
+purity, free from color, and the woody taste usually imparted to it by
+falling on a shingle roof.
+
+At the laundry sink is one of West's lift and force pumps, which draws
+the water from the cistern. This pump is a simple and effective affair,
+and works with remarkable ease, is always in order, and may be
+considered one of the best pumps known. We have given it a thorough
+trial, and speak from personal knowledge.
+
+On one side of the laundry sink there is also one of Kedzie's large size
+rain-water filters, which holds several pails full of water, and which
+we commend as an admirable contrivance for the purposes intended. It
+possesses every merit claimed for it, and after more than a year's use,
+the water drawn from it is of such crystal purity and sweetness as to
+attract the attention of all to whom it is offered.
+
+No well has been dug or contemplated on the premises connected with this
+cottage. About one-half the cost of a well has been expended upon a
+slate roof, a large and carefully-constructed cistern, West's pump and
+Kedzie's filter--the other half has been safely invested in U. S.
+7-30's, and instead of hoisting water fifty feet, for household, garden,
+and stable uses, the turn of a croton water tap is not more easy and
+convenient, and the finest flow of a silver spring of soft water, is
+not more beautiful than that delivered by West's pump and Kedzie's
+filter, which supplies for all purposes of the cottage, stable, and
+garden, water unsurpassed in its pleasant and wholesome properties.
+Those who seek the most convenient and reliable modes of procuring the
+purest and sweetest water, will find this to be the least costly and the
+most satisfactory.
+
+For a compact, convenient cottage, with every facility for doing the
+work of the household, with the least number of steps--in which all the
+essential modern conveniences are introduced, without the modern prices
+attached--for a low-priced, elegant cottage, we do not know of any plan
+more appropriate than this.
+
+In the construction of this house a bay-window was introduced in front,
+in the parlor, (Fig. 43.) and the veranda was made half octagon. These
+alterations add much to exterior appearance, as well as to the capacity
+of the parlor. On the side of the parlor and dining room an addition is
+contemplated, which will relieve the apparent want of variety which now
+exists, and essentially improve the external appearance.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 14.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45.--_Cottage Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46.--_Plan._]
+
+Fig. 45 shows a design for a cottage stable, giving accommodations for a
+horse and cow, two carriages, one or two wagons, and two tons of hay.
+The main building is so proportioned, that three more stalls may be
+added, and it may then become the wing of a larger building, to be used
+for carriage room and other purposes. For those who keep but one horse
+and cow, this design affords abundant room.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 15.
+
+ICE HOUSE.
+
+
+It is only within a few years that ice, in all seasons, has been classed
+among the necessaries of life. In large cities it is indispensable, but
+the cool spring-house or cellar in the country impresses many with the
+idea that ice, in summer months, can only be regarded as a luxury. Along
+with other conveniences in keeping with this progressive age, the
+ice-house has its place, and a country-seat of any pretensions is not
+complete without it.
+
+It is simple in construction, and can be built very cheaply of rough
+materials, or made as elaborate as is desirable. It forms a pretty
+feature about the grounds, if treated with some architectural taste.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47.--_Ice House._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48.--_Ground Plan._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49.--_Perspective._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 16.
+
+
+This design, with the accompanying plans sufficiently explain themselves
+without minute description. The arrangement, as will be seen upon
+examination, secures a very large amount of accommodation, with good
+sized rooms, and ample store and closet conveniences. The building is
+compact, and at the same time presents a pleasing variety in its
+exterior appearance. By carrying up the library, two dressing rooms, for
+the two principal chambers, may be secured.
+
+When one contemplates building, and has put his thoughts and wishes into
+a tangible form, the leading question asked is, how much will all this
+cost? for what price in dollars and cents, without extras or additional
+charges of any kind, can this dwelling be erected in a good and
+workmanlike manner, in accordance with plans and specifications, and
+satisfactory to the owner? This is precisely the plain English of what a
+business man wants to know; for we hold that it is right and proper,
+that every one should look right through all the connected links and
+complications that require a considerable expenditure of money, and see
+that he lands carefully in the place anticipated. To start with the
+intention of disbursing $5,000, and wind up with an expenditure of
+$12,000, is not only annoying in a money point of view, but an
+impeachment of one's judgment and good sense, not pleasant to hear
+outsiders reflect on; for however much one might wish to shift the
+responsibility on others, it is one of those things that time will
+always place where it belongs. As long as men consider the arts of
+designing and constructing buildings to be of no special importance, or
+that they are qualified, without instruction or experience, to practice
+them, expensive blunders will naturally result, and sooner or later it
+will be discovered that such wisdom is dearly bought. There are many,
+however, who prefer to manage their building affairs thus, and who can
+only learn more agreeable and less expensive modes by actual experience;
+some do it from ignorance, some from supposed economy, and others from
+the supposition that they are best qualified.
+
+The design for a house or other building, and a plan of the interior
+arrangement of each floor, prepared by a professional man who makes such
+things the business of his life, is now very generally admitted by
+intelligent men to be essential; but the management or superintendence
+of the work by the party who has studied and designed it, does not seem
+quite so apparent. An architect prepares the drawings for a dwelling to
+cost $5,000; now whether it actually will cost $5,000, $8,000 or
+$10,000, in the hands of another superintendent, is an unanswered
+problem. A prevailing folly which we find very general, is to suppose
+that all men can build the same house, in all places, for precisely the
+same amount of money; and but few are willing to admit that they, of all
+others, are not the most competent to carry through the whole business
+of building at the lowest figure. Some must find out in the most
+expensive manner, that the profession of an architect, or the skill of a
+builder, can only be attained by long years of careful application.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50.--_Basement Plan._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51.--_First Floor._]
+
+What a house will cost to build is a question always asked with the
+utmost simplicity, and a prompt and reliable answer always expected, and
+if not forthcoming at once, gives rise to a suspicion that one's
+professional ability is not of the most thorough character. There are
+so many conditions to govern results in house building, that even an
+approximate estimate may fall very wide of the mark. Two houses may be
+built from the same plan, and we may also say, from the same
+specifications; one by day's work, and the other by contract, and they
+shall be so exactly alike in all respects when finished, that an
+unprofessional observer would detect no difference, and yet one may
+honestly cost just double the amount in money expended on the other;
+even the same builder may build two houses precisely alike in all
+respects, and yet the cost be quite unequal. On one site stone may be
+easily obtained, a sand bank on the premises, a running brook close at
+hand, saw mills, brick yards, and lime kilns within moderate distances
+and accessible by good roads. The other site may be quite the reverse in
+situation, or have some decided disadvantages in obtaining some very
+necessary materials. We once built a fine stone house where stone was
+abundant and close at hand, but all the lumber and brick had to be
+hauled thirteen miles over hilly roads; the cost of that house has
+nothing to do with the cost of a similar house in a different locality.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52.--_Second Floor._]
+
+A competent business superintendent has a great deal to do with the cost
+of a house; one that understands all the tricks of every building trade,
+that knows the market well, and the value and quality of all building
+materials, and where inferior workmanship and materials can be used to
+an equal advantage with those of first class. To slight work and yet do
+it justice; to give it all the strength and endurance necessary,
+requires one of skillful acquirements. A mechanic may persuade a
+proprietor into many a long day's work, as it pays well to nurse good
+jobs when other work is slack, but an architect who understands such
+things would save the value of useless work.
+
+The cost of a house depends on a well-studied plan; this plan does not
+consist alone in the arrangement of rooms, windows, doors, etc., but
+involves a careful study of the anatomy of construction. One may save by
+a proper distribution of timbers, as well as make a very great saving by
+the arrangement of rooms. Good management is of the greatest importance,
+not only as a matter of economy, but as securing the best class of
+workmanship, and the most judicious use of materials. Good or bad
+management produces the same results in building operations as in war or
+any other pursuit.
