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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Little Folks' Handy Book, by Lina Beard And Adelia B. Beard.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Little Folks' Handy Book, by
+Lina Beard and Adelia B. Beard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Little Folks' Handy Book
+
+Author: Lina Beard
+        Adelia B. Beard
+
+Release Date: May 13, 2008 [EBook #25462]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE FOLKS' HANDY BOOK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 259px;">
+<img src="images/icover.jpg" width="259" height="400" alt="Cover" title="Cover" />
+</div>
+
+
+<h1>Little Folks'<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Handy Book</span></h1>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>BOOKS BY<br />
+LINA BEARD AND ADELIA B. BEARD</h2>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<i>Illustrated by the Authors</i><br /></div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Books by Lina and Adelia Beard">
+<tr><td align='left'>ON THE TRAIL</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>THINGS WORTH DOING AND HOW TO DO THEM</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>RECREATIONS FOR GIRLS&mdash;INDOOR AND OUTDOOR</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>WHAT A GIRL CAN MAKE AND DO, AND NEW IDEAS FOR WORK AND PLAY</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>THE AMERICAN GIRL'S HANDY BOOK; or, HOW TO AMUSE YOURSELF AND OTHERS</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>LITTLE FOLKS' HANDY BOOK</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p>
+<div class='bbox'><h1>Little Folks'<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Handy Book</span></h1>
+
+<h3>By</h3>
+
+<h2>LINA BEARD AND ADELIA B. BEARD</h2>
+
+<div class='center'><br /><br /><br />With Many Illustrations<br />
+
+by the Authors<br />
+<br />
+<br /><br /><br />
+Charles Scribner's Sons<br />
+<small>NEW YORK&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; CHICAGO&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  BOSTON</small><br /></div></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<span class="smcap">Copyright, 1910, by</span><br />
+CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS<br />
+
+
+Printed in the United States of America<br />
+<br />
+
+<br /><br /><br />
+SPECIAL NOTICE</div>
+
+<div class='unindent'>All the material in this book, both text and cuts, is original with the
+authors and invented by them; and warning is hereby given that the
+unauthorized printing of any portion of the text and the reproduction
+of any of the illustrations or diagrams are expressly forbidden.</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;">
+<img src="images/emblem.png" width="150" height="175" alt="Emblem" title="Emblem" />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Let</span> <i>me</i> do it. Let <i>me</i> make it," is the cry when a child
+sees an older person putting together the different parts of
+an interesting piece of work; and it is this desire to do
+things himself, this impulse toward self-expression, that,
+when properly directed, forms so great a factor in his all-around
+development and education. Using the hands and
+brain together stimulates interest and quickens observation
+and intelligence, and, as the object takes form beneath the
+little fingers, the act of making, of creating, brings with it a
+delight and satisfaction which the mere possession of the
+same thing made by another can not give. "Look! See
+what <i>I</i> have made," comes with a ring of triumph as the
+childish hands gleefully hold up the finished article for
+inspection.</p>
+
+<p>In this book we have endeavored to open a new and
+large field of simple handicrafts for little folk, giving them
+an original line of toys and a new line of materials with
+which to make them. We hope in these pages to bring to
+children the joy of making creditable and instructive toys
+of such ordinary things as empty spools, sticks of kindling
+wood, wooden clothespins, natural twigs, old envelopes and
+newspapers, and in this way to encourage resourcefulness,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span>
+originality, inventiveness, and the power to do with supplies
+at hand.</p>
+
+<p>Everything described in the book has been actually made
+by the authors, and made by such practical and simple
+methods that a child's mind can grasp them, and a child's
+hands be easily trained to manufacture the articles. It is,
+therefore, our hope that the "Little Folks' Handy Book"
+will be found useful both in Kindergarten and Primary
+grades of the schools and in the home nursery; a helpful
+friend to teachers and to mothers.</p>
+
+<div class='sig'>
+<span class="smcap">Lina Beard</span>.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Adelia B. Beard</span>.<br />
+</div><p>
+<span class="smcap">Flushing, N. Y.</span>, <i>February 10, 1910.</i><br /></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><small>CHAPTER</small></td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Paper Building Cards</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Toys Made of Common Wooden Berry-Baskets</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Straw and Paper Furniture</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>IV.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A Newspaper Boat which Will Sail on Real Water</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>V.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Paper Jewelry</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VI.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">What to Make of Empty Spools</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Old Envelope Toys and How to Make Them</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VIII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Toys of Clothespins</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>IX.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Scrap-Books</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>X.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Toys Made of Common Kindling Wood</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XI.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Little Twig People</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Visiting-Card Houses</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XIII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Playing Indians with Costumes Made of Newspapers</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XIV.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Christmas-Tree Decorations</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XV.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A Home-Made Santa Claus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XVI.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Nature Study with Tissue-Paper</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>LITTLE FOLKS' HANDY BOOK</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<h3>PAPER BUILDING CARDS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Make</span> your building cards of ordinary writing-paper.
+You may have as many cards as you like, though twelve are
+all that are used to make the things shown in our photographs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_1" id="Fig_1"></a>
+<img src="images/i009a.png" width="300" height="169" alt="Fig. 1&mdash;Cut an oblong out like this." title="Fig. 1&mdash;Cut an oblong out like this." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 1&mdash;Cut an oblong out like this.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"><a name="Fig_2" id="Fig_2"></a>
+<img src="images/i009b.png" width="200" height="156" alt="Fig. 2&mdash;This is the building card." title="Fig. 2&mdash;This is the building card." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 2&mdash;This is the building card.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For each card cut an oblong of paper five inches long and
+two and a half inches wide. This is a very good size, but you
+can make them a little larger or smaller. Always remember,
+however, to have them just twice as long as they are wide, and
+all of one size. When you have cut out the oblong (<a href="#Fig_1">Fig. 1</a>)
+fold it through the middle, bringing the two short edges evenly
+together. The dotted line in <a href="#Fig_1">Fig. 1</a> shows where it is to be
+folded. Now open the oblong half-way and you will have
+the building card (<a href="#Fig_2">Fig. 2</a>). They are very simple and easy
+to make, aren't they? But wonderful and delightful things<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>
+can be built with these pieces of paper. You can have a
+whole camp of little tents by standing the cards with the
+folded edge up; and to make</p>
+
+
+<h3>A Camp Chair</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>all you need do is to push two of your tents close together,
+then on top of their folded edges lay another card with one
+flat side down to form the seat and the other side up for the
+back.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 272px;"><a name="Fig_3" id="Fig_3"></a>
+<img src="images/i010a.jpg" width="272" height="300" alt="Fig. 3&mdash;You can make a little camp chair." title="Fig. 3&mdash;You can make a little camp chair." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 3&mdash;You can make a little camp chair.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The second illustration (<a href="#Fig_3">Fig. 3</a>) shows just how to do this.
+Use the tents again for</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Pyramid</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>in <a href="#Fig_4">Fig. 4</a>. Stand three tents in a row close together. On top
+of these make a floor by laying two cards across with one side
+of each card extending down at the back of the tents. Then
+build a second story&mdash;two tents this time, with a floor on top.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 265px;"><a name="Fig_4" id="Fig_4"></a>
+<img src="images/i010b.jpg" width="265" height="300" alt="Fig. 4&mdash;Use the tents to make this pyramid." title="Fig. 4&mdash;Use the tents to make this pyramid." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 4&mdash;Use the tents to make this pyramid.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The third and top story will be one tent, which forms the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>
+peak of the pyramid. Of course you can make your pyramid
+very much larger by adding more tents to the first row and
+then building it up higher.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Stable</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>is very cunning with its four little stalls. To build it you
+must stand the cards on their side edges as in <a href="#Fig_2">Fig. 2</a>. One
+side forms the back wall of the stall, the other the side wall.
+When you have reached the end of the row you will find the
+last stall lacks a side wall, but all you have to do is to slide
+another back wall behind the last and there you have the
+needed side wall. Put a roof over the stalls just as you made
+the floors for your pyramid, and then stand a tent on top for
+the cupola. Place a card at each end of the stalls, as shown
+in the illustration, and your stable is ready for its tiny horses.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 467px;"><a name="Fig_5" id="Fig_5"></a>
+<img src="images/i011.jpg" width="467" height="250" alt="Fig. 5&mdash;A little stable with four little stalls." title="Fig. 5&mdash;A little stable with four little stalls." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 5&mdash;A little stable with four little stalls.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Build</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Garden Wall</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>(<a href="#Fig_6">Fig. 6</a>) by standing the cards on their side edges. You can
+make the garden any size or shape you like, but always have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+the gateway just wide enough to hold the tent roof on top.
+See how the cards stand with edges in on either side of the
+opening. This will support the tent-shaped roof. Perhaps
+the children will want a house in the garden. You can build
+one if you try. Then see how many more things can be
+made of the paper cards, for I have not told you half of them.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_6" id="Fig_6"></a>
+<img src="images/i012.jpg" width="400" height="232" alt="Fig. 6&mdash;A garden wall and gateway." title="Fig. 6&mdash;A garden wall and gateway." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 6&mdash;A garden wall and gateway.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<h3>TOYS MADE OF COMMON WOODEN BERRY-BASKETS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Use</span> a one-quart wooden berry-box for the china closet
+(<a href="#Fig_7">Fig. 7</a>). Turn the empty box facing you, and slide the
+prongs of a clothespin up through the open crack at the
+lower right hand of the box. Allow one prong of the clothespin
+to come on the outside and the other prong on the inside
+of the thin wooden side of the box; adjust the clothespin well
+to the front edge of the box, and it will form the right-hand
+front leg of the china closet. Add another leg in like manner
+on the same side of the box for the back leg; then slide two
+more clothespins up on the opposite side of the box to form
+the remaining two legs (<a href="#Fig_8">Fig. 8</a>).</p>
+
+<div class='center'><a name="Fig_7" id="Fig_7"></a>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Berry basket china closet">
+<tr><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 270px;"><img src="images/i013a.jpg" width="270" height="280" alt="Fig. 7&mdash;The berry-basket china closet." title="Fig. 7&mdash;The berry-basket china closet." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 7&mdash;The berry-basket china closet.</span>
+</div></td><td align='center'><br /><div class="figcenter" style="width: 270px;"><a name="Fig_8" id="Fig_8"></a>
+<img src="images/i013b.jpg" width="270" height="280" alt="Fig. 8&mdash;Slide clothespins on the basket for legs." title="Fig. 8&mdash;Slide clothespins on the basket for legs." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 8&mdash;Slide clothespins on the basket for legs.</span>
+</div>
+</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>The prongs of the clothespins do not reach up to the top
+of the inside of the box, but leave sufficient space for a shelf.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+Make the shelf by laying a clothespin across from side to
+side, supported by the prongs of the back legs, and another
+across, supported by the prongs of the front legs (<a href="#Fig_8">Fig. 8</a>).
+The clothespin used for the front of the shelf will probably
+have to be a trifle longer than that for the back, as the box
+is wider in front than at the back. Set some toy dishes on
+the top, the shelf, and the inside bottom of the china closet,
+as in <a href="#Fig_7">Fig. 7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>With another quart berry-box and four more clothespins
+make the</p>
+
+
+<h3>Doll's Table</h3>
+
+<p>Slide the prongs of a clothespin down on either side of the
+box at the four corners (<a href="#Fig_9">Fig. 9</a>), then turn the table right side
+up, placing it on its feet. Set the table with toy dishes, and
+dinner will be ready (<a href="#Fig_10">Fig. 10</a>).</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Table">
+<tr><td align='center'><br /><div class="figcenter" style="width: 299px;"><a name="Fig_9" id="Fig_9"></a>
+<img src="images/i014a.jpg" width="299" height="300" alt="Fig. 9&mdash;Slide the prongs of the clothespins down on the sides of the box." title="Fig. 9&mdash;Slide the prongs of the clothespins down on the sides of the box." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 9&mdash;Slide the prongs of the clothespins down on the sides of the box.</span>
+</div>
+</td><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 241px;"><a name="Fig_10" id="Fig_10"></a>
+<img src="images/i014b.jpg" width="241" height="300" alt="Fig. 10&mdash;Make the doll&#39;s table." title="Fig. 10&mdash;Make the doll&#39;s table." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 10&mdash;Make the doll&#39;s table.</span>
+</div>
+</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p>The table can be turned into a dressing-case by standing
+two clothespins on their heads at each side of the back of the
+top of the table, and sliding a piece of stiff paper across from
+clothespin to clothespin between the prongs for a mirror<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+(<a href="#Fig_11">Fig. 11</a>). Of course, the addition of a fringed white paper,
+or cloth scarf, over the top of the dressing-case would enhance
+its appearance, as would also a table-cloth over the top of
+the dinner table, but the covers were purposely omitted in
+the photographs that one may see exactly how the articles
+were made.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 216px;"><a name="Fig_11" id="Fig_11"></a>
+<img src="images/i015a.jpg" width="216" height="310" alt="Fig. 11&mdash;The table can be turned into a dressing-case." title="Fig. 11&mdash;The table can be turned into a dressing-case." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 11&mdash;The table can be turned into a dressing-case.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Make a</p>
+
+
+<h3>Dolly's Bassinet</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>(<a href="#Fig_12">Fig. 12</a>) of a small oblong berry-basket with four clothespin
+legs slanting outward at the bottom and the prongs of the legs
+on each side brought together at the top (<a href="#Fig_13">Fig. 13</a>). On the
+centre of one end of the basket slide down the prongs of a
+fifth clothespin to form the upright for holding drapery (<a href="#Fig_13">Fig. 13</a>). When adjusted, fold a lady's handkerchief diagonally
+through the centre and hang it over the support, as in <a href="#Fig_12">Fig. 12</a>.
+The bassinet will then be ready for a folded handkerchief as
+bedding and a little baby doll.</div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Bassinet">
+<tr><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 328px;"><a name="Fig_12" id="Fig_12"></a>
+<img src="images/i015b.jpg" width="328" height="320" alt="Fig. 12&mdash;A perfect little bassinet." title="Fig. 12&mdash;A perfect little bassinet." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 12&mdash;A perfect little bassinet.</span>
+</div>
+</td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 311px;"><a name="Fig_13" id="Fig_13"></a>
+<img src="images/i016a.jpg" width="311" height="250" alt="Fig. 13&mdash;The bassinet without the drapery." title="Fig. 13&mdash;The bassinet without the drapery." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 13&mdash;The bassinet without the drapery.</span>
+</div>
+</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>A comical little berry-basket<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>"Bow-wow"</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>(<a href="#Fig_14">Fig. 14</a>) can be made by using a two-quart basket for the
+body, the bassinet basket for a head, and clothespins for
+ears, tail, and legs. Fasten the legs on the body so that the
+front legs will slant forward and the back legs backward, that
+the dog may appear to be running (<a href="#Fig_15">Fig. 15</a>); slide a clothespin
+on the end of the basket for a tail; then fasten two
+clothespins slanting backward on the small basket for ears;
+set the small basket on the front end of the large one, placing
+it so that almost half of it projects over the large basket, and
+the comical little dog will be finished.</div>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 328px;"><a name="Fig_14" id="Fig_14"></a>
+<img src="images/i016b.jpg" width="328" height="250" alt="Fig. 14&mdash;A comical berry-basket &quot;bow-wow&quot;." title="Fig. 14&mdash;A comical berry-basket &quot;bow-wow&quot;." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 14&mdash;A comical berry-basket &quot;bow-wow&quot;.</span>
+</div>
+</td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 387px;"><a name="Fig_15" id="Fig_15"></a>
+<img src="images/i016c.jpg" width="387" height="200" alt="Fig. 15&mdash;Put the legs on slantingly." title="Fig. 15&mdash;Put the legs on slantingly." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 15&mdash;Put the legs on slantingly.</span>
+</div>
+</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_16">Fig. 16</a> shows two clothespin horses attached to a</p>
+
+
+<h3>Berry-basket Wagon</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>with clothespin wheels. The driver is a clothespin held up
+by a clothespin seat, and the wagon is filled with clothespin
+people along each side edge.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 410px;"><a name="Fig_16" id="Fig_16"></a>
+<img src="images/i016d.jpg" width="410" height="200" alt="Fig. 16&mdash;The berry-basket wagon with clothespin horses." title="Fig. 16&mdash;The berry-basket wagon with clothespin horses." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 16&mdash;The berry-basket wagon with clothespin horses.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER III</h2>
+
+<h3>STRAW AND PAPER FURNITURE</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A handful</span> of straws, such as are used for lemonade and
+soda-water, several large sheets of writing-paper, and some
+small-sized pins&mdash;these are your materials. A pair of sharp
+scissors, a ruler marked off into whole, half, and quarter
+inches, and a lead pencil&mdash;these are your tools.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;"><a name="Fig_17" id="Fig_17"></a>
+<img src="images/i017.jpg" width="419" height="400" alt="Fig. 17&mdash;The old-fashioned bedstead." title="Fig. 17&mdash;The old-fashioned bedstead." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 17&mdash;The old-fashioned bedstead.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>We will begin with the old-fashioned four-post bedstead
+with its canopy and valances (<a href="#Fig_17">Fig. 17</a>). It is easily put<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+together, but you must be careful to cut the straws for the
+posts all exactly the same length, making them about seven
+inches long, and to have your measurements for the other
+parts quite correct, in order that the bedstead may stand
+perfectly upright. Select four straight straws for the posts&mdash;sound
+and whole. Split straws will not do.</p>
+
+<p>The mattress and canopy are exactly alike; each has its
+valance, and they are just the same size; so directions for one
+will answer for both. Cut an oblong of writing-paper eight
+and a half inches long and six and a half inches wide. Be
+sure that the ends and side edges form perfect right angles;
+if they do not, the bed will be crooked. The edges of your
+sheet of writing-paper are at right angles to one another, and
+if you use the top edge of your paper for the top edge of your
+oblong, and the side edge of the paper for one side edge of
+your oblong, the rest will come out all right.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 391px;"><a name="Fig_18" id="Fig_18"></a>
+<img src="images/i018.png" width="391" height="300" alt="Fig. 18&mdash;The mattress and canopy." title="Fig. 18&mdash;The mattress and canopy." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 18&mdash;The mattress and canopy.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Now draw perfectly straight lines across your oblong from
+top to bottom, just one and a half inches from each edge
+(<a href="#Fig_18">Fig. 18</a>). Then from
+side to side draw two
+more straight lines; the
+first one and a half inches
+below the top edge and
+the other one and a half
+inches above the bottom
+edge. This gives the
+mattress with a border
+all around. In each corner
+of the mattress, a little
+more than a quarter
+of an inch from the end and side lines, draw a small cross as
+shown in <a href="#Fig_18">Fig. 18</a>. Be sure these crosses are placed correctly,
+and are exactly alike in mattress and canopy. Now cut out
+the four squares at the corners of the oblong, as indicated by
+the heavy lines in <a href="#Fig_18">Fig. 18</a>, and insert the point of your scissors<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+in the centre of each little cross and snip along each line of
+the cross. Do not make the slashes too deep.</p>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 198px;"><a name="Fig_19" id="Fig_19"></a>
+<img src="images/i019.png" width="198" height="300" alt="Fig. 19&mdash;Slide the paper down to the pin." title="Fig. 19&mdash;Slide the paper down to the pin." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 19&mdash;Slide the paper down to the pin.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cut the edges of the border, or valance, into small points,
+as in <a href="#Fig_17">Fig. 17</a>; then bend the valance down at the sides and
+ends of the mattress. The dotted
+lines in the diagrams show where to
+bend the paper. Make the canopy
+just as you have made the mattress,
+but cut deeper points on the edge of
+the valance.</p>
+
+<p>Through each of the four straw
+bedposts run a small pin two and a
+quarter inches from the end of the
+straw (<a href="#Fig_19">Fig. 19</a>).</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Push the long ends of the straws
+up through the slashed crosses in the
+corners of the mattress (<a href="#Fig_19">Fig. 19</a>) until
+the bottom of the mattress rests on
+the pins, then run a pin through each
+straw just above and close to the top of the mattress. Between
+the two pins the paper can slip neither up nor down.
+Run another pin in each straw post half an inch from the
+top, slide the canopy down upon these, and fasten with more
+pins, as you did the mattress. Make the bolster by folding
+a piece of paper the proper shape and cutting the end edges
+in points for trimming.</p>
+
+<p>Now you not only know how to make the bedstead, but</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Little Table</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>as well, for if you will look at <a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20</a> you will see that it is
+put together in the same manner as the bedstead.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 364px;"><a name="Fig_20" id="Fig_20"></a>
+<img src="images/i020.jpg" width="364" height="400" alt="Fig. 20&mdash;The little table." title="Fig. 20&mdash;The little table." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 20&mdash;The little table.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Make the legs of the table three inches long. Cut the top
+of the table four inches long and three and a half inches
+wide, and the shelf three and a half inches long and three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+inches wide. Measure one-quarter of an inch from each
+edge of the table top and draw straight lines as in <a href="#Fig_21">Fig. 21</a>.
+This will give you a narrow border all around the top.</p>
+
+<p>Make and cut the little crosses in the corners of top and
+shelf, then cut out the squares at the corners of the top and
+bend down the edges. The shelf of the table should be one
+inch above the bottom ends of the straws, and the top of the
+table one-quarter of an inch below the top ends of the
+straws.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 371px;"><a name="Fig_21" id="Fig_21"></a>
+<img src="images/i021.png" width="371" height="300" alt="Fig. 21&mdash;A narrow border all around the
+table top." title="Fig. 21&mdash;A narrow border all around the
+table top." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 21&mdash;A narrow border all around the
+table top.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>By making the straw legs of the table twice as long, and
+the top and shelves narrower, you can have another useful
+article of furniture, for by adding two shelves of paper on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+the straws, and fastening them in the same way, this can be
+used as a cupboard or shelves on which to place the tiny
+doll dishes or clothes. The table can also be made into a
+little dressing-table, by simply
+using for the back legs
+straws twice as long as the
+front legs and then slipping
+a square piece of paper on
+the straws that extend above
+the table, to serve as a mirror.
+Just as the paper is
+slipped on the straws for the
+back of the chair (<a href="#Fig_22">Fig. 22</a>),
+silver paper is pasted on this
+to make it look like glass.</p>
+
+<p>With these few patterns you can make any number of
+useful articles to furnish Miss Dolly's house. You can make
+small beds and large beds, small tables and large tables, and
+many sizes of chairs.</p>
+
+<p>You can make</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Chair</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>by merely looking at <a href="#Fig_22">Fig. 22</a> and the diagrams, <a href="#Fig_23">Figs. 23</a> and
+<a href="#Fig_24">24</a>. No pins were used in this, but if you want the chair to
+last it is best to fasten it securely like the rest of the furniture.
+The straws for the back should be six inches long and for the
+front legs two and a quarter inches long. The shelf under
+the chair is the size of the seat.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 209px;"><a name="Fig_22" id="Fig_22"></a>
+<img src="images/i022.jpg" width="209" height="400" alt="Fig. 22&mdash;The high-backed chair." title="Fig. 22&mdash;The high-backed chair." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 22&mdash;The high-backed chair.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This furniture will be especially useful in playing with
+paper dolls, and by using different colors, in colored papers,
+you can have a blue room, a pink room, and a green
+room.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 188px;"><a name="Fig_23" id="Fig_23"></a>
+<img src="images/i022a.png" width="188" height="300" alt="Fig. 23&mdash;Push the straw through the back of the chair." title="Fig. 23&mdash;Push the straw through the back of the chair." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 23&mdash;Push the straw through the back of the chair.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>You can make tissue-paper sheets and spread for the bed
+and pillow-slips, too, if you like. Thus dolly can be tucked
+away snugly for the night.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The ingenuity exercised in the construction of these simple
+articles will encourage the development of deftness and skill
+in the little fingers, which are ever ready to imitate anything
+that teacher can make.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 101px;"><a name="Fig_24" id="Fig_24"></a>
+<img src="images/i022b.png" width="101" height="100" alt="Fig. 24&mdash;Cut the back and seat like these." title="Fig. 24&mdash;Cut the back and seat like these." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 24&mdash;Cut the back and seat like these.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<h3>A NEWSPAPER BOAT WHICH WILL SAIL ON REAL WATER</h3>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 499px;"><a name="Fig_25" id="Fig_25"></a>
+<img src="images/i023.png" width="499" height="400" alt="Fig. 25&mdash;The newspaper boat made water-proof and sailing on real water." title="Fig. 25&mdash;The newspaper boat made water-proof and sailing on real water." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 25&mdash;The newspaper boat made water-proof and sailing on real water.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">You</span> can fold a thirteen-and-a-half-inch square of newspaper
+into a fine boat measuring thirteen inches from stem
+to stern. It will be a good, stanch craft like <a href="#Fig_25">Fig. 25</a>, to float
+and sail out in the open on pond, lake, or river, or at home in
+basin or bath tub.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 247px;"><a name="Fig_26" id="Fig_26"></a>
+<img src="images/i024a.png" width="247" height="250" alt="Fig. 26&mdash;Square of newspaper for making boat." title="Fig. 26&mdash;Square of newspaper for making boat." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 26&mdash;Square of newspaper for making boat.</span>
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 454px;"><a name="Fig_27" id="Fig_27"></a>
+<img src="images/i024b.png" width="454" height="250" alt="Fig. 27&mdash;Paper folded at centre." title="Fig. 27&mdash;Paper folded at centre." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 27&mdash;Paper folded at centre.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 315px;"><a name="Fig_28" id="Fig_28"></a>
+<img src="images/i024c.png" width="315" height="100" alt="Fig. 28&mdash;Paper with sides bent down, making four layers." title="Fig. 28&mdash;Paper with sides bent down, making four layers." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 28&mdash;Paper with sides bent down, making four layers.</span>
+</div>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>blah</td><td align='left'>center</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 366px;"><a name="Fig_29" id="Fig_29"></a>
+<img src="images/i024d.png" width="366" height="200" alt="Fig. 29&mdash;Paper ready to turn back lower corners." title="Fig. 29&mdash;Paper ready to turn back lower corners." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 29&mdash;Paper ready to turn back lower corners.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 377px;"><a name="Fig_30" id="Fig_30"></a>
+<img src="images/i024e.png" width="377" height="200" alt="Fig. 30&mdash;Ready for folding back the upper corners." title="Fig. 30&mdash;Ready for folding back the upper corners." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 30&mdash;Ready for folding back the upper corners.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cut your square of paper even and straight. Place it out flat
+on top of a bare table and fold at the centre along the dotted
+line (<a href="#Fig_26">Fig. 26</a>), which will make <a href="#Fig_27">Fig. 27</a>. Bend each side of this
+down outwardly along its centre at the dotted line and bring
+the edges a quarter of an inch lower than the bottom fold A;
+then your paper will be four layers like <a href="#Fig_28">Fig. 28</a>. Turn up the
+lower edge B of <a href="#Fig_28">Fig. 28</a>, making <a href="#Fig_29">Fig. 29</a>. Fold back the three
+lower layers of the corners at the dotted lines (<a href="#Fig_29">Fig. 29</a>) and
+you will have <a href="#Fig_30">Fig. 30</a>. Bend back the upper corners at the dotted
+lines to make <a href="#Fig_31">Fig. 31</a>. Open <a href="#Fig_31">Fig. 31</a> at the top and it will
+be your boat. Turn the boat upside down and slide one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+loose edge on the bottom under the other loose edge; then
+pinch each bottom point and bend it down toward the centre
+of the boat, creasing it flat (<a href="#Fig_32">Fig. 32</a>). Turn the boat right side
+up again, set it on the table, bend the two sides well up and
+crease them along the bottom until the boat resembles <a href="#Fig_33">Fig. 33</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 358px;"><a name="Fig_31" id="Fig_31"></a>
+<img src="images/i025a.png" width="358" height="115" alt="Fig. 31&mdash;Square folded into boat." title="Fig. 31&mdash;Square folded into boat." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 31&mdash;Square folded into boat.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_32" id="Fig_32"></a>
+<img src="images/i025b.png" width="400" height="115" alt="Fig. 32&mdash;Fold points on bottom of boat inward toward centre&mdash;this way." title="Fig. 32&mdash;Fold points on bottom of boat inward toward centre&mdash;this way." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 32&mdash;Fold points on bottom of boat inward toward centre&mdash;this way.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_33" id="Fig_33"></a>
+<img src="images/i025c.png" width="400" height="130" alt="Fig. 33&mdash;Newspaper boat without sail." title="Fig. 33&mdash;Newspaper boat without sail." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 33&mdash;Newspaper boat without sail.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>To render the craft water-proof melt a piece of wax candle,
+turn the boat upside down again and give the bottom a coat
+of the melted white wax, extending the coat half way or more
+up the sides. Use a teaspoon for pouring the wax over the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+boat; the hot wax soon hardens and in a few moments you
+may launch the little craft on the water.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to make a</p>
+
+
+<h3>Sailing Vessel</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>of your boat, roll up a one-inch-wide strip of newspaper into
+an old-fashioned paper lighter, which is merely rolling the
+strip spirally into a round stick; this is the mast. Cut a
+paper sail, not too large, puncture holes in it and slide the
+sail on the mast; add a small paper pennant on the extreme
+top; then insert the base of the mast into a common wooden
+spool and glue the spool tight to the bottom of the boat at the
+centre of the bow.</div>
+
+<p>With thread and needle take a stitch or two in the lower
+corner of the sail and attach it with a short length of the
+thread to the stern; fasten securely. Also fasten the pennant
+to the mast, so that it cannot turn, for in this vessel both sail
+and pennant must be stationary and not swing to either side.
+Be careful not to have the sail too heavy.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<h3>PAPER JEWELRY</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ordinary</span> brown wrapping paper is the best to use for
+this paper jewelry. Indeed the pale, creamy yellow of some
+wrapping paper is much like ivory in color, and the chains
+and ornaments made of it are really charming.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Necklace</h3>
+
+<p>See how simply the necklace is made without glue or paste.
+It is a system of double rings that shift and slide in one's
+hands like the links of a metal chain. When the principle
+is understood it is all very easy.</p>
+
+<p>The rings may be cut out free-hand by folding the paper as
+in <a href="#Fig_34">Fig. 34</a>. Cut an oblong about six inches long and three
+inches wide and fold it crosswise through the middle, then
+bring the two side edges together and fold it again lengthwise.
+Start at the top where the paper is folded and cut out the
+ring as in <a href="#Fig_34">Fig. 34</a>. You will notice in the drawing that the
+circle at the top is slightly elongated; this is necessary in
+fitting the rings together. The ring when opened will look
+like <a href="#Fig_35">Fig. 35</a>. Cut out six rings the size and shape of <a href="#Fig_35">Fig. 35</a>,
+then make two smaller ones, like A (<a href="#Fig_36">Fig. 36</a>), and eight still
+smaller ones, like B (<a href="#Fig_36">Fig. 36</a>). Now cut a single ring perfectly
+round, a trifle larger than <a href="#Fig_34">Fig. 34</a>, a double ring like C
+(<a href="#Fig_37">Fig. 37</a>), and a pearl-shaped pendant like <a href="#Fig_38">Fig. 38</a>. Open
+<a href="#Fig_38">Fig. 38</a> and cut the three-cornered catch in one half and the
+slit in the other half, as shown in <a href="#Fig_39">Fig. 39</a>. Cut the catch
+first, then fold the pendant again, as in <a href="#Fig_38">Fig. 38</a>, and punch<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+small holes with a pin at the base of the catch through the
+other half, to mark the place for the slit. The slit must not
+be as long as the base of the catch, else the catch will not hold.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 303px;">
+<img src="images/i028.jpg" width="303" height="400" alt="The little queen. Adorned with paper jewelry." title="The little queen. Adorned with paper jewelry." />
+<span class="caption">The little queen. Adorned with paper jewelry.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Put the necklace together by slipping the half of one ring
+over both halves of another, as in <a href="#Fig_40">Fig. 40</a>. Commence with
+the single ring. Slip half of a large double ring through the
+single ring, bring the double ring together and slip another
+large ring through that, then add another large ring and you
+will have a chain of three large rings with the single ring at
+the end.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Jewelry">
+<tr><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 265px;"><a name="Fig_34" id="Fig_34"></a>
+<img src="images/i029-34.png" width="265" height="171" alt="Fig. 34&mdash;Fold and cut like this." title="Fig. 34&mdash;Fold and cut like this." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 34&mdash;Fold and cut like this.</span>
+</div>
+</td><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 231px;"><a name="Fig_35" id="Fig_35"></a>
+<img src="images/i029-35.png" width="231" height="400" alt="Fig. 35&mdash;When the ring is opened." title="Fig. 35&mdash;When the ring is opened." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 35&mdash;When the ring is opened.</span>
+</div>
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"><a name="Fig_36" id="Fig_36"></a>
+<img src="images/i029-36.png" width="150" height="250" alt="Fig. 36&mdash;Make smaller rings like these." title="Fig. 36&mdash;Make smaller rings like these." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 36&mdash;Make smaller rings like these.</span>
+</div>
+</td><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 219px;"><a name="Fig_37" id="Fig_37"></a>
+<img src="images/i029-37.png" width="219" height="344" alt="Fig. 37&mdash;Fasten the pendant on the ring." title="Fig. 37&mdash;Fasten the pendant on the ring." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 37&mdash;Fasten the pendant on the ring.</span>
+</div>
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 110px;"><a name="Fig_38" id="Fig_38"></a>
+<img src="images/i029-38.png" width="110" height="148" alt="Fig. 38&mdash;The pendant." title="Fig. 38&mdash;The pendant." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 38&mdash;The pendant.</span>
+</div>
+</td><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 98px;"><a name="Fig_39" id="Fig_39"></a>
+<img src="images/i029-39.png" width="98" height="281" alt="Fig. 39&mdash;The pendant open." title="Fig. 39&mdash;The pendant open." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 39&mdash;The pendant open.</span>
+</div>
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 238px;"><a name="Fig_40" id="Fig_40"></a>
+<img src="images/i029-40.png" width="238" height="373" alt="Fig. 40&mdash;Slip the half of one ring over both halves of another." title="Fig. 40&mdash;Slip the half of one ring over both halves of another." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 40&mdash;Slip the half of one ring over both halves of another.</span>
+</div>
+</td><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 248px;"><a name="Fig_41" id="Fig_41"></a>
+<img src="images/i029-41.png" width="248" height="50" alt="Fig. 41&mdash;Cut a clasp like this." title="Fig. 41&mdash;Cut a clasp like this." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 41&mdash;Cut a clasp like this.</span>
+</div>
+</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 219px;"><a name="Fig_42" id="Fig_42"></a>
+<img src="images/i029-42.png" width="219" height="117" alt="Fig. 42&mdash;Fasten the clasp in this way." title="Fig. 42&mdash;Fasten the clasp in this way." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 42&mdash;Fasten the clasp in this way.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>To the end double ring attach a ring, like A (<a href="#Fig_36">Fig. 36</a>); to
+A add a chain of four rings like B (<a href="#Fig_36">Fig. 36</a>). This gives you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+just half of the necklace, for the single ring is to be the middle
+one. Make the other half in the same way, starting on the
+opposite side of the single ring and slipping ring into ring as
+you did before. Attach the ring pendant, C (<a href="#Fig_37">Fig. 37</a>), to the
+single ring between the two side rings, then add the pendant.
+Fasten the two halves of the pendant together by folding the
+two points of the catch inward, slipping the catch through
+the slit and then spreading the points out again flat. This
+makes a very secure fastening and, unless the neck of the
+catch is too slender, it will neither break nor pull apart.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_43" id="Fig_43"></a>
+<img src="images/i030.jpg" width="400" height="254" alt="Fig. 43&mdash;The finished jewelry." title="Fig. 43&mdash;The finished jewelry." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 43&mdash;The finished jewelry.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_41">Fig. 41</a> is the clasp for the necklace. Cut it out like the
+pattern and make it about three inches long. Slip one end
+of the clasp through the last ring on one end of the necklace,
+the other end of the clasp through the last ring on the
+other end of the necklace, then bring the clasp together
+and slip the catch through the slit, as in <a href="#Fig_42">Fig. 42</a>. The
+photograph (<a href="#Fig_43">Fig. 43</a>) shows how pretty the necklace is when
+finished.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>The Coronet</h3>
+
+<p>The coronet shown in the illustration of the "Little queen"
+is cut in one piece (<a href="#Fig_44">Fig. 44</a>). At the widest part, from top to
+bottom, it is three inches wide, and the ends may be lengthened
+or shortened to fit any head. The ends must meet and
+fasten at the back.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 569px;"><a name="Fig_44" id="Fig_44"></a>
+<img src="images/i032-44.png" width="569" height="148" alt="Fig. 44&mdash;The coronet is cut in one piece." title="Fig. 44&mdash;The coronet is cut in one piece." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 44&mdash;The coronet is cut in one piece.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 138px;"><a name="Fig_45" id="Fig_45"></a>
+<img src="images/i032-45.png" width="138" height="166" alt="Fig. 45&mdash;Little rings ornament the coronet." title="Fig. 45&mdash;Little rings ornament the coronet." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 45&mdash;Little rings ornament the coronet.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Little rings, one inch in diameter, cut like <a href="#Fig_45">Fig. 45</a>, ornament
+the coronet, as shown in <a href="#Fig_44">Fig. 44</a>. They are fastened by the
+catch at the top through slits cut in the coronet. Make
+three slits, one below the other, a little over one inch apart,
+down the middle of the coronet, and on either side of these
+make six more slits in the position shown on the right half
+of <a href="#Fig_44">Fig. 44</a>. This gives fifteen slits, for which you must have
+fifteen rings. These dangling little rings that shake and
+twinkle with every movement are fascinating little ornaments,
+and are far prettier than more elaborate designs.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Ear-rings</h3>
+
+<p>Quite oriental-looking ear-rings are made like <a href="#Fig_46">Fig. 46</a>. Cut
+first two single elongated hoops like <a href="#Fig_47">Fig. 47</a>, making them
+almost three inches long and one and three-quarter inches
+from side to side. These long hoops are to slip over the ears
+to hold the ear-rings on. Cut two hoops, like D (<a href="#Fig_46">Fig. 46</a>), and
+two pendants, like E (<a href="#Fig_46">Fig. 46</a>). Fasten the hoop D upon the
+hoop (<a href="#Fig_46">Fig. 46</a>), and the pendant E upon the hoop D, clasping
+the pendant by its catch as you did the pendant of the necklace.
