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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Abenaki Indians, by Frederic Kidder
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Abenaki Indians
+       Their Treaties of 1713 & 1717, and a Vocabulary
+
+Author: Frederic Kidder
+
+Release Date: May 10, 2008 [EBook #25416]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ABENAKI INDIANS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeannie Howse, Chuck Greif, Anne Storer and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by the Canadian Institute for
+Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Transcriber's Notes:
+ 1) Some treaty signatures are unclear and have been marked and/or
+    best-guessed. Original signature images can be seen in the html
+    version.
+ 2) The breve has been rendered as [)c] and the macron [o=]
+ 3) Text following ^ is superscripted.
+ 4) Unusual and inconsistent spelling of place/names have been left as
+    in the original.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+               THE ABENAKI INDIANS;
+
+ THEIR TREATIES OF 1713 & 1717, AND A VOCABULARY:
+
+                      WITH A
+
+             HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.
+
+                       BY
+
+           FREDERIC KIDDER, OF BOSTON.
+
+
+                    PORTLAND:
+           PRINTED BY BROWN THURSTON.
+                      1859.
+
+
+
+
+THE ABENAKI INDIANS.
+
+
+The present spirit of inquiry into the early history of New England is
+bringing forth additional facts and evolving new light, by which we are
+every day seeing more clearly the true motive and incentives for its
+colonization. But whenever the student turns to investigate the history
+of the aboriginal tribes, who once inhabited this part of the country,
+he is struck, not so much with the paucity of materials, as with the
+complication and difficulties which our earlier and later writers have
+thrown around the subject, as well as the very different light with
+which they have viewed it.
+
+The first explorers of our coast, whose intercourse with the Indians was
+limited to trading for furs and skins, seem to have had a much better
+opinion of them than Mather, Hubbard, and some still later writers. It
+is not to be supposed that while a large part of the population were
+smarting from the distress of almost continued Indian wars, that even
+the most candid could coolly investigate and impartially record the
+history, character, and wants of such a people. But the time has
+arrived, when, divesting ourselves of all prejudice, we can examine
+carefully their true situation, and making allowance for their
+condition, write their history with fairness and candor.
+
+The present sketch is confined to a brief notice of the tribes who
+inhabited the territory now constituting the States of Maine and New
+Hampshire, all of which may be considered as embraced under the name of
+Abenakis, or more properly Wanbanakkie. It has often been supposed that
+this name was given them by the French, but it is undoubtedly their
+original appellation, being derived from Wanbanban, which may be defined
+the people of aurora borealis or northern light.
+
+It is only now intended to sketch their earlier history, and to trace
+the various emigrations to the present residence of the Abenakis proper,
+in Canada; and viewing this tribe as the living representative of our
+extinct ones, to consider its interesting history, so clearly connected
+with New England frontier life, although most of that history is but a
+record of war and wretchedness.
+
+The celebrated discoverer, Capt. John Smith, in his general history,
+furnishes the earliest and most reliable description of the Indians on
+the coast of Maine, as they were in 1614; other writers give accounts of
+tribes there, some of which it is difficult to distinguish or locate;
+but it may be best to consider all that were residing in the two States
+above-mentioned as embraced in about eight distinct tribes, namely:
+Penobscots or Tarrentines, Passamaquodies or Sybayks, Wawenocks,
+Norridgewoks or Canibas, Assagunticooks, Sokokis or Pequakets,
+Pennacooks, Malacites or St. Johns.
+
+The Penobscots[1] were probably the most numerous and influential tribe.
+Their chief or bashaba was said to have been acknowledged as a superior
+as far as Massachusetts Bay. They occupied the country on both sides of
+the Penobscot Bay and River; their summer resort being near the sea, but
+during the winter and spring they inhabited lands near the falls, where
+they still reside. It is somewhat strange to find a tribe numbering
+about five hundred still remaining in their ancient abode, and, though
+surrounded by whites, retaining their language, religion, and many of
+the habits and customs of centuries past, with a probability of
+perpetuating them for ages to come. Their name is from _penobsq_, rock,
+and _utoret_, a place, literally, rocky-place,--which no doubt refers to
+the rocky falls in the river near their residence. It is not supposed
+that many of this tribe emigrated to Canada, although they had constant
+intercourse with that country.
+
+  [1] For a pleasant and very well-written account of this tribe, by Hon.
+  Lorenzo Sabine, see the Christian Examiner for 1857.
+
+The Passamaquodies were found occupying the northeastern corner of
+Maine, if, as it is generally supposed, they are the descendants of
+those seen and described by De Monts, who spent the winter of 1604 near
+their present head-quarters. Their subsequent history for more than a
+century was but a blank, as in all that time they are not mentioned by
+any writer, or named in any of the treaties, till after the conquest of
+Canada. This omission is certainly strange, as in the ones of 1713 and
+1717 now published in this volume, mere fragments of tribes are named
+and represented.
+
+Still, if any reliance can be placed on their own traditions, they had
+resided for generations previous to the Revolution around the lower
+Schoodic Lake, where the recent discovery of stone hatchets and other
+implements of an ancient make would seem to verify their assertions.
+They also point out the place of a fight with the Mohawks, who two
+centuries ago carried terror into all the Indian villages from Carolina
+to the Bay of Fundy. It is probable that from their distant inland and
+secluded position, as well as their limited numbers, they were in no way
+connected with the various wars which the other tribes waged against the
+colonists, and so were unnoticed. As their residence on the lake was
+nearer Machias than any other available point on the sea coast, it may
+be that to trade with this people the trading house was established
+there by the Plymouth Colony, in 1630, and they were often called the
+Machias Indians. Although their intercourse has long continued with
+Canada, up to this time they have sent no emigrants there. They number
+at present between four and five hundred souls, and still adhere to the
+religious forms taught them by the Jesuits. This tribe designate
+themselves by the name of Sybayk.[2]
+
+  [2] Mr. Sabine has given their history in a truthful and friendly
+  communication to the Christian Examiner for 1852.
+
+The Wawenocks were located on the sea-coast, and inhabited the country
+from the Sheepscot to the St. George; they are quite fully described by
+Capt. John Smith, who had much intercourse with them. From their
+situation on the rivers and harbors, they were much sooner disturbed by
+the settlements than any other of the tribes in Maine. In 1747 there
+were but a few families remaining. At the treaty at Falmouth, in 1749,
+they were associated with the Assagunticooks, among whom they were then
+settled, and with whom they soon after removed to Canada. The Canibas or
+Norridgewoks occupied the valley of the Kennebec, from the tide water to
+its sources; their principal residence was at Norridgewock. Here the
+Jesuit missionaries, at an early period, taught them their religious
+faith, and by sharing with them their privations and hardships, obtained
+a controlling influence over them.
+
+As they inhabited fertile intervale land, they gave more attention to
+agriculture than any of the neighboring tribes, and appear to have been
+originally more peaceably inclined towards the whites than some of their
+neighbors. Residing so far inland, they were but little acquainted with
+the prowess of the whites, and sent out their war parties to commit
+murders and depredations on the unprotected settlers, without expecting
+a retribution on their own heads. After a long succession of murders and
+captures in the English settlements, by this tribe, instigated, as was
+believed, by their priest, Sebastian Rasle, an expedition was sent
+against them, consisting of about two hundred men, who killed about
+thirty Indians, including Rasle, and destroyed the place, without the
+loss of a man. This broke their power, but they continued to reside
+there for many years, and gradually retired to the St. Francis,--the
+last family migrating near the end of the last century.
+
+The Assagunticooks were a numerous tribe who inhabited the country along
+the whole valley of the Androscoggin; and although their lands were not
+occupied by whites, they were frequently bitter enemies, and were the
+first to begin a war and the last to make peace. Their location gave
+them easy access to the settlements, from Casco to Piscataqua, which
+they improved to glut their thirst for blood and slaughter. About 1750
+they moved to Canada and joined the St. Francis tribe. They could then
+muster about one hundred and fifty warriors, and being much the most
+numerous tribe that emigrated there, it is supposed they had the
+greatest influence, and that their dialect is more truly perpetuated
+than any other in that confederacy.
+
+The Sokokis inhabited the country bordering on the Saco River, but were
+mostly limited to its head waters. Their villages were located on the
+alluvial lands in what is now Fryeburg, Me., and Conway, N. H. The
+Pegwakets and Ossipees were either identical with or branches of this
+tribe. In 1725 Capt. John Lovewell with about fifty soldiers, on a
+scouting adventure in the vicinity, fell in with a war party of the
+tribe, and a sanguinary battle ensued, disastrous to both parties. Their
+chief, Paugus, was slain; and within a short period the remainder of
+the tribe, dispirited by their misfortunes, retired to Canada.
+
+The Pennacooks were probably the only occupants of the waters of the
+Merrimac, and perhaps included nearly all the nations who resided in
+what is now the State of New Hampshire. Their principal residence was at
+Amoskeag Falls, the site of the present manufacturing city of
+Manchester. It is usual to name the Pennatuckets, Wambesitts, Souhegans,
+and some others as tribes, but there can be no doubt they all owned
+fealty to the head sagamore of the Pennacooks, and were only branches of
+that tribe, as were all the Indians on the Piscataqua and its waters. It
+is also probable the small band of Cowasacks, on the upper Connecticut,
+were of this tribe. The Pennacooks must have been at one time a numerous
+community, and were less warlike than any of the Abenaki race. It is
+likely they were more disposed to cultivate the soil, and their
+historian, Judge Potter, represents them as amiable and friendly to the
+whites. Notwithstanding, they were the earliest emigrants to Canada.
+They left their pleasant hunting grounds with regret, and often returned
+to cultivate their ancient fields; but few of them resided permanently
+there after about 1700.
+
+It is proper to add to the names of the original Abenaki tribes, that of
+the Malacite or Amalecite, who have always resided on the St. John. It
+is not known that any part of this tribe emigrated to Canada with those
+of Maine, but in 1828 about thirty families emigrated there, and settled
+on a branch of the River Verte. But the largest part still reside in New
+Brunswick.
+
+We come now to trace the emigration of the Abenakis to the banks of the
+St. Lawrence. As the Jesuits had been in constant communication with the
+tribes in Maine for more than half a century, the Indians had learned
+the way to Quebec, and it is probable that during Philip's war some of
+the tribes obtained arms and ammunition from that place. During this war
+the Pennacooks, under the influence of their chief, Wonnolancet, had
+remained neutral, and in July, 1676, at Chocheco, signed with some
+others a treaty of perpetual peace. Still, the feeling of the whites was
+so strong against all the race, that they placed little reliance on
+their former good conduct or present promises. A few months after this
+treaty, they induced a large number of Indians, from the various tribes,
+to come to the same place, and where all the militia of the provinces
+had assembled, and while professing to practice some sham evolutions,
+the Indians were suddenly surrounded and captured. Many of the prisoners
+so treacherously obtained were executed, and others sold into slavery
+for having been in arms against the whites.
+
+Although Wonnolancet and his tribe were discharged, this breach of faith
+must have taught him that he could not rely on the white man's promise,
+and that neither he nor his tribe was safe on the Merrimac. With this
+feeling he, with a part of them, left for Canada in the autumn of 1677.
+Although he subsequently returned to visit his former hunting and
+fishing grounds, his real home was, for the remainder of his life, near
+Quebec, and he with his band became the nucleus of the Indian settlement
+there; but it is not apparent that he was at any period the enemy of the
+English.
+
+In the course of the war, nearly all the tribes in New England had been
+more or less involved in it. The colonists now looked upon them as a
+conquered race of heathen, and that their duty was to drive them out,
+and enjoy their lands in the manner of the Israelites of old. On the
+other hand, the Indians who had made terms of peace, having now for the
+first time realized that they had not the ability to cope with the
+English in war, and could not trust their friendship in peace, naturally
+looked to the French as the protectors of their villages and hunting
+grounds. Many of them were willing to place themselves and their
+families under their care.
+
+Therefore the Jesuits, who had for a long time been their spiritual, and
+often their temporal advisers, began to turn the steps of the broken and
+scattered remnants of the tribes who had suffered most in the war, to
+the feeble settlement of the Pennacooks, near Quebec, and as early as
+1685, the Governor of that colony granted a tract of land at a place
+called Côte de Lauzon, opposite that city, for their use. Up to the
+commencement of the war, a considerable number of Indians had continued
+to reside on the Connecticut river, above Northampton; they had fought
+against the whites, and at the death of Philip, fled and took up their
+abode at Scauticook, above Albany, and were afterwards increased by
+additions from other tribes.
+
+After a few years, the government of New York became desirous of being
+rid of such neighbors, whom they could not trust or control, and induced
+them to remove to Canada, where most of them were settled before the
+close of that century, with or near the Pennacooks.
+
+Early in the eighteenth century, the numbers of refugee Indians
+attracted the attention of the Governor of Canada, and as the whole of
+the French population of that colony did not then number ten thousand
+souls, he saw they would materially add to the strength of his command,
+and could be used most effectually against the frontiers of New England.
+He therefore took measures to give them a home there. As the grant near
+Quebec was found not adapted to their needs and condition, probably from
+its close contiguity to that city, two convenient tracts of land were
+granted for their use; the first bears date Aug. 23, 1700, the second,
+May 10, 1701. These were on the St. Francis river, which has given a
+name to the tribe. In 1704 another settlement of refugees from New
+England received a grant of land at a place called Beçancour, near
+Three Rivers, and during this year the Governor addressed a letter to
+the ministry in France, giving his reasons for inducing the Abenakis to
+settle in his colony, and from this period it was a constant policy to
+encourage their immigration there, for more than half a century.
+
+Here was the place where parties were to be fitted out to carry war,
+destruction, and misery to the frontiers of New England.