+
+One takes up a capital work on rural architecture, written perhaps ten
+or fifteen years ago, before the general introduction of furnaces, steam
+pipes, gas, baths, marble basins, etc.; they find a house that suits
+them, which the book says will cost $6,000, and that is just the amount,
+by close figuring, that can be raised for building. The house is
+ordered, put in the hands of the best mechanic to finish all complete,
+and he goes ahead; he is unrestricted except by the book, and the author
+of it is a man of reputation. In the way of details perhaps nothing has
+been said; they are therefore extravagant in the use of materials, and
+elaborate in workmanship; as it is not considered good policy for a
+workman who has a good order, to make suggestions calculated to decrease
+the amount of work. When the bills to the amount of $6,000 have been
+settled, the house is found to be half finished, and an additional
+$6,000 is necessary to complete it; less that one year's interest of
+which would have amply sufficed to secure the services of one who has
+spent the best years of his life to learn how to design and to manage
+work to cost a specified price.
+
+When an architect says a house can be built for a certain price, it is
+to be understood that materials delivered on the ground shall not exceed
+an average cost, that the payments made are to be in cash, and that he
+manages the work. To hold an architect responsible or blame him for
+blunders in the cost of work that he designed and did not superintend,
+is manifestly unjust, yet it is a frequent occurrence. The cost of work
+is a question easily answered, when one is fully acquainted with all its
+bearings and has it under his control, but no one can say at what price
+a novice in building operations can execute it.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 17.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 54.--_Stable Plan._ (_Reversed._)]
+
+Fig. 53 is a design for a cottage stable, with stalls for two horses,
+and the necessary carriage room and other conveniences. This design, in
+its exterior, presents as great a degree of variety in the combinations
+of form and shadow as the price will admit of. It answers the purposes
+of comfortable protection and convenience, as well or even better than
+the most costly structures. A horse needs a dry, well-ventilated
+apartment, and enjoys fresh air, daylight, and sunlight as well as human
+beings. Unless these very inexpensive wants are provided, no
+compensation is afforded by elaborate detail and workmanship.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 18.
+
+SCHOOL HOUSE AT IRVINGTON, ON THE HUDSON.
+
+
+Our architectural series would be by no means complete if devoted
+entirely to dwellings; and as the resources of an extensive professional
+practice in the arts which embellish and beautify our country may be
+largely made use of, we present here a design for another class of
+buildings.
+
+A school-house is not a building which every one contemplates erecting,
+and yet a large proportion are, or ought to be, interested in developing
+in structures of this class such architectural principles as shall make
+their impressions in early life, and influence future tastes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 55.--_School House._]
+
+This building is designed to accommodate about fifty scholars, being 25
+by 40 feet, with a front projection 10 by 18 feet. In the basement a
+large furnace and abundant accommodation for coal. The main floor is
+divided into school-room, two recitation rooms, hat and coat room, wash
+closet with sink, and water closet, above which is a large tank,
+supplied from the roof. An outside cistern supplies cool drinking-water,
+the purest and healthiest water known, and renders the use of ice
+unnecessary in summer. The height of all these ceilings is nearly
+fourteen feet, and each room is thoroughly ventilated; the belfry is
+provided with a one hundred pound bell; indeed, nothing has been left
+undone that is calculated to promote the health and comfort of the
+pupils.
+
+The partition between the doors to the recitation rooms is made in
+sections, and can be easily removed, thus making one large room for
+exhibition and lecture purposes. The stage, in this case is to be placed
+at the left end of the room. The capacity of the building can be nearly
+doubled by occupying the entire floor as a school-room, and building an
+addition 12 by 24 feet directly in the rear, opposite to the front
+projection, for recitation rooms.
+
+The situation of this building at Irvington, on the Hudson, some
+twenty-five miles above the city of New York, is in a charming, healthy,
+and delightful locality; one made famous by the pen and residence of
+Washington Irving, and noted for its magnificent scenery, its views of
+river and mountain, and the fine taste displayed in landscape and
+architectural embellishments by those who have made their homes in this
+vicinity.
+
+We have always thought that those educational institutions possess the
+most attractions that are so situated that all surroundings shall have a
+favorable influence; and there is nothing like example in early
+training. Bring up and educate a boy among those who know nothing of the
+refinements of life, away from the progressive examples of art and
+taste, in a tumble-down, unplastered, ill-heated and ventilated
+apartment, and he never can become, with all the aid of books and
+teachers, as thoroughly cultivated and fitted for the duties of life, as
+one who has enjoyed associations of a higher order. School architecture
+has a meaning in it; there is value in proportion, harmony, beauty,
+light and shade, as applied to school buildings, that is not
+comprehended by all. A recent writer says better than we can say it,
+that "It is the duty of teachers, as well as parents and school
+committees, to see that the circumstances under which children study are
+such as shall leave a happy impression upon their minds; for whatever is
+brought under the frequent observation of the young must have its
+influence upon their susceptible natures for good or evil. Shabby
+school-houses induce slovenly habits. Ill-constructed benches may not
+only distort the body, but, by reflex influence, the mind as well.
+Conditions like these seldom fail to disgust the learner with his
+school, and neutralize the best efforts of his teachers. On the other
+hand, neat, comfortable places for study may help to awaken the
+associations enchaining the mind and the heart to learning and virtuous
+instruction with links of gold brightening forever."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 56.--_Principal Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 57.--_Perspective View._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 19.
+
+
+This design was prepared for erection in the vicinity of Goshen, Orange
+Co., N. Y., and the accommodation limited to a price not exceeding ----.
+It presents in hall, verandas, and large parlor, some of the very
+necessary attractions of a country house, and is a good example of what
+can be done for a limited sum. While the plan is a parallelogram, and
+the roof free from hips and valleys, the general arrangement is such as
+to show considerable variety in outline, and one, we think, that will
+have a pleasing effect.
+
+Such houses, erected in the vicinity of New York, and many of our large
+cities, would add a large value to the ground they stand on, and pay a
+handsome rate of interest on their cost; better than any other class of
+building investments, as the supply is in nowise equal to the demand. It
+is so simple a matter, with present prompt and rapid railroad
+facilities, to invite a fair proportion of the young business men of our
+large cities to make their homes in the adjoining country, that we
+wonder capitalists and real estate owners do not more frequently make
+money for themselves and others by erecting tasteful, low-priced
+suburban homes.
+
+In former times, a house of this class erected in the country, would be
+painted exteriorly a pure white, with no relief, except probably in the
+violent contrast of bright green venetian blinds to the windows. This
+sort of taste unfortunately still remains, although in the progress of
+rural taste and art, the country is much improved in this respect.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 58.--_Cellar._]
+
+There is a variety of colors, known as neutral tints, which are suitable
+for exteriors, and the effect produced by them is altogether pleasing,
+while a house painted white can never be an agreeable object in any
+landscape, however admirable its architectural proportions and finish
+may be.
+
+The tone of color for a house will depend upon its size, form, and
+situation, and it often requires a nice and cultivated eye to determine
+what would be most appropriate and effective.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 59.--_First Floor._]
+
+For such a house as this, we should choose a light fawn color--not
+yellow--and paint the cornice, window-frames and other projecting and
+ornamental parts two or three shades darker than the body of the
+building. This will give a depth of shadow and expression which cannot
+be obtained in any other way.
+
+Large houses, with massive features of construction, will bear to be
+painted with darker colors, but they should not be too sombre, so as to
+give a gloomy appearance to the house. The country, with its bright
+sunshine, its rich adornments of flowers, and its numberless forms of
+beauty and grace, is eminently cheerful. It often happens that the
+painter does all he can to mar this cheerfulness and beauty, by
+startling contrasts of colors, and by destroying the harmony which
+pervades the landscape.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 60.--_Second Floor._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 20.
+
+A COUNTRY CHAPEL.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 61.--_Perspective._]
+
+We present in this design a plan for a substantial and permanent chapel,
+having capacity for seating about four hundred. For the purpose for
+which it was designed, no distinct chancel was required. Such a
+chancel could be arranged, if desired, in a recess taken off the lecture
+or class room in the rear of the chapel. It could be lighted at the
+roof, or on the sides.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 62.--_Ground Plan._]
+
+This chapel, built of stone throughout, with an open timber roof and
+stained glass windows, would be an ornament to any country locality, and
+a credit to the taste and liberality of those who built it.