+The children need not follow exactly the shapes of the
+"danglers" and pendants shown here&mdash;let them exercise
+their own taste in these.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Earrings">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 233px;"><a name="Fig_46" id="Fig_46"></a>
+<img src="images/i032-46.png" width="233" height="379" alt="Fig. 46&mdash;Oriental-looking ear-rings." title="Fig. 46&mdash;Oriental-looking ear-rings." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 46&mdash;Oriental-looking ear-rings.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 197px;"><a name="Fig_47" id="Fig_47"></a>
+<img src="images/i032-47.png" width="197" height="128" alt="Fig. 47&mdash;Cut two hoops like this." title="Fig. 47&mdash;Cut two hoops like this." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 47&mdash;Cut two hoops like this.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<h3>The Bangle Bracelet</h3>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>The bangle bracelet (<a href="#Fig_48">Fig. 48</a>) is made as in <a href="#Fig_49">Fig. 49</a>. Cut
+a strip of paper half an inch wide and about eight inches long;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+make a catch at one end and a slit in the other end, then a
+little below the middle cut six slits half an inch apart, as in
+<a href="#Fig_49">Fig. 49</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 298px;"><a name="Fig_48" id="Fig_48"></a>
+<img src="images/i032-48.png" width="298" height="195" alt="Fig. 48&mdash;The bangle bracelet." title="Fig. 48&mdash;The bangle bracelet." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 48&mdash;The bangle bracelet.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 569px;"><a name="Fig_49" id="Fig_49"></a>
+<img src="images/i032-49.png" width="569" height="95" alt="Fig. 49&mdash;Cut a strip for the bangle bracelet." title="Fig. 49&mdash;Cut a strip for the bangle bracelet." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 49&mdash;Cut a strip for the bangle bracelet.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Cut six round charms, three-quarters of an inch in diameter,
+with a catch at the top like <a href="#Fig_50">Fig. 50</a>, and fasten the charms
+on the bracelet. <a href="#Fig_49">Fig. 49</a> gives the inside of the bracelet with
+three charms attached. This bracelet is large for a small
+child, but can be shortened at the end to fit any little arm.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"><a name="Fig_50" id="Fig_50"></a>
+<img src="images/i032-50.png" width="100" height="116" alt="Fig. 50&mdash;Cut six round charms." title="Fig. 50&mdash;Cut six round charms." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 50&mdash;Cut six round charms.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 337px;">
+<img src="images/i033.jpg" width="337" height="400" alt="Playing lady. The lorgnette." title="Playing lady. The lorgnette." />
+<span class="caption">Playing lady. The lorgnette.</span>
+</div>
+<h3>A Link Bracelet</h3>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_51">Fig. 51</a> is a link bracelet. Make this by folding a strip of
+paper eight inches long crosswise through the middle. Bring
+the folded end half way down and fold, turn back the other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+end and fold like a fan. This divides the paper into six
+equal parts. Now cut out the outer edge of all the links at
+once. Free the two end links and cut out the centres of the
+others, then cut the centres of the two links, as shown in <a href="#Fig_51">Fig. 51</a>, making the catch and slit like the pattern.</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 566px;"><a name="Fig_51" id="Fig_51"></a>
+<img src="images/i032-51.png" width="566" height="86" alt="Fig. 51&mdash;A link bracelet." title="Fig. 51&mdash;A link bracelet." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 51&mdash;A link bracelet.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 166px;"><a name="Fig_52" id="Fig_52"></a>
+<img src="images/i032-52.png" width="166" height="369" alt="Fig. 52&mdash;Slip one link through another." title="Fig. 52&mdash;Slip one link through another." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 52&mdash;Slip one link through another.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The links of the long chain shown in the photograph of
+"The queen and her captive," are cut exactly like the
+bangle bracelet (<a href="#Fig_49">Fig. 49</a>). The slits and charms are, of
+course, omitted. <a href="#Fig_52">Fig. 52</a> shows how the chain is put together
+by slipping one link through another and fastening it with its
+catch. You can make the chain any length. It is so strong
+that only rough handling will pull it apart.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Lorgnette</h3>
+
+<p>Now comes the lorgnette, which works beautifully made
+of rather stiff paper. Make the case of a strip of paper three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+inches wide and eight inches long. Fold the paper lengthwise
+through the middle and cut it, rounding at the top like
+<a href="#Fig_53">Fig. 53</a>. In one side cut a small round hole at the top, rather
+near the edge of the case, F (<a href="#Fig_53">Fig. 53</a>), and fold back the lower
+corners according to the dotted lines. Cut out the eyeglasses
+like <a href="#Fig_54">Fig. 54</a>. Curl the edges of the ball G together and slide
+the ball through the hole F in the case, as in <a href="#Fig_55">Fig. 55</a>.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Lorgnette">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 98px;"><a name="Fig_53" id="Fig_53"></a>
+<img src="images/i034.png" width="98" height="400" alt="Fig. 53&mdash;Make the lorgnette case of a strip of paper." title="Fig. 53&mdash;Make the lorgnette case of a strip of paper." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 53&mdash;Make the lorgnette case of a strip of paper.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_54" id="Fig_54"></a>
+<img src="images/i034b.png" width="250" height="87" alt="Fig. 54." title="Fig. 54." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 54.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 303px;"><a name="Fig_55" id="Fig_55"></a>
+<img src="images/i034c.png" width="303" height="400" alt="Fig. 55&mdash;The glasses swing loosely." title="Fig. 55&mdash;The glasses swing loosely." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 55&mdash;The glasses swing loosely.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>The glasses swing quite loosely by this hinge, and will
+slide easily in and out of the case. When tucked away
+inside the case a little flirt of the hand, a turn of the wrist,
+will throw them out and they can be lifted to a piquant little
+nose in the most approved and fine-ladylike fashion.</p>
+
+<p>The lorgnette in use is shown in the photograph, "Playing
+lady." "The little queen" displays jewelry, and "The
+queen and her captive" show the long chain.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i035.jpg" width="400" height="285" alt="The queen and her captive." title="The queen and her captive." />
+<span class="caption">The queen and her captive.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<h3>WHAT TO MAKE OF EMPTY SPOOLS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gather</span> up all the spools you can find, big, little, thick,
+and thin; no matter how many, you can use them all. There
+is no end of fun to be had with these always-on-hand, easily
+found toys; they may be made into almost everything.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Spool Houses</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>are very simply constructed. Begin building by standing
+ten spools in a straight row for the front of the house. Make
+one side with seven spools placed at right angles with the
+front. This gives you one corner of the house. Build the
+back parallel to the front by standing nine spools at right
+angles with the side. You will then have two corners of
+the house and three sides. Add a row of six spools along
+the empty space between the front and back of the house for
+the fourth side, as in <a href="#Fig_56">Fig. 56</a>. Remove the third and fourth
+spools from the left-hand corner of the front of the house to
+form the doorway, and examine the foundation&mdash;see that it
+is even and straight before erecting the walls; then continue
+the building, placing a spool on top of each foundation spool
+(<a href="#Fig_57">Fig. 57</a>). Build on another layer of spools, except over the
+second and third spools at the right hand of the doorway
+opening (<a href="#Fig_58">Fig. 58</a>). Add another row of spools (<a href="#Fig_59">Fig. 59</a>), and
+another (<a href="#Fig_60">Fig. 60</a>). Lay a piece of pasteboard box over the
+top of the walls (<a href="#Fig_61">Fig. 61</a>), and make the roof of a piece of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>almost any kind of paper by bending and creasing the paper
+down along the lengthwise centre and up along the lengthwise
+edges. Place the roof on top of the pasteboard ceiling
+(<a href="#Fig_62">Fig. 62</a>). Do not have the roof project over the end of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+house where you are to build the chimney, for the chimney
+must be quite close to the house. Select large spools for the
+chimney and build it by standing one spool on top of another
+until the chimney extends above the roof. You can top the
+chimney by laying a piece of cardboard over the last spool
+and placing two small spools on it side by side. Enclose the
+yard with a spool fence; standing the spools a short distance
+from each other, as in the photograph. Use spools of larger
+size for the gateway, topping them with two smaller ones
+(<a href="#Fig_62">Fig. 62</a>).</div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Spool houses">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 241px;"><a name="Fig_56" id="Fig_56"></a>
+<img src="images/i037-56.jpg" width="241" height="145" alt="Fig. 56&mdash;First row of spools." title="Fig. 56&mdash;First row of spools." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 56&mdash;First row of spools.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 243px;"><a name="Fig_57" id="Fig_57"></a>
+<img src="images/i037-57.jpg" width="243" height="150" alt="Fig. 57&mdash;Second row of spools." title="Fig. 57&mdash;Second row of spools." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 57&mdash;Second row of spools.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 245px;"><a name="Fig_58" id="Fig_58"></a>
+<img src="images/i037-58.jpg" width="245" height="174" alt="Fig. 58&mdash;Third row of spools." title="Fig. 58&mdash;Third row of spools." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 58&mdash;Third row of spools.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 245px;"><a name="Fig_59" id="Fig_59"></a>
+<img src="images/i037-59.jpg" width="245" height="169" alt="Fig. 59&mdash;Fourth row of spools." title="Fig. 59&mdash;Fourth row of spools." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 59&mdash;Fourth row of spools.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 240px;"><a name="Fig_60" id="Fig_60"></a>
+<img src="images/i037-60.jpg" width="240" height="195" alt="Fig. 60&mdash;Fifth row of spools." title="Fig. 60&mdash;Fifth row of spools." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 60&mdash;Fifth row of spools.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><br /><div class="figcenter" style="width: 245px;"><a name="Fig_61" id="Fig_61"></a>
+<img src="images/i037-61.jpg" width="245" height="195" alt="Fig. 61&mdash;A piece of pasteboard on top." title="Fig. 61&mdash;A piece of pasteboard on top." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 61&mdash;A piece of pasteboard on top.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 488px;"><a name="Fig_62" id="Fig_62"></a>
+<img src="images/i037-62.jpg" width="488" height="272" alt="Fig. 62&mdash;Place the roof on top." title="Fig. 62&mdash;Place the roof on top." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 62&mdash;Place the roof on top.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Make the yard into a cheerful</p>
+
+
+<h3>Sunshiny Garden</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>(<a href="#Fig_63">Fig. 63</a>), with flowers and trees of paper and tubs and flower-pots
+of spools, where the clothespin people may go for
+recreation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_63" id="Fig_63"></a>
+<img src="images/i038.jpg" width="400" height="295" alt="Fig. 63&mdash;Trees and flowers made of paper and spools." title="Fig. 63&mdash;Trees and flowers made of paper and spools." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 63&mdash;Trees and flowers made of paper and spools.</span>
+</div>
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 90px;"><a name="Fig_64" id="Fig_64"></a>
+<img src="images/i039.png" width="90" height="380" alt="Fig. 64&mdash;This is the way to make a tree." title="Fig. 64&mdash;This is the way to make a tree." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 64&mdash;This is the way to make a tree.</span>
+</div>
+<p>The trees are easy to make and are very effective; they are
+simply fringed strips of paper rolled like a paper lighter with
+the large ends stuck into spools. Cut a strip of green tissue-paper
+fifteen inches long and five wide; then cut one-third of
+the strip narrow, about one inch wide, and fringe
+the remaining two thirds (<a href="#Fig_64">Fig. 64</a>). With the
+thumb and first finger of your right hand begin
+to roll the corner as shown at A (<a href="#Fig_64">Fig. 64</a>). Continue
+rolling, and the fringe, which forms the
+foliage, will stand out on the outside of the rolled
+part or trunk of the tree. When you reach the
+solid, narrow part of the paper strip it will roll
+into a smooth, round stick, forming the lower
+part of the tree trunk. Paste the last wrapped
+corner of the paper roll in place and clip the tree
+trunk off even across the bottom edge; then
+press it into a hole in the centre of an empty spool
+of ordinary size, and there's your tree! You can
+vary the foliage by crimping the fringe with knife
+or scissors before the strip is rolled into a tree and
+by having the fringe of some much longer than
+that of others. If you use different tones, tints,
+and shades of green, running from very light
+to dark, and make a lot of them varying in
+height, the trees will look very pretty and they can form a
+jungle where toy wild animals can live; or a number of the
+trees might form a playground or a grove where dolls may
+go for a picnic.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>In the photograph of the group of trees you will see a
+number of pots of flowers. The flowers are disks and squares
+of different bright-colored tissue-paper, each one with its
+centre pinched together and twisted into a stemlike piece,
+which is pushed down into a buttonhole-twist spool. Around
+some of the flowers a smaller square of green may be used for
+foliage.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>You could make an extensive flower garden by using a
+great number of these short, flat spools and bits of gay tissue-paper,
+and they can be arranged and rearranged in many
+different ways.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible to make all kinds of toy furniture of spools.
+If you want</p>
+
+
+<h3>A Bedroom Set,</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>use four spools for the legs of a bedstead, place them in
+position and lay a piece of stiff white paper, bent up at one
+end, on top of the spools. The bed will then be ready for
+the doll (<a href="#Fig_65">Fig. 65</a>).</div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Bedroom set">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_65" id="Fig_65"></a>
+<img src="images/i040a.png" width="250" height="176" alt="Fig. 65&mdash;A little bedstead." title="Fig. 65&mdash;A little bedstead." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 65&mdash;A little bedstead.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 177px;"><a name="Fig_66" id="Fig_66"></a>
+<img src="images/i040b.png" width="177" height="150" alt="Fig. 66&mdash;A table can be made in a moment&#39;s time." title="Fig. 66&mdash;A table can be made in a moment&#39;s time." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 66&mdash;A table can be made in a moment&#39;s time.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 122px;"><a name="Fig_67" id="Fig_67"></a>
+<img src="images/i040c.png" width="122" height="175" alt="Fig. 67&mdash;The lamp." title="Fig. 67&mdash;The lamp." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 67&mdash;The lamp.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>A little table can be made in a moment's time. All that
+is necessary is to choose a large spool and place a round piece
+of paper on the top (<a href="#Fig_66">Fig. 66</a>). Make the bureau of six
+spools close together in two rows of three spools each, and
+cut the top of a piece of paper with a high extension in the
+centre, which you must bend upright for a mirror. The
+washstand can be four spools quite close together covered
+with a piece of paper. A piano is easily made, but you must
+think it out for yourself. Use a small spool for the piano-stool.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>The Lamp</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>(<a href="#Fig_67">Fig. 67</a>) is a spool with a little roll of white paper shoved
+into the hole and a circular piece of paper crimped around
+the edge for the shade. Unless you need the spool to use
+again in other ways, you might paste the paper on and make
+a lamp which will not come apart.</div>
+
+<p>You can glue the tops on the table and washstand and the
+mirror on the bureau also; though this is not necessary, for
+if you are careful and do not knock against the furniture it
+will remain secure.</p>
+
+<p>Now make the toy</p>
+
+
+<h3>Kitchen</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>with empty spools, and the entire kitchen will not cost one
+cent of money.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_68" id="Fig_68"></a>
+<img src="images/i041.jpg" width="400" height="302" alt="Fig. 68&mdash;Just like a kitchen." title="Fig. 68&mdash;Just like a kitchen." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 68&mdash;Just like a kitchen.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 317px;"><a name="Fig_69" id="Fig_69"></a>
+<img src="images/i042a.jpg" width="317" height="350" alt="Fig. 69&mdash;The stove without the stovepipe." title="Fig. 69&mdash;The stove without the stovepipe." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 69&mdash;The stove without the stovepipe.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>See how firm and substantial the little kitchen furniture
+looks in the photograph with its fine stove, dresser, and wash-tub
+(<a href="#Fig_68">Fig. 68</a>). Use four
+spools for the feet of the
+stove. Over these lay a
+piece of pasteboard about
+six inches long and four
+inches wide, allowing it
+to project beyond the
+front feet to form the
+apron; then build on the
+body of the stove, making
+it of spools two layers
+deep, as in <a href="#Fig_69">Fig. 69</a>.
+Cut a piece of pasteboard
+to fit over the spools for
+the stove top, and have it
+long enough to stand out
+a short distance at the
+back; then you can build on the stovepipe (<a href="#Fig_70">Fig. 70</a>).</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 308px;"><a name="Fig_70" id="Fig_70"></a>
+<img src="images/i042b.jpg" width="308" height="350" alt="Fig. 70&mdash;The finished stove." title="Fig. 70&mdash;The finished stove." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 70&mdash;The finished stove.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 293px;"><a name="Fig_71" id="Fig_71"></a>
+<img src="images/i042c.jpg" width="293" height="350" alt="Fig. 71&mdash;The kitchen dresser." title="Fig. 71&mdash;The kitchen dresser." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 71&mdash;The kitchen dresser.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Make the dresser of spools and strips cut from pasteboard
+boxes (<a href="#Fig_71">Fig. 71</a>).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>For the tubs stand four spools close together, and set a little
+round box on top of them. Make the washboard of a
+piece of paper folded many times backward and forward,
+fan fashion. After carefully creasing the folds, pull the
+paper out slightly and put it in the tub for the next washday
+(<a href="#Fig_68">Fig. 68</a>).</p>
+
+<p>After cooking,</p>
+
+
+<h3>A Dining Table</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>will be needed. With eight spools and a piece of pasteboard
+cut from a box you can make a fine dining table; the
+legs of the table are four columns of two spools each, as you
+see in <a href="#Fig_72">Fig. 72</a>, and the chairs are made of spools with bent
+pieces of cardboard pasted on top. The decorations of the
+table are small spools with bright tissue-paper for flowers
+arranged at the four corners of the table, and the plates are
+the round pasteboard tops from milk bottles.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_72" id="Fig_72"></a>
+<img src="images/i043.jpg" width="300" height="227" alt="Fig. 72&mdash;The dining table." title="Fig. 72&mdash;The dining table." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 72&mdash;The dining table.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When enough furniture has been manufactured, build</p>
+
+
+<h3>A Wagon</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 323px;"><a name="Fig_73" id="Fig_73"></a>
+<img src="images/i044a.png" width="323" height="300" alt="Fig. 73&mdash;Pattern of little wagon." title="Fig. 73&mdash;Pattern of little wagon." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 73&mdash;Pattern of little wagon.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Cut <a href="#Fig_73">Fig. 73</a> from heavy paper or cardboard that will fold
+without breaking. Bend all the dotted lines and cut all the
+heavy lines in the pattern. Push a burnt match, or a wooden
+toothpick through one hub, then through an empty spool<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+and the second hub. The spool forms the wheels. Screw a
+small pin cautiously through each of the two projecting ends
+of the match, piercing the wood and leaving the head and
+point of the pin standing out (<a href="#Fig_74">Fig. 74</a>). Tie a knot in the
+end of a string to prevent its sliding out and thread it through
+the hole in the dashboard.</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_74" id="Fig_74"></a>
+<img src="images/i044b.png" width="350" height="125" alt="Fig. 74&mdash;The wagon of cardboard with spool for wheels." title="Fig. 74&mdash;The wagon of cardboard with spool for wheels." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 74&mdash;The wagon of cardboard with spool for wheels.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>By laying narrow strips of paper on a table or on the
+floor to form a boundary line, you may make a</p>
+
+
+<h3>Sunday-School Room</h3>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_75" id="Fig_75"></a>
+<img src="images/i045.jpg" width="400" height="252" alt="Fig. 75&mdash;A Sunday-school room made of spools." title="Fig. 75&mdash;A Sunday-school room made of spools." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 75&mdash;A Sunday-school room made of spools.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Leave an open space for the doorway at the opposite end of
+the room from the organ. Build up a column of four large
+spools at each side of the space and connect them with a strip
+of paper laid from the top of one column to the top of the
+other.</p>
+
+
+<p>Build the fine, large pipe-organ close to the edge of the
+back room. Stand eight spools in a row tight to each other
+at equal distances from each boundary side line. Build the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+row up three spools high, then skipping the end spools, build
+on two layers of six spools each; again skip the end spools
+and build on a layer of four spools. Crown the last layer
+with two top spools. Across the centre front of the organ
+stand a row of spools, two high and three long. Over them
+lay a piece of paper bent lengthwise through the centre for
+the key-board and music-rack. Bend another piece of paper
+for the music and stand it on the key-board against the rack.
+Make the organ seat of two spools placed side by side in
+front of the organ with a strip of paper laid over them. Let
+the seats for the doll children be rows of three spools each.
+Place the seats one in front of another in parallel lines a short
+distance apart and allow a wide, lengthwise central aisle
+between them. All this is shown in <a href="#Fig_75">Fig. 75</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Trolley Car</h3>
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_76" id="Fig_76"></a>
+<img src="images/i046.jpg" width="400" height="220" alt="Fig. 76&mdash;The spool trolley car." title="Fig. 76&mdash;The spool trolley car." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 76&mdash;The spool trolley car.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Hunt up an old pasteboard box, for you will need a box lid
+about fifteen inches long and eight inches wide as a foundation
+for the realistic trolley car (<a href="#Fig_76">Fig. 76</a>). Use eight spools<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+for the wheels; place two spool wheels near the front and
+two near the back on each side. Lay the spools down flat
+and rest the edge of the box lid on the body of the spools;
+then stand a row of eleven spools on each side of the top of
+the box lid. Beginning at one end of the row, build up
+every other spool into three-spool columns; the intervening
+spaces form the open windows of the car.</p>
+
+<p>Leave windows on the opposite side of the car in the same
+way, and place a row of spools close up against the bottom
+spools of each side of the car to form the car seats. Roof the
+car with a piece of cardboard cut off square at one end and
+rounded at the other. On top of each side of this roof place
+one row of six buttonhole-twist spools, the spools of each row
+separated equal distances (<a href="#Fig_76">Fig. 76</a>). Stand a spool on the
+front of the car platform for the motorman's wheel and you
+have a car like that in the photograph.</p>
+
+<p>When the trolley is taken apart use the spools in building</p>
+
+
+<h3>A Bridge</h3>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_77">Fig. 77</a> shows that the piers can be built to a good height
+and be solid and substantial.</p>
+
+<p>Stand three large-sized spools together, forming a triangle,
+with one point turned to face the opposite pier. This group
+of three spools is the foundation of one of the two columns,
+which together form one pier of the bridge.</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_77" id="Fig_77"></a>
+<img src="images/i048a.jpg" width="400" height="228" alt="Fig. 77&mdash;The spool bridge." title="Fig. 77&mdash;The spool bridge." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 77&mdash;The spool bridge.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>About two inches distant and on a line with the triangle
+of spools stand a group of three more spools, and build up
+each group into a column four spools high. You will need
+two more columns for the opposite pier of the bridge; build
+them as you did the first, and place the second pier exactly
+opposite to and as far from the first as you desire the span
+should reach&mdash;say about fourteen inches.</p>
+
+<p>Lay a strip of pasteboard six inches wide across from pier
+to pier, allowing the ends to rest on the piers, but not extend
+beyond the outside end edges of the piers; then if your span<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+is fourteen, inches long, cut from a pasteboard box two more
+strips fourteen inches long and of the same width as the span;
+score each strip across one end, one inch from the edge, bend
+slightly and fit the bent edge of each strip on one end of the
+bridge, allowing the other end of the strip to extend away
+from the pier and rest on the floor, forming an inclined
+approach to the bridge proper as in <a href="#Fig_77">Fig. 77</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p>When your pasteboard strips are well settled in place, continue
+building up the piers on top of the pasteboard, making
+each group of three spools
+two layers high; then
+build up one spool two
+layers high on top of the
+four columns.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;"><a name="Fig_78" id="Fig_78"></a>
+<img src="images/i048b.png" width="200" height="94" alt="Fig. 78&mdash;Span the two columns with this." title="Fig. 78&mdash;Span the two columns with this." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 78&mdash;Span the two columns with this.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Complete the archway
+by spanning the two columns
+of each pier with
+a narrow strip of stiff white paper bent up into a point at
+the centre and out into a flap at each end (<a href="#Fig_78">Fig. 78</a>). The flaps<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+rest on top of the spools. The photograph shows how the
+entire bridge should look, and in the photograph you will find
+a little lady hurrying across the bridge on her way home, and
+following in her wake Mr. Clothespin and Mrs. Clothespin.
+A paper boat under the bridge would make the scene more
+realistic.</p>
+
+<p>Next build</p>
+
+
+<h3>A Memorial Arch</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>(<a href="#Fig_79">Fig. 79</a>), something like the one which was erected in New
+York City. Commence with two groups of spools a short
+distance apart; have three in each group, two in the back and
+one in the front. Build up columns four spools high; then
+lay a strip of pasteboard across from one to the other. On
+top of the pasteboard place two more groups of smaller spools<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+a little nearer together than the first groups. Make these
+columns two spools high and crown each with a single spool
+decorated with a bright-colored paper flag fastened on a stick
+pushed down into the spool. At the base of the arch add three
+more spools on each side, <i>o</i> and <i>o</i> (<a href="#Fig_79">Fig. 79</a>), and the structure
+will be completed. This is not exactly like the original, but
+for a spool arch it is fine, and a spool procession will feel
+honored to march through it.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 306px;"><a name="Fig_79" id="Fig_79"></a>
+<img src="images/i049.png" width="306" height="400" alt="Fig. 79&mdash;A spool memorial arch." title="Fig. 79&mdash;A spool memorial arch." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 79&mdash;A spool memorial arch.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>The Parthenon</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_80" id="Fig_80"></a>
+<img src="images/i050.png" width="400" height="212" alt="Fig. 80&mdash;The Parthenon made of spools." title="Fig. 80&mdash;The Parthenon made of spools." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 80&mdash;The Parthenon made of spools.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>If you have enough spools, you can make a miniature representation
+of one of the most beautiful temples ever built.
+Begin by standing four spools in a row for the first end of the
+building, allowing about the width of a spool between each
+two. Place eight in a row for the first side, four for the
+other end, and eight for the second side (<a href="#Fig_80">Fig. 80</a>). Have the
+spools all of the same size, that the walls may be alike and
+perfectly even, because, as you know, the walls are to be
+formed of columns, not as many as in the original, but enough
+to give an idea of the Greek temple. Build up the spools
+three deep into pillars; then lay a piece of pasteboard on the
+top of the columns for a ceiling. Bend another piece of pasteboard<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+lengthwise through the centre for the roof, and stand
+it tent-like on top of the ceiling. You can measure the correct
+size of the ceiling by laying a piece of pasteboard down flat
+on the floor along the eight-columned side of the Parthenon
+to obtain the length, and placing it flat on the floor across the
+four-columned side to mark the width. Make the roof the
+same length and a little wider than the ceiling, to allow for
+the height of the bend through the centre.</p>
+
+
+<p>You must imagine a space immediately beneath the roof
+of the little Greek temple filled in with the most beautiful
+statuary, and think of the spools as white marble columns,
+and you should see, in fancy, another row of stately columns
+inside the ones you have built. Tell all about the real<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+Parthenon and hunt up a picture of the temple that all may
+see just how near you came to making the little model look
+like the wonderful Parthenon on the Acropolis, in Athens.</p>
+
+<p>After admiring the building for a while, pretend that a
+left-over spool</p>
+
+
+<h3>Is a Venetian Shell</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>shot from a cannon, and toss it gently against the roof at one
+end of the temple, then see the columns totter and fall, leaving
+only a portion of the Parthenon standing, in the same way
+that the real marble columns fell when the original structure
+was shattered and practically destroyed by the soldiers.</div>
+
+<p>You can</p>
+
+
+<h3>Blow Bubbles with a Spool,</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>beautiful bubbles, which float and glide in the air with all
+the charm of clay-pipe bubbles. Mix strong soap-suds, dip
+one end of a large spool in the water, wet the spool, then blow.
+If the bubble refuses to appear, dip the spool in the water
+again, put your head down to the spool and blow a few bubbles
+while the spool is in the water, then quickly raise it and
+try again. Nine times out of ten you will succeed, and a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+bubble will swell out from the spool as in <a href="#Fig_81">Fig. 81</a>. These
+wooden bubble-blowers last a long time, with no danger of
+breaking when accidentally dropped on the floor, and you
+can always find enough to provide one for each of the players
+who meet for a trial of skill in bubble-blowing.</div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 260px;"><a name="Fig_81" id="Fig_81"></a>
+<img src="images/i051.png" width="260" height="400" alt="Fig. 81&mdash;You can blow bubbles with a spool." title="Fig. 81&mdash;You can blow bubbles with a spool." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 81&mdash;You can blow bubbles with a spool.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Now try</p>
+
+
+<h3>Pretty Butterflies</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>which fly from spools. Cut a butterfly (<a href="#Fig_82">Fig. 82</a>) from bright-colored
+tissue paper or thin writing paper, bend at the dotted
+line and paste on the large end of a very small cork. Fit the
+small end of the cork into the top of the hole of an empty
+spool (<a href="#Fig_83">Fig. 83</a>). Then blow through the spool and see the
+butterfly ascend rapidly to the ceiling and float down again.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+A number of different colored butterflies in the air at one
+time fill the room with charming bits of fluttering brightness
+that will delight the children.</div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_82" id="Fig_82"></a>
+<img src="images/i052a.png" width="250" height="202" alt="Fig. 82&mdash;Pattern of butterfly." title="Fig. 82&mdash;Pattern of butterfly." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 82&mdash;Pattern of butterfly.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 190px;"><a name="Fig_83" id="Fig_83"></a>
+<img src="images/i052b.png" width="190" height="250" alt="Fig. 83&mdash;It will fly from the spool." title="Fig. 83&mdash;It will fly from the spool." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 83&mdash;It will fly from the spool.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Take another empty spool and stick a common wire hairpin
+partially into the hole, bend the hairpin slightly down
+against the edges of the hole, do the same with three more
+hairpins, and you will have a spool with a funnel-like opening
+of hairpins at the top (<a href="#Fig_84">Fig. 84</a>). In the funnel place a small,
+light-weight ball made of a crushed bit of bright paper wound
+around with thread. Raise the spool to your lips and blow
+gently (<a href="#Fig_85">Fig. 85</a>). The ball will rise and fall in mid-air, in the
+same way that you have seen one of rubber dance at the top
+of a small fountain or jet of water.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Ball and spool">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 169px;"><a name="Fig_84" id="Fig_84"></a>
+<img src="images/i053.png" width="169" height="316" alt="Fig. 84&mdash;The ball is placed on top of the spool." title="Fig. 84&mdash;The ball is placed on top of the spool." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 84&mdash;The ball is placed on top of the spool.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_85" id="Fig_85"></a>
+<img src="images/i053b.png" width="250" height="316" alt="Fig. 85&mdash;The ball will rise and fall." title="Fig. 85&mdash;The ball will rise and fall." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 85&mdash;The ball will rise and fall.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<h3>OLD ENVELOPE TOYS, AND HOW TO MAKE THEM</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Don't</span> throw away your old envelopes; see what amusing
+toys can be made of them simply by folding and cutting.
+No paste or glue is needed, and any one of the toys given
+here can be made in five minutes or less.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="The Frog">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_86" id="Fig_86"></a>
+<img src="images/i055a.jpg" width="250" height="181" alt="Fig. 86&mdash;The side view of the frog shows his beautiful open mouth." title="Fig. 86&mdash;The side view of the frog shows his beautiful open mouth." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 86&mdash;The side view of the frog shows his beautiful open mouth.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_87" id="Fig_87"></a>
+<img src="images/i055b.jpg" width="250" height="182" alt="Fig. 87&mdash;The frog is sprawled out on the table." title="Fig. 87&mdash;The frog is sprawled out on the table." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 87&mdash;The frog is sprawled out on the table.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3>The Frog</h3>
+
+<p>The frog is one of the simplest and at the same time the
+funniest of the collection. <a href="#Fig_86">Fig. 86</a> gives a side view in which
+his beautiful open mouth can be seen to advantage. <a href="#Fig_87">Fig. 87</a> shows him sprawled out on the table. <a href="#Fig_88">Fig. 88</a> gives the
+pattern of the frog as it appears when drawn on the envelope.
+You will notice that the bottom fold of the envelope
+is used for the top of the animal. Draw the outlines
+as in <a href="#Fig_88">Fig. 88</a>, then cut along the lines you have drawn. The
+under part of the body follows the edge of the lower lap
+of the envelope from front to hind leg. Now flatten out the
+fold at the top and bend the paper under at the corners,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+which forms the head and tail. Cut a slit along the folded
+edge of the head for the
+mouth, pull the lower
+part down and the mouth
+will open wide as a frog's
+mouth naturally does.
+By working the lower
+jaw the frog can be made
+to snap at imaginary flies.
+Draw the eyes as shown
+in <a href="#Fig_87">Fig. 87</a> and bend down
+the lower part of the
+body along the dotted line, shown in <a href="#Fig_88">Fig. 88</a>, spread out the
+hind legs, and Master Frog is finished.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_88" id="Fig_88"></a>
+<img src="images/i056a.png" width="250" height="147" alt="Fig. 88&mdash;The pattern of the frog drawn
+on an envelope." title="Fig. 88&mdash;The pattern of the frog drawn
+on an envelope." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 88&mdash;The pattern of the frog drawn
+on an envelope.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>The Little Bed</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_89" id="Fig_89"></a>
+<img src="images/i056b.jpg" width="400" height="262" alt="Fig. 89&mdash;Use a long envelope for the little bed." title="Fig. 89&mdash;Use a long envelope for the little bed." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 89&mdash;Use a long envelope for the little bed.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For the little bed (<a href="#Fig_89">Fig. 89</a>) use a long envelope. If the top
+lap is open, cut it off. Flatten out the bottom fold as you did<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+for the frog's back, then bend the ends and sides as in <a href="#Fig_90">Fig. 90</a>. Bend up the points
+at each end for head and
+footboards, and there is
+your bed.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Table</h3>
+
+<p>Make the table (<a href="#Fig_91">Fig. 91</a>) of a smaller envelope
+in the same way, but
+leave the points extending out at the ends (<a href="#Fig_90">Fig. 90</a>) and cut
+short legs on the bottom edge (<a href="#Fig_91">Fig. 91</a>).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_90" id="Fig_90"></a>
+<img src="images/i057a.png" width="250" height="131" alt="Fig. 90&mdash;Fold the envelope this way for the bed." title="Fig. 90&mdash;Fold the envelope this way for the bed." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 90&mdash;Fold the envelope this way for the bed.</span>
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"><a name="Fig_91" id="Fig_91"></a>
+<img src="images/i057c.jpg" width="276" height="250" alt="Fig. 91&mdash;Make the table of a smaller envelope." title="Fig. 91&mdash;Make the table of a smaller envelope." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 91&mdash;Make the table of a smaller envelope.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>Plates and other dishes can be made very easily. For
+circular dishes use a cent or a ten-cent piece for a pattern.
+Very effective cups and goblets can be made from old pieces
+of tinfoil. The table, however, is strong enough to hold the
+little china or tin dishes usually found among a child's collection
+of toys.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Sofa</h3>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 281px;"><a name="Fig_92" id="Fig_92"></a>
+<img src="images/i057d.jpg" width="281" height="250" alt="Fig. 92&mdash;A comfortable little sofa." title="Fig. 92&mdash;A comfortable little sofa." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 92&mdash;A comfortable little sofa.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The comfortable little high-backed sofa (<a href="#Fig_92">Fig. 92</a>) is made
+of a long envelope with the top left open. Fold the envelope<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+into the box shape, as for the bed, with the points turned up.
+Then fold the tips of the points inward, as in <a href="#Fig_93">Fig. 93</a>. Now
+reverse the box and slit down the two front edges which
+gives an opening in
+front. Bend down
+this front piece and
+cut it off on a line
+with the two ends.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_93" id="Fig_93"></a>
+<img src="images/i058a.png" width="300" height="179" alt="Fig. 93&mdash;Fold the tips of the points inward." title="Fig. 93&mdash;Fold the tips of the points inward." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 93&mdash;Fold the tips of the points inward.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>The Arm-Chair</h3>
+
+<p>A deep, low-seated
+arm-chair can be
+made of an oblong
+envelope of ordinary
+size by following the directions for the sofa and allowing the
+back to curve instead of making it flat, then slitting down
+the sides and bending them over to form the arms (<a href="#Fig_94">Fig. 94</a>).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 226px;"><a name="Fig_94" id="Fig_94"></a>
+<img src="images/i058c.jpg" width="226" height="250" alt="Fig. 94&mdash;Make the arm-chair of an
+oblong envelope." title="Fig. 94&mdash;Make the arm-chair of an
+oblong envelope." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 94&mdash;Make the arm-chair of an
+oblong envelope.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>The Bath Tub.</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 229px;"><a name="Fig_95" id="Fig_95"></a>
+<img src="images/i058d.jpg" width="229" height="250" alt="Fig. 95&mdash;A little bath tub for imaginary
+water." title="Fig. 95&mdash;A little bath tub for imaginary
+water." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 95&mdash;A little bath tub for imaginary
+water.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>A little bath tub, but one that will scarcely hold water, is
+shown in <a href="#Fig_95">Fig. 95</a>. In this the upper lap is left open, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+points are bent under, and the sides left to curve naturally.
+A baby carriage can also be made in this way, but for the
+carriage the points must extend down and have wheels drawn
+on them and the tips must be cut off squarely at the bottom
+so that the carriage will stand. The lap is the back and the
+handle in one (<a href="#Fig_96">Fig. 96</a>).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_96" id="Fig_96"></a>
+<img src="images/i059a.jpg" width="400" height="314" alt="Fig. 96&mdash;A doll-baby can ride in this carriage." title="Fig. 96&mdash;A doll-baby can ride in this carriage." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 96&mdash;A doll-baby can ride in this carriage.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h3>The Bungalow</h3>
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_97" id="Fig_97"></a>
+<img src="images/i059b.jpg" width="400" height="314" alt="Fig. 97&mdash;The bungalow is made of a long envelope." title="Fig. 97&mdash;The bungalow is made of a long envelope." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 97&mdash;The bungalow is made of a long envelope.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The little bungalow (<a href="#Fig_97">Fig. 97</a>) is something very different,
+yet it, too, is made of an envelope. Though it appears to
+have many parts it is all in one piece. The envelope is a long
+one, such as is used for
+legal papers. <a href="#Fig_98">Fig. 98</a>
+gives the pattern. The
+heavy lines show where
+to cut and the dotted
+lines where to bend. The
+lap forms the front porch,
+but the porch may be
+left off entirely if the envelope
+has been slit at
+the top in opening it.
+With a little care, however, many envelopes can be opened
+intact. Cut along the heavy lines of the door and windows,
+then open the door and the little shutters. Bend back the
+ends of the house and in the middle of each end take a little
+plait from top to bottom. This is to make the ends narrower
+and give room for the roof to slant. Bend the roof back from
+the eaves along the dotted line. The back of the bungalow
+is made like the front, except that it has no door, windows, or
+porch.</p>
+
+<p>Children who have a knack at drawing can greatly improve
+the bungalow by drawing the slats to the blinds, drawing in
+the panelling on the front door, putting on the knob, putting
+shingles on the roof, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_98" id="Fig_98"></a>
+<img src="images/i060.png" width="300" height="182" alt="Fig. 98&mdash;Draw the bungalow on the envelope in this way." title="Fig. 98&mdash;Draw the bungalow on the envelope in this way." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 98&mdash;Draw the bungalow on the envelope in this way.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>The Cart</h3>
+
+<p>The little cart (<a href="#Fig_99">Fig. 99</a>), that will hold quite a heavy doll,
+and can be trundled about like one made of wood, is not cut
+at all.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_99" id="Fig_99"></a>
+<img src="images/i061a.jpg" width="300" height="253" alt="Fig. 99&mdash;The cart can be trundled about like one made of wood." title="Fig. 99&mdash;The cart can be trundled about like one made of wood." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 99&mdash;The cart can be trundled about like one made of wood.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Fold an oblong envelope into the box shape (<a href="#Fig_93">Fig. 93</a>), with
+points turned up, but let the points be deeper than for the
+bed or sofa. This is because the ends of the envelope are to
+form the sides of the cart and must be longer from front to
+back. Bend the tips of the points in and crease the folds
+sharply that they may lie flat against the sides. Sharpen
+one end of a small, round stick and push it through the middle
+of the folded point on one side, then slide a large, empty spool
+on the stick and thrust the point of the stick through the
+opposite side (<a href="#Fig_100">Fig. 100</a>). The stick should stand out beyond
+the cart about half an inch on each side, and will need no
+fastening.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_100" id="Fig_100"></a>
+<img src="images/i061b.jpg" width="300" height="252" alt="Fig. 100&mdash;This is the way to put wheels on the cart." title="Fig. 100&mdash;This is the way to put wheels on the cart." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 100&mdash;This is the way to put wheels on the cart.</span>
+</div>
+<p>Puncture a hole in one end of the cart, thread a cotton
+string through the hole, tie a large knot on the inside end and
+pull the string through until the knot presses close against the
+end of the cart. Let the string be long enough to reach easily
+from the floor to the little hand that will hold the other end.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Besides all these toys, a baby's cradle that has rockers and
+will rock, a cunning little dressing-table with its mirror, boxes
+of different shapes and sizes, and various kinds of baskets
+can be made of the old envelope. Probably there are other
+forms it may be made to assume&mdash;boats perhaps, that for a
+time at least will float on the water, and animals other than
+the frog.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<h3>TOYS OF CLOTHESPINS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">You</span> can make cunning, soft, downy hens and roosters
+simply of raw cotton and clothespins (<a href="#Fig_101">Fig. 101</a>). The little
+creatures may be pure white, dark colored, or part dark and
+part light, according to the cotton used.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_101" id="Fig_101"></a>
+<img src="images/i063.jpg" width="400" height="233" alt="Fig. 101&mdash;Soft, downy hens and roosters." title="Fig. 101&mdash;Soft, downy hens and roosters." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 101&mdash;Soft, downy hens and roosters.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>All of</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Chickens</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>have the same kind of foundation. It is made by sliding the
+prongs of two clothespins into each other (<a href="#Fig_102">Fig. 102</a>). Be
+sure the clothespins, when together, stand firm on the prong
+ends, for these form the legs and feet of the chickens.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></div>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'><a name="Fig_102" id="Fig_102"></a><a name="Fig_103" id="Fig_103"></a>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Making Chickens">
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><img src="images/i064a.jpg" width="400" height="205" alt="Fig. 102&mdash;Slide the prongs of two clothespins together." title="Fig. 102&mdash;Slide the prongs of two clothespins together." />
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 102&mdash;Slide the prongs of<br />two clothespins together.</span>
+</td><td align='center'><span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 103&mdash;Tie a piece of raw<br />cotton over the head of<br />one clothespin.</span>
+</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p>With a string tie a piece of raw cotton over the head of one
+clothespin; have the string tight, but the cotton cover rather
+loose. Bring the cotton partly down the clothespin and tie
+it again (<a href="#Fig_103">Fig. 103</a>); then use your fingers to shape the top
+cotton into the form of a rooster's head; gently pull a little
+of it out to make the beak; tie a string around the beak where
+it joins the head, and, with thumb and finger slightly dampened,
+twist the end of the beak into a point (<a href="#Fig_104">Fig. 104</a>). Cotton
+which comes in sheets is best for the tail, but the other will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+do. Lay the centre of a generous piece of cotton over the
+head of the second clothespin, plait the loose ends around the
+pin, and fasten with a string, making the edge of the tail in
+a line with the opening of the prongs of the pin. Cut the
+folded end rounded on top, and slit it up a short distance into
+wide fringe to form the long feathers of the rooster's tail
+(<a href="#Fig_104">Fig. 104</a>).</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Finished chickens">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 286px;"><a name="Fig_104" id="Fig_104"></a>
+<img src="images/i064b.jpg" width="286" height="250" alt="Fig. 104&mdash;Pull a little of the cotton out to make a beak." title="Fig. 104&mdash;Pull a little of the cotton out to make a beak." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 104&mdash;Pull a little of the cotton out to make a beak.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 282px;"><a name="Fig_105" id="Fig_105"></a>
+<img src="images/i064c.jpg" width="282" height="250" alt="Fig. 105&mdash;A fine little rooster that will move his little head." title="Fig. 105&mdash;A fine little rooster that will move his little head." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 105&mdash;A fine little rooster that will move his little head.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>With another piece of cotton cover the back and sides of the
+rooster, as you would put a saddle on a horse. Bring the
+edges of the cover together down the neck and body; when
+fitted lift the cover, put paste here and there on its under side
+near the edge, replace the cover and it will stick fast; then,
+with the top of a wire hairpin, push the edges of the cover,
+front and back, in between the open prongs of the clothespin.