+
+In 1704 these Indians piloted a body of French to the vicinity of their
+former homes, on the Connecticut, and entirely destroyed Deerfield. The
+writer not long since conversed with an ancient member of this tribe,
+who claimed to be the great grandson of Esther Williams, daughter of
+Rev. John Williams, who was, with his family, captured at that time. In
+1707 this tribe, piloted by the Pennacooks down the Merrimac, destroyed
+Haverhill, murdering and capturing most of its inhabitants. It would
+fill a volume to relate the bloody tragedies acted and instigated by
+this tribe; it seems almost incredible that any people could exist for a
+generation amidst such repeated incursions of a relentless enemy.
+
+In November, 1724, Vaudreuil, Governor General of Canada, addressed an
+urgent letter to the Minister of War in France, giving an account of the
+attack on Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle, with a full
+account of the losses and sufferings of that tribe, and asking for a
+grant of ammunition, guns, and blankets to supply their losses, and
+enable them to make war on the English settlements. He also gives a
+particular account of the condition of the Abenakis, and says, "of all
+the Indians in New France, they are in a position to render the most
+service; this nation consists of five villages, which number,
+altogether, about five hundred warriors. Two of these villages are
+situated on the St. Lawrence, near Three Rivers--one below that town
+called Beçancour, the other ten leagues above, called St. Francis, the
+three others are in the direction of Acadie, called Narantsouak, on the
+River Kanibekky, Panagamsdé, on the Pentagouet (Penobscot), and
+Medocteck, on the River St. John. These three villages have different
+routes, each by its own river, whereby they can reach Quebeck in a few
+days."[3]
+
+  [3] See N. Y. Colonial Documents, edited by E. B. O'Calligan, LL. D.
+
+In April, 1725, a delegation of three gentlemen visited Montreal with a
+letter from the Governor of Massachusetts, in reply to one addressed to
+him some months previously by M. Vaudreuil, relative to the attack at
+Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle. They demanded that the
+prisoners held by the Abenakis should be given up, and a perpetual peace
+established.
+
+The Indians, who were entirely under the influence of the French, were
+extremely haughty in their language and deportment; they demanded that
+the English should restore their lands, rebuild their church, which they
+had destroyed at Norridgewock, and when asked what land they referred
+to, said "that their land commenced at the River Gounitogon, otherwise
+called the long river,[4] which lies to the west beyond Boston, that
+this river was formerly the boundary which separated the lands of the
+Iroquois from those of the Abenakis, that according to this boundary,
+Boston and the greater part of the English settlements east of it are in
+Abenakis' lands; that they would be justified in telling them to quit
+there, but that they had considered that their settlements were
+established and that they were still inclined to tolerate them; but they
+demanded as an express condition of peace that the English should
+abandon the country from one league beyond Saco River to Port Royal,
+which was the line separating the lands of the Abenakis from those of
+the Micmaks."[5]
+
+  [4] Undoubtedly the Connecticut.
+
+  [5] N. Y. Colonial Documents, vol. ix.
+
+The Abenakis denied that they had ever sold any land to the English, and
+when the latter claimed that much of it was theirs by a possession of
+more than eighty years, and that this possession gave them a title, the
+Indians replied, "We were in possession before you, for we have held it
+from time immemorial." The English delegates conceded that they did not
+claim beyond the west bank of the Narantsouak (Kennebec), and that the
+fort at St. George was built not by them, but by the government of Port
+Royal.
+
+The meeting seems to have been unsatisfactory to the delegation, and no
+treaty or arrangement was made. The French governor denied that they had
+furnished the Indians with arms, or instigated them to attack the
+English, although Vaudreuil's letters to his government in France bear
+abundant evidence that this was his constant policy.
+
+In the treaty with many of the tribes, held at Deerfield in 1735, the
+St. Francis Indians were represented, and agreed to the arrangement for
+perpetual peace; but a few years elapsed before they were again engaged
+in their bloody pastime. War was declared against France in 1744, and
+the Abenakis were soon hovering on the frontiers. In 1746, Keene and
+Concord, in New Hampshire, felt their power, and many captives were
+carried to Canada. In 1752 Capt. Phineas Stevens proceeded to Canada, as
+a delegate from the governor of Massachusetts, to confer with the
+Abenakis, and to redeem some prisoners they had in their possession. At
+a conference had with them in the presence of the governor of Canada,
+Atewaneto, the chief speaker, made an eloquent reply, in which he
+charged the English with trespassing on their lands: he said, "We
+acknowledge no other land of yours than your settlements, wherever you
+have built, and we will not consent, under any pretext, that you pass
+beyond them. The lands we possess have been given us by the Great Master
+of Life, we acknowledge to hold only from him."
+
+In 1755 they were again in the field, and followed the French armies to
+the head of Lake George, and carried terror into the new townships on
+the Connecticut river. Some of their small parties at that late day
+penetrated within sixty miles of the capital of New England. But these
+long continued aggressions were soon to meet a fearful retribution. The
+capture of Quebec, which gave North America to England, had changed the
+relation of the Abenakis. Capt. Kennedy having been sent to their
+villages with a flag of truce, was, with his whole party, made
+prisoners. To chastise them for this outrage, as well as to retaliate
+for their continued cruelty and murders on the defenseless frontier
+settlements, Gen. Amherst dispatched the celebrated Major Rogers with a
+detachment of his rangers to the villages on the St. Francis. Just
+before daybreak, on the fifth of October, he surprised and killed at
+least two hundred Indians, and burnt all their wigwams, plunder, and
+effects. Rogers in his journal says: "To my own knowledge, in six years'
+time, the St. Francis Indians had killed and carried into captivity on
+the frontiers of New England, four hundred persons; we found in the
+town, hanging on poles over the doors &c., about six hundred scalps,
+mostly English."
+
+The power of the tribe for evil was gone, and we hear no more of them
+till the Revolution, when their warriors followed Burgoyne to Saratoga,
+where they again used the tomahawk and scalping knife, but when his
+fortunes began to wane, they retired to the banks of the St. Lawrence.
+Again in the war of 1812, they joined the English, but their numbers
+were few, and after a brief campaign, they, for the last time, retraced
+their steps to their own homes.
+
+A few more remarks will close the history of this tribe, once the terror
+of New England.
+
+The present condition of the Abenakis is given in a report made in 1858
+to the Legislative Assembly of Canada. This states that the tribe on the
+St. Francis has diminished to three hundred and eighty-seven persons;
+they live mainly by agriculture, but everything is done in so rude a
+way, that they gather but scanty crops. Part of them, through the
+exertions of one of their own number, have been induced to discard their
+ancient faith, and are now professed Methodists. This change has
+involved the tribe in continual feuds and difficulties, which will
+prevent any improvement, and will probably lead to a permanent division
+and removal of one of the parties. They often undergo much privation for
+want of proper food and other necessaries of life. The portion of the
+tribe at Beçancour presents a still more degraded condition. There
+remain but thirty families, in all one hundred and seventy-two
+individuals. They still remain Roman Catholics, have no schools, and
+seem to have reached the extreme of misery and destitution, and so
+completely have this people intermixed, that their missionary writes,
+"he does not know of a single pure Abenaki among them."
+
+The vocabulary now published is copied from a small volume printed about
+thirty years ago, entitled "Wobanaki Kimzowi Awighigan," i.e. Abenaki
+Spelling Book. It was procured by the writer with much difficulty, as it
+was the only copy that could be obtained among them. It is supposed by
+those qualified to judge, to be a fair specimen of the dialect formerly
+spoken on the Androscoggin and Kennebec, although there are in it many
+words originally borrowed from the French and English. From a
+memorandum made when with them a few years since, the name of their
+tribe, as near as can be written and pronounced in English, is
+W'Banankee, accenting the last syllable.
+
+The treaties, now for the first time printed, are copied from the
+original in the possession of the writer; they will be perused with
+pleasure by those interested in antiquarian researches. But at the
+present day it is difficult to realize the interest which these
+proceedings and documents excited; they were often considered almost a
+matter of life or death to the frontier settlers. It is apparent that
+every chief had then his peculiar totem, or symbol. At a later period
+this system was abandoned, and they used only a simple cross. Among the
+chiefs who signed, is to be found the totem of Bombazeen and some
+others, whose names are perpetuated in history for their bloody
+exploits. The autographs annexed show the names of men then prominent in
+both provinces, and some of them afterwards attained the highest
+positions in political life.
+
+The vocabularies and treaties are now submitted for publication by
+request of the Maine Historical Society.
+
+    BOSTON, AUGUST, 1859.
+
+
+
+
+    EXTRACTS FROM A SPELLING-BOOK IN THE ABENAKI LANGUAGE.
+
+  PUBLISHED IN BOSTON IN 1830, AND CALLED "KIMZOWI AWIGHIGAN,"
+         THE LAST WORD BEING THE TERM FOR BOOK.
+
+
+The sounds of the vowels are represented in English according to the
+following scheme.
+
+ _Vowels._         _Sounded._
+
+ A  a           as _a_ in father, psalm.
+ E  e           as _e_ in met, or in accident.
+ I  i           as _ee_ in seen, or _i_ in machine.
+ O  o           as _o_ in note.
+ U  u           as _u_ in tube, cube; also used after _g_, as in language.
+    [)u]        as [)u] in cup, sun.
+
+
+ _Nasal._
+
+ [O=]  [o=]
+
+
+ _Dipthongs._
+
+ Ai  ai         as _i_ in pine, nine.
+ Au  au         as _ow_ or _ou_ in how, thou.
+
+
+ _Consonants._     _Names._
+
+ B  b              bi
+ D  d              di
+ G  g              gi
+ H  h              hi
+ J  j              ji
+ K  k              ki
+ L  l              li
+ M  m              mi
+ N  n              ni
+ P  p              pi
+ S  s              si
+ T  t              ti
+ W  w              wi
+ Z  z              zi
+ CH ch             chi
+
+
+ Ch[o=]ls--cricket
+ kots--goat
+ kask--cap
+ pots--boot
+ mskakw--swamp
+ nbes--lake
+ mskask--spruce
+ paks--box
+ mke zen--shoe
+ sop--soap
+ sen--stone
+ tlaps--trap
+ win--marrow
+ wchat--sinew
+ wli--good
+ ne bi--water
+ cha kwa--this morning
+ chi ga--when
+ chbi wi--apart
+ chig naz--thorn plum
+ cho wi--must be, certain
+ pa skwa--noon
+ pla nikw--flying squirrel
+ pi han--rope
+ psig ia--half
+ kokw--kettle
+ k[o=]gw--porcupine
+ pins--pin
+ skog--snake
+ piz--pea
+ nbis--little water
+ pigs--hog
+ moz--moose
+ kwat--cup
+ swip--jew
+ sips--a fowl
+ wins--black birch
+ wskan--bone
+ a sokw--cloud
+ wk[o=]t--leg
+ cha kwat--daylight
+ cha ga--now then
+ chi bai--ghost
+ chog l[)u]skw--black bird
+ chan naps--turnip
+ chbo sa--walks apart
+ pne k[o=]kw--sandy hill
+ p[o=] bakw--a bog
+ pe guis--a gnat
+ psi gaskw--board
+ psan ta--full
+ to s[o=]n--a shed
+ ta lin--earthen basin
+ sko tam--trout
+ ski ia--raw
+ o-kwa--maggot
+ ska mon--corn
+ ska kwam--green stick
+ mski ko--grass
+ psa na wi--full of
+ ab [o=]n--cake
+ as ma--not yet
+ a ses--horse
+ akw bi--rum
+ a wip--pith
+ a la--or
+ ap les--apple
+ ak ikw--seal
+ as ban--raccoon
+ al wa--almost
+ ki k[o=]n--field
+ ko wa--pine tree
+ ki zos--sun
+ kda hla--it sinks
+ ka ia--thick milk
+ kchim li--chimney
+ kchin bes--great lake
+ psan ba--full
+ psa nikw--black squirrel
+ sig wit--widower
+ ska hla--raw hide
+ te go--wave
+ ski bakw--green leaf
+ ska wakw--fresh meat
+ mska ta--lily root
+ msko da--prairie
+ kzab da--hot
+ ab on--bed
+ as kan--horn
+ al akws--star
+ al ikws--pismire
+ am kw[o=]n--spoon
+ ag askw--woodchuck
+ a zip--sheep
+ ak sen--ox
+ a kwan--bitter, acrid
+ kas ko--crane
+ pe laz--pigeon
+ kas ta--how many times
+ ka oz--cow
+ ka akw--gull
+ k[o=] jo--vein
+ kchi t[)u]kw--great river
+ ki zokw--day
+ w[o=] wan--an egg
+ wa bi--buttock
+ wi bit--tooth
+ wdel li--shoulder
+ w[)u]ch [o=]l--nose
+ wig bi--stringy bark
+ wle guan--wing
+ wa japkw--root
+ wcha too--sinewy
+ wskat gua--forehead
+ wli gen--good
+ wi noz--onion
+ w[o=] bi--white
+ wa guan--heel
+ w[)u]t tep--head
+ wta wakw--ear
+ wsi s[)u]kw--eye
+ wdo lo--kidney
+ wig w[o=]m--house, camp
+ wa dap--root to sew with
+ Wd[o=] w[o=]--Autawa Indian
+ w[)u]t t[)u]n--mouth
+ wji ia--belonging to
+ wlo gas--leather string
+ wla nikw--fisher
+ wikw kwa--thigh
+ wa chil--oak nut
+ wha gakw--a scalp
+ wha ga--body
+ wpa nak--lights
+ wa laskw--husk
+ w[o=]l kaa--hollow place
+ wz[)u]kw na--tail
+ wi zi--gall, bile
+ w[o=] boz--elk
+ w[o=]kw ses--fox
+ wi os--flesh
+ ma wia--better
+ s[o=]g m[o=]--chief
+ a wan--air
+ ki zi--already
+ msi wi--largely
+ wski a--new
+ sikw hla--hail
+ kwa nak--length
+ ta bat--enough
+ mat guas--rabbit
+ mkwi gen--red
+ tau b[o=] gan--large trough
+ tlap s[o=] bi--trap chain
+ ska h[o=] gan--a forked post
+ wlag zi--bowels
+ wa jo--mountain
+ wji g[o=]n--desolate camp
+ wdol ka--breast, stomach
+ wi ka--fat
+ wl[o=] da--hot weather
+ w[o=] lakw--hole
+ wja kwam--but end
+ wl[o=]m ka--fine grainy
+ wski gen--young vegetable
+ wzi dakw--handle
+ wne kikw--otter
+ wa gin--wagon
+ pil tal--lead
+ kchi ia--aged person
+ pa g[o=]n--nut
+ a chi--also
+ ng[o=]n ia--old
+ m[o=] gis--monkey
+ wd[)u]p kwan--hair
+ wa ji--for, to
+ s[o=] ga--lobster
+ piz wat--good for nothing
+ kl[o=] gan--door
+ tip wa bel--pepper
+ ska w[o=] gan--standing
+ skip w[o=] gan--eating raw
+ chi t[o=] ba hi gan--a wedge
+ chi ba gi n[o=] guat--looks very bad
+ chi ba i skwet ta--ignis fatuus
+ chi git wa hi gan--razor
+ p[i=] mi zig ni gan--withe
+ pok ja na hwi ka--stumpy
+ psakw dam ni mo zi--blackberry bush
+ tb[o=] bak hi gan--pair of scales, steelyard
+ ska mon ta hi gan--corn meal
+ skas kwat si gan--green dye
+ a lo ka w[o=] gan--a work, labor
+ al n[o=] ba w[o=] gan--human nature, birth
+ sa n[o=] ba w[o=] gan--manhood
+ a za wa skwi gen--square
+ a ba kwa w[o=] gan--act of covering with a roof
+ a ses si ga mikw--stable
+ am kw[o=] ni no da--spoon basket
+ a ses w[o=] bi al--harness
+ a za t[o=] i wi--backwards
+ kin ja mes w[o=] gan--majesty
+ ka dos mo w[o=] gan--act of drinking, a drink
+ kba hod wi ga mikw--jail
+ ki wi tam w[o=] gan--hint
+ ki ta das w[o=] gan--act of sharpening by grinding
+ ki no ho ma sin--preaching
+ kin ja mes sis kwa--queen
+ ka o zi ga mikw--barn
+ ka wzo wah di gan--sleigh
+ ka sij wa hi gan--dish towel
+ po da wa w[o=] gan--act of blowing
+ p[o=] l[o=] ba w[o=] gan--pride
+ piz wa gi zo--he reads for nothing
+ pi da hla gu[o=] gan--scabbard
+ pkwes sa ga hi gan--key
+ p[o=] ba tam w[o=] gan--religion
+ p[o=] ba tam win no--religious person
+ pa pa hwij wi ia--tin
+ pa pa hwij wi jo--tin basin
+ pa pi tom k[o=] gan--a plaything
+ nkes k[o=]g w[o=] gan--nightmare
+ ni mat gua hi gan--a fork
+ no da hla go kat--blacksmith
+ no ji m[o=] ni kat--silversmith
+ no ji pak si kat--box maker
+ no da wig hi gat--notary, writer
+ no ji na mas kat--fisher
+ no da ma gu[o=] gan--spear
+ o l[o=] wat si gan--blue dye
+ [o=] do lib i[o=] gan--oar
+ po da woz win no--counsellor
+ po da waz w[o=] gan--council
+ mos kwal dam w[o=] gan--anger
+ mi ga ka w[o=] gan--act of fighting
+ mka za wat si gan--copperas
+ si gua na hi gan--skim-milk
+ tmo kwa ta hi gan--sword
+ les sa ga hi gan--trunk
+ wi la wig win no--rich person
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN TREATIES.