+
+Every thing about such a chapel should be _real_, and no suspicion of
+sham or unreality should be tolerated in any part of the work. The
+practice of building the fronts of churches of stone, while the side and
+rear walls are constructed of rough brick, painted and marked off to
+resemble the stone, is very common, we know, both in town and country,
+but it is a species of deceit and false pretence which ought not to be.
+If the best and costliest material cannot be used for the entire
+structure, let the rougher and inferior material be fairly shown, in
+every part. If the means and liberality of the parish cannot provide oak
+or walnut for the interior finish, let the wood work be plainly painted,
+or what is better still, simply oiled, but there should be no cunning
+deception of graining, to represent the costlier wood. It is not
+_honest_, and, we take it, a church, built for religious worship, is the
+last place that should betray our human meanness and want of honesty.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 21.
+
+
+We show in this design what can be done with a substantial old farm
+house; how easily and beautifully it can be changed into a suburban home
+of elegant exterior, and comfortable and convenient interior
+appointments.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 63.--_View of the House at the time of Purchase._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 64.--_The same remodeled._]
+
+This class of spacious and substantial farm houses, with the gambrel,
+curb, or Mansard roof, as shown in Fig. 63, is very numerous about the
+suburbs of New York City, and more particularly in the "neighboring
+province of New Jersey," where one finds them nestled in the valleys or
+by the road side, as best fitting to the taste of our early Dutch
+settlers, who prized seclusion and protection above bleak exposure and
+far-reaching views.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 65.]
+
+As a general thing, the better class of New Jersey farm houses of this
+type were built of squared and hammered red sand-stone, laid up in
+regular courses, and in many instances the character of the work
+differed on all sides, the front being the most finely finished. And in
+many of the most pretentious of these houses, brick was substituted for
+the front, as being less common.
+
+There is, perhaps, nothing more difficult in an architect's experience
+than to make a fine thing out of a subject so destitute of beauty of
+form or proportion, and yet preserve the substantial walls and other
+belongings, that have stood for half a century, and are now stronger,
+and promise a durability that exceeds those of other houses built in
+this progressive age; and yet here is a "presto change" that will almost
+defy the keen eyes of the old settlers to recognize any trace of the
+ancient landmark that for fifty years has overlooked the beautiful
+valley of the Tenakill.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 66.]
+
+There are very many of these old houses that are equally well adapted to
+wear a modern face, though but few purchasers can look through all such
+changes with the eye of a professional expert, and select that to which,
+at a low price, a certain beauty can be added, which, when done, shall
+indicate the wisdom of their choice. First impressions many times are
+sadly against all hopes of success.
+
+          "With weather-stains upon the wall,
+           And stairways worn, and crazy doors,
+           And creaking and uneven floors,
+           And chimneys huge, and tiled and tall."
+
+But these difficulties are the least troublesome to adjust, if the
+walls are good, and ceilings of a fair modern height. It may then be a
+better choice to adapt such a house to the present cultivated tastes and
+requirements, than to build anew from the foundation.
+
+In the plans, the dotted lines show the centers of the old partitions.
+Six feet have been added to the length of the wing, thus improving the
+kitchen accommodations.
+
+This house is situated some fifteen miles from the great commercial
+metropolis, on one of the new lines of Railroad, and in a locality of
+easy access to New York business men.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 22.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 67.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 68.--_Plan._]
+
+This stable may be constructed either of wood, or of stone. It contains
+stalls for four horses, and affords space for their accommodation,
+together with a harness room and a tool closet. This latter is a
+convenience very essential to the comfort of the owner, as well as to
+the proper care and preservation of such implements as belong
+especially to the carriage house and stable.
+
+This building should be surrounded and screened with fruit trees and
+shrubbery, and then, with its evident architectural effects, it will
+become an attractive feature in the landscape of which it becomes a
+part, with the other accessories of the elegant country home.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 23.
+
+FENCES.
+
+
+In spite of all laws to the contrary, cattle will intrude upon one's
+property, and each and all must at great expense build and maintain
+fences for their own protection. There has not as yet been devised any
+practicable mode by which the enormous sums annually spent in fencing
+might be saved. The theory advanced, that it is cheaper for each to
+fence his cattle in, than to fence his neighbor's out, has not as yet
+been practically illustrated, if we except a few suburban localities.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 69.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 70.]
+
+Fig. 69 represents a substantial fence, with a paneled base, of simple
+construction, and yet quite effective in appearance. In Fig. 70 the
+work is somewhat more elaborate, while the base is of stone, or brick.
+Each engraving shows two panels, with a gate in the centre.
+
+With chestnut or cedar posts, the pickets cut from 1-1/2 inch plank, and
+the whole kept painted, such a fence would last many years.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 24.
+
+RESIDENCE OF CHARLES F. PARK, ESQ.
+
+
+This residence of which we show only the floor plans, occupies a
+commanding position on the northern end of the Palisades, on the western
+side of the Hudson, some twenty miles above the city of New York, the
+river, mountain, and inland views from which are exceedingly fine,
+embracing the villages of Dobbs' Ferry, Irvington, Tarrytown, Sing Sing,
+Piermont, Nyack, and Tappan, as well as Tappan Zee and Haverstraw Bay,
+the distant Highlands of the Hudson, and the beautiful valleys of the
+Sparkill and the Hackensack, a section of country rich in historic
+associations, and highly appreciated by those who seek suburban homes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 71.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 72.--_Second Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 73.--_Third Floor._]
+
+This house was designed principally for a summer residence, being nearly
+fifty feet square, with wide halls and spacious verandah, and commodious
+and well ventilated sleeping apartments, the plans showing the
+arrangement of rooms. The style of architecture selected is that
+generally known as the Rural Gothic, which, perhaps, is the most useful
+and most beautiful of any that are adapted to the requirements of our
+climate. The almost square form of the plan is one of the most difficult
+to treat successfully in this style, yet has been carried out in the
+most satisfactory manner. This style admits of an almost never-ending
+variety of form and proportion, and in effects of light and shadow at
+all hours of day is unequaled. Its comparative expense but little
+exceeds the hipped and Mansard roofs.
+
+The building is constructed in the most thorough and workman-like
+manner, and is as well adapted for a winter residence as for summer. The
+frame is built in the balloon style, (the strongest known form of
+framing,) with deep studding filled in with brick, having double air
+chambers, is thoroughly finished throughout, is covered with a slate
+roof, and fulfills all the requirements of a substantial and commodious
+country residence.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 25.
+
+CARRIAGE HOUSE AND STABLE.
+
+
+The accompanying design for a carriage house and stable affords about
+the same amount of accommodation as Design 22. The arrangement, however,
+is somewhat different, and the exterior quite unlike it. In this plan
+the portion appropriated to the stalls is more ample, and the means for
+ventilation abundant.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 74.--_Stable._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 75.--_Stable Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 26.
+
+RESIDENCE OF THOS. H. STOUT, ESQ.,
+
+IRVINGTON, ON THE HUDSON.
+
+
+Irvington is a noted locality for the higher grades of country homes,
+there being many fine examples of substantial, roomy, and elegantly
+appointed mansions. Far within the gradually extending circle which
+limits the daily intercourse of the business man to the city of New
+York, it has become, in virtue of its position, healthfulness, fine
+scenery, and ease of access, one of the most favored of the suburbs of
+this city; a city whose rapid increase of population and corresponding
+decreasing comforts in conveyance from one portion to another, is
+turning the attention of those who like ease of transit, and the quiet
+and health of the country, to a residence among its beautiful and
+attractive suburbs. What the last ten years have accomplished in
+introducing rapid and reliable communication, and building up and
+improving the country about New York, will probably be repeated several
+times over in the next decade. An impetus has been given to rural life,
+that will increase with every facility that is offered, and it will not
+be many years before the suburbs of New York will compare with any city
+in the world; and we question, even now, if elsewhere can be found a
+suburban locality comparable with the east bank of the Hudson, from
+New York to the Highlands.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 76.--_Residence of Thos. H. Stout, Esq., Irvington,
+on the Hudson._]
+
+The accompanying engravings illustrate a country house that embraces
+many of the best features of exterior variety, and interior compactness
+and convenience. The workmanship and materials throughout have been of
+the best description, and no pains have been spared to make it first
+class in every respect.