+Ink round bits of paper and paste on the rooster for eyes;
+make his comb and wattles of red tissue paper (<a href="#Fig_105">Fig. 105</a>),
+and you will have a fine rooster which can actually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>Move His Little Cotton Head</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>up and down, fast or slow, as you wish. To make him do so,
+hold the front leg steady with your left hand, while with your
+right hand you raise and lower the other leg. Try it, and see
+how naturally the little fellow appears to pick up corn in an
+eager, hungry manner.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_106" id="Fig_106"></a>
+<img src="images/i065.jpg" width="400" height="309" alt="Fig. 106&mdash;The little hen." title="Fig. 106&mdash;The little hen." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 106&mdash;The little hen.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Fashion the hen in the same way you made the rooster,
+only have the tail smaller and without long feathers (<a href="#Fig_106">Fig. 106</a>).
+The comb on the hen must also be smaller than that on the
+rooster. The general shape of the hen is the same as that
+of the rooster. Notice that the direction of outline along the
+lower edge of tail and body is one continuous slanting line;
+remember this when adjusting the tail that it may not stand
+out backward at right angles from the body.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Little Lambs</h3>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_107" id="Fig_107"></a>
+<img src="images/i066.jpg" width="400" height="129" alt="Fig. 107&mdash;Making a downy little lamb out of a clothespin." title="Fig. 107&mdash;Making a downy little lamb out of a clothespin." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 107&mdash;Making a downy little lamb out of a clothespin.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class='unindent'>are made in much the same way as the chickens. Slide two
+clothespins together for the foundation (<a href="#Fig_102">Fig. 102</a>); tie a wad
+of cotton over the head of one pin, then pull the head out a
+trifle on each side for ears, and tie with a string as you made
+the rooster's beak. Cover the second clothespin, making the
+upper part, which extends down, quite thick; then lift the
+upper part, and bring it across to the lamb's neck, for the
+little animal must have an almost level back (<a href="#Fig_107">Fig. 107</a>). Cut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+a piece of cotton large enough to cover the entire back and
+sides of the lamb, lay it over the lamb like a very large saddle,
+and fasten it in place with paste. Use small inked papers
+for eyes, and tie a gay ribbon around his neck (<a href="#Fig_108">Fig. 108</a>).
+Make a number of little lambs, for they are so attractive and
+pretty grouped together (<a href="#Fig_109">Fig. 109</a>).</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_108" id="Fig_108"></a>
+<img src="images/i067a.jpg" width="400" height="245" alt="Fig. 108&mdash;Tie a gay ribbon around the lamb&#39;s neck." title="Fig. 108&mdash;Tie a gay ribbon around the lamb&#39;s neck." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 108&mdash;Tie a gay ribbon around the lamb&#39;s neck.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_109" id="Fig_109"></a>
+<img src="images/i067b.jpg" width="400" height="239" alt="Fig. 109&mdash;The group of sheep." title="Fig. 109&mdash;The group of sheep." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 109&mdash;The group of sheep.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>The Rabbit</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>(<a href="#Fig_110">Fig. 110</a>) has the same kind of foundation as the lamb, but
+stretched out more, bringing the heads of the pins lower and
+farther apart. He needs very long ears, so they must be of
+separate pieces of sheet cotton tied to the head. Make his
+head rather large, and in other respects manufacture him
+much the same as the lamb.</div>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Rabbit and Dog">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 237px;"><a name="Fig_110" id="Fig_110"></a>
+<img src="images/i068a.jpg" width="237" height="250" alt="Fig. 110&mdash;Such a funny little long-eared rabbit." title="Fig. 110&mdash;Such a funny little long-eared rabbit." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 110&mdash;Such a funny little long-eared rabbit.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 236px;"><a name="Fig_111" id="Fig_111"></a>
+<img src="images/i068b.jpg" width="236" height="250" alt="Fig. 111&mdash;The doggie&#39;s head is large." title="Fig. 111&mdash;The doggie&#39;s head is large." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 111&mdash;The doggie&#39;s head is large.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<h3>The Ears and Tail of a Dog</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>are too large for pulling out and tying from the main piece
+of cotton, so cut them separate and tie on at the proper places.
+Make the doggie's head large, and the saddle-like cover thick,
+that the little fellow may be plump and fat; cut inked paper
+for eyes and end of nose; with these exceptions the work
+is the same as on the lamb (<a href="#Fig_107">Fig. 107</a>).</div>
+
+<p>When tying beaks, ears, and tails of the various animals,
+cut the string ends close to the knot; then the string will sink
+into the cotton.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Dressing the doll">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_112" id="Fig_112"></a>
+<img src="images/i069a.jpg" width="300" height="285" alt="Fig. 112&mdash;Begin to dress the doll in this way." title="Fig. 112&mdash;Begin to dress the doll in this way." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 112&mdash;Begin to dress the doll in this way.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><br /><div class="figcenter" style="width: 210px;"><a name="Fig_113" id="Fig_113"></a>
+<img src="images/i069b.jpg" width="210" height="285" alt="Fig. 113&mdash;A strip of cotton for arms." title="Fig. 113&mdash;A strip of cotton for arms." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 113&mdash;A strip of cotton for arms.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>To dress a</p>
+
+
+<h3>Little Girl Doll,</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>cut a strip of cotton extending from below the neck line of the
+clothespin to within a short distance of the ends of the prongs;
+tie the cotton in gathers around the lower edge of the neck,
+and again lower down at the belt line (<a href="#Fig_112">Fig. 112</a>). Make
+the arms of a strip of cotton about four and a quarter inches
+long and one inch wide; slash in the middle a short distance,
+and slip the strip over the head of the pin (<a href="#Fig_113">Fig. 113</a>); bend at
+the shoulders, fold remaining lengths once for arms, and, with
+dampened thumb and finger, lightly twist the ends into hands.
+The edges of the cotton forming arms and hands will cling
+together. Tie a bright ribbon sash around Miss Dolly's
+waist; then make her hair of a strip of dark raw cotton; fit
+and press it on the wooden head, twisting the ends to resemble
+long braids; pinch the cotton up on the top of the head to
+form a pompadour; when adjusted take the wig off; cover
+the wooden head with paste, and replace the wig, setting it
+well back from the front of the head. Fasten a ribbon bow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+back of the pompadour, and tie the braids together at the
+nape of the neck with another ribbon; then ink the features.
+Insert the ends of the prongs of the clothespin forming
+dolly's feet into a small piece of double-faced corrugated
+straw board, fasten them in with paste, and the little girl will
+stand alone (<a href="#Fig_114">Fig. 114</a>). The doll's back is shown in <a href="#Fig_115">Fig. 115</a>.</div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="More doll dressing">
+<tr><td align='left'><br /><div class="figcenter" style="width: 191px;"><a name="Fig_114" id="Fig_114"></a>
+<img src="images/i070c.jpg" width="191" height="365" alt="Fig. 114&mdash;Little girl doll made of a clothespin and dressed in raw cotton." title="Fig. 114&mdash;Little girl doll made of a clothespin and dressed in raw cotton." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 114&mdash;Little girl doll made of a clothespin and dressed in raw cotton.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 188px;"><a name="Fig_115" id="Fig_115"></a>
+<img src="images/i070d.jpg" width="188" height="365" alt="Fig. 115&mdash;Miss Dolly&#39;s back." title="Fig. 115&mdash;Miss Dolly&#39;s back." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 115&mdash;Miss Dolly&#39;s back.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 192px;"><a name="Fig_116" id="Fig_116"></a>
+<img src="images/i070e.jpg" width="192" height="366" alt="Fig. 116&mdash;The clothespin boy." title="Fig. 116&mdash;The clothespin boy." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 116&mdash;The clothespin boy.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Make the</p>
+
+
+<h3>Boy Doll</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>(<a href="#Fig_116">Fig. 116</a>) stand in the same manner; fashion his hair of dark
+cotton, his trousers of a strip of white cotton tied around the
+waist and pushed in between the prongs of the clothespins.
+Cut the coat from a folded piece of cotton, a hole in the centre
+of the fold for the head to pass through; straight sleeves horizontally
+cut along the fold; and the remainder in sacque form
+like a Japanese coat or pajamas. The sleeves form the arms
+and the hands of the boy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></div>
+
+<p>Fasten a belt high at the back and low in the front around
+his waist, giving the coat a Russian-blouse effect; make him
+a ribbon bow necktie, and ink the features.</p>
+
+<p>These small people are very bewitching, as are also the
+animals.</p>
+
+<p>You can color the sheet cotton slightly here and there with
+water-color paint if you are clever with a paint brush. As you
+work with these little dolls and animals you will find ever so
+many ways to vary them in effect. They are so soft and
+fluffy that a baby can play with them without injury, and a
+school or college boy may be amused by being presented
+with one, appropriately dressed, as a souvenir of pleasant
+experiences at a college luncheon or dinner.</p>
+
+<p>To make a foot-ball player, finish the blouse without necktie
+or belt; make the shoulders wide and the hair rather short,
+like a college boy's rough head. So much for the boy.
+Paste a letter cut out of colored paper on the front of the
+blouse to make it look like a college sweater, and gather the
+trousers in a little at the knees. You can tuck an egg-shaped
+ball made of brown raw wool under one arm for a
+realistic touch, if you choose.</p>
+
+<p>Little girl dolls may be similarly made to represent basket-ball
+players in short skirts and school or college sweaters,
+with appropriate emblems on the front, for a special entertainment.</p>
+
+<p>Making these figures is much less trouble than dressing
+dolls entails, and much more of a novelty, too. They take
+so many shapes that they fit almost any occasion.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, the possibilities of these cotton and clothespin toys
+are almost endless in the hands of ingenious young people.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<h3>SCRAP-BOOKS</h3>
+
+
+<h3><br />Mother Goose Scrap-Book</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> nursery scrap-books made of linen or colored cambric
+are, perhaps, familiar to most of our readers; but for the
+benefit of those who may not yet have seen these durable
+little books, we will give the following directions for making
+one:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Stitching the book">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_117" id="Fig_117"></a>
+<img src="images/i072a.png" width="300" height="151" alt="Fig. 117&mdash;Scrap-book opened and stitched through the middle." title="Fig. 117&mdash;Scrap-book opened and stitched through the middle." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 117&mdash;Scrap-book opened and stitched through the middle.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 152px;"><a name="Fig_118" id="Fig_118"></a>
+<img src="images/i072b.png" width="152" height="151" alt="Fig. 118&mdash;Scrap-book folded and then stitched." title="Fig. 118&mdash;Scrap-book folded and then stitched." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 118&mdash;Scrap-book folded and then stitched.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Cut from a piece of strong linen, colored cambric, or white
+muslin, four oblongs twenty-four inches long by twelve
+inches wide. Buttonhole-stitch the edges all around with
+some bright-colored worsted, then place the oblongs neatly
+together and stitch them directly through the centre with
+strong thread (<a href="#Fig_117">Fig. 117</a>). Fold them over, stitch again, as in
+<a href="#Fig_118">Fig. 118</a>, and your book is finished and ready for the pictures.</p>
+<div class='center'><a name="Fig_119" id="Fig_119"></a><a name="Fig_121" id="Fig_121"></a>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Book with pictures">
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><img src="images/i073.png" width="400" height="242" alt="Fig. 119&mdash;Three Wise Men of Gotham and  Fig  121&mdash;Little Jack Horner." title="Fig. 119&mdash;Three Wise Men of Gotham and  Fig  121&mdash;Little Jack Horner." />
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 119&mdash;Three Wise<br />Men of Gotham</span>
+</td><td align='center'><span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 121&mdash;Little Jack Horner.</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 138px;"><a name="Fig_120" id="Fig_120"></a>
+<img src="images/i074a.png" width="138" height="400" alt="Fig. 120&mdash;Materials for Three Wise Men of Gotham." title="Fig. 120&mdash;Materials for Three Wise Men of Gotham." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 120&mdash;Materials for Three Wise Men of Gotham.</span>
+</div>
+<p>It is in the preparation of these pictures that you will find<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+the novelty of the plan I propose. Instead of pasting in
+cards and pictures which have become too familiar to awaken
+interest, let the young book-makers design and form their
+own pictures by cutting special figures, or parts of figures,
+from different cards, and then pasting them together so as
+to form new combinations.</p>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 214px;"><a name="Fig_122" id="Fig_122"></a>
+<img src="images/i074b.png" width="214" height="400" alt="Fig. 122&mdash;Materials for Little Jack Horner." title="Fig. 122&mdash;Materials for Little Jack Horner." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 122&mdash;Materials for Little Jack Horner.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Any subject which pleases the fancy can be illustrated in
+this way, and the children will soon be deeply interested in
+the work and delighted at the strange and striking pictorial
+characters that can be produced by ingenious combinations.</p>
+<p>Stories and little poems may be very nicely and aptly
+illustrated; but the "Mother Goose Melodies" are, perhaps,
+the most suitable subjects with which to interest younger
+children, as they will be easily recognized by the little folk.</p>
+
+<p>Take, for instance, the "Three Wise Men of Gotham," who
+went to sea in a bowl. Will not <a href="#Fig_119">Fig. 119</a> serve very well as
+an illustration of the subject? Yet these figures are cut from
+advertising cards, and no two from the same card. <a href="#Fig_120">Fig. 120</a>
+shows the materials; <a href="#Fig_119">Fig. 119</a> shows the result of combining
+them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Again, the little man dancing so gaily (<a href="#Fig_122">Fig. 122</a>) is turned
+into "Little Jack Horner" eating his Christmas pie (<a href="#Fig_121">Fig. 121</a>),
+by merely cutting off his legs and substituting
+a dress skirt and pair of feet clipped from
+another card. The Christmas pie in his lap
+is from still another card.</p>
+
+<p>In making pictures of this kind, figures
+that were originally
+standing may be forced
+to sit; babies may be
+placed in arms which, on
+the cards they were stolen
+from, held only cakes of
+soap, perhaps, or boxes
+of blacking; heads may
+be ruthlessly torn from
+bodies to which they belong,
+and as ruthlessly
+clapped upon strange
+shoulders; and you will
+be surprised to see what
+amusing, and often excellent,
+illustrations present themselves as the result of a little
+ingenuity in clipping and pasting.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p>Another kind, which we shall call the</p>
+
+
+<h3>Transformation Scrap-Book</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>will be found exceedingly amusing on account of the various
+and ever-changing pictures it presents.</div>
+
+<p>Unlike any other, where the picture once pasted in must
+remain ever the same, the transformation scrap-book alters
+one picture many times. To work these transformations, a
+blank book is the first article required; one eight inches long
+by six and a half or seven wide is a good size.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Cut the pages of this book across, one-third the way down.
+<a href="#Fig_123">Fig. 123</a> shows how this should be done. The three-cornered
+piece cut out near the
+binding allows the
+pages to be turned
+without catching or
+tearing. Leave the
+first page uncut; also
+the one in the middle
+of the book.</p>
+
+<p>Cut from picture-cards,
+or old toy-books
+which have colored
+illustrations, the
+odd and funny figures of men and women, boys and girls,
+selecting those which will give variety of costumes and
+attitudes.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Fig_123" id="Fig_123"></a>
+<img src="images/i075.png" width="350" height="242" alt="Fig. 123&mdash;Transformation scrap-book with pages cut." title="Fig. 123&mdash;Transformation scrap-book with pages cut." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 123&mdash;Transformation scrap-book with pages cut.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Paste the figure of a woman or a girl on the first page,
+placing it so that when the lower part of the next page is
+turned the upper edge of it will come across the neck of the
+figure where it is joined on to the shoulders.</p>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 332px;"><a name="Fig_124" id="Fig_124"></a>
+<img src="images/i076.png" width="332" height="425" alt="Fig. 124&mdash;Leaves from a transformation scrap-book." title="Fig. 124&mdash;Leaves from a transformation scrap-book." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 124&mdash;Leaves from a transformation scrap-book.</span>
+</div>
+<p>Cut the heads from the rest of the pictured women, turn the
+lower part of the next page and, choosing a body as different
+as possible from the one just used, paste it upon the lower part
+of the second page, directly under the head belonging to the
+first body. Upon the upper part of the second page paste
+any one of the other heads, being careful to place it so that
+it will fit the body. Continue in this way, pasting the heads
+upon the upper, and the bodies on the lower, part of the page,
+until the space allowed for the women is filled up; then,
+commencing at the page left in the middle of the book, paste
+upon it the figure of a man, and continue in the same manner
+as with the women, until the spaces are all used and the book
+is complete.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>The combinations formed in this way are very funny.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+Old heads with young bodies; young heads with old bodies;
+then one head with a great variety of bodies, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>The first picture may represent a man, tall, thin, dressed
+in a rowing costume, as shown in the illustration. Turn the
+lower part of the next page, and no longer is he thin and tall,
+but short and stout, the position of this body giving the expression
+of amazement, even to the face. The next page
+turned shows him to be neither tall nor short, thick nor thin,
+but a soldier, well-proportioned, who is looking over his
+shoulder in the most natural manner possible (<a href="#Fig_124">Fig. 124</a>).</p>
+
+
+
+<p>The figures in <a href="#Fig_124">Fig. 124</a> were cut from advertising cards,
+and the head belongs to none of the bodies.</p>
+
+<p>A curious fact in arranging the pictures in this way is that
+the heads all look as though they might really belong to any
+of the various bodies given them.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of having but one figure on a page, groups may be
+formed of both men and women, and in the different arrangement
+of the figures they can be made very ludicrous
+indeed.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Flour Paste</h3>
+
+<p>Mix one-half cup of flour with enough cold water to make
+a very thin batter, which must be smooth and free from
+lumps; put the batter on top of the stove&mdash;not next to the
+fire&mdash;in a tin saucepan, and stir continually until it boils;
+then remove from the stove, add three drops of oil of cloves,
+and pour the paste into a cup or tumbler. This will keep for
+a long time and will not become sour.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<h3>TOYS MADE OF COMMON KINDLING WOOD</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Just</span> a glance at a pile of ordinary every-day kindling wood
+could hardly suggest to one the possibilities existing in the
+crude material for building all sorts of interesting and realistic
+things for the little folks, but experiment and you will find
+that Klondike log-houses, rail-fences and lumber camps,
+bridges, and substantial little rafts which will float on water
+in laundry or bath tub, pond or stream, can be easily and
+readily built from the little sticks we use to start our fires.</p>
+
+<p>Let us build</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Bridge</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>first, that Indians and men may cross the water to the lumber
+region beyond, and cut logs for their rafts (<a href="#Fig_125">Fig. 125</a>).</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_125" id="Fig_125"></a>
+<img src="images/i079.jpg" width="400" height="242" alt="Fig. 125&mdash;The little bridge built of kindling wood." title="Fig. 125&mdash;The little bridge built of kindling wood." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 125&mdash;The little bridge built of kindling wood.</span>
+</div><p>Select two sticks of kindling wood as near of a size as you
+can find, and lay them side by side, a short distance apart;
+then connect the two by placing sticks across the ends, log-cabin
+fashion. These four sticks form the square foundation
+of one bridge pier.</p>
+
+<p>Continue building by crossing the second layer of sticks
+with a third layer, the third layer with a fourth layer, and
+so on until the pier is built up sufficiently high, six or more
+layers, according to the thickness of the sticks. As you
+build be sure that the two sticks forming each layer lie absolutely
+steady and are of about the same thickness, that those
+built on top of them may not slant, but lie level and steady.</p>
+
+<p>All sticks should be of the same length, but the layers may
+vary in thickness; one layer of sticks might be thin and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>
+next thick; it matters not, provided that the two forming the
+same layer are nearly of a size.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>When the first pier is finished, build a second one like it a
+short distance from the first one, and lay a strip of stiff pasteboard,
+cut from an old box, across from pier to pier; then lay
+a second strip of pasteboard from one pier to the ground, a
+third strip from the remaining pier to the ground on the opposite
+side (<a href="#Fig_125">Fig. 125</a>). If you wish, the two end strips can
+be longer than those shown in the photograph, and slant from
+the piers down to the ground on a level with the water. The
+banks in the photograph are built up with boxes and covered
+with green cloth.</p>
+
+<p>For each of the two archways, take two thin sticks of wood
+and stand them at the top outward edge of the pier, with
+ends braced together at the top, and spread out at the bottom,
+as in the photograph.</p>
+
+<p>Use either natural or tissue-paper trees stuck into empty
+spools for foliage, or little toy trees, if you happen to have
+them among the children's store toys.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Though the bridge is not intended to be over real water,
+you might try the experiment and strengthen the hollow piers
+by filling them with stones, when building the bridge out-of-doors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_126" id="Fig_126"></a>
+<img src="images/i080.jpg" width="400" height="260" alt="Fig. 126&mdash;Kindling-wood rafts that will float on real water." title="Fig. 126&mdash;Kindling-wood rafts that will float on real water." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 126&mdash;Kindling-wood rafts that will float on real water.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_126">Fig. 126</a> shows two little</p>
+
+
+<h3>Kindling-Wood Rafts</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>which will float on real water. Have the slender sticks for
+the raft all of the same length, and use about sixteen or eighteen
+sticks for each raft. Weave them together with a string.
+Begin by tying the centre of a long string around each end of a
+stick, which should be about eight inches in length (<a href="#Fig_127">Fig. 127</a>).</div>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Building the raft 1">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_127" id="Fig_127"></a>
+<img src="images/i081a.png" width="300" height="111" alt="Fig. 127&mdash;Begin the raft in this way." title="Fig. 127&mdash;Begin the raft in this way." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 127&mdash;Begin the raft in this way.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 191px;"><a name="Fig_128" id="Fig_128"></a>
+<img src="images/i081b.png" width="191" height="85" alt="Fig. 128&mdash;Lay a second stick up against the tie." title="Fig. 128&mdash;Lay a second stick up against the tie." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 128&mdash;Lay a second stick up against the tie.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Place one end of a second stick up against one tie, allowing
+one string to come over and the other string under the second
+stick (<a href="#Fig_128">Fig. 128</a>). Cross the two lengths of the string over the
+second stick, bringing the lower string up and the upper
+string down (<a href="#Fig_129">Fig. 129</a>); then lay another stick up against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+the crossed strings, carrying the strings in turn over this stick
+(<a href="#Fig_130">Fig. 130</a>). Again, bring the lower string up and the upper
+string down, before placing another stick. Continue crossing
+the string and adding kindling wood until the raft is of the
+desired length. Tie the ends of the string securely on the
+last stick, and weave the opposite loose ends of the sticks
+together in the same way, tying the string firmly together on
+the last stick. Clip off the ends of the string and the raft
+will then be ready for the water, and will carry either passengers
+or freight.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Building the raft 2">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_129" id="Fig_129"></a>
+<img src="images/i081c.png" width="250" height="116" alt="Fig. 129&mdash;Cross the strings around the second stick." title="Fig. 129&mdash;Cross the strings around the second stick." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 129&mdash;Cross the strings around the second stick.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_130" id="Fig_130"></a>
+<img src="images/i081d.png" width="250" height="161" alt="Fig. 130&mdash;Cross the strings around the third stick." title="Fig. 130&mdash;Cross the strings around the third stick." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 130&mdash;Cross the strings around the third stick.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Put up log-houses for the toy people to live in. Select two
+different lengths of kindling wood for</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Houses</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>that the buildings may be longer one way than the other.
+They will look better and be more comfortable than if square.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></div>
+
+<p>Place two long sticks of kindling wood a short distance
+apart and running parallel; across these sticks lay two
+shorter ones, bridging the space at each end between the long
+sticks, then place two long sticks over the ends of the two
+short ones; keep building in this way until the little house is
+seven or eight layers high.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_131" id="Fig_131"></a>
+<img src="images/i082.jpg" width="400" height="200" alt="Fig. 131&mdash;A Klondike settlement with dog train and sledge." title="Fig. 131&mdash;A Klondike settlement with dog train and sledge." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 131&mdash;A Klondike settlement with dog train and sledge.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cut a piece of white cardboard or light-weight pasteboard
+the length of the house, and wider than the width of the house,
+to allow for the slant of the roof. Bend the roof lengthwise
+through the centre and lay it on top of the house (<a href="#Fig_131">Fig. 131</a>).
+Make a door of stiff pasteboard painted or covered with a
+layer of brown tissue-paper pasted on the outside. Cut the
+door a suitable size and stand it up in front of the house.</p>
+
+<p>If you want</p>
+
+
+<h3>An Arctic Scene</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>spread a piece of white cloth over a table for the snowy
+ground. Canton flannel, fleecy side up, is best, but any kind
+will answer the purpose. Then erect several kindling-wood
+houses and form a Klondike settlement (<a href="#Fig_131">Fig. 131</a>).</div>
+
+<p>Original home-made toy men, dogs, and sled may be used<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+to complete the scene, or they can be cut from newspapers
+or old magazines. Stiffen by pasting them on cardboard;
+then cut out the men, dogs, and sled more carefully in detail.
+Bend one leg forward and one backward to make the men
+stand alone, and bend two legs outward and two inward to
+enable the dogs to stand. Paste narrow strips of paper on the
+dogs for harness.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_132" id="Fig_132"></a>
+<img src="images/i083.png" width="400" height="287" alt="Fig. 132&mdash;The Virginia rail-fence." title="Fig. 132&mdash;The Virginia rail-fence." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 132&mdash;The Virginia rail-fence.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Make another kindling-wood scene like <a href="#Fig_132">Fig. 132</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Rail-Fences</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>are peculiar to America. You cannot find them abroad, and
+every little boy and girl will want to know how to build one
+of these old-fashioned "snake" or Virginia rail-fences. The
+fence may be of any length, its zigzag lines can run in any
+direction, all the way across the room if you choose.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Building the rail fence">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"><a name="Fig_133" id="Fig_133"></a>
+<img src="images/i084.png" width="200" height="103" alt="Fig. 133&mdash;Form a rude letter V." title="Fig. 133&mdash;Form a rude letter V." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 133&mdash;Form a rude letter V.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 259px;"><a name="Fig_134" id="Fig_134"></a>
+<img src="images/i084b.png" width="259" height="100" alt="Fig. 134&mdash;Across the end of the second stick place the end of a third stick." title="Fig. 134&mdash;Across the end of the second stick place the end of a third stick." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 134&mdash;Across the end of the second stick place the end of a third stick.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Lay down one piece of kindling wood, and over one end
+place the end of another stick, forming a rude letter V (<a href="#Fig_133">Fig. 133</a>). Across the end of the second stick which rests on the
+ground, place the end of a third stick (<a href="#Fig_134">Fig. 134</a>). Keep on
+building the first layer of the fence in this way until it stretches
+as far as you wish; then go back to the starting point and
+begin building the second layer of sticks, by placing a stick
+over the first stick, resting one end on the far end of the first
+stick, the other end on the top of the end of the second stick;
+lay another stick across over the second stick, another over
+the third, and so on until the second layer is finished. Build
+other layers in like manner, and make the fence high or low,
+as desired. Pile up kindling wood into a wood-pile with
+small pieces scattered on the ground, and if there is a toy
+horse you can make him haul more wood (<a href="#Fig_132">Fig. 132</a>).</p>
+
+<p>These kindling-wood toys will give a realistic idea of log-houses,
+rail-fences, log rafts, and primitive bridges, and while
+building them the children might be told stories of the way
+early settlers lived and made their homes, or the children may
+"make up" stories about the different scenes.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Hammocks</h3>
+
+<p>Substantial little hammocks which will hold good-sized
+dolls, and even a real pussy with no danger of the material
+breaking, can be made of ordinary kindling wood or strips of
+pasteboard (<a href="#Fig_135">Fig. 135</a>). Both styles of hammocks are woven
+in the same manner. The weaving is like that used for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>
+raft and is of the simplest, most primitive kind, merely crossing
+of the two ends of each side string between each piece of
+wood (or pasteboard) slat, with loops of string left at each
+end of the hammock for hanging it up. When fashioned of
+kindling wood, like that in the photograph, have the sticks
+slender and all of the same length. When made of pasteboard,
+cut seven-inch-wide strips from a heavy pasteboard box and
+cut the strips crosswise into one-half-inch slats. Have ready
+two long strings measuring about two and a half yards each.
+Double each string and tie a knot in the closed end, fifteen
+inches from the extreme folded end, then place your work on
+the top of the table, or some other flat surface where you can
+keep the slats flat and even. Begin to weave by laying a
+slat between the loose ends of each string.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_135" id="Fig_135"></a>
+<img src="images/i085.png" width="400" height="196" alt="Fig. 135&mdash;A substantial little hammock." title="Fig. 135&mdash;A substantial little hammock." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 135&mdash;A substantial little hammock.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Push the slat up tight against the knots and cross the strings
+on the outer edge of the slat. Slide another slat between the
+two ends of each side string, shoving it close up against the
+crossed strings at the outer edge of the first slat. Bring one
+end of each string over and one under the second slat, cross
+them, and add the third slat. Continue weaving in this way
+until the hammock is of sufficient length, then tie the strings
+securely at the outer edge of the last slat.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After you have put in the last board bring the slats up very
+close together and draw the strings firm and tight. Tie the
+double lengths of string together at each end of the hammock,
+making two long loops by which to hang up the hammock.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<h3>LITTLE TWIG PEOPLE</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Have</span> you seen the little people who live up in the trees?
+Little twig people who dance and swing and bob about, who
+nod and bow and flutter hither and yon; some astride funny
+twig horses, others dangling head down, many waiting to
+run a race when a stiff breeze comes along, and all as merry
+as merry can be, tossing their long, thin arms and legs in the
+air just for the fun of it. Perhaps some of these queer folk
+are outside your window now, and it may be near enough to
+the ground for even the littlest boys and girls to reach if they
+stand on their toes. Here are several of the twig people who
+came down and posed for their photographs. We will give
+each one a name.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_145">Fig. 145</a> is Miss Daffy-down-dilly, who has just come to
+town and is feeling very bashful about it.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_148">Fig. 148</a> is Jack-be-nimble Jack-be-quick, who thinks he
+can jump over any candlestick, high or low.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_151">Fig. 151</a> is the Little Crooked Man who ran a crooked
+mile.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_152">Fig. 152</a> is Little Miss Muffet, who is so terribly afraid of
+the spider.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_153">Fig. 153</a> is Peter White, who follows his nose wherever he
+goes.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_154">Fig. 154</a> is Doctor Foster, who went to Gloster in a shower
+of rain, and he is stepping very high to avoid falling into the
+puddle we have all heard about.</p>
+
+<p>The little twig people do not look quite as real when
+separated from the tree as when you see them dancing in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+breeze, so it is necessary to help out their appearance with
+paper heads and hands and feet.</p>
+
+<p>Use care in selecting your twigs, for they are not all alike.
+Some are quite choice and unique, others more commonplace
+and less amusing. Suitable ones may be found in plenty.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Sticks and heads">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 251px;"><a name="Fig_136" id="Fig_136"></a>
+<img src="images/i088a.png" width="251" height="400" alt="Fig. 136&mdash;The black bands on the twigs show where they should be trimmed off." title="Fig. 136&mdash;The black bands on the twigs show where they should be trimmed off." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 136&mdash;The black bands on the twigs show where they should be trimmed off.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 146px;"><a name="Fig_137" id="Fig_137"></a>
+<img src="images/i088b.png" width="146" height="200" alt="Fig. 137&mdash;Fastening the twig." title="Fig. 137&mdash;Fastening the twig." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 137&mdash;Fastening the twig.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>When a small branch is broken from a tree or bush, you
+will find that some of the twigs attached look like queer,
+crooked, little legs, and some, just the right distance above,
+seem made for arms. Then comes the long neck that is
+joined, perhaps, to the still larger branch or to the trunk of
+the tree. Sometimes there are several arms and several<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+legs too many and you must look closely and decide which
+are the real ones; then cut off the others.</p>
+
+<p>You will know the real</p>
+
+
+<h3>Arms and Legs</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>for they are always the funniest ones and the most suggestive
+of comical action.</div>
+
+<p>Cut the long neck down in proportion to the rest of the
+body and trim the arms and legs off to the proper length.
+Remember that one inch of the neck of the dolls must be
+inserted in the head and allow for that in cutting the long stem.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_136">Fig. 136</a> gives a branch as it looks when taken from the
+tree, and the black bands on the twigs show where they should
+be trimmed off to bring the little figure into proportions.
+The parts left white or in outline, below the bands, are to be
+cut away. There are two legs to this branch and three arms,
+one of which must be dispensed with. The left arm must
+remain and it matters but little which of the right arms is
+selected. In this case the lower one is marked to be cut.</p>
+
+<p>Now comes the making of the</p>
+
+
+<h3>Heads, Hands, and Feet</h3>
+
+<p>These must all be double, for, to hold them on, the twigs are
+pasted between the two halves. In some cases, where the
+neck is quite thick, you will find it best to shave off a little
+at front and back to flatten it, so that the neck may lie easily
+between the two parts of the head and not push the face out
+of shape (<a href="#Fig_137">Fig. 137</a>). This is seldom necessary, however,
+unless the doll is unusually large.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_138">Figs. 138</a>, <a href="#Fig_139">139</a>, <a href="#Fig_140">140</a>, <a href="#Fig_141">141</a>, <a href="#Fig_142">142</a>, and <a href="#Fig_143">143</a> give the heads of all
+our little troupe sufficiently large to be copied. <a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>
+shows the hands and feet.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Heads">
+<tr><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 193px;"><a name="Fig_138" id="Fig_138"></a>
+<img src="images/i090-138.png" width="193" height="238" alt="Fig. 138&mdash;Daffy-down-dilly." title="Fig. 138&mdash;Daffy-down-dilly." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 138&mdash;Daffy-down-dilly.</span>
+</div></td><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 214px;"><a name="Fig_139" id="Fig_139"></a>
+<img src="images/i090-139.png" width="214" height="224" alt="Fig. 139&mdash;Little Miss Muffet." title="Fig. 139&mdash;Little Miss Muffet." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 139&mdash;Little Miss Muffet.</span>
+</div></td><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 241px;"><a name="Fig_140" id="Fig_140"></a>
+<img src="images/i090-140.png" width="241" height="278" alt="Fig. 140&mdash;Jack-be-nimble." title="Fig. 140&mdash;Jack-be-nimble." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 140&mdash;Jack-be-nimble.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 221px;"><a name="Fig_141" id="Fig_141"></a>
+<img src="images/i090-141.png" width="221" height="217" alt="Fig. 141&mdash;The Little Crooked Man." title="Fig. 141&mdash;The Little Crooked Man." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 141&mdash;The Little Crooked Man.</span>
+</div></td><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 241px;"><a name="Fig_142" id="Fig_142"></a>
+<img src="images/i090-142.png" width="241" height="221" alt="Fig. 142&mdash;Peter White." title="Fig. 142&mdash;Peter White." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 142&mdash;Peter White.</span>
+</div></td><td align='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 193px;"><a name="Fig_143" id="Fig_143"></a>
+<img src="images/i090-143.png" width="193" height="183" alt="Fig. 143&mdash;Doctor Foster." title="Fig. 143&mdash;Doctor Foster." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 143&mdash;Doctor Foster.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>Use a heavy brown wrapping paper for the heads and draw
+the faces simply with pen and ink in broad lines, or, if the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+children want to color them, they can use water-colors or
+colored pencils. In any case the features should be strongly
+marked, that the character of the face may not be lost.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 313px;"><a name="Fig_144" id="Fig_144"></a>
+<img src="images/i091.png" width="313" height="400" alt="Fig. 144&mdash;Hands and feet." title="Fig. 144&mdash;Hands and feet." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 144&mdash;Hands and feet.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>You can make the hands of paper like the face, or of dark
+brown paper (not tissue), to match the dark brown arms.
+White hands will give the effect of white gloves. Make the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+feet brown or black, or use bright colored paper to represent
+colored shoes.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Daffy-Down-Dilly</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>is quite a tall girl, standing eighteen inches high in her heel-less
+shoes (<a href="#Fig_145">Fig. 145</a>). Her head, shown in <a href="#Fig_138">Fig. 138</a>, measures
+three inches from top to chin; this does not include the
+swirl of hair which rises in a peak above the head. Her
+hands, A (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>), are two and a quarter inches long from
+wrist to tip of middle finger,
+and her feet, B (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>),
+are two and three-quarter
+inches long.</div>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 215px;"><a name="Fig_145" id="Fig_145"></a>
+<img src="images/i092.jpg" width="215" height="250" alt="Fig. 145&mdash;Daffy-down-dilly." title="Fig. 145&mdash;Daffy-down-dilly." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 145&mdash;Daffy-down-dilly.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>These are the proportions.
+Of course, for a smaller doll
+they should be smaller.</p>
+
+<p>Fold a piece of wrapping
+paper, making it double,
+and on the paper draw Daffy's
+head, copying the one in
+<a href="#Fig_138">Fig. 138</a>, or making an original
+head if you prefer. The
+back hair may be drawn in or
+painted if the children insist
+upon having an all-around
+doll. If the neck is thick shave it off as in <a href="#Fig_137">Fig. 137</a>. Draw
+two hands on double pieces of paper and two feet on double
+pieces of paper, and cut them out. Daffy's hands are the
+color of her face, and her shoes are black.</p>
+
+
+<p>Now cover the inside of the back of the head with paste,
+lay the neck on the head and cover that too with paste (<a href="#Fig_137">Fig. 137</a>). Then fit the front of the head to the back and press
+it down until the two halves, with the twig between, are pasted
+firmly together. In the same way paste on the hands and
+feet. Make Daffy's dress of yellow tissue-paper, the color<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>
+of a daffodil. Cut a circle for the skirt with a small hole in
+the centre and slit it down the back;' then draw it through
+your hands to shape it and make it hang nicely.</p>
+
+<p>Cut out a little waist with pointed sleeves, like <a href="#Fig_146">Fig. 146</a>,
+and a pointed collar, like <a href="#Fig_147">Fig. 147</a>. Make the waist double
+with the fold at the top, cut a hole for the neck, and slit down
+the back. Use green tissue-paper for the collar.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Daffy's Clothes">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Fig_146" id="Fig_146"></a>
+<img src="images/i093a.png" width="250" height="158" alt="Fig. 146&mdash;Waist of Daffy." title="Fig. 146&mdash;Waist of Daffy." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 146&mdash;Waist of Daffy.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 132px;"><a name="Fig_147" id="Fig_147"></a>
+<img src="images/i093b.png" width="132" height="130" alt="Fig. 147&mdash;Collar of Daffy." title="Fig. 147&mdash;Collar of Daffy." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 147&mdash;Collar of Daffy.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Put the waist on the doll, gather it at the belt line, front and
+back, and paste. Paste it also at the neck and along the under
+edge of the sleeves. Paste the skirt to the waist at the belt,
+bring the edges of the slit together at the back, lap them, and
+paste. Wrap a strip of the yellow paper around the waist
+for a belt, then put the collar around the neck, and fasten with
+a touch of paste.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Jack-be-Nimble</h3>
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 210px;"><a name="Fig_148" id="Fig_148"></a>
+<img src="images/i094.jpg" width="210" height="250" alt="Fig. 148&mdash;Jack-be-nimble." title="Fig. 148&mdash;Jack-be-nimble." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 148&mdash;Jack-be-nimble.</span>
+</div>
+<div class='unindent'>came from the elm tree. He is ten inches tall from his cap
+to the sole of his shoe (<a href="#Fig_148">Fig. 148</a>). You will find his head in
+<a href="#Fig_140">Fig. 140</a>. C (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>) is the pattern for his hands, and
+D (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>) the pattern for his feet, which are made of
+brown paper. His brilliant costume is fashioned of orange-colored
+tissue-paper. Cut the coat like <a href="#Fig_149">Fig. 149</a>, making it
+double, with the fold at the top of the high flaring collar.
+Cut a hole for the neck and make a small slit down in front,
+then turn back the points of the collar at the neck. To<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
+avoid slitting the coat all the way to the bottom, put it on
+little Jack before you adjust his head. His neck can be
+slipped through the hole without trouble; then the edges
+of the coat are pasted together. Each leg of the short
+trousers is made separately,
+of an oblong piece of
+tissue-paper. This is gathered
+at the knee and waist
+line and pasted in place
+(<a href="#Fig_150">Fig. 150</a>). If the stripes on
+Jack's cap are painted orange
+color and his pointed
+shoes are also orange, the
+effect of his bright costume
+will be still more glowing.</div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Jack's Clothes">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 196px;"><a name="Fig_149" id="Fig_149"></a>
+<img src="images/i095a.png" width="196" height="158" alt="Fig. 149&mdash;Pattern of Jack-be-nimble&#39;s coat." title="Fig. 149&mdash;Pattern of Jack-be-nimble&#39;s coat." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 149&mdash;Pattern of Jack-be-nimble&#39;s coat.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 184px;"><a name="Fig_150" id="Fig_150"></a>
+<img src="images/i095b.png" width="184" height="250" alt="Fig. 150&mdash;Each leg of the trousers is made separately." title="Fig. 150&mdash;Each leg of the trousers is made separately." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 150&mdash;Each leg of the trousers is made separately.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3>The Little Crooked Man</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>belongs to the fir-tree family,
+and as he is clothed
+only in his little rough suit
+of brown bark, you can see (<a href="#Fig_151">Fig. 151</a>) how the twigs grow
+that form his arms and legs. These are in such positions
+and have such peculiar curves he would look as if running
+even without hands and feet, but the proper adjustment of
+hands as well as feet emphasizes the action. Both are
+turned in the direction in which he is going, and one foot is
+lifted while the other rests on its heel, giving the stepping-forward
+effect.</div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 202px;"><a name="Fig_151" id="Fig_151"></a>
+<img src="images/i095c.jpg" width="202" height="250" alt="Fig. 151&mdash;The Little Crooked Man." title="Fig. 151&mdash;The Little Crooked Man." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 151&mdash;The Little Crooked Man.</span>
+</div>
+<p>You will find the Crooked Man's head in <a href="#Fig_141">Fig. 141</a>. His
+hands are cut from brown paper, like C (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>), and his
+feet, which are also brown, are like E (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>).</p>
+
+
+<h3>Little Miss Muffet</h3>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 202px;"><a name="Fig_152" id="Fig_152"></a>
+<img src="images/i095d.jpg" width="202" height="250" alt="Fig. 152&mdash;Little Miss Muffet." title="Fig. 152&mdash;Little Miss Muffet." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 152&mdash;Little Miss Muffet.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class='unindent'>the largest of the dolls (<a href="#Fig_152">Fig. 152</a>), is twenty inches high. Her
+head (<a href="#Fig_139">Fig. 139</a>) measures four inches from top to chin and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+four inches across at its widest part. Her hands are made of
+brown paper, like F (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>), and her high-heeled shoes, like
+G (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>), are black. Her head is tilted to one side and
+the thumbs of both hands turn in.</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<p>You can make Miss Muffet's dress any color you like, the
+brighter and gayer the better. Cut the skirt and waist as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
+you did for Daffy-down-dilly, but do not point the sleeves.