+
+
+At Portsmouth, in her Maj^ty's Province of New Hampshire, in New
+England, the thirteenth day of July, in the twelfth year of the Reign of
+our Sovereign Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France,
+and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the faith, &c. [1713]
+
+
+THE SUBMISSION AND AGREEMENT OF THE EASTERN INDIANS.
+
+Whereas for some years last past We have made a breach of our Fidelity
+and Loyalty to the Crowns of Great Britain, and have made open Rebellion
+against her Maj^ty's Subjects, the English inhabitants in the
+Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other of her Maj^ty's Territories in
+New England, and being now sensible of the miseryes which We & our
+people are reduced thereunto thereby, We whose names are here
+subscribed, being Delegates of all the Indians belonging to Norrigawake,
+Narrakamegock, Amasacontoog, Pigwocket, Penecook, & to all other Indian
+Plantations situated on the Rivers of St. Johns, Penobscot, Kenybeck,
+Amascogon, Saco, & Merimack, & all other Indian Plantations lying
+between the s^d Rivers of St. Johns and Merimack, Parts of her
+Maj^ty's Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, within
+her Maj^ty's Sovereignty, having made application to his Excellency,
+Joseph Dudley, Esq^re, Captain General & Govern^r in Chief in and
+over the s^d Provinces, That the Troubles which we have unhappily
+raised or occasioned against her Maj^ty's subjects, the English, &
+ourselves, may cease & have an end, & that we may enjoy her Maj^ty's
+Grace & Favor, and each of us Respectively, for ourselves & in the name
+& with the free consent of all the Indians belonging to the several
+Rivers and places aforesaid, & all other Indians within the s^d
+Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, hereby
+acknowledging ourselves the lawfull subjects of our Sovereign Lady,
+Queen Anne, and promising our hearty Subjection & Obediance unto the
+Crown of Great Britain, doe solemnly Covenant, promise, & agree to &
+with the s^d Joseph Dudley, Esq., Govern^r, and all such as shall
+hereafter be in the place of Capt. General and Govern^r in Chief of
+the aforesaid Provinces or territories on her Maj^ty's behalf, in
+manner following. That is to say:
+
+That at all times forever, from and after the date of these presents, we
+will cease and forbear all acts of hostility toward all the subjects of
+the crown of Great Britain, and not to offer the least hurt or violence
+to them or any of them in their persons or estates, but will honor,
+forward, hold, & maintain a firm & constant amity & friendship with all
+the English, and will not entertain any Treasonable Conspiracy with any
+other Nation to their Disturbance.
+
+That her Maj^ty's Subjects, the English, shall & may peaceably &
+quietly enter upon, improve, & forever enjoy, all and singular their
+Rights of Land & former Settlements, Properties, & possesions, within
+the Eastern Parts of the s^d Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and
+New Hampshire, together with all the Islands, Islets, Shoars, Beaches, &
+Fisheries within the same, without any molestation or claims by us or
+any other Indians, And be in no wais molested, interrupted, or disturbed
+therein. Saving unto the s^d Indians their own Grounds, & free liberty
+for Hunting, Fishing, Fowling, and all other their Lawful Liberties &
+Privileges, as on the Eleventh day of August, in the year of our Lord
+God One thousand six hundred & ninety-three.
+
+That for mutual Safety & Benefit, all Trade & Comerce which hereafter
+may be allowed betwixt the English & Indians shall be in such places &
+under such management & regulations as shall be stated by her
+Maj^ty's Governments of the s^d Provinces respectively. And to
+prevent mischiefs & inconveniencies the Indians shall not be allowed,
+for the present, & until they have liberty from the respective
+Governments, to come near to any English Plantations or Settlements on
+this side of Saco River.
+
+That if any Controversy or Difference at any time hereafter happen to
+arise betwixt any of the English or Indians, for any real or supposed
+wrong or injury done on the one side or the other, no Private Revenge
+shall be taken by the Indians for the same, but proper application shall
+be made to her Maj^ty's Government, upon the place, for remedy
+thereof, in our Course of Justice, We hereby submitting ourselves to be
+ruled & Governed by her Maj^ty's Laws, & desire to have the protection
+& benefit of the same.
+
+We confess that we have, contrary to all faith and justice, broken our
+articles with S^r William Phipps, Governour, made in the year of our
+Lord God 1693, and with the Earl of Bellemont, Govern^r, made in the
+year of our Lord God 1699, And the assurance we gave to his Excellency,
+Joseph Dudley, Esq^re, Governor, in the years of our Lord God 1702, in
+the month of August, and 1703, in the month of July, notwithstanding we
+have been well treated by the s^d Governors; and we resolve for the
+future not to be drawn into any perfidious Treaty or Correspondence, to
+the hurt of any of the subjects of her Maj^ty the Queen of Great
+Britain, and if we know of any such we will seasonably reveal it to the
+English.
+
+Wherefore, we whose names are hereunto subscribed, Delegates for the
+several tribes of the Indians, belonging unto the River of Kenybeck,
+Amarascogen, St. Johns, Saco, & Merrimac, & parts adjacent, being
+sensible of our great offence & folly in not complying with the
+afores^d Submission & agreements, and also of the sufferings &
+mischiefs that we have thereby exposed ourselves unto, do, in all
+humble & submisive manner, cast ourselves upon her Maj^ty's mercy for
+the pardon of all our past rebellions, hostilities, and Violations of
+our promises, praying to be received unto her Maj^ty's Grace &
+Protection. And for & on behalfe of ourselves, and of all other the
+Indians belonging to the several Rivers and places afores^d, within
+the Sovereignty of her Maj^ty of Great Britain, do again acknowledge &
+profess our hearty and sinceer obedience unto the Crown of Great
+Britain, and do solemnly renew, ratify, and confirm all & every of the
+articles & agreements contained in the former and present submission.
+
+This Treaty to be humbly laid before her Maj^ty, for her ratification
+and farther orders. In Witness whereof, We, the Delegates afore^sd, by
+name, Kireberuit, Iteansis, and Jackoit, for Penobscot, Joseph and
+Eneas, for St. Johns, Waracansit, Wedaranaquin, and Bomoseen, for
+Kennebeck, have hereunto set our hands & seals, the day and year first
+above written.
+
+    SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED
+        IN THE PRESENCE OF
+
+
+ Signatures:
+   J Rev Knap
+   Geo. Vaughan
+   Sha^d Walton
+   W Dudley
+   Edmund Quinsey
+   Spencer Phips
+   J Widger.
+   Sam A Moody
+   Samu S Lynde
+   Richard Saltonstal
+   Josiah Willard
+   Henry Somorby
+   Thos Leihmesel
+   Joseph Hiller Jun.
+   Jos: Lloyd
+   James Alford
+   Jon^a. Roining'lon
+   John Gillman
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ QUALEBEENEWES.
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ WARRAKANSIT.
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ BOMOSEEN.
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ EDARANAQUIN.]
+
+ Signatures:
+   Stephan Minot
+   Jonathan Pollard
+   Geo. Jalfrey
+   A. Wilbury
+   John Leighton
+   Peter Martin
+   John Yoo
+   (unclear) Goessth?
+   Robert Carson
+   Jonathan Kling
+   Steph^n Eastwick
+   (unclear) Nalle^a Rogers?
+   Jn^o Nowmarch
+   Henry Flynt]
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ ENEAS.
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ ITEANSIS.
+
+ Signatures:
+   Jabez Hitch
+   Sam^ll Moodey
+   Jer^a. Wise
+   John Karnard
+   Nicholas Sever
+   (unclear) Sam^ll. Fiske
+   Cha. Story, Sec^y. of N.H.
+   James Lusmore
+   Richard Waldron
+   Ths: Sheppard
+   John Penhallow
+   Geo: Huntington
+   (unclear) Sam^ll: Pluisted?
+   John Newman (unclear Jr.?)
+   James Joffry
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ JACKOIT.
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ JOSEP.
+
+
+At Portsmouth, in her Maj^tie's Province of New Hampshire, in New
+England, the 28th Day of July, in the thirteenth year of our Sovereign
+Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland,
+Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c. [1714]
+
+The several Articles of the foregoing sheet, after a long Conference
+with the Delegates of the Eastern Indians, were read to them, & the
+sense & meaning thereof explained by two faithful, sworn Interpreters,
+and accordingly signed by every of the Sachems and Delegates that were
+not present & had not signed the last year.
+
+In the Presence of his Excellency the Governour, and his Excellency
+General Nicholson, & the Gentlemen of Her Maj^tie's Councills for the
+Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay & New Hampshire, & other Gentlemen.
+
+    SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED
+        IN THE PRESENCE OF US,
+
+ Signatures:
+   John White
+   Tho^s. (unclear) Burnster?
+   Edm^d Goff
+   Habijah Savage
+   J Widger.
+
+ PEQUARET
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ WEEBENOOSE
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ CATERRAMOGGUS
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ Signatures:
+   (unclear)
+   John Rogors
+   John Denison
+   Rich^d (unclear) Miller?
+   John Lambton
+
+ NUCTUNGUS
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ QUINNAWUS
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ QUIREBOOSET
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ JOSEPH
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ Signatures:
+   M: Berckfield
+   John Jekyll
+   Edward Hacketh
+   Tho. Plaisted
+   Marcaveni
+   S Jenning Wentworth
+
+ NEGUSCAWIT
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ PIERRE ABINNAWAY.
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ SCAWWEASE
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ Signatures:
+   W^m Cooper
+   Estes Plateh
+   Tho: Legard
+   Charles (unclear) Hrosh?
+
+ ADDEAWANDO.
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ SEGUNCEWICK
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ KISSURAGUNNIT
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ PITTAURISQUANNE
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ CÆSAR MOXUSSON
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ ERIXIS
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ ESTIEN
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ WENEMOET
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ WOHONUMBAMET
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ SANBODDIES
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+
+
+
+TREATY OF 1717.
+
+
+Georgetown, on Arrowsick Island, in his Majesty's Province of the
+Massachusetts Bay in New England, the 12th Day of August 1717, in the
+fourth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George, by the Grace of
+God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith,
+&c.