+
+Situated on the slope of the eastern bank of the Hudson, it overlooks
+the broad expanse of "Tappan Zee," and commands the views peculiar to
+this locality, that reach from the Highlands to the ocean.
+
+To build well, and to do so at a low price, is always desirable; and to
+build artistically, imposingly, attractively, does not imply elaborate
+finish or profuse ornament. Sand paper and decoration will never make an
+ill-proportioned building attractive to an educated taste, while a rough
+exterior of harmonious lines and forms will pass current with those who
+have an eye to the artistic.
+
+One of the most important lessons that the art student learns is that of
+effect; that effects can not be produced by smoothly finished surfaces
+or details; and that in architecture, as well as in sculpture or
+painting, there must be a strong bold manner of execution, when there is
+a desire to convey an impression of strength or power.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 77.--_Cellar._]
+
+Where stone is conveniently obtained as a building material, its use in
+rural architecture deserves far more consideration than is usually
+bestowed on it; and in its unchiselled, quarried form it becomes
+desirable in an economical point of view. There is an imposing grandeur
+in the unhewn stone that asserts its presence in both near and distant
+views, and, with the proper combinations of proportion, and light and
+shade, will illustrate the finest architectural effects. Prevailing
+prejudices are too apt to consider it not only cheap, but inferior in
+protection and durability to finely wrought surfaces and smooth,
+close-fitting joints. We are too apt to estimate the value and beauty of
+a stone house by the amount of labor lavished on its exterior, as if the
+chisel possessed the power to make the joints more impenetrable, and
+bestowed an endurance commensurate with the story of expense that it
+tells. So long as we build well and honestly, with a proper regard to
+protection from the weather, in a substantial and workmanlike manner,
+good taste and sound sense will uphold the use of quarried rock, and
+discover a permanent strength and power in this Cyclopean masonry that
+elaborately finished surfaces and delicately wrought ornaments fail to
+express.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 78.--_First Floor._]
+
+Dressed in squared blocks and hammered lines, stone becomes an expensive
+building material, and preference is then given to something else less
+costly; but if used in its quarried form, irregular in size and shape,
+it becomes, wherever conveniently obtained, among the economical
+materials used for building, and is unsurpassed for its impressiveness
+and durability. No paint is required to preserve it from the weather,
+and no color is so good as the color of the stone; time softens its
+tints, and the clambering vine that lays hold of the massive walls is a
+decoration beyond the resources of architecture.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 79.--_Second Floor._]
+
+"If a building," says Mr. Ruskin, "be under the mark of average
+magnitude, it is not in our power to increase its apparent size by any
+proportionate diminution in the scale of its masonry; but it may be
+often in our power to give it a certain nobility by building it of massy
+stones, or, at all events, introducing such into its make. Thus it is
+impossible that there should ever be majesty in a cottage built of
+brick; but there is a marked element of sublimity in the rude and
+irregular piling of the rocky walls of the mountain cottages of Wales,
+Cumberland, and Scotland.
+
+"And if the nobility of this confessed and natural masonry were more
+commonly felt, we should not lose the dignity of it by smoothing
+surfaces and fitting joints. The sums which we waste in chiselling and
+polishing stones, which would have been better left as they came from
+the quarry, would often raise a building a story higher.
+
+"There is also a magnificence in the natural cleavage of the stone to
+which the art must indeed be great, that pretends to be equivalent; and
+a stern expression of brotherhood with the mountain heart from which it
+has been rent, ill-exchanged for a glistering obedience to the rule and
+measure of men. His eye must be delicate indeed who would desire to see
+the Pitti Palace polished."
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 27.
+
+A CHAPTER ON GATES.
+
+
+We present in the following designs, several illustrations of the
+principle of the truss applied to wooden gates. It was described by us,
+several years ago in the _Country Gentleman_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 80.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 81.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 82.]
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 83.]
+
+Since then, in our professional rambles, we have accidentally noticed
+some thirty gates erected after these designs in different sections
+of the country, and, for aught we know to the contrary, it is one of the
+most popular gates that swing. The principle of this gate is best shown
+in figure 80, and consists of four panels of braces crossing each other,
+and held firmly in position by five iron rods, which can be tightened by
+the screws at the bottom. The braces are not tenoned, and there are no
+nails about the gate. There can be no sagging under any circumstances;
+but should such a thing occur from unequal shrinkage, it can easily be
+remedied by placing a thin strip of wood or sheet lead under the foot
+of the braces running forward. There is economy in the construction of
+these gates, as they can be made with a less number of joints, and
+greater strength and stiffness secured with lighter materials, than in
+any other style of gate we know of. The principle is the one used in
+railroad bridges and roofs of great span, and our own experience with
+them, having built and tested all the gates here illustrated, is, that
+they possess very decided merits. [Illustration: FIG. 84.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 85.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 86.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 87.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 88.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 89.]
+
+Fig. 81 is the principal entrance gate to one of the finest estates on
+the Hudson, above Tarrytown, and although similar in appearance to
+figure 82, has some very decided differences, the cross braces in this
+case reaching only to a second rail; the rods, however, pass through to
+the bottom; it is much more elaborate in workmanship, and the addition
+of a moulding on the top and bottom would increase its effect.
+
+Fig. 84 is the entrance gate at the New Windsor, N. Y., Parsonage, and
+has been hanging six years without a perceptible change. The braces in
+this are one inch square and doubled; they are not halved, but cross
+each other, two one way and one the other, in the manner shown in figure
+85.
+
+There is no other mode of constructing gates in which rustic work can be
+made such good use of. The chief objection to all things made in the
+rustic manner is, that they soon fall to pieces, limbs shrink and twist,
+and nails do not hold; but a rustic gate held together by iron rods will
+remain good until the last brace has decayed.
+
+Fig. 86 is the principal entrance gate to one of the most finely
+finished country seats on Newburgh Bay.
+
+Figs. 87, 88, and 89, illustrate a novel style of hinge, peculiarly
+adapted to this gate, and is really stronger than any other. It requires
+less iron and less blacksmith work.
+
+Fig. 87 shows the top hinge corner, and figure 88 the bottom hinge
+corner. The iron which secures this end of the gate, passes through both
+top and bottom hinge, and binds them and the gate securely together. The
+additional fastenings for hinge are made with carriage-bolts. Nothing
+but a power beyond the enormous tensile strength of iron and the
+compressible strength of wood, will cause the gates to yield in ordinary
+use.
+
+Fig. 89 is a perspective view of the hinge, showing how it may be
+counter-sunk, and thus almost entirely concealed. Figs. 80, 81, 82, and
+83, also show the hinge, and four different styles of stone gate piers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 90.]
+
+Fig. 90 is intended for a farm gate. The cross rails are secured by
+carriage-bolts passed through them and the main braces. Each end of the
+gate has an iron rod only, which is made heavier than the others, and
+saves framing. The hinge is made by having the iron rod project beyond
+the bolt head and nut, and the upper end is passed into an eye, as shown
+in Fig. 91, which is screwed into the post; the lower end is pointed,
+and is placed in a stone as shown, or it may rest on solid iron of
+similar form to the eye. Any intelligent laborer, with an axe and auger,
+can, with the iron work, make these farm gates.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 91.]
+
+This principle of constructing gates admits of an infinite variety of
+designs; those given are merely suggestive. It admits of all classes of
+workmanship, from the plainest to the most elaborate, from the simplest
+farm gate to those required for the finished park, and in beauty,
+strength, and economy stands unequaled.
+
+Fig. 92 and 93.--Plan and elevation of an entrance gate, which we have
+executed in oak, and presents an effective appearance.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 92.--_Elevation of Entrance Gate._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 93.--_Plan._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 28.
+
+RESIDENCE OF TRISTRAM ALLEN, ESQ.,
+
+RAVENSWOOD, N. Y.