+Make an apron of two squares of white tissue-paper&mdash;a large
+and a small one. Use the large square for the skirt of the
+apron and the small square for the bib. Gather the top edge
+of the large square and the bottom edge of the small square,
+and paste to the dress at the belt line; then make a white
+belt and tie in a bow at the back.</p>
+
+<p>For the hat, cut a circle of tissue-paper the color of the
+dress, put a little paste in the centre, and pinch it down on the
+top loop of Miss Muffet's hair, tipping it a little to one side.
+This will give a crown. Turn up the brim at the back and
+lift it in front to stand out straight. Fringe a small piece of
+black paper for a feather and paste it to the crown of the hat.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Peter White</h3>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 201px;"><a name="Fig_153" id="Fig_153"></a>
+<img src="images/i096a.jpg" width="201" height="250" alt="Fig. 153&mdash;Peter White." title="Fig. 153&mdash;Peter White." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 153&mdash;Peter White.</span>
+</div>
+<div class='unindent'>is sturdy compared with the other people (<a href="#Fig_153">Fig. 153</a>). He
+came from the cherry tree and is ten inches high. The main
+stem, to which the smaller twigs are attached, forms his neck,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>
+body, and left leg, and is so large that both neck and ankle
+had to be shaved off somewhat before his head and left shoe
+could be pasted on. Originally the twig that forms his left
+arm extended beyond the joint at the elbow, but it was cut
+off, and the smaller twig was allowed to remain to give the
+comical bend to the arm which adds greatly to the appearance
+of the haste and the swinging arms of a pedestrian.</div>
+
+<p>Peter White's head is given in <a href="#Fig_142">Fig. 142</a>. His brown hands
+are cut like H (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>), and his black shoes like I (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>).</p>
+
+<p>This doll is the only one whose head is in profile, but it
+shows that when the shape of the twig suggests it, a profile
+is very effective; and it is usually the easiest for children to
+draw.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Doctor Foster</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>is also ten inches high (<a href="#Fig_154">Fig. 154</a>). His head, with smiling
+face, is given in <a href="#Fig_143">Fig. 143</a>. His
+brown paper hands are cut
+like J (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>), and his black
+shoes like E (<a href="#Fig_144">Fig. 144</a>). He
+wears his trousers quite short,
+that they may not get wet in the
+famous Gloster puddle, or if
+they do they will dry quickly.
+The trousers are made of
+wrapping paper, double, of course, and pasted together at
+the edges after they have been adjusted. They are cut like
+<a href="#Fig_155">Fig. 155</a>.</div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Dr. Foster and shorts">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 204px;"><a name="Fig_154" id="Fig_154"></a>
+<img src="images/i096b.jpg" width="204" height="250" alt="Fig. 154&mdash;Doctor Foster." title="Fig. 154&mdash;Doctor Foster." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 154&mdash;Doctor Foster.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 202px;"><a name="Fig_155" id="Fig_155"></a>
+<img src="images/i097.png" width="202" height="115" alt="Fig. 155&mdash;Doctor Foster&#39;s short trousers." title="Fig. 155&mdash;Doctor Foster&#39;s short trousers." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 155&mdash;Doctor Foster&#39;s short trousers.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<h3>VISITING-CARD HOUSES</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">From</span> old visiting cards you can build all the different
+houses and furniture seen in the accompanying illustrations.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_156" id="Fig_156"></a>
+<img src="images/i098.jpg" width="400" height="212" alt="Fig. 156&mdash;The little tropical house in Uncle Sam&#39;s newly acquired possessions. Made of old visiting cards." title="Fig. 156&mdash;The little tropical house in Uncle Sam&#39;s newly acquired possessions. Made of old visiting cards." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 156&mdash;The little tropical house in Uncle Sam&#39;s newly acquired possessions. Made of old visiting cards.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For the little</p>
+
+
+<h3>Tropical House</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>in Uncle Sam's newly acquired possessions (<a href="#Fig_156">Fig. 156</a>), select
+eight of your largest and stiffest visiting cards; these are for
+the four walls of the first or lower story of the house. If the
+cards are not alike in size, make them so by trimming off the
+edges of the larger cards.</div>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Tropical house building 1">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 228px;"><a name="Fig_157" id="Fig_157"></a>
+<img src="images/i099a.png" width="228" height="150" alt="Fig. 157&mdash;Place two cards together and cut two slashes." title="Fig. 157&mdash;Place two cards together and cut two slashes." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 157&mdash;Place two cards together and cut two slashes.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 343px;"><a name="Fig_158" id="Fig_158"></a>
+<img src="images/i099b.png" width="343" height="150" alt="Fig. 158&mdash;Slide the cards together this way." title="Fig. 158&mdash;Slide the cards together this way." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 158&mdash;Slide the cards together this way.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Place two of the cards together and cut two slashes, one on
+each side of the centre, through one end of the double layer
+(<a href="#Fig_157">Fig. 157</a>). Slide the two cut ends together, allowing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
+centre divisions, A (<a href="#Fig_157">Fig. 157</a>), to lie, one over and one under
+the two cards. This will bring under the side divisions B
+and B (<a href="#Fig_157">Fig. 157</a>), on the card whose centre division A comes
+on top, while the divisions B and B of the other card will
+come over on the outside (<a href="#Fig_158">Fig. 158</a>). Fasten all of the
+remaining cards together in pairs in the same manner; then
+cut a long slit near the outer edge of each of the four pairs of
+cards, C and C (<a href="#Fig_159">Fig. 159</a>). Slide the walls together at right
+angles, and form a square by means of the long slits. Do this
+by holding the open end of one long slit in one wall under, and
+at right angles to the open end of one long slit in another wall,
+and then fitting the two walls into each other so that they will
+stand firm and form one corner of the lower story of the
+house (<a href="#Fig_160">Fig. 160</a>).</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Tropical house building 2">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;"><a name="Fig_159" id="Fig_159"></a>
+<img src="images/i099c.png" width="336" height="150" alt="Fig. 159&mdash;Slide the two cards together this way to make the wall." title="Fig. 159&mdash;Slide the two cards together this way to make the wall." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 159&mdash;Slide the two cards together this way to make the wall.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 262px;"><a name="Fig_160" id="Fig_160"></a>
+<img src="images/i099d.png" width="262" height="200" alt="Fig. 160&mdash;Slide the walls together at right angles by means of long slits." title="Fig. 160&mdash;Slide the walls together at right angles by means of long slits." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 160&mdash;Slide the walls together at right angles by means of long slits.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Strengthen the house with an extra inside wall. Cut long
+slits in each end of the extra wall, then a long slit near the
+centre of each side wall in which to fit the extra wall.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 321px;"><a name="Fig_161" id="Fig_161"></a>
+<img src="images/i100.png" width="321" height="150" alt="Fig. 161&mdash;Cut short slits on the end of the ceiling cards." title="Fig. 161&mdash;Cut short slits on the end of the ceiling cards." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 161&mdash;Cut short slits on the end of the ceiling cards.</span>
+</div><p>Make the ceiling of the lower story of two more pairs of
+cards fastened together like <a href="#Fig_158">Fig. 158</a>, and on the ends of each
+pair of cards cut similar divisions, only have them quite short
+(<a href="#Fig_161">Fig. 161</a>). Bend down
+all of the end divisions
+and fit the strips over
+across the top of the
+first story from front to
+back, bringing the two
+corner divisions, D and
+D (<a href="#Fig_161">Fig. 161</a>), on the outside
+of the wall, while
+you slide the centre part, E, on the inside (<a href="#Fig_162">Fig. 162</a>). Dotted
+lines indicate the division E on the inside.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>The second story must be built entire before it can be fastened
+on top of the first story.</p>
+
+<p>Make each of the four walls of the second story three cards
+long. Cut divisions on both ends of the middle card to fit
+in the end cards (<a href="#Fig_163">Fig. 163</a>).</p>
+
+<p>When cutting divisions, always fit together the two cards
+that are to be joined, and cut through the double layer, which
+will insure having the divisions alike.</p>
+
+<p>When the four walls are ready to be put together, cut a
+window in the two end cards of the wall which you intend
+for the front (<a href="#Fig_164">Fig. 164</a>). Only the lower edge and sides of the
+window may be cut; the upper edge is merely bent and throws
+the solid window shutter, formed of the piece cut, outward,
+as shown in the photograph.</p>
+
+<p>Slide the four walls together and add a fifth wall, to run
+through the centre from side to side, for strength. Use the
+long slit method for joining the centre wall to the side walls.</p>
+
+<p>When built, turn the second story upside down and fit a
+strip of three cards, bridge-like, over the centre from front to
+back, and fasten it to the bottom of the walls as you attached
+the ceiling of the first story; then fit on another strip in like<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>
+manner over the centre from side to side, and fasten it to the
+bottom of the side walls. The two strips will cross each
+other at their centres, one lying at right angles over the other.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Ceilings and walls">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 240px;"><a name="Fig_162" id="Fig_162"></a>
+<img src="images/i101a.png" width="240" height="150" alt="Fig. 162&mdash;Fasten ceiling on lower story by sliding the centre division inside, and the two side divisions outside, the wall." title="Fig. 162&mdash;Fasten ceiling on lower story by sliding the centre division inside, and the two side divisions outside, the wall." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 162&mdash;Fasten ceiling on lower story by sliding the centre division inside, and the two side divisions outside, the wall.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 233px;"><a name="Fig_163" id="Fig_163"></a>
+<img src="images/i101b.png" width="233" height="150" alt="Fig. 163&mdash;Middle card for wall of second story." title="Fig. 163&mdash;Middle card for wall of second story." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 163&mdash;Middle card for wall of second story.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Carefully lift the second story and adjust it squarely and
+evenly on top of the first story, as in the photograph (<a href="#Fig_156">Fig. 156</a>).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_164" id="Fig_164"></a>
+<img src="images/i101c.png" width="400" height="116" alt="Fig. 164&mdash;Walls for second story. Details of the visiting-card houses." title="Fig. 164&mdash;Walls for second story. Details of the visiting-card houses." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 164&mdash;Walls for second story. Details of the visiting-card houses.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Make the projecting roof of the second story of four strips
+of four cards each. Run the strips from side to side of the
+house and lap them a trifle, one over the other. The roof
+is merely laid on and is supported by the walls.</p>
+
+<p>The peak is made of two strips of two cards each, and slid
+into a base of one strip of three cards by means of long
+slits. At the apex the cards are also fastened together with
+long slits.</p>
+
+<p>The little summer-house in <a href="#Fig_156">Fig. 156</a> has each of the four
+sides made of one card. The cards are fastened together<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>
+by means of long slits. A doorway opening is cut in the front
+wall, much in the same manner as the windows are cut in the
+large house, only in this case the incision is made directly on
+the lower edge of the card, and, when finished, the lower half<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+of the door is cut off. The door is bent outward and forms a
+little canopy for the open doorway, as in the photograph.</p>
+
+<p>Make the roof of two strips of cards of two cards each by
+merely laying the strips across the top opening of the house.</p>
+
+<p>Fasten the ends of the two cards together with long slits
+to form the apex of the peak, and bend the bottom ends of the
+cards out flat, so the peak will stand steady on the roof.</p>
+
+<p>If the children would like to keep the buildings intact to
+play with at any future time, as they build up the structures
+let them add a little glue or strong paste here and there to hold
+the various parts firmly together. The toys will then last
+a long time and stand considerable wear.</p>
+
+<p>Tissue-paper trees in spools furnish the foliage in the
+photograph, while a miniature flag, with its pole supported
+in an empty spool, shows the nation to which the country
+belongs.</p>
+
+<p>Cut little paper people from cardboard and place them on
+the grounds.</p>
+
+<p>A fine setting for the scene can be made by tacking a piece
+of green canton flannel, fleecy side uppermost, taut over a
+pastry board, or pinning it on a piece of the light-weight
+patent straw pasteboard.</p>
+
+<p>The fleecy green gives the appearance of grass, and when
+the glistening white buildings are set down on the grass
+among the trees with Old Glory floating overhead, and gaily
+dressed dolls in the foreground, the children will be delighted
+with the scene; nor will the appreciation be confined to the
+children, for older people will also enjoy it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 259px;"><a name="Fig_165" id="Fig_165"></a>
+<img src="images/i102.jpg" width="259" height="400" alt="Fig. 165&mdash;Pagoda." title="Fig. 165&mdash;Pagoda." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 165&mdash;Pagoda.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>The Pagoda</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>in <a href="#Fig_165">Fig. 165</a> is extremely easy to build. Make the base square
+of four cards fastened together with long slits. On this
+foundation build up one card on the front and one on the
+back, by cutting two short slits on the lower edge of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
+lengthwise bottom of the cards, one slit near each end
+(<a href="#Fig_166">Fig. 166</a>), and sliding one card across the front on the uncut
+top edges of the sides of the foundation by means of the slits;
+then fastening the other card across
+the back from side to side in like
+manner. On top of these two cards
+build two more, reaching across the
+sides from front to back. Continue
+building in this way until the pagoda
+is ten stories high. The projections
+along the sides are made of two long
+narrow cards each, the two cards fastened together at the
+centre like <a href="#Fig_158">Fig. 158</a>; then the ends are bent up and the strip
+laid across from side to side on the top edge of the two side
+cards which form every other story. The apex roof is built
+of two cards with the top edges fastened together, tent-like,
+by means of long slits, on a foundation strip of two cards
+bent up at the ends.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 223px;"><a name="Fig_166" id="Fig_166"></a>
+<img src="images/i104.png" width="223" height="150" alt="Fig. 166&mdash;Cut one slit near each end." title="Fig. 166&mdash;Cut one slit near each end." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 166&mdash;Cut one slit near each end.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>The Furniture</h3>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_167" id="Fig_167"></a>
+<img src="images/i105.jpg" width="400" height="211" alt="Fig. 167&mdash;Card furniture." title="Fig. 167&mdash;Card furniture." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 167&mdash;Card furniture.</span>
+</div>
+<div class='unindent'>in <a href="#Fig_167">Fig. 167</a> is also made of visiting cards. Take two long,
+narrow cards, place them together, and about one-third the
+distance from one end of the double layer cut a slit through
+the two cards, extending it a little more than half-way across
+the cards; then take the cards apart and slide them into each
+other. Be sure that the two short ends of the cards come
+together. Open out the two short ends tent-fashion, and
+bend down one of the long ends across its centre for the seat,
+leaving the other long end erect to form the back of the chair
+for the paper doll (<a href="#Fig_167">Fig. 167</a>). Make several chairs; then
+make the dressing-table. Place two long cards evenly together
+and cut a slash through and more than half-way
+across the centre of the two cards. Slide the cards together,
+making an X. Bend out the top and bottom ends of the X<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
+flat. For the top of the table select a rather large card, but
+not too wide. Cut one slash on each side of the centre of one
+of the lengthwise edges. This will make three divisions.
+Cut corresponding slashes, but much deeper, in one of the
+short ends of a smaller card, which is to be the mirror. Trim
+off the end of the middle division in the table top and slide
+the two cards together, bringing the B and B divisions (<a href="#Fig_157">Fig. 157</a>) of the mirror well forward, so that the top of the table
+extends back beyond the mirror; then bend up the B and B
+divisions of the mirror, as in the photograph. Place the top
+with the mirror attached on the X, allowing the X to come
+back directly under the mirror in order that the top may be
+steady. If you paste a piece of silver paper or tinfoil well
+smoothed out on the card for the mirror, the dressing-table
+will, from a little distance, appear quite realistic.</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+
+<h3>PLAYING INDIANS WITH COSTUMES MADE OF NEWSPAPERS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> best framework for a newspaper wigwam can be made
+of long-handled feather dusters, but long-handled brushes, or
+poles of any kind you may happen to have, will answer the purpose;
+all that is necessary
+is something
+you can make into a
+framework similar to
+<a href="#Fig_168">Fig. 168</a>. Tie your
+poles together at the
+top and spread them
+out at the base, tent-fashion.</p>
+
+<p>Make the</p>
+
+
+<h3>Covering for the Wigwam</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>of six large double
+sheets of newspaper
+pasted together.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 331px;"><a name="Fig_168" id="Fig_168"></a>
+<img src="images/i106.png" width="331" height="350" alt="Fig. 168&mdash;Framework for wigwam." title="Fig. 168&mdash;Framework for wigwam." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 168&mdash;Framework for wigwam.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Only three poles will be needed when the covering is of
+newspaper, but if you do not happen to have enough newspapers
+on hand for the entire outfit of tepees and costumes,
+you can use a white muslin sheet for the wigwam, in which
+case four poles will be needed (<a href="#Fig_169">Fig. 169</a>). The sheet, not
+being stiff like the paper, requires more supports to make it
+stand out sufficiently. Should it be inclined to fall in between<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
+the poles, pull it out a little and lay a book over the edge
+which lies on the floor, as a weight, to keep the sheet in place.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 391px;"><a name="Fig_169" id="Fig_169"></a>
+<img src="images/i107.jpg" width="391" height="400" alt="Fig. 169&mdash;Look at our newspaper Indian costumes. We are playing Indians." title="Fig. 169&mdash;Look at our newspaper Indian costumes. We are playing Indians." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 169&mdash;Look at our newspaper Indian costumes. We are playing Indians.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>If you would like the wigwam decorated in real Indian
+fashion, cut out large colored paper pictures and paste them
+around the lower part of the wigwam, forming a band of
+pictures. Be the covering either cloth or paper, it will look
+well decorated, but the covering must be taken off and the
+pictures pasted on. The covering should then be adjusted
+over the poles. One great beauty and attraction of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>
+newspaper Indian material is that effective results can be
+produced quickly and with little work.</p>
+
+<p>Make</p>
+
+
+<h3>Moccasins</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>of newspaper, cut like the pattern (<a href="#Fig_170">Fig. 170</a>). For a small
+pair the paper should measure fifteen inches in length and
+three and a half inches in width; larger sizes require larger
+paper.</div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_170" id="Fig_170"></a>
+<img src="images/i108.png" width="300" height="76" alt="Fig. 170&mdash;Cut moccasins this way." title="Fig. 170&mdash;Cut moccasins this way." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 170&mdash;Cut moccasins this way.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Fringe the central portion of the longest edge according to
+the fringe lines on <a href="#Fig_170">Fig. 170</a>. Cut the two boundary lines of
+fringe, A and A, up to the dotted line; then bend down all
+dotted lines. Bring the two ends together, allowing the fringe
+to come on the outside, and fit the point B over the other point
+B. This finishes the newspaper moccasin (<a href="#Fig_171">Fig. 171</a>).</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"><a name="Fig_171" id="Fig_171"></a>
+<img src="images/i108b.png" width="200" height="83" alt="Fig. 171&mdash;The newspaper moccasin." title="Fig. 171&mdash;The newspaper moccasin." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 171&mdash;The newspaper moccasin.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Make</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Little Dress Skirt</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>of two newspapers pasted together along the shortest edge,
+then folded lengthwise through the centre, and the two lower
+loose ends cut into a deep fringe. This skirt needs no belt;
+it should be simply fastened together at the back over the
+ordinary dress with safety-pins.</div>
+
+<p>Use one sheet of paper for the little fringed sacque. Allow
+the paper to remain folded along the white central band, and
+fold the double layers crosswise through the centre, making
+four thicknesses. Cut an opening for the head according to
+dotted line C (<a href="#Fig_172">Fig. 172</a>). Fringe the sides along dotted line
+D, as shown in diagram (<a href="#Fig_172">Fig. 172</a>).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Unfold carefully, that the paper may not tear, and after
+cutting a slit from the neck partially down the centre of the
+front, you will have <a href="#Fig_173">Fig. 173</a>. If you wish to make the garment
+less liable to tear, paste narrow strips of muslin on the under
+side of the sacque, around the neck, down each side of the
+slit, and at the head of the fringe.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Indian Dress">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 177px;"><a name="Fig_172" id="Fig_172"></a>
+<img src="images/i109a.png" width="177" height="250" alt="Fig. 172&mdash;Newspaper folded ready for making little squaw&#39;s sacque." title="Fig. 172&mdash;Newspaper folded ready for making little squaw&#39;s sacque." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 172&mdash;Newspaper folded ready for making little squaw&#39;s sacque.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 281px;"><a name="Fig_173" id="Fig_173"></a>
+<img src="images/i109b.png" width="281" height="260" alt="Fig. 173&mdash;Little squaw&#39;s newspaper sacque." title="Fig. 173&mdash;Little squaw&#39;s newspaper sacque." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 173&mdash;Little squaw&#39;s newspaper sacque.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>From a folded piece of newspaper cut the little squaw a head-dress
+(<a href="#Fig_174">Fig. 174</a>). Let the top of the feather come on the fold
+of the paper. Turn
+over and crease down
+the straight edge of
+the band at the
+dotted line (<a href="#Fig_174">Fig. 174</a>),
+making four layers.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_174" id="Fig_174"></a>
+<img src="images/i109c.png" width="300" height="97" alt="Fig. 174&mdash;Head-dress." title="Fig. 174&mdash;Head-dress." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 174&mdash;Head-dress.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Crown the little
+girl with the head-dress, pinning the ends together at the back
+with a safety-pin. Slip the moccasins on her feet, fastening
+them to the toe of the shoe with a little stiff paste, and your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>
+charming little squaw will be ready to play in the wigwam
+(<a href="#Fig_175">Fig. 175</a>).</p>
+
+<p>Older girls can make the Indian costume from the same
+patterns by cutting them larger.</p>
+
+<p>The Indian boy needs a lot of fringed newspaper for his
+costume. Cut folded strips to make the fringe thick and in
+two layers. Fold down the solid edge of one strip and
+with safety-pins fasten the fold along the outside line of the
+boy's trousers and stockings, as in the photograph (<a href="#Fig_176">Fig. 176</a>). Trim the other trouser leg and stocking in the same
+manner.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Children in Indian Costumes">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"><a name="Fig_175" id="Fig_175"></a>
+<img src="images/i110a.jpg" width="276" height="400" alt="Fig. 175&mdash;Charming little squaw." title="Fig. 175&mdash;Charming little squaw." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 175&mdash;Charming little squaw.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 278px;"><a name="Fig_176" id="Fig_176"></a>
+<img src="images/i110b.jpg" width="278" height="400" alt="Fig. 176&mdash;Young Indian chief." title="Fig. 176&mdash;Young Indian chief." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 176&mdash;Young Indian chief.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Cut a generous strip of double-layer fringe to fasten entirely
+around the boy's shoulders, extending across both back and
+chest. Reinforce the top edge of the band of fringe, and
+along the line where the solid paper meets the fringe, with
+strips of muslin, pasted on, to prevent tearing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>For the chief's</p>
+
+
+<h3>Feather Head-Dress</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>cut a folded strip of newspaper long enough to encircle the
+boy's head and allow for a lap&mdash;twenty-two inches will
+probably be correct. Make the strip six inches wide; the
+tops of the feathers must be along the folded edge. Let the
+feathers be fully four inches high, and allow a space of one
+inch on the band at the base of each feather, F (<a href="#Fig_177">Fig. 177</a>).
+The widest part of each feather should be one and three-quarters
+inches. Make the band four thicknesses by folding
+it over at the dotted line; then crease each separate feather on
+the right side lengthwise, through the centre, to stiffen them
+and insure their standing erect. Cut another long strip of
+feathers in the same way, to fall from the head down the back.
+On this strip paste the front and back of each feather together
+at its base. Also paste together lengthwise the upper portion
+of the band, and, instead of folding as you did the first band,
+separate and open out its two lower lengthwise halves.
+Crease them backward away from each other, so that the
+feathers may stand erect and the band be at right angles on
+each side of the feathers (<a href="#Fig_178">Fig. 178</a>).</div>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Headdress">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 259px;"><a name="Fig_177" id="Fig_177"></a>
+<img src="images/i111a.png" width="259" height="200" alt="Fig. 177&mdash;Newspaper cut for chief&#39;s head-dress." title="Fig. 177&mdash;Newspaper cut for chief&#39;s head-dress." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 177&mdash;Newspaper cut for chief&#39;s head-dress.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 372px;"><a name="Fig_178" id="Fig_178"></a>
+<img src="images/i111b.png" width="372" height="225" alt="Fig. 178&mdash;Separate and open out the lower lengthwise halves of the head-dress which falls down the back." title="Fig. 178&mdash;Separate and open out the lower lengthwise halves of the head-dress which falls down the back." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 178&mdash;Separate and open out the lower lengthwise halves of the head-dress which falls down the back.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The open base of the band lying against the boy's back
+causes the feathers to stand out and not fall flat and spoil the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>
+effect, as they otherwise might do. The photograph of the
+boy chieftain standing was taken expressly that you might see
+exactly how the newspaper costume of the Indian brave
+should look.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Make the</p>
+
+
+<h3>Calumet</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>of a strip of newspaper five inches wide and about thirty-two
+inches long. Hold one corner between your thumb and first
+finger and roll the paper as if you were making a lighter
+(<a href="#Fig_179">Fig. 179</a>). When you have rolled it to the opposite corner,
+E, remove your fingers and let the paper unroll. Smooth out
+the rolled corners until it springs back into a large roll about
+three-quarters of an inch in diameter (<a href="#Fig_180">Fig. 180</a>).</div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Calumet 1">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 214px;"><a name="Fig_179" id="Fig_179"></a>
+<img src="images/i112a.png" width="214" height="300" alt="Fig. 179&mdash;Begin rolling paper strip for calumet this way." title="Fig. 179&mdash;Begin rolling paper strip for calumet this way." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 179&mdash;Begin rolling paper strip for calumet this way.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 283px;"><a name="Fig_180" id="Fig_180"></a>
+<img src="images/i112b.png" width="283" height="300" alt="Fig. 180&mdash;Continue rolling the paper." title="Fig. 180&mdash;Continue rolling the paper." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 180&mdash;Continue rolling the paper.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>When the corner roll is the right size, continue to roll the
+paper until a long round stick is formed (<a href="#Fig_181">Fig. 181</a>). Paste
+the loose end of the stick on the roll and cut both ends off
+even, as indicated by the dotted lines in <a href="#Fig_181">Fig. 181</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_181" id="Fig_181"></a>
+<img src="images/i113a.png" width="400" height="21" alt="Fig. 181&mdash;Stick of rolled paper for calumet." title="Fig. 181&mdash;Stick of rolled paper for calumet." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 181&mdash;Stick of rolled paper for calumet.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bend the paper roll about six and a half inches from one
+end, and bring the bent portion over against and on top of
+the roll. Pin the fold down on the roll three inches from the
+bend; then turn up the open end to form the bowl of the
+pipe, which you must make stand erect should it seem inclined
+to lean (<a href="#Fig_182">Fig. 182</a>).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 340px;"><a name="Fig_182" id="Fig_182"></a>
+<img src="images/i113b.png" width="340" height="75" alt="Fig. 182&mdash;Paper roll bent and pinned into a calumet." title="ig. 182&mdash;Paper roll bent and pinned into a calumet." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 182&mdash;Paper roll bent and pinned into a calumet.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XIV</h2>
+
+<h3>CHRISTMAS-TREE DECORATIONS</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Christmas Tree and Star">
+<tr><td align='left'><br /><div class="figcenter" style="width: 258px;"><a name="Fig_183" id="Fig_183"></a>
+<img src="images/i114.jpg" width="258" height="400" alt="Fig. 183&mdash;The Christmas tree with home-made decorations." title="Fig. 183&mdash;The Christmas tree with home-made decorations." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 183&mdash;The Christmas tree with home-made decorations.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 265px;"><a name="Fig_184" id="Fig_184"></a>
+<img src="images/i114b.jpg" width="265" height="400" alt="Fig. 184&mdash;The Christmas star." title="Fig. 184&mdash;The Christmas star." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 184&mdash;The Christmas star.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class="smcap"><a href="#Fig_183">Fig. 183</a></span> is the photograph of a Christmas tree whose
+trimming is entirely home-made. The brilliant colors and
+shining gilt of the papers used, give a sparkle and life that are
+most captivating, and the ornaments are so easily made that
+the children themselves can do much toward decorating a
+tree in this manner.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At the top of the tree, shining above all other ornaments, is</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Christmas Star</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>(<a href="#Fig_184">Fig. 184</a>), and this is the way to make it:</div>
+
+<p>From a piece of cardboard cut an oblong with the top and
+bottom edges five and a quarter inches long and the side
+edges just five inches long (<a href="#Fig_185">Fig. 185</a>). Now, exactly in the
+middle at the top edge, make a dot, A (<a href="#Fig_185">Fig. 185</a>); then on
+each side edge make a dot, BB (<a href="#Fig_185">Fig. 185</a>). On the bottom
+edge, one inch from each
+bottom corner, make the
+dots CC. With the aid of a
+ruler draw the lines connecting
+these points, as
+shown in <a href="#Fig_185">Fig. 185</a>. This
+gives a perfect five-pointed
+star, five inches high. Cut
+the star out, cover its entire
+surface with a coat of
+paste, and lay over it a
+smooth piece of gilt paper,
+pressing out the fulness
+and creases. When the
+paste is dry, cut away the paper from the edges, and there
+will remain a gilt star, firm and stiff enough to stand up
+bravely.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 254px;"><a name="Fig_185" id="Fig_185"></a>
+<img src="images/i115.png" width="254" height="250" alt="Fig. 185&mdash;Draw the star like this." title="Fig. 185&mdash;Draw the star like this." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 185&mdash;Draw the star like this.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>But this is not all. There are to be a number of gold-tipped
+rays flaming out from the star to represent its spreading
+light. For these rays select ten broom straws with two
+prongs. Trim the prongs evenly, shorten the stems at the
+bottom, and spread the prongs apart (<a href="#Fig_186">Fig. 186</a>). Now, cut
+twenty strips of gold paper half an inch wide and a little
+over four inches long. Lay one strip down, cover the wrong
+side with paste, place three broom straws with their prongs
+resting on the paste side of the paper, and press another<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>
+strip of gold paper over the first, inclosing the tips of the
+straws. This will give a gold paper on both sides of the
+straws. Then, when the paste is dry, cut away the paper,
+leaving a gold triangle on the tip of each prong of each
+broom straw. <a href="#Fig_187">Fig. 187</a> shows one triangle cut out. Treat
+all of your broom-straw rays in this way, then cover with
+paste the centre of the wrong side of the star up to the points,
+lay two straws in place, the
+stems crossing, as in <a href="#Fig_188">Fig. 188</a>,
+and over the stems press a
+short strip of white paper, like
+D (<a href="#Fig_188">Fig. 188</a>), pasting it down
+securely. Adjust the other
+rays between the points of the
+star, and fasten in place in the
+same manner.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Broom straws">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 331px;"><a name="Fig_186" id="Fig_186"></a>
+<img src="images/i116a.png" width="331" height="250" alt="Fig. 186&mdash;Place three broom straws on the paper." title="Fig. 186&mdash;Place three broom straws on the paper." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 186&mdash;Place three broom straws on the paper.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 341px;"><a name="Fig_187" id="Fig_187"></a>
+<img src="images/i116b.png" width="341" height="250" alt="Fig. 187&mdash;One triangle cut out." title="Fig. 187&mdash;One triangle cut out." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 187&mdash;One triangle cut out.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 271px;"><a name="Fig_188" id="Fig_188"></a>
+<img src="images/i116c.png" width="271" height="300" alt="Fig. 188&mdash;Paste the straws on the star." title="Fig. 188&mdash;Paste the straws on the star." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 188&mdash;Paste the straws on the star.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>To hold the star upright,
+make a lighter from a strip of
+white writing-paper for a stem.
+Flatten the top of the lighter,
+cut it off evenly, and paste it
+on the back of the star between the two lower points, as in
+<a href="#Fig_188">Fig. 188</a>. Over the stems of the broom straws and the end of
+the lighter paste a white paper lining that will reach part
+way up each point of the star. This lining should be made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>
+before the rays are pasted to the star, by laying the star on
+white paper, tracing around its edges with a pencil, cutting
+out the white paper star, and then clipping off about one inch
+of the points. The gold star will look like <a href="#Fig_184">Fig. 184</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Not the least effective trimmings on the tree are the little</p>
+
+
+<h3>Christmas Bells</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>that hang by strings from the tips of the branches and dangle
+alluringly. They are of different sizes, and some are made
+of gilt, others of colored paper (<a href="#Fig_189">Fig. 189</a>).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 303px;"><a name="Fig_189" id="Fig_189"></a>
+<img src="images/i117.jpg" width="303" height="400" alt="Fig. 189&mdash;The Christmas bells that dangle alluringly." title="Fig. 189&mdash;The Christmas bells that dangle alluringly." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 189&mdash;The Christmas bells that dangle alluringly.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>For a bell three and a half inches high (a very good size),
+cut a strip of paper three and a half inches wide and seven
+inches long, curve it into the cone shape shown in <a href="#Fig_190">Fig. 190</a>,
+and pin together. Cut off the point that laps over, according
+to the dotted line, also the point that laps under, leaving a
+little over half an inch for the final lap. Trim off the bottom
+points even with the shortest part of the bottom edge, as
+shown by the curved, dotted line, and you will have <a href="#Fig_191">Fig. 191</a>.
+<a href="#Fig_191">Fig. 191</a> opened out will give you <a href="#Fig_192">Fig. 192</a>, which will be the
+pattern for other bells.</p>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Bell construction">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 162px;"><a name="Fig_190" id="Fig_190"></a>
+<img src="images/i118a.jpg" width="162" height="250" alt="Fig. 190&mdash;Curve the paper into a cone." title="Fig. 190&mdash;Curve the paper into a cone." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 190&mdash;Curve the paper into a cone.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 153px;"><a name="Fig_191" id="Fig_191"></a>
+<img src="images/i118b.jpg" width="153" height="235" alt="Fig. 191&mdash;Trim off the bottom points." title="Fig. 191&mdash;Trim off the bottom points." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 191&mdash;Trim off the bottom points.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 404px;"><a name="Fig_192" id="Fig_192"></a>
+<img src="images/i118c.jpg" width="404" height="235" alt="Fig. 192&mdash;The pattern of the bells." title="Fig. 192&mdash;The pattern of the bells." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 192&mdash;The pattern of the bells.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 225px;"><a name="Fig_193" id="Fig_193"></a>
+<img src="images/i119a.png" width="225" height="200" alt="Fig. 193&mdash;Cut out two disks at one time." title="Fig. 193&mdash;Cut out two disks at one time." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 193&mdash;Cut out two disks at one time.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>As <a href="#Fig_192">Fig. 192</a> lies flat on the table, run the paste brush along
+one side edge, making the coat of paste as wide as the lap is
+to be, then curve the bell into shape. Make the bottom
+edges meet evenly and press the paste-covered edge over the
+other side edge. Hold the finger inside the bell while you do
+this, to keep it from flattening.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>The clapper is made of two round disks of gold paper with
+the string pasted between them. For the bell we are now
+making, the clapper should be almost one inch in diameter.
+Fold a piece of gilt paper and cut out the two disks at one
+time (<a href="#Fig_193">Fig. 193</a>). Cover the wrong side of one disk with
+paste, lay the end of a string across the middle (<a href="#Fig_194">Fig. 194</a>),
+and press the other disk on top. Both sides of the clapper
+will then be gilt. Hold the clapper up to the bell by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>
+string, so that half of the clapper is below the bottom edge of
+the bell; then, bringing the string close to the point at the top
+of the bell, run a pin through the string to mark the distance.
+Where the pin is, tie a knot, F (<a href="#Fig_194">Fig. 194</a>); this is to hold the
+clapper in its proper position. Thread the end of the string
+through the eye of a darning-needle and push the needle up
+through the point of the bell&mdash;the knot will keep the string
+from running up too far (<a href="#Fig_195">Fig. 195</a>). Allow eight or ten inches
+of string above the bell, so that it may be hung high or low, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
+desired. A bell should never be tied close to a branch, but
+should hang down far enough to sway with every passing
+current of air. The long string also adds to the decorative
+effect.</p>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Bell clapper">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 232px;"><a name="Fig_194" id="Fig_194"></a>
+<img src="images/i119b.png" width="232" height="380" alt="Fig. 194&mdash;Paste the strings between the two disks." title="Fig. 194&mdash;Paste the strings between the two disks." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 194&mdash;Paste the strings between the two disks.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 215px;"><a name="Fig_195" id="Fig_195"></a>
+<img src="images/i119c.jpg" width="215" height="400" alt="Fig. 195&mdash;The clapper in the bell." title="Fig. 195&mdash;The clapper in the bell." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 195&mdash;The clapper in the bell.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3>The Snow Pocket</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>(<a href="#Fig_196">Fig. 196</a>) is another pretty ornament and is made with a few
+snips of the scissors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 293px;"><a name="Fig_196" id="Fig_196"></a>
+<img src="images/i120.jpg" width="293" height="400" alt="Fig. 196&mdash;The frosty snow pocket." title="Fig. 196&mdash;The frosty snow pocket." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 196&mdash;The frosty snow pocket.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Cut strips">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_197" id="Fig_197"></a>
+<img src="images/i121a.png" width="300" height="72" alt="Fig. 197&mdash;Fold the paper crosswise." title="Fig. 197&mdash;Fold the paper crosswise." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 197&mdash;Fold the paper crosswise.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Fig_198" id="Fig_198"></a>
+<img src="images/i121b.png" width="300" height="70" alt="Fig. 198&mdash;Cut slits in the folded paper." title="Fig. 198&mdash;Cut slits in the folded paper." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 198&mdash;Cut slits in the folded paper.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Cut a strip of white tissue-paper five and a half inches
+wide and twenty-two inches long. Fold the paper crosswise
+through the middle; then fold it again and again until your
+folded piece is one inch wide. The folds must always be
+across the paper from start to finish (<a href="#Fig_197">Fig. 197</a>). Now, cut
+slits in the folded paper, first a slit on one side, and then a slit
+on the other, as in <a href="#Fig_198">Fig. 198</a>. Let the spaces between the
+slits be one-eighth of an inch wide, and cut each slit to within
+one-eighth of an inch of the edge. When this is done, carefully
+unfold the paper and spread it out flat, then lift the top
+edge with one hand, the bottom edge with the other, and
+gently pull the meshes apart. Gather the top edge into little
+plaits, and twist them together in a point; gather the bottom
+edge in the same way and twist that; then carefully pull the
+snow pocket out, and you will have a long, narrow bag of
+soft, white meshes. If it flares out too much, crush it together
+softly with your hand. Make a small gilt paper star
+and fasten a narrow strip of white tissue-paper to its top point.
+Open the bag, slip the star inside, and suspend it half-way
+from the top by pasting the end of the paper strip to the top
+of the bag. Make a loop of tissue-paper, fasten it to the top
+point of the bag, and then hang the snow pocket on the tree.
+The gold star gleaming through the frosty meshes is very
+pretty, but if you have several snow pockets, there need not
+be stars in all.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Jocko, the Monkey</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>(<a href="#Fig_199">Fig. 199</a>) is not made of paper, but of delectable, sugary
+raisins. He is a funny fellow, and will delight the children.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;"><a name="Fig_199" id="Fig_199"></a>
+<img src="images/i122.jpg" width="336" height="400" alt="Fig. 199&mdash;Jocko." title="Fig. 199&mdash;Jocko." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 199&mdash;Jocko.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thread a clean, cotton string in a large darning-needle,
+then select three of your largest raisins for the body and a
+suitably shaped one for the head. There must be three raisins
+for each leg, one for each foot, and three for each arm.
+Tie a knot in the end of your string and, beginning with one
+foot, string on three raisins for one leg, then the three for
+the body, and, lastly, the one for the head. Tie a knot close
+to the top at the head and leave a long end to the string.