+
+We, the Subscribers, being Sachems and Chief men of the several Tribes
+of Indians belonging to Kennebeck, Penobscut, Pegwackit, Saco, and
+other, the Eastern Parts of his Majesty's Province afores^d, having
+had the several Articles of the foregoing Treaty distinctly read and
+Interpreted to us by a Sworn Interpreter at this time, do Approve of,
+Recognize, Ratify, and Confirm all and every the said Articles,
+(excepting only the _fourth_ and _fifth_ articles, which relate to the
+restraint and limitation of Trade and Commerce, which is now otherwise
+managed.)
+
+And whereas, some rash and inconsiderate Persons amongst us, have
+molested some of our good fellow Subjects, the English, in the
+Possession of their Lands, and otherwise illtreated them;--We do
+disapprove & condemn the same,--and freely consent that our English
+friends shall possess, enjoy & improve all the Lands which they have
+formerly possessed, and all which they have obtained a right & title
+unto, Hoping it will prove of mutual and reciprocal benefit and
+advantage to them & us, that they Cohabit with us.
+
+In testimony and perpetual memory whereof, We have hereunto set our
+hands & seals, in behalf of ourselves and of the several Tribes of
+Indians that have delegated us to appear for, & represent them the day
+and year aforementioned.
+
+ NUDGGUMBOIT   X Sign. }
+ ABISSANEHRAW  X Sign. }  _Kennebeck._
+ UMGUINNAWAS   X Sign. }
+
+ AWOHAWAY      X Sign. }
+ PAQUAHARET    X Sign. } _Kennebeck._
+ CÆSAR         X Sign. }
+
+ LEREBENUIT    X Sign. }
+ OHANUMBAMES   X Sign. } _Penobscut._
+ SEGUNKI       X Sign. }
+
+ ADEAWANDO     X Sign. }  _Pegwackit._
+ SCAWESO       X Sign. }
+
+ MOXUS         X Sign. }
+ BOMMAZEEN     X Sign. }
+ CAPT. SAM     X Sign. }
+ NAGUCAWEN     X Sign. } _Kennebeck._
+ SUMMEHAWIS    X Sign. }
+ WEGWARUMENET  X Sign. }
+ TERRAMUGGUS.  X Sign. }
+
+ SABADIS       X Sign. }  _Ammarascoggin._
+ SAM HUMPHRIES X Sign. }
+
+SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED, IN PRESENCE OF
+
+ Signatures:
+   W Dudley
+   G Dyer (unclear) Jr?
+   William Little
+   Fran^s (unclear)
+
+ AUGUSTIN MOXUS SON
+ (Signature)
+ Sign.
+
+ SAROME.
+ (Signature)
+ Sign.
+
+ Signatures:
+   Joseph Miller Jun.
+   James Parsons
+   John (unclear)
+   Joshua Winslow
+   Peres Bradford
+   Sam. (unclear)
+   Theodore Atkinson
+   Jn Gray
+   John Penhallow
+   John Denison
+
+ FRANCOIS XAVIER
+ (Signature)
+ Sign.
+
+ MEGONUMBA
+ (Signature)
+ Sign.
+
+
+
+
+TOTEMS.
+
+
+The figures or emblems connected with the signatures of the Indians are
+called, in the language of the Algonquins, _Totems_; and are the
+distinguishing marks or signs of the clans or tribes into which the
+various nations are divided. They are not the personal emblems of the
+chiefs, although in signing treaties they employ them as their sign
+manual. Each tribe or clan had its emblem, consisting of the figure of
+some bird, beast, or reptile, and is distinguished by the name of the
+animal which it has assumed as a device, as Wolf, Hawk, Tortoise. To
+different totems, says Parkman in his "Conspiracy of Pontiac," attach
+different degrees of rank and dignity; and those of the Bear, the
+Tortoise, and the Wolf are among the first in honor. Each man is proud
+of his badge, jealously asserting its claim to respect. The use of the
+totem prevailed among the southern, as well as the northern tribes; Mr.
+Parkman says that Mr. Gallatin informed him, that he was told by the
+chief of a Choctaw deputation at Washington, that in their tribe were
+eight totemic clans, divided into two classes of four each.
+
+Mr. Parkman says again, in the work above cited, page 9, "But the main
+stay of the Iroquois polity was the system of _totemship_. It was this
+which gave the structure its elastic strength; and but for this, a mere
+confederacy of jealous and warlike tribes must soon have been rent
+asunder by shocks from without, or discord from within. At some early
+period the Iroquois must have formed an individual nation; for the whole
+people, irrespective of their separation into tribes, consisted of eight
+totemic clans; and the members of each clan, to what nation soever they
+belonged, were mutually bound to one another by those close ties of
+fraternity which mark this singular institution. Thus the five nations
+of the confederacy were bound together by an eight-fold band; and to
+this hour their slender remnants cling to one another with invincible
+tenacity."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Abenaki Indians, by Frederic Kidder
+
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Abenaki Indians, by Frederic Kidder.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
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+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
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+    a { text-decoration: none; }
+
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Abenaki Indians, by Frederic Kidder
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Abenaki Indians
+       Their Treaties of 1713 & 1717, and a Vocabulary
+
+Author: Frederic Kidder
+
+Release Date: May 10, 2008 [EBook #25416]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ABENAKI INDIANS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeannie Howse, Chuck Greif, Anne Storer and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by the Canadian Institute for
+Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p class="notes">Transcriber&#8217;s Note:<br />
+Unusual and inconsistent spelling of names<br />
+have been left as in the original.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h1>THE ABENAKI INDIANS;</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>THEIR TREATIES OF 1713 &amp; 1717, AND A VOCABULARY:</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h5>WITH A</h5>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h5>BY</h5>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>FREDERIC KIDDER, OF BOSTON.</h3>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><strong>PORTLAND:</strong><br />
+PRINTED BY BROWN THURSTON.<br />
+1859.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE ABENAKI INDIANS.</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>The present spirit of inquiry into the early history of New England is
+bringing forth additional facts and evolving new light, by which we are
+every day seeing more clearly the true motive and incentives for its
+colonization. But whenever the student turns to investigate the history
+of the aboriginal tribes, who once inhabited this part of the country,
+he is struck, not so much with the paucity of materials, as with the
+complication and difficulties which our earlier and later writers have
+thrown around the subject, as well as the very different light with
+which they have viewed it.</p>
+
+<p>The first explorers of our coast, whose intercourse with the Indians was
+limited to trading for furs and skins, seem to have had a much better
+opinion of them than Mather, Hubbard, and some still later writers. It
+is not to be supposed that while a large part of the population were
+smarting from the distress of almost continued Indian wars, that even
+the most candid could coolly investigate and impartially record the
+history, character, and wants of such a people. But the time has
+arrived, when, divesting ourselves of all prejudice, we can examine
+carefully their true situation, and making allowance for their
+condition, write their history with fairness and candor.</p>
+
+<p>The present sketch is confined to a brief notice of the tribes who
+inhabited the territory now constituting the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+States of Maine and New
+Hampshire, all of which may be considered as embraced under the name of
+Abenakis, or more properly Wanbanakkie. It has often been supposed that
+this name was given them by the French, but it is undoubtedly their
+original appellation, being derived from Wanbanban, which may be defined
+the people of aurora borealis or northern light.</p>
+
+<p>It is only now intended to sketch their earlier history, and to trace
+the various emigrations to the present residence of the Abenakis proper,
+in Canada; and viewing this tribe as the living representative of our
+extinct ones, to consider its interesting history, so clearly connected
+with New England frontier life, although most of that history is but a
+record of war and wretchedness.</p>
+
+<p>The celebrated discoverer, Capt. John Smith, in his general history,
+furnishes the earliest and most reliable description of the Indians on
+the coast of Maine, as they were in 1614; other writers give accounts of
+tribes there, some of which it is difficult to distinguish or locate;
+but it may be best to consider all that were residing in the two States
+above-mentioned as embraced in about eight distinct tribes, namely:
+Penobscots or Tarrentines, Passamaquodies or Sybayks, Wawenocks,
+Norridgewoks or Canibas, Assagunticooks, Sokokis or Pequakets,
+Pennacooks, Malacites or St. Johns.</p>
+
+<p>The Penobscots<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+were probably the most numerous and influential tribe.
+Their chief or bashaba was said to have been acknowledged as a superior
+as far as Massachusetts Bay. They occupied the country on both sides of
+the Penobscot Bay and River; their summer resort being near the sea, but
+during the winter and spring they inhabited lands
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+near the falls, where
+they still reside. It is somewhat strange to find a tribe numbering
+about five hundred still remaining in their ancient abode, and, though
+surrounded by whites, retaining their language, religion, and many of
+the habits and customs of centuries past, with a probability of
+perpetuating them for ages to come. Their name is from <em>penobsq</em>, rock,
+and <em>utoret</em>, a place, literally, rocky-place,&mdash;which no doubt refers to
+the rocky falls in the river near their residence. It is not supposed
+that many of this tribe emigrated to Canada, although they had constant
+intercourse with that country.</p>
+
+<p>The Passamaquodies were found occupying the northeastern corner of
+Maine, if, as it is generally supposed, they are the descendants of
+those seen and described by De Monts, who spent the winter of 1604 near
+their present head-quarters. Their subsequent history for more than a
+century was but a blank, as in all that time they are not mentioned by
+any writer, or named in any of the treaties, till after the conquest of
+Canada. This omission is certainly strange, as in the ones of 1713 and
+1717 now published in this volume, mere fragments of tribes are named
+and represented.</p>
+
+<p>Still, if any reliance can be placed on their own traditions, they had
+resided for generations previous to the Revolution around the lower
+Schoodic Lake, where the recent discovery of stone hatchets and other
+implements of an ancient make would seem to verify their assertions.
+They also point out the place of a fight with the Mohawks, who two
+centuries ago carried terror into all the Indian villages from Carolina
+to the Bay of Fundy. It is probable that from their distant inland and
+secluded position, as well as their limited numbers, they were in no way
+connected with the various wars which the other tribes waged against the
+colonists, and so were unnoticed. As their residence on the lake was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+nearer Machias than any other available point on the sea coast, it may
+be that to trade with this people the trading house was established
+there by the Plymouth Colony, in 1630, and they were often called the
+Machias Indians. Although their intercourse has long continued with
+Canada, up to this time they have sent no emigrants there. They number
+at present between four and five hundred souls, and still adhere to the
+religious forms taught them by the Jesuits. This tribe designate
+themselves by the name of Sybayk.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Wawenocks were located on the sea-coast, and inhabited the country
+from the Sheepscot to the St. George; they are quite fully described by
+Capt. John Smith, who had much intercourse with them. From their
+situation on the rivers and harbors, they were much sooner disturbed by
+the settlements than any other of the tribes in Maine. In 1747 there
+were but a few families remaining. At the treaty at Falmouth, in 1749,
+they were associated with the Assagunticooks, among whom they were then
+settled, and with whom they soon after removed to Canada. The Canibas or
+Norridgewoks occupied the valley of the Kennebec, from the tide water to
+its sources; their principal residence was at Norridgewock. Here the
+Jesuit missionaries, at an early period, taught them their religious
+faith, and by sharing with them their privations and hardships, obtained
+a controlling influence over them.</p>
+
+<p>As they inhabited fertile intervale land, they gave more attention to
+agriculture than any of the neighboring tribes, and appear to have been
+originally more peaceably inclined towards the whites than some of their
+neighbors. Residing so far inland, they were but little acquainted with the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+prowess of the whites, and sent out their war parties to commit
+murders and depredations on the unprotected settlers, without expecting
+a retribution on their own heads. After a long succession of murders and
+captures in the English settlements, by this tribe, instigated, as was
+believed, by their priest, Sebastian Rasle, an expedition was sent
+against them, consisting of about two hundred men, who killed about
+thirty Indians, including Rasle, and destroyed the place, without the
+loss of a man. This broke their power, but they continued to reside
+there for many years, and gradually retired to the St. Francis,&mdash;the
+last family migrating near the end of the last century.</p>
+
+<p>The Assagunticooks were a numerous tribe who inhabited the country along
+the whole valley of the Androscoggin; and although their lands were not
+occupied by whites, they were frequently bitter enemies, and were the
+first to begin a war and the last to make peace. Their location gave
+them easy access to the settlements, from Casco to Piscataqua, which
+they improved to glut their thirst for blood and slaughter. About 1750
+they moved to Canada and joined the St. Francis tribe. They could then
+muster about one hundred and fifty warriors, and being much the most
+numerous tribe that emigrated there, it is supposed they had the
+greatest influence, and that their dialect is more truly perpetuated
+than any other in that confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>The Sokokis inhabited the country bordering on the Saco River, but were
+mostly limited to its head waters. Their villages were located on the
+alluvial lands in what is now Fryeburg, Me., and Conway, N. H. The
+Pegwakets and Ossipees were either identical with or branches of this
+tribe. In 1725 Capt. John Lovewell with about fifty soldiers, on a
+scouting adventure in the vicinity, fell in with a war party of the
+tribe, and a sanguinary battle ensued, disastrous to both parties. Their
+chief, Paugus, was slain;
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+and within a short period the remainder of
+the tribe, dispirited by their misfortunes, retired to Canada.</p>
+
+<p>The Pennacooks were probably the only occupants of the waters of the
+Merrimac, and perhaps included nearly all the nations who resided in
+what is now the State of New Hampshire. Their principal residence was at
+Amoskeag Falls, the site of the present manufacturing city of
+Manchester. It is usual to name the Pennatuckets, Wambesitts, Souhegans,
+and some others as tribes, but there can be no doubt they all owned
+fealty to the head sagamore of the Pennacooks, and were only branches of
+that tribe, as were all the Indians on the Piscataqua and its waters. It
+is also probable the small band of Cowasacks, on the upper Connecticut,
+were of this tribe. The Pennacooks must have been at one time a numerous
+community, and were less warlike than any of the Abenaki race. It is
+likely they were more disposed to cultivate the soil, and their
+historian, Judge Potter, represents them as amiable and friendly to the
+whites. Notwithstanding, they were the earliest emigrants to Canada.
