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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/25416-8.txt b/25416-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a8d52e --- /dev/null +++ b/25416-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1619 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Abenaki Indians, by Frederic Kidder + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Abenaki Indians + Their Treaties of 1713 & 1717, and a Vocabulary + +Author: Frederic Kidder + +Release Date: May 10, 2008 [EBook #25416] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ABENAKI INDIANS *** + + + + +Produced by Jeannie Howse, Chuck Greif, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Canadian Institute for +Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org)) + + + + + + + Transcriber's Notes: + 1) Some treaty signatures are unclear and have been marked and/or + best-guessed. Original signature images can be seen in the html + version. + 2) The breve has been rendered as [)c] and the macron [o=] + 3) Text following ^ is superscripted. + 4) Unusual and inconsistent spelling of place/names have been left as + in the original. + + * * * * * + + + + + THE ABENAKI INDIANS; + + THEIR TREATIES OF 1713 & 1717, AND A VOCABULARY: + + WITH A + + HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. + + BY + + FREDERIC KIDDER, OF BOSTON. + + + PORTLAND: + PRINTED BY BROWN THURSTON. + 1859. + + + + +THE ABENAKI INDIANS. + + +The present spirit of inquiry into the early history of New England is +bringing forth additional facts and evolving new light, by which we are +every day seeing more clearly the true motive and incentives for its +colonization. But whenever the student turns to investigate the history +of the aboriginal tribes, who once inhabited this part of the country, +he is struck, not so much with the paucity of materials, as with the +complication and difficulties which our earlier and later writers have +thrown around the subject, as well as the very different light with +which they have viewed it. + +The first explorers of our coast, whose intercourse with the Indians was +limited to trading for furs and skins, seem to have had a much better +opinion of them than Mather, Hubbard, and some still later writers. It +is not to be supposed that while a large part of the population were +smarting from the distress of almost continued Indian wars, that even +the most candid could coolly investigate and impartially record the +history, character, and wants of such a people. But the time has +arrived, when, divesting ourselves of all prejudice, we can examine +carefully their true situation, and making allowance for their +condition, write their history with fairness and candor. + +The present sketch is confined to a brief notice of the tribes who +inhabited the territory now constituting the States of Maine and New +Hampshire, all of which may be considered as embraced under the name of +Abenakis, or more properly Wanbanakkie. It has often been supposed that +this name was given them by the French, but it is undoubtedly their +original appellation, being derived from Wanbanban, which may be defined +the people of aurora borealis or northern light. + +It is only now intended to sketch their earlier history, and to trace +the various emigrations to the present residence of the Abenakis proper, +in Canada; and viewing this tribe as the living representative of our +extinct ones, to consider its interesting history, so clearly connected +with New England frontier life, although most of that history is but a +record of war and wretchedness. + +The celebrated discoverer, Capt. John Smith, in his general history, +furnishes the earliest and most reliable description of the Indians on +the coast of Maine, as they were in 1614; other writers give accounts of +tribes there, some of which it is difficult to distinguish or locate; +but it may be best to consider all that were residing in the two States +above-mentioned as embraced in about eight distinct tribes, namely: +Penobscots or Tarrentines, Passamaquodies or Sybayks, Wawenocks, +Norridgewoks or Canibas, Assagunticooks, Sokokis or Pequakets, +Pennacooks, Malacites or St. Johns. + +The Penobscots[1] were probably the most numerous and influential tribe. +Their chief or bashaba was said to have been acknowledged as a superior +as far as Massachusetts Bay. They occupied the country on both sides of +the Penobscot Bay and River; their summer resort being near the sea, but +during the winter and spring they inhabited lands near the falls, where +they still reside. It is somewhat strange to find a tribe numbering +about five hundred still remaining in their ancient abode, and, though +surrounded by whites, retaining their language, religion, and many of +the habits and customs of centuries past, with a probability of +perpetuating them for ages to come. Their name is from _penobsq_, rock, +and _utoret_, a place, literally, rocky-place,--which no doubt refers to +the rocky falls in the river near their residence. It is not supposed +that many of this tribe emigrated to Canada, although they had constant +intercourse with that country. + + [1] For a pleasant and very well-written account of this tribe, by Hon. + Lorenzo Sabine, see the Christian Examiner for 1857. + +The Passamaquodies were found occupying the northeastern corner of +Maine, if, as it is generally supposed, they are the descendants of +those seen and described by De Monts, who spent the winter of 1604 near +their present head-quarters. Their subsequent history for more than a +century was but a blank, as in all that time they are not mentioned by +any writer, or named in any of the treaties, till after the conquest of +Canada. This omission is certainly strange, as in the ones of 1713 and +1717 now published in this volume, mere fragments of tribes are named +and represented. + +Still, if any reliance can be placed on their own traditions, they had +resided for generations previous to the Revolution around the lower +Schoodic Lake, where the recent discovery of stone hatchets and other +implements of an ancient make would seem to verify their assertions. +They also point out the place of a fight with the Mohawks, who two +centuries ago carried terror into all the Indian villages from Carolina +to the Bay of Fundy. It is probable that from their distant inland and +secluded position, as well as their limited numbers, they were in no way +connected with the various wars which the other tribes waged against the +colonists, and so were unnoticed. As their residence on the lake was +nearer Machias than any other available point on the sea coast, it may +be that to trade with this people the trading house was established +there by the Plymouth Colony, in 1630, and they were often called the +Machias Indians. Although their intercourse has long continued with +Canada, up to this time they have sent no emigrants there. They number +at present between four and five hundred souls, and still adhere to the +religious forms taught them by the Jesuits. This tribe designate +themselves by the name of Sybayk.[2] + + [2] Mr. Sabine has given their history in a truthful and friendly + communication to the Christian Examiner for 1852. + +The Wawenocks were located on the sea-coast, and inhabited the country +from the Sheepscot to the St. George; they are quite fully described by +Capt. John Smith, who had much intercourse with them. From their +situation on the rivers and harbors, they were much sooner disturbed by +the settlements than any other of the tribes in Maine. In 1747 there +were but a few families remaining. At the treaty at Falmouth, in 1749, +they were associated with the Assagunticooks, among whom they were then +settled, and with whom they soon after removed to Canada. The Canibas or +Norridgewoks occupied the valley of the Kennebec, from the tide water to +its sources; their principal residence was at Norridgewock. Here the +Jesuit missionaries, at an early period, taught them their religious +faith, and by sharing with them their privations and hardships, obtained +a controlling influence over them. + +As they inhabited fertile intervale land, they gave more attention to +agriculture than any of the neighboring tribes, and appear to have been +originally more peaceably inclined towards the whites than some of their +neighbors. Residing so far inland, they were but little acquainted with +the prowess of the whites, and sent out their war parties to commit +murders and depredations on the unprotected settlers, without expecting +a retribution on their own heads. After a long succession of murders and +captures in the English settlements, by this tribe, instigated, as was +believed, by their priest, Sebastian Rasle, an expedition was sent +against them, consisting of about two hundred men, who killed about +thirty Indians, including Rasle, and destroyed the place, without the +loss of a man. This broke their power, but they continued to reside +there for many years, and gradually retired to the St. Francis,--the +last family migrating near the end of the last century. + +The Assagunticooks were a numerous tribe who inhabited the country along +the whole valley of the Androscoggin; and although their lands were not +occupied by whites, they were frequently bitter enemies, and were the +first to begin a war and the last to make peace. Their location gave +them easy access to the settlements, from Casco to Piscataqua, which +they improved to glut their thirst for blood and slaughter. About 1750 +they moved to Canada and joined the St. Francis tribe. They could then +muster about one hundred and fifty warriors, and being much the most +numerous tribe that emigrated there, it is supposed they had the +greatest influence, and that their dialect is more truly perpetuated +than any other in that confederacy. + +The Sokokis inhabited the country bordering on the Saco River, but were +mostly limited to its head waters. Their villages were located on the +alluvial lands in what is now Fryeburg, Me., and Conway, N. H. The +Pegwakets and Ossipees were either identical with or branches of this +tribe. In 1725 Capt. John Lovewell with about fifty soldiers, on a +scouting adventure in the vicinity, fell in with a war party of the +tribe, and a sanguinary battle ensued, disastrous to both parties. Their +chief, Paugus, was slain; and within a short period the remainder of +the tribe, dispirited by their misfortunes, retired to Canada. + +The Pennacooks were probably the only occupants of the waters of the +Merrimac, and perhaps included nearly all the nations who resided in +what is now the State of New Hampshire. Their principal residence was at +Amoskeag Falls, the site of the present manufacturing city of +Manchester. It is usual to name the Pennatuckets, Wambesitts, Souhegans, +and some others as tribes, but there can be no doubt they all owned +fealty to the head sagamore of the Pennacooks, and were only branches of +that tribe, as were all the Indians on the Piscataqua and its waters. It +is also probable the small band of Cowasacks, on the upper Connecticut, +were of this tribe. The Pennacooks must have been at one time a numerous +community, and were less warlike than any of the Abenaki race. It is +likely they were more disposed to cultivate the soil, and their +historian, Judge Potter, represents them as amiable and friendly to the +whites. Notwithstanding, they were the earliest emigrants to Canada. +They left their pleasant hunting grounds with regret, and often returned +to cultivate their ancient fields; but few of them resided permanently +there after about 1700. + +It is proper to add to the names of the original Abenaki tribes, that of +the Malacite or Amalecite, who have always resided on the St. John. It +is not known that any part of this tribe emigrated to Canada with those +of Maine, but in 1828 about thirty families emigrated there, and settled +on a branch of the River Verte. But the largest part still reside in New +Brunswick. + +We come now to trace the emigration of the Abenakis to the banks of the +St. Lawrence. As the Jesuits had been in constant communication with the +tribes in Maine for more than half a century, the Indians had learned +the way to Quebec, and it is probable that during Philip's war some of +the tribes obtained arms and ammunition from that place. During this war +the Pennacooks, under the influence of their chief, Wonnolancet, had +remained neutral, and in July, 1676, at Chocheco, signed with some +others a treaty of perpetual peace. Still, the feeling of the whites was +so strong against all the race, that they placed little reliance on +their former good conduct or present promises. A few months after this +treaty, they induced a large number of Indians, from the various tribes, +to come to the same place, and where all the militia of the provinces +had assembled, and while professing to practice some sham evolutions, +the Indians were suddenly surrounded and captured. Many of the prisoners +so treacherously obtained were executed, and others sold into slavery +for having been in arms against the whites. + +Although Wonnolancet and his tribe were discharged, this breach of faith +must have taught him that he could not rely on the white man's promise, +and that neither he nor his tribe was safe on the Merrimac. With this +feeling he, with a part of them, left for Canada in the autumn of 1677. +Although he subsequently returned to visit his former hunting and +fishing grounds, his real home was, for the remainder of his life, near +Quebec, and he with his band became the nucleus of the Indian settlement +there; but it is not apparent that he was at any period the enemy of the +English. + +In the course of the war, nearly all the tribes in New England had been +more or less involved in it. The colonists now looked upon them as a +conquered race of heathen, and that their duty was to drive them out, +and enjoy their lands in the manner of the Israelites of old. On the +other hand, the Indians who had made terms of peace, having now for the +first time realized that they had not the ability to cope with the +English in war, and could not trust their friendship in peace, naturally +looked to the French as the protectors of their villages and hunting +grounds. Many of them were willing to place themselves and their +families under their care. + +Therefore the Jesuits, who had for a long time been their spiritual, and +often their temporal advisers, began to turn the steps of the broken and +scattered remnants of the tribes who had suffered most in the war, to +the feeble settlement of the Pennacooks, near Quebec, and as early as +1685, the Governor of that colony granted a tract of land at a place +called Côte de Lauzon, opposite that city, for their use. Up to the +commencement of the war, a considerable number of Indians had continued +to reside on the Connecticut river, above Northampton; they had fought +against the whites, and at the death of Philip, fled and took up their +abode at Scauticook, above Albany, and were afterwards increased by +additions from other tribes. + +After a few years, the government of New York became desirous of being +rid of such neighbors, whom they could not trust or control, and induced +them to remove to Canada, where most of them were settled before the +close of that century, with or near the Pennacooks. + +Early in the eighteenth century, the numbers of refugee Indians +attracted the attention of the Governor of Canada, and as the whole of +the French population of that colony did not then number ten thousand +souls, he saw they would materially add to the strength of his command, +and could be used most effectually against the frontiers of New England. +He therefore took measures to give them a home there. As the grant near +Quebec was found not adapted to their needs and condition, probably from +its close contiguity to that city, two convenient tracts of land were +granted for their use; the first bears date Aug. 23, 1700, the second, +May 10, 1701. These were on the St. Francis river, which has given a +name to the tribe. In 1704 another settlement of refugees from New +England received a grant of land at a place called Beçancour, near +Three Rivers, and during this year the Governor addressed a letter to +the ministry in France, giving his reasons for inducing the Abenakis to +settle in his colony, and from this period it was a constant policy to +encourage their immigration there, for more than half a century. + +Here was the place where parties were to be fitted out to carry war, +destruction, and misery to the frontiers of New England. + +In 1704 these Indians piloted a body of French to the vicinity of their +former homes, on the Connecticut, and entirely destroyed Deerfield. The +writer not long since conversed with an ancient member of this tribe, +who claimed to be the great grandson of Esther Williams, daughter of +Rev. John Williams, who was, with his family, captured at that time. In +1707 this tribe, piloted by the Pennacooks down the Merrimac, destroyed +Haverhill, murdering and capturing most of its inhabitants. It would +fill a volume to relate the bloody tragedies acted and instigated by +this tribe; it seems almost incredible that any people could exist for a +generation amidst such repeated incursions of a relentless enemy. + +In November, 1724, Vaudreuil, Governor General of Canada, addressed an +urgent letter to the Minister of War in France, giving an account of the +attack on Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle, with a full +account of the losses and sufferings of that tribe, and asking for a +grant of ammunition, guns, and blankets to supply their losses, and +enable them to make war on the English settlements. He also gives a +particular account of the condition of the Abenakis, and says, "of all +the Indians in New France, they are in a position to render the most +service; this nation consists of five villages, which number, +altogether, about five hundred warriors. Two of these villages are +situated on the St. Lawrence, near Three Rivers--one below that town +called Beçancour, the other ten leagues above, called St. Francis, the +three others are in the direction of Acadie, called Narantsouak, on the +River Kanibekky, Panagamsdé, on the Pentagouet (Penobscot), and +Medocteck, on the River St. John. These three villages have different +routes, each by its own river, whereby they can reach Quebeck in a few +days."