+Thread your needle again and string on the raisins for the
+other foot and leg, then run the needle up through the lower<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>
+raisin of the body, and fasten the second string to the first
+between the two body raisins.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 260px;"><a name="Fig_200" id="Fig_200"></a>
+<img src="images/i123a.png" width="260" height="350" alt="Fig. 200&mdash;Jocko ready to be dressed." title="Fig. 200&mdash;Jocko ready to be dressed." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 200&mdash;Jocko ready to be dressed.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Jocko's Clothes">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 60px;"><a name="Fig_201" id="Fig_201"></a>
+<img src="images/i123b.png" width="60" height="60" alt="Fig. 201&mdash;Jocko&#39;s hat." title="Fig. 201&mdash;Jocko&#39;s hat." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 201&mdash;Jocko&#39;s hat.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 179px;"><a name="Fig_202" id="Fig_202"></a>
+<img src="images/i123c.png" width="179" height="100" alt="Fig. 202&mdash;Jocko&#39;s coat." title="Fig. 202&mdash;Jocko&#39;s coat." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 202&mdash;Jocko&#39;s coat.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 151px;"><a name="Fig_203" id="Fig_203"></a>
+<img src="images/i123d.png" width="151" height="150" alt="Fig. 203&mdash;Jocko&#39;s skirt." title="Fig. 203&mdash;Jocko&#39;s skirt." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 203&mdash;Jocko&#39;s skirt.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>String three raisins for one arm, run the needle through
+the middle of the top body raisin, where the shoulders should
+be, then string on the three raisins for the other arm and tie
+a knot at the end. Jocko is all right now, except that he is
+very limp. Put stiffening into his joints by running broom
+straws through his legs, body, and arms. Use a raisin stem
+for the tail, and fasten it on by pushing the largest end into
+the lowest body raisin. Make the eyes by running a short
+piece of broom straw through the head, allowing the ends
+to stand out a short distance in the place for the eyes. Remember
+a monkey's eyes are always close together, and they
+must be made so in order to look natural.</p>
+
+<p>At this stage Jocko will resemble <a href="#Fig_200">Fig. 200</a>; but he must have
+clothes and a hat to give the finishing touches and make him
+look like the monkeys the children are familiar with. <a href="#Fig_201">Fig. 201</a>
+is Jocko's hat, <a href="#Fig_202">Fig. 202</a> his coat, and <a href="#Fig_203">Fig. 203</a> his little skirt.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Cut all of these from bright-colored cambric of a size to fit
+the monkey. Fold a piece of cambric for the coat, and cut it
+out as you would for a paper doll, with the fold at the top.
+The skirt and hat are circular. Cut a round hole in the
+middle of the skirt for the waist, and slit it down the back.
+This furnishes the costume.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Dressing Jocko">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 139px;"><a name="Fig_204" id="Fig_204"></a>
+<img src="images/i124a.png" width="139" height="125" alt="Fig. 204&mdash;Bring the corners of the square together." title="Fig. 204&mdash;Bring the corners of the square together." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 204&mdash;Bring the corners of the square together.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 108px;"><a name="Fig_205" id="Fig_205"></a>
+<img src="images/i124b.png" width="108" height="125" alt="Fig. 205&mdash;Slit the triangle." title="Fig. 205&mdash;Slit the triangle." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 205&mdash;Slit the triangle.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 246px;"><a name="Fig_206" id="Fig_206"></a>
+<img src="images/i124c.png" width="246" height="250" alt="Fig. 206&mdash;Opened out." title="Fig. 206&mdash;Opened out." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 206&mdash;Opened out.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Now, thread the end of the string from the top of Jocko's
+head into the darning-needle and run the needle through the
+middle of the hat (<a href="#Fig_200">Fig. 200</a>); then push the hat down on his
+head. Fit the skirt around Jocko's waist, and fasten it at
+the back with needle and thread; then put on his jacket and
+fasten that in front. It is unnecessary to say that Jocko is
+good to eat.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Chrysanthemum</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>ornament is showy and pretty; it is also very quickly made.
+Fold through the middle a piece of bright orange tissue-paper
+six inches square. This will give you an oblong.
+Fold again through the middle crosswise, and you will have
+a smaller square. Bring the two opposite corners of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>
+square together and fold like <a href="#Fig_204">Fig. 204</a>; then cut off the point
+curving the edge, as shown by the dotted line. The folded
+part of the triangle is at the diagonal in <a href="#Fig_204">Fig. 204</a>, the edges
+at the bottom. Now cut slits in your triangle like <a href="#Fig_205">Fig. 205</a>.
+Open it, and you will have <a href="#Fig_206">Fig. 206</a>. Make two fringed
+circles like <a href="#Fig_206">Fig. 206</a>, lay one on top of the other, pinch the
+centre in a point, twist it, and draw the fringed ends together
+(<a href="#Fig_207">Fig. 207</a>). Make a writing-paper lighter for the stem, cover
+the point of the ornament with paste, insert it in the large
+end of the lighter, and press together with your fingers until
+it holds tight. The result will be like <a href="#Fig_208">Fig. 208</a>. In fastening<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
+the chrysanthemum ornament on the tree, stand it upright
+and run a pin through the stem into one of the small
+branches.</div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Chrysanthemum">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"><a name="Fig_207" id="Fig_207"></a>
+<img src="images/i125a.png" width="200" height="183" alt="Fig. 207&mdash;Pinch the centre into a point." title="Fig. 207&mdash;Pinch the centre into a point." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 207&mdash;Pinch the centre into a point.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 236px;"><a name="Fig_208" id="Fig_208"></a>
+<img src="images/i125b.png" width="236" height="400" alt="Fig. 208&mdash;The chrysanthemum ornament" title="Fig. 208&mdash;The chrysanthemum ornament" />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 208&mdash;The chrysanthemum ornament</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Strings of</p>
+
+
+<h3>Colored Paper Disks</h3>
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 295px;"><a name="Fig_209" id="Fig_209"></a>
+<img src="images/i126.png" width="295" height="400" alt="Fig. 209&mdash;The colored paper disks." title="Fig. 209&mdash;The colored paper disks." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 209&mdash;The colored paper disks.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class='unindent'>looped from branch to branch, take the place of colored glass
+balls, and add materially to the beauty of the tree.</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_209">Fig. 209</a> shows how these strings are made. Red, gold,
+yellow, orange, green, blue, and white make pretty disks, and
+show off well on the tree.</p>
+
+
+<p>Cut your disks perfectly round, and in pairs; for they must
+be the same on both sides, G, H (<a href="#Fig_209">Fig. 209</a>). You can make
+the disks on some strings
+all of one size; on others
+they may graduate down
+to quite small ones at the
+ends. When the disks are
+cut out, lay one down,
+bottom side up, H (<a href="#Fig_209">Fig. 209</a>). Cover this with
+paste, then lay a white
+cotton string across the
+disk, directly through the
+middle. Allow about six
+inches of the string to extend
+beyond the disk, and
+let each string be one yard
+long. Before the paste
+has time to dry, press the
+mate of the disk, G (<a href="#Fig_209">Fig. 209</a>), on top of H, over
+the string, taking care to have the edges even. Go through
+this process with each disk. Paste them on the string one
+inch apart, and leave six inches of string at the last end.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_210">Fig. 210</a> is a dainty</p>
+
+
+<h3>Fringed Ornament</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>made of colored and gilt paper. The foundation is a round
+disk of white writing-paper, two inches in diameter. To this
+is pasted the ends of a narrow light-blue ribbon, long enough
+to form a loop by which to hang the ornament. For the rest,
+cut two circles of light-pink tissue-paper, six inches in diameter,
+fringe them on the edges to the depth of one inch,
+making the fringe quite fine; then paste one circle on one
+side of the foundation, the other circle on the other side.
+Now, from your gold paper cut six long, narrow triangles,
+and cut the wide end into fringe two inches deep (<a href="#Fig_211">Fig. 211</a>).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
+Paste these tufts of gold fringe at equal distances on the
+pink circle, making the points meet at the centre. Make a
+smaller, light-blue, fringed circle, and a still smaller pink
+circle. Paste the centre of the blue circle over the centre
+of the gold fringe, and the centre of the small pink circle
+over the centre of the blue. Cut out a small, eight-pointed
+gold star and paste directly in the middle of the pink circle.
+You can vary this kind of ornament in a number of ways.
+<a href="#Fig_212">Fig. 212</a> shows another made on the same principle.</div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fringed ornament">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 281px;"><a name="Fig_210" id="Fig_210"></a>
+<img src="images/i127a.png" width="281" height="400" alt="Fig. 210&mdash;A fringed ornament." title="Fig. 210&mdash;A fringed ornament." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 210&mdash;A fringed ornament.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 61px;"><a name="Fig_211" id="Fig_211"></a>
+<img src="images/i127b.png" width="61" height="175" alt="Fig. 211&mdash;Six triangles like this." title="Fig. 211&mdash;Six triangles like this." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 211&mdash;Six triangles like this.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 319px;"><a name="Fig_212" id="Fig_212"></a>
+<img src="images/i128.jpg" width="319" height="400" alt="Fig. 212&mdash;Another ornament." title="Fig. 212&mdash;Another ornament." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 212&mdash;Another ornament.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The crowning glory of every Christmas tree is its</p>
+
+
+<h3>Candles</h3>
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_213" id="Fig_213"></a>
+<img src="images/i129.jpg" width="400" height="278" alt="Fig. 213&mdash;Little paper candles." title="Fig. 213&mdash;Little paper candles." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 213&mdash;Little paper candles.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class='unindent'>and, whether lighted or not, they are always prominently in
+evidence. Of late years the people have grown wise in the
+matter of fires, and many parents refuse to light the Christmas
+candles on their children's tree because of the great danger of
+conflagration.</div>
+
+
+<p><a href="#Fig_213">Fig. 213</a> shows some paper candles on an evergreen branch,
+standing upright and burning briskly. The candles may be
+made of white as well as colored paper. Make an oblong, K
+(<a href="#Fig_214">Fig. 214</a>), four inches long and two and a half inches wide,
+the wick one-quarter of an inch high, and the back of the
+flame, L, three-quarters of an inch long. From orange-colored
+tissue-paper cut the flame (<a href="#Fig_215">Fig. 215</a>). This should
+be a little over a half an inch wide at the base and two inches
+long. Lay an oblong on the table in front of you; take a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>
+large-sized pencil; place it on the long edge farthest away
+from the flame, and roll it on the pencil (<a href="#Fig_216">Fig. 216</a>) until the
+opposite edge overlaps the roll. Then run the paste brush
+along the edge and paste it down. Your candle is now a
+hollow roll. Slip the roll off the pencil and cut two slim
+notches opposite to each other, in the bottom edge (<a href="#Fig_217">Fig. 217</a>).
+Make the notches on some of the candles at the front and
+back, on others at each side. This is so that the flames may
+always face outward, though the branches that hold the
+candles may turn in various directions. Lastly, paste the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>
+flame on the back of the flame, allowing the tip to flare out at
+one side as though stirred by a current of air (<a href="#Fig_217">Fig. 217</a>).</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Paper candle construction">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 204px;"><a name="Fig_214" id="Fig_214"></a>
+<img src="images/i130a.png" width="204" height="375" alt="Fig. 214&mdash;Begin the candle in this way." title="Fig. 214&mdash;Begin the candle in this way." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 214&mdash;Begin the candle in this way.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 66px;"><a name="Fig_215" id="Fig_215"></a>
+<img src="images/i130b.png" width="66" height="100" alt="Fig. 215&mdash;The flame is cut like this." title="Fig. 215&mdash;The flame is cut like this." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 215&mdash;The flame is cut like this.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 101px;"><a name="Fig_216" id="Fig_216"></a>
+<img src="images/i130c.png" width="101" height="400" alt="Fig. 216&mdash;Roll it on a pencil." title="Fig. 216&mdash;Roll it on a pencil." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 216&mdash;Roll it on a pencil.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 68px;"><a name="Fig_217" id="Fig_217"></a>
+<img src="images/i130d.png" width="68" height="380" alt="Fig. 217&mdash;The finished candle." title="Fig. 217&mdash;The finished candle." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 217&mdash;The finished candle.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>In placing the candles, stand them up astride the branches
+by means of the notches at the bottom, turning the right side
+of the flame always toward the room. The tiniest twigs will
+hold these paper candles easily, and when the needles of the
+fir interfere with their adjustment, pull off some of the needles
+and set the candles astride the bare places on the branches.</p>
+
+<p>Finish the tree by throwing over it a web of long, very
+narrow strips of white and orange-colored tissue-paper.</p>
+
+<p>The narrower the strips the better they will look.</p>
+
+<p>It hardly seems necessary to offer a word of caution, but it
+will do no harm to say that the flame of gas, candle, or fire,
+should not come near this paper-decked tree, though it is
+scarcely more inflammable than a tree trimmed with tinsel.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XV</h2>
+
+<h3>A HOME-MADE SANTA CLAUS</h3>
+
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Merry Christmas</span>! Merry Christmas!" calls out Santa
+Claus cheerily as the guests come trooping into the room.</p>
+
+<p>Laughing and joking, his eyes twinkling with fun, Santa
+Claus names each person as he hands out the gifts from his
+fat Christmas bag and from the generous pile at his feet. All
+this merriment happens at Christmastide when you play the
+part of good "Kris Kringle" in your own home, in the schoolroom,
+the Sunday-school, or in any place where Christmas is
+celebrated and where children are gathered to enjoy the
+festivities.</p>
+
+<p>Take a good long look at Santa Claus, as shown in the
+picture (<a href="#Fig_218">Fig. 218</a>); then turn your eyes to the illustration (<a href="#Fig_219">Fig. 219</a>). Can you believe it possible that the two photographs
+are of the same person in identically the same pose? Such
+is truly the case. The second gives the woman's back, while
+the first shows her face, arms, and hands transformed into
+those of the jolly saint.</p>
+
+<p>You can see at a glance how very easy it will be for you to
+have a real, live, little Santa Claus for your Christmas.</p>
+
+<p>Any one&mdash;grandfather, grandmother, father, mother, big
+sister or brother, or you yourself&mdash;can assume the character
+of this live little saint, can grow suddenly short of stature,
+jolly and fat, be arrayed in scarlet, ermine-trimmed, and
+crowned with a red-peaked hat, all in less time than it takes
+to tell it; and, stranger still, the transformation may be
+accomplished in a very comfortable way, without even the
+bother of changing the usual attire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is essential merely to paste on the face tufts of raw cotton
+for eyebrows, mustache and goatee, and to slip over each
+arm an extra sleeve. This accomplished, and the proper
+position taken behind the curtain, lo, "magic change"!
+There you are as fine a little Santa Claus as any one would
+care to see, and your best friend would not recognize you, so
+complete is the change. Disguise your voice and no one can
+find you out, not even your nearest relative.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Santa Claus">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 255px;"><a name="Fig_218" id="Fig_218"></a>
+<img src="images/i133a.jpg" width="255" height="400" alt="Fig. 218&mdash;Santa Claus as the spectators see him." title="Fig. 218&mdash;Santa Claus as the spectators see him." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 218&mdash;Santa Claus as the spectators see him.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 255px;"><a name="Fig_219" id="Fig_219"></a>
+<img src="images/i133b.jpg" width="255" height="400" alt="Fig. 219&mdash;The real Santa Claus behind the curtain." title="Fig. 219&mdash;The real Santa Claus behind the curtain." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 219&mdash;The real Santa Claus behind the curtain.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>When the gifts have been distributed and you are ready
+to go out among the excited children or family circle again,
+step from the curtain, pull off the extra sleeves, remove the
+cotton from your face, and in a moment's time you will again
+be your own natural self.</p>
+
+<p>When preparing this entertainment you will find the demand
+on your purse very slight, the principal outlay being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
+for the curtain. Purchase moss-green lining cambric, at
+four, five, or six cents a yard, to stretch over the doorway you
+intend to use. Two yards and a quarter cut in one full
+breadth and one half breadth, when sewed together into a
+curtain, will be enough for an ordinary doorway. Doorways
+vary in size, however, and it is best to take the measurements
+of yours before buying the material. The space between
+the folding doors will probably call for five yards of cambric.
+When the strips of cloth are sewed together, stretch the
+curtain taut over the opening, tacking it at long intervals on
+the topmost level of the wood-work over the door and on the
+extreme edge of the door jamb next to the wall. If fastened
+in this manner, tacks will not injure the wood-work.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Santa Claus construction 1">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 236px;"><a name="Fig_220" id="Fig_220"></a>
+<img src="images/i134a.png" width="236" height="300" alt="Fig. 220&mdash;Holes in curtain for face and arms." title="Fig. 220&mdash;Holes in curtain for face and arms." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 220&mdash;Holes in curtain for face and arms.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 235px;"><a name="Fig_221" id="Fig_221"></a>
+<img src="images/i134b.png" width="235" height="300" alt="Fig. 221&mdash;Cap and body of coat pinned on curtain." title="Fig. 221&mdash;Cap and body of coat pinned on curtain." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 221&mdash;Cap and body of coat pinned on curtain.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Stand on the floor facing the centre of the curtain and mark
+the place where your face comes; then where your arms will
+most easily pass through the curtain. Cut holes in the cloth,
+one for your face with chin entirely through, and two for
+your arms (<a href="#Fig_220">Fig. 220</a>). Cut the holes small; they can be
+enlarged if necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Make Santa Claus's cap of a piece of scarlet cambric
+twelve inches wide and seventeen inches long; tie one end<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>
+with a string into a tassel; then pin the cap on top of the
+face opening (<a href="#Fig_221">Fig. 221</a>), and cut the lower edge into a curve
+to fit the hole as indicated by the dotted lines in <a href="#Fig_221">Fig. 221</a>.
+One width of scarlet cambric twenty-six inches long, used
+just as it comes, will make the jacket.</p>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Santa construction 2">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 142px;"><a name="Fig_222" id="Fig_222"></a>
+<img src="images/i134c.png" width="142" height="300" alt="Fig. 222&mdash;Pattern for sleeve-cap." title="Fig. 222&mdash;Pattern for sleeve-cap." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 222&mdash;Pattern for sleeve-cap.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 156px;"><a name="Fig_223" id="Fig_223"></a>
+<img src="images/i134d.png" width="156" height="280" alt="Fig. 223&mdash;Santa Claus&#39;s paste board boot top." title="Fig. 223&mdash;Santa Claus&#39;s paste board boot top." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 223&mdash;Santa Claus&#39;s paste board boot top.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Draw in one edge of the coat to meet the inner edge of the
+armhole and pin it there; do the same with the other side,
+and you will have fulness in front to allow for padding.
+Bring the sides around the armhole outward again and pin
+in place; then fold up a wide hem and pin the sides of the
+jacket to the curtain and fill out the inside of the jacket with
+half sheets of newspaper lightly crumpled (<a href="#Fig_221">Fig. 221</a>).</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 262px;"><a name="Fig_224" id="Fig_224"></a>
+<img src="images/i136.jpg" width="262" height="400" alt="Fig. 224&mdash;Santa Claus&#39;s costume ready for the impersonator." title="Fig. 224&mdash;Santa Claus&#39;s costume ready for the impersonator." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 224&mdash;Santa Claus&#39;s costume ready for the impersonator.</span>
+</div>
+<p>Pin enough paper to the curtain under the coat to give
+the body of Santa Claus a decidedly rounded appearance; be
+sure that the padding is securely fastened to the curtain.
+Then pin the sleeve caps, cut according to <a href="#Fig_222">Fig. 222</a>, around
+the outer edge of the armhole. Pin raw white cotton around
+the face opening to form the hair and long, full beard. Allow
+the cotton to come well over the edge of the hole, that it may
+lie naturally on Santa Claus's face.</p>
+
+<p>With ink, mark the fleecy side of the strips of white canton
+flannel to resemble white ermine. Notice particularly the
+shape of the black ermine dots and have yours like them.
+Pin one ermine strip down the front of the red jacket and
+another across the bottom edge. Make two long, separate
+scarlet sleeves, unhemmed at top and bottom, and pin a band
+of ermine around each for a cuff. The only necessary sewing
+for the entire costume is the seams of the sleeves.</p>
+
+
+<p>Polish up a pair of ordinary old shoes, stuff them out with
+newspapers, and use them for Santa Claus's feet. Roll two
+pieces of cardboard, or pieces of limber pasteboard boxes, into
+cylinders; ink or blacken them. When dry, cut a curve in one
+end of each, like <a href="#Fig_223">Fig. 223</a>, and fit these tops over the stuffed
+shoes to make them into boots. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>Set the boots on a bench or
+a low table, placed across in front of Santa Claus, and adjust<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>
+them under the coat, so the little fellow will appear to be
+standing on the bench (<a href="#Fig_224">Fig. 224</a>). Pin Christmas greens,
+either natural or of tissue-paper, over the top and down the
+sides of the curtain, and you will have a unique, very effective,
+and novel arrangement for Christmas, easy to make, and
+costing but a trifle. Try it.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XVI</h2>
+
+<h3>NATURE STUDY WITH TISSUE-PAPER</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A natural</span> flower, some tissue-paper, a pair of scissors, a
+spool of thread, and nimble fingers are all you need.</p>
+
+<p>There are no patterns, only circles and squares and strips
+of paper which you gather here, spread out there, wrap
+and tie somewhere else, and, with deft fingers, model into
+almost exact reproductions of the natural flower before
+you.</p>
+
+<p>With its unfamiliar terms to be committed to memory and
+the many parts of the flower to be distinguished, botany is
+apt to prove dry and tiresome to the little child, but to study
+nature by copying the flowers in this marvellously adaptable
+material is only a beautiful game which every child, and
+indeed many grown people, will delight in. The form of the
+flower, its name and color, may, by this means, be indelibly
+stamped upon the memory, and a good foundation laid for
+further study.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Best Models</h3>
+
+<p>Ordinary garden flowers and those most easily procured
+make the best models. The carnation, the morning-glory,
+and the rarer blossoms of the hibiscus are well adapted
+to the work, also the daffodil and some of the wonderful
+orchids.</p>
+
+<p>Even holly, with its sharp-spiked leaves and scarlet berries,
+and the white-berried, pale green mistletoe may be closely
+copied. All these and many more are made on the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>
+principle, and in so simple a manner that even quite a little
+child may succeed in producing very good copies from nature.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Material</h3>
+
+<p>Buy a sheet of light pink tissue-paper, another of darker
+pink, and one of the darkest red you can find; then a sheet
+of light yellow-green and one of dark green. Have a table
+"cleared for the action" and place your paper on the right-hand
+side, adding a
+pair of scissors and a
+spool of coarse thread,
+or, better still, of soft
+darning cotton.</p>
+
+<p>With all this you
+are to copy the</p>
+
+
+<h3>Carnation</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>which some one has
+given you or you
+have growing in your
+own garden. Make
+one of your light pink
+paper, one of the
+darker pink, and another
+of the rich, deep
+red to have a variety
+(<a href="#Fig_225">Fig. 225</a>).</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 275px;"><a name="Fig_225" id="Fig_225"></a>
+<img src="images/i139.png" width="275" height="400" alt="Fig. 225&mdash;Carnations modelled from tissue-paper." title="Fig. 225&mdash;Carnations modelled from tissue-paper." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 225&mdash;Carnations modelled from tissue-paper.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lay your natural
+flower down on the
+left-hand side of the table, away from your material, but
+within quite easy reach, for it must be consulted frequently.
+Seat yourself comfortably and don't work hurriedly.</p>
+
+<p>The first thing necessary in this system of squares and
+circles is to know<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>How to Cut a Circle Quickly</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>easily, and accurately, and always without a pattern. Here
+is a method which never fails:</div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Cutting a circle 1">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 253px;"><a name="Fig_226" id="Fig_226"></a>
+<img src="images/i140a.png" width="253" height="250" alt="Fig. 226&mdash;Fold the square diagonally through the centre." title="Fig. 226&mdash;Fold the square diagonally through the centre." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 226&mdash;Fold the square diagonally through the centre.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 255px;"><a name="Fig_227" id="Fig_227"></a>
+<img src="images/i140b.png" width="255" height="250" alt="Fig. 227&mdash;The folded square makes the triangle." title="Fig. 227&mdash;The folded square makes the triangle." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 227&mdash;The folded square makes the triangle.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Cut a square the size you wish to make your circle.
+That is, if you want a
+circle with a diameter of
+four inches, cut a four-inch
+square (<a href="#Fig_226">Fig. 226</a>).
+Fold the square diagonally
+through the centre
+according to the dotted
+line on <a href="#Fig_226">Fig. 226</a>, and you
+have a triangle (<a href="#Fig_227">Fig. 227</a>).
+Fold this at the dotted
+line and it will make another
+triangle (<a href="#Fig_228">Fig. 228</a>).
+Again fold through the
+middle and you have
+the third triangle (<a href="#Fig_229">Fig. 229</a>). Fold once more and <a href="#Fig_230">Fig. 230</a> is the result. Measure
+the distance from the
+edge, B, to the centre,
+A, in <a href="#Fig_230">Fig. 230</a>, and mark
+the same distance on the
+other side of the triangle
+shown by the dot, C (<a href="#Fig_231">Fig. 231</a>). With your scissors
+cut across from C to B,
+curving the edge slightly,
+as shown by the dotted
+line from C to B (<a href="#Fig_231">Fig. 231</a>). <a href="#Fig_232">Fig. 232</a> is the
+circle still in its folds.
+<a href="#Fig_233">Fig. 233</a> is the circle
+opened, the dotted line indicating where it has been folded.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Circle 2">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 388px;"><a name="Fig_228" id="Fig_228"></a>
+<img src="images/i141a.png" width="388" height="200" alt="Fig. 228&mdash;The second triangle." title="Fig. 228&mdash;The second triangle." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 228&mdash;The second triangle.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 210px;"><a name="Fig_229" id="Fig_229"></a>
+<img src="images/i141b.png" width="210" height="200" alt="Fig. 229&mdash;The third triangle." title="Fig. 229&mdash;The third triangle." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 229&mdash;The third triangle.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Circle 3">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 161px;"><a name="Fig_230" id="Fig_230"></a>
+<img src="images/i141c.png" width="161" height="225" alt="Fig. 230&mdash;The fourth triangle." title="Fig. 230&mdash;The fourth triangle." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 230&mdash;The fourth triangle.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"><a name="Fig_231" id="Fig_231"></a>
+<img src="images/i141d.png" width="150" height="225" alt="Fig. 231&mdash;Cut along dotted line." title="Fig. 231&mdash;Cut along dotted line." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 231&mdash;Cut along dotted line.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 159px;"><a name="Fig_232" id="Fig_232"></a>
+<img src="images/i141e.png" width="159" height="200" alt="Fig. 232&mdash;The folded circle." title="Fig. 232&mdash;The folded circle." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 232&mdash;The folded circle.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 275px;"><a name="Fig_233" id="Fig_233"></a>
+<img src="images/i141f.png" width="275" height="275" alt="Fig. 233&mdash;The circle opened." title="Fig. 233&mdash;The circle opened." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 233&mdash;The circle opened.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Your eye will soon become sufficiently accurate to enable
+you to gauge the distance from A to B, and you can then cut
+from C to B without measuring.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Before Beginning Your Flower</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>take up the natural one and examine it carefully. You will
+notice that it has a great many petals crowded closely together,
+and that their edges are pointed like a saw. You will also
+see that the calyx is wrapped snugly around the lower part
+of the flower, and that it, too, has a pointed edge.</div>
+
+<p>Now hold the pink off at arm's length. The separateness
+of the petals disappears and you see them only as a mass;
+the points on the edges are not noticeable except as they give
+the flower a crimped appearance, and the edge of the calyx
+looks almost straight. It is this appearance or the impression
+of the flower that you are to produce rather than its many
+and little separate parts. So now set to work.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Cut Two Squares for Each Pink</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>one measuring five and a quarter inches, the other four and
+three-quarters inches, and turn them into circles (<a href="#Fig_233">Fig. 233</a>),
+by the method just explained. Take one of the circles at the
+centre, where the folding lines cross, with the tips of the fingers
+of your left hand, and pinch it together; then, while still
+holding it, crimp the edge with the fingers of your right hand
+(<a href="#Fig_234">Fig. 234</a>). Do this always with every kind of flower, whether
+it be made of circles or squares. Without loosening your
+hold of the centre, draw the paper lightly through your right
+hand several times, then crimp the edge again, this time with
+the blade of the scissors. Treat all the circles alike, then
+place a small circle inside a larger one and draw them through
+your hand to bring them close together, pinching them closely
+until within a little over an inch of the edge (<a href="#Fig_235">Fig. 235</a>). Make
+a slender lighter of ordinary writing-paper (<a href="#Fig_236">Fig. 236</a>), snip<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
+off the point of the flower, D, in <a href="#Fig_235">Fig. 235</a>, open the other end
+a little, and push the lighter through until its head is hidden.
+This forms the stem. Wrap and tie with thread at the
+bottom of the flower (<a href="#Fig_237">Fig. 237</a>), and again where the petals
+spread. This last is to be but temporary, as you will remove
+the thread when the flower is sufficiently pressed together to
+hold its shape.</div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Crimping">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 187px;"><a name="Fig_234" id="Fig_234"></a>
+<img src="images/i143a.png" width="187" height="250" alt="Fig. 234&mdash;Crimp the edge with your fingers." title="Fig. 234&mdash;Crimp the edge with your fingers." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 234&mdash;Crimp the edge with your fingers.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 187px;"><a name="Fig_235" id="Fig_235"></a>
+<img src="images/i143b.png" width="187" height="130" alt="Fig. 235&mdash;Draw these through your hand to bring them closely together." title="Fig. 235&mdash;Draw these through your hand to bring them closely together." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 235&mdash;Draw these through your hand to bring them closely together.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 36px;"><a name="Fig_236" id="Fig_236"></a>
+<img src="images/i143c.png" width="36" height="400" alt="Fig. 236&mdash;Make the stem of a paper lighter." title="Fig. 236&mdash;Make the stem of a paper lighter." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 236&mdash;Make the stem of a paper lighter.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>From your light green paper cut a circle measuring three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>
+and a quarter inches through its diameter and cut it in two
+to make the half circle for the calyx (<a href="#Fig_238">Fig. 238</a>). Remove the
+thread that holds the flower just below its petals and wrap the
+calyx closely around the lower part, tying it at the bottom;
+then cut a narrow strip of dark green paper and wrap it
+spirally around the stem, beginning at the top (<a href="#Fig_239">Fig. 239</a>).
+Let the wrapper extend a little below the lighter and twist
+the end to hold it in place. Spread the petals of your flower
+as much like the natural blossom as possible.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Attaching the stem">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 142px;"><a name="Fig_237" id="Fig_237"></a>
+<img src="images/i144a.png" width="142" height="400" alt="Fig. 237&mdash;Tie the flower to the stem." title="Fig. 237&mdash;Tie the flower to the stem." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 237&mdash;Tie the flower to the stem.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 253px;"><a name="Fig_238" id="Fig_238"></a>
+<img src="images/i144b.png" width="253" height="150" alt="Fig. 238&mdash;The calyx." title="Fig. 238&mdash;The calyx." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 238&mdash;The calyx.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 164px;"><a name="Fig_239" id="Fig_239"></a>
+<img src="images/i144c.png" width="164" height="400" alt="Fig. 239&mdash;Wrap the paper spirally around the stem." title="Fig. 239&mdash;Wrap the paper spirally around the stem." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 239&mdash;Wrap the paper spirally around the stem.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h3>Leaves</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Leaves">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 76px;"><a name="Fig_240" id="Fig_240"></a>
+<img src="images/i145.png" width="76" height="400" alt="Fig. 240&mdash;The leaves." title="Fig. 240&mdash;The leaves." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 240&mdash;The leaves.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 127px;"><a name="Fig_241" id="Fig_241"></a>
+<img src="images/i145b.png" width="127" height="400" alt="Fig. 241&mdash;Twist each end into a point." title="Fig. 241&mdash;Twist each end into a point." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 241&mdash;Twist each end into a point.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>For the leaves cut a strip of dark green paper six inches
+long and three-quarters of an inch wide (<a href="#Fig_240">Fig. 240</a>). Find the
+centre by folding the paper end to end and making the crease
+shown by the dotted line in <a href="#Fig_240">Fig. 240</a>. Gather it along this
+line, not with needle and thread&mdash;we use no needle in this
+work&mdash;but with your fingers, and pinch it together; then twist
+each end into a point (<a href="#Fig_241">Fig. 241</a>). With the sharp end of your
+scissors punch a hole directly through the centre, E (<a href="#Fig_241">Fig. 241</a>), and push the point of the stem through the hole, bringing
+the leaves as far up on the stem as you find them on the
+natural flower; then wrap and tie them in place.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>The Bud</h3>
+
+<div class='unindent'>is made of a circle of dark green paper the diameter of which
+is three and a quarter inches (<a href="#Fig_242">Fig. 242</a>). Gather this circle
+between your fingers as you did the others and crimp the
+edge with the scissors. It will then form a little bag or cup
+like <a href="#Fig_242">Fig. 242</a>. Slip the bag over the head of the lighter and
+tie at the bottom, as in <a href="#Fig_243">Fig. 243</a>. If the bud does not take
+the proper shape at first, model it with your fingers until it is
+correct. Start the wrapping of the stem just above where the
+bud is tied and finish as you did the stem of the pink. Use
+small leaves on the bud stem, having the strip of paper just as
+wide, but considerably shorter than for the leaves on the stem
+of the open flower.</div>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="The Bud">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 303px;"><a name="Fig_242" id="Fig_242"></a>
+<img src="images/i146a.png" width="303" height="250" alt="Fig. 242&mdash;Make the bud of a circle." title="Fig. 242&mdash;Make the bud of a circle." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 242&mdash;Make the bud of a circle.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 126px;"><a name="Fig_243" id="Fig_243"></a>
+<img src="images/i146b.png" width="126" height="250" alt="Fig. 243&mdash;Slip the bag over the head of the lighter." title="Fig. 243&mdash;Slip the bag over the head of the lighter." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 243&mdash;Slip the bag over the head of the lighter.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>It is wonderful how very natural these blossoms appear. At
+a short distance no one would think they are not the real, old
+and familiar pinks. Only the fragrance is missing, and that
+may also be supplied and a spicy odor given by inclosing a
+whole clove in the heart of each flower.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>The Morning-Glory</h3>
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 218px;"><a name="Fig_244" id="Fig_244"></a>
+<img src="images/i147.png" width="218" height="400" alt="Fig. 244&mdash;Morning-glory modelled from tissue-paper." title="Fig. 244&mdash;Morning-glory modelled from tissue-paper." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 244&mdash;Morning-glory modelled from tissue-paper.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>From the pale pink paper you can make a delicately beautiful
+morning-glory (<a href="#Fig_244">Fig. 244</a>). Have the natural flower with
+its stem and leaves to copy from, even if the blossom is not
+the color you want. As with the pink, it is the general form
+and appearance we strive for in the morning-glory, not the
+detail.</p>
+
+<p>Make your pink circles with a diameter of about seven
+inches. It is always better to have your flowers a trifle
+larger than the natural ones, rather than smaller.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 294px;"><a name="Fig_245" id="Fig_245"></a>
+<img src="images/i148.png" width="294" height="325" alt="Fig. 245&mdash;Flatten out the top." title="Fig. 245&mdash;Flatten out the top." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 245&mdash;Flatten out the top.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>But one circle is required for each morning-glory. Crimp
+this in your fingers and draw through your hand as you did the
+circles for the pinks; then, pinching it together to within one
+and a half inches of the edge, hold it in your left hand and
+flatten out the top, as in <a href="#Fig_245">Fig. 245</a>. See that the fulness is
+evenly distributed, and pull and straighten out the edges until
+you are satisfied with its appearance.</p>
+
+<p>A piece of bonnet-wire makes the best stem if you wish to
+give the true viny effect of the growth. If it is only the
+blossom you are making, a paper lighter will answer. When
+you use the wire, bend one end over to form a small loop;
+this is to keep the stem from slipping through the flower.
+Pass the straight end of the wire through the centre of the
+flower and draw it down until the loop is hidden.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>Make</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Calyx</h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="The Calyx">
+<tr><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 306px;"><a name="Fig_246" id="Fig_246"></a>
+<img src="images/i149a.png" width="306" height="300" alt="Fig. 246&mdash;Green square for calyx." title="Fig. 246&mdash;Green square for calyx." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 246&mdash;Green square for calyx.</span>
+</div></td><td align='left'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 255px;"><a name="Fig_247" id="Fig_247"></a>
+<img src="images/i149b.png" width="255" height="280" alt="Fig. 247&mdash;Hold the square at the centre." title="Fig. 247&mdash;Hold the square at the centre." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 247&mdash;Hold the square at the centre.</span>
+</div></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<div class='unindent'>of a square of light green paper measuring about four and a
+half inches. Fold the square four times through the centre
+to form the creases shown by the dotted lines in <a href="#Fig_246">Fig. 246</a>.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>Hold the square at the centre and draw the edges down as in
+<a href="#Fig_247">Fig. 247</a>; then bring the two edges together in gathers, just<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>
+below one of the corners, to form a leaf-shaped point, as in
+<a href="#Fig_248">Fig. 248</a>. Gather below each corner, tie as in <a href="#Fig_249">Fig. 249</a>, and
+twist each corner into a sharp point like F (<a href="#Fig_249">Fig. 249</a>). Draw
+the calyx through your hand, bringing the points together
+(<a href="#Fig_250">Fig. 250</a>). Push the calyx up on the stem and tie just at the
+base of the flower, then tie again about three-quarters of an
+inch below and wrap the remainder of the calyx close to
+the stem. Wind the stem with light green tissue-paper and
+bend it as the natural one is bent and curved.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"><a name="Fig_248" id="Fig_248"></a>
+<img src="images/i150a.png" width="276" height="325" alt="Fig. 248&mdash;Form a leaf-shaped point." title="Fig. 248&mdash;Form a leaf-shaped point." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 248&mdash;Form a leaf-shaped point.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 291px;"><a name="Fig_249" id="Fig_249"></a>
+<img src="images/i150b.png" width="291" height="300" alt="Fig. 249&mdash;Twist each corner into a point." title="Fig. 249&mdash;Twist each corner into a point." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 249&mdash;Twist each corner into a point.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"><a name="Fig_250" id="Fig_250"></a>
+<img src="images/i151a.png" width="200" height="115" alt="Fig. 250&mdash;Bring the points together." title="Fig. 250&mdash;Bring the points together." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 250&mdash;Bring the points together.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_251" id="Fig_251"></a>
+<img src="images/i151b.png" width="400" height="291" alt="Fig. 251&mdash;Gather along one of the creases." title="Fig. 251&mdash;Gather along one of the creases." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 251&mdash;Gather along one of the creases.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Make several buds of the pink paper, following the directions
+given for the green bud of the pink; then twist each
+bud at the point and add a calyx.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Fig_252" id="Fig_252"></a>
+<img src="images/i152.png" width="400" height="142" alt="Fig. 252&mdash;The morning-glory leaves." title="Fig. 252&mdash;The morning-glory leaves." />
+<span class="caption"><span class='smcap'>Fig.</span> 252&mdash;The morning-glory leaves.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The wilted flower shown in the illustration is made by
+taking one of the morning-glories you have just finished
+and actually wilting it by drawing the flower together and
+creasing and pressing it to resemble the partially closed and
+drooping natural blossom.</p>
+
+<p>Only a piece of dark green paper six inches square is
+required to model two almost perfectly shaped morning-glory
+leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Fold the square twice diagonally across from corner to
+corner to find its centre; then begin at one corner and gather
+along one of the creases until you reach the centre (<a href="#Fig_251">Fig. 251</a>).
+Start again at the opposite corner, gather along the crease to
+the centre, then wrap and tie (<a href="#Fig_252">Fig. 252</a>). Pinch each leaf from
+underneath along the crease in the middle, to give the depression
+at the midrib. Straighten the leaf out a little at its
+widest part and you will find you have a pair of leaves which
+are surprisingly natural. Wrap and tie these to the stem
+and make as many more as you think are needed.</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Note:</h3>
+<p>Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Little Folks' Handy Book, by
+Lina Beard and Adelia B. Beard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Little Folks' Handy Book
+
+Author: Lina Beard
+        Adelia B. Beard
+
+Release Date: May 13, 2008 [EBook #25462]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE FOLKS' HANDY BOOK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Little Folks' Handy Book
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS BY LINA BEARD AND ADELIA B. BEARD
+
+          _Illustrated by the Authors_
+
+          ON THE TRAIL
+
+          THINGS WORTH DOING AND HOW TO DO THEM
+
+          RECREATIONS FOR GIRLS--INDOOR AND OUTDOOR
+
+          WHAT A GIRL CAN MAKE AND DO, AND NEW IDEAS FOR WORK AND PLAY
+
+          THE AMERICAN GIRL'S HANDY BOOK; or, HOW TO AMUSE YOURSELF
+            AND OTHERS
+
+          LITTLE FOLKS' HANDY BOOK
+
+CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
+
+
+
+
+Little Folks' Handy Book
+
+By
+
+LINA BEARD AND ADELIA B. BEARD
+
+With Many Illustrations
+
+by the Authors
+
+          Charles Scribner's Sons
+          NEW YORK  CHICAGO   BOSTON
+
+          COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY
+          CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+
+SPECIAL NOTICE
+
+All the material in this book, both text and cuts, is original with the
+authors and invented by them; and warning is hereby given that the
+unauthorized printing of any portion of the text and the reproduction of
+any of the illustrations or diagrams are expressly forbidden.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+"LET _me_ do it. Let _me_ make it," is the cry when a child sees an
+older person putting together the different parts of an interesting
+piece of work; and it is this desire to do things himself, this impulse
+toward self-expression, that, when properly directed, forms so great a
+factor in his all-around development and education. Using the hands and
+brain together stimulates interest and quickens observation and
+intelligence, and, as the object takes form beneath the little fingers,
+the act of making, of creating, brings with it a delight and
+satisfaction which the mere possession of the same thing made by another
+can not give. "Look! See what _I_ have made," comes with a ring of
+triumph as the childish hands gleefully hold up the finished article for
+inspection.