+They left their pleasant hunting grounds with regret, and often returned
+to cultivate their ancient fields; but few of them resided permanently
+there after about 1700.</p>
+
+<p>It is proper to add to the names of the original Abenaki tribes, that of
+the Malacite or Amalecite, who have always resided on the St. John. It
+is not known that any part of this tribe emigrated to Canada with those
+of Maine, but in 1828 about thirty families emigrated there, and settled
+on a branch of the River Verte. But the largest part still reside in New
+Brunswick.</p>
+
+<p>We come now to trace the emigration of the Abenakis to the banks of the
+St. Lawrence. As the Jesuits had been in constant communication with the
+tribes in Maine for more than half a century, the Indians had learned
+the way to Quebec, and it is probable that during Philip&#8217;s war some of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+the tribes obtained arms and ammunition from that place. During this war
+the Pennacooks, under the influence of their chief, Wonnolancet, had
+remained neutral, and in July, 1676, at Chocheco, signed with some
+others a treaty of perpetual peace. Still, the feeling of the whites was
+so strong against all the race, that they placed little reliance on
+their former good conduct or present promises. A few months after this
+treaty, they induced a large number of Indians, from the various tribes,
+to come to the same place, and where all the militia of the provinces
+had assembled, and while professing to practice some sham evolutions,
+the Indians were suddenly surrounded and captured. Many of the prisoners
+so treacherously obtained were executed, and others sold into slavery
+for having been in arms against the whites.</p>
+
+<p>Although Wonnolancet and his tribe were discharged, this breach of faith
+must have taught him that he could not rely on the white man&#8217;s promise,
+and that neither he nor his tribe was safe on the Merrimac. With this
+feeling he, with a part of them, left for Canada in the autumn of 1677.
+Although he subsequently returned to visit his former hunting and
+fishing grounds, his real home was, for the remainder of his life, near
+Quebec, and he with his band became the nucleus of the Indian settlement
+there; but it is not apparent that he was at any period the enemy of the
+English.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of the war, nearly all the tribes in New England had been
+more or less involved in it. The colonists now looked upon them as a
+conquered race of heathen, and that their duty was to drive them out,
+and enjoy their lands in the manner of the Israelites of old. On the
+other hand, the Indians who had made terms of peace, having now for the
+first time realized that they had not the ability to cope with the
+English in war, and could not trust their friendship in peace, naturally
+looked to the French as the protectors of their villages and hunting
+grounds. Many of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+them were willing to place themselves and their
+families under their care.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore the Jesuits, who had for a long time been their spiritual, and
+often their temporal advisers, began to turn the steps of the broken and
+scattered remnants of the tribes who had suffered most in the war, to
+the feeble settlement of the Pennacooks, near Quebec, and as early as
+1685, the Governor of that colony granted a tract of land at a place
+called C&ocirc;te de Lauzon, opposite that city, for their use. Up to the
+commencement of the war, a considerable number of Indians had continued
+to reside on the Connecticut river, above Northampton; they had fought
+against the whites, and at the death of Philip, fled and took up their
+abode at Scauticook, above Albany, and were afterwards increased by
+additions from other tribes.</p>
+
+<p>After a few years, the government of New York became desirous of being
+rid of such neighbors, whom they could not trust or control, and induced
+them to remove to Canada, where most of them were settled before the
+close of that century, with or near the Pennacooks.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the eighteenth century, the numbers of refugee Indians
+attracted the attention of the Governor of Canada, and as the whole of
+the French population of that colony did not then number ten thousand
+souls, he saw they would materially add to the strength of his command,
+and could be used most effectually against the frontiers of New England.
+He therefore took measures to give them a home there. As the grant near
+Quebec was found not adapted to their needs and condition, probably from
+its close contiguity to that city, two convenient tracts of land were
+granted for their use; the first bears date Aug. 23, 1700, the second,
+May 10, 1701. These were on the St. Francis river, which has given a
+name to the tribe. In 1704 another settlement of refugees from New
+England received a grant of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+land at a place called Be&ccedil;ancour, near
+Three Rivers, and during this year the Governor addressed a letter to
+the ministry in France, giving his reasons for inducing the Abenakis to
+settle in his colony, and from this period it was a constant policy to
+encourage their immigration there, for more than half a century.</p>
+
+<p>Here was the place where parties were to be fitted out to carry war,
+destruction, and misery to the frontiers of New England.</p>
+
+<p>In 1704 these Indians piloted a body of French to the vicinity of their
+former homes, on the Connecticut, and entirely destroyed Deerfield. The
+writer not long since conversed with an ancient member of this tribe,
+who claimed to be the great grandson of Esther Williams, daughter of
+Rev. John Williams, who was, with his family, captured at that time. In
+1707 this tribe, piloted by the Pennacooks down the Merrimac, destroyed
+Haverhill, murdering and capturing most of its inhabitants. It would
+fill a volume to relate the bloody tragedies acted and instigated by
+this tribe; it seems almost incredible that any people could exist for a
+generation amidst such repeated incursions of a relentless enemy.</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1724, Vaudreuil, Governor General of Canada, addressed an
+urgent letter to the Minister of War in France, giving an account of the
+attack on Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle, with a full
+account of the losses and sufferings of that tribe, and asking for a
+grant of ammunition, guns, and blankets to supply their losses, and
+enable them to make war on the English settlements. He also gives a
+particular account of the condition of the Abenakis, and says, &ldquo;of all
+the Indians in New France, they are in a position to render the most
+service; this nation consists of five villages, which number,
+altogether, about five hundred warriors. Two of these villages are situated
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+on the St. Lawrence, near Three Rivers&mdash;one below that town
+called Be&ccedil;ancour, the other ten leagues above, called St. Francis, the
+three others are in the direction of Acadie, called Narantsouak, on the
+River Kanibekky, Panagamsd&eacute;, on the Pentagouet (Penobscot), and
+Medocteck, on the River St. John. These three villages have different
+routes, each by its own river, whereby they can reach Quebeck in a few
+days.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>In April, 1725, a delegation of three gentlemen visited Montreal with a
+letter from the Governor of Massachusetts, in reply to one addressed to
+him some months previously by M. Vaudreuil, relative to the attack at
+Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle. They demanded that the
+prisoners held by the Abenakis should be given up, and a perpetual peace
+established.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians, who were entirely under the influence of the French, were
+extremely haughty in their language and deportment; they demanded that
+the English should restore their lands, rebuild their church, which they
+had destroyed at Norridgewock, and when asked what land they referred
+to, said &ldquo;that their land commenced at the River Gounitogon, otherwise
+called the long river,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+which lies to the west beyond Boston, that
+this river was formerly the boundary which separated the lands of the
+Iroquois from those of the Abenakis, that according to this boundary,
+Boston and the greater part of the English settlements east of it are in
+Abenakis&#8217; lands; that they would be justified in telling them to quit
+there, but that they had considered that their settlements were
+established and that they were still inclined to tolerate them; but they
+demanded as an express condition of peace that the English should
+abandon the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+country from one league beyond Saco River to Port Royal,
+which was the line separating the lands of the Abenakis from those of
+the Micmaks.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Abenakis denied that they had ever sold any land to the English, and
+when the latter claimed that much of it was theirs by a possession of
+more than eighty years, and that this possession gave them a title, the
+Indians replied, &ldquo;We were in possession before you, for we have held it
+from time immemorial.&rdquo; The English delegates conceded that they did not
+claim beyond the west bank of the Narantsouak (Kennebec), and that the
+fort at St. George was built not by them, but by the government of Port
+Royal.</p>
+
+<p>The meeting seems to have been unsatisfactory to the delegation, and no
+treaty or arrangement was made. The French governor denied that they had
+furnished the Indians with arms, or instigated them to attack the
+English, although Vaudreuil&#8217;s letters to his government in France bear
+abundant evidence that this was his constant policy.</p>
+
+<p>In the treaty with many of the tribes, held at Deerfield in 1735, the
+St. Francis Indians were represented, and agreed to the arrangement for
+perpetual peace; but a few years elapsed before they were again engaged
+in their bloody pastime. War was declared against France in 1744, and
+the Abenakis were soon hovering on the frontiers. In 1746, Keene and
+Concord, in New Hampshire, felt their power, and many captives were
+carried to Canada. In 1752 Capt. Phineas Stevens proceeded to Canada, as
+a delegate from the governor of Massachusetts, to confer with the
+Abenakis, and to redeem some prisoners they had in their possession. At
+a conference had with them in the presence of the governor of Canada,
+Atewaneto, the chief speaker, made an eloquent reply, in which he
+charged the English with trespassing on their lands: he said, &ldquo;We
+acknowledge
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+no other land of yours than your settlements, wherever you
+have built, and we will not consent, under any pretext, that you pass
+beyond them. The lands we possess have been given us by the Great Master
+of Life, we acknowledge to hold only from him.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In 1755 they were again in the field, and followed the French armies to
+the head of Lake George, and carried terror into the new townships on
+the Connecticut river. Some of their small parties at that late day
+penetrated within sixty miles of the capital of New England. But these
+long continued aggressions were soon to meet a fearful retribution. The
+capture of Quebec, which gave North America to England, had changed the
+relation of the Abenakis. Capt. Kennedy having been sent to their
+villages with a flag of truce, was, with his whole party, made
+prisoners. To chastise them for this outrage, as well as to retaliate
+for their continued cruelty and murders on the defenseless frontier
+settlements, Gen. Amherst dispatched the celebrated Major Rogers with a
+detachment of his rangers to the villages on the St. Francis. Just
+before daybreak, on the fifth of October, he surprised and killed at
+least two hundred Indians, and burnt all their wigwams, plunder, and
+effects. Rogers in his journal says: &ldquo;To my own knowledge, in six years&#8217;
+time, the St. Francis Indians had killed and carried into captivity on
+the frontiers of New England, four hundred persons; we found in the
+town, hanging on poles over the doors &amp;c., about six hundred scalps,
+mostly English.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The power of the tribe for evil was gone, and we hear no more of them
+till the Revolution, when their warriors followed Burgoyne to Saratoga,
+where they again used the tomahawk and scalping knife, but when his
+fortunes began to wane, they retired to the banks of the St. Lawrence.