+
+
+The accompanying view of Mr. Allen's house is a good example of the
+method of adding to a dwelling which has ceased to be of sufficient
+capacity for the requirements of the family. By reference to the
+basement or cellar plan, the outline of the old house and the foundation
+of the new will be distinctly seen. The addition transforms the cottage
+to a villa, and in a manner which preserves the proportions as
+harmoniously as if the whole had been erected at one time and from one
+plan, thus illustrating a prominent advantage in this style of
+architecture, which admits more freely than any other, successive
+additions, which, when properly designed, add to the variety of outline,
+and its beauty of light and shade. The different floor plans show the
+arrangements of rooms and their connection with the original building,
+which, it will be seen, are convenient and compact.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 94.--_Perspective._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 95.--_Basement._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 96.--_First Floor._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 97.--_Second Floor._]
+
+Ravenswood is one of the most elegant of the suburbs of New York, being
+near at hand, and having frequent and rapid communication with the city.
+Situated on the Long Island shore, opposite the centre of Manhattan
+Island, overlooking the great metropolis and its outlying cities, of
+easy access to the Central Park by the Hell Gate Ferry, amid all the
+refinement of fine gardens, polished landscape scenery, and
+architectural taste, it presents at once all the enjoyments that a
+combination of city and country life can afford.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 98.--_Attic._]
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 29.
+
+RESIDENCE OF LINDLEY M. FERRIS, ESQ.,
+
+NEAR POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y.
+
+
+The residence of Mr. Ferris, of which we give the plans only, is located
+south of the city of Poughkeepsie, and almost or quite within its
+suburbs. The surrounding estate, of 150 acres of handsomely rolling
+land, possesses all the attractions of beauty and fertility so generally
+awarded to the finer portions of Dutchess county. In the immediate
+vicinity are some of the highly finished and well-kept country seats
+which adorn this portion of the Hudson, and make up the attractions
+which taste and refinement always add to country life.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 99.--_First Floor._]
+
+The object aimed at in the design of this house, was that of a
+substantial and commodious mansion, suited to the requirements of a
+large family, and that should express its purpose in the simplest manner
+at a moderate expense. It was therefore desirable to avoid all costly
+irregularity of form, and all the fanciful varieties of gimcracks.
+
+The style selected as best illustrating this purpose is the Chateau
+roof, Louis XV style; the main building being 43 feet square, with a
+rear addition 25 by 29 feet; the plan illustrating the arrangement of
+rooms, verandah, etc. The first floor gives double parlors, (one of
+which may be used as a bed-room or library,) a sitting-room or
+reception-room, dining-room, and a large kitchen, with necessary
+closets, an inclosed verandah, water closets, etc. The second floor,
+main building, gives four large bed rooms and two smaller rooms for
+other purposes, and in the rear are four servants' rooms and a
+bath-room. The attic story, main building, has now five rooms, finished
+with closets, and two rooms more can be added by putting up two
+partitions. These upper rooms, in a roof of this character, are cool,
+well ventilated, well lighted, and agreeable in warm weather, there
+being roomy air chambers between the attic ceiling and the upper roof,
+and also between the walls of the rooms and the outer wall of the house.
+There is but little difference in the value of these rooms and those on
+the floor below, except convenience of access.
+
+The house is built of brick, in a first class manner, the lower roof
+slate, the upper one being tin; is thoroughly finished throughout, and
+is in all respects a convenient, durable, and commanding structure,
+giving the largest amount of room in a desirable and attractive form,
+with the most economy of means. It is situated on a knoll overlooking
+all the surrounding grounds, which include a number of other fine sites,
+one or two of which, we think, even more desirable than the one
+selected. It is not, however, an easy matter to choose one from a dozen
+sites, each almost equally good.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 100.--_Second Floor._]
+
+A new road is now being laid through these and the adjoining premises,
+to connect two of the principal drives southward from Poughkeepsie,
+which when completed, will add a new attraction to the beautiful suburbs
+of this city. The views from the grounds, more particularly from the top
+of the house, are varied and extensive. The mountain panorama, which
+sweeps three-fourths of the horizon, beginning with the Fishkill
+mountains, and ending with the Catskills, is exceedingly fine. The
+eastern view embraces the Vassar Female College, the noble gift of
+Matthew Vassar, Esq., to the cause of female education. In the
+foreground and middle distance are the rich rolling landscapes of
+Dutchess and the fertile hillsides of Ulster counties, the glittering
+spires of Poughkeepsie, the lordly Hudson, and southerly are seen the
+famous Beacons and the Highland Pass,
+
+          "Where Hudson's wave o'er silvery sands
+           Winds through the hills afar."
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 30.
+
+MODEL SUBURBAN COTTAGE--IN THE OLD ENGLISH OR RURAL GOTHIC STYLE.
+
+BY FREDERICK S. COPLEY, ARTIST, TOMPKINSVILLE, S. I.
+
+
+The general appearance of this Cottage, as seen from the road, is shown
+in the engraving, (Fig. 101.) which is a perspective view of the North
+and East Fronts.
+
+It is situated at Montrose, on the lake-like shores of Hempstead Harbor,
+near the village of Roslyn, Long Island, a spot noted for its beauty and
+healthfulness.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 101.--_Perspective._]
+
+Size of building, 44 by 38 feet. Principal Plan (Fig. 103.) 10 feet
+high. P. shows a recessed porch, with double doors of oak, (oiled) the
+outer ones open, to be closed only at night and stormy weather, behind
+the one on the right is a space for wet umbrellas, &c., the inner doors
+have glazed panels to give light within, and should always be closed. V.
+is the vestibule, containing a spiral staircase, with walnut steps and
+rail (oiled). The floor laid with encaustic tiles, with ceiling groined,
+and walls finished in imitation of stone in the sand coat. On the left
+(under the stairs) is a private door opening into a lobby, fitted with
+wash-basin, water, &c., and lighted by a narrow window, that also serves
+to light the front basement stairs, so that a servant could answer a
+call, at either front or back doors, without passing through the central
+hall; which would not only be more convenient for them, but would be to
+the family and guests, especially in time of company, when the hall
+would form a central room, by closing the doors that lead to the stairs:
+nor would this interfere in the least with the domestics, or their
+duties: as they can go from cellar to attic without disturbing the
+privacy of a single room: and the guests could ascend, unseen to the
+dressing rooms above, (from either entrance) or depart in the same
+manner.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 102.--_First Floor._]
+
+The hall screen, separating the vestibule, should be of real oak,
+(oiled) and lighted in the panels with stained glass, which would impart
+a soft and pleasant light to the hall, and produce a fine effect on
+either side, day or night. The hall is here placed in the centre of the
+plan, and so happily arranged are the doors and rooms, as not only to
+give it a symmetrical effect, but to unite the whole, _en suite_,
+without disturbing the individuality of either. Also, the hall lamp and
+stove would light and warm, equally, every room, besides passage,
+vestibule, and stairs. The cloak closet is in the passage which contains
+the back stairs.
+
+P. is the Parlor, which would be the favorite living room in the summer,
+as it faces the north, and has a large bay-window commanding a fine view
+down the harbor to the sound.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 103.--_Second Floor._]
+
+L. is the Library, and living room, connected with the parlor by sliding
+doors, with recessed book-cases, on each side, and the same on the sides
+of the bay-window, here facing the south, and possessing a beautiful
+view of the bay and hills, with the village in the distance, which make
+it the favorite quarters in winter, being fully exposed to the genial
+influences of the sun during the absence of foliage at that season. On
+the right of the mantel is a private closet for plate, papers, &c., both
+these rooms have windows opening on the west veranda, with a fine view
+across the harbor. D. is the Dining room, and a most cheerful one, (as
+it should be,) with a large ornamental window on the east, admitting the
+morning sun, and a fine bay-window on the north, looking down the road
+and harbor, possessing a charming prospect of land and water. To
+harmonize with the bay (on the other end) is the sideboard recess with a
+dumb-waiter on the right, and a china closet on the left; on one side of
+the mantel is the door opening into the lobby, which communicates with
+the hall, and basement plan below, and fitted with wash-basin, water,
+&c., which would be found most convenient to wash hands or glasses,
+delicate or valuable articles of use not wished to be trusted to
+careless servants. It will be seen that the three bay-windows on this
+plan, are of different forms, and each fitted with inside shutters. C.