+
+In this book we have endeavored to open a new and large field of simple
+handicrafts for little folk, giving them an original line of toys and a
+new line of materials with which to make them. We hope in these pages to
+bring to children the joy of making creditable and instructive toys of
+such ordinary things as empty spools, sticks of kindling wood, wooden
+clothespins, natural twigs, old envelopes and newspapers, and in this
+way to encourage resourcefulness, originality, inventiveness, and the
+power to do with supplies at hand.
+
+Everything described in the book has been actually made by the authors,
+and made by such practical and simple methods that a child's mind can
+grasp them, and a child's hands be easily trained to manufacture the
+articles. It is, therefore, our hope that the "Little Folks' Handy Book"
+will be found useful both in Kindergarten and Primary grades of the
+schools and in the home nursery; a helpful friend to teachers and to
+mothers.
+
+          LINA BEARD.
+          ADELIA B. BEARD.
+
+          FLUSHING, N. Y., _February 10, 1910._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                                  PAGE
+
+     I. PAPER BUILDING CARDS                                 1
+
+    II. TOYS MADE OF COMMON WOODEN BERRY-BASKETS             5
+
+   III. STRAW AND PAPER FURNITURE                            9
+
+    IV. A NEWSPAPER BOAT WHICH WILL SAIL ON REAL WATER      15
+
+     V. PAPER JEWELRY                                       19
+
+    VI. WHAT TO MAKE OF EMPTY SPOOLS                        28
+
+   VII. OLD ENVELOPE TOYS AND HOW TO MAKE THEM              47
+
+  VIII. TOYS OF CLOTHESPINS                                 55
+
+    IX. SCRAP-BOOKS                                         64
+
+    X. TOYS MADE OF COMMON KINDLING WOOD                    70
+
+    XI. LITTLE TWIG PEOPLE                                  79
+
+   XII. VISITING-CARD HOUSES                                90
+
+  XIII. PLAYING INDIANS WITH COSTUMES MADE OF NEWSPAPERS    98
+
+   XIV. CHRISTMAS-TREE DECORATIONS                         106
+
+    XV. A HOME-MADE SANTA CLAUS                            124
+
+   XVI. NATURE STUDY WITH TISSUE-PAPER                     130
+
+
+
+
+LITTLE FOLKS' HANDY BOOK
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+PAPER BUILDING CARDS
+
+
+MAKE your building cards of ordinary writing-paper. You may have as many
+cards as you like, though twelve are all that are used to make the
+things shown in our photographs.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1--Cut an oblong out like this.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2--This is the building card.]
+
+For each card cut an oblong of paper five inches long and two and a half
+inches wide. This is a very good size, but you can make them a little
+larger or smaller. Always remember, however, to have them just twice as
+long as they are wide, and all of one size. When you have cut out the
+oblong (Fig. 1) fold it through the middle, bringing the two short edges
+evenly together. The dotted line in Fig. 1 shows where it is to be
+folded. Now open the oblong half-way and you will have the building card
+(Fig. 2). They are very simple and easy to make, aren't they? But
+wonderful and delightful things can be built with these pieces of
+paper. You can have a whole camp of little tents by standing the cards
+with the folded edge up; and to make
+
+
+=A Camp Chair=
+
+all you need do is to push two of your tents close together, then on top
+of their folded edges lay another card with one flat side down to form
+the seat and the other side up for the back.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3--You can make a little camp chair.]
+
+The second illustration (Fig. 3) shows just how to do this. Use the
+tents again for
+
+
+=The Pyramid=
+
+in Fig. 4. Stand three tents in a row close together. On top of these
+make a floor by laying two cards across with one side of each card
+extending down at the back of the tents. Then build a second story--two
+tents this time, with a floor on top.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4--Use the tents to make this pyramid.]
+
+The third and top story will be one tent, which forms the peak of the
+pyramid. Of course you can make your pyramid very much larger by adding
+more tents to the first row and then building it up higher.
+
+
+=The Stable=
+
+is very cunning with its four little stalls. To build it you must stand
+the cards on their side edges as in Fig. 2. One side forms the back wall
+of the stall, the other the side wall. When you have reached the end of
+the row you will find the last stall lacks a side wall, but all you have
+to do is to slide another back wall behind the last and there you have
+the needed side wall. Put a roof over the stalls just as you made the
+floors for your pyramid, and then stand a tent on top for the cupola.
+Place a card at each end of the stalls, as shown in the illustration,
+and your stable is ready for its tiny horses.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5--A little stable with four little stalls.]
+
+Build
+
+
+=The Garden Wall=
+
+(Fig. 6) by standing the cards on their side edges. You can make the
+garden any size or shape you like, but always have the gateway just
+wide enough to hold the tent roof on top. See how the cards stand with
+edges in on either side of the opening. This will support the
+tent-shaped roof. Perhaps the children will want a house in the garden.
+You can build one if you try. Then see how many more things can be made
+of the paper cards, for I have not told you half of them.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6--A garden wall and gateway.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+TOYS MADE OF COMMON WOODEN BERRY-BASKETS
+
+
+USE a one-quart wooden berry-box for the china closet (Fig. 7). Turn the
+empty box facing you, and slide the prongs of a clothespin up through
+the open crack at the lower right hand of the box. Allow one prong of
+the clothespin to come on the outside and the other prong on the inside
+of the thin wooden side of the box; adjust the clothespin well to the
+front edge of the box, and it will form the right-hand front leg of the
+china closet. Add another leg in like manner on the same side of the box
+for the back leg; then slide two more clothespins up on the opposite
+side of the box to form the remaining two legs (Fig. 8).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7--The berry-basket china closet.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8--Slide clothespins on the basket for legs.]
+
+The prongs of the clothespins do not reach up to the top of the inside
+of the box, but leave sufficient space for a shelf. Make the shelf by
+laying a clothespin across from side to side, supported by the prongs of
+the back legs, and another across, supported by the prongs of the front
+legs (Fig. 8). The clothespin used for the front of the shelf will
+probably have to be a trifle longer than that for the back, as the box
+is wider in front than at the back. Set some toy dishes on the top, the
+shelf, and the inside bottom of the china closet, as in Fig. 7.
+
+With another quart berry-box and four more clothespins make the
+
+
+=Doll's Table=
+
+Slide the prongs of a clothespin down on either side of the box at the
+four corners (Fig. 9), then turn the table right side up, placing it on
+its feet. Set the table with toy dishes, and dinner will be ready (Fig.
+10).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9--Slide the prongs of the clothespins down on the
+sides of the box.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10--Make the doll's table.]
+
+The table can be turned into a dressing-case by standing two clothespins
+on their heads at each side of the back of the top of the table, and
+sliding a piece of stiff paper across from clothespin to clothespin
+between the prongs for a mirror (Fig. 11). Of course, the addition of a
+fringed white paper, or cloth scarf, over the top of the dressing-case
+would enhance its appearance, as would also a table-cloth over the top
+of the dinner table, but the covers were purposely omitted in the
+photographs that one may see exactly how the articles were made.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11--The table can be turned into a dressing-case.]
+
+Make a
+
+
+=Dolly's Bassinet=
+
+(Fig. 12) of a small oblong berry-basket with four clothespin legs
+slanting outward at the bottom and the prongs of the legs on each side
+brought together at the top (Fig. 13). On the centre of one end of the
+basket slide down the prongs of a fifth clothespin to form the upright
+for holding drapery (Fig. 13). When adjusted, fold a lady's handkerchief
+diagonally through the centre and hang it over the support, as in Fig.
+12. The bassinet will then be ready for a folded handkerchief as bedding
+and a little baby doll.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12--A perfect little bassinet.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13--The bassinet without the drapery.]
+
+A comical little berry-basket
+
+
+="Bow-wow"=
+
+(Fig. 14) can be made by using a two-quart basket for the body, the
+bassinet basket for a head, and clothespins for ears, tail, and legs.
+Fasten the legs on the body so that the front legs will slant forward
+and the back legs backward, that the dog may appear to be running (Fig.
+15); slide a clothespin on the end of the basket for a tail; then fasten
+two clothespins slanting backward on the small basket for ears; set the
+small basket on the front end of the large one, placing it so that
+almost half of it projects over the large basket, and the comical little
+dog will be finished.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14--A comical berry-basket "bow-wow".]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15--Put the legs on slantingly.]
+
+Fig. 16 shows two clothespin horses attached to a
+
+
+=Berry-basket Wagon=
+
+with clothespin wheels. The driver is a clothespin held up by a
+clothespin seat, and the wagon is filled with clothespin people along
+each side edge.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16--The berry-basket wagon with clothespin horses.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+STRAW AND PAPER FURNITURE
+
+
+A HANDFUL of straws, such as are used for lemonade and soda-water,
+several large sheets of writing-paper, and some small-sized pins--these
+are your materials. A pair of sharp scissors, a ruler marked off into
+whole, half, and quarter inches, and a lead pencil--these are your
+tools.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17--The old-fashioned bedstead.]
+
+We will begin with the old-fashioned four-post bedstead with its canopy
+and valances (Fig. 17). It is easily put together, but you must be
+careful to cut the straws for the posts all exactly the same length,
+making them about seven inches long, and to have your measurements for
+the other parts quite correct, in order that the bedstead may stand
+perfectly upright. Select four straight straws for the posts--sound and
+whole. Split straws will not do.
+
+The mattress and canopy are exactly alike; each has its valance, and
+they are just the same size; so directions for one will answer for both.
+Cut an oblong of writing-paper eight and a half inches long and six and
+a half inches wide. Be sure that the ends and side edges form perfect
+right angles; if they do not, the bed will be crooked. The edges of your
+sheet of writing-paper are at right angles to one another, and if you
+use the top edge of your paper for the top edge of your oblong, and the
+side edge of the paper for one side edge of your oblong, the rest will
+come out all right.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18--The mattress and canopy.]
+
+Now draw perfectly straight lines across your oblong from top to bottom,
+just one and a half inches from each edge (Fig. 18). Then from side to
+side draw two more straight lines; the first one and a half inches below
+the top edge and the other one and a half inches above the bottom edge.
+This gives the mattress with a border all around. In each corner of the
+mattress, a little more than a quarter of an inch from the end and side
+lines, draw a small cross as shown in Fig. 18. Be sure these crosses are
+placed correctly, and are exactly alike in mattress and canopy. Now cut
+out the four squares at the corners of the oblong, as indicated by the
+heavy lines in Fig. 18, and insert the point of your scissors in the
+centre of each little cross and snip along each line of the cross. Do
+not make the slashes too deep.
+
+Cut the edges of the border, or valance, into small points, as in Fig.
+17; then bend the valance down at the sides and ends of the mattress.
+The dotted lines in the diagrams show where to bend the paper. Make the
+canopy just as you have made the mattress, but cut deeper points on the
+edge of the valance.
+
+Through each of the four straw bedposts run a small pin two and a
+quarter inches from the end of the straw (Fig. 19).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19--Slide the paper down to the pin.]
+
+Push the long ends of the straws up through the slashed crosses in the
+corners of the mattress (Fig. 19) until the bottom of the mattress rests
+on the pins, then run a pin through each straw just above and close to
+the top of the mattress. Between the two pins the paper can slip neither
+up nor down. Run another pin in each straw post half an inch from the
+top, slide the canopy down upon these, and fasten with more pins, as you
+did the mattress. Make the bolster by folding a piece of paper the
+proper shape and cutting the end edges in points for trimming.
+
+Now you not only know how to make the bedstead, but
+
+
+=The Little Table=
+
+as well, for if you will look at Fig. 20 you will see that it is put
+together in the same manner as the bedstead.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20--The little table.]
+
+Make the legs of the table three inches long. Cut the top of the table
+four inches long and three and a half inches wide, and the shelf three
+and a half inches long and three inches wide. Measure one-quarter of an
+inch from each edge of the table top and draw straight lines as in Fig.
+21. This will give you a narrow border all around the top.
+
+Make and cut the little crosses in the corners of top and shelf, then
+cut out the squares at the corners of the top and bend down the edges.
+The shelf of the table should be one inch above the bottom ends of the
+straws, and the top of the table one-quarter of an inch below the top
+ends of the straws.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21--A narrow border all around the table top.]
+
+By making the straw legs of the table twice as long, and the top and
+shelves narrower, you can have another useful article of furniture, for
+by adding two shelves of paper on the straws, and fastening them in the
+same way, this can be used as a cupboard or shelves on which to place
+the tiny doll dishes or clothes. The table can also be made into a
+little dressing-table, by simply using for the back legs straws twice as
+long as the front legs and then slipping a square piece of paper on the
+straws that extend above the table, to serve as a mirror. Just as the
+paper is slipped on the straws for the back of the chair (Fig. 22),
+silver paper is pasted on this to make it look like glass.
+
+With these few patterns you can make any number of useful articles to
+furnish Miss Dolly's house. You can make small beds and large beds,
+small tables and large tables, and many sizes of chairs.
+
+You can make
+
+
+=The Chair=
+
+by merely looking at Fig. 22 and the diagrams, Figs. 23 and 24. No pins
+were used in this, but if you want the chair to last it is best to
+fasten it securely like the rest of the furniture. The straws for the
+back should be six inches long and for the front legs two and a quarter
+inches long. The shelf under the chair is the size of the seat.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22--The high-backed chair.]
+
+This furniture will be especially useful in playing with paper dolls,
+and by using different colors, in colored papers, you can have a blue
+room, a pink room, and a green room.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23--Push the straw through the back of the chair.]
+
+You can make tissue-paper sheets and spread for the bed and
+pillow-slips, too, if you like. Thus dolly can be tucked away snugly for
+the night.
+
+The ingenuity exercised in the construction of these simple articles
+will encourage the development of deftness and skill in the little
+fingers, which are ever ready to imitate anything that teacher can make.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24--Cut the back and seat like these.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+A NEWSPAPER BOAT WHICH WILL SAIL ON REAL WATER
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25--The newspaper boat made water-proof and sailing
+on real water.]
+
+YOU can fold a thirteen-and-a-half-inch square of newspaper into a fine
+boat measuring thirteen inches from stem to stern. It will be a good,
+stanch craft like Fig. 25, to float and sail out in the open on pond,
+lake, or river, or at home in basin or bath tub.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26--Square of newspaper for making boat.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27--Paper folded at centre.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28--Paper with sides bent down, making four layers.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29--Paper ready to turn back lower corners.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30--Ready for folding back the upper corners.]
+
+Cut your square of paper even and straight. Place it out flat on top of
+a bare table and fold at the centre along the dotted line (Fig. 26),
+which will make Fig. 27. Bend each side of this down outwardly along its
+centre at the dotted line and bring the edges a quarter of an inch lower
+than the bottom fold A; then your paper will be four layers like Fig.
+28. Turn up the lower edge B of Fig. 28, making Fig. 29. Fold back the
+three lower layers of the corners at the dotted lines (Fig. 29) and you
+will have Fig. 30. Bend back the upper corners at the dotted lines to
+make Fig. 31. Open Fig. 31 at the top and it will be your boat. Turn the
+boat upside down and slide one loose edge on the bottom under the other
+loose edge; then pinch each bottom point and bend it down toward the
+centre of the boat, creasing it flat (Fig. 32). Turn the boat right side
+up again, set it on the table, bend the two sides well up and crease
+them along the bottom until the boat resembles Fig. 33.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31--Square folded into boat.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32--Fold points on bottom of boat inward toward
+centre--this way.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33--Newspaper boat without sail.]
+
+To render the craft water-proof melt a piece of wax candle, turn the
+boat upside down again and give the bottom a coat of the melted white
+wax, extending the coat half way or more up the sides. Use a teaspoon
+for pouring the wax over the boat; the hot wax soon hardens and in a
+few moments you may launch the little craft on the water.
+
+If you want to make a
+
+
+=Sailing Vessel=
+
+of your boat, roll up a one-inch-wide strip of newspaper into an
+old-fashioned paper lighter, which is merely rolling the strip spirally
+into a round stick; this is the mast. Cut a paper sail, not too large,
+puncture holes in it and slide the sail on the mast; add a small paper
+pennant on the extreme top; then insert the base of the mast into a
+common wooden spool and glue the spool tight to the bottom of the boat
+at the centre of the bow.
+
+With thread and needle take a stitch or two in the lower corner of the
+sail and attach it with a short length of the thread to the stern;
+fasten securely. Also fasten the pennant to the mast, so that it cannot
+turn, for in this vessel both sail and pennant must be stationary and
+not swing to either side. Be careful not to have the sail too heavy.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+PAPER JEWELRY
+
+
+ORDINARY brown wrapping paper is the best to use for this paper jewelry.
+Indeed the pale, creamy yellow of some wrapping paper is much like ivory
+in color, and the chains and ornaments made of it are really charming.
+
+
+=The Necklace=
+
+See how simply the necklace is made without glue or paste. It is a
+system of double rings that shift and slide in one's hands like the
+links of a metal chain. When the principle is understood it is all very
+easy.
+
+The rings may be cut out free-hand by folding the paper as in Fig. 34.
+Cut an oblong about six inches long and three inches wide and fold it
+crosswise through the middle, then bring the two side edges together and
+fold it again lengthwise. Start at the top where the paper is folded and
+cut out the ring as in Fig. 34. You will notice in the drawing that the
+circle at the top is slightly elongated; this is necessary in fitting
+the rings together. The ring when opened will look like Fig. 35. Cut out
+six rings the size and shape of Fig. 35, then make two smaller ones,
+like A (Fig. 36), and eight still smaller ones, like B (Fig. 36). Now
+cut a single ring perfectly round, a trifle larger than Fig. 34, a
+double ring like C (Fig. 37), and a pearl-shaped pendant like Fig. 38.
+Open Fig. 38 and cut the three-cornered catch in one half and the slit
+in the other half, as shown in Fig. 39. Cut the catch first, then fold
+the pendant again, as in Fig. 38, and punch small holes with a pin at
+the base of the catch through the other half, to mark the place for the
+slit. The slit must not be as long as the base of the catch, else the
+catch will not hold.
+
+[Illustration: The little queen. Adorned with paper jewelry.]
+
+Put the necklace together by slipping the half of one ring over both
+halves of another, as in Fig. 40. Commence with the single ring. Slip
+half of a large double ring through the single ring, bring the double
+ring together and slip another large ring through that, then add another
+large ring and you will have a chain of three large rings with the
+single ring at the end.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34--Fold and cut like this.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35--When the ring is opened.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36--Make smaller rings like these.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37--Fasten the pendant on the ring.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38--The pendant.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39--The pendant open.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40--Slip the half of one ring over both halves of
+another.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41--Cut a clasp like this.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42--Fasten the clasp in this way.]
+
+To the end double ring attach a ring, like A (Fig. 36); to A add a chain
+of four rings like B (Fig. 36). This gives you just half of the
+necklace, for the single ring is to be the middle one. Make the other
+half in the same way, starting on the opposite side of the single ring
+and slipping ring into ring as you did before. Attach the ring pendant,
+C (Fig. 37), to the single ring between the two side rings, then add the
+pendant. Fasten the two halves of the pendant together by folding the
+two points of the catch inward, slipping the catch through the slit and
+then spreading the points out again flat. This makes a very secure
+fastening and, unless the neck of the catch is too slender, it will
+neither break nor pull apart.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43--The finished jewelry.]
+
+Fig. 41 is the clasp for the necklace. Cut it out like the pattern and
+make it about three inches long. Slip one end of the clasp through the
+last ring on one end of the necklace, the other end of the clasp through
+the last ring on the other end of the necklace, then bring the clasp
+together and slip the catch through the slit, as in Fig. 42. The
+photograph (Fig. 43) shows how pretty the necklace is when finished.
+
+
+=The Coronet=
+
+The coronet shown in the illustration of the "Little queen" is cut in
+one piece (Fig. 44). At the widest part, from top to bottom, it is three
+inches wide, and the ends may be lengthened or shortened to fit any
+head. The ends must meet and fasten at the back.
+
+Little rings, one inch in diameter, cut like Fig. 45, ornament the
+coronet, as shown in Fig. 44. They are fastened by the catch at the top
+through slits cut in the coronet. Make three slits, one below the other,
+a little over one inch apart, down the middle of the coronet, and on
+either side of these make six more slits in the position shown on the
+right half of Fig. 44. This gives fifteen slits, for which you must have
+fifteen rings. These dangling little rings that shake and twinkle with
+every movement are fascinating little ornaments, and are far prettier
+than more elaborate designs.
+
+
+=Ear-rings=
+
+Quite oriental-looking ear-rings are made like Fig. 46. Cut first two
+single elongated hoops like Fig. 47, making them almost three inches
+long and one and three-quarter inches from side to side. These long
+hoops are to slip over the ears to hold the ear-rings on. Cut two hoops,
+like D (Fig. 46), and two pendants, like E (Fig. 46). Fasten the hoop D
+upon the hoop (Fig. 46), and the pendant E upon the hoop D, clasping the
+pendant by its catch as you did the pendant of the necklace. The
+children need not follow exactly the shapes of the "danglers" and
+pendants shown here--let them exercise their own taste in these.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44--The coronet is cut in one piece.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45--Little rings ornament the coronet.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46--Oriental-looking ear-rings.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47--Cut two hoops like this.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48--The bangle bracelet.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49--Cut a strip for the bangle bracelet.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50--Cut six round charms.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51--A link bracelet.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52--Slip one link through another.]
+
+
+=The Bangle Bracelet=
+
+The bangle bracelet (Fig. 48) is made as in Fig. 49. Cut a strip of
+paper half an inch wide and about eight inches long; make a catch at
+one end and a slit in the other end, then a little below the middle cut
+six slits half an inch apart, as in Fig. 49.
+
+[Illustration: Playing lady. The lorgnette.]
+
+Cut six round charms, three-quarters of an inch in diameter, with a
+catch at the top like Fig. 50, and fasten the charms on the bracelet.
+Fig. 49 gives the inside of the bracelet with three charms attached.
+This bracelet is large for a small child, but can be shortened at the
+end to fit any little arm.
+
+
+=A Link Bracelet=
+
+Fig. 51 is a link bracelet. Make this by folding a strip of paper eight
+inches long crosswise through the middle. Bring the folded end half way
+down and fold, turn back the other end and fold like a fan. This
+divides the paper into six equal parts. Now cut out the outer edge of
+all the links at once. Free the two end links and cut out the centres of
+the others, then cut the centres of the two links, as shown in Fig. 51,
+making the catch and slit like the pattern.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53--Make the lorgnette case of a strip of paper.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 54.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 55--The glasses swing loosely.]
+
+The links of the long chain shown in the photograph of "The queen and
+her captive," are cut exactly like the bangle bracelet (Fig. 49). The
+slits and charms are, of course, omitted. Fig. 52 shows how the chain is
+put together by slipping one link through another and fastening it with
+its catch. You can make the chain any length. It is so strong that only
+rough handling will pull it apart.
+
+
+=The Lorgnette=
+
+Now comes the lorgnette, which works beautifully made of rather stiff
+paper. Make the case of a strip of paper three inches wide and eight
+inches long. Fold the paper lengthwise through the middle and cut it,
+rounding at the top like Fig. 53. In one side cut a small round hole at
+the top, rather near the edge of the case, F (Fig. 53), and fold back
+the lower corners according to the dotted lines. Cut out the eyeglasses
+like Fig. 54. Curl the edges of the ball G together and slide the ball
+through the hole F in the case, as in Fig. 55.
+
+[Illustration: The queen and her captive.]
+
+The glasses swing quite loosely by this hinge, and will slide easily in
+and out of the case. When tucked away inside the case a little flirt of
+the hand, a turn of the wrist, will throw them out and they can be
+lifted to a piquant little nose in the most approved and fine-ladylike
+fashion.
+
+The lorgnette in use is shown in the photograph, "Playing lady." "The
+little queen" displays jewelry, and "The queen and her captive" show the
+long chain.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+WHAT TO MAKE OF EMPTY SPOOLS
+
+
+GATHER up all the spools you can find, big, little, thick, and thin; no
+matter how many, you can use them all. There is no end of fun to be had
+with these always-on-hand, easily found toys; they may be made into
+almost everything.
+
+
+=Spool Houses=
+
+are very simply constructed. Begin building by standing ten spools in a
+straight row for the front of the house. Make one side with seven spools
+placed at right angles with the front. This gives you one corner of the
+house. Build the back parallel to the front by standing nine spools at
+right angles with the side. You will then have two corners of the house
+and three sides. Add a row of six spools along the empty space between
+the front and back of the house for the fourth side, as in Fig. 56.
+Remove the third and fourth spools from the left-hand corner of the
+front of the house to form the doorway, and examine the foundation--see
+that it is even and straight before erecting the walls; then continue
+the building, placing a spool on top of each foundation spool (Fig. 57).
+Build on another layer of spools, except over the second and third
+spools at the right hand of the doorway opening (Fig. 58). Add another
+row of spools (Fig. 59), and another (Fig. 60). Lay a piece of
+pasteboard box over the top of the walls (Fig. 61), and make the roof of
+a piece of almost any kind of paper by bending and creasing the paper
+down along the lengthwise centre and up along the lengthwise edges.
+Place the roof on top of the pasteboard ceiling (Fig. 62). Do not have
+the roof project over the end of the house where you are to build the
+chimney, for the chimney must be quite close to the house. Select large
+spools for the chimney and build it by standing one spool on top of
+another until the chimney extends above the roof. You can top the
+chimney by laying a piece of cardboard over the last spool and placing
+two small spools on it side by side. Enclose the yard with a spool
+fence; standing the spools a short distance from each other, as in the
+photograph. Use spools of larger size for the gateway, topping them with
+two smaller ones (Fig. 62).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 56--First row of spools.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 57--Second row of spools.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 58--Third row of spools.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 59--Fourth row of spools.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 60--Fifth row of spools.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 61--A piece of pasteboard on top.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 62--Place the roof on top.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 63--Trees and flowers made of paper and spools.]
+
+Make the yard into a cheerful
+
+
+=Sunshiny Garden=
+
+(Fig. 63), with flowers and trees of paper and tubs and flower-pots of
+spools, where the clothespin people may go for recreation.
+
+The trees are easy to make and are very effective; they are simply
+fringed strips of paper rolled like a paper lighter with the large ends
+stuck into spools. Cut a strip of green tissue-paper fifteen inches long
+and five wide; then cut one-third of the strip narrow, about one inch
+wide, and fringe the remaining two thirds (Fig. 64). With the thumb and
+first finger of your right hand begin to roll the corner as shown at A
+(Fig. 64). Continue rolling, and the fringe, which forms the foliage,
+will stand out on the outside of the rolled part or trunk of the tree.
+When you reach the solid, narrow part of the paper strip it will roll
+into a smooth, round stick, forming the lower part of the tree trunk.
+Paste the last wrapped corner of the paper roll in place and clip the
+tree trunk off even across the bottom edge; then press it into a hole in
+the centre of an empty spool of ordinary size, and there's your tree!
+You can vary the foliage by crimping the fringe with knife or scissors
+before the strip is rolled into a tree and by having the fringe of some
+much longer than that of others. If you use different tones, tints, and
+shades of green, running from very light to dark, and make a lot of them
+varying in height, the trees will look very pretty and they can form a
+jungle where toy wild animals can live; or a number of the trees might
+form a playground or a grove where dolls may go for a picnic.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 64--This is the way to make a tree.]
+
+In the photograph of the group of trees you will see a number of pots of
+flowers. The flowers are disks and squares of different bright-colored
+tissue-paper, each one with its centre pinched together and twisted into
+a stemlike piece, which is pushed down into a buttonhole-twist spool.
+Around some of the flowers a smaller square of green may be used for
+foliage.
+
+You could make an extensive flower garden by using a great number of
+these short, flat spools and bits of gay tissue-paper, and they can be
+arranged and rearranged in many different ways.
+
+It is possible to make all kinds of toy furniture of spools. If you want
+
+
+=A Bedroom Set,=
+
+use four spools for the legs of a bedstead, place them in position and
+lay a piece of stiff white paper, bent up at one end, on top of the
+spools. The bed will then be ready for the doll (Fig. 65).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 65--A little bedstead.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 66--A table can be made in a moment's time.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 67--The lamp.]
+
+A little table can be made in a moment's time. All that is necessary is
+to choose a large spool and place a round piece of paper on the top
+(Fig. 66). Make the bureau of six spools close together in two rows of
+three spools each, and cut the top of a piece of paper with a high
+extension in the centre, which you must bend upright for a mirror. The
+washstand can be four spools quite close together covered with a piece
+of paper. A piano is easily made, but you must think it out for
+yourself. Use a small spool for the piano-stool.
+
+
+=The Lamp=
+
+(Fig. 67) is a spool with a little roll of white paper shoved into the
+hole and a circular piece of paper crimped around the edge for the
+shade. Unless you need the spool to use again in other ways, you might
+paste the paper on and make a lamp which will not come apart.
+
+You can glue the tops on the table and washstand and the mirror on the
+bureau also; though this is not necessary, for if you are careful and do
+not knock against the furniture it will remain secure.
+
+Now make the toy
+
+
+=Kitchen=
+
+with empty spools, and the entire kitchen will not cost one cent of
+money.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 68--Just like a kitchen.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 69--The stove without the stovepipe.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 70--The finished stove.]
+
+See how firm and substantial the little kitchen furniture looks in the
+photograph with its fine stove, dresser, and wash-tub (Fig. 68). Use
+four spools for the feet of the stove. Over these lay a piece of
+pasteboard about six inches long and four inches wide, allowing it to
+project beyond the front feet to form the apron; then build on the body
+of the stove, making it of spools two layers deep, as in Fig. 69. Cut a
+piece of pasteboard to fit over the spools for the stove top, and have
+it long enough to stand out a short distance at the back; then you can
+build on the stovepipe (Fig. 70).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 71--The kitchen dresser.]
+
+Make the dresser of spools and strips cut from pasteboard boxes (Fig.
+71).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 72--The dining table.]
+
+For the tubs stand four spools close together, and set a little round
+box on top of them. Make the washboard of a piece of paper folded many
+times backward and forward, fan fashion. After carefully creasing the
+folds, pull the paper out slightly and put it in the tub for the next
+washday (Fig. 68).
+
+After cooking,
+
+
+=A Dining Table=
+
+will be needed. With eight spools and a piece of pasteboard cut from a
+box you can make a fine dining table; the legs of the table are four
+columns of two spools each, as you see in Fig. 72, and the chairs are
+made of spools with bent pieces of cardboard pasted on top. The
+decorations of the table are small spools with bright tissue-paper for
+flowers arranged at the four corners of the table, and the plates are
+the round pasteboard tops from milk bottles.
+
+When enough furniture has been manufactured, build
+
+
+=A Wagon=
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 73--Pattern of little wagon.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 74--The wagon of cardboard with spool for wheels.]
+
+Cut Fig. 73 from heavy paper or cardboard that will fold without
+breaking. Bend all the dotted lines and cut all the heavy lines in the
+pattern. Push a burnt match, or a wooden toothpick through one hub, then
+through an empty spool and the second hub. The spool forms the wheels.
+Screw a small pin cautiously through each of the two projecting ends of
+the match, piercing the wood and leaving the head and point of the pin
+standing out (Fig. 74). Tie a knot in the end of a string to prevent its
+sliding out and thread it through the hole in the dashboard.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 75--A Sunday-school room made of spools.]
+
+By laying narrow strips of paper on a table or on the floor to form a
+boundary line, you may make a
+
+
+=Sunday-School Room=
+
+Leave an open space for the doorway at the opposite end of the room from
+the organ. Build up a column of four large spools at each side of the
+space and connect them with a strip of paper laid from the top of one
+column to the top of the other.
+
+Build the fine, large pipe-organ close to the edge of the back room.
+Stand eight spools in a row tight to each other at equal distances from
+each boundary side line. Build the row up three spools high, then
+skipping the end spools, build on two layers of six spools each; again
+skip the end spools and build on a layer of four spools. Crown the last
+layer with two top spools. Across the centre front of the organ stand a
+row of spools, two high and three long. Over them lay a piece of paper
+bent lengthwise through the centre for the key-board and music-rack.
+Bend another piece of paper for the music and stand it on the key-board
+against the rack. Make the organ seat of two spools placed side by side
+in front of the organ with a strip of paper laid over them. Let the
+seats for the doll children be rows of three spools each. Place the
+seats one in front of another in parallel lines a short distance apart
+and allow a wide, lengthwise central aisle between them. All this is
+shown in Fig. 75.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 76--The spool trolley car.]
+
+
+=Trolley Car=
+
+Hunt up an old pasteboard box, for you will need a box lid about fifteen
+inches long and eight inches wide as a foundation for the realistic
+trolley car (Fig. 76). Use eight spools for the wheels; place two spool
+wheels near the front and two near the back on each side. Lay the spools
+down flat and rest the edge of the box lid on the body of the spools;
+then stand a row of eleven spools on each side of the top of the box
+lid. Beginning at one end of the row, build up every other spool into
+three-spool columns; the intervening spaces form the open windows of the
+car.
+
+Leave windows on the opposite side of the car in the same way, and place
+a row of spools close up against the bottom spools of each side of the
+car to form the car seats. Roof the car with a piece of cardboard cut
+off square at one end and rounded at the other. On top of each side of
+this roof place one row of six buttonhole-twist spools, the spools of
+each row separated equal distances (Fig. 76). Stand a spool on the front
+of the car platform for the motorman's wheel and you have a car like
+that in the photograph.
+
+When the trolley is taken apart use the spools in building
+
+
+=A Bridge=
+
+Fig. 77 shows that the piers can be built to a good height and be solid
+and substantial.
+
+Stand three large-sized spools together, forming a triangle, with one
+point turned to face the opposite pier. This group of three spools is
+the foundation of one of the two columns, which together form one pier
+of the bridge.
+
+About two inches distant and on a line with the triangle of spools stand
+a group of three more spools, and build up each group into a column four
+spools high. You will need two more columns for the opposite pier of the
+bridge; build them as you did the first, and place the second pier
+exactly opposite to and as far from the first as you desire the span
+should reach--say about fourteen inches.
+
+Lay a strip of pasteboard six inches wide across from pier to pier,
+allowing the ends to rest on the piers, but not extend beyond the
+outside end edges of the piers; then if your span is fourteen, inches
+long, cut from a pasteboard box two more strips fourteen inches long and
+of the same width as the span; score each strip across one end, one inch
+from the edge, bend slightly and fit the bent edge of each strip on one
+end of the bridge, allowing the other end of the strip to extend away
+from the pier and rest on the floor, forming an inclined approach to the
+bridge proper as in Fig. 77.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 77--The spool bridge.]
+
+When your pasteboard strips are well settled in place, continue building
+up the piers on top of the pasteboard, making each group of three spools
+two layers high; then build up one spool two layers high on top of the
+four columns.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 78--Span the two columns with this.]
+
+Complete the archway by spanning the two columns of each pier with a
+narrow strip of stiff white paper bent up into a point at the centre and
+out into a flap at each end (Fig. 78). The flaps rest on top of the
+spools. The photograph shows how the entire bridge should look, and in
+the photograph you will find a little lady hurrying across the bridge on
+her way home, and following in her wake Mr. Clothespin and Mrs.
+Clothespin. A paper boat under the bridge would make the scene more
+realistic.
+
+Next build
+
+
+=A Memorial Arch=
+
+(Fig. 79), something like the one which was erected in New York City.
+Commence with two groups of spools a short distance apart; have three in
+each group, two in the back and one in the front. Build up columns four
+spools high; then lay a strip of pasteboard across from one to the
+other. On top of the pasteboard place two more groups of smaller spools
+a little nearer together than the first groups. Make these columns two
+spools high and crown each with a single spool decorated with a
+bright-colored paper flag fastened on a stick pushed down into the
+spool. At the base of the arch add three more spools on each side, _o_
+and _o_ (Fig. 79), and the structure will be completed. This is not
+exactly like the original, but for a spool arch it is fine, and a spool
+procession will feel honored to march through it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 79--A spool memorial arch.]
+
+
+=The Parthenon=
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 80--The Parthenon made of spools.]
+
+If you have enough spools, you can make a miniature representation of
+one of the most beautiful temples ever built. Begin by standing four
+spools in a row for the first end of the building, allowing about the
+width of a spool between each two. Place eight in a row for the first
+side, four for the other end, and eight for the second side (Fig. 80).
+Have the spools all of the same size, that the walls may be alike and
+perfectly even, because, as you know, the walls are to be formed of
+columns, not as many as in the original, but enough to give an idea of
+the Greek temple. Build up the spools three deep into pillars; then lay
+a piece of pasteboard on the top of the columns for a ceiling. Bend
+another piece of pasteboard lengthwise through the centre for the roof,
+and stand it tent-like on top of the ceiling. You can measure the
+correct size of the ceiling by laying a piece of pasteboard down flat on
+the floor along the eight-columned side of the Parthenon to obtain the
+length, and placing it flat on the floor across the four-columned side
+to mark the width. Make the roof the same length and a little wider than
+the ceiling, to allow for the height of the bend through the centre.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 81--You can blow bubbles with a spool.]
+
+You must imagine a space immediately beneath the roof of the little
+Greek temple filled in with the most beautiful statuary, and think of
+the spools as white marble columns, and you should see, in fancy,
+another row of stately columns inside the ones you have built. Tell all
+about the real Parthenon and hunt up a picture of the temple that all
+may see just how near you came to making the little model look like the
+wonderful Parthenon on the Acropolis, in Athens.
+
+After admiring the building for a while, pretend that a left-over spool
+
+
+=Is a Venetian Shell=
+
+shot from a cannon, and toss it gently against the roof at one end of
+the temple, then see the columns totter and fall, leaving only a portion
+of the Parthenon standing, in the same way that the real marble columns
+fell when the original structure was shattered and practically destroyed
+by the soldiers.
+
+You can
+
+
+=Blow Bubbles with a Spool,=
+
+beautiful bubbles, which float and glide in the air with all the charm
+of clay-pipe bubbles. Mix strong soap-suds, dip one end of a large spool
+in the water, wet the spool, then blow. If the bubble refuses to appear,
+dip the spool in the water again, put your head down to the spool and
+blow a few bubbles while the spool is in the water, then quickly raise
+it and try again. Nine times out of ten you will succeed, and a bubble
+will swell out from the spool as in Fig. 81. These wooden bubble-blowers
+last a long time, with no danger of breaking when accidentally dropped
+on the floor, and you can always find enough to provide one for each of
+the players who meet for a trial of skill in bubble-blowing.
+
+Now try
+
+
+=Pretty Butterflies=
+
+which fly from spools. Cut a butterfly (Fig. 82) from bright-colored
+tissue paper or thin writing paper, bend at the dotted line and paste on
+the large end of a very small cork. Fit the small end of the cork into
+the top of the hole of an empty spool (Fig. 83). Then blow through the
+spool and see the butterfly ascend rapidly to the ceiling and float down
+again. A number of different colored butterflies in the air at one time
+fill the room with charming bits of fluttering brightness that will
+delight the children.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 82--Pattern of butterfly.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 83--It will fly from the spool.]
+
+Take another empty spool and stick a common wire hairpin partially into
+the hole, bend the hairpin slightly down against the edges of the hole,
+do the same with three more hairpins, and you will have a spool with a
+funnel-like opening of hairpins at the top (Fig. 84). In the funnel
+place a small, light-weight ball made of a crushed bit of bright paper
+wound around with thread. Raise the spool to your lips and blow gently
+(Fig. 85). The ball will rise and fall in mid-air, in the same way that
+you have seen one of rubber dance at the top of a small fountain or jet
+of water.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 84--The ball is placed on top of the spool.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 85--The ball will rise and fall.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+OLD ENVELOPE TOYS, AND HOW TO MAKE THEM
+
+
+DON'T throw away your old envelopes; see what amusing toys can be made
+of them simply by folding and cutting. No paste or glue is needed, and
+any one of the toys given here can be made in five minutes or less.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 86--The side view of the frog shows his beautiful
+open mouth.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 87--The frog is sprawled out on the table.]
+
+
+=The Frog=
+
+The frog is one of the simplest and at the same time the funniest of the
+collection. Fig. 86 gives a side view in which his beautiful open mouth
+can be seen to advantage. Fig. 87 shows him sprawled out on the table.
+Fig. 88 gives the pattern of the frog as it appears when drawn on the
+envelope. You will notice that the bottom fold of the envelope is used
+for the top of the animal. Draw the outlines as in Fig. 88, then cut
+along the lines you have drawn. The under part of the body follows the
+edge of the lower lap of the envelope from front to hind leg. Now
+flatten out the fold at the top and bend the paper under at the
+corners, which forms the head and tail. Cut a slit along the folded
+edge of the head for the mouth, pull the lower part down and the mouth
+will open wide as a frog's mouth naturally does. By working the lower
+jaw the frog can be made to snap at imaginary flies. Draw the eyes as
+shown in Fig. 87 and bend down the lower part of the body along the
+dotted line, shown in Fig. 88, spread out the hind legs, and Master Frog
+is finished.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 88--The pattern of the frog drawn on an envelope.]