+Again in the war of 1812, they joined the English, but their
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>numbers
+were few, and after a brief campaign, they, for the last time, retraced
+their steps to their own homes.</p>
+
+<p>A few more remarks will close the history of this tribe, once the terror
+of New England.</p>
+
+<p>The present condition of the Abenakis is given in a report made in 1858
+to the Legislative Assembly of Canada. This states that the tribe on the
+St. Francis has diminished to three hundred and eighty-seven persons;
+they live mainly by agriculture, but everything is done in so rude a
+way, that they gather but scanty crops. Part of them, through the
+exertions of one of their own number, have been induced to discard their
+ancient faith, and are now professed Methodists. This change has
+involved the tribe in continual feuds and difficulties, which will
+prevent any improvement, and will probably lead to a permanent division
+and removal of one of the parties. They often undergo much privation for
+want of proper food and other necessaries of life. The portion of the
+tribe at Be&ccedil;ancour presents a still more degraded condition. There
+remain but thirty families, in all one hundred and seventy-two
+individuals. They still remain Roman Catholics, have no schools, and
+seem to have reached the extreme of misery and destitution, and so
+completely have this people intermixed, that their missionary writes,
+&ldquo;he does not know of a single pure Abenaki among them.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The vocabulary now published is copied from a small volume printed about
+thirty years ago, entitled &ldquo;Wobanaki Kimzowi Awighigan,&rdquo; i.e. Abenaki
+Spelling Book. It was procured by the writer with much difficulty, as it
+was the only copy that could be obtained among them. It is supposed by
+those qualified to judge, to be a fair specimen of the dialect formerly
+spoken on the Androscoggin and Kennebec, although there are in it many
+words originally borrowed from the French and English. From a memorandum
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+made when with them a few years since, the name of their
+tribe, as near as can be written and pronounced in English, is
+W&#8217;Banankee, accenting the last syllable.</p>
+
+<p>The treaties, now for the first time printed, are copied from the
+original in the possession of the writer; they will be perused with
+pleasure by those interested in antiquarian researches. But at the
+present day it is difficult to realize the interest which these
+proceedings and documents excited; they were often considered almost a
+matter of life or death to the frontier settlers. It is apparent that
+every chief had then his peculiar totem, or symbol. At a later period
+this system was abandoned, and they used only a simple cross. Among the
+chiefs who signed, is to be found the totem of Bombazeen and some
+others, whose names are perpetuated in history for their bloody
+exploits. The autographs annexed show the names of men then prominent in
+both provinces, and some of them afterwards attained the highest
+positions in political life.</p>
+
+<p>The vocabularies and treaties are now submitted for publication by
+request of the Maine Historical Society.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Boston, August, 1859.</span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+<h2>EXTRACTS FROM A SPELLING-BOOK IN THE ABENAKI LANGUAGE.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smcap">published in boston in 1830, and called &ldquo;kimzowi awighigan,&rdquo; the
+last word being the term for book.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>The sounds of the vowels are represented in English according to the
+following scheme.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Vowels.</em></span> <span style="margin-left: 5em;"><em>Sounded.</em></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">a</span>  <span style="margin-left: 3em;">as <em>a</em> in father, psalm.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">E</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">e</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2.9em;">as <em>e</em> in met, or in accident.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">i</span>  <span style="margin-left: 3em;">as <em>ee</em> in seen, or <em>i</em> in machine.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">O</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">o</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2.9em;">as <em>o</em> in note.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">U</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">u</span>  <span style="margin-left: 3em;">as <em>u</em> in tube, cube; also used after <em>g</em>, as in language.</span><br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 4em;">&#365;</span>  <span style="margin-left: 3em;">as &#365; in cup, sun.</span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Nasal.</em></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="u">O</span></span>  <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="u">o</span></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Dipthongs.</em></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ai</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1.3em;">ai</span> <span style="margin-left: 3.2em;">as <em>i</em> in pine, nine.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Au</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">au</span> <span style="margin-left: 3em;">as <em>ow</em> or <em>ou</em> in how, thou.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Consonants.</em></span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Names.</em></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">B</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2.1em;">b</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">bi</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">D</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2em;">d</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">di</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2em;">g</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">gi</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2em;">h</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">hi</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2.2em;">j</span> <span style="margin-left: 5em;">ji</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">K</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1.9em;">k</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">ki</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">L</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2em;">l</span> <span style="margin-left: 5.2em;">li</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">M</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1.7em;">m</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">mi</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">N</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1.8em;">n</span> <span style="margin-left: 5em;">ni</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2em;">p</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.9em;">pi</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2em;">s</span> <span style="margin-left: 5em;">si</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">T</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2em;">t</span> <span style="margin-left: 5.1em;">ti</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">W</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">w</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">wi</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Z</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2em;">z</span> <span style="margin-left: 5em;">zi</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">CH</span> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">ch</span> <span style="margin-left: 4.7em;">chi</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Ch<span class="u">o</span>ls&mdash;cricket<br />
+kots&mdash;goat<br />
+kask&mdash;cap<br />
+pots&mdash;boot<br />
+mskakw&mdash;swamp<br />
+nbes&mdash;lake<br />
+mskask&mdash;spruce<br />
+paks&mdash;box<br />
+mke zen&mdash;shoe<br />
+sop&mdash;soap<br />
+sen&mdash;stone<br />
+tlaps&mdash;trap<br />
+win&mdash;marrow<br />
+wchat&mdash;sinew<br />
+wli&mdash;good<br />
+ne bi&mdash;water<br />
+cha kwa&mdash;this morning<br />
+chi ga&mdash;when<br />
+chbi wi&mdash;apart<br />
+chig naz&mdash;thorn plum<br />
+cho wi&mdash;must be, certain<br />
+pa skwa&mdash;noon<br />
+pla nikw&mdash;flying squirrel<br />
+pi han&mdash;rope<br />
+psig ia&mdash;half<br />
+kokw&mdash;kettle<br />
+k<span class="u">o</span>gw&mdash;porcupine<br />
+pins&mdash;pin<br />
+skog&mdash;snake<br />
+piz&mdash;pea<br />
+nbis&mdash;little water<br />
+pigs&mdash;hog<br />
+moz&mdash;moose<br />
+kwat&mdash;cup<br />
+swip&mdash;jew<br />
+sips&mdash;a fowl<br />
+wins&mdash;black birch<br />
+wskan&mdash;bone<br />
+a sokw&mdash;cloud<br />
+wk<span class="u">o</span>t&mdash;leg<br />
+cha kwat&mdash;daylight<br />
+cha ga&mdash;now then<br />
+chi bai&mdash;ghost<br />
+chog l&#365;skw&mdash;black bird<br />
+chan naps&mdash;turnip<br />
+chbo sa&mdash;walks apart<br />
+pne k<span class="u">o</span>kw&mdash;sandy hill<br />
+p<span class="u">o</span> bakw&mdash;a bog<br />
+pe guis&mdash;a gnat<br />
+psi gaskw&mdash;board<br />
+psan ta&mdash;full<br />
+to s<span class="u">o</span>n&mdash;a shed<br />
+ta lin&mdash;earthen basin<br />
+sko tam&mdash;trout<br />
+ski ia&mdash;raw<br />
+o-kwa&mdash;maggot<br />
+ska mon&mdash;corn<br />
+ska kwam&mdash;green stick<br />
+mski ko&mdash;grass<br />
+psa na wi&mdash;full of<br />
+ab <span class="u">o</span>n&mdash;cake<br />
+as ma&mdash;not yet<br />
+a ses&mdash;horse<br />
+akw bi&mdash;rum<br />
+a wip&mdash;pith<br />
+a la&mdash;or<br />
+ap les&mdash;apple<br />
+ak ikw&mdash;seal<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+as ban&mdash;raccoon<br />
+al wa&mdash;almost<br />
+ki k<span class="u">o</span>n&mdash;field<br />
+ko wa&mdash;pine tree<br />
+ki zos&mdash;sun<br />
+kda hla&mdash;it sinks<br />
+ka ia&mdash;thick milk<br />
+kchim li&mdash;chimney<br />
+kchin bes&mdash;great lake<br />
+psan ba&mdash;full<br />
+psa nikw&mdash;black squirrel<br />
+sig wit&mdash;widower<br />
+ska hla&mdash;raw hide<br />
+te go&mdash;wave<br />
+ski bakw&mdash;green leaf<br />
+ska wakw&mdash;fresh meat<br />
+mska ta&mdash;lily root<br />
+msko da&mdash;prairie<br />
+kzab da&mdash;hot<br />
+ab on&mdash;bed<br />
+as kan&mdash;horn<br />
+al akws&mdash;star<br />
+al ikws&mdash;pismire<br />
+am kw<span class="u">o</span>n&mdash;spoon<br />
+ag askw&mdash;woodchuck<br />
+a zip&mdash;sheep<br />
+ak sen&mdash;ox<br />
+a kwan&mdash;bitter, acrid<br />
+kas ko&mdash;crane<br />
+pe laz&mdash;pigeon<br />
+kas ta&mdash;how many times<br />
+ka oz&mdash;cow<br />
+ka akw&mdash;gull<br />
+k<span class="u">o</span> jo&mdash;vein<br />
+kchi t&#365;kw&mdash;great river<br />
+ki zokw&mdash;day<br />
+w<span class="u">o</span> wan&mdash;an egg<br />
+wa bi&mdash;buttock<br />
+wi bit&mdash;tooth<br />
+wdel li&mdash;shoulder<br />
+w&#365;ch <span class="u">o</span>l&mdash;nose<br />
+wig bi&mdash;stringy bark<br />
+wle guan&mdash;wing<br />
+wa japkw&mdash;root<br />
+wcha too&mdash;sinewy<br />
+wskat gua&mdash;forehead<br />
+wli gen&mdash;good<br />
+wi noz&mdash;onion<br />
+w<span class="u">o</span> bi&mdash;white<br />
+wa guan&mdash;heel<br />
+w&#365;t tep&mdash;head<br />
+wta wakw&mdash;ear<br />
+wsi s&#365;kw&mdash;eye<br />
+wdo lo&mdash;kidney<br />
+wig w<span class="u">o</span>m&mdash;house, camp<br />
+wa dap&mdash;root to sew with<br />
+Wd<span class="u">o</span> w<span class="u">o</span>&mdash;Autawa Indian<br />
+w&#365;t t&#365;n&mdash;mouth<br />
+wji ia&mdash;belonging to<br />
+wlo gas&mdash;leather string<br />
+wla nikw&mdash;fisher<br />
+wikw kwa&mdash;thigh<br />
+wa chil&mdash;oak nut<br />
+wha gakw&mdash;a scalp<br />
+wha ga&mdash;body<br />
+wpa nak&mdash;lights<br />
+wa laskw&mdash;husk<br />
+w<span class="u">o</span>l kaa&mdash;hollow place<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+wz&#365;kw na&mdash;tail<br />
+wi zi&mdash;gall, bile<br />
+w<span class="u">o</span> boz&mdash;elk<br />
+w<span class="u">o</span>kw ses&mdash;fox<br />
+wi os&mdash;flesh<br />
+ma wia&mdash;better<br />
+s<span class="u">o</span>g m<span class="u">o</span>&mdash;chief<br />
+a wan&mdash;air<br />
+ki zi&mdash;already<br />
+msi wi&mdash;largely<br />
+wski a&mdash;new<br />
+sikw hla&mdash;hail<br />
+kwa nak&mdash;length<br />
+ta bat&mdash;enough<br />
+mat guas&mdash;rabbit<br />
+mkwi gen&mdash;red<br />
+tau b<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;large trough<br />
+tlap s<span class="u">o</span> bi&mdash;trap chain<br />
+ska h<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;a forked post<br />
+wlag zi&mdash;bowels<br />
+wa jo&mdash;mountain<br />
+wji g<span class="u">o</span>n&mdash;desolate camp<br />
+wdol ka&mdash;breast, stomach<br />
+wi ka&mdash;fat<br />
+wl<span class="u">o</span> da&mdash;hot weather<br />
+w<span class="u">o</span> lakw&mdash;hole<br />
+wja kwam&mdash;but end<br />
+wl<span class="u">o</span>m ka&mdash;fine grainy<br />
+wski gen&mdash;young vegetable<br />
+wzi dakw&mdash;handle<br />
+wne kikw&mdash;otter<br />
+wa gin&mdash;wagon<br />
+pil tal&mdash;lead<br />
+kchi ia&mdash;aged person<br />
+pa g<span class="u">o</span>n&mdash;nut<br />
+a chi&mdash;also<br />
+ng<span class="u">o</span>n ia&mdash;old<br />
+m<span class="u">o</span> gis&mdash;monkey<br />
+wd&#365;p kwan&mdash;hair<br />
+wa ji&mdash;for, to<br />
+s<span class="u">o</span> ga&mdash;lobster<br />
+piz wat&mdash;good for nothing<br />
+kl<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;door<br />
+tip wa bel&mdash;pepper<br />
+ska w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;standing<br />
+skip w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;eating raw<br />
+chi t<span class="u">o</span> ba hi gan&mdash;a wedge<br />
+chi ba gi n<span class="u">o</span> guat&mdash;looks very bad<br />
+chi ba i skwet ta&mdash;ignis fatuus<br />
+chi git wa hi gan&mdash;razor<br />
+p<span class="u">i</span> mi zig ni gan&mdash;withe<br />
+pok ja na hwi ka&mdash;stumpy<br />
+psakw dam ni mo zi&mdash;blackberry bush<br />
+tb<span class="u">o</span> bak hi gan&mdash;pair of scales, steelyard<br />
+ska mon ta hi gan&mdash;corn meal<br />
+skas kwat si gan&mdash;green dye<br />
+a lo ka w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;a work, labor<br />
+al n<span class="u">o</span> ba w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;human nature, birth<br />
+sa n<span class="u">o</span> ba w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;manhood<br />
+a za wa skwi gen&mdash;square<br />
+a ba kwa w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;act of covering with a roof<br />
+a ses si ga mikw&mdash;stable<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+am kw<span class="u">o</span> ni no da&mdash;spoon basket<br />
+a ses w<span class="u">o</span> bi al&mdash;harness<br />
+a za t<span class="u">o</span> i wi&mdash;backwards<br />
+kin ja mes w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;majesty<br />
+ka dos mo w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;act of drinking, a drink<br />
+kba hod wi ga mikw&mdash;jail<br />
+ki wi tam w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;hint<br />
+ki ta das w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;act of sharpening by grinding<br />
+ki no ho ma sin&mdash;preaching<br />
+kin ja mes sis kwa&mdash;queen<br />
+ka o zi ga mikw&mdash;barn<br />
+ka wzo wah di gan&mdash;sleigh<br />
+ka sij wa hi gan&mdash;dish towel<br />
+po da wa w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;act of blowing<br />
+p<span class="u">o</span> l<span class="u">o</span> ba w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;pride<br />
+piz wa gi zo&mdash;he reads for nothing<br />
+pi da hla gu<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;scabbard<br />
+pkwes sa ga hi gan&mdash;key<br />
+p<span class="u">o</span> ba tam w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;religion<br />
+p<span class="u">o</span> ba tam win no&mdash;religious person<br />
+pa pa hwij wi ia&mdash;tin<br />
+pa pa hwij wi jo&mdash;tin basin<br />
+pa pi tom k<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;a plaything<br />
+nkes k<span class="u">o</span>g w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;nightmare<br />
+ni mat gua hi gan&mdash;a fork<br />
+no da hla go kat&mdash;blacksmith<br />
+no ji m<span class="u">o</span> ni kat&mdash;silversmith<br />
+no ji pak si kat&mdash;box maker<br />
+no da wig hi gat&mdash;notary, writer<br />
+no ji na mas kat&mdash;fisher<br />
+no da ma gu<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;spear<br />
+o l<span class="u">o</span> wat si gan&mdash;blue dye<br />
+<span class="u">o</span> do lib i<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;oar<br />
+po da woz win no&mdash;counsellor<br />
+po da waz w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;council<br />
+mos kwal dam w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;anger<br />
+mi ga ka w<span class="u">o</span> gan&mdash;act of fighting<br />
+mka za wat si gan&mdash;copperas<br />
+si gua na hi gan&mdash;skim-milk<br />
+tmo kwa ta hi gan&mdash;sword<br />
+les sa ga hi gan&mdash;trunk<br />
+wi la wig win no&mdash;rich person</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDIAN TREATIES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>At Portsmouth, in her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> Province of New Hampshire, in New
+England, the thirteenth day of July, in the twelfth year of the Reign of
+our Sovereign Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France,
+and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the faith, &amp;c. <span style="margin-left: 10em;">[1713]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">the submission and agreement of the eastern indians.</span></p>
+
+<p>Whereas for some years last past We have made a breach of our Fidelity
+and Loyalty to the Crowns of Great Britain, and have made open Rebellion