[3] + + [3] See N. Y. Colonial Documents, edited by E. B. O'Calligan, LL. D. + +In April, 1725, a delegation of three gentlemen visited Montreal with a +letter from the Governor of Massachusetts, in reply to one addressed to +him some months previously by M. Vaudreuil, relative to the attack at +Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle. They demanded that the +prisoners held by the Abenakis should be given up, and a perpetual peace +established. + +The Indians, who were entirely under the influence of the French, were +extremely haughty in their language and deportment; they demanded that +the English should restore their lands, rebuild their church, which they +had destroyed at Norridgewock, and when asked what land they referred +to, said "that their land commenced at the River Gounitogon, otherwise +called the long river,[4] which lies to the west beyond Boston, that +this river was formerly the boundary which separated the lands of the +Iroquois from those of the Abenakis, that according to this boundary, +Boston and the greater part of the English settlements east of it are in +Abenakis' lands; that they would be justified in telling them to quit +there, but that they had considered that their settlements were +established and that they were still inclined to tolerate them; but they +demanded as an express condition of peace that the English should +abandon the country from one league beyond Saco River to Port Royal, +which was the line separating the lands of the Abenakis from those of +the Micmaks."[5] + + [4] Undoubtedly the Connecticut. + + [5] N. Y. Colonial Documents, vol. ix. + +The Abenakis denied that they had ever sold any land to the English, and +when the latter claimed that much of it was theirs by a possession of +more than eighty years, and that this possession gave them a title, the +Indians replied, "We were in possession before you, for we have held it +from time immemorial." The English delegates conceded that they did not +claim beyond the west bank of the Narantsouak (Kennebec), and that the +fort at St. George was built not by them, but by the government of Port +Royal. + +The meeting seems to have been unsatisfactory to the delegation, and no +treaty or arrangement was made. The French governor denied that they had +furnished the Indians with arms, or instigated them to attack the +English, although Vaudreuil's letters to his government in France bear +abundant evidence that this was his constant policy. + +In the treaty with many of the tribes, held at Deerfield in 1735, the +St. Francis Indians were represented, and agreed to the arrangement for +perpetual peace; but a few years elapsed before they were again engaged +in their bloody pastime. War was declared against France in 1744, and +the Abenakis were soon hovering on the frontiers. In 1746, Keene and +Concord, in New Hampshire, felt their power, and many captives were +carried to Canada. In 1752 Capt. Phineas Stevens proceeded to Canada, as +a delegate from the governor of Massachusetts, to confer with the +Abenakis, and to redeem some prisoners they had in their possession. At +a conference had with them in the presence of the governor of Canada, +Atewaneto, the chief speaker, made an eloquent reply, in which he +charged the English with trespassing on their lands: he said, "We +acknowledge no other land of yours than your settlements, wherever you +have built, and we will not consent, under any pretext, that you pass +beyond them. The lands we possess have been given us by the Great Master +of Life, we acknowledge to hold only from him." + +In 1755 they were again in the field, and followed the French armies to +the head of Lake George, and carried terror into the new townships on +the Connecticut river. Some of their small parties at that late day +penetrated within sixty miles of the capital of New England. But these +long continued aggressions were soon to meet a fearful retribution. The +capture of Quebec, which gave North America to England, had changed the +relation of the Abenakis. Capt. Kennedy having been sent to their +villages with a flag of truce, was, with his whole party, made +prisoners. To chastise them for this outrage, as well as to retaliate +for their continued cruelty and murders on the defenseless frontier +settlements, Gen. Amherst dispatched the celebrated Major Rogers with a +detachment of his rangers to the villages on the St. Francis. Just +before daybreak, on the fifth of October, he surprised and killed at +least two hundred Indians, and burnt all their wigwams, plunder, and +effects. Rogers in his journal says: "To my own knowledge, in six years' +time, the St. Francis Indians had killed and carried into captivity on +the frontiers of New England, four hundred persons; we found in the +town, hanging on poles over the doors &c., about six hundred scalps, +mostly English." + +The power of the tribe for evil was gone, and we hear no more of them +till the Revolution, when their warriors followed Burgoyne to Saratoga, +where they again used the tomahawk and scalping knife, but when his +fortunes began to wane, they retired to the banks of the St. Lawrence. +Again in the war of 1812, they joined the English, but their numbers +were few, and after a brief campaign, they, for the last time, retraced +their steps to their own homes. + +A few more remarks will close the history of this tribe, once the terror +of New England. + +The present condition of the Abenakis is given in a report made in 1858 +to the Legislative Assembly of Canada. This states that the tribe on the +St. Francis has diminished to three hundred and eighty-seven persons; +they live mainly by agriculture, but everything is done in so rude a +way, that they gather but scanty crops. Part of them, through the +exertions of one of their own number, have been induced to discard their +ancient faith, and are now professed Methodists. This change has +involved the tribe in continual feuds and difficulties, which will +prevent any improvement, and will probably lead to a permanent division +and removal of one of the parties. They often undergo much privation for +want of proper food and other necessaries of life. The portion of the +tribe at Beçancour presents a still more degraded condition. There +remain but thirty families, in all one hundred and seventy-two +individuals. They still remain Roman Catholics, have no schools, and +seem to have reached the extreme of misery and destitution, and so +completely have this people intermixed, that their missionary writes, +"he does not know of a single pure Abenaki among them." + +The vocabulary now published is copied from a small volume printed about +thirty years ago, entitled "Wobanaki Kimzowi Awighigan," i.e. Abenaki +Spelling Book. It was procured by the writer with much difficulty, as it +was the only copy that could be obtained among them. It is supposed by +those qualified to judge, to be a fair specimen of the dialect formerly +spoken on the Androscoggin and Kennebec, although there are in it many +words originally borrowed from the French and English. From a +memorandum made when with them a few years since, the name of their +tribe, as near as can be written and pronounced in English, is +W'Banankee, accenting the last syllable. + +The treaties, now for the first time printed, are copied from the +original in the possession of the writer; they will be perused with +pleasure by those interested in antiquarian researches. But at the +present day it is difficult to realize the interest which these +proceedings and documents excited; they were often considered almost a +matter of life or death to the frontier settlers. It is apparent that +every chief had then his peculiar totem, or symbol. At a later period +this system was abandoned, and they used only a simple cross. Among the +chiefs who signed, is to be found the totem of Bombazeen and some +others, whose names are perpetuated in history for their bloody +exploits. The autographs annexed show the names of men then prominent in +both provinces, and some of them afterwards attained the highest +positions in political life. + +The vocabularies and treaties are now submitted for publication by +request of the Maine Historical Society. + + BOSTON, AUGUST, 1859. + + + + + EXTRACTS FROM A SPELLING-BOOK IN THE ABENAKI LANGUAGE. + + PUBLISHED IN BOSTON IN 1830, AND CALLED "KIMZOWI AWIGHIGAN," + THE LAST WORD BEING THE TERM FOR BOOK. + + +The sounds of the vowels are represented in English according to the +following scheme. + + _Vowels._ _Sounded._ + + A a as _a_ in father, psalm. + E e as _e_ in met, or in accident. + I i as _ee_ in seen, or _i_ in machine. + O o as _o_ in note. + U u as _u_ in tube, cube; also used after _g_, as in language. + [)u] as [)u] in cup, sun. + + + _Nasal._ + + [O=] [o=] + + + _Dipthongs._ + + Ai ai as _i_ in pine, nine. + Au au as _ow_ or _ou_ in how, thou. + + + _Consonants._ _Names._ + + B b bi + D d di + G g gi + H h hi + J j ji + K k ki + L l li + M m mi + N n ni + P p pi + S s si + T t ti + W w wi + Z z zi + CH ch chi + + + Ch[o=]ls--cricket + kots--goat + kask--cap + pots--boot + mskakw--swamp + nbes--lake + mskask--spruce + paks--box + mke zen--shoe + sop--soap + sen--stone + tlaps--trap + win--marrow + wchat--sinew + wli--good + ne bi--water + cha kwa--this morning + chi ga--when + chbi wi--apart + chig naz--thorn plum + cho wi--must be, certain + pa skwa--noon + pla nikw--flying squirrel + pi han--rope + psig ia--half + kokw--kettle + k[o=]gw--porcupine + pins--pin + skog--snake + piz--pea + nbis--little water + pigs--hog + moz--moose + kwat--cup + swip--jew + sips--a fowl + wins--black birch + wskan--bone + a sokw--cloud + wk[o=]t--leg + cha kwat--daylight + cha ga--now then + chi bai--ghost + chog l[)u]skw--black bird + chan naps--turnip + chbo sa--walks apart + pne k[o=]kw--sandy hill + p[o=] bakw--a bog + pe guis--a gnat + psi gaskw--board + psan ta--full + to s[o=]n--a shed + ta lin--earthen basin + sko tam--trout + ski ia--raw + o-kwa--maggot + ska mon--corn + ska kwam--green stick + mski ko--grass + psa na wi--full of + ab [o=]n--cake + as ma--not yet + a ses--horse + akw bi--rum + a wip--pith + a la--or + ap les--apple + ak ikw--seal + as ban--raccoon + al wa--almost + ki k[o=]n--field + ko wa--pine tree + ki zos--sun + kda hla--it sinks + ka ia--thick milk + kchim li--chimney + kchin bes--great lake + psan ba--full + psa nikw--black squirrel + sig wit--widower + ska hla--raw hide + te go--wave + ski bakw--green leaf + ska wakw--fresh meat + mska ta--lily root + msko da--prairie + kzab da--hot + ab on--bed + as kan--horn + al akws--star + al ikws--pismire + am kw[o=]n--spoon + ag askw--woodchuck + a zip--sheep + ak sen--ox + a kwan--bitter, acrid + kas ko--crane + pe laz--pigeon + kas ta--how many times + ka oz--cow + ka akw--gull + k[o=] jo--vein + kchi t[)u]kw--great river + ki zokw--day + w[o=] wan--an egg + wa bi--buttock + wi bit--tooth + wdel li--shoulder + w[)u]ch [o=]l--nose + wig bi--stringy bark + wle guan--wing + wa japkw--root + wcha too--sinewy + wskat gua--forehead + wli gen--good + wi noz--onion + w[o=] bi--white + wa guan--heel + w[)u]t tep--head + wta wakw--ear + wsi s[)u]kw--eye + wdo lo--kidney + wig w[o=]m--house, camp + wa dap--root to sew with + Wd[o=] w[o=]--Autawa Indian + w[)u]t t[)u]n--mouth + wji ia--belonging to + wlo gas--leather string + wla nikw--fisher + wikw kwa--thigh + wa chil--oak nut + wha gakw--a scalp + wha ga--body + wpa nak--lights + wa laskw--husk + w[o=]l kaa--hollow place + wz[)u]kw na--tail + wi zi--gall, bile + w[o=] boz--elk + w[o=]kw ses--fox + wi os--flesh + ma wia--better + s[o=]g m[o=]--chief + a wan--air + ki zi--already + msi wi--largely + wski a--new + sikw hla--hail + kwa nak--length + ta bat--enough + mat guas--rabbit + mkwi gen--red + tau b[o=] gan--large trough + tlap s[o=] bi--trap chain + ska h[o=] gan--a forked post + wlag zi--bowels + wa jo--mountain + wji g[o=]n--desolate camp + wdol ka--breast, stomach + wi ka--fat + wl[o=] da--hot weather + w[o=] lakw--hole + wja kwam--but end + wl[o=]m ka--fine grainy + wski gen--young vegetable + wzi dakw--handle + wne kikw--otter + wa gin--wagon + pil tal--lead + kchi ia--aged person + pa g[o=]n--nut + a chi--also + ng[o=]n ia--old + m[o=] gis--monkey + wd[)u]p kwan--hair + wa ji--for, to + s[o=] ga--lobster + piz wat--good for nothing + kl[o=] gan--door + tip wa bel--pepper + ska w[o=] gan--standing + skip w[o=] gan--eating raw + chi t[o=] ba hi gan--a wedge + chi ba gi n[o=] guat--looks very bad + chi ba i skwet ta--ignis fatuus + chi git wa hi gan--razor + p[i=] mi zig ni gan--withe + pok ja na hwi ka--stumpy + psakw dam ni mo zi--blackberry bush + tb[o=] bak hi gan--pair of scales, steelyard + ska mon ta hi gan--corn meal + skas kwat si gan--green dye + a lo ka w[o=] gan--a work, labor + al n[o=] ba w[o=] gan--human nature, birth + sa n[o=] ba w[o=] gan--manhood + a za wa skwi gen--square + a ba kwa w[o=] gan--act of covering with a roof + a ses si ga mikw--stable + am kw[o=] ni no da--spoon basket + a ses w[o=] bi al--harness + a za t[o=] i wi--backwards + kin ja mes w[o=] gan--majesty + ka dos mo w[o=] gan--act of drinking, a drink + kba hod wi ga mikw--jail + ki wi tam w[o=] gan--hint + ki ta das w[o=] gan--act of sharpening by grinding + ki no ho ma sin--preaching + kin ja mes sis kwa--queen + ka o zi ga mikw--barn + ka wzo wah di gan--sleigh + ka sij wa hi gan--dish towel + po da wa w[o=] gan--act of blowing + p[o=] l[o=] ba w[o=] gan--pride + piz wa gi zo--he reads for nothing + pi da hla gu[o=] gan--scabbard + pkwes sa ga hi gan--key + p[o=] ba tam w[o=] gan--religion + p[o=] ba tam win no--religious person + pa pa hwij wi ia--tin + pa pa hwij wi jo--tin basin + pa pi tom k[o=] gan--a plaything + nkes k[o=]g w[o=] gan--nightmare + ni mat gua hi gan--a fork + no da hla go kat--blacksmith + no ji m[o=] ni kat--silversmith + no ji pak si kat--box maker + no da wig hi gat--notary, writer + no ji na mas kat--fisher + no da ma gu[o=] gan--spear + o l[o=] wat si gan--blue dye + [o=] do lib i[o=] gan--oar + po da woz win no--counsellor + po da waz w[o=] gan--council + mos kwal dam w[o=] gan--anger + mi ga ka w[o=] gan--act of fighting + mka za wat si gan--copperas + si gua na hi gan--skim-milk + tmo kwa ta hi gan--sword + les sa ga hi gan--trunk + wi la wig win no--rich person + + + + +INDIAN TREATIES. + + +At Portsmouth, in her Maj^ty's Province of New Hampshire, in New +England, the thirteenth day of July, in the twelfth year of the Reign of +our Sovereign Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, +and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the faith, &c. [1713] + + +THE SUBMISSION AND AGREEMENT OF THE EASTERN INDIANS. + +Whereas for some years last past We have made a breach of our Fidelity +and Loyalty to the Crowns of Great Britain, and have made open Rebellion +against her Maj^ty's Subjects, the English inhabitants in the +Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other of her Maj^ty's Territories in +New England, and being now sensible of the miseryes which We & our +people are reduced thereunto thereby, We whose names are here +subscribed, being Delegates of all the Indians belonging to Norrigawake, +Narrakamegock, Amasacontoog, Pigwocket, Penecook, & to all other Indian +Plantations situated on the Rivers of St. Johns, Penobscot, Kenybeck, +Amascogon, Saco, & Merimack, & all other Indian Plantations lying +between the s^d Rivers of St. Johns and Merimack, Parts of her +Maj^ty's Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, within +her Maj^ty's Sovereignty, having made application to his Excellency, +Joseph Dudley, Esq^re, Captain General & Govern^r in Chief in and +over the s^d Provinces, That the Troubles which we have unhappily +raised or occasioned against her Maj^ty's subjects, the English, & +ourselves, may cease & have an end, & that we may enjoy her Maj^ty's +Grace & Favor, and each of us Respectively, for ourselves & in the name +& with the free consent of all the Indians belonging to the several +Rivers and places aforesaid, & all other Indians within the s^d +Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, hereby +acknowledging ourselves the lawfull subjects of our Sovereign Lady, +Queen Anne, and promising our hearty Subjection & Obediance unto the +Crown of Great Britain, doe solemnly Covenant, promise, & agree to & +with the s^d Joseph Dudley, Esq., Govern^r, and all such as shall +hereafter be in the place of Capt. General and Govern^r in Chief of +the aforesaid Provinces or territories on her Maj^ty's behalf, in +manner following. That is to say: + +That at all times forever, from and after the date of these presents, we +will cease and forbear all acts of hostility toward all the subjects of +the crown of Great Britain, and not to offer the least hurt or violence +to them or any of them in their persons or estates, but will honor, +forward, hold, & maintain a firm & constant amity & friendship with all +the English, and will not entertain any Treasonable Conspiracy with any +other Nation to their Disturbance. + +That her Maj^ty's Subjects, the English, shall & may peaceably & +quietly enter upon, improve, & forever enjoy, all and singular their +Rights of Land & former Settlements, Properties, & possesions, within +the Eastern Parts of the s^d Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and +New Hampshire, together with all the Islands, Islets, Shoars, Beaches, & +Fisheries within the same, without any molestation or claims by us or +any other Indians, And be in no wais molested, interrupted, or disturbed +therein. Saving unto the s^d Indians their own Grounds, & free liberty +for Hunting, Fishing, Fowling, and all other their Lawful Liberties & +Privileges, as on the Eleventh day of August, in the year of our Lord +God One thousand six hundred & ninety-three. + +That for mutual Safety & Benefit, all Trade & Comerce which hereafter +may be allowed betwixt the English & Indians shall be in such places & +under such management & regulations as shall be stated by her +Maj^ty's Governments of the s^d Provinces respectively. And to +prevent mischiefs & inconveniencies the Indians shall not be allowed, +for the present, & until they have liberty from the respective +Governments, to come near to any English Plantations or Settlements on +this side of Saco River. + +That if any Controversy or Difference at any time hereafter happen to +arise betwixt any of the English or Indians, for any real or supposed +wrong or injury done on the one side or the other, no Private Revenge +shall be taken by the Indians for the same, but proper application shall +be made to her Maj^ty's Government, upon the place, for remedy +thereof, in our Course of Justice, We hereby submitting ourselves to be +ruled & Governed by her Maj^ty's Laws, & desire to have the protection +& benefit of the same. + +We confess that we have, contrary to all faith and justice, broken our +articles with S^r William Phipps, Governour, made in the year of our +Lord God 1693, and with the Earl of Bellemont, Govern^r, made in the +year of our Lord God 1699, And the assurance we gave to his Excellency, +Joseph Dudley, Esq^re, Governor, in the years of our Lord God 1702, in +the month of August, and 1703, in the month of July, notwithstanding we +have been well treated by the s^d Governors; and we resolve for the +future not to be drawn into any perfidious Treaty or Correspondence, to +the hurt of any of the subjects of her Maj^ty the Queen of Great +Britain, and if we know of any such we will seasonably reveal it to the +English. + +Wherefore, we whose names are hereunto subscribed, Delegates for the +several tribes of the Indians, belonging unto the River of Kenybeck, +Amarascogen, St. Johns, Saco, & Merrimac, & parts adjacent, being +sensible of our great offence & folly in not complying with the +afores^d Submission & agreements, and also of the sufferings & +mischiefs that we have thereby exposed