+is the principal chamber, or boudoir, facing south and east, with fine
+large windows in each. The one on the south has closets on each side,
+and opens into the conservatory, making this a most delightful
+ladies'-work-room. It will be seen that all the rooms on this floor,
+although not large, are of the most comfortable size, perfect and
+elegantly proportioned, and arranged with every conceivable convenience
+requisite for the enjoyment of all the comforts and luxuries of life.
+
+Chamber Plan (Fig. 103.) is nine feet high, and in keeping with the
+rest, in its admirable arrangements, furnishing five excellent rooms,
+with a bath room, convenient to all, fitted with the latest
+improvements, (the water closet enclosed, and vertical pipes, which
+would make freezing impossible). The four principal rooms are about
+equal in size and attractiveness, as they possess the same fine views as
+the corresponding ones beneath, and each finished with fire-places and
+ample closet room. The small room windows open on a balcony, with a
+charming view of the bay; and would afford an agreeable lounge in summer
+evenings, to enjoy the setting sun, or cool breeze. All the rooms on
+these two floors (except the last) to be fitted with Dixon's patent
+grates, and Arnott's ventilating valves, which would secure sweet,
+healthy, and warm rooms, without draughts. The hall, as will be seen,
+is well lighted and ventilated, not only by the staircase window, on the
+north, but by the ventilating sash-lights over the doors of every-room;
+the bath room door is also lighted in the panel with ground glass.
+Between the doors, on the east side, is the lift, or dumb-waiter, and
+dust register, which being in the centre of the plan, is of equal
+convenience to all.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 104.--_Attic and Roof._]
+
+Fig. 104. Roof and attic plan. The attic contains five good rooms for
+the accommodation of the servants, storing fruit, trunks, &c., and
+drying clothes. As this plan has the same central arrangements as all
+the rest, consequently the same advantages in economy of space, and of
+direct and easy access to every room, stairs, &c. The landing here is
+lighted in the same way as the hall below, and by the same staircase
+window, with the addition of a large sky-light and ventilator in the
+centre, which would keep the rooms sweet and cool.
+
+Fig. 105, shows the Basement and Cellar plan, nine feet high, and
+containing every requisite convenience for the domestic duties of a
+family. As they are on the same level, and under the principal story,
+the noise and smell of the kitchen would be excluded. The garden
+entrance is shown by the steps on the southwest corner of area, which
+extends the whole of the west side, round to the hall door on the south;
+and covered by verandah, would make these rooms dry, cool, and pleasant,
+as they are but little below ground, and well lighted on two sides, with
+a large bay-window in each; the north bay fitted with wash-tubs, as this
+kitchen is intended as a back one, or scullery, and for cooking in
+during the heat of summer, it has a sink closet on the left of the
+fire-place, and dresser and shelves for pots and pans on the south side,
+by which, is a door opening into the basement, and one out on the area.
+The basement would be a cheerful room, facing the south with a large
+bay-window with seats and inside shutters, on the opposite side is a
+dresser fitted with plate rack, &c. On the east is the range and pantry;
+behind the range, in the hall, is a warm closet for clothes, shoes, &c.,
+and opposite, under the stairs, is a dark one, for potatoes. At the
+north end of the hall, (and behind the scullery, fire-place, &c.) is the
+furnace room and front basement stairs. On the east side of the hall is
+the dumb-waiter, or lift. The coal cellar has two bins placed under the
+shoots, for large and small coal, with two on the east side for ashes
+and wood. Against the middle window is a wire gauze safe, for cooked
+meats, &c.; between this and the wine cellar is the dairy; the other
+division is for stores in general. All the partitions are made open, so
+as to admit the free circulation of light and air.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 105.--_Basement and Cellar._]
+
+On observing the relative position of the different doors and windows,
+in the several plans, it will be found that the house may be ventilated
+by through drafts in every direction at pleasure; a luxury to be
+appreciated in the heat of summer. Also, by carrying the lift, or
+dumb-waiter, to the top of the house, and communicating with every
+floor, its full value would be secured, besides forming a ventilating
+shaft for the whole building, from cellar to attic. Another valuable
+labor-saving convenience (next to the water-works and lift) is the dust
+shoot, which is simply a tin tube, with registers in the floors of the
+different plans, to sweep the dust into, from the rooms, where it
+descends to the cellar, and is caught in a barrel, to be removed when
+full. It is here placed in the hall, by the side of the lift, on every
+floor, which by this central arrangement is at the door of every room.
+
+Construction, although of wood, is made nearly fire proof, by making the
+floors, walls, partitions and stairs solid. The walls and principal
+partitions are formed of slats of one inch thick by four inches broad,
+securely nailed one on the other, so as to form a one inch groove on
+both sides, to plaster on. This forms a good strong six inch solid wall,
+fire and vermin proof, and dryer than any built of stone or brick. The
+stairs to have their skeletons of iron work, filled in solid with
+cement. The floors of basement and entry to be of earthenware tiles, the
+kitchen and cellar cemented. That of the principal plan, (forming the
+ceiling of the basement, &c., the seat of danger,) should be formed of
+brick, arched on iron girders, and filled up with cement, and laid with
+larch, (as that burns less freely than any other wood). The hall, &c.,
+to be laid with encaustic tiles. The floors of the chamber plans should
+have their timbers coated with plaster paris, and filled up with mortar
+and laid with larch, the plastering of the ceilings, &c., on wire
+gauze, instead of lath; a slate roof, and the walls of the basement plan
+of hollow brick, and plastered on the inner surface. By these simple and
+inexpensive means, the house would be nearly fire proof, and life and
+property secure.
+
+The exterior is covered by a sand coat, of a cheerful and rich light
+brown ochre tint, it being the most befitting for the situation and
+design, besides possessing the advantages of economy, and imparting a
+more substantial effect, it avoids that harsh and disagreeable glare and
+glisten of paint.
+
+
+
+
+DESIGN No. 31.
+
+
+The design on the following page, for a Head Stone, was published by us
+in the May number, 1864, of the HORTICULTURIST. It attracted the
+attention of one of our most intelligent subscribers and valuable
+contributors in Western New York, who desired to set up, in their
+beautiful Cemetery, a memorial of one of his household who "who had gone
+before." The monument was executed in this city, under the supervision
+of the friend who furnished the design for the HORTICULTURIST. It was
+cut from the Caen stone, and the execution was every way satisfactory.
+The gentleman for whom it was made says in a letter advising of its safe
+arrival:--"Last week I had it set in a solid foundation, and my highest
+anticipations are more than realized. I do not see how the monument
+could be better, as to material, design, and inscriptions. It is unique,
+yet chaste, highly significant and satisfactory. I have only words of
+praise and feelings of gratitude for a result that so fully answers to
+my ideal."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 106.--_Head Stone._]
+
+
+
+
+"BALLOON FRAMES."
+
+          "If it had not been for the knowledge of balloon
+          frames, Chicago and San Francisco would never have
+          arisen as they did, from little villages, to great
+          cities in a single year."--SOLON ROBINSON.
+
+
+In these days of BALLOONING, it is gratifying to know that there is one
+practically useful, well tested principle, which has risen above the
+character of an experiment, and is destined to hold an elevated position
+in the opinions of the masses. That principle is the one which is
+technically, as well as sarcastically, termed Balloon Framing, as
+applied to the construction of all classes of wooden buildings.
+
+The early history of the Balloon Frame, is somewhat obscure, there being
+no well authenticated statements of its origin. It may, however, be
+traced back to the early settlement of our prairie countries, where it
+was impossible to obtain heavy timber and skillful mechanics, and the
+fact is patent to any one who has passed through the pleasures and the
+vicissitudes of the life of a pioneer, that his own necessities have
+indicated the adoption of some principle in construction, that, with the
+materials he has at hand, shall fulfill all the necessary conditions of
+comfort, strength and protection. To these circumstances we must award
+the early conception of this frame, which, with subsequent additions
+and improvements, has led to its universal adoption for buildings of
+every class throughout the States and cities of the West, and on the
+Pacific coast.