+against her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> Subjects, the English inhabitants in the
+Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other of her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> Territories in
+New England, and being now sensible of the miseryes which We &amp; our
+people are reduced thereunto thereby, We whose names are here
+subscribed, being Delegates of all the Indians belonging to Norrigawake,
+Narrakamegock, Amasacontoog, Pigwocket, Penecook, &amp; to all other Indian
+Plantations situated on the Rivers of St. Johns, Penobscot, Kenybeck,
+Amascogon, Saco, &amp; Merimack, &amp; all other Indian Plantations lying
+between the s<sup>d</sup> Rivers of St. Johns and Merimack, Parts of her
+Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, within
+her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> Sovereignty, having made application to his Excellency,
+Joseph Dudley, Esq<sup>re</sup>, Captain General &amp; Govern<sup>r</sup> in Chief in and
+over the s<sup>d</sup> Provinces, That the Troubles which we have unhappily
+raised or occasioned against her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> subjects, the English, &amp;
+ourselves, may cease &amp; have an end, &amp; that we may enjoy her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup>
+Grace &amp; Favor, and each of us Respectively, for ourselves &amp; in the name
+&amp; with the free consent of all the Indians belonging to the several
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>Rivers and places aforesaid, &amp; all other Indians within the s<sup>d</sup>
+Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, hereby
+acknowledging ourselves the lawfull subjects of our Sovereign Lady,
+Queen Anne, and promising our hearty Subjection &amp; Obediance unto the
+Crown of Great Britain, doe solemnly Covenant, promise, &amp; agree to &amp;
+with the s<sup>d</sup> Joseph Dudley, Esq., Govern<sup>r</sup>, and all such as shall
+hereafter be in the place of Capt. General and Govern<sup>r</sup> in Chief of
+the aforesaid Provinces or territories on her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> behalf, in
+manner following. That is to say:</p>
+
+<p>That at all times forever, from and after the date of these presents, we
+will cease and forbear all acts of hostility toward all the subjects of
+the crown of Great Britain, and not to offer the least hurt or violence
+to them or any of them in their persons or estates, but will honor,
+forward, hold, &amp; maintain a firm &amp; constant amity &amp; friendship with all
+the English, and will not entertain any Treasonable Conspiracy with any
+other Nation to their Disturbance.</p>
+
+<p>That her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> Subjects, the English, shall &amp; may peaceably &amp;
+quietly enter upon, improve, &amp; forever enjoy, all and singular their
+Rights of Land &amp; former Settlements, Properties, &amp; possesions, within
+the Eastern Parts of the s<sup>d</sup> Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and
+New Hampshire, together with all the Islands, Islets, Shoars, Beaches, &amp;
+Fisheries within the same, without any molestation or claims by us or
+any other Indians, And be in no wais molested, interrupted, or disturbed
+therein. Saving unto the s<sup>d</sup> Indians their own Grounds, &amp; free liberty
+for Hunting, Fishing, Fowling, and all other their Lawful Liberties &amp;
+Privileges, as on the Eleventh day of August, in the year of our Lord
+God One thousand six hundred &amp; ninety-three.</p>
+
+<p>That for mutual Safety &amp; Benefit, all Trade &amp; Comerce which hereafter
+may be allowed betwixt the English &amp; Indians shall be in such places &amp;
+under such management <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>&amp; regulations as shall be stated by her
+Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> Governments of the s<sup>d</sup> Provinces respectively. And to
+prevent mischiefs &amp; inconveniencies the Indians shall not be allowed,
+for the present, &amp; until they have liberty from the respective
+Governments, to come near to any English Plantations or Settlements on
+this side of Saco River.</p>
+
+<p>That if any Controversy or Difference at any time hereafter happen to
+arise betwixt any of the English or Indians, for any real or supposed
+wrong or injury done on the one side or the other, no Private Revenge
+shall be taken by the Indians for the same, but proper application shall
+be made to her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> Government, upon the place, for remedy
+thereof, in our Course of Justice, We hereby submitting ourselves to be
+ruled &amp; Governed by her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> Laws, &amp; desire to have the protection
+&amp; benefit of the same.</p>
+
+<p>We confess that we have, contrary to all faith and justice, broken our
+articles with S<sup>r</sup> William Phipps, Governour, made in the year of our
+Lord God 1693, and with the Earl of Bellemont, Govern<sup>r</sup>, made in the
+year of our Lord God 1699, And the assurance we gave to his Excellency,
+Joseph Dudley, Esq<sup>re</sup>, Governor, in the years of our Lord God 1702, in
+the month of August, and 1703, in the month of July, notwithstanding we
+have been well treated by the s<sup>d</sup> Governors; and we resolve for the
+future not to be drawn into any perfidious Treaty or Correspondence, to
+the hurt of any of the subjects of her Maj<sup>ty</sup> the Queen of Great
+Britain, and if we know of any such we will seasonably reveal it to the
+English.</p>
+
+<p>Wherefore, we whose names are hereunto subscribed, Delegates for the
+several tribes of the Indians, belonging unto the River of Kenybeck,
+Amarascogen, St. Johns, Saco, &amp; Merrimac, &amp; parts adjacent, being
+sensible of our great offence &amp; folly in not complying with the
+afores<sup>d</sup> Submission &amp; agreements, and also of the sufferings &amp;
+mischiefs that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> we have thereby exposed ourselves unto, do, in all
+humble &amp; submisive manner, cast ourselves upon her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> mercy for
+the pardon of all our past rebellions, hostilities, and Violations of
+our promises, praying to be received unto her Maj<sup>ty&#8217;s</sup> Grace &amp;
+Protection. And for &amp; on behalfe of ourselves, and of all other the
+Indians belonging to the several Rivers and places afores<sup>d</sup>, within
+the Sovereignty of her Maj<sup>ty</sup> of Great Britain, do again acknowledge &amp;
+profess our hearty and sinceer obedience unto the Crown of Great
+Britain, and do solemnly renew, ratify, and confirm all &amp; every of the
+articles &amp; agreements contained in the former and present submission.</p>
+
+<p>This Treaty to be humbly laid before her Maj<sup>ty</sup>, for her ratification
+and farther orders. In Witness whereof, We, the Delegates afore<sup>sd</sup>, by
+name, Kireberuit, Iteansis, and Jackoit, for Penobscot, Joseph and
+Eneas, for St. Johns, Waracansit, Wedaranaquin, and Bomoseen, for
+Kennebeck, have hereunto set our hands &amp; seals, the day and year first
+above written.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+<span class="smcap">Signed, Sealed, &amp; Delivered</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smcap">in the presence of</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/025.png" width="500" height="289" alt="signatures" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/026.png" width="500" height="710" alt="signatures" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/027.png" width="500" height="731" alt="signatures" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/028.png" width="500" height="780" alt="signatures" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+<p>At Portsmouth, in her Maj<sup>tie&#8217;s</sup> Province of New Hampshire, in New
+England, the 28th Day of July, in the thirteenth year of our Sovereign
+Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland,
+Queen, Defender of the Faith, &amp;c. <span style="margin-left: 12em;">[1714]</span></p>
+
+<p>The several Articles of the foregoing sheet, after a long Conference
+with the Delegates of the Eastern Indians, were read to them, &amp; the
+sense &amp; meaning thereof explained by two faithful, sworn Interpreters,
+and accordingly signed by every of the Sachems and Delegates that were
+not present &amp; had not signed the last year.</p>
+
+<p>In the Presence of his Excellency the Governour, and his Excellency
+General Nicholson, &amp; the Gentlemen of Her Maj<sup>tie&#8217;s</sup> Councills for the
+Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay &amp; New Hampshire, &amp; other Gentlemen.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Signed, Sealed, &amp; Delivered</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smcap">in presence of us</span>,</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/029.png" width="500" height="359" alt="signatures" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/030.png" width="500" height="345" alt="signatures" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/031.png" width="500" height="344" alt="signatures" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/032.png" width="500" height="718" alt="signatures" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>TREATY OF 1717.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Georgetown, on Arrowsick Island, in his Majesty&#8217;s Province of the
+Massachusetts Bay in New England, the 12th Day of August 1717, in the
+fourth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George, by the Grace of
+God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>We, the Subscribers, being Sachems and Chief men of the several Tribes
+of Indians belonging to Kennebeck, Penobscut, Pegwackit, Saco, and
+other, the Eastern Parts of his Majesty&#8217;s Province afores<sup>d</sup>, having
+had the several Articles of the foregoing Treaty distinctly read and
+Interpreted to us by a Sworn Interpreter at this time, do Approve of,
+Recognize, Ratify, and Confirm all and every the said Articles,
+(excepting only the <em>fourth</em> and <em>fifth</em> articles, which relate to the
+restraint and limitation of Trade and Commerce, which is now otherwise
+managed.)</p>
+
+<p>And whereas, some rash and inconsiderate Persons amongst us, have
+molested some of our good fellow Subjects, the English, in the
+Possession of their Lands, and otherwise illtreated them;&mdash;We do
+disapprove &amp; condemn the same,&mdash;and freely consent that our English
+friends shall possess, enjoy &amp; improve all the Lands which they have
+formerly possessed, and all which they have obtained a right &amp; title
+unto, Hoping it will prove of mutual and reciprocal benefit and
+advantage to them &amp; us, that they Cohabit with us.</p>
+
+<p>In testimony and perpetual memory whereof, We have hereunto set our
+hands &amp; seals, in behalf of ourselves and of the several Tribes of
+Indians that have delegated us to appear for, &amp; represent them the day
+and year aforementioned.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 5em;">
+<span class="smcap">Nudggumboit</span>   <span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">X Sign. }</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Abissanehraw</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2em;">X Sign. }</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Kennebeck.</em></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Umguinnawas</span>   <span style="margin-left: 2em;">X Sign. }</span></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 5em;">
+<span class="smcap">Awohaway</span>      <span style="margin-left: 3.3em;">X Sign. }</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Paquaharet</span>    <span style="margin-left: 3em;">X Sign. }</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Kennebeck.</em></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">C&aelig;sar</span>   <span style="margin-left: 5.6em;">X Sign. }</span></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 5em;">
+<span class="smcap">Lerebenuit</span>    <span style="margin-left: 3.9em;">X Sign. }</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Ohanumbames</span>   <span style="margin-left: 2em;">X Sign. }</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Penobscut.</em></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Segunki</span>       <span style="margin-left: 5.1em;">X Sign. }</span></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 5em;">
+<span class="smcap">Adeawando</span>     <span style="margin-left: 3.2em;">X Sign. }</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Pegwackit.</em></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Scaweso</span>       <span style="margin-left: 4.6em;">X Sign. }</span></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 5em;">
+<span class="smcap">Moxus</span>         <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">X Sign. }</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Bommazeen</span>     <span style="margin-left: 3.3em;">X Sign. }</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Capt. Sam</span>     <span style="margin-left: 3.8em;">X Sign. }</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Nagucawen</span>     <span style="margin-left: 3.1em;">X Sign. }</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Kennebeck.</em></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Summehawis</span>    <span style="margin-left: 2.8em;">X Sign. }</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Wegwarumenet</span>  <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">X Sign. }</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Terramuggus.</span>  <span style="margin-left: 2.3em;">X Sign.</span> }</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 5em;">
+<span class="smcap">Sabadis</span>       <span style="margin-left: 5em;">X Sign.</span> }  <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Ammarascoggin.</em></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Sam Humphries</span> <span style="margin-left: 1.8em;">X Sign.</span> }</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+<span class="smcap">Signed, Sealed, &amp; Delivered, in presence of</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/034.png" width="500" height="329" alt="signatures" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/035.png" width="500" height="578" alt="signatures" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>TOTEMS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The figures or emblems connected with the signatures of the Indians are
+called, in the language of the Algonquins, <em>Totems</em>; and are the
+distinguishing marks or signs of the clans or tribes into which the
+various nations are divided. They are not the personal emblems of the
+chiefs, although in signing treaties they employ them as their sign
+manual. Each tribe or clan had its emblem, consisting of the figure of
+some bird, beast, or reptile, and is distinguished by the name of the
+animal which it has assumed as a device, as Wolf, Hawk, Tortoise. To
+different totems, says Parkman in his &ldquo;Conspiracy of Pontiac,&rdquo; attach
+different degrees of rank and dignity; and those of the Bear, the
+Tortoise, and the Wolf are among the first in honor. Each man is proud
+of his badge, jealously asserting its claim to respect. The use of the
+totem prevailed among the southern, as well as the northern tribes; Mr.
+Parkman says that Mr. Gallatin informed him, that he was told by the
+chief of a Choctaw deputation at Washington, that in their tribe were
+eight totemic clans, divided into two classes of four each.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Parkman says again, in the work above cited, page 9, &ldquo;But the main
+stay of the Iroquois polity was the system of <em>totemship</em>. It was this
+which gave the structure its elastic strength; and but for this, a mere
+confederacy of jealous and warlike tribes must soon have been rent
+asunder by shocks from without, or discord from within. At some early
+period the Iroquois must have formed an individual nation; for the whole
+people, irrespective of their separation into tribes, consisted of eight
+totemic clans; and the members of each clan, to what nation soever they
+belonged, were mutually bound to one another by those close ties of
+fraternity which mark this singular institution. Thus the five nations
+of the confederacy were bound together by an eight-fold band; and to
+this hour their slender remnants cling to one another with invincible
+tenacity.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For a pleasant and very well-written account of this tribe,
+by Hon. Lorenzo Sabine, see the Christian Examiner for 1857.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Mr. Sabine has given their history in a truthful and
+friendly communication to the Christian Examiner for 1852.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See N. Y. Colonial Documents, edited by E. B. O&#8217;Calligan,
+LL. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Undoubtedly the Connecticut.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> N. Y. Colonial Documents, vol. ix.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Abenaki Indians, by Frederic Kidder
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Abenaki Indians
+       Their Treaties of 1713 & 1717, and a Vocabulary
+
+Author: Frederic Kidder
+
+Release Date: May 10, 2008 [EBook #25416]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ABENAKI INDIANS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeannie Howse, Chuck Greif, Anne Storer and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by the Canadian Institute for
+Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Transcriber's Notes:
+ 1) Some treaty signatures are unclear and have been marked and/or
+    best-guessed. Original signature images can be seen in the html
+    version.
+ 2) The breve has been rendered as [)c] and the macron [o=]
+ 3) Text following ^ is superscripted.
+ 4) Unusual and inconsistent spelling of place/names have been left as
+    in the original.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+               THE ABENAKI INDIANS;
+
+ THEIR TREATIES OF 1713 & 1717, AND A VOCABULARY:
+
+                      WITH A
+
+             HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.