ourselves unto, do, in all +humble & submisive manner, cast ourselves upon her Maj^ty's mercy for +the pardon of all our past rebellions, hostilities, and Violations of +our promises, praying to be received unto her Maj^ty's Grace & +Protection. And for & on behalfe of ourselves, and of all other the +Indians belonging to the several Rivers and places afores^d, within +the Sovereignty of her Maj^ty of Great Britain, do again acknowledge & +profess our hearty and sinceer obedience unto the Crown of Great +Britain, and do solemnly renew, ratify, and confirm all & every of the +articles & agreements contained in the former and present submission. + +This Treaty to be humbly laid before her Maj^ty, for her ratification +and farther orders. In Witness whereof, We, the Delegates afore^sd, by +name, Kireberuit, Iteansis, and Jackoit, for Penobscot, Joseph and +Eneas, for St. Johns, Waracansit, Wedaranaquin, and Bomoseen, for +Kennebeck, have hereunto set our hands & seals, the day and year first +above written. + + SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED + IN THE PRESENCE OF + + + Signatures: + J Rev Knap + Geo. Vaughan + Sha^d Walton + W Dudley + Edmund Quinsey + Spencer Phips + J Widger. + Sam A Moody + Samu S Lynde + Richard Saltonstal + Josiah Willard + Henry Somorby + Thos Leihmesel + Joseph Hiller Jun. + Jos: Lloyd + James Alford + Jon^a. Roining'lon + John Gillman + + Signum + (Signature) + QUALEBEENEWES. + + Signum + (Signature) + WARRAKANSIT. + + Signum + (Signature) + BOMOSEEN. + + Signum + (Signature) + EDARANAQUIN.] + + Signatures: + Stephan Minot + Jonathan Pollard + Geo. Jalfrey + A. Wilbury + John Leighton + Peter Martin + John Yoo + (unclear) Goessth? + Robert Carson + Jonathan Kling + Steph^n Eastwick + (unclear) Nalle^a Rogers? + Jn^o Nowmarch + Henry Flynt] + + Signum + (Signature) + ENEAS. + + Signum + (Signature) + ITEANSIS. + + Signatures: + Jabez Hitch + Sam^ll Moodey + Jer^a. Wise + John Karnard + Nicholas Sever + (unclear) Sam^ll. Fiske + Cha. Story, Sec^y. of N.H. + James Lusmore + Richard Waldron + Ths: Sheppard + John Penhallow + Geo: Huntington + (unclear) Sam^ll: Pluisted? + John Newman (unclear Jr.?) + James Joffry + + Signum + (Signature) + JACKOIT. + + Signum + (Signature) + JOSEP. + + +At Portsmouth, in her Maj^tie's Province of New Hampshire, in New +England, the 28th Day of July, in the thirteenth year of our Sovereign +Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, +Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c. [1714] + +The several Articles of the foregoing sheet, after a long Conference +with the Delegates of the Eastern Indians, were read to them, & the +sense & meaning thereof explained by two faithful, sworn Interpreters, +and accordingly signed by every of the Sachems and Delegates that were +not present & had not signed the last year. + +In the Presence of his Excellency the Governour, and his Excellency +General Nicholson, & the Gentlemen of Her Maj^tie's Councills for the +Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay & New Hampshire, & other Gentlemen. + + SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED + IN THE PRESENCE OF US, + + Signatures: + John White + Tho^s. (unclear) Burnster? + Edm^d Goff + Habijah Savage + J Widger. + + PEQUARET + (Signature) + Signum. + + WEEBENOOSE + (Signature) + Signum. + + CATERRAMOGGUS + (Signature) + Signum. + + Signatures: + (unclear) + John Rogors + John Denison + Rich^d (unclear) Miller? + John Lambton + + NUCTUNGUS + (Signature) + Signum. + + QUINNAWUS + (Signature) + Signum. + + QUIREBOOSET + (Signature) + Signum. + + JOSEPH + (Signature) + Signum. + + Signatures: + M: Berckfield + John Jekyll + Edward Hacketh + Tho. Plaisted + Marcaveni + S Jenning Wentworth + + NEGUSCAWIT + (Signature) + Signum. + + PIERRE ABINNAWAY. + (Signature) + Signum. + + SCAWWEASE + (Signature) + Signum. + + Signatures: + W^m Cooper + Estes Plateh + Tho: Legard + Charles (unclear) Hrosh? + + ADDEAWANDO. + (Signature) + Signum. + + SEGUNCEWICK + (Signature) + Signum. + + KISSURAGUNNIT + (Signature) + Signum. + + PITTAURISQUANNE + (Signature) + Signum. + + CÆSAR MOXUSSON + (Signature) + Signum. + + ERIXIS + (Signature) + Signum. + + ESTIEN + (Signature) + Signum. + + WENEMOET + (Signature) + Signum. + + WOHONUMBAMET + (Signature) + Signum. + + SANBODDIES + (Signature) + Signum. + + + + +TREATY OF 1717. + + +Georgetown, on Arrowsick Island, in his Majesty's Province of the +Massachusetts Bay in New England, the 12th Day of August 1717, in the +fourth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George, by the Grace of +God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, +&c. + +We, the Subscribers, being Sachems and Chief men of the several Tribes +of Indians belonging to Kennebeck, Penobscut, Pegwackit, Saco, and +other, the Eastern Parts of his Majesty's Province afores^d, having +had the several Articles of the foregoing Treaty distinctly read and +Interpreted to us by a Sworn Interpreter at this time, do Approve of, +Recognize, Ratify, and Confirm all and every the said Articles, +(excepting only the _fourth_ and _fifth_ articles, which relate to the +restraint and limitation of Trade and Commerce, which is now otherwise +managed.) + +And whereas, some rash and inconsiderate Persons amongst us, have +molested some of our good fellow Subjects, the English, in the +Possession of their Lands, and otherwise illtreated them;--We do +disapprove & condemn the same,--and freely consent that our English +friends shall possess, enjoy & improve all the Lands which they have +formerly possessed, and all which they have obtained a right & title +unto, Hoping it will prove of mutual and reciprocal benefit and +advantage to them & us, that they Cohabit with us. + +In testimony and perpetual memory whereof, We have hereunto set our +hands & seals, in behalf of ourselves and of the several Tribes of +Indians that have delegated us to appear for, & represent them the day +and year aforementioned. + + NUDGGUMBOIT X Sign. } + ABISSANEHRAW X Sign. } _Kennebeck._ + UMGUINNAWAS X Sign. } + + AWOHAWAY X Sign. } + PAQUAHARET X Sign. } _Kennebeck._ + CÆSAR X Sign. } + + LEREBENUIT X Sign. } + OHANUMBAMES X Sign. } _Penobscut._ + SEGUNKI X Sign. } + + ADEAWANDO X Sign. } _Pegwackit._ + SCAWESO X Sign. } + + MOXUS X Sign. } + BOMMAZEEN X Sign. } + CAPT. SAM X Sign. } + NAGUCAWEN X Sign. } _Kennebeck._ + SUMMEHAWIS X Sign. } + WEGWARUMENET X Sign. } + TERRAMUGGUS. X Sign. } + + SABADIS X Sign. } _Ammarascoggin._ + SAM HUMPHRIES X Sign. } + +SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED, IN PRESENCE OF + + Signatures: + W Dudley + G Dyer (unclear) Jr? + William Little + Fran^s (unclear) + + AUGUSTIN MOXUS SON + (Signature) + Sign. + + SAROME. + (Signature) + Sign. + + Signatures: + Joseph Miller Jun. + James Parsons + John (unclear) + Joshua Winslow + Peres Bradford + Sam. (unclear) + Theodore Atkinson + Jn Gray + John Penhallow + John Denison + + FRANCOIS XAVIER + (Signature) + Sign. + + MEGONUMBA + (Signature) + Sign. + + + + +TOTEMS. + + +The figures or emblems connected with the signatures of the Indians are +called, in the language of the Algonquins, _Totems_; and are the +distinguishing marks or signs of the clans or tribes into which the +various nations are divided. They are not the personal emblems of the +chiefs, although in signing treaties they employ them as their sign +manual. Each tribe or clan had its emblem, consisting of the figure of +some bird, beast, or reptile, and is distinguished by the name of the +animal which it has assumed as a device, as Wolf, Hawk, Tortoise. To +different totems, says Parkman in his "Conspiracy of Pontiac," attach +different degrees of rank and dignity; and those of the Bear, the +Tortoise, and the Wolf are among the first in honor. Each man is proud +of his badge, jealously asserting its claim to respect. The use of the +totem prevailed among the southern, as well as the northern tribes; Mr. +Parkman says that Mr. Gallatin informed him, that he was told by the +chief of a Choctaw deputation at Washington, that in their tribe were +eight totemic clans, divided into two classes of four each. + +Mr. Parkman says again, in the work above cited, page 9, "But the main +stay of the Iroquois polity was the system of _totemship_. It was this +which gave the structure its elastic strength; and but for this, a mere +confederacy of jealous and warlike tribes must soon have been rent +asunder by shocks from without, or discord from within. At some early +period the Iroquois must have formed an individual nation; for the whole +people, irrespective of their separation into tribes, consisted of eight +totemic clans; and the members of each clan, to what nation soever they +belonged, were mutually bound to one another by those close ties of +fraternity which mark this singular institution. Thus the five nations +of the confederacy were bound together by an eight-fold band; and to +this hour their slender remnants cling to one another with invincible +tenacity." + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Abenaki Indians, by Frederic Kidder + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ABENAKI INDIANS *** + +***** This file should be named 25416-8.txt or 25416-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/4/1/25416/ + +Produced by Jeannie Howse, Chuck Greif, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Canadian Institute for +Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org)) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Abenaki Indians + Their Treaties of 1713 & 1717, and a Vocabulary + +Author: Frederic Kidder + +Release Date: May 10, 2008 [EBook #25416] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ABENAKI INDIANS *** + + + + +Produced by Jeannie Howse, Chuck Greif, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Canadian Institute for +Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org)) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p class="notes">Transcriber’s Note:<br /> +Unusual and inconsistent spelling of names<br /> +have been left as in the original.</p> + +<p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h1>THE ABENAKI INDIANS;</h1> +<p> </p> +<h3>THEIR TREATIES OF 1713 & 1717, AND A VOCABULARY:</h3> +<p> </p> +<h5>WITH A</h5> +<p> </p> +<h2>HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.</h2> +<p> </p> +<h5>BY</h5> +<p> </p> +<h3>FREDERIC KIDDER, OF BOSTON.</h3> + + +<hr style="width: 10%;" /> + + +<p class="center"><strong>PORTLAND:</strong><br /> +PRINTED BY BROWN THURSTON.<br /> +1859.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE ABENAKI INDIANS.</h2> + +<hr style="width: 10%;" /> + +<p>The present spirit of inquiry into the early history of New England is +bringing forth additional facts and evolving new light, by which we are +every day seeing more clearly the true motive and incentives for its +colonization. But whenever the student turns to investigate the history +of the aboriginal tribes, who once inhabited this part of the country, +he is struck, not so much with the paucity of materials, as with the +complication and difficulties which our earlier and later writers have +thrown around the subject, as well as the very different light with +which they have viewed it.</p> + +<p>The first explorers of our coast, whose intercourse with the Indians was +limited to trading for furs and skins, seem to have had a much better +opinion of them than Mather, Hubbard, and some still later writers. It +is not to be supposed that while a large part of the population were +smarting from the distress of almost continued Indian wars, that even +the most candid could coolly investigate and impartially record the +history, character, and wants of such a people. But the time has +arrived, when, divesting ourselves of all prejudice, we can examine +carefully their true situation, and making allowance for their +condition, write their history with fairness and candor.</p> + +<p>The present sketch is confined to a brief notice of the tribes who +inhabited the territory now constituting the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +States of Maine and New +Hampshire, all of which may be considered as embraced under the name of +Abenakis, or more properly Wanbanakkie. It has often been supposed that +this name was given them by the French, but it is undoubtedly their +original appellation, being derived from Wanbanban, which may be defined +the people of aurora borealis or northern light.</p> + +<p>It is only now intended to sketch their earlier history, and to trace +the various emigrations to the present residence of the Abenakis proper, +in Canada; and viewing this tribe as the living representative of our +extinct ones, to consider its interesting history, so clearly connected +with New England frontier life, although most of that history is but a +record of war and wretchedness.</p> + +<p>The celebrated discoverer, Capt. John Smith, in his general history, +furnishes the earliest and most reliable description of the Indians on +the coast of Maine, as they were in 1614; other writers give accounts of +tribes there, some of which it is difficult to distinguish or locate; +but it may be best to consider all that were residing in the two States +above-mentioned as embraced in about eight distinct tribes, namely: +Penobscots or Tarrentines, Passamaquodies or Sybayks, Wawenocks, +Norridgewoks or Canibas, Assagunticooks, Sokokis or Pequakets, +Pennacooks, Malacites or St. Johns.</p> + +<p>The Penobscots<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +were probably the most numerous and influential tribe. +Their chief or bashaba was said to have been acknowledged as a superior +as far as Massachusetts Bay. They occupied the country on both sides of +the Penobscot Bay and River; their summer resort being near the sea, but +during the winter and spring they inhabited lands +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +near the falls, where +they still reside. It is somewhat strange to find a tribe numbering +about five hundred still remaining in their ancient abode, and, though +surrounded by whites, retaining their language, religion, and many of +the habits and customs of centuries past, with a probability of +perpetuating them for ages to come. Their name is from <em>penobsq</em>, rock, +and <em>utoret</em>, a place, literally, rocky-place,—which no doubt refers to +the rocky falls in the river near their residence. It is not supposed +that many of this tribe emigrated to Canada, although they had constant +intercourse with that country.</p> + +<p>The Passamaquodies were found occupying the northeastern corner of +Maine, if, as it is generally supposed, they are the descendants of +those seen and described by De Monts, who spent the winter of 1604 near +their present head-quarters. Their subsequent history for more than a +century was but a blank, as in all that time they are not mentioned by +any writer, or named in any of the treaties, till after the conquest of +Canada. This omission is certainly strange, as in the ones of 1713 and +1717 now published in this volume, mere fragments of tribes are named +and represented.</p> + +<p>Still, if any reliance can be placed on their own traditions, they had +resided for generations previous to the Revolution around the lower +Schoodic Lake, where the recent discovery of stone hatchets and other +implements of an ancient make would seem to verify their assertions. +They also point out the place of a fight with the Mohawks, who two +centuries ago carried terror into all the Indian villages from Carolina +to the Bay of Fundy. It is probable that from their distant inland and +secluded position, as well as their limited numbers, they were in no way +connected with the various wars which the other tribes waged against the +colonists, and so were unnoticed. As their residence on the lake was +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +nearer Machias than any other available point on the sea coast, it may +be that to trade with this people the trading house was established +there by the Plymouth Colony, in 1630, and they were often called the +Machias Indians. Although their intercourse has long continued with +Canada, up to this time they have sent no emigrants there. They number +at present between four and five hundred souls, and still adhere to the +religious forms taught them by the Jesuits. This tribe designate +themselves by the name of Sybayk.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>The Wawenocks were located on the sea-coast, and inhabited the country +from the Sheepscot to the St. George; they are quite fully described by +Capt. John Smith, who had much intercourse with them. From their +situation on the rivers and harbors, they were much sooner disturbed by +the settlements than any other of the tribes in Maine. In 1747 there +were but a few families remaining. At the treaty at Falmouth, in 1749, +they were associated with the Assagunticooks, among whom they were then +settled, and with whom they soon after removed to Canada. The Canibas or +Norridgewoks occupied the valley of the Kennebec, from the tide water to +its sources; their principal residence was at Norridgewock. Here the +Jesuit missionaries, at an early period, taught them their religious +faith, and by sharing with them their privations and hardships, obtained +a controlling influence over them.</p> + +<p>As they inhabited fertile intervale land, they gave more attention to +agriculture than any of the neighboring tribes, and appear to have been +originally more peaceably inclined towards the whites than some of their +neighbors. Residing so far inland, they were but little acquainted with the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +prowess of the whites, and sent out their war parties to commit +murders and depredations on the unprotected settlers, without expecting +a retribution on their own heads. After a long succession of murders and +captures in the English settlements, by this tribe, instigated, as was +believed, by their priest, Sebastian Rasle, an expedition was sent +against them, consisting of about two hundred men, who killed about +thirty Indians, including Rasle, and destroyed the place, without the +loss of a man. This broke their power, but they continued to reside +there for many years, and gradually retired to the St. Francis,—the +last family migrating near the end of the last century.</p> + +<p>The Assagunticooks were a numerous tribe who inhabited the country along +the whole valley of the Androscoggin; and although their lands were not +occupied by whites, they were frequently bitter enemies, and were the +first to begin a war and the last to make peace. Their location gave +them easy access to the settlements, from Casco to Piscataqua, which +they improved to glut their thirst for blood and slaughter. About 1750 +they moved to Canada and joined the St. Francis tribe. They could then +muster about one hundred and fifty warriors, and being much the most +numerous tribe that emigrated there, it is supposed they had the +greatest influence, and that their dialect is more truly perpetuated +than any other in that confederacy.