+
+The Balloon Frame has for more than twenty years been before the
+building public. Its success, adaptability, and practicability, have
+been fully demonstrated. Its simple, effective and economical manner of
+construction, has very materially aided the rapid settlement of the
+West, and placed the art of building, to a great extent, within the
+control of the pioneer. That necessity, which must do without the aid of
+the mechanic or the knowledge of his skill, has developed a principle in
+construction that has sufficient merit to warrant its use by all who
+wish to erect in a cheap and substantial manner any class of wooden
+buildings.
+
+Like all successful improvements, which thrive on their own merits, the
+Balloon Frame has passed through and survived the theory, ridicule and
+abuse of all who have seen fit to attack it, and may be reckoned among
+the prominent inventions of the present generation, an invention neither
+fostered nor developed by any hope of great rewards, but which plainly
+and boldly acknowledges its origin in necessity.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 107.--_Isometrical Perspective View of the Balloon
+Frame._]
+
+The increasing value of lumber and labor, must turn the attention of men
+of moderate means to those successful plans which have demonstrated
+economy in both, and at the same time preserved the full qualities of
+strength and security so generally accorded to the old fogy principles
+of framing, and which, we presume to say, is inferior in all the true
+requisites of cheap and substantial building. Light sticks, uninjured by
+cutting mortices or tenons, a close basket-like manner of construction,
+short bearings, a continuous support for each piece of timber from
+foundation to rafter, and embracing and taking advantage of the
+practical fact, that the tensile and compressible strength of pine
+lumber is equal to one-fifth of that of wrought iron, constitute
+improvements introduced with this frame.
+
+If, in erecting a building, we can so use our materials that every
+strain will come in the direction of the fibre of some portion of the
+wood work, we can make inch boards answer a better purpose than foot
+square beams, and this application of materials is one reason of the
+strength of Balloon Frames.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 108.--_Floor Plan._]
+
+The Balloon Frame belongs to no one person; nobody claims it as an
+invention, and yet in the art of construction it is one of the most
+sensible improvements that has ever been made.
+
+That which has hitherto called out a whole neighborhood, and required a
+vast expenditure of labor, time, and noise, can, by the adoption of the
+balloon frame, be done with all the quietness and security of an
+ordinary day's work. A man and boy can now attain the same results,
+with ease, that twenty men could on an old fashioned frame.
+
+The name of "Basket Frame" would convey a better impression, but the
+name "Balloon" has long ago outlived the derision which suggested it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 109.--_Elevation Section--manner of nailing--A.
+corner stud, 4 by 4--B. joist, 3 by 8--C. stud, 2 by 4._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 110.--_D. Upper Edge of Joist--E. Stud._]
+
+The moment the foundation is prepared, and the bill of lumber on the
+ground, the balloon frame is ready to raise, and a man and boy can do
+all of it. The sills are generally 3 inches by 8 inches, halved at the
+ends or corners, and nailed together with large nails. Having laid the
+sills upon the foundation, the next thing in order is to put up the
+studding. Use 4 by 4 studs for corners and door posts, or spike two 2 by
+4 studs together, stand them up, set them plumb, and with stay laths
+secure them in position. Set up the intermediate studs, which are 2 by 4
+inches, and 16 inches between centres, toe or nail them diagonally to
+the sill. Then put in the floor joists for first floor, each joist to be
+placed alongside each stud, and nailed to it and to the sill. Next
+measure the height to ceiling, and with a chalk line mark it around the
+entire range of studding; below the ceiling line notch each stud one
+inch deep and four inches wide, and into this, flush with the inside
+face of the studding, nail an inch strip four inches wide. This notch
+may be cut before putting up the studs. If the frame be lined on the
+inside, it will not be necessary to notch the strip into the studs, but
+simply to nail it to the studding; the object of notching the studding
+is to present a flush surface for lathing, as well as to form a shoulder
+or bearing necessary to sustain the second floor; both of these are
+accomplished by lining inside the studding--(for small barns and
+outbuildings that do not require plastering, nail the strip 1 by 4 to
+the studding)--on this rests the joists of the second floor, the ends of
+which come flush to the outside face of the studding, and both ends of
+each joist are securely nailed to each stud; the bearing of the joist on
+the inch strip below is close by the stud, and the inch strip rests on a
+shoulder or lower side of the notch cut to receive it. This bearing is
+so strong that the joists will break before it would yield. Having
+reached the top of the building, each stud is sawed off to an equal
+height; if any are too short they are spliced by placing one on top of
+the other, and nailing a strip of inch board on both sides. The wall
+plate, 2 by 4 inches, is laid flat on top of the studding, and nailed to
+each stud; the rafters are then put on; they are notched, allowing the
+ends to project outside for cornice, &c. The bearing of each rafter
+comes directly over the top of each stud, and is nailed to it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 111.--_Side Elevation.--G. Manner of splicing
+sills.--F. Manner of splicing studs._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 112.--_End Elevation._]
+
+A Balloon Frame looks light, and its name was given in contempt by those
+old fogy mechanics who had been brought up to rob a stick of timber of
+all its strength and durability, by cutting it full of mortices, tenons
+and augur holes, and then supposing it to be stronger than a far lighter
+stick differently applied, and with all its capabilities unimpaired.
+
+Properly constructed, and with timber adapted to its purposes, it will
+stand securely against the fury of the elements, and answer every
+purpose that an old fashioned timber frame is calculated to fulfill.
+
+When the building is supported on posts, heavy sills are necessary, and
+the frame should be securely nailed or spiked together. The bents may be
+16, 24 or 30 inches apart, and covered in the usual manner. The thrust
+of both the rafters and contents of the building are outward; the tie, 1
+by 4, is abundantly strong, as each one will practically sustain, in the
+direction of its fibre, three tons. The floor joists are nailed to studs
+at each end. No one need fear any lack of perfect security, as these
+ties exceed in strength any hold that tenons could have.
+
+Fig. 113 illustrates the manner of framing buildings of one story, such
+as are used about almost every farm or country seat, as tool houses,
+granaries, wash-houses, spring houses, &c., &c.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 113.--_Isometrical Perspective Balloon Frame._]
+
+Very small buildings, if unplastered, will not require ceiling joists; a
+tie at each end will be all-sufficient. Moderate size buildings will be
+strong enough if the ceiling joists are left out, and collars put on
+half way up the rise of the rafter. According to the size and uses of
+the building, the collars or ceiling joists may be put on every rafter,
+every other, or every third rafter; floor joists should be about 16
+inches between centres, and the studding may be from 16 inches to 8 feet
+apart; in the last case only, every sixth floor joist is nailed to the
+stud, the intermediate ones being arranged equally distant from each
+other between the studding. Where the studding is placed wide apart, the
+plate must necessarily be heavier to sustain the roof; if vertical
+siding be used, it should be nailed to the sill and plate, and to an
+intermediate horizontal strip spiked in between the studding; if done
+in this way, the plate may be lighter; when horizontal siding is used,
+the studding should not be more than 4 feet apart--in small buildings,
+say 12 by 20 feet, we should cut all our stuff, except joists, from
+1-1/4 inch plank. Studs 4 inches wide, rafters 5 inches wide; floor
+joists should be 2 by 9 inches, and put all up 30 inches between
+centres.
+
+In Fig. 114 is shown the manner of constructing frames for buildings of
+three stories. The corner stud, 4 by 4, is composed of and built up with
+two 2 by 4 studs, which are nailed together, breaking joints as the
+building progresses in height; the splicing of studs is done in the same
+manner, being nailed together as fast as additional length is required;
+the joists of the last floor are laid upon the plate, and they act as
+tie-beams to sustain the thrust of the rafters. We consider the splice
+where the studs butt and have side strips nailed to them, to be the most
+secure; the lapping splice is very generally used, however, and found to
+answer every purpose.