+
+                       BY
+
+           FREDERIC KIDDER, OF BOSTON.
+
+
+                    PORTLAND:
+           PRINTED BY BROWN THURSTON.
+                      1859.
+
+
+
+
+THE ABENAKI INDIANS.
+
+
+The present spirit of inquiry into the early history of New England is
+bringing forth additional facts and evolving new light, by which we are
+every day seeing more clearly the true motive and incentives for its
+colonization. But whenever the student turns to investigate the history
+of the aboriginal tribes, who once inhabited this part of the country,
+he is struck, not so much with the paucity of materials, as with the
+complication and difficulties which our earlier and later writers have
+thrown around the subject, as well as the very different light with
+which they have viewed it.
+
+The first explorers of our coast, whose intercourse with the Indians was
+limited to trading for furs and skins, seem to have had a much better
+opinion of them than Mather, Hubbard, and some still later writers. It
+is not to be supposed that while a large part of the population were
+smarting from the distress of almost continued Indian wars, that even
+the most candid could coolly investigate and impartially record the
+history, character, and wants of such a people. But the time has
+arrived, when, divesting ourselves of all prejudice, we can examine
+carefully their true situation, and making allowance for their
+condition, write their history with fairness and candor.
+
+The present sketch is confined to a brief notice of the tribes who
+inhabited the territory now constituting the States of Maine and New
+Hampshire, all of which may be considered as embraced under the name of
+Abenakis, or more properly Wanbanakkie. It has often been supposed that
+this name was given them by the French, but it is undoubtedly their
+original appellation, being derived from Wanbanban, which may be defined
+the people of aurora borealis or northern light.
+
+It is only now intended to sketch their earlier history, and to trace
+the various emigrations to the present residence of the Abenakis proper,
+in Canada; and viewing this tribe as the living representative of our
+extinct ones, to consider its interesting history, so clearly connected
+with New England frontier life, although most of that history is but a
+record of war and wretchedness.
+
+The celebrated discoverer, Capt. John Smith, in his general history,
+furnishes the earliest and most reliable description of the Indians on
+the coast of Maine, as they were in 1614; other writers give accounts of
+tribes there, some of which it is difficult to distinguish or locate;
+but it may be best to consider all that were residing in the two States
+above-mentioned as embraced in about eight distinct tribes, namely:
+Penobscots or Tarrentines, Passamaquodies or Sybayks, Wawenocks,
+Norridgewoks or Canibas, Assagunticooks, Sokokis or Pequakets,
+Pennacooks, Malacites or St. Johns.
+
+The Penobscots[1] were probably the most numerous and influential tribe.
+Their chief or bashaba was said to have been acknowledged as a superior
+as far as Massachusetts Bay. They occupied the country on both sides of
+the Penobscot Bay and River; their summer resort being near the sea, but
+during the winter and spring they inhabited lands near the falls, where
+they still reside. It is somewhat strange to find a tribe numbering
+about five hundred still remaining in their ancient abode, and, though
+surrounded by whites, retaining their language, religion, and many of
+the habits and customs of centuries past, with a probability of
+perpetuating them for ages to come. Their name is from _penobsq_, rock,
+and _utoret_, a place, literally, rocky-place,--which no doubt refers to
+the rocky falls in the river near their residence. It is not supposed
+that many of this tribe emigrated to Canada, although they had constant
+intercourse with that country.
+
+  [1] For a pleasant and very well-written account of this tribe, by Hon.
+  Lorenzo Sabine, see the Christian Examiner for 1857.
+
+The Passamaquodies were found occupying the northeastern corner of
+Maine, if, as it is generally supposed, they are the descendants of
+those seen and described by De Monts, who spent the winter of 1604 near
+their present head-quarters. Their subsequent history for more than a
+century was but a blank, as in all that time they are not mentioned by
+any writer, or named in any of the treaties, till after the conquest of
+Canada. This omission is certainly strange, as in the ones of 1713 and
+1717 now published in this volume, mere fragments of tribes are named
+and represented.
+
+Still, if any reliance can be placed on their own traditions, they had
+resided for generations previous to the Revolution around the lower
+Schoodic Lake, where the recent discovery of stone hatchets and other
+implements of an ancient make would seem to verify their assertions.
+They also point out the place of a fight with the Mohawks, who two
+centuries ago carried terror into all the Indian villages from Carolina
+to the Bay of Fundy. It is probable that from their distant inland and
+secluded position, as well as their limited numbers, they were in no way
+connected with the various wars which the other tribes waged against the
+colonists, and so were unnoticed. As their residence on the lake was
+nearer Machias than any other available point on the sea coast, it may
+be that to trade with this people the trading house was established
+there by the Plymouth Colony, in 1630, and they were often called the
+Machias Indians. Although their intercourse has long continued with
+Canada, up to this time they have sent no emigrants there. They number
+at present between four and five hundred souls, and still adhere to the
+religious forms taught them by the Jesuits. This tribe designate
+themselves by the name of Sybayk.[2]
+
+  [2] Mr. Sabine has given their history in a truthful and friendly
+  communication to the Christian Examiner for 1852.
+
+The Wawenocks were located on the sea-coast, and inhabited the country
+from the Sheepscot to the St. George; they are quite fully described by
+Capt. John Smith, who had much intercourse with them. From their
+situation on the rivers and harbors, they were much sooner disturbed by
+the settlements than any other of the tribes in Maine. In 1747 there
+were but a few families remaining. At the treaty at Falmouth, in 1749,
+they were associated with the Assagunticooks, among whom they were then
+settled, and with whom they soon after removed to Canada. The Canibas or
+Norridgewoks occupied the valley of the Kennebec, from the tide water to
+its sources; their principal residence was at Norridgewock. Here the
+Jesuit missionaries, at an early period, taught them their religious
+faith, and by sharing with them their privations and hardships, obtained
+a controlling influence over them.
+
+As they inhabited fertile intervale land, they gave more attention to
+agriculture than any of the neighboring tribes, and appear to have been
+originally more peaceably inclined towards the whites than some of their
+neighbors. Residing so far inland, they were but little acquainted with
+the prowess of the whites, and sent out their war parties to commit
+murders and depredations on the unprotected settlers, without expecting
+a retribution on their own heads. After a long succession of murders and
+captures in the English settlements, by this tribe, instigated, as was
+believed, by their priest, Sebastian Rasle, an expedition was sent
+against them, consisting of about two hundred men, who killed about
+thirty Indians, including Rasle, and destroyed the place, without the
+loss of a man. This broke their power, but they continued to reside
+there for many years, and gradually retired to the St. Francis,--the
+last family migrating near the end of the last century.
+
+The Assagunticooks were a numerous tribe who inhabited the country along
+the whole valley of the Androscoggin; and although their lands were not
+occupied by whites, they were frequently bitter enemies, and were the
+first to begin a war and the last to make peace. Their location gave
+them easy access to the settlements, from Casco to Piscataqua, which
+they improved to glut their thirst for blood and slaughter. About 1750
+they moved to Canada and joined the St. Francis tribe. They could then
+muster about one hundred and fifty warriors, and being much the most
+numerous tribe that emigrated there, it is supposed they had the
+greatest influence, and that their dialect is more truly perpetuated
+than any other in that confederacy.
+
+The Sokokis inhabited the country bordering on the Saco River, but were
+mostly limited to its head waters. Their villages were located on the
+alluvial lands in what is now Fryeburg, Me., and Conway, N. H. The
+Pegwakets and Ossipees were either identical with or branches of this
+tribe. In 1725 Capt. John Lovewell with about fifty soldiers, on a
+scouting adventure in the vicinity, fell in with a war party of the
+tribe, and a sanguinary battle ensued, disastrous to both parties. Their
+chief, Paugus, was slain; and within a short period the remainder of
+the tribe, dispirited by their misfortunes, retired to Canada.
+
+The Pennacooks were probably the only occupants of the waters of the
+Merrimac, and perhaps included nearly all the nations who resided in
+what is now the State of New Hampshire. Their principal residence was at
+Amoskeag Falls, the site of the present manufacturing city of
+Manchester. It is usual to name the Pennatuckets, Wambesitts, Souhegans,
+and some others as tribes, but there can be no doubt they all owned
+fealty to the head sagamore of the Pennacooks, and were only branches of
+that tribe, as were all the Indians on the Piscataqua and its waters. It
+is also probable the small band of Cowasacks, on the upper Connecticut,
+were of this tribe. The Pennacooks must have been at one time a numerous
+community, and were less warlike than any of the Abenaki race. It is
+likely they were more disposed to cultivate the soil, and their
+historian, Judge Potter, represents them as amiable and friendly to the
+whites. Notwithstanding, they were the earliest emigrants to Canada.
+They left their pleasant hunting grounds with regret, and often returned
+to cultivate their ancient fields; but few of them resided permanently
+there after about 1700.
+
+It is proper to add to the names of the original Abenaki tribes, that of
+the Malacite or Amalecite, who have always resided on the St. John. It
+is not known that any part of this tribe emigrated to Canada with those
+of Maine, but in 1828 about thirty families emigrated there, and settled
+on a branch of the River Verte. But the largest part still reside in New
+Brunswick.
+
+We come now to trace the emigration of the Abenakis to the banks of the
+St. Lawrence. As the Jesuits had been in constant communication with the
+tribes in Maine for more than half a century, the Indians had learned
+the way to Quebec, and it is probable that during Philip's war some of
+the tribes obtained arms and ammunition from that place. During this war
+the Pennacooks, under the influence of their chief, Wonnolancet, had
+remained neutral, and in July, 1676, at Chocheco, signed with some
+others a treaty of perpetual peace. Still, the feeling of the whites was
+so strong against all the race, that they placed little reliance on
+their former good conduct or present promises. A few months after this
+treaty, they induced a large number of Indians, from the various tribes,
+to come to the same place, and where all the militia of the provinces
+had assembled, and while professing to practice some sham evolutions,
+the Indians were suddenly surrounded and captured. Many of the prisoners
+so treacherously obtained were executed, and others sold into slavery
+for having been in arms against the whites.
+
+Although Wonnolancet and his tribe were discharged, this breach of faith
+must have taught him that he could not rely on the white man's promise,
+and that neither he nor his tribe was safe on the Merrimac. With this
+feeling he, with a part of them, left for Canada in the autumn of 1677.
+Although he subsequently returned to visit his former hunting and
+fishing grounds, his real home was, for the remainder of his life, near
+Quebec, and he with his band became the nucleus of the Indian settlement
+there; but it is not apparent that he was at any period the enemy of the
+English.
+
+In the course of the war, nearly all the tribes in New England had been
+more or less involved in it. The colonists now looked upon them as a
+conquered race of heathen, and that their duty was to drive them out,
+and enjoy their lands in the manner of the Israelites of old. On the
+other hand, the Indians who had made terms of peace, having now for the
+first time realized that they had not the ability to cope with the
+English in war, and could not trust their friendship in peace, naturally
+looked to the French as the protectors of their villages and hunting
+grounds. Many of them were willing to place themselves and their
+families under their care.
+
+Therefore the Jesuits, who had for a long time been their spiritual, and
+often their temporal advisers, began to turn the steps of the broken and
+scattered remnants of the tribes who had suffered most in the war, to
+the feeble settlement of the Pennacooks, near Quebec, and as early as
+1685, the Governor of that colony granted a tract of land at a place
+called Cote de Lauzon, opposite that city, for their use. Up to the
+commencement of the war, a considerable number of Indians had continued
+to reside on the Connecticut river, above Northampton; they had fought
+against the whites, and at the death of Philip, fled and took up their
+abode at Scauticook, above Albany, and were afterwards increased by
+additions from other tribes.
+
+After a few years, the government of New York became desirous of being
+rid of such neighbors, whom they could not trust or control, and induced
+them to remove to Canada, where most of them were settled before the
+close of that century, with or near the Pennacooks.
+
+Early in the eighteenth century, the numbers of refugee Indians
+attracted the attention of the Governor of Canada, and as the whole of
+the French population of that colony did not then number ten thousand
+souls, he saw they would materially add to the strength of his command,
+and could be used most effectually against the frontiers of New England.
+He therefore took measures to give them a home there. As the grant near
+Quebec was found not adapted to their needs and condition, probably from
+its close contiguity to that city, two convenient tracts of land were
+granted for their use; the first bears date Aug. 23, 1700, the second,
+May 10, 1701. These were on the St. Francis river, which has given a
+name to the tribe. In 1704 another settlement of refugees from New
+England received a grant of land at a place called Becancour, near
+Three Rivers, and during this year the Governor addressed a letter to
+the ministry in France, giving his reasons for inducing the Abenakis to
+settle in his colony, and from this period it was a constant policy to
+encourage their immigration there, for more than half a century.
+
+Here was the place where parties were to be fitted out to carry war,
+destruction, and misery to the frontiers of New England.
+
+In 1704 these Indians piloted a body of French to the vicinity of their
+former homes, on the Connecticut, and entirely destroyed Deerfield. The
+writer not long since conversed with an ancient member of this tribe,
+who claimed to be the great grandson of Esther Williams, daughter of
+Rev. John Williams, who was, with his family, captured at that time. In
+1707 this tribe, piloted by the Pennacooks down the Merrimac, destroyed
+Haverhill, murdering and capturing most of its inhabitants. It would
+fill a volume to relate the bloody tragedies acted and instigated by
+this tribe; it seems almost incredible that any people could exist for a
+generation amidst such repeated incursions of a relentless enemy.
+
+In November, 1724, Vaudreuil, Governor General of Canada, addressed an
+urgent letter to the Minister of War in France, giving an account of the
+attack on Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle, with a full
+account of the losses and sufferings of that tribe, and asking for a
+grant of ammunition, guns, and blankets to supply their losses, and
+enable them to make war on the English settlements. He also gives a
+particular account