</p> + +<p>The Sokokis inhabited the country bordering on the Saco River, but were +mostly limited to its head waters. Their villages were located on the +alluvial lands in what is now Fryeburg, Me., and Conway, N. H. The +Pegwakets and Ossipees were either identical with or branches of this +tribe. In 1725 Capt. John Lovewell with about fifty soldiers, on a +scouting adventure in the vicinity, fell in with a war party of the +tribe, and a sanguinary battle ensued, disastrous to both parties. Their +chief, Paugus, was slain; +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +and within a short period the remainder of +the tribe, dispirited by their misfortunes, retired to Canada.</p> + +<p>The Pennacooks were probably the only occupants of the waters of the +Merrimac, and perhaps included nearly all the nations who resided in +what is now the State of New Hampshire. Their principal residence was at +Amoskeag Falls, the site of the present manufacturing city of +Manchester. It is usual to name the Pennatuckets, Wambesitts, Souhegans, +and some others as tribes, but there can be no doubt they all owned +fealty to the head sagamore of the Pennacooks, and were only branches of +that tribe, as were all the Indians on the Piscataqua and its waters. It +is also probable the small band of Cowasacks, on the upper Connecticut, +were of this tribe. The Pennacooks must have been at one time a numerous +community, and were less warlike than any of the Abenaki race. It is +likely they were more disposed to cultivate the soil, and their +historian, Judge Potter, represents them as amiable and friendly to the +whites. Notwithstanding, they were the earliest emigrants to Canada. +They left their pleasant hunting grounds with regret, and often returned +to cultivate their ancient fields; but few of them resided permanently +there after about 1700.</p> + +<p>It is proper to add to the names of the original Abenaki tribes, that of +the Malacite or Amalecite, who have always resided on the St. John. It +is not known that any part of this tribe emigrated to Canada with those +of Maine, but in 1828 about thirty families emigrated there, and settled +on a branch of the River Verte. But the largest part still reside in New +Brunswick.</p> + +<p>We come now to trace the emigration of the Abenakis to the banks of the +St. Lawrence. As the Jesuits had been in constant communication with the +tribes in Maine for more than half a century, the Indians had learned +the way to Quebec, and it is probable that during Philip’s war some of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +the tribes obtained arms and ammunition from that place. During this war +the Pennacooks, under the influence of their chief, Wonnolancet, had +remained neutral, and in July, 1676, at Chocheco, signed with some +others a treaty of perpetual peace. Still, the feeling of the whites was +so strong against all the race, that they placed little reliance on +their former good conduct or present promises. A few months after this +treaty, they induced a large number of Indians, from the various tribes, +to come to the same place, and where all the militia of the provinces +had assembled, and while professing to practice some sham evolutions, +the Indians were suddenly surrounded and captured. Many of the prisoners +so treacherously obtained were executed, and others sold into slavery +for having been in arms against the whites.</p> + +<p>Although Wonnolancet and his tribe were discharged, this breach of faith +must have taught him that he could not rely on the white man’s promise, +and that neither he nor his tribe was safe on the Merrimac. With this +feeling he, with a part of them, left for Canada in the autumn of 1677. +Although he subsequently returned to visit his former hunting and +fishing grounds, his real home was, for the remainder of his life, near +Quebec, and he with his band became the nucleus of the Indian settlement +there; but it is not apparent that he was at any period the enemy of the +English.</p> + +<p>In the course of the war, nearly all the tribes in New England had been +more or less involved in it. The colonists now looked upon them as a +conquered race of heathen, and that their duty was to drive them out, +and enjoy their lands in the manner of the Israelites of old. On the +other hand, the Indians who had made terms of peace, having now for the +first time realized that they had not the ability to cope with the +English in war, and could not trust their friendship in peace, naturally +looked to the French as the protectors of their villages and hunting +grounds. Many of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +them were willing to place themselves and their +families under their care.</p> + +<p>Therefore the Jesuits, who had for a long time been their spiritual, and +often their temporal advisers, began to turn the steps of the broken and +scattered remnants of the tribes who had suffered most in the war, to +the feeble settlement of the Pennacooks, near Quebec, and as early as +1685, the Governor of that colony granted a tract of land at a place +called Côte de Lauzon, opposite that city, for their use. Up to the +commencement of the war, a considerable number of Indians had continued +to reside on the Connecticut river, above Northampton; they had fought +against the whites, and at the death of Philip, fled and took up their +abode at Scauticook, above Albany, and were afterwards increased by +additions from other tribes.</p> + +<p>After a few years, the government of New York became desirous of being +rid of such neighbors, whom they could not trust or control, and induced +them to remove to Canada, where most of them were settled before the +close of that century, with or near the Pennacooks.</p> + +<p>Early in the eighteenth century, the numbers of refugee Indians +attracted the attention of the Governor of Canada, and as the whole of +the French population of that colony did not then number ten thousand +souls, he saw they would materially add to the strength of his command, +and could be used most effectually against the frontiers of New England. +He therefore took measures to give them a home there. As the grant near +Quebec was found not adapted to their needs and condition, probably from +its close contiguity to that city, two convenient tracts of land were +granted for their use; the first bears date Aug. 23, 1700, the second, +May 10, 1701. These were on the St. Francis river, which has given a +name to the tribe. In 1704 another settlement of refugees from New +England received a grant of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +land at a place called Beçancour, near +Three Rivers, and during this year the Governor addressed a letter to +the ministry in France, giving his reasons for inducing the Abenakis to +settle in his colony, and from this period it was a constant policy to +encourage their immigration there, for more than half a century.</p> + +<p>Here was the place where parties were to be fitted out to carry war, +destruction, and misery to the frontiers of New England.</p> + +<p>In 1704 these Indians piloted a body of French to the vicinity of their +former homes, on the Connecticut, and entirely destroyed Deerfield. The +writer not long since conversed with an ancient member of this tribe, +who claimed to be the great grandson of Esther Williams, daughter of +Rev. John Williams, who was, with his family, captured at that time. In +1707 this tribe, piloted by the Pennacooks down the Merrimac, destroyed +Haverhill, murdering and capturing most of its inhabitants. It would +fill a volume to relate the bloody tragedies acted and instigated by +this tribe; it seems almost incredible that any people could exist for a +generation amidst such repeated incursions of a relentless enemy.</p> + +<p>In November, 1724, Vaudreuil, Governor General of Canada, addressed an +urgent letter to the Minister of War in France, giving an account of the +attack on Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle, with a full +account of the losses and sufferings of that tribe, and asking for a +grant of ammunition, guns, and blankets to supply their losses, and +enable them to make war on the English settlements. He also gives a +particular account of the condition of the Abenakis, and says, “of all +the Indians in New France, they are in a position to render the most +service; this nation consists of five villages, which number, +altogether, about five hundred warriors. Two of these villages are situated +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +on the St. Lawrence, near Three Rivers—one below that town +called Beçancour, the other ten leagues above, called St. Francis, the +three others are in the direction of Acadie, called Narantsouak, on the +River Kanibekky, Panagamsdé, on the Pentagouet (Penobscot), and +Medocteck, on the River St. John. These three villages have different +routes, each by its own river, whereby they can reach Quebeck in a few +days.”<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>In April, 1725, a delegation of three gentlemen visited Montreal with a +letter from the Governor of Massachusetts, in reply to one addressed to +him some months previously by M. Vaudreuil, relative to the attack at +Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle. They demanded that the +prisoners held by the Abenakis should be given up, and a perpetual peace +established.</p> + +<p>The Indians, who were entirely under the influence of the French, were +extremely haughty in their language and deportment; they demanded that +the English should restore their lands, rebuild their church, which they +had destroyed at Norridgewock, and when asked what land they referred +to, said “that their land commenced at the River Gounitogon, otherwise +called the long river,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +which lies to the west beyond Boston, that +this river was formerly the boundary which separated the lands of the +Iroquois from those of the Abenakis, that according to this boundary, +Boston and the greater part of the English settlements east of it are in +Abenakis’ lands; that they would be justified in telling them to quit +there, but that they had considered that their settlements were +established and that they were still inclined to tolerate them; but they +demanded as an express condition of peace that the English should +abandon the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +country from one league beyond Saco River to Port Royal, +which was the line separating the lands of the Abenakis from those of +the Micmaks.”<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p>The Abenakis denied that they had ever sold any land to the English, and +when the latter claimed that much of it was theirs by a possession of +more than eighty years, and that this possession gave them a title, the +Indians replied, “We were in possession before you, for we have held it +from time immemorial.” The English delegates conceded that they did not +claim beyond the west bank of the Narantsouak (Kennebec), and that the +fort at St. George was built not by them, but by the government of Port +Royal.</p> + +<p>The meeting seems to have been unsatisfactory to the delegation, and no +treaty or arrangement was made. The French governor denied that they had +furnished the Indians with arms, or instigated them to attack the +English, although Vaudreuil’s letters to his government in France bear +abundant evidence that this was his constant policy.</p> + +<p>In the treaty with many of the tribes, held at Deerfield in 1735, the +St. Francis Indians were represented, and agreed to the arrangement for +perpetual peace; but a few years elapsed before they were again engaged +in their bloody pastime. War was declared against France in 1744, and +the Abenakis were soon hovering on the frontiers. In 1746, Keene and +Concord, in New Hampshire, felt their power, and many captives were +carried to Canada. In 1752 Capt. Phineas Stevens proceeded to Canada, as +a delegate from the governor of Massachusetts, to confer with the +Abenakis, and to redeem some prisoners they had in their possession. At +a conference had with them in the presence of the governor of Canada, +Atewaneto, the chief speaker, made an eloquent reply, in which he +charged the English with trespassing on their lands: he said, “We +acknowledge +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +no other land of yours than your settlements, wherever you +have built, and we will not consent, under any pretext, that you pass +beyond them. The lands we possess have been given us by the Great Master +of Life, we acknowledge to hold only from him.”</p> + +<p>In 1755 they were again in the field, and followed the French armies to +the head of Lake George, and carried terror into the new townships on +the Connecticut river. Some of their small parties at that late day +penetrated within sixty miles of the capital of New England. But these +long continued aggressions were soon to meet a fearful retribution. The +capture of Quebec, which gave North America to England, had changed the +relation of the Abenakis. Capt. Kennedy having been sent to their +villages with a flag of truce, was, with his whole party, made +prisoners. To chastise them for this outrage, as well as to retaliate +for their continued cruelty and murders on the defenseless frontier +settlements, Gen. Amherst dispatched the celebrated Major Rogers with a +detachment of his rangers to the villages on the St. Francis. Just +before daybreak, on the fifth of October, he surprised and killed at +least two hundred Indians, and burnt all their wigwams, plunder, and +effects. Rogers in his journal says: “To my own knowledge, in six years’ +time, the St. Francis Indians had killed and carried into captivity on +the frontiers of New England, four hundred persons; we found in the +town, hanging on poles over the doors &c., about six hundred scalps, +mostly English.”</p> + +<p>The power of the tribe for evil was gone, and we hear no more of them +till the Revolution, when their warriors followed Burgoyne to Saratoga, +where they again used the tomahawk and scalping knife, but when his +fortunes began to wane, they retired to the banks of the St. Lawrence. +Again in the war of 1812, they joined the English, but their +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>numbers +were few, and after a brief campaign, they, for the last time, retraced +their steps to their own homes.</p> + +<p>A few more remarks will close the history of this tribe, once the terror +of New England.</p> + +<p>The present condition of the Abenakis is given in a report made in 1858 +to the Legislative Assembly of Canada. This states that the tribe on the +St. Francis has diminished to three hundred and eighty-seven persons; +they live mainly by agriculture, but everything is done in so rude a +way, that they gather but scanty crops. Part of them, through the +exertions of one of their own number, have been induced to discard their +ancient faith, and are now professed Methodists. This change has +involved the tribe in continual feuds and difficulties, which will +prevent any improvement, and will probably lead to a permanent division +and removal of one of the parties. They often undergo much privation for +want of proper food and other necessaries of life. The portion of the +tribe at Beçancour presents a still more degraded condition. There +remain but thirty families, in all one hundred and seventy-two +individuals. They still remain Roman Catholics, have no schools, and +seem to have reached the extreme of misery and destitution, and so +completely have this people intermixed, that their missionary writes, +“he does not know of a single pure Abenaki among them.”</p> + +<p>The vocabulary now published is copied from a small volume printed about +thirty years ago, entitled “Wobanaki Kimzowi Awighigan,” i.e. Abenaki +Spelling Book. It was procured by the writer with much difficulty, as it +was the only copy that could be obtained among them. It is supposed by +those qualified to judge, to be a fair specimen of the dialect formerly +spoken on the Androscoggin and Kennebec, although there are in it many +words originally borrowed from the French and English. From a memorandum +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +made when with them a few years since, the name of their +tribe, as near as can be written and pronounced in English, is +W’Banankee, accenting the last syllable.</p> + +<p>The treaties, now for the first time printed, are copied from the +original in the possession of the writer; they will be perused with +pleasure by those interested in antiquarian researches. But at the +present day it is difficult to realize the interest which these +proceedings and documents excited; they were often considered almost a +matter of life or death to the frontier settlers. It is apparent that +every chief had then his peculiar totem, or symbol. At a later period +this system was abandoned, and they used only a simple cross. Among the +chiefs who signed, is to be found the totem of Bombazeen and some +others, whose names are perpetuated in history for their bloody +exploits. The autographs annexed show the names of men then prominent in +both provinces, and some of them afterwards attained the highest +positions in political life.</p> + +<p>The vocabularies and treaties are now submitted for publication by +request of the Maine Historical Society.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Boston, August, 1859.</span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> +<h2>EXTRACTS FROM A SPELLING-BOOK IN THE ABENAKI LANGUAGE.</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">published in boston in 1830, and called “kimzowi awighigan,” the +last word being the term for book.</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 10%;" /> + +<p>The sounds of the vowels are represented in English according to the +following scheme.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Vowels.</em></span> <span style="margin-left: 5em;"><em>Sounded.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A</span> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">a</span> <span style="margin-left: 3em;">as <em>a</em> in father, psalm.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">E</span> <span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">e</span> <span style="margin-left: 2.9em;">as <em>e</em> in met, or in accident.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I</span> <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">i</span> <span style="margin-left: 3em;">as <em>ee</em> in seen, or <em>i</em> in machine.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">O</span> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">o</span> <span style="margin-left: 2.9em;">as <em>o</em> in note.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">U</span> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">u</span> <span style="margin-left: 3em;">as <em>u</em> in tube, cube; also used after <em>g</em>, as in language.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;">ŭ</span> <span style="margin-left: 3em;">as ŭ in cup, sun.