+
+Ribs for vertical siding may be put on in two ways; one as shown, by
+which the ribs run over the sill, and are nailed to it; a strip of the
+same thickness as ribs, say 1-1/4 inches, nailed on to the sill to fill
+up the space between the ribs, and is then covered by the outside plinth
+or base. The other plan is to set the studs back 1-1/4 inches from face
+edge of sill; then let the end of ribs bevel down on the sill, or
+dovetail them into the edge.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 114.--_Three Story Building._ _Balloon Framing._
+_Details._
+
+Fig. 115. Joist notched down on plate.
+
+Fig. 116. Side girt not gained in for small unplastered buildings. Fig.
+117. Inside lining--answers the same purpose as a side girth.
+
+Fig. 118. Joist bearing on sill.]
+
+Either outside or inside lining may be used, or both together. Where
+diagonal lining is used, it should be reversed or run the other way on
+the opposite side of the house.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 120.--_Diagonal Ribs for Vertical or Battened
+Siding._]
+
+The lining of a Balloon Frame adds immensely to its strength,
+particularly so if put on diagonally; it may be done outside or inside,
+though on the whole the inside is preferable. If done outside, it should
+be carried over the sill and nailed to it; the sill being wider than the
+studding, in order to get a larger bearing on the masonry, and the floor
+joists being in the way, does not admit of inside lining being put on in
+the same manner.
+
+A first-class Balloon Frame should be lined, if for vertical siding,
+outside the studding--if horizontal siding is used, line inside; it
+makes the frame stiffer and the building warmer. Some line diagonally,
+say from centre next the first floor towards extreme upper corners both
+ways; others line one side diagonally in one direction, and the other in
+an opposite direction. This makes assurance of strength doubly sure. If
+lined inside, nail perpendicular lath to the lining 16 inches from
+centres, and on this lath horizontally for plastering.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 121.--_Showing lengthwise and crosswise manner of
+tying frame._]
+
+The principle of Balloon Framing is the true one for strength, as well
+as for economy. If a mechanic is employed, the Balloon Frame can be put
+up for _forty per cent. less money_ than the mortice and tenon frame. If
+you erect a balloon frame yourself, which you can easily do without the
+aid of a mechanic, it costs the price of the materials and whatever
+value you put upon your own time.
+
+Fig. 23 shows the manner of attaching the flooring to gable end
+studding, and in those buildings in which the thrust of the rafters is
+in the direction of the flooring--if every third stud be bolted to the
+joist in the manner shown, it makes the tie equal if not superior to
+that in the direction of the joists.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 122.--_Manner of Framing Large Barns._]
+
+Fig. 122 explains the manner of framing the largest class of barns. Wide
+openings, like bays, require the use of heavy timber, and the mortice,
+tenon and brace, only so far as the gallows frame is concerned; the
+balance of the frame is of light stuff, studding 2 feet to 2-1/2 feet
+apart, 2 by 6 inches, every third one 2 by 8 inches, into which is
+gained the side girt, it being nailed to the others. On this rests one
+end of the temporary floors, the gallows frame supports the roof, and
+the rafters are secured to it, so that they become ties. The side of
+this building is like a floor turned on edge, and is firmly secured by
+the floor joists at the bottom and the rafters at the top.
+
+Warehouses, depots, and other buildings of a very large size, can be
+made stronger by using the Balloon Frame, instead of the heavy timber
+frame. Those who prefer to err on the right side, can get unnecessary
+strength by using deeper studding, placing them closer together, putting
+in one or more rows of bridging and as many diagonal ribs as they like.
+In large buildings there is no saving in timber, only the substitution
+of small sizes for large--the great saving is in the labor, which is
+quite important.
+
+The following are some of the advantages claimed for the Balloon Frame:
+
+1. The principal labor of framing is dispensed with.
+
+2. It is a far cheaper frame to raise.
+
+3. It is stronger and more durable than any other frame.
+
+4. Any stick can be removed, and another put in its place, without
+disturbing the strength of those remaining--in fact, the whole building
+can be renewed stick by stick.
+
+5. It is adapted to every style of building, and better adapted for all
+irregular forms.
+
+6. It is forty per cent. cheaper than any other known style of frame.
+
+7. It embraces strength, security, comfort and economy, and can be put
+up without the aid of a mechanic.
+
+
+
+
+Established in 1846.
+
+"THE HORTICULTURIST,"
+
+AND JOURNAL OF RURAL ART AND RURAL TASTE.
+
+
+Published Monthly at Two Dollars and Fifty Cents per Annum, Twenty-five
+Cents per Number, and devoted to
+
+          GRAPE CULTURE,
+          FLOWERS,
+          RURAL ARCHITECTURE,
+          FRUITS,
+          GARDENING,
+          LANDSCAPE ADORNMENT,
+          AND RURAL PURSUITS.
+
+Forming an annual volume of 400 royal octavo pages handsomely
+Illustrated.
+
+          The Author of _My Farm of Edgewood_,
+            The Author of _Ten Acres Enough_,
+              The Author of _The Grape Culturist_,
+                The Author of _Flowers for Parlor and Garden_,
+                  The Author of _American Fruit Grower's Guide_.
+                    Rev. Dr. CRESCY,
+
+and others of the best practical talent and ability, both East and West,
+write regularly.
+
+_Back Volumes and Numbers supplied._
+
+GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+
+PUBLISHERS, 37 PARK ROW, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+WOODWARD'S GRAPERIES
+
+AND
+
+HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS,
+
+By Geo. E. & F. W. Woodward,
+
+ARCHITECTS AND HORTICULTURISTS.
+
+A new, practical, and original Work on the design and construction of
+all classes of Horticultural Buildings, including Hot-beds, Propagating
+Houses, Hot and Cold Graperies, Orchard Houses, Conservatories, &c.,
+with the best modes of heating, &c. Elegantly Illustrated. Being the
+result of an extensive professional practice.
+
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+          PUBLISHERS,
+          _Office of the "Horticulturist," 37 PARK ROW, N. Y._
+
+
+
+
+GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+
+PUBLISHERS
+
+No. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK
+
+OFFICE OF THE HORTICULTURIST.
+
+BOOKS
+
+ON
+
+          AGRICULTURE,
+            HORTICULTURE,
+              ARCHITECTURE,
+                LANDSCAPE GARDENING,
+                  AND RURAL ART
+
+For Sale at this Office, or mailed, post paid, on receipt of Publisher's
+prices.
+
+*** _Priced Catalogue on application._
+
+NEW YORK AGENTS
+
+for the _Country Gentleman, Gardeners' Monthly, & Hovey's Magazine_.
+
+Subscriptions received and back numbers supplied.
+
+
+
+
+FIRE ON THE HEARTH.
+
+          GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD,
+          37 PARK ROW, N. Y.
+
+_New York Agents for Dixon's low down Philadelphia Grates, for burning
+Wood or Coal, for sale at Manufacturer's Prices._
+
+"It is a plan for warming houses, which has never in all its points been
+surpassed." *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+"It is believed that there is scarcely a single educated Physician in
+Philadelphia, who owns the house he lives in, who is not supplied with
+one or more of these delightful luxuries."      *     *
+
+"We have one of these admirable contrivances, put in our house in 1859,
+and every additional year only increases our appreciation of the
+luxury."--_Dr. W. W. Hall, editor of Hall's Journal of Health, N. Y._
+
+_Price $35 and upwards according to size and finish. Samples at this
+Office._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+This text uses both hyphenated and spaced forms of its rooms, i.e.
+bed-room and bed room. Also used were variations on hyphenated and not
+words such stair-way and stairway.
+
+Page 16 "ofwhich" changed to "of which" (of which the public)
+
+Page 28, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (of this
+accommodation)
+
+Page 34, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (amount of
+accommodation)
+
+Page 83, "understand" changed to "understands" (one that understands)
+
+Page 104, "accomodation" changed to "accommodation" (for their
+accommodation)
+
+Page 124, "posesses" changed to "possesses" (possesses all the
+attractions)
+
+Page 148, "desends" changed to "descends" (where it descends)
+
+Page 164, "23" changed to "121" (Fig. 121 shows the manner)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Country Homes, by 
+George E. Woodward and F. W. Woodward
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOODWARD'S COUNTRY HOMES ***
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