+
+
+=The Little Bed=
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 89--Use a long envelope for the little bed.]
+
+For the little bed (Fig. 89) use a long envelope. If the top lap is
+open, cut it off. Flatten out the bottom fold as you did for the frog's
+back, then bend the ends and sides as in Fig. 90. Bend up the points at
+each end for head and footboards, and there is your bed.
+
+
+=The Table=
+
+Make the table (Fig. 91) of a smaller envelope in the same way, but
+leave the points extending out at the ends (Fig. 90) and cut short legs
+on the bottom edge (Fig. 91).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 90--Fold the envelope this way for the bed.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 91--Make the table of a smaller envelope.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 92--A comfortable little sofa.]
+
+Plates and other dishes can be made very easily. For circular dishes use
+a cent or a ten-cent piece for a pattern. Very effective cups and
+goblets can be made from old pieces of tinfoil. The table, however, is
+strong enough to hold the little china or tin dishes usually found among
+a child's collection of toys.
+
+
+=The Sofa=
+
+The comfortable little high-backed sofa (Fig. 92) is made of a long
+envelope with the top left open. Fold the envelope into the box shape,
+as for the bed, with the points turned up. Then fold the tips of the
+points inward, as in Fig. 93. Now reverse the box and slit down the two
+front edges which gives an opening in front. Bend down this front piece
+and cut it off on a line with the two ends.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 93--Fold the tips of the points inward.]
+
+
+=The Arm-Chair=
+
+A deep, low-seated arm-chair can be made of an oblong envelope of
+ordinary size by following the directions for the sofa and allowing the
+back to curve instead of making it flat, then slitting down the sides
+and bending them over to form the arms (Fig. 94).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 94--Make the arm-chair of an oblong envelope.]
+
+
+=The Bath Tub.=
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 95--A little bath tub for imaginary water.]
+
+A little bath tub, but one that will scarcely hold water, is shown in
+Fig. 95. In this the upper lap is left open, the points are bent
+under, and the sides left to curve naturally. A baby carriage can also
+be made in this way, but for the carriage the points must extend down
+and have wheels drawn on them and the tips must be cut off squarely at
+the bottom so that the carriage will stand. The lap is the back and the
+handle in one (Fig. 96).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 96--A doll-baby can ride in this carriage.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 97--The bungalow is made of a long envelope.]
+
+
+=The Bungalow=
+
+The little bungalow (Fig. 97) is something very different, yet it, too,
+is made of an envelope. Though it appears to have many parts it is all
+in one piece. The envelope is a long one, such as is used for legal
+papers. Fig. 98 gives the pattern. The heavy lines show where to cut and
+the dotted lines where to bend. The lap forms the front porch, but the
+porch may be left off entirely if the envelope has been slit at the top
+in opening it. With a little care, however, many envelopes can be opened
+intact. Cut along the heavy lines of the door and windows, then open the
+door and the little shutters. Bend back the ends of the house and in the
+middle of each end take a little plait from top to bottom. This is to
+make the ends narrower and give room for the roof to slant. Bend the
+roof back from the eaves along the dotted line. The back of the bungalow
+is made like the front, except that it has no door, windows, or porch.
+
+Children who have a knack at drawing can greatly improve the bungalow by
+drawing the slats to the blinds, drawing in the panelling on the front
+door, putting on the knob, putting shingles on the roof, etc., etc.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 98--Draw the bungalow on the envelope in this way.]
+
+
+=The Cart=
+
+The little cart (Fig. 99), that will hold quite a heavy doll, and can be
+trundled about like one made of wood, is not cut at all.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 99--The cart can be trundled about like one made of
+wood.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 100--This is the way to put wheels on the cart.]
+
+Fold an oblong envelope into the box shape (Fig. 93), with points turned
+up, but let the points be deeper than for the bed or sofa. This is
+because the ends of the envelope are to form the sides of the cart and
+must be longer from front to back. Bend the tips of the points in and
+crease the folds sharply that they may lie flat against the sides.
+Sharpen one end of a small, round stick and push it through the middle
+of the folded point on one side, then slide a large, empty spool on the
+stick and thrust the point of the stick through the opposite side (Fig.
+100). The stick should stand out beyond the cart about half an inch on
+each side, and will need no fastening.
+
+Puncture a hole in one end of the cart, thread a cotton string through
+the hole, tie a large knot on the inside end and pull the string through
+until the knot presses close against the end of the cart. Let the string
+be long enough to reach easily from the floor to the little hand that
+will hold the other end.
+
+Besides all these toys, a baby's cradle that has rockers and will rock,
+a cunning little dressing-table with its mirror, boxes of different
+shapes and sizes, and various kinds of baskets can be made of the old
+envelope. Probably there are other forms it may be made to assume--boats
+perhaps, that for a time at least will float on the water, and animals
+other than the frog.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+TOYS OF CLOTHESPINS
+
+
+YOU can make cunning, soft, downy hens and roosters simply of raw cotton
+and clothespins (Fig. 101). The little creatures may be pure white, dark
+colored, or part dark and part light, according to the cotton used.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 101--Soft, downy hens and roosters.]
+
+All of
+
+
+=The Chickens=
+
+have the same kind of foundation. It is made by sliding the prongs of
+two clothespins into each other (Fig. 102). Be sure the clothespins,
+when together, stand firm on the prong ends, for these form the legs and
+feet of the chickens.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 102--Slide the prongs of two clothespins together.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 103--Tie a piece of raw cotton over the head of one
+clothespin.]
+
+With a string tie a piece of raw cotton over the head of one clothespin;
+have the string tight, but the cotton cover rather loose. Bring the
+cotton partly down the clothespin and tie it again (Fig. 103); then use
+your fingers to shape the top cotton into the form of a rooster's head;
+gently pull a little of it out to make the beak; tie a string around the
+beak where it joins the head, and, with thumb and finger slightly
+dampened, twist the end of the beak into a point (Fig. 104). Cotton
+which comes in sheets is best for the tail, but the other will do. Lay
+the centre of a generous piece of cotton over the head of the second
+clothespin, plait the loose ends around the pin, and fasten with a
+string, making the edge of the tail in a line with the opening of the
+prongs of the pin. Cut the folded end rounded on top, and slit it up a
+short distance into wide fringe to form the long feathers of the
+rooster's tail (Fig. 104).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 104--Pull a little of the cotton out to make a
+beak.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 105--A fine little rooster that will move his little
+head.]
+
+With another piece of cotton cover the back and sides of the rooster, as
+you would put a saddle on a horse. Bring the edges of the cover together
+down the neck and body; when fitted lift the cover, put paste here and
+there on its under side near the edge, replace the cover and it will
+stick fast; then, with the top of a wire hairpin, push the edges of the
+cover, front and back, in between the open prongs of the clothespin. Ink
+round bits of paper and paste on the rooster for eyes; make his comb and
+wattles of red tissue paper (Fig. 105), and you will have a fine rooster
+which can actually
+
+
+=Move His Little Cotton Head=
+
+up and down, fast or slow, as you wish. To make him do so, hold the
+front leg steady with your left hand, while with your right hand you
+raise and lower the other leg. Try it, and see how naturally the little
+fellow appears to pick up corn in an eager, hungry manner.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 106--The little hen.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 107--Making a downy little lamb out of a
+clothespin.]
+
+Fashion the hen in the same way you made the rooster, only have the tail
+smaller and without long feathers (Fig. 106). The comb on the hen must
+also be smaller than that on the rooster. The general shape of the hen
+is the same as that of the rooster. Notice that the direction of outline
+along the lower edge of tail and body is one continuous slanting line;
+remember this when adjusting the tail that it may not stand out backward
+at right angles from the body.
+
+
+=The Little Lambs=
+
+are made in much the same way as the chickens. Slide two clothespins
+together for the foundation (Fig. 102); tie a wad of cotton over the
+head of one pin, then pull the head out a trifle on each side for ears,
+and tie with a string as you made the rooster's beak. Cover the second
+clothespin, making the upper part, which extends down, quite thick; then
+lift the upper part, and bring it across to the lamb's neck, for the
+little animal must have an almost level back (Fig. 107). Cut a piece of
+cotton large enough to cover the entire back and sides of the lamb, lay
+it over the lamb like a very large saddle, and fasten it in place with
+paste. Use small inked papers for eyes, and tie a gay ribbon around his
+neck (Fig. 108). Make a number of little lambs, for they are so
+attractive and pretty grouped together (Fig. 109).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 108--Tie a gay ribbon around the lamb's neck.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 109--The group of sheep.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 110--Such a funny little long-eared rabbit.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 111--The doggie's head is large.]
+
+
+=The Rabbit=
+
+(Fig. 110) has the same kind of foundation as the lamb, but stretched
+out more, bringing the heads of the pins lower and farther apart. He
+needs very long ears, so they must be of separate pieces of sheet cotton
+tied to the head. Make his head rather large, and in other respects
+manufacture him much the same as the lamb.
+
+
+=The Ears and Tail of a Dog=
+
+are too large for pulling out and tying from the main piece of cotton,
+so cut them separate and tie on at the proper places. Make the doggie's
+head large, and the saddle-like cover thick, that the little fellow may
+be plump and fat; cut inked paper for eyes and end of nose; with these
+exceptions the work is the same as on the lamb (Fig. 107).
+
+When tying beaks, ears, and tails of the various animals, cut the string
+ends close to the knot; then the string will sink into the cotton.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 112--Begin to dress the doll in this way.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 113--A strip of cotton for arms.]
+
+To dress a
+
+
+=Little Girl Doll,=
+
+cut a strip of cotton extending from below the neck line of the
+clothespin to within a short distance of the ends of the prongs; tie the
+cotton in gathers around the lower edge of the neck, and again lower
+down at the belt line (Fig. 112). Make the arms of a strip of cotton
+about four and a quarter inches long and one inch wide; slash in the
+middle a short distance, and slip the strip over the head of the pin
+(Fig. 113); bend at the shoulders, fold remaining lengths once for arms,
+and, with dampened thumb and finger, lightly twist the ends into hands.
+The edges of the cotton forming arms and hands will cling together. Tie
+a bright ribbon sash around Miss Dolly's waist; then make her hair of a
+strip of dark raw cotton; fit and press it on the wooden head, twisting
+the ends to resemble long braids; pinch the cotton up on the top of the
+head to form a pompadour; when adjusted take the wig off; cover the
+wooden head with paste, and replace the wig, setting it well back from
+the front of the head. Fasten a ribbon bow back of the pompadour, and
+tie the braids together at the nape of the neck with another ribbon;
+then ink the features. Insert the ends of the prongs of the clothespin
+forming dolly's feet into a small piece of double-faced corrugated straw
+board, fasten them in with paste, and the little girl will stand alone
+(Fig. 114). The doll's back is shown in Fig. 115.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 114--Little girl doll made of a clothespin and
+dressed in raw cotton.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 115--Miss Dolly's back.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 116--The clothespin boy.]
+
+Make the
+
+
+=Boy Doll=
+
+(Fig. 116) stand in the same manner; fashion his hair of dark cotton,
+his trousers of a strip of white cotton tied around the waist and pushed
+in between the prongs of the clothespins. Cut the coat from a folded
+piece of cotton, a hole in the centre of the fold for the head to pass
+through; straight sleeves horizontally cut along the fold; and the
+remainder in sacque form like a Japanese coat or pajamas. The sleeves
+form the arms and the hands of the boy.
+
+Fasten a belt high at the back and low in the front around his waist,
+giving the coat a Russian-blouse effect; make him a ribbon bow necktie,
+and ink the features.
+
+These small people are very bewitching, as are also the animals.
+
+You can color the sheet cotton slightly here and there with water-color
+paint if you are clever with a paint brush. As you work with these
+little dolls and animals you will find ever so many ways to vary them in
+effect. They are so soft and fluffy that a baby can play with them
+without injury, and a school or college boy may be amused by being
+presented with one, appropriately dressed, as a souvenir of pleasant
+experiences at a college luncheon or dinner.
+
+To make a foot-ball player, finish the blouse without necktie or belt;
+make the shoulders wide and the hair rather short, like a college boy's
+rough head. So much for the boy. Paste a letter cut out of colored paper
+on the front of the blouse to make it look like a college sweater, and
+gather the trousers in a little at the knees. You can tuck an egg-shaped
+ball made of brown raw wool under one arm for a realistic touch, if you
+choose.
+
+Little girl dolls may be similarly made to represent basket-ball players
+in short skirts and school or college sweaters, with appropriate emblems
+on the front, for a special entertainment.
+
+Making these figures is much less trouble than dressing dolls entails,
+and much more of a novelty, too. They take so many shapes that they fit
+almost any occasion.
+
+In fact, the possibilities of these cotton and clothespin toys are
+almost endless in the hands of ingenious young people.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+SCRAP-BOOKS
+
+
+=Mother Goose Scrap-Book=
+
+THE nursery scrap-books made of linen or colored cambric are, perhaps,
+familiar to most of our readers; but for the benefit of those who may
+not yet have seen these durable little books, we will give the following
+directions for making one:
+
+Cut from a piece of strong linen, colored cambric, or white muslin, four
+oblongs twenty-four inches long by twelve inches wide. Buttonhole-stitch
+the edges all around with some bright-colored worsted, then place the
+oblongs neatly together and stitch them directly through the centre with
+strong thread (Fig. 117). Fold them over, stitch again, as in Fig. 118,
+and your book is finished and ready for the pictures.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 117--Scrap-book opened and stitched through the
+middle.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 118--Scrap-book folded and then stitched.]
+
+It is in the preparation of these pictures that you will find the
+novelty of the plan I propose. Instead of pasting in cards and pictures
+which have become too familiar to awaken interest, let the young
+book-makers design and form their own pictures by cutting special
+figures, or parts of figures, from different cards, and then pasting
+them together so as to form new combinations.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 119--Three Wise Men of Gotham.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 121--Little Jack Horner.]
+
+Any subject which pleases the fancy can be illustrated in this way, and
+the children will soon be deeply interested in the work and delighted at
+the strange and striking pictorial characters that can be produced by
+ingenious combinations.
+
+Stories and little poems may be very nicely and aptly illustrated; but
+the "Mother Goose Melodies" are, perhaps, the most suitable subjects
+with which to interest younger children, as they will be easily
+recognized by the little folk.
+
+Take, for instance, the "Three Wise Men of Gotham," who went to sea in a
+bowl. Will not Fig. 119 serve very well as an illustration of the
+subject? Yet these figures are cut from advertising cards, and no two
+from the same card. Fig. 120 shows the materials; Fig. 119 shows the
+result of combining them.
+
+Again, the little man dancing so gaily (Fig. 122) is turned into "Little
+Jack Horner" eating his Christmas pie (Fig. 121), by merely cutting off
+his legs and substituting a dress skirt and pair of feet clipped from
+another card. The Christmas pie in his lap is from still another card.
+
+In making pictures of this kind, figures that were originally standing
+may be forced to sit; babies may be placed in arms which, on the cards
+they were stolen from, held only cakes of soap, perhaps, or boxes of
+blacking; heads may be ruthlessly torn from bodies to which they belong,
+and as ruthlessly clapped upon strange shoulders; and you will be
+surprised to see what amusing, and often excellent, illustrations
+present themselves as the result of a little ingenuity in clipping and
+pasting.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 120--Materials for Three Wise Men of Gotham.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 122--Materials for Little Jack Horner.]
+
+Another kind, which we shall call the
+
+
+=Transformation Scrap-Book=
+
+will be found exceedingly amusing on account of the various and
+ever-changing pictures it presents.
+
+Unlike any other, where the picture once pasted in must remain ever the
+same, the transformation scrap-book alters one picture many times. To
+work these transformations, a blank book is the first article required;
+one eight inches long by six and a half or seven wide is a good size.
+
+Cut the pages of this book across, one-third the way down. Fig. 123
+shows how this should be done. The three-cornered piece cut out near the
+binding allows the pages to be turned without catching or tearing. Leave
+the first page uncut; also the one in the middle of the book.
+
+Cut from picture-cards, or old toy-books which have colored
+illustrations, the odd and funny figures of men and women, boys and
+girls, selecting those which will give variety of costumes and
+attitudes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 123--Transformation scrap-book with pages cut.]
+
+Paste the figure of a woman or a girl on the first page, placing it so
+that when the lower part of the next page is turned the upper edge of it
+will come across the neck of the figure where it is joined on to the
+shoulders.
+
+Cut the heads from the rest of the pictured women, turn the lower part
+of the next page and, choosing a body as different as possible from the
+one just used, paste it upon the lower part of the second page, directly
+under the head belonging to the first body. Upon the upper part of the
+second page paste any one of the other heads, being careful to place it
+so that it will fit the body. Continue in this way, pasting the heads
+upon the upper, and the bodies on the lower, part of the page, until the
+space allowed for the women is filled up; then, commencing at the page
+left in the middle of the book, paste upon it the figure of a man, and
+continue in the same manner as with the women, until the spaces are all
+used and the book is complete.
+
+The combinations formed in this way are very funny. Old heads with
+young bodies; young heads with old bodies; then one head with a great
+variety of bodies, and so on.
+
+The first picture may represent a man, tall, thin, dressed in a rowing
+costume, as shown in the illustration. Turn the lower part of the next
+page, and no longer is he thin and tall, but short and stout, the
+position of this body giving the expression of amazement, even to the
+face. The next page turned shows him to be neither tall nor short, thick
+nor thin, but a soldier, well-proportioned, who is looking over his
+shoulder in the most natural manner possible (Fig. 124).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 124--Leaves from a transformation scrap-book.]
+
+The figures in Fig. 124 were cut from advertising cards, and the head
+belongs to none of the bodies.
+
+A curious fact in arranging the pictures in this way is that the heads
+all look as though they might really belong to any of the various bodies
+given them.
+
+Instead of having but one figure on a page, groups may be formed of both
+men and women, and in the different arrangement of the figures they can
+be made very ludicrous indeed.
+
+
+=Flour Paste=
+
+Mix one-half cup of flour with enough cold water to make a very thin
+batter, which must be smooth and free from lumps; put the batter on top
+of the stove--not next to the fire--in a tin saucepan, and stir
+continually until it boils; then remove from the stove, add three drops
+of oil of cloves, and pour the paste into a cup or tumbler. This will
+keep for a long time and will not become sour.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+TOYS MADE OF COMMON KINDLING WOOD
+
+
+JUST a glance at a pile of ordinary every-day kindling wood could hardly
+suggest to one the possibilities existing in the crude material for
+building all sorts of interesting and realistic things for the little
+folks, but experiment and you will find that Klondike log-houses,
+rail-fences and lumber camps, bridges, and substantial little rafts
+which will float on water in laundry or bath tub, pond or stream, can be
+easily and readily built from the little sticks we use to start our
+fires.
+
+Let us build
+
+
+=The Bridge=
+
+first, that Indians and men may cross the water to the lumber region
+beyond, and cut logs for their rafts (Fig. 125).
+
+Select two sticks of kindling wood as near of a size as you can find,
+and lay them side by side, a short distance apart; then connect the two
+by placing sticks across the ends, log-cabin fashion. These four sticks
+form the square foundation of one bridge pier.
+
+Continue building by crossing the second layer of sticks with a third
+layer, the third layer with a fourth layer, and so on until the pier is
+built up sufficiently high, six or more layers, according to the
+thickness of the sticks. As you build be sure that the two sticks
+forming each layer lie absolutely steady and are of about the same
+thickness, that those built on top of them may not slant, but lie level
+and steady.
+
+All sticks should be of the same length, but the layers may vary in
+thickness; one layer of sticks might be thin and the next thick; it
+matters not, provided that the two forming the same layer are nearly of
+a size.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 125--The little bridge built of kindling wood.]
+
+When the first pier is finished, build a second one like it a short
+distance from the first one, and lay a strip of stiff pasteboard, cut
+from an old box, across from pier to pier; then lay a second strip of
+pasteboard from one pier to the ground, a third strip from the remaining
+pier to the ground on the opposite side (Fig. 125). If you wish, the two
+end strips can be longer than those shown in the photograph, and slant
+from the piers down to the ground on a level with the water. The banks
+in the photograph are built up with boxes and covered with green cloth.
+
+For each of the two archways, take two thin sticks of wood and stand
+them at the top outward edge of the pier, with ends braced together at
+the top, and spread out at the bottom, as in the photograph.
+
+Use either natural or tissue-paper trees stuck into empty spools for
+foliage, or little toy trees, if you happen to have them among the
+children's store toys.
+
+Though the bridge is not intended to be over real water, you might try
+the experiment and strengthen the hollow piers by filling them with
+stones, when building the bridge out-of-doors.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 126--Kindling-wood rafts that will float on real
+water.]
+
+Fig. 126 shows two little
+
+
+=Kindling-Wood Rafts=
+
+which will float on real water. Have the slender sticks for the raft all
+of the same length, and use about sixteen or eighteen sticks for each
+raft. Weave them together with a string. Begin by tying the centre of a
+long string around each end of a stick, which should be about eight
+inches in length (Fig. 127).
+
+Place one end of a second stick up against one tie, allowing one string
+to come over and the other string under the second stick (Fig. 128).
+Cross the two lengths of the string over the second stick, bringing the
+lower string up and the upper string down (Fig. 129); then lay another
+stick up against the crossed strings, carrying the strings in turn over
+this stick (Fig. 130). Again, bring the lower string up and the upper
+string down, before placing another stick. Continue crossing the string
+and adding kindling wood until the raft is of the desired length. Tie
+the ends of the string securely on the last stick, and weave the
+opposite loose ends of the sticks together in the same way, tying the
+string firmly together on the last stick. Clip off the ends of the
+string and the raft will then be ready for the water, and will carry
+either passengers or freight.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 127--Begin the raft in this way.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 128--Lay a second stick up against the tie.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 129--Cross the strings around the second stick.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 130--Cross the strings around the third stick.]
+
+Put up log-houses for the toy people to live in. Select two different
+lengths of kindling wood for
+
+
+=The Houses=
+
+that the buildings may be longer one way than the other. They will look
+better and be more comfortable than if square.
+
+Place two long sticks of kindling wood a short distance apart and
+running parallel; across these sticks lay two shorter ones, bridging the
+space at each end between the long sticks, then place two long sticks
+over the ends of the two short ones; keep building in this way until the
+little house is seven or eight layers high.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 131--A Klondike settlement with dog train and
+sledge.]
+
+Cut a piece of white cardboard or light-weight pasteboard the length of
+the house, and wider than the width of the house, to allow for the slant
+of the roof. Bend the roof lengthwise through the centre and lay it on
+top of the house (Fig. 131). Make a door of stiff pasteboard painted or
+covered with a layer of brown tissue-paper pasted on the outside. Cut
+the door a suitable size and stand it up in front of the house.
+
+If you want
+
+
+=An Arctic Scene=
+
+spread a piece of white cloth over a table for the snowy ground. Canton
+flannel, fleecy side up, is best, but any kind will answer the purpose.
+Then erect several kindling-wood houses and form a Klondike settlement
+(Fig. 131).
+
+Original home-made toy men, dogs, and sled may be used to complete the
+scene, or they can be cut from newspapers or old magazines. Stiffen by
+pasting them on cardboard; then cut out the men, dogs, and sled more
+carefully in detail. Bend one leg forward and one backward to make the
+men stand alone, and bend two legs outward and two inward to enable the
+dogs to stand. Paste narrow strips of paper on the dogs for harness.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 132--The Virginia rail-fence.]
+
+Make another kindling-wood scene like Fig. 132.
+
+
+=Rail-Fences=
+
+are peculiar to America. You cannot find them abroad, and every little
+boy and girl will want to know how to build one of these old-fashioned
+"snake" or Virginia rail-fences. The fence may be of any length, its
+zigzag lines can run in any direction, all the way across the room if
+you choose.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 133--Form a rude letter V.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 134--Across the end of the second stick place the
+end of a third stick.]
+
+Lay down one piece of kindling wood, and over one end place the end of
+another stick, forming a rude letter V (Fig. 133). Across the end of the
+second stick which rests on the ground, place the end of a third stick
+(Fig. 134). Keep on building the first layer of the fence in this way
+until it stretches as far as you wish; then go back to the starting
+point and begin building the second layer of sticks, by placing a stick
+over the first stick, resting one end on the far end of the first stick,
+the other end on the top of the end of the second stick; lay another
+stick across over the second stick, another over the third, and so on
+until the second layer is finished. Build other layers in like manner,
+and make the fence high or low, as desired. Pile up kindling wood into a
+wood-pile with small pieces scattered on the ground, and if there is a
+toy horse you can make him haul more wood (Fig. 132).
+
+These kindling-wood toys will give a realistic idea of log-houses,
+rail-fences, log rafts, and primitive bridges, and while building them
+the children might be told stories of the way early settlers lived and
+made their homes, or the children may "make up" stories about the
+different scenes.
+
+
+=Hammocks=
+
+Substantial little hammocks which will hold good-sized dolls, and even a
+real pussy with no danger of the material breaking, can be made of
+ordinary kindling wood or strips of pasteboard (Fig. 135). Both styles
+of hammocks are woven in the same manner. The weaving is like that used
+for the raft and is of the simplest, most primitive kind, merely
+crossing of the two ends of each side string between each piece of wood
+(or pasteboard) slat, with loops of string left at each end of the
+hammock for hanging it up. When fashioned of kindling wood, like that in
+the photograph, have the sticks slender and all of the same length. When
+made of pasteboard, cut seven-inch-wide strips from a heavy pasteboard
+box and cut the strips crosswise into one-half-inch slats. Have ready
+two long strings measuring about two and a half yards each. Double each
+string and tie a knot in the closed end, fifteen inches from the extreme
+folded end, then place your work on the top of the table, or some other
+flat surface where you can keep the slats flat and even. Begin to weave
+by laying a slat between the loose ends of each string.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 135--A substantial little hammock.]
+
+Push the slat up tight against the knots and cross the strings on the
+outer edge of the slat. Slide another slat between the two ends of each
+side string, shoving it close up against the crossed strings at the
+outer edge of the first slat. Bring one end of each string over and one
+under the second slat, cross them, and add the third slat. Continue
+weaving in this way until the hammock is of sufficient length, then tie
+the strings securely at the outer edge of the last slat.
+
+After you have put in the last board bring the slats up very close
+together and draw the strings firm and tight. Tie the double lengths of
+string together at each end of the hammock, making two long loops by
+which to hang up the hammock.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+LITTLE TWIG PEOPLE
+
+
+HAVE you seen the little people who live up in the trees? Little twig
+people who dance and swing and bob about, who nod and bow and flutter
+hither and yon; some astride funny twig horses, others dangling head
+down, many waiting to run a race when a stiff breeze comes along, and
+all as merry as merry can be, tossing their long, thin arms and legs in
+the air just for the fun of it. Perhaps some of these queer folk are
+outside your window now, and it may be near enough to the ground for
+even the littlest boys and girls to reach if they stand on their toes.
+Here are several of the twig people who came down and posed for their
+photographs. We will give each one a name.
+
+Fig. 145 is Miss Daffy-down-dilly, who has just come to town and is
+feeling very bashful about it.
+
+Fig. 148 is Jack-be-nimble Jack-be-quick, who thinks he can jump over
+any candlestick, high or low.
+
+Fig. 151 is the Little Crooked Man who ran a crooked mile.
+
+Fig. 152 is Little Miss Muffet, who is so terribly afraid of the spider.
+
+Fig. 153 is Peter White, who follows his nose wherever he goes.
+
+Fig. 154 is Doctor Foster, who went to Gloster in a shower of rain, and
+he is stepping very high to avoid falling into the puddle we have all
+heard about.
+
+The little twig people do not look quite as real when separated from the
+tree as when you see them dancing in the breeze, so it is necessary to
+help out their appearance with paper heads and hands and feet.
+
+Use care in selecting your twigs, for they are not all alike. Some are
+quite choice and unique, others more commonplace and less amusing.
+Suitable ones may be found in plenty.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 136--The black bands on the twigs show where they
+should be trimmed off.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 137--Fastening the twig.]
+
+When a small branch is broken from a tree or bush, you will find that
+some of the twigs attached look like queer, crooked, little legs, and
+some, just the right distance above, seem made for arms. Then comes the
+long neck that is joined, perhaps, to the still larger branch or to the
+trunk of the tree. Sometimes there are several arms and several legs
+too many and you must look closely and decide which are the real ones;
+then cut off the others.
+
+You will know the real
+
+
+=Arms and Legs=
+
+for they are always the funniest ones and the most suggestive of comical
+action.
+
+Cut the long neck down in proportion to the rest of the body and trim
+the arms and legs off to the proper length. Remember that one inch of
+the neck of the dolls must be inserted in the head and allow for that in
+cutting the long stem.
+
+Fig. 136 gives a branch as it looks when taken from the tree, and the
+black bands on the twigs show where they should be trimmed off to bring
+the little figure into proportions. The parts left white or in outline,
+below the bands, are to be cut away. There are two legs to this branch
+and three arms, one of which must be dispensed with. The left arm must
+remain and it matters but little which of the right arms is selected. In
+this case the lower one is marked to be cut.
+
+Now comes the making of the
+
+
+=Heads, Hands, and Feet=
+
+These must all be double, for, to hold them on, the twigs are pasted
+between the two halves. In some cases, where the neck is quite thick,
+you will find it best to shave off a little at front and back to flatten
+it, so that the neck may lie easily between the two parts of the head
+and not push the face out of shape (Fig. 137). This is seldom necessary,
+however, unless the doll is unusually large.
+
+Figs. 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, and 143 give the heads of all our little
+troupe sufficiently large to be copied. Fig. 144 shows the hands and
+feet.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 138--Daffy-down-dilly.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 139--Little Miss Muffet.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 140--Jack-be-nimble.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 141--The Little Crooked Man.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 142--Peter White.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 143--Doctor Foster.]
+
+Use a heavy brown wrapping paper for the heads and draw the faces simply
+with pen and ink in broad lines, or, if the children want to color
+them, they can use water-colors or colored pencils. In any case the
+features should be strongly marked, that the character of the face may
+not be lost.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 144--Hands and feet.]
+
+You can make the hands of paper like the face, or of dark brown paper
+(not tissue), to match the dark brown arms. White hands will give the
+effect of white gloves. Make the feet brown or black, or use bright
+colored paper to represent colored shoes.
+
+
+=Daffy-Down-Dilly=
+
+is quite a tall girl, standing eighteen inches high in her heel-less
+shoes (Fig. 145). Her head, shown in Fig. 138, measures three inches
+from top to chin; this does not include the swirl of hair which rises in
+a peak above the head. Her hands, A (Fig. 144), are two and a quarter
+inches long from wrist to tip of middle finger, and her feet, B (Fig.
+144), are two and three-quarter inches long.
+
+These are the proportions. Of course, for a smaller doll they should be
+smaller.
+
+Fold a piece of wrapping paper, making it double, and on the paper draw
+Daffy's head, copying the one in Fig. 138, or making an original head if
+you prefer. The back hair may be drawn in or painted if the children
+insist upon having an all-around doll. If the neck is thick shave it off
+as in Fig. 137. Draw two hands on double pieces of paper and two feet on
+double pieces of paper, and cut them out. Daffy's hands are the color of
+her face, and her shoes are black.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 145--Daffy-down-dilly.]
+
+Now cover the inside of the back of the head with paste, lay the neck on
+the head and cover that too with paste (Fig. 137). Then fit the front of
+the head to the back and press it down until the two halves, with the
+twig between, are pasted firmly together. In the same way paste on the
+hands and feet. Make Daffy's dress of yellow tissue-paper, the color of
+a daffodil. Cut a circle for the skirt with a small hole in the centre
+and slit it down the back;' then draw it through your hands to shape it
+and make it hang nicely.
+
+Cut out a little waist with pointed sleeves, like Fig. 146, and a
+pointed collar, like Fig. 147. Make the waist double with the fold at
+the top, cut a hole for the neck, and slit down the back. Use green
+tissue-paper for the collar.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 146--Waist of Daffy.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 147--Collar of Daffy.]
+
+Put the waist on the doll, gather it at the belt line, front and back,
+and paste. Paste it also at the neck and along the under edge of the
+sleeves. Paste the skirt to the waist at the belt, bring the edges of
+the slit together at the back, lap them, and paste. Wrap a strip of the
+yellow paper around the waist for a belt, then put the collar around the
+neck, and fasten with a touch of paste.
+
+
+=Jack-be-Nimble=
+
+came from the elm tree. He is ten inches tall from his cap to the sole
+of his shoe (Fig. 148). You will find his head in Fig. 140. C (Fig. 144)
+is the pattern for his hands, and D (Fig. 144) the pattern for his feet,
+which are made of brown paper. His brilliant costume is fashioned of
+orange-colored tissue-paper. Cut the coat like Fig. 149, making it
+double, with the fold at the top of the high flaring collar. Cut a hole
+for the neck and make a small slit down in front, then turn back the
+points of the collar at the neck. To avoid slitting the coat all the
+way to the bottom, put it on little Jack before you adjust his head. His
+neck can be slipped through the hole without trouble; then the edges of
+the coat are pasted together. Each leg of the short trousers is made
+separately, of an oblong piece of tissue-paper. This is gathered at the
+knee and waist line and pasted in place (Fig. 150). If the stripes on
+Jack's cap are painted orange color and his pointed shoes are also
+orange, the effect of his bright costume will be still more glowing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 148--Jack-be-nimble.]
+
+
+=The Little Crooked Man=
+
+belongs to the fir-tree family, and as he is clothed only in his little
+rough suit of brown bark, you can see (Fig. 151) how the twigs grow that
+form his arms and legs. These are in such positions and have such
+peculiar curves he would look as if running even without hands and feet,
+but the proper adjustment of hands as well as feet emphasizes the
+action. Both are turned in the direction in which he is going, and one
+foot is lifted while the other rests on its heel, giving the
+stepping-forward effect.
+
+You will find the Crooked Man's head in Fig. 141. His hands are cut from
+brown paper, like C (Fig. 144), and his feet, which are also brown, are
+like E (Fig. 144).
+
+
+=Little Miss Muffet=
+
+the largest of the dolls (Fig. 152), is twenty inches high. Her head
+(Fig. 139) measures four inches from top to chin and four inches across
+at its widest part. Her hands are made of brown paper, like F (Fig.
+144), and her high-heeled shoes, like G (Fig. 144), are black. Her head
+is tilted to one side and the thumbs of both hands turn in.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 149--Pattern of Jack-be-nimble's coat.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 150--Each leg of the trousers is made separately.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 151--The Little Crooked Man.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 152--Little Miss Muffet.]
+
+You can make Miss Muffet's dress any color you like, the brighter and
+gayer the better. Cut the skirt and waist as you did for
+Daffy-down-dilly, but do not point the sleeves. Make an apron of two
+squares of white tissue-paper--a large and a small one. Use the large
+square for the skirt of the apron and the small square for the bib.
+Gather the top edge of the large square and the bottom edge of the small
+square, and paste to the dress at the belt line; then make a white belt
+and tie in a bow at the back.
+
+For the hat, cut a circle of tissue-paper the color of the dress, put a
+little paste in the centre, and pinch it down on the top loop of Miss
+Muffet's hair, tipping it a little to one side. This will give a crown.
+Turn up the brim at the back and lift it in front to stand out straight.
+Fringe a small piece of black paper for a feather and paste it to the
+crown of the hat.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 153--Peter White.]
+
+
+=Peter White=
+
+is sturdy compared with the other people (Fig. 153). He came from the
+cherry tree and is ten inches high. The main stem, to which the smaller
+twigs are attached, forms his neck, body, and left leg, and is so large
+that both neck and ankle had to be shaved off somewhat before his head
+and left shoe could be pasted on. Originally the twig that forms his
+left arm extended beyond the joint at the elbow, but it was cut off, and
+the smaller twig was allowed to remain to give the comical bend to the
+arm which adds greatly to the appearance of the haste and the swinging
+arms of a pedestrian.
+
+Peter White's head is given in Fig. 142. His brown hands are cut like H
+(Fig. 144), and his black shoes like I (Fig. 144).
+
+This doll is the only one whose head is in profile, but it shows that
+when the shape of the twig suggests it, a profile is very effective; and
+it is usually the easiest for children to draw.
+
+
+=Doctor Foster=
+
+is also ten inches high (Fig. 154). His head, with smiling face, is
+given in Fig. 143. His brown paper hands are cut like J (Fig. 144), and
+his black shoes like E (Fig. 144). He wears his trousers quite short,
+that they may not get wet in the famous Gloster puddle, or if they do
+they will dry quickly. The trousers are made of wrapping paper, double,
+of course, and pasted together at the edges after they have been
+adjusted. They are cut like Fig. 155.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 154--Doctor Foster.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 155--Doctor Foster's short trousers.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+VISITING-CARD HOUSES
+
+
+FROM old visiting cards you can build all the different houses and
+furniture seen in the accompanying illustrations.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 156--The little tropical house in Uncle Sam's newly
+acquired possessions. Made of old visiting cards.]
+
+For the little
+
+
+=Tropical House=
+
+in Uncle Sam's newly acquired possessions (Fig. 156), select eight of
+your largest and stiffest visiting cards; these are for the four walls
+of the first or lower story of the house. If the cards are not alike in
+size, make them so by trimming off the edges of the larger cards.
+
+Place two of the cards together and cut two slashes, one on each side of
+the centre, through one end of the double layer (Fig. 157). Slide the
+two cut ends together, allowing the centre divisions, A (Fig. 157), to
+lie, one over and one under the two cards. This will bring under the
+side divisions B and B (Fig. 157), on the card whose centre division A
+comes on top, while the divisions B and B of the other card will come
+over on the outside (Fig. 158). Fasten all of the remaining cards
+together in pairs in the same manner; then cut a long slit near the
+outer edge of each of the four pairs of cards, C and C (Fig. 159). Slide
+the walls together at right angles, and form a square by means of the
+long slits. Do this by holding the open end of one long slit in one wall
+under, and at right angles to the open end of one long slit in another
+wall, and then fitting the two walls into each other so that they will
+stand firm and form one corner of the lower story of the house (Fig.
+160).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 157--Place two cards together and cut two slashes.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 158--Slide the cards together this way.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 159--Slide the two cards together this way to make
+the wall.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 160--Slide the walls together at right angles by
+means of long slits.]
+
+Strengthen the house with an extra inside wall. Cut long slits in each
+end of the extra wall, then a long slit near the centre of each side
+wall in which to fit the extra wall.
+
+Make the ceiling of the lower story of two more pairs of cards fastened
+together like Fig. 158, and on the ends of each pair of cards cut
+similar divisions, only have them quite short (Fig. 161). Bend down all
+of the end divisions and fit the strips over across the top of the first
+story from front to back, bringing the two corner divisions, D and D
+(Fig. 161), on the outside of the wall, while you slide the centre part,
+E, on the inside (Fig. 162). Dotted lines indicate the division E on the
+inside.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 161--Cut short slits on the end of the ceiling
+cards.]
+
+The second story must be built entire before it can be fastened on top
+of the first story.
+
+Make each of the four walls of the second story three cards long. Cut
+divisions on both ends of the middle card to fit in the end cards (Fig.
+163).
+
+When cutting divisions, always fit together the two cards that are to be
+joined, and cut through the double layer, which will insure having the
+divisions alike.
+
+When the four walls are ready to be put together, cut a window in the
+two end cards of the wall which you intend for the front (Fig. 164).
+Only the lower edge and sides of the window may be cut; the upper edge
+is merely bent and throws the solid window shutter, formed of the piece
+cut, outward, as shown in the photograph.
+
+Slide the four walls together and add a fifth wall, to run through the
+centre from side to side, for strength. Use the long slit method for
+joining the centre wall to the side walls.
+
+When built, turn the second story upside down and fit a strip of three
+cards, bridge-like, over the centre from front to back, and fasten it to
+the bottom of the walls as you attached the ceiling of the first story;
+then fit on another strip in like manner over the centre from side to
+side, and fasten it to the bottom of the side walls. The two strips will
+cross each other at their centres, one lying at right angles over the
+other.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 162--Fasten ceiling on lower story by sliding the
+centre division inside, and the two side divisions outside, the wall.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 163--Middle card for wall of second story.]
+
+Carefully lift the second story and adjust it squarely and evenly on top
+of the first story, as in the photograph (Fig. 156).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 164--Walls for second story. Details of the
+visiting-card houses.]
+
+Make the projecting roof of the second story of four strips of four
+cards each. Run the strips from side to side of the house and lap them a
+trifle, one over the other. The roof is merely laid on and is supported
+by the walls.
+
+The peak is made of two strips of two cards each, and slid into a base
+of one strip of three cards by means of long slits. At the apex the
+cards are also fastened together with long slits.
+
+The little summer-house in Fig. 156 has each of the four sides made of
+one card. The cards are fastened together by means of long slits. A
+doorway opening is cut in the front wall, much in the same manner as the
+windows are cut in the large house, only in this case the incision is
+made directly on the lower edge of the card, and, when finished, the
+lower half of the door is cut off. The door is bent outward and forms a
+little canopy for the open doorway, as in the photograph.
+
+Make the roof of two strips of cards of two cards each by merely laying
+the strips across the top opening of the house.