</span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 10%;" /> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Nasal.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="u">O</span></span> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="u">o</span></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 10%;" /> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Dipthongs.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ai</span> <span style="margin-left: 1.3em;">ai</span> <span style="margin-left: 3.2em;">as <em>i</em> in pine, nine.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Au</span> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">au</span> <span style="margin-left: 3em;">as <em>ow</em> or <em>ou</em> in how, thou.</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 10%;" /> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Consonants.</em></span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Names.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">B</span> <span style="margin-left: 2.1em;">b</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">bi</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">D</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">d</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">di</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">g</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">gi</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">h</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">hi</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J</span> <span style="margin-left: 2.2em;">j</span> <span style="margin-left: 5em;">ji</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">K</span> <span style="margin-left: 1.9em;">k</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">ki</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">L</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">l</span> <span style="margin-left: 5.2em;">li</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">M</span> <span style="margin-left: 1.7em;">m</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">mi</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">N</span> <span style="margin-left: 1.8em;">n</span> <span style="margin-left: 5em;">ni</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">p</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.9em;">pi</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">s</span> <span style="margin-left: 5em;">si</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">T</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">t</span> <span style="margin-left: 5.1em;">ti</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">W</span> <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">w</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">wi</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Z</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">z</span> <span style="margin-left: 5em;">zi</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">CH</span> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">ch</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">chi</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 10%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Ch<span class="u">o</span>ls—cricket<br /> +kots—goat<br /> +kask—cap<br /> +pots—boot<br /> +mskakw—swamp<br /> +nbes—lake<br /> +mskask—spruce<br /> +paks—box<br /> +mke zen—shoe<br /> +sop—soap<br /> +sen—stone<br /> +tlaps—trap<br /> +win—marrow<br /> +wchat—sinew<br /> +wli—good<br /> +ne bi—water<br /> +cha kwa—this morning<br /> +chi ga—when<br /> +chbi wi—apart<br /> +chig naz—thorn plum<br /> +cho wi—must be, certain<br /> +pa skwa—noon<br /> +pla nikw—flying squirrel<br /> +pi han—rope<br /> +psig ia—half<br /> +kokw—kettle<br /> +k<span class="u">o</span>gw—porcupine<br /> +pins—pin<br /> +skog—snake<br /> +piz—pea<br /> +nbis—little water<br /> +pigs—hog<br /> +moz—moose<br /> +kwat—cup<br /> +swip—jew<br /> +sips—a fowl<br /> +wins—black birch<br /> +wskan—bone<br /> +a sokw—cloud<br /> +wk<span class="u">o</span>t—leg<br /> +cha kwat—daylight<br /> +cha ga—now then<br /> +chi bai—ghost<br /> +chog lŭskw—black bird<br /> +chan naps—turnip<br /> +chbo sa—walks apart<br /> +pne k<span class="u">o</span>kw—sandy hill<br /> +p<span class="u">o</span> bakw—a bog<br /> +pe guis—a gnat<br /> +psi gaskw—board<br /> +psan ta—full<br /> +to s<span class="u">o</span>n—a shed<br /> +ta lin—earthen basin<br /> +sko tam—trout<br /> +ski ia—raw<br /> +o-kwa—maggot<br /> +ska mon—corn<br /> +ska kwam—green stick<br /> +mski ko—grass<br /> +psa na wi—full of<br /> +ab <span class="u">o</span>n—cake<br /> +as ma—not yet<br /> +a ses—horse<br /> +akw bi—rum<br /> +a wip—pith<br /> +a la—or<br /> +ap les—apple<br /> +ak ikw—seal<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +as ban—raccoon<br /> +al wa—almost<br /> +ki k<span class="u">o</span>n—field<br /> +ko wa—pine tree<br /> +ki zos—sun<br /> +kda hla—it sinks<br /> +ka ia—thick milk<br /> +kchim li—chimney<br /> +kchin bes—great lake<br /> +psan ba—full<br /> +psa nikw—black squirrel<br /> +sig wit—widower<br /> +ska hla—raw hide<br /> +te go—wave<br /> +ski bakw—green leaf<br /> +ska wakw—fresh meat<br /> +mska ta—lily root<br /> +msko da—prairie<br /> +kzab da—hot<br /> +ab on—bed<br /> +as kan—horn<br /> +al akws—star<br /> +al ikws—pismire<br /> +am kw<span class="u">o</span>n—spoon<br /> +ag askw—woodchuck<br /> +a zip—sheep<br /> +ak sen—ox<br /> +a kwan—bitter, acrid<br /> +kas ko—crane<br /> +pe laz—pigeon<br /> +kas ta—how many times<br /> +ka oz—cow<br /> +ka akw—gull<br /> +k<span class="u">o</span> jo—vein<br /> +kchi tŭkw—great river<br /> +ki zokw—day<br /> +w<span class="u">o</span> wan—an egg<br /> +wa bi—buttock<br /> +wi bit—tooth<br /> +wdel li—shoulder<br /> +wŭch <span class="u">o</span>l—nose<br /> +wig bi—stringy bark<br /> +wle guan—wing<br /> +wa japkw—root<br /> +wcha too—sinewy<br /> +wskat gua—forehead<br /> +wli gen—good<br /> +wi noz—onion<br /> +w<span class="u">o</span> bi—white<br /> +wa guan—heel<br /> +wŭt tep—head<br /> +wta wakw—ear<br /> +wsi sŭkw—eye<br /> +wdo lo—kidney<br /> +wig w<span class="u">o</span>m—house, camp<br /> +wa dap—root to sew with<br /> +Wd<span class="u">o</span> w<span class="u">o</span>—Autawa Indian<br /> +wŭt tŭn—mouth<br /> +wji ia—belonging to<br /> +wlo gas—leather string<br /> +wla nikw—fisher<br /> +wikw kwa—thigh<br /> +wa chil—oak nut<br /> +wha gakw—a scalp<br /> +wha ga—body<br /> +wpa nak—lights<br /> +wa laskw—husk<br /> +w<span class="u">o</span>l kaa—hollow place<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +wzŭkw na—tail<br /> +wi zi—gall, bile<br /> +w<span class="u">o</span> boz—elk<br /> +w<span class="u">o</span>kw ses—fox<br /> +wi os—flesh<br /> +ma wia—better<br /> +s<span class="u">o</span>g m<span class="u">o</span>—chief<br /> +a wan—air<br /> +ki zi—already<br /> +msi wi—largely<br /> +wski a—new<br /> +sikw hla—hail<br /> +kwa nak—length<br /> +ta bat—enough<br /> +mat guas—rabbit<br /> +mkwi gen—red<br /> +tau b<span class="u">o</span> gan—large trough<br /> +tlap s<span class="u">o</span> bi—trap chain<br /> +ska h<span class="u">o</span> gan—a forked post<br /> +wlag zi—bowels<br /> +wa jo—mountain<br /> +wji g<span class="u">o</span>n—desolate camp<br /> +wdol ka—breast, stomach<br /> +wi ka—fat<br /> +wl<span class="u">o</span> da—hot weather<br /> +w<span class="u">o</span> lakw—hole<br /> +wja kwam—but end<br /> +wl<span class="u">o</span>m ka—fine grainy<br /> +wski gen—young vegetable<br /> +wzi dakw—handle<br /> +wne kikw—otter<br /> +wa gin—wagon<br /> +pil tal—lead<br /> +kchi ia—aged person<br /> +pa g<span class="u">o</span>n—nut<br /> +a chi—also<br /> +ng<span class="u">o</span>n ia—old<br /> +m<span class="u">o</span> gis—monkey<br /> +wdŭp kwan—hair<br /> +wa ji—for, to<br /> +s<span class="u">o</span> ga—lobster<br /> +piz wat—good for nothing<br /> +kl<span class="u">o</span> gan—door<br /> +tip wa bel—pepper<br /> +ska w<span class="u">o</span> gan—standing<br /> +skip w<span class="u">o</span> gan—eating raw<br /> +chi t<span class="u">o</span> ba hi gan—a wedge<br /> +chi ba gi n<span class="u">o</span> guat—looks very bad<br /> +chi ba i skwet ta—ignis fatuus<br /> +chi git wa hi gan—razor<br /> +p<span class="u">i</span> mi zig ni gan—withe<br /> +pok ja na hwi ka—stumpy<br /> +psakw dam ni mo zi—blackberry bush<br /> +tb<span class="u">o</span> bak hi gan—pair of scales, steelyard<br /> +ska mon ta hi gan—corn meal<br /> +skas kwat si gan—green dye<br /> +a lo ka w<span class="u">o</span> gan—a work, labor<br /> +al n<span class="u">o</span> ba w<span class="u">o</span> gan—human nature, birth<br /> +sa n<span class="u">o</span> ba w<span class="u">o</span> gan—manhood<br /> +a za wa skwi gen—square<br /> +a ba kwa w<span class="u">o</span> gan—act of covering with a roof<br /> +a ses si ga mikw—stable<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +am kw<span class="u">o</span> ni no da—spoon basket<br /> +a ses w<span class="u">o</span> bi al—harness<br /> +a za t<span class="u">o</span> i wi—backwards<br /> +kin ja mes w<span class="u">o</span> gan—majesty<br /> +ka dos mo w<span class="u">o</span> gan—act of drinking, a drink<br /> +kba hod wi ga mikw—jail<br /> +ki wi tam w<span class="u">o</span> gan—hint<br /> +ki ta das w<span class="u">o</span> gan—act of sharpening by grinding<br /> +ki no ho ma sin—preaching<br /> +kin ja mes sis kwa—queen<br /> +ka o zi ga mikw—barn<br /> +ka wzo wah di gan—sleigh<br /> +ka sij wa hi gan—dish towel<br /> +po da wa w<span class="u">o</span> gan—act of blowing<br /> +p<span class="u">o</span> l<span class="u">o</span> ba w<span class="u">o</span> gan—pride<br /> +piz wa gi zo—he reads for nothing<br /> +pi da hla gu<span class="u">o</span> gan—scabbard<br /> +pkwes sa ga hi gan—key<br /> +p<span class="u">o</span> ba tam w<span class="u">o</span> gan—religion<br /> +p<span class="u">o</span> ba tam win no—religious person<br /> +pa pa hwij wi ia—tin<br /> +pa pa hwij wi jo—tin basin<br /> +pa pi tom k<span class="u">o</span> gan—a plaything<br /> +nkes k<span class="u">o</span>g w<span class="u">o</span> gan—nightmare<br /> +ni mat gua hi gan—a fork<br /> +no da hla go kat—blacksmith<br /> +no ji m<span class="u">o</span> ni kat—silversmith<br /> +no ji pak si kat—box maker<br /> +no da wig hi gat—notary, writer<br /> +no ji na mas kat—fisher<br /> +no da ma gu<span class="u">o</span> gan—spear<br /> +o l<span class="u">o</span> wat si gan—blue dye<br /> +<span class="u">o</span> do lib i<span class="u">o</span> gan—oar<br /> +po da woz win no—counsellor<br /> +po da waz w<span class="u">o</span> gan—council<br /> +mos kwal dam w<span class="u">o</span> gan—anger<br /> +mi ga ka w<span class="u">o</span> gan—act of fighting<br /> +mka za wat si gan—copperas<br /> +si gua na hi gan—skim-milk<br /> +tmo kwa ta hi gan—sword<br /> +les sa ga hi gan—trunk<br /> +wi la wig win no—rich person</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDIAN TREATIES.</h2> + + +<p>At Portsmouth, in her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> Province of New Hampshire, in New +England, the thirteenth day of July, in the twelfth year of the Reign of +our Sovereign Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, +and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the faith, &c. <span style="margin-left: 10em;">[1713]</span></p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">the submission and agreement of the eastern indians.</span></p> + +<p>Whereas for some years last past We have made a breach of our Fidelity +and Loyalty to the Crowns of Great Britain, and have made open Rebellion +against her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> Subjects, the English inhabitants in the +Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other of her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> Territories in +New England, and being now sensible of the miseryes which We & our +people are reduced thereunto thereby, We whose names are here +subscribed, being Delegates of all the Indians belonging to Norrigawake, +Narrakamegock, Amasacontoog, Pigwocket, Penecook, & to all other Indian +Plantations situated on the Rivers of St. Johns, Penobscot, Kenybeck, +Amascogon, Saco, & Merimack, & all other Indian Plantations lying +between the s<sup>d</sup> Rivers of St. Johns and Merimack, Parts of her +Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, within +her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> Sovereignty, having made application to his Excellency, +Joseph Dudley, Esq<sup>re</sup>, Captain General & Govern<sup>r</sup> in Chief in and +over the s<sup>d</sup> Provinces, That the Troubles which we have unhappily +raised or occasioned against her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> subjects, the English, & +ourselves, may cease & have an end, & that we may enjoy her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> +Grace & Favor, and each of us Respectively, for ourselves & in the name +& with the free consent of all the Indians belonging to the several +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>Rivers and places aforesaid, & all other Indians within the s<sup>d</sup> +Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, hereby +acknowledging ourselves the lawfull subjects of our Sovereign Lady, +Queen Anne, and promising our hearty Subjection & Obediance unto the +Crown of Great Britain, doe solemnly Covenant, promise, & agree to & +with the s<sup>d</sup> Joseph Dudley, Esq., Govern<sup>r</sup>, and all such as shall +hereafter be in the place of Capt. General and Govern<sup>r</sup> in Chief of +the aforesaid Provinces or territories on her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> behalf, in +manner following. That is to say:</p> + +<p>That at all times forever, from and after the date of these presents, we +will cease and forbear all acts of hostility toward all the subjects of +the crown of Great Britain, and not to offer the least hurt or violence +to them or any of them in their persons or estates, but will honor, +forward, hold, & maintain a firm & constant amity & friendship with all +the English, and will not entertain any Treasonable Conspiracy with any +other Nation to their Disturbance.</p> + +<p>That her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> Subjects, the English, shall & may peaceably & +quietly enter upon, improve, & forever enjoy, all and singular their +Rights of Land & former Settlements, Properties, & possesions, within +the Eastern Parts of the s<sup>d</sup> Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and +New Hampshire, together with all the Islands, Islets, Shoars, Beaches, & +Fisheries within the same, without any molestation or claims by us or +any other Indians, And be in no wais molested, interrupted, or disturbed +therein. Saving unto the s<sup>d</sup> Indians their own Grounds, & free liberty +for Hunting, Fishing, Fowling, and all other their Lawful Liberties & +Privileges, as on the Eleventh day of August, in the year of our Lord +God One thousand six hundred & ninety-three.</p> + +<p>That for mutual Safety & Benefit, all Trade & Comerce which hereafter +may be allowed betwixt the English & Indians shall be in such places & +under such management <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>& regulations as shall be stated by her +Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> Governments of the s<sup>d</sup> Provinces respectively. And to +prevent mischiefs & inconveniencies the Indians shall not be allowed, +for the present, & until they have liberty from the respective +Governments, to come near to any English Plantations or Settlements on +this side of Saco River.</p> + +<p>That if any Controversy or Difference at any time hereafter happen to +arise betwixt any of the English or Indians, for any real or supposed +wrong or injury done on the one side or the other, no Private Revenge +shall be taken by the Indians for the same, but proper application shall +be made to her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> Government, upon the place, for remedy +thereof, in our Course of Justice, We hereby submitting ourselves to be +ruled & Governed by her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> Laws, & desire to have the protection +& benefit of the same.</p> + +<p>We confess that we have, contrary to all faith and justice, broken our +articles with S<sup>r</sup> William Phipps, Governour, made in the year of our +Lord God 1693, and with the Earl of Bellemont, Govern<sup>r</sup>, made in the +year of our Lord God 1699, And the assurance we gave to his Excellency, +Joseph Dudley, Esq<sup>re</sup>, Governor, in the years of our Lord God 1702, in +the month of August, and 1703, in the month of July, notwithstanding we +have been well treated by the s<sup>d</sup> Governors; and we resolve for the +future not to be drawn into any perfidious Treaty or Correspondence, to +the hurt of any of the subjects of her Maj<sup>ty</sup> the Queen of Great +Britain, and if we know of any such we will seasonably reveal it to the +English.</p> + +<p>Wherefore, we whose names are hereunto subscribed, Delegates for the +several tribes of the Indians, belonging unto the River of Kenybeck, +Amarascogen, St. Johns, Saco, & Merrimac, & parts adjacent, being +sensible of our great offence & folly in not complying with the +afores<sup>d</sup> Submission & agreements, and also of the sufferings & +mischiefs that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> we have thereby exposed ourselves unto, do, in all +humble & submisive manner, cast ourselves upon her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> mercy for +the pardon of all our past rebellions, hostilities, and Violations of +our promises, praying to be received unto her Maj<sup>ty’s</sup> Grace & +Protection. And for & on behalfe of ourselves, and of all other the +Indians belonging to the several Rivers and places afores<sup>d</sup>, within +the Sovereignty of her Maj<sup>ty</sup> of Great Britain, do again acknowledge & +profess our hearty and sinceer obedience unto the Crown of Great +Britain, and do solemnly renew, ratify, and confirm all & every of the +articles & agreements contained in the former and present submission.</p> + +<p>This Treaty to be humbly laid before her Maj<sup>ty</sup>, for her ratification +and farther orders. In Witness whereof, We, the Delegates afore<sup>sd</sup>, by +name, Kireberuit, Iteansis, and Jackoit, for Penobscot, Joseph and +Eneas, for St. Johns, Waracansit, Wedaranaquin, and Bomoseen, for +Kennebeck, have hereunto set our hands & seals, the day and year first +above written.