+
+Fasten the ends of the two cards together with long slits to form the
+apex of the peak, and bend the bottom ends of the cards out flat, so the
+peak will stand steady on the roof.
+
+If the children would like to keep the buildings intact to play with at
+any future time, as they build up the structures let them add a little
+glue or strong paste here and there to hold the various parts firmly
+together. The toys will then last a long time and stand considerable
+wear.
+
+Tissue-paper trees in spools furnish the foliage in the photograph,
+while a miniature flag, with its pole supported in an empty spool, shows
+the nation to which the country belongs.
+
+Cut little paper people from cardboard and place them on the grounds.
+
+A fine setting for the scene can be made by tacking a piece of green
+canton flannel, fleecy side uppermost, taut over a pastry board, or
+pinning it on a piece of the light-weight patent straw pasteboard.
+
+The fleecy green gives the appearance of grass, and when the glistening
+white buildings are set down on the grass among the trees with Old Glory
+floating overhead, and gaily dressed dolls in the foreground, the
+children will be delighted with the scene; nor will the appreciation be
+confined to the children, for older people will also enjoy it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 165--Pagoda.]
+
+
+=The Pagoda=
+
+in Fig. 165 is extremely easy to build. Make the base square of four
+cards fastened together with long slits. On this foundation build up one
+card on the front and one on the back, by cutting two short slits on the
+lower edge of the lengthwise bottom of the cards, one slit near each
+end (Fig. 166), and sliding one card across the front on the uncut top
+edges of the sides of the foundation by means of the slits; then
+fastening the other card across the back from side to side in like
+manner. On top of these two cards build two more, reaching across the
+sides from front to back. Continue building in this way until the pagoda
+is ten stories high. The projections along the sides are made of two
+long narrow cards each, the two cards fastened together at the centre
+like Fig. 158; then the ends are bent up and the strip laid across from
+side to side on the top edge of the two side cards which form every
+other story. The apex roof is built of two cards with the top edges
+fastened together, tent-like, by means of long slits, on a foundation
+strip of two cards bent up at the ends.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 166--Cut one slit near each end.]
+
+
+=The Furniture=
+
+in Fig. 167 is also made of visiting cards. Take two long, narrow cards,
+place them together, and about one-third the distance from one end of
+the double layer cut a slit through the two cards, extending it a little
+more than half-way across the cards; then take the cards apart and slide
+them into each other. Be sure that the two short ends of the cards come
+together. Open out the two short ends tent-fashion, and bend down one of
+the long ends across its centre for the seat, leaving the other long end
+erect to form the back of the chair for the paper doll (Fig. 167). Make
+several chairs; then make the dressing-table. Place two long cards
+evenly together and cut a slash through and more than half-way across
+the centre of the two cards. Slide the cards together, making an X. Bend
+out the top and bottom ends of the X flat. For the top of the table
+select a rather large card, but not too wide. Cut one slash on each side
+of the centre of one of the lengthwise edges. This will make three
+divisions. Cut corresponding slashes, but much deeper, in one of the
+short ends of a smaller card, which is to be the mirror. Trim off the
+end of the middle division in the table top and slide the two cards
+together, bringing the B and B divisions (Fig. 157) of the mirror well
+forward, so that the top of the table extends back beyond the mirror;
+then bend up the B and B divisions of the mirror, as in the photograph.
+Place the top with the mirror attached on the X, allowing the X to come
+back directly under the mirror in order that the top may be steady. If
+you paste a piece of silver paper or tinfoil well smoothed out on the
+card for the mirror, the dressing-table will, from a little distance,
+appear quite realistic.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 167--Card furniture.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+PLAYING INDIANS WITH COSTUMES MADE OF NEWSPAPERS
+
+
+THE best framework for a newspaper wigwam can be made of long-handled
+feather dusters, but long-handled brushes, or poles of any kind you may
+happen to have, will answer the purpose; all that is necessary is
+something you can make into a framework similar to Fig. 168. Tie your
+poles together at the top and spread them out at the base, tent-fashion.
+
+Make the
+
+
+=Covering for the Wigwam=
+
+of six large double sheets of newspaper pasted together.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 168--Framework for wigwam.]
+
+Only three poles will be needed when the covering is of newspaper, but
+if you do not happen to have enough newspapers on hand for the entire
+outfit of tepees and costumes, you can use a white muslin sheet for the
+wigwam, in which case four poles will be needed (Fig. 169). The sheet,
+not being stiff like the paper, requires more supports to make it stand
+out sufficiently. Should it be inclined to fall in between the poles,
+pull it out a little and lay a book over the edge which lies on the
+floor, as a weight, to keep the sheet in place.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 169--Look at our newspaper Indian costumes. We are
+playing Indians.]
+
+If you would like the wigwam decorated in real Indian fashion, cut out
+large colored paper pictures and paste them around the lower part of the
+wigwam, forming a band of pictures. Be the covering either cloth or
+paper, it will look well decorated, but the covering must be taken off
+and the pictures pasted on. The covering should then be adjusted over
+the poles. One great beauty and attraction of this newspaper Indian
+material is that effective results can be produced quickly and with
+little work.
+
+Make
+
+
+=Moccasins=
+
+of newspaper, cut like the pattern (Fig. 170). For a small pair the
+paper should measure fifteen inches in length and three and a half
+inches in width; larger sizes require larger paper.
+
+Fringe the central portion of the longest edge according to the fringe
+lines on Fig. 170. Cut the two boundary lines of fringe, A and A, up to
+the dotted line; then bend down all dotted lines. Bring the two ends
+together, allowing the fringe to come on the outside, and fit the point
+B over the other point B. This finishes the newspaper moccasin (Fig.
+171).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 170--Cut moccasins this way.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 171--The newspaper moccasin.]
+
+Make
+
+
+=The Little Dress Skirt=
+
+of two newspapers pasted together along the shortest edge, then folded
+lengthwise through the centre, and the two lower loose ends cut into a
+deep fringe. This skirt needs no belt; it should be simply fastened
+together at the back over the ordinary dress with safety-pins.
+
+Use one sheet of paper for the little fringed sacque. Allow the paper to
+remain folded along the white central band, and fold the double layers
+crosswise through the centre, making four thicknesses. Cut an opening
+for the head according to dotted line C (Fig. 172). Fringe the sides
+along dotted line D, as shown in diagram (Fig. 172).
+
+Unfold carefully, that the paper may not tear, and after cutting a slit
+from the neck partially down the centre of the front, you will have Fig.
+173. If you wish to make the garment less liable to tear, paste narrow
+strips of muslin on the under side of the sacque, around the neck, down
+each side of the slit, and at the head of the fringe.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 172--Newspaper folded ready for making little
+squaw's sacque.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 173--Little squaw's newspaper sacque.]
+
+From a folded piece of newspaper cut the little squaw a head-dress (Fig.
+174). Let the top of the feather come on the fold of the paper. Turn
+over and crease down the straight edge of the band at the dotted line
+(Fig. 174), making four layers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 174--Head-dress.]
+
+Crown the little girl with the head-dress, pinning the ends together at
+the back with a safety-pin. Slip the moccasins on her feet, fastening
+them to the toe of the shoe with a little stiff paste, and your
+charming little squaw will be ready to play in the wigwam (Fig. 175).
+
+Older girls can make the Indian costume from the same patterns by
+cutting them larger.
+
+The Indian boy needs a lot of fringed newspaper for his costume. Cut
+folded strips to make the fringe thick and in two layers. Fold down the
+solid edge of one strip and with safety-pins fasten the fold along the
+outside line of the boy's trousers and stockings, as in the photograph
+(Fig. 176). Trim the other trouser leg and stocking in the same manner.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 175--Charming little squaw.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 176--Young Indian chief.]
+
+Cut a generous strip of double-layer fringe to fasten entirely around
+the boy's shoulders, extending across both back and chest. Reinforce the
+top edge of the band of fringe, and along the line where the solid paper
+meets the fringe, with strips of muslin, pasted on, to prevent tearing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 177--Newspaper cut for chief's head-dress.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 178--Separate and open out the lower lengthwise
+halves of the head-dress which falls down the back.]
+
+For the chief's
+
+
+=Feather Head-Dress=
+
+cut a folded strip of newspaper long enough to encircle the boy's head
+and allow for a lap--twenty-two inches will probably be correct. Make
+the strip six inches wide; the tops of the feathers must be along the
+folded edge. Let the feathers be fully four inches high, and allow a
+space of one inch on the band at the base of each feather, F (Fig. 177).
+The widest part of each feather should be one and three-quarters inches.
+Make the band four thicknesses by folding it over at the dotted line;
+then crease each separate feather on the right side lengthwise, through
+the centre, to stiffen them and insure their standing erect. Cut another
+long strip of feathers in the same way, to fall from the head down the
+back. On this strip paste the front and back of each feather together at
+its base. Also paste together lengthwise the upper portion of the band,
+and, instead of folding as you did the first band, separate and open out
+its two lower lengthwise halves. Crease them backward away from each
+other, so that the feathers may stand erect and the band be at right
+angles on each side of the feathers (Fig. 178).
+
+The open base of the band lying against the boy's back causes the
+feathers to stand out and not fall flat and spoil the effect, as they
+otherwise might do. The photograph of the boy chieftain standing was
+taken expressly that you might see exactly how the newspaper costume of
+the Indian brave should look.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 179--Begin rolling paper strip for calumet this
+way.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 180--Continue rolling the paper.]
+
+Make the
+
+
+=Calumet=
+
+of a strip of newspaper five inches wide and about thirty-two inches
+long. Hold one corner between your thumb and first finger and roll the
+paper as if you were making a lighter (Fig. 179). When you have rolled
+it to the opposite corner, E, remove your fingers and let the paper
+unroll. Smooth out the rolled corners until it springs back into a large
+roll about three-quarters of an inch in diameter (Fig. 180).
+
+When the corner roll is the right size, continue to roll the paper until
+a long round stick is formed (Fig. 181). Paste the loose end of the
+stick on the roll and cut both ends off even, as indicated by the dotted
+lines in Fig. 181.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 181--Stick of rolled paper for calumet.]
+
+Bend the paper roll about six and a half inches from one end, and bring
+the bent portion over against and on top of the roll. Pin the fold down
+on the roll three inches from the bend; then turn up the open end to
+form the bowl of the pipe, which you must make stand erect should it
+seem inclined to lean (Fig. 182).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 182--Paper roll bent and pinned into a calumet.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+CHRISTMAS-TREE DECORATIONS
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 183--The Christmas tree with home-made decorations.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 184--The Christmas star.]
+
+FIG. 183 is the photograph of a Christmas tree whose trimming is
+entirely home-made. The brilliant colors and shining gilt of the papers
+used, give a sparkle and life that are most captivating, and the
+ornaments are so easily made that the children themselves can do much
+toward decorating a tree in this manner.
+
+At the top of the tree, shining above all other ornaments, is
+
+
+=The Christmas Star=
+
+(Fig. 184), and this is the way to make it:
+
+From a piece of cardboard cut an oblong with the top and bottom edges
+five and a quarter inches long and the side edges just five inches long
+(Fig. 185). Now, exactly in the middle at the top edge, make a dot, A
+(Fig. 185); then on each side edge make a dot, BB (Fig. 185). On the
+bottom edge, one inch from each bottom corner, make the dots CC. With
+the aid of a ruler draw the lines connecting these points, as shown in
+Fig. 185. This gives a perfect five-pointed star, five inches high. Cut
+the star out, cover its entire surface with a coat of paste, and lay
+over it a smooth piece of gilt paper, pressing out the fulness and
+creases. When the paste is dry, cut away the paper from the edges, and
+there will remain a gilt star, firm and stiff enough to stand up
+bravely.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 185--Draw the star like this.]
+
+But this is not all. There are to be a number of gold-tipped rays
+flaming out from the star to represent its spreading light. For these
+rays select ten broom straws with two prongs. Trim the prongs evenly,
+shorten the stems at the bottom, and spread the prongs apart (Fig. 186).
+Now, cut twenty strips of gold paper half an inch wide and a little over
+four inches long. Lay one strip down, cover the wrong side with paste,
+place three broom straws with their prongs resting on the paste side of
+the paper, and press another strip of gold paper over the first,
+inclosing the tips of the straws. This will give a gold paper on both
+sides of the straws. Then, when the paste is dry, cut away the paper,
+leaving a gold triangle on the tip of each prong of each broom straw.
+Fig. 187 shows one triangle cut out. Treat all of your broom-straw rays
+in this way, then cover with paste the centre of the wrong side of the
+star up to the points, lay two straws in place, the stems crossing, as
+in Fig. 188, and over the stems press a short strip of white paper, like
+D (Fig. 188), pasting it down securely. Adjust the other rays between
+the points of the star, and fasten in place in the same manner.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 186--Place three broom straws on the paper.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 187--One triangle cut out.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 188--Paste the straws on the star.]
+
+To hold the star upright, make a lighter from a strip of white
+writing-paper for a stem. Flatten the top of the lighter, cut it off
+evenly, and paste it on the back of the star between the two lower
+points, as in Fig. 188. Over the stems of the broom straws and the end
+of the lighter paste a white paper lining that will reach part way up
+each point of the star. This lining should be made before the rays are
+pasted to the star, by laying the star on white paper, tracing around
+its edges with a pencil, cutting out the white paper star, and then
+clipping off about one inch of the points. The gold star will look like
+Fig. 184.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 189--The Christmas bells that dangle alluringly.]
+
+Not the least effective trimmings on the tree are the little
+
+
+=Christmas Bells=
+
+that hang by strings from the tips of the branches and dangle
+alluringly. They are of different sizes, and some are made of gilt,
+others of colored paper (Fig. 189).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 190--Curve the paper into a cone.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 191--Trim off the bottom points.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 192--The pattern of the bells.]
+
+For a bell three and a half inches high (a very good size), cut a strip
+of paper three and a half inches wide and seven inches long, curve it
+into the cone shape shown in Fig. 190, and pin together. Cut off the
+point that laps over, according to the dotted line, also the point that
+laps under, leaving a little over half an inch for the final lap. Trim
+off the bottom points even with the shortest part of the bottom edge, as
+shown by the curved, dotted line, and you will have Fig. 191. Fig. 191
+opened out will give you Fig. 192, which will be the pattern for other
+bells.
+
+As Fig. 192 lies flat on the table, run the paste brush along one side
+edge, making the coat of paste as wide as the lap is to be, then curve
+the bell into shape. Make the bottom edges meet evenly and press the
+paste-covered edge over the other side edge. Hold the finger inside the
+bell while you do this, to keep it from flattening.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 193--Cut out two disks at one time.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 194--Paste the strings between the two disks.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 195--The clapper in the bell.]
+
+The clapper is made of two round disks of gold paper with the string
+pasted between them. For the bell we are now making, the clapper should
+be almost one inch in diameter. Fold a piece of gilt paper and cut out
+the two disks at one time (Fig. 193). Cover the wrong side of one disk
+with paste, lay the end of a string across the middle (Fig. 194), and
+press the other disk on top. Both sides of the clapper will then be
+gilt. Hold the clapper up to the bell by the string, so that half of
+the clapper is below the bottom edge of the bell; then, bringing the
+string close to the point at the top of the bell, run a pin through the
+string to mark the distance. Where the pin is, tie a knot, F (Fig. 194);
+this is to hold the clapper in its proper position. Thread the end of
+the string through the eye of a darning-needle and push the needle up
+through the point of the bell--the knot will keep the string from
+running up too far (Fig. 195). Allow eight or ten inches of string above
+the bell, so that it may be hung high or low, as desired. A bell should
+never be tied close to a branch, but should hang down far enough to sway
+with every passing current of air. The long string also adds to the
+decorative effect.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 196--The frosty snow pocket.]
+
+
+=The Snow Pocket=
+
+(Fig. 196) is another pretty ornament and is made with a few snips of
+the scissors.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 197--Fold the paper crosswise.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 198--Cut slits in the folded paper.]
+
+Cut a strip of white tissue-paper five and a half inches wide and
+twenty-two inches long. Fold the paper crosswise through the middle;
+then fold it again and again until your folded piece is one inch wide.
+The folds must always be across the paper from start to finish (Fig.
+197). Now, cut slits in the folded paper, first a slit on one side, and
+then a slit on the other, as in Fig. 198. Let the spaces between the
+slits be one-eighth of an inch wide, and cut each slit to within
+one-eighth of an inch of the edge. When this is done, carefully unfold
+the paper and spread it out flat, then lift the top edge with one hand,
+the bottom edge with the other, and gently pull the meshes apart. Gather
+the top edge into little plaits, and twist them together in a point;
+gather the bottom edge in the same way and twist that; then carefully
+pull the snow pocket out, and you will have a long, narrow bag of soft,
+white meshes. If it flares out too much, crush it together softly with
+your hand. Make a small gilt paper star and fasten a narrow strip of
+white tissue-paper to its top point. Open the bag, slip the star inside,
+and suspend it half-way from the top by pasting the end of the paper
+strip to the top of the bag. Make a loop of tissue-paper, fasten it to
+the top point of the bag, and then hang the snow pocket on the tree. The
+gold star gleaming through the frosty meshes is very pretty, but if you
+have several snow pockets, there need not be stars in all.
+
+
+=Jocko, the Monkey=
+
+(Fig. 199) is not made of paper, but of delectable, sugary raisins. He
+is a funny fellow, and will delight the children.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 199--Jocko.]
+
+Thread a clean, cotton string in a large darning-needle, then select
+three of your largest raisins for the body and a suitably shaped one for
+the head. There must be three raisins for each leg, one for each foot,
+and three for each arm. Tie a knot in the end of your string and,
+beginning with one foot, string on three raisins for one leg, then the
+three for the body, and, lastly, the one for the head. Tie a knot close
+to the top at the head and leave a long end to the string. Thread your
+needle again and string on the raisins for the other foot and leg, then
+run the needle up through the lower raisin of the body, and fasten the
+second string to the first between the two body raisins.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 200--Jocko ready to be dressed.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 201--Jocko's hat.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 202--Jocko's coat.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 203--Jocko's skirt.]
+
+String three raisins for one arm, run the needle through the middle of
+the top body raisin, where the shoulders should be, then string on the
+three raisins for the other arm and tie a knot at the end. Jocko is all
+right now, except that he is very limp. Put stiffening into his joints
+by running broom straws through his legs, body, and arms. Use a raisin
+stem for the tail, and fasten it on by pushing the largest end into the
+lowest body raisin. Make the eyes by running a short piece of broom
+straw through the head, allowing the ends to stand out a short distance
+in the place for the eyes. Remember a monkey's eyes are always close
+together, and they must be made so in order to look natural.
+
+At this stage Jocko will resemble Fig. 200; but he must have clothes and
+a hat to give the finishing touches and make him look like the monkeys
+the children are familiar with. Fig. 201 is Jocko's hat, Fig. 202 his
+coat, and Fig. 203 his little skirt.
+
+Cut all of these from bright-colored cambric of a size to fit the
+monkey. Fold a piece of cambric for the coat, and cut it out as you
+would for a paper doll, with the fold at the top. The skirt and hat are
+circular. Cut a round hole in the middle of the skirt for the waist, and
+slit it down the back. This furnishes the costume.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 204--Bring the corners of the square together.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 205--Slit the triangle.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 206--Opened out.]
+
+Now, thread the end of the string from the top of Jocko's head into the
+darning-needle and run the needle through the middle of the hat (Fig.
+200); then push the hat down on his head. Fit the skirt around Jocko's
+waist, and fasten it at the back with needle and thread; then put on his
+jacket and fasten that in front. It is unnecessary to say that Jocko is
+good to eat.
+
+
+=The Chrysanthemum=
+
+ornament is showy and pretty; it is also very quickly made. Fold through
+the middle a piece of bright orange tissue-paper six inches square. This
+will give you an oblong. Fold again through the middle crosswise, and
+you will have a smaller square. Bring the two opposite corners of the
+square together and fold like Fig. 204; then cut off the point curving
+the edge, as shown by the dotted line. The folded part of the triangle
+is at the diagonal in Fig. 204, the edges at the bottom. Now cut slits
+in your triangle like Fig. 205. Open it, and you will have Fig. 206.
+Make two fringed circles like Fig. 206, lay one on top of the other,
+pinch the centre in a point, twist it, and draw the fringed ends
+together (Fig. 207). Make a writing-paper lighter for the stem, cover
+the point of the ornament with paste, insert it in the large end of the
+lighter, and press together with your fingers until it holds tight. The
+result will be like Fig. 208. In fastening the chrysanthemum ornament
+on the tree, stand it upright and run a pin through the stem into one of
+the small branches.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 207--Pinch the centre into a point.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 208--The chrysanthemum ornament]
+
+Strings of
+
+
+=Colored Paper Disks=
+
+looped from branch to branch, take the place of colored glass balls, and
+add materially to the beauty of the tree.
+
+Fig. 209 shows how these strings are made. Red, gold, yellow, orange,
+green, blue, and white make pretty disks, and show off well on the tree.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 209--The colored paper disks.]
+
+Cut your disks perfectly round, and in pairs; for they must be the same
+on both sides, G, H (Fig. 209). You can make the disks on some strings
+all of one size; on others they may graduate down to quite small ones at
+the ends. When the disks are cut out, lay one down, bottom side up, H
+(Fig. 209). Cover this with paste, then lay a white cotton string across
+the disk, directly through the middle. Allow about six inches of the
+string to extend beyond the disk, and let each string be one yard long.
+Before the paste has time to dry, press the mate of the disk, G (Fig.
+209), on top of H, over the string, taking care to have the edges even.
+Go through this process with each disk. Paste them on the string one
+inch apart, and leave six inches of string at the last end.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 210--A fringed ornament.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 211--Six triangles like this.]
+
+Fig. 210 is a dainty
+
+
+=Fringed Ornament=
+
+made of colored and gilt paper. The foundation is a round disk of white
+writing-paper, two inches in diameter. To this is pasted the ends of a
+narrow light-blue ribbon, long enough to form a loop by which to hang
+the ornament. For the rest, cut two circles of light-pink tissue-paper,
+six inches in diameter, fringe them on the edges to the depth of one
+inch, making the fringe quite fine; then paste one circle on one side of
+the foundation, the other circle on the other side. Now, from your gold
+paper cut six long, narrow triangles, and cut the wide end into fringe
+two inches deep (Fig. 211). Paste these tufts of gold fringe at equal
+distances on the pink circle, making the points meet at the centre. Make
+a smaller, light-blue, fringed circle, and a still smaller pink circle.
+Paste the centre of the blue circle over the centre of the gold fringe,
+and the centre of the small pink circle over the centre of the blue. Cut
+out a small, eight-pointed gold star and paste directly in the middle of
+the pink circle. You can vary this kind of ornament in a number of ways.
+Fig. 212 shows another made on the same principle.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 212--Another ornament.]
+
+The crowning glory of every Christmas tree is its
+
+
+=Candles=
+
+and, whether lighted or not, they are always prominently in evidence. Of
+late years the people have grown wise in the matter of fires, and many
+parents refuse to light the Christmas candles on their children's tree
+because of the great danger of conflagration.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 213--Little paper candles.]
+
+Fig. 213 shows some paper candles on an evergreen branch, standing
+upright and burning briskly. The candles may be made of white as well as
+colored paper. Make an oblong, K (Fig. 214), four inches long and two
+and a half inches wide, the wick one-quarter of an inch high, and the
+back of the flame, L, three-quarters of an inch long. From
+orange-colored tissue-paper cut the flame (Fig. 215). This should be a
+little over a half an inch wide at the base and two inches long. Lay an
+oblong on the table in front of you; take a large-sized pencil; place
+it on the long edge farthest away from the flame, and roll it on the
+pencil (Fig. 216) until the opposite edge overlaps the roll. Then run
+the paste brush along the edge and paste it down. Your candle is now a
+hollow roll. Slip the roll off the pencil and cut two slim notches
+opposite to each other, in the bottom edge (Fig. 217). Make the notches
+on some of the candles at the front and back, on others at each side.
+This is so that the flames may always face outward, though the branches
+that hold the candles may turn in various directions. Lastly, paste the
+flame on the back of the flame, allowing the tip to flare out at one
+side as though stirred by a current of air (Fig. 217).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 214--Begin the candle in this way.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 215--The flame is cut like this.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 216--Roll it on a pencil.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 217--The finished candle.]
+
+In placing the candles, stand them up astride the branches by means of
+the notches at the bottom, turning the right side of the flame always
+toward the room. The tiniest twigs will hold these paper candles easily,
+and when the needles of the fir interfere with their adjustment, pull
+off some of the needles and set the candles astride the bare places on
+the branches.
+
+Finish the tree by throwing over it a web of long, very narrow strips of
+white and orange-colored tissue-paper.
+
+The narrower the strips the better they will look.
+
+It hardly seems necessary to offer a word of caution, but it will do no
+harm to say that the flame of gas, candle, or fire, should not come near
+this paper-decked tree, though it is scarcely more inflammable than a
+tree trimmed with tinsel.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+A HOME-MADE SANTA CLAUS
+
+
+"MERRY CHRISTMAS! Merry Christmas!" calls out Santa Claus cheerily as
+the guests come trooping into the room.
+
+Laughing and joking, his eyes twinkling with fun, Santa Claus names each
+person as he hands out the gifts from his fat Christmas bag and from the
+generous pile at his feet. All this merriment happens at Christmastide
+when you play the part of good "Kris Kringle" in your own home, in the
+schoolroom, the Sunday-school, or in any place where Christmas is
+celebrated and where children are gathered to enjoy the festivities.
+
+Take a good long look at Santa Claus, as shown in the picture (Fig.
+218); then turn your eyes to the illustration (Fig. 219). Can you
+believe it possible that the two photographs are of the same person in
+identically the same pose? Such is truly the case. The second gives the
+woman's back, while the first shows her face, arms, and hands
+transformed into those of the jolly saint.
+
+You can see at a glance how very easy it will be for you to have a real,
+live, little Santa Claus for your Christmas.
+
+Any one--grandfather, grandmother, father, mother, big sister or
+brother, or you yourself--can assume the character of this live little
+saint, can grow suddenly short of stature, jolly and fat, be arrayed in
+scarlet, ermine-trimmed, and crowned with a red-peaked hat, all in less
+time than it takes to tell it; and, stranger still, the transformation
+may be accomplished in a very comfortable way, without even the bother
+of changing the usual attire.
+
+It is essential merely to paste on the face tufts of raw cotton for
+eyebrows, mustache and goatee, and to slip over each arm an extra
+sleeve. This accomplished, and the proper position taken behind the
+curtain, lo, "magic change"! There you are as fine a little Santa Claus
+as any one would care to see, and your best friend would not recognize
+you, so complete is the change. Disguise your voice and no one can find
+you out, not even your nearest relative.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 218--Santa Claus as the spectators see him.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 219--The real Santa Claus behind the curtain.]
+
+When the gifts have been distributed and you are ready to go out among
+the excited children or family circle again, step from the curtain, pull
+off the extra sleeves, remove the cotton from your face, and in a
+moment's time you will again be your own natural self.
+
+When preparing this entertainment you will find the demand on your purse
+very slight, the principal outlay being for the curtain. Purchase
+moss-green lining cambric, at four, five, or six cents a yard, to
+stretch over the doorway you intend to use. Two yards and a quarter cut
+in one full breadth and one half breadth, when sewed together into a
+curtain, will be enough for an ordinary doorway. Doorways vary in size,
+however, and it is best to take the measurements of yours before buying
+the material. The space between the folding doors will probably call for
+five yards of cambric. When the strips of cloth are sewed together,
+stretch the curtain taut over the opening, tacking it at long intervals
+on the topmost level of the wood-work over the door and on the extreme
+edge of the door jamb next to the wall. If fastened in this manner,
+tacks will not injure the wood-work.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 220--Holes in curtain for face and arms.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 221--Cap and body of coat pinned on curtain.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 222--Pattern for sleeve-cap.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 223--Santa Claus's paste board boot top.]
+
+Stand on the floor facing the centre of the curtain and mark the place
+where your face comes; then where your arms will most easily pass
+through the curtain. Cut holes in the cloth, one for your face with chin
+entirely through, and two for your arms (Fig. 220). Cut the holes small;
+they can be enlarged if necessary.
+
+Make Santa Claus's cap of a piece of scarlet cambric twelve inches wide
+and seventeen inches long; tie one end with a string into a tassel;
+then pin the cap on top of the face opening (Fig. 221), and cut the
+lower edge into a curve to fit the hole as indicated by the dotted lines
+in Fig. 221. One width of scarlet cambric twenty-six inches long, used
+just as it comes, will make the jacket.
+
+Draw in one edge of the coat to meet the inner edge of the armhole and
+pin it there; do the same with the other side, and you will have fulness
+in front to allow for padding. Bring the sides around the armhole
+outward again and pin in place; then fold up a wide hem and pin the
+sides of the jacket to the curtain and fill out the inside of the jacket
+with half sheets of newspaper lightly crumpled (Fig. 221).
+
+Pin enough paper to the curtain under the coat to give the body of Santa
+Claus a decidedly rounded appearance; be sure that the padding is
+securely fastened to the curtain. Then pin the sleeve caps, cut
+according to Fig. 222, around the outer edge of the armhole. Pin raw
+white cotton around the face opening to form the hair and long, full
+beard. Allow the cotton to come well over the edge of the hole, that it
+may lie naturally on Santa Claus's face.
+
+With ink, mark the fleecy side of the strips of white canton flannel to
+resemble white ermine. Notice particularly the shape of the black ermine
+dots and have yours like them. Pin one ermine strip down the front of
+the red jacket and another across the bottom edge. Make two long,
+separate scarlet sleeves, unhemmed at top and bottom, and pin a band of
+ermine around each for a cuff. The only necessary sewing for the entire
+costume is the seams of the sleeves.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 224--Santa Claus's costume ready for the
+impersonator.]
+
+Polish up a pair of ordinary old shoes, stuff them out with newspapers,
+and use them for Santa Claus's feet. Roll two pieces of cardboard, or
+pieces of limber pasteboard boxes, into cylinders; ink or blacken them.
+When dry, cut a curve in one end of each, like Fig. 223, and fit these
+tops over the stuffed shoes to make them into boots. Set the boots on a
+bench or a low table, placed across in front of Santa Claus, and
+adjust them under the coat, so the little fellow will appear to be
+standing on the bench (Fig. 224). Pin Christmas greens, either natural
+or of tissue-paper, over the top and down the sides of the curtain, and
+you will have a unique, very effective, and novel arrangement for
+Christmas, easy to make, and costing but a trifle. Try it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+NATURE STUDY WITH TISSUE-PAPER
+
+
+A NATURAL flower, some tissue-paper, a pair of scissors, a spool of
+thread, and nimble fingers are all you need.
+
+There are no patterns, only circles and squares and strips of paper
+which you gather here, spread out there, wrap and tie somewhere else,
+and, with deft fingers, model into almost exact reproductions of the
+natural flower before you.
+
+With its unfamiliar terms to be committed to memory and the many parts
+of the flower to be distinguished, botany is apt to prove dry and
+tiresome to the little child, but to study nature by copying the flowers
+in this marvellously adaptable material is only a beautiful game which
+every child, and indeed many grown people, will delight in. The form of
+the flower, its name and color, may, by this means, be indelibly stamped
+upon the memory, and a good foundation laid for further study.
+
+
+=The Best Models=
+
+Ordinary garden flowers and those most easily procured make the best
+models. The carnation, the morning-glory, and the rarer blossoms of the
+hibiscus are well adapted to the work, also the daffodil and some of the
+wonderful orchids.
+
+Even holly, with its sharp-spiked leaves and scarlet berries, and the
+white-berried, pale green mistletoe may be closely copied. All these and
+many more are made on the same principle, and in so simple a manner
+that even quite a little child may succeed in producing very good copies
+from nature.
+
+
+=Material=
+
+Buy a sheet of light pink tissue-paper, another of darker pink, and one
+of the darkest red you can find; then a sheet of light yellow-green and
+one of dark green. Have a table "cleared for the action" and place your
+paper on the right-hand side, adding a pair of scissors and a spool of
+coarse thread, or, better still, of soft darning cotton.
+
+With all this you are to copy the
+
+
+=Carnation=
+
+which some one has given you or you have growing in your own garden.
+Make one of your light pink paper, one of the darker pink, and another
+of the rich, deep red to have a variety (Fig. 225).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 225--Carnations modelled from tissue-paper.]
+
+Lay your natural flower down on the left-hand side of the table, away
+from your material, but within quite easy reach, for it must be
+consulted frequently. Seat yourself comfortably and don't work
+hurriedly.
+
+The first thing necessary in this system of squares and circles is to
+know
+
+
+=How to Cut a Circle Quickly=
+
+easily, and accurately, and always without a pattern. Here is a method
+which never fails:
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 226--Fold the square diagonally through the centre.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 227--The folded square makes the triangle.]
+
+Cut a square the size you wish to make your circle. That is, if you want
+a circle with a diameter of four inches, cut a four-inch square (Fig.
+226). Fold the square diagonally through the centre according to the
+dotted line on Fig. 226, and you have a triangle (Fig. 227). Fold this
+at the dotted line and it will make another triangle (Fig. 228). Again
+fold through the middle and you have the third triangle (Fig. 229). Fold
+once more and Fig. 230 is the result. Measure the distance from the
+edge, B, to the centre, A, in Fig. 230, and mark the same distance on
+the other side of the triangle shown by the dot, C (Fig. 231). With your
+scissors cut across from C to B, curving the edge slightly, as shown by
+the dotted line from C to B (Fig. 231). Fig. 232 is the circle still in
+its folds. Fig. 233 is the circle opened, the dotted line indicating
+where it has been folded.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 228--The second triangle.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 229--The third triangle.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 230--The fourth triangle.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 231--Cut along dotted line.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 232--The folded circle.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 233--The circle opened.]
+
+Your eye will soon become sufficiently accurate to enable you to gauge
+the distance from A to B, and you can then cut from C to B without
+measuring.
+
+
+=Before Beginning Your Flower=
+
+take up the natural one and examine it carefully. You will notice that
+it has a great many petals crowded closely together, and that their
+edges are pointed like a saw. You will also see that the calyx is
+wrapped snugly around the lower part of the flower, and that it, too,
+has a pointed edge.
+
+Now hold the pink off at arm's length. The separateness of the petals
+disappears and you see them only as a mass; the points on the edges are
+not noticeable except as they give the flower a crimped appearance, and
+the edge of the calyx looks almost straight. It is this appearance or
+the impression of the flower that you are to produce rather than its
+many and little separate parts. So now set to work.
+
+
+=Cut Two Squares for Each Pink=
+
+one measuring five and a quarter inches, the other four and
+three-quarters inches, and turn them into circles (Fig. 233), by the
+method just explained. Take one of the circles at the centre, where the
+folding lines cross, with the tips of the fingers of your left hand, and
+pinch it together; then, while still holding it, crimp the edge with the
+fingers of your right hand (Fig. 234). Do this always with every kind of
+flower, whether it be made of circles or squares. Without loosening your
+hold of the centre, draw the paper lightly through your right hand
+several times, then crimp the edge again, this time with the blade of
+the scissors. Treat all the circles alike, then place a small circle
+inside a larger one and draw them through your hand to bring them close
+together, pinching them closely until within a little over an inch of
+the edge (Fig. 235). Make a slender lighter of ordinary writing-paper
+(Fig. 236), snip off the point of the flower, D, in Fig. 235, open the
+other end a little, and push the lighter through until its head is
+hidden. This forms the stem. Wrap and tie with thread at the bottom of
+the flower (Fig. 237), and again where the petals spread. This last is
+to be but temporary, as you will remove the thread when the flower is
+sufficiently pressed together to hold its shape.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 234--Crimp the edge with your fingers.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 235--Draw these through your hand to bring them
+closely together.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 236--Make the stem of a paper lighter.]
+
+From your light green paper cut a circle measuring three and a quarter
+inches through its diameter and cut it in two to make the half circle
+for the calyx (Fig. 238). Remove the thread that holds the flower just
+below its petals and wrap the calyx closely around the lower part, tying
+it at the bottom; then cut a narrow strip of dark green paper and wrap
+it spirally around the stem, beginning at the top (Fig. 239). Let the
+wrapper extend a little below the lighter and twist the end to hold it
+in place. Spread the petals of your flower as much like the natural
+blossom as possible.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 237--Tie the flower to the stem.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 238--The calyx.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 239--Wrap the paper spirally around the stem.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 240--The leaves.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 241--Twist each end into a point.]
+
+
+=Leaves=
+
+For the leaves cut a strip of dark green paper six inches long and
+three-quarters of an inch wide (Fig. 240). Find the centre by folding
+the paper end to end and making the crease shown by the dotted line in
+Fig. 240. Gather it along this line, not with needle and thread--we use
+no needle in this work--but with your fingers, and pinch it together;
+then twist each end into a point (Fig. 241). With the sharp end of your
+scissors punch a hole directly through the centre, E (Fig. 241), and
+push the point of the stem through the hole, bringing the leaves as far
+up on the stem as you find them on the natural flower; then wrap and tie
+them in place.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 242--Make the bud of a circle.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 243--Slip the bag over the head of the lighter.]
+
+
+=The Bud=
+
+is made of a circle of dark green paper the diameter of which is three
+and a quarter inches (Fig. 242). Gather this circle between your fingers
+as you did the others and crimp the edge with the scissors. It will then
+form a little bag or cup like Fig. 242. Slip the bag over the head of
+the lighter and tie at the bottom, as in Fig. 243. If the bud does not
+take the proper shape at first, model it with your fingers until it is
+correct. Start the wrapping of the stem just above where the bud is tied
+and finish as you did the stem of the pink. Use small leaves on the bud
+stem, having the strip of paper just as wide, but considerably shorter
+than for the leaves on the stem of the open flower.
+
+It is wonderful how very natural these blossoms appear. At a short
+distance no one would think they are not the real, old and familiar
+pinks. Only the fragrance is missing, and that may also be supplied and
+a spicy odor given by inclosing a whole clove in the heart of each
+flower.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 244--Morning-glory modelled from tissue-paper.]
+
+
+=The Morning-Glory=
+
+From the pale pink paper you can make a delicately beautiful
+morning-glory (Fig. 244). Have the natural flower with its stem and
+leaves to copy from, even if the blossom is not the color you want. As
+with the pink, it is the general form and appearance we strive for in
+the morning-glory, not the detail.
+
+Make your pink circles with a diameter of about seven inches. It is
+always better to have your flowers a trifle larger than the natural
+ones, rather than smaller.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 245--Flatten out the top.]
+
+But one circle is required for each morning-glory. Crimp this in your
+fingers and draw through your hand as you did the circles for the pinks;
+then, pinching it together to within one and a half inches of the edge,
+hold it in your left hand and flatten out the top, as in Fig. 245. See
+that the fulness is evenly distributed, and pull and straighten out the
+edges until you are satisfied with its appearance.
+
+A piece of bonnet-wire makes the best stem if you wish to give the true
+viny effect of the growth. If it is only the blossom you are making, a
+paper lighter will answer. When you use the wire, bend one end over to
+form a small loop; this is to keep the stem from slipping through the
+flower. Pass the straight end of the wire through the centre of the
+flower and draw it down until the loop is hidden.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 246--Green square for calyx.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 247--Hold the square at the centre.]
+
+Make
+
+
+=The Calyx=
+
+of a square of light green paper measuring about four and a half inches.
+Fold the square four times through the centre to form the creases shown
+by the dotted lines in Fig. 246. Hold the square at the centre and draw
+the edges down as in Fig. 247; then bring the two edges together in
+gathers, just below one of the corners, to form a leaf-shaped point,
+as in Fig. 248. Gather below each corner, tie as in Fig. 249, and twist
+each corner into a sharp point like F (Fig. 249). Draw the calyx through
+your hand, bringing the points together (Fig. 250). Push the calyx up on
+the stem and tie just at the base of the flower, then tie again about
+three-quarters of an inch below and wrap the remainder of the calyx
+close to the stem. Wind the stem with light green tissue-paper and bend
+it as the natural one is bent and curved.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 248--Form a leaf-shaped point.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 249--Twist each corner into a point.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 250--Bring the points together.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 251--Gather along one of the creases.]
+
+Make several buds of the pink paper, following the directions given for
+the green bud of the pink; then twist each bud at the point and add a
+calyx.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 252--The morning-glory leaves.]
+
+The wilted flower shown in the illustration is made by taking one of the
+morning-glories you have just finished and actually wilting it by
+drawing the flower together and creasing and pressing it to resemble the
+partially closed and drooping natural blossom.
+
+Only a piece of dark green paper six inches square is required to model
+two almost perfectly shaped morning-glory leaves.
+
+Fold the square twice diagonally across from corner to corner to find
+its centre; then begin at one corner and gather along one of the creases
+until you reach the centre (Fig. 251). Start again at the opposite
+corner, gather along the crease to the centre, then wrap and tie (Fig.
+252). Pinch each leaf from underneath along the crease in the middle, to
+give the depression at the midrib. Straighten the leaf out a little at
+its widest part and you will find you have a pair of leaves which are
+surprisingly natural. Wrap and tie these to the stem and make as many
+more as you think are needed.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Little Folks' Handy Book, by
+Lina Beard and Adelia B. Beard
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 02:17:14 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 02:17:14 -0700
commit	1f47fa33cca24412aec09dbc66276098e5d5b51f (patch)
tree	64d4822df5db8a9bad55187e62e13e3caa6296d6