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +<span class="smcap">Signed, Sealed, & Delivered</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smcap">in the presence of</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/025.png" width="500" height="289" alt="signatures" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/026.png" width="500" height="710" alt="signatures" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/027.png" width="500" height="731" alt="signatures" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/028.png" width="500" height="780" alt="signatures" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> +<p>At Portsmouth, in her Maj<sup>tie’s</sup> Province of New Hampshire, in New +England, the 28th Day of July, in the thirteenth year of our Sovereign +Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, +Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c. <span style="margin-left: 12em;">[1714]</span></p> + +<p>The several Articles of the foregoing sheet, after a long Conference +with the Delegates of the Eastern Indians, were read to them, & the +sense & meaning thereof explained by two faithful, sworn Interpreters, +and accordingly signed by every of the Sachems and Delegates that were +not present & had not signed the last year.</p> + +<p>In the Presence of his Excellency the Governour, and his Excellency +General Nicholson, & the Gentlemen of Her Maj<sup>tie’s</sup> Councills for the +Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay & New Hampshire, & other Gentlemen.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Signed, Sealed, & Delivered</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smcap">in presence of us</span>,</p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/029.png" width="500" height="359" alt="signatures" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/030.png" width="500" height="345" alt="signatures" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/031.png" width="500" height="344" alt="signatures" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/032.png" width="500" height="718" alt="signatures" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<h2>TREATY OF 1717.</h2> + + +<p>Georgetown, on Arrowsick Island, in his Majesty’s Province of the +Massachusetts Bay in New England, the 12th Day of August 1717, in the +fourth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George, by the Grace of +God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, +&c.</p> + +<p>We, the Subscribers, being Sachems and Chief men of the several Tribes +of Indians belonging to Kennebeck, Penobscut, Pegwackit, Saco, and +other, the Eastern Parts of his Majesty’s Province afores<sup>d</sup>, having +had the several Articles of the foregoing Treaty distinctly read and +Interpreted to us by a Sworn Interpreter at this time, do Approve of, +Recognize, Ratify, and Confirm all and every the said Articles, +(excepting only the <em>fourth</em> and <em>fifth</em> articles, which relate to the +restraint and limitation of Trade and Commerce, which is now otherwise +managed.)</p> + +<p>And whereas, some rash and inconsiderate Persons amongst us, have +molested some of our good fellow Subjects, the English, in the +Possession of their Lands, and otherwise illtreated them;—We do +disapprove & condemn the same,—and freely consent that our English +friends shall possess, enjoy & improve all the Lands which they have +formerly possessed, and all which they have obtained a right & title +unto, Hoping it will prove of mutual and reciprocal benefit and +advantage to them & us, that they Cohabit with us.</p> + +<p>In testimony and perpetual memory whereof, We have hereunto set our +hands & seals, in behalf of ourselves and of the several Tribes of +Indians that have delegated us to appear for, & represent them the day +and year aforementioned.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 5em;"> +<span class="smcap">Nudggumboit</span> <span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">X Sign. }</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Abissanehraw</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">X Sign. }</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Kennebeck.</em></span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Umguinnawas</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">X Sign. }</span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 5em;"> +<span class="smcap">Awohaway</span> <span style="margin-left: 3.3em;">X Sign. }</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Paquaharet</span> <span style="margin-left: 3em;">X Sign. }</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Kennebeck.</em></span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Cæsar</span> <span style="margin-left: 5.6em;">X Sign. }</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 5em;"> +<span class="smcap">Lerebenuit</span> <span style="margin-left: 3.9em;">X Sign. }</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Ohanumbames</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">X Sign. }</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Penobscut.</em></span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Segunki</span> <span style="margin-left: 5.1em;">X Sign. }</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 5em;"> +<span class="smcap">Adeawando</span> <span style="margin-left: 3.2em;">X Sign. }</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Pegwackit.</em></span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Scaweso</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.6em;">X Sign. }</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 5em;"> +<span class="smcap">Moxus</span> <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">X Sign. }</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Bommazeen</span> <span style="margin-left: 3.3em;">X Sign. }</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Capt. Sam</span> <span style="margin-left: 3.8em;">X Sign. }</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Nagucawen</span> <span style="margin-left: 3.1em;">X Sign. }</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Kennebeck.</em></span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Summehawis</span> <span style="margin-left: 2.8em;">X Sign. }</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Wegwarumenet</span> <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">X Sign. }</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Terramuggus.</span> <span style="margin-left: 2.3em;">X Sign.</span> }</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 5em;"> +<span class="smcap">Sabadis</span> <span style="margin-left: 5em;">X Sign.</span> } <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Ammarascoggin.</em></span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Sam Humphries</span> <span style="margin-left: 1.8em;">X Sign.</span> }</p> + + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +<span class="smcap">Signed, Sealed, & Delivered, in presence of</span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/034.png" width="500" height="329" alt="signatures" title="" /> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/035.png" width="500" height="578" alt="signatures" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<h2>TOTEMS.</h2> + + +<p>The figures or emblems connected with the signatures of the Indians are +called, in the language of the Algonquins, <em>Totems</em>; and are the +distinguishing marks or signs of the clans or tribes into which the +various nations are divided. They are not the personal emblems of the +chiefs, although in signing treaties they employ them as their sign +manual. Each tribe or clan had its emblem, consisting of the figure of +some bird, beast, or reptile, and is distinguished by the name of the +animal which it has assumed as a device, as Wolf, Hawk, Tortoise. To +different totems, says Parkman in his “Conspiracy of Pontiac,” attach +different degrees of rank and dignity; and those of the Bear, the +Tortoise, and the Wolf are among the first in honor. Each man is proud +of his badge, jealously asserting its claim to respect. The use of the +totem prevailed among the southern, as well as the northern tribes; Mr. +Parkman says that Mr. Gallatin informed him, that he was told by the +chief of a Choctaw deputation at Washington, that in their tribe were +eight totemic clans, divided into two classes of four each.</p> + +<p>Mr. Parkman says again, in the work above cited, page 9, “But the main +stay of the Iroquois polity was the system of <em>totemship</em>. It was this +which gave the structure its elastic strength; and but for this, a mere +confederacy of jealous and warlike tribes must soon have been rent +asunder by shocks from without, or discord from within. At some early +period the Iroquois must have formed an individual nation; for the whole +people, irrespective of their separation into tribes, consisted of eight +totemic clans; and the members of each clan, to what nation soever they +belonged, were mutually bound to one another by those close ties of +fraternity which mark this singular institution. Thus the five nations +of the confederacy were bound together by an eight-fold band; and to +this hour their slender remnants cling to one another with invincible +tenacity.”</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For a pleasant and very well-written account of this tribe, +by Hon. Lorenzo Sabine, see the Christian Examiner for 1857.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Mr. Sabine has given their history in a truthful and +friendly communication to the Christian Examiner for 1852.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See N. Y. Colonial Documents, edited by E. B. O’Calligan, +LL. D.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Undoubtedly the Connecticut.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> N. Y. Colonial Documents, vol. ix.</p></div> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Abenaki Indians, by Frederic Kidder + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ABENAKI INDIANS *** + +***** This file should be named 25416-h.htm or 25416-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/4/1/25416/ + +Produced by Jeannie Howse, Chuck Greif, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Canadian Institute for +Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org)) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Abenaki Indians + Their Treaties of 1713 & 1717, and a Vocabulary + +Author: Frederic Kidder + +Release Date: May 10, 2008 [EBook #25416] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ABENAKI INDIANS *** + + + + +Produced by Jeannie Howse, Chuck Greif, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Canadian Institute for +Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org)) + + + + + + + Transcriber's Notes: + 1) Some treaty signatures are unclear and have been marked and/or + best-guessed. Original signature images can be seen in the html + version. + 2) The breve has been rendered as [)c] and the macron [o=] + 3) Text following ^ is superscripted. + 4) Unusual and inconsistent spelling of place/names have been left as + in the original. + + * * * * * + + + + + THE ABENAKI INDIANS; + + THEIR TREATIES OF 1713 & 1717, AND A VOCABULARY: + + WITH A + + HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. + + BY + + FREDERIC KIDDER, OF BOSTON. + + + PORTLAND: + PRINTED BY BROWN THURSTON. + 1859. + + + + +THE ABENAKI INDIANS. + + +The present spirit of inquiry into the early history of New England is +bringing forth additional facts and evolving new light, by which we are +every day seeing more clearly the true motive and incentives for its +colonization. But whenever the student turns to investigate the history +of the aboriginal tribes, who once inhabited this part of the country, +he is struck, not so much with the paucity of materials, as with the +complication and difficulties which our earlier and later writers have +thrown around the subject, as well as the very different light with +which they have viewed it. + +The first explorers of our coast, whose intercourse with the Indians was +limited to trading for furs and skins, seem to have had a much better +opinion of them than Mather, Hubbard, and some still later writers. It +is not to be supposed that while a large part of the population were +smarting from the distress of almost continued Indian wars, that even +the most candid could coolly investigate and impartially record the +history, character, and wants of such a people. But the time has +arrived, when, divesting ourselves of all prejudice, we can examine +carefully their true situation, and making allowance for their +condition, write their history with fairness and candor. + +The present sketch is confined to a brief notice of the tribes who +inhabited the territory now constituting the States of Maine and New +Hampshire, all of which may be considered as embraced under the name of +Abenakis, or more properly Wanbanakkie. It has often been supposed that +this name was given them by the French, but it is undoubtedly their +original appellation, being derived from Wanbanban, which may be defined +the people of aurora borealis or northern light. + +It is only now intended to sketch their earlier history, and to trace +the various emigrations to the present residence of the Abenakis proper, +in Canada; and viewing this tribe as the living representative of our +extinct ones, to consider its interesting history, so clearly connected +with New England frontier life, although most of that history is but a +record of war and wretchedness. + +The celebrated discoverer, Capt. John Smith, in his general history, +furnishes the earliest and most reliable description of the Indians on +the coast of Maine, as they were in 1614; other writers give accounts of +tribes there, some of which it is difficult to distinguish or locate; +but it may be best to consider all that were residing in the two States +above-mentioned as embraced in about eight distinct tribes, namely: +Penobscots or Tarrentines, Passamaquodies or Sybayks, Wawenocks, +Norridgewoks or Canibas, Assagunticooks, Sokokis or Pequakets, +Pennacooks, Malacites or St. Johns. + +The Penobscots[1] were probably the most numerous and influential tribe. +Their chief or bashaba was said to have been acknowledged as a superior +as far as Massachusetts Bay. They occupied the country on both sides of +the Penobscot Bay and River; their summer resort being near the sea, but +during the winter and spring they inhabited lands near the falls, where +they still reside. It is somewhat strange to find a tribe numbering +about five hundred still remaining in their ancient abode, and, though +surrounded by whites, retaining their language, religion, and many of +the habits and customs of centuries past, with a probability of +perpetuating them for ages to come. Their name is from _penobsq_, rock, +and _utoret_, a place, literally, rocky-place,--which no doubt refers to +the rocky falls in the river near their residence. It is not supposed +that many of this tribe emigrated to Canada, although they had constant +intercourse with that country. + + [1] For a pleasant and very well-written account of this tribe, by Hon. + Lorenzo Sabine, see the Christian Examiner for 1857. + +The Passamaquodies were found occupying the northeastern corner of +Maine, if, as it is generally supposed, they are the descendants of +those seen and described by De Monts, who spent the winter of 1604 near +their present head-quarters. Their subsequent history for more than a +century was but a blank, as in all that time they are not mentioned by +any writer, or named in any of the treaties, till after the conquest of +Canada. This omission is certainly strange, as in the ones of 1713 and +1717 now published in this volume, mere fragments of tribes are named +and represented. + +Still, if any reliance can be placed on their own traditions, they had +resided for generations previous to the Revolution around the lower +Schoodic Lake, where the recent discovery of stone hatchets and other +implements of an ancient make would seem to verify their assertions. +They also point out the place of a fight with the Mohawks, who two +centuries ago carried terror into all the Indian villages from Carolina +to the Bay of Fundy. It is probable that from their distant inland and +secluded position, as well as their limited numbers, they were in no way +connected with the various wars which the other tribes waged against the +colonists, and so were unnoticed. As their residence on the lake was +nearer Machias than any other available point on the sea coast, it may +be that to trade with this people the trading house was established +there by the Plymouth Colony, in 1630, and they were often called the +Machias Indians. Although their intercourse has long continued with +Canada, up to this time they have sent no emigrants there. They number +at present between four and five hundred souls, and still adhere to the +religious forms taught them by the Jesuits. This tribe designate +themselves by the name of Sybayk.[2] + + [2] Mr. Sabine has given their history in a truthful and friendly + communication to the Christian Examiner for 1852. + +The Wawenocks were located on the sea-coast, and inhabited the country +from the Sheepscot to the St. George; they are quite fully described by +Capt. John Smith, who had much intercourse with them. From their +situation on the rivers and harbors, they were much sooner disturbed by +the settlements than any other of the tribes in Maine. In 1747 there +were but a few families remaining. At the treaty at Falmouth, in 1749, +they were associated with the Assagunticooks, among whom they were then +settled, and with whom they soon after removed to Canada. The Canibas or +Norridgewoks occupied the valley of the Kennebec, from the tide water to +its sources; their principal residence was at Norridgewock. Here the +Jesuit missionaries, at an early period, taught them their religious +faith, and by sharing with them their privations and hardships, obtained +a controlling influence over them. + +As they inhabited fertile intervale land, they gave more attention to +agriculture than any of the neighboring tribes, and appear to have been +originally more peaceably inclined towards the whites than some of their +neighbors. Residing so far inland, they were but little acquainted with +the prowess of the whites, and sent out their war parties to commit +murders and depredations on the unprotected settlers, without expecting +a retribution on their own heads. After a long succession of murders and +captures in the English settlements, by this tribe, instigated, as was +believed, by their priest, Sebastian Rasle, an expedition was sent +against them, consisting of about two hundred men, who killed about +thirty Indians, including Rasle, and destroyed the place, without the +loss of a man. This broke their power, but they continued to reside +there for many years, and gradually retired to the St. Francis,--the +last family migrating near the end of the last century. + +The Assagunticooks were a numerous tribe who inhabited the country along +the whole valley of the Androscoggin; and although their lands were not +occupied by whites, they were frequently bitter enemies, and were the +first to begin a war and the last to make peace. Their location gave +them easy access to the settlements, from Casco to Piscataqua, which +they improved to glut their thirst for blood and slaughter. About 1750 +they moved to Canada and joined the St. Francis tribe. They could then +muster about one hundred and fifty warriors, and being much the most +numerous tribe that emigrated there, it is supposed they had the +greatest influence, and that their dialect is more truly perpetuated +than any other in that confederacy. + +The Sokokis inhabited the country bordering on the Saco River, but were +mostly limited to its head waters. Their villages were located on the +alluvial lands in what is now Fryeburg, Me., and Conway, N. H. The +Pegwakets and Ossipees were either identical with or branches of this +tribe. In 1725 Capt. John Lovewell with about fifty soldiers, on a +scouting adventure in the vicinity, fell in with a war party of the +tribe, and a sanguinary battle ensued, disastrous to both parties. Their +chief, Paugus, was slain; and within a short period the remainder of +the tribe, dispirited by their misfortunes, retired to Canada. + +The Pennacooks were probably the only occupants of the waters of the +Merrimac, and perhaps included nearly all the nations who resided in +what is now the State of New Hampshire. Their principal residence was at +Amoskeag Falls, the site of the present manufacturing city of +Manchester. It is usual to name the Pennatuckets, Wambesitts, Souhegans, +and some others as tribes, but there can be no doubt they all owned +fealty to the head sagamore of the Pennacooks, and were only branches of +that tribe, as were all the Indians on the Piscataqua and its waters. It +is also probable the small band of Cowasacks, on the upper Connecticut, +were of this tribe. The Pennacooks must have been at one time a numerous +community, and were less warlike than any of the Abenaki race. It is +likely they were more disposed to cultivate the soil, and their +historian, Judge Potter, represents them as amiable and friendly to the +whites. Notwithstanding, they were the earliest emigrants to Canada. +They left their pleasant hunting grounds with regret, and often returned +to cultivate their ancient fields; but few of them resided permanently +there after about 1700. + +It is proper to add to the names of the original Abenaki tribes, that of +the Malacite or Amalecite, who have always resided on the St. John. It +is not known that any part of this tribe emigrated to Canada with those +of Maine, but in 1828 about thirty families emigrated there, and settled +on a branch of the River Verte. But the largest part still reside in New +Brunswick. + +We come now to trace the emigration of the Abenakis to the banks of the +St. Lawrence. As the Jesuits had been in constant communication with the +tribes in Maine for more than half a century, the Indians had learned +the way to Quebec, and it is probable that during Philip's war some of +the tribes obtained arms and ammunition from that place. During this war +the Pennacooks, under the influence of their chief, Wonnolancet, had +remained neutral, and in July, 1676, at Chocheco, signed with some +others a treaty of perpetual peace. Still, the feeling of the whites was +so strong against all the race, that they placed little reliance on +their former good conduct or present promises. A few months after this +treaty, they induced a large number of Indians, from the various tribes, +to come to the same place, and where all the militia of the provinces +had assembled, and while professing to practice some sham evolutions, +the Indians were suddenly surrounded and captured. Many of the prisoners +so treacherously obtained were executed, and others sold into slavery +for having been in arms against the whites. + +Although Wonnolancet and his tribe were discharged, this breach of faith +must have taught him that he could not rely on the white man's promise, +and that neither he nor his tribe was safe on the Merrimac. With this +feeling he, with a part of them, left for Canada in the autumn of 1677. +Although he subsequently returned to visit his former hunting and +fishing grounds, his real home was, for the remainder of his life, near +Quebec, and he with his band became the nucleus of the Indian settlement +there; but it is not apparent that he was at any period the enemy of the +English. + +In the course of the war, nearly all the tribes in New England had been +more or less involved in it. The colonists now looked upon them as a +conquered race of heathen, and that their duty was to drive them out, +and enjoy their lands in the manner of the Israelites of old. On the +other hand, the Indians who had made terms of peace, having now for the +first time realized that they had not the ability to cope with the +English in war, and could not trust their friendship in peace, naturally +looked to the French as the protectors of their villages and hunting +grounds. Many of them were willing to place themselves and their +families under their care. + +Therefore the Jesuits, who had for a long time been their spiritual, and +often their temporal advisers, began to turn the steps of the broken and +scattered remnants of the tribes who had suffered most in the war, to +the feeble settlement of the Pennacooks, near Quebec, and as early as +1685, the Governor of that colony granted a tract of land at a place +called Cote de Lauzon, opposite that city, for their use. Up to the +commencement of the war, a considerable number of Indians had continued +to reside on the Connecticut river, above Northampton; they had fought +against the whites, and at the death of Philip, fled and took up their +abode at Scauticook, above Albany, and were afterwards increased by +additions from other tribes. + +After a few years, the government of New York became desirous of being +rid of such neighbors, whom they could not trust or control, and induced +them to remove to Canada, where most of them were settled before the +close of that century, with or near the Pennacooks. + +Early in the eighteenth century, the numbers of refugee Indians +attracted the attention of the Governor of Canada, and as the whole of +the French population of that colony did not then number ten thousand +souls, he saw they would materially add to the strength of his command, +and could be used most effectually against the frontiers of New England. +He therefore took measures to give them a home there. As the grant near +Quebec was found not adapted to their needs and condition, probably from +its close contiguity to that city, two convenient tracts of land were +granted for their use; the first bears date Aug. 23, 1700, the second, +May 10, 1701. These were on the St. Francis river, which has given a +name to the tribe. In 1704 another settlement of refugees from New +England received a grant of land at a place called Becancour, near +Three Rivers, and during this year the Governor addressed a letter to +the ministry in France, giving his reasons for inducing the Abenakis to +settle in his colony, and from this period it was a constant policy to +encourage their immigration there, for more than half a century. + +Here was the place where parties were to be fitted out to carry war, +destruction, and misery to the frontiers of New England. + +In 1704 these Indians piloted a body of French to the vicinity of their +former homes, on the Connecticut, and entirely destroyed Deerfield. The +writer not long since conversed with an ancient member of this tribe, +who claimed to be the great grandson of Esther Williams, daughter of +Rev. John Williams, who was, with his family, captured at that time. In +1707 this tribe, piloted by the Pennacooks down the Merrimac, destroyed +Haverhill, murdering and capturing most of its inhabitants. It would +fill a volume to relate the bloody tragedies acted and instigated by +this tribe; it seems almost incredible that any people could exist for a +generation amidst such repeated incursions of a relentless enemy. + +In November, 1724, Vaudreuil, Governor General of Canada, addressed an +urgent letter to the Minister of War in France, giving an account of the +attack on Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle, with a full +account of the losses and sufferings of that tribe, and asking for a +grant of ammunition, guns, and blankets to supply their losses, and +enable them to make war on the English settlements. He also gives a +particular account of the condition of the Abenakis, and says, "of all +the Indians in New France, they are in a position to render the most +service; this nation consists of five villages, which number, +altogether, about five hundred warriors. Two of these villages are +situated on the St. Lawrence, near Three Rivers--one below that town +called Becancour, the other ten leagues above, called St. Francis, the +three others are in the direction of Acadie, called Narantsouak, on the +River Kanibekky, Panagamsde, on the Pentagouet (Penobscot), and +Medocteck, on the River St. John. These three villages have different +routes, each by its own river, whereby they can reach Quebeck in a few +days."[3] + + [3] See N. Y. Colonial Documents, edited by E. B. O'Calligan, LL. D. + +In April, 1725, a delegation of three gentlemen visited Montreal with a +letter from the Governor of Massachusetts, in reply to one addressed to +him some months previously by M. Vaudreuil, relative to the attack at +Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle. They demanded that the +prisoners held by the Abenakis should be given up, and a perpetual peace +established. + +The Indians, who were entirely under the influence of the French, were +extremely haughty in their language and deportment; they demanded that +the English should restore their lands, rebuild their church, which they +had destroyed at Norridgewock, and when asked what land they referred +to, said "that their land commenced at the River Gounitogon, otherwise +called the long river,[4] which lies to the west beyond Boston, that +this river was formerly the boundary which separated the lands of the +Iroquois from those of the Abenakis, that according to this boundary, +Boston and the greater part of the English settlements east of it are in +Abenakis' lands; that they would be justified in telling them to quit +there, but that they had considered that their settlements were +established and that they were still inclined to tolerate them; but they +demanded as an express condition of peace that the English should +abandon the country from one league beyond Saco River to Port Royal, +which was the line separating the lands of the Abenakis from those of +the Micmaks."[5] + + [4] Undoubtedly the Connecticut. + + [5] N. Y. Colonial Documents, vol. ix. + +The Abenakis denied that they had ever sold any land to the English, and +when the latter claimed that much of it was theirs by a possession of +more than eighty years, and that this possession gave them a title, the +Indians replied, "We were in possession before you, for we have held it +from time immemorial." The English delegates conceded that they did not +claim beyond the west bank of the Narantsouak (Kennebec), and that the +fort at St. George was built not by them, but by the government of Port +Royal. + +The meeting seems to have been unsatisfactory to the delegation, and no +treaty or arrangement was made. The French governor denied that they had +furnished the Indians with arms, or instigated them to attack the +English, although Vaudreuil's letters to his government in France bear +abundant evidence that this was his constant policy. + +In the treaty with many of the tribes, held at Deerfield in 1735, the +St. Francis Indians were represented, and agreed to the arrangement for +perpetual peace; but a few years elapsed before they were again engaged +in their bloody pastime. War was declared against France in 1744, and +the Abenakis were soon hovering on the frontiers. In 1746, Keene and +Concord, in New Hampshire, felt their power, and many captives were +carried to Canada. In 1752 Capt. Phineas Stevens proceeded to Canada, as +a delegate from the governor of Massachusetts, to confer with the +Abenakis, and to redeem some prisoners they had in their possession. At +a conference had with them in the presence of the governor of Canada, +Atewaneto, the chief speaker, made an eloquent reply, in which he +charged the English with trespassing on their lands: he said, "We +acknowledge no other land of yours than your settlements, wherever you +have built, and we will not consent, under any pretext, that you pass +beyond them. The lands we possess have been given us by the Great Master +of Life, we acknowledge to hold only from him." + +In 1755 they were again in the field, and followed the French armies to +the head of Lake George, and carried terror into the new townships on +the Connecticut river. Some of their small parties at that late day +penetrated within sixty miles of the capital of New England. But these +long continued aggressions were soon to meet a fearful retribution. The +capture of Quebec, which gave North America to England, had changed the +relation of the Abenakis. Capt. Kennedy having been sent to their +villages with a flag of truce, was, with his whole party, made +prisoners. To chastise them for this outrage, as well as to retaliate +for their continued cruelty and murders on the defenseless frontier +settlements, Gen. Amherst dispatched the celebrated Major Rogers with a +detachment of his rangers to the villages on the St. Francis. Just +before daybreak, on the fifth of October, he surprised and killed at +least two hundred Indians, and burnt all their wigwams, plunder, and +effects. Rogers in his journal says: "To my own knowledge, in six years' +time, the St. Francis Indians had killed and carried into captivity on +the frontiers of New England, four hundred persons; we found in the +town, hanging on poles over the doors &c., about six hundred scalps, +mostly English." + +The power of the tribe for evil was gone, and we hear no more of them +till the Revolution, when their warriors followed Burgoyne to Saratoga, +where they again used the tomahawk and scalping knife, but when his +fortunes began to wane, they retired to the banks of the St. Lawrence. +Again in the war of 1812, they joined the English, but their numbers +were few, and after a brief campaign, they, for the last time, retraced +their steps to their own homes. + +A few more remarks will close the history of this tribe, once the terror +of New England. + +The present condition of the Abenakis is given in a report made in 1858 +to the Legislative Assembly of Canada. This states that the tribe on the +St. Francis has diminished to three hundred and eighty-seven persons; +they live mainly by agriculture, but everything is done in so rude a +way, that they gather but scanty crops. Part of them, through the +exertions of one of their own number, have been induced to discard their +ancient faith, and are now professed Methodists. This change has +involved the tribe in continual feuds and difficulties, which will +prevent any improvement, and will probably lead to a permanent division +and removal of one of the parties. They often undergo much privation for +want of proper food and other necessaries of life. The portion of the +tribe at Becancour presents a still more degraded condition. There +remain but thirty families, in all one hundred and seventy-two +individuals. They still remain Roman Catholics, have no schools, and +seem to have reached the extreme of misery and destitution, and so +completely have this people intermixed, that their missionary writes, +"he does not know of a single pure Abenaki among them." + +The vocabulary now published is copied from a small volume printed about +thirty years ago, entitled "Wobanaki Kimzowi Awighigan," i.e. Abenaki +Spelling Book. It was procured by the writer with much difficulty, as it +was the only copy that could be obtained among them. It is supposed by +those qualified to judge, to be a fair specimen of the dialect formerly +spoken on the Androscoggin and Kennebec, although there are in it many +words originally borrowed from the French and English. From a +memorandum made when with them a few years since, the name of their +tribe, as near as can be written and pronounced in English, is +W'Banankee, accenting the last syllable. + +The treaties, now for the first time printed, are copied from the +original in the possession of the writer; they will be perused with +pleasure by those interested in antiquarian researches. But at the +present day it is difficult to realize the interest which these +proceedings and documents excited; they were often considered almost a +matter of life or death to the frontier settlers. It is apparent that +every chief had then his peculiar totem, or symbol. At a later period +this system was abandoned, and they used only a simple cross. Among the +chiefs who signed, is to be found the totem of Bombazeen and some +others, whose names are perpetuated in history for their bloody +exploits. The autographs annexed show the names of men then prominent in +both provinces, and some of them afterwards attained the highest +positions in political life. + +The vocabularies and treaties are now submitted for publication by +request of the Maine Historical Society. + + BOSTON, AUGUST, 1859. + + + + + EXTRACTS FROM A SPELLING-BOOK IN THE ABENAKI LANGUAGE. + + PUBLISHED IN BOSTON IN 1830, AND CALLED "KIMZOWI AWIGHIGAN," + THE LAST WORD BEING THE TERM FOR BOOK. + + +The sounds of the vowels are represented in English according to the +following scheme. + + _Vowels._ _Sounded._ + + A a as _a_ in father, psalm. + E e as _e_ in met, or in accident. + I i as _ee_ in seen, or _i_ in machine. + O o as _o_ in note. + U u as _u_ in tube, cube; also used after _g_, as in language. + [)u] as [)u] in cup, sun. + + + _Nasal._ + + [O=] [o=] + + + _Dipthongs._ + + Ai ai as _i_ in pine, nine. + Au au as _ow_ or _ou_ in how, thou. + + + _Consonants._ _Names._ + + B b bi + D d di + G g gi + H h hi + J j ji + K k ki + L l li + M m mi + N n ni + P p pi + S s si + T t ti + W w wi + Z z zi + CH ch chi + + + Ch[o=]ls--cricket + kots--goat + kask--cap + pots--boot + mskakw--swamp + nbes--lake + mskask--spruce + paks--box + mke zen--shoe + sop--soap + sen--stone + tlaps--trap + win--marrow + wchat--sinew + wli--good + ne bi--water + cha kwa--this morning + chi ga--when + chbi wi--apart + chig naz--thorn plum + cho wi--must be, certain + pa skwa--noon + pla nikw--flying squirrel + pi han--rope + psig ia--half + kokw--kettle + k[o=]gw--porcupine + pins--pin + skog--snake + piz--pea + nbis--little water + pigs--hog + moz--moose + kwat--cup + swip--jew + sips--a fowl + wins--black birch + wskan--bone + a sokw--cloud + wk[o=]t--leg + cha kwat--daylight + cha ga--now then + chi bai--ghost + chog l[)u]skw--black bird + chan naps--turnip + chbo sa--walks apart + pne k[o=]kw--sandy hill + p[o=] bakw--a bog + pe guis--a gnat + psi gaskw--board + psan ta--full + to s[o=]n--a shed + ta lin--earthen basin + sko tam--trout + ski ia--raw + o-kwa--maggot + ska mon--corn + ska kwam--green stick + mski ko--grass + psa na wi--full of + ab [o=]n--cake + as ma--not yet + a ses--horse + akw bi--rum + a wip--pith + a la--or + ap les--apple + ak ikw--seal + as ban--raccoon + al wa--almost + ki k[o=]n--field + ko wa--pine tree + ki zos--sun + kda hla--it sinks + ka ia--thick milk + kchim li--chimney + kchin bes--great lake + psan ba--full + psa nikw--black squirrel + sig wit--widower + ska hla--raw hide + te go--wave + ski bakw--green leaf + ska wakw--fresh meat + mska ta--lily root + msko da--prairie + kzab da--hot + ab on--bed + as kan--horn + al akws--star + al ikws--pismire + am kw[o=]n--spoon + ag askw--woodchuck + a zip--sheep + ak sen--ox + a kwan--bitter, acrid + kas ko--crane + pe laz--pigeon + kas ta--how many times + ka oz--cow + ka akw--gull + k[o=] jo--vein + kchi t[)u]kw--great river + ki zokw--day + w[o=] wan--an egg + wa bi--buttock + wi bit--tooth + wdel li--shoulder + w[)u]ch [o=]l--nose + wig bi--stringy bark + wle guan--wing + wa japkw--root + wcha too--sinewy + wskat gua--forehead + wli gen--good + wi noz--onion + w[o=] bi--white + wa guan--heel + w[)u]t tep--head + wta wakw--ear + wsi s[)u]kw--eye + wdo lo--kidney + wig w[o=]m--house, camp + wa dap--root to sew with + Wd[o=] w[o=]--Autawa Indian + w[)u]t t[)u]n--mouth + wji ia--belonging to + wlo gas--leather string + wla nikw--fisher + wikw kwa--thigh + wa chil--oak nut + wha gakw--a scalp + wha ga--body + wpa nak--lights + wa laskw--husk + w[o=]l kaa--hollow place + wz[)u]kw na--tail + wi zi--gall, bile + w[o=] boz--elk + w[o=]kw ses--fox + wi os--flesh + ma wia--better + s[o=]g m[o=]--chief + a wan--air + ki zi--already + msi wi--largely + wski a--new + sikw hla--hail + kwa nak--length + ta bat--enough + mat guas--rabbit + mkwi gen--red + tau b[o=] gan--large trough + tlap s[o=] bi--trap chain + ska h[o=] gan--a forked post + wlag zi--bowels + wa jo--mountain + wji g[o=]n--desolate camp + wdol ka--breast, stomach + wi ka--fat + wl[o=] da--hot weather + w[o=] lakw--hole + wja kwam--but end + wl[o=]m ka--fine grainy + wski gen--young vegetable + wzi dakw--handle + wne kikw--otter + wa gin--wagon + pil tal--lead + kchi ia--aged person + pa g[o=]n--nut + a chi--also + ng[o=]n ia--old + m[o=] gis--monkey + wd[)u]p kwan--hair + wa ji--for, to + s[o=] ga--lobster + piz wat--good for nothing + kl[o=] gan--door + tip wa bel--pepper + ska w[o=] gan--standing + skip w[o=] gan--eating raw + chi t[o=] ba hi gan--a wedge + chi ba gi n[o=] guat--looks very bad + chi ba i skwet ta--ignis fatuus + chi git wa hi gan--razor + p[i=] mi zig ni gan--withe + pok ja na hwi ka--stumpy + psakw dam ni mo zi--blackberry bush + tb[o=] bak hi gan--pair of scales, steelyard + ska mon ta hi gan--corn meal + skas kwat si gan--green dye + a lo ka w[o=] gan--a work, labor + al n[o=] ba w[o=] gan--human nature, birth + sa n[o=] ba w[o=] gan--manhood + a za wa skwi gen--square + a ba kwa w[o=] gan--act of covering with a roof + a ses si ga mikw--stable + am kw[o=] ni no da--spoon basket + a ses w[o=] bi al--harness + a za t[o=] i wi--backwards + kin ja mes w[o=] gan--majesty + ka dos mo w[o=] gan--act of drinking, a drink + kba hod wi ga mikw--jail + ki wi tam w[o=] gan--hint + ki ta das w[o=] gan--act of sharpening by grinding + ki no ho ma sin--preaching + kin ja mes sis kwa--queen + ka o zi ga mikw--barn + ka wzo wah di gan--sleigh + ka sij wa hi gan--dish towel + po da wa w[o=] gan--act of blowing + p[o=] l[o=] ba w[o=] gan--pride + piz wa gi zo--he reads for nothing + pi da hla gu[o=] gan--scabbard + pkwes sa ga hi gan--key + p[o=] ba tam w[o=] gan--religion + p[o=] ba tam win no--religious person + pa pa hwij wi ia--tin + pa pa hwij wi jo--tin basin + pa pi tom k[o=] gan--a plaything + nkes k[o=]g w[o=] gan--nightmare + ni mat gua hi gan--a fork + no da hla go kat--blacksmith + no ji m[o=] ni kat--silversmith + no ji pak si kat--box maker + no da wig hi gat--notary, writer + no ji na mas kat--fisher + no da ma gu[o=] gan--spear + o l[o=] wat si gan--blue dye + [o=] do lib i[o=] gan--oar + po da woz win no--counsellor + po da waz w[o=] gan--council + mos kwal dam w[o=] gan--anger + mi ga ka w[o=] gan--act of fighting + mka za wat si gan--copperas + si gua na hi gan--skim-milk + tmo kwa ta hi gan--sword + les sa ga hi gan--trunk + wi la wig win no--rich person + + + + +INDIAN TREATIES. + + +At Portsmouth, in her Maj^ty's Province of New Hampshire, in New +England, the thirteenth day of July, in the twelfth year of the Reign of +our Sovereign Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, +and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the faith, &c. [1713] + + +THE SUBMISSION AND AGREEMENT OF THE EASTERN INDIANS. + +Whereas for some years last past We have made a breach of our Fidelity +and Loyalty to the Crowns of Great Britain, and have made open Rebellion +against her Maj^ty's Subjects, the English inhabitants in the +Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other of her Maj^ty's Territories in +New England, and being now sensible of the miseryes which We & our +people are reduced thereunto thereby, We whose names are here +subscribed, being Delegates of all the Indians belonging to Norrigawake, +Narrakamegock, Amasacontoog, Pigwocket, Penecook, & to all other Indian +Plantations situated on the Rivers of St. Johns, Penobscot, Kenybeck, +Amascogon, Saco, & Merimack, & all other Indian Plantations lying +between the s^d Rivers of St. Johns and Merimack, Parts of her +Maj^ty's Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, within +her Maj^ty's Sovereignty, having made application to his Excellency, +Joseph Dudley, Esq^re, Captain General & Govern^r in Chief in and +over the s^d Provinces, That the Troubles which we have unhappily +raised or occasioned against her Maj^ty's subjects, the English, & +ourselves, may cease & have an end, & that we may enjoy her Maj^ty's +Grace & Favor, and each of us Respectively, for ourselves & in the name +& with the free consent of all the Indians belonging to the several +Rivers and places aforesaid, & all other Indians within the s^d +Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, hereby +acknowledging ourselves the lawfull subjects of our Sovereign Lady, +Queen Anne, and promising our hearty Subjection & Obediance unto the +Crown of Great Britain, doe solemnly Covenant, promise, & agree to & +with the s^d Joseph Dudley, Esq., Govern^r, and all such as shall +hereafter be in the place of Capt. General and Govern^r in Chief of +the aforesaid Provinces or territories on her Maj^ty's behalf, in +manner following. That is to say: + +That at all times forever, from and after the date of these presents, we +will cease and forbear all acts of hostility toward all the subjects of +the crown of Great Britain, and not to offer the least hurt or violence +to them or any of them in their persons or estates, but will honor, +forward, hold, & maintain a firm & constant amity & friendship with all +the English, and will not entertain any Treasonable Conspiracy with any +other Nation to their Disturbance. + +That her Maj^ty's Subjects, the English, shall & may peaceably & +quietly enter upon, improve, & forever enjoy, all and singular their +Rights of Land & former Settlements, Properties, & possesions, within +the Eastern Parts of the s^d Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and +New Hampshire, together with all the Islands, Islets, Shoars, Beaches, & +Fisheries within the same, without any molestation or claims by us or +any other Indians, And be in no wais molested, interrupted, or disturbed +therein. Saving unto the s^d Indians their own Grounds, & free liberty +for Hunting, Fishing, Fowling, and all other their Lawful Liberties & +Privileges, as on the Eleventh day of August, in the year of our Lord +God One thousand six hundred & ninety-three. + +That for mutual Safety & Benefit, all Trade & Comerce which hereafter +may be allowed betwixt the English & Indians shall be in such places & +under such management & regulations as shall be stated by her +Maj^ty's Governments of the s^d Provinces respectively. And to +prevent mischiefs & inconveniencies the Indians shall not be allowed, +for the present, & until they have liberty from the respective +Governments, to come near to any English Plantations or Settlements on +this side of Saco River. + +That if any Controversy or Difference at any time hereafter happen to +arise betwixt any of the English or Indians, for any real or supposed +wrong or injury done on the one side or the other, no Private Revenge +shall be taken by the Indians for the same, but proper application shall +be made to her Maj^ty's Government, upon the place, for remedy +thereof, in our Course of Justice, We hereby submitting ourselves to be +ruled & Governed by her Maj^ty's Laws, & desire to have the protection +& benefit of the same. + +We confess that we have, contrary to all faith and justice, broken our +articles with S^r William Phipps, Governour, made in the year of our +Lord God 1693, and with the Earl of Bellemont, Govern^r, made in the +year of our Lord God 1699, And the assurance we gave to his Excellency, +Joseph Dudley, Esq^re, Governor, in the years of our Lord God 1702, in +the month of August, and 1703, in the month of July, notwithstanding we +have been well treated by the s^d Governors; and we resolve for the +future not to be drawn into any perfidious Treaty or Correspondence, to +the hurt of any of the subjects of her Maj^ty the Queen of Great +Britain, and if we know of any such we will seasonably reveal it to the +English. + +Wherefore, we whose names are hereunto subscribed, Delegates for the +several tribes of the Indians, belonging unto the River of Kenybeck, +Amarascogen, St. Johns, Saco, & Merrimac, & parts adjacent, being +sensible of our great offence & folly in not complying with the +afores^d Submission & agreements, and also of the sufferings & +mischiefs that we have thereby exposed ourselves unto, do, in all +humble & submisive manner, cast ourselves upon her Maj^ty's mercy for +the pardon of all our past rebellions, hostilities, and Violations of +our promises, praying to be received unto her Maj^ty's Grace & +Protection. And for & on behalfe of ourselves, and of all other the +Indians belonging to the several Rivers and places afores^d, within +the Sovereignty of her Maj^ty of Great Britain, do again acknowledge & +profess our hearty and sinceer obedience unto the Crown of Great +Britain, and do solemnly renew, ratify, and confirm all & every of the +articles & agreements contained in the former and present submission. + +This Treaty to be humbly laid before her Maj^ty, for her ratification +and farther orders. In Witness whereof, We, the Delegates afore^sd, by +name, Kireberuit, Iteansis, and Jackoit, for Penobscot, Joseph and +Eneas, for St. Johns, Waracansit, Wedaranaquin, and Bomoseen, for +Kennebeck, have hereunto set our hands & seals, the day and year first +above written. + + SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED + IN THE PRESENCE OF + + + Signatures: + J Rev Knap + Geo. Vaughan + Sha^d Walton + W Dudley + Edmund Quinsey + Spencer Phips + J Widger. + Sam A Moody + Samu S Lynde + Richard Saltonstal + Josiah Willard + Henry Somorby + Thos Leihmesel + Joseph Hiller Jun. + Jos: Lloyd + James Alford + Jon^a. Roining'lon + John Gillman + + Signum + (Signature) + QUALEBEENEWES. + + Signum + (Signature) + WARRAKANSIT. + + Signum + (Signature) + BOMOSEEN. + + Signum + (Signature) + EDARANAQUIN.] + + Signatures: + Stephan Minot + Jonathan Pollard + Geo. Jalfrey + A. Wilbury + John Leighton + Peter Martin + John Yoo + (unclear) Goessth? + Robert Carson + Jonathan Kling + Steph^n Eastwick + (unclear) Nalle^a Rogers? + Jn^o Nowmarch + Henry Flynt] + + Signum + (Signature) + ENEAS. + + Signum + (Signature) + ITEANSIS. + + Signatures: + Jabez Hitch + Sam^ll Moodey + Jer^a. Wise + John Karnard + Nicholas Sever + (unclear) Sam^ll. Fiske + Cha. Story, Sec^y. of N.H. + James Lusmore + Richard Waldron + Ths: Sheppard + John Penhallow + Geo: Huntington + (unclear) Sam^ll: Pluisted? + John Newman (unclear Jr.?) + James Joffry + + Signum + (Signature) + JACKOIT. + + Signum + (Signature) + JOSEP. + + +At Portsmouth, in her Maj^tie's Province of New Hampshire, in New +England, the 28th Day of July, in the thirteenth year of our Sovereign +Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, +Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c. [1714] + +The several Articles of the foregoing sheet, after a long Conference +with the Delegates of the Eastern Indians, were read to them, & the +sense & meaning thereof explained by two faithful, sworn Interpreters, +and accordingly signed by every of the Sachems and Delegates that were +not present & had not signed the last year. + +In the Presence of his Excellency the Governour, and his Excellency +General Nicholson, & the Gentlemen of Her Maj^tie's Councills for the +Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay & New Hampshire, & other Gentlemen. + + SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED + IN THE PRESENCE OF US, + + Signatures: + John White + Tho^s. (unclear) Burnster? + Edm^d Goff + Habijah Savage + J Widger. + + PEQUARET + (Signature) + Signum. + + WEEBENOOSE + (Signature) + Signum. + + CATERRAMOGGUS + (Signature) + Signum. + + Signatures: + (unclear) + John Rogors + John Denison + Rich^d (unclear) Miller? + John Lambton + + NUCTUNGUS + (Signature) + Signum. + + QUINNAWUS + (Signature) + Signum. + + QUIREBOOSET + (Signature) + Signum. + + JOSEPH + (Signature) + Signum. + + Signatures: + M: Berckfield + John Jekyll + Edward Hacketh + Tho. Plaisted + Marcaveni + S Jenning Wentworth + + NEGUSCAWIT + (Signature) + Signum. + + PIERRE ABINNAWAY. + (Signature) + Signum. + + SCAWWEASE + (Signature) + Signum. + + Signatures: + W^m Cooper + Estes Plateh + Tho: Legard + Charles (unclear) Hrosh? + + ADDEAWANDO. + (Signature) + Signum. + + SEGUNCEWICK + (Signature) + Signum. + + KISSURAGUNNIT + (Signature) + Signum. + + PITTAURISQUANNE + (Signature) + Signum. + + CAESAR MOXUSSON + (Signature) + Signum. + + ERIXIS + (Signature) + Signum. + + ESTIEN + (Signature) + Signum. + + WENEMOET + (Signature) + Signum. + + WOHONUMBAMET + (Signature) + Signum. + + SANBODDIES + (Signature) + Signum. + + + + +TREATY OF 1717. + + +Georgetown, on Arrowsick Island, in his Majesty's Province of the +Massachusetts Bay in New England, the 12th Day of August 1717, in the +fourth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George, by the Grace of +God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, +&c. + +We, the Subscribers, being Sachems and Chief men of the several Tribes +of Indians belonging to Kennebeck, Penobscut, Pegwackit, Saco, and +other, the Eastern Parts of his Majesty's Province afores^d, having +had the several Articles of the foregoing Treaty distinctly read and +Interpreted to us by a Sworn Interpreter at this time, do Approve of, +Recognize, Ratify, and Confirm all and every the said Articles, +(excepting only the _fourth_ and _fifth_ articles, which relate to the +restraint and limitation of Trade and Commerce, which is now otherwise +managed.) + +And whereas, some rash and inconsiderate Persons amongst us, have +molested some of our good fellow Subjects, the English, in the +Possession of their Lands, and otherwise illtreated them;--We do +disapprove & condemn the same,--and freely consent that our English +friends shall possess, enjoy & improve all the Lands which they have +formerly possessed, and all which they have obtained a right & title +unto, Hoping it will prove of mutual and reciprocal benefit and +advantage to them & us, that they Cohabit with us. + +In testimony and perpetual memory whereof, We have hereunto set our +hands & seals, in behalf of ourselves and of the several Tribes of +Indians that have delegated us to appear for, & represent them the day +and year aforementioned. + + NUDGGUMBOIT X Sign. } + ABISSANEHRAW X Sign. } _Kennebeck._ + UMGUINNAWAS X Sign. } + + AWOHAWAY X Sign. } + PAQUAHARET X Sign. } _Kennebeck._ + CAESAR X Sign. } + + LEREBENUIT X Sign. } + OHANUMBAMES X Sign. } _Penobscut._ + SEGUNKI X Sign. } + + ADEAWANDO X Sign. } _Pegwackit._ + SCAWESO X Sign. } + + MOXUS X Sign. } + BOMMAZEEN X Sign. } + CAPT. SAM X Sign. } + NAGUCAWEN X Sign. } _Kennebeck._ + SUMMEHAWIS X Sign. } + WEGWARUMENET X Sign. } + TERRAMUGGUS. X Sign. } + + SABADIS X Sign. } _Ammarascoggin._ + SAM HUMPHRIES X Sign. } + +SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED, IN PRESENCE OF + + Signatures: + W Dudley + G Dyer (unclear) Jr? + William Little + Fran^s (unclear) + + AUGUSTIN MOXUS SON + (Signature) + Sign. + + SAROME. + (Signature) + Sign. + + Signatures: + Joseph Miller Jun. + James Parsons + John (unclear) + Joshua Winslow + Peres Bradford + Sam. (unclear) + Theodore Atkinson + Jn Gray + John Penhallow + John Denison + + FRANCOIS XAVIER + (Signature) + Sign. + + MEGONUMBA + (Signature) + Sign. + + + + +TOTEMS. + + +The figures or emblems connected with the signatures of the Indians are +called, in the language of the Algonquins, _Totems_; and are the +distinguishing marks or signs of the clans or tribes into which the +various nations are divided. They are not the personal emblems of the +chiefs, although in signing treaties they employ them as their sign +manual. Each tribe or clan had its emblem, consisting of the figure of +some bird, beast, or reptile, and is distinguished by the name of the +animal which it has assumed as a device, as Wolf, Hawk, Tortoise. To +different totems, says Parkman in his "Conspiracy of Pontiac," attach +different degrees of rank and dignity; and those of the Bear, the +Tortoise, and the Wolf are among the first in honor. Each man is proud +of his badge, jealously asserting its claim to respect. The use of the +totem prevailed among the southern, as well as the northern tribes; Mr. +Parkman says that Mr. Gallatin informed him, that he was told by the +chief of a Choctaw deputation at Washington, that in their tribe were +eight totemic clans, divided into two classes of four each. + +Mr. Parkman says again, in the work above cited, page 9, "But the main +stay of the Iroquois polity was the system of _totemship_. It was this +which gave the structure its elastic strength; and but for this, a mere +confederacy of jealous and warlike tribes must soon have been rent +asunder by shocks from without, or discord from within. At some early +period the Iroquois must have formed an individual nation; for the whole +people, irrespective of their separation into tribes, consisted of eight +totemic clans; and the members of each clan, to what nation soever they +belonged, were mutually bound to one another by those close ties of +fraternity which mark this singular institution. Thus the five nations +of the confederacy were bound together by an eight-fold band; and to +this hour their slender remnants cling to one another with invincible +tenacity." + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Abenaki Indians, by Frederic Kidder + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ABENAKI INDIANS *** + +***** This file should be named 25416.txt or 25416.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/4/1/25416/ + +Produced by Jeannie Howse, Chuck Greif, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Canadian Institute for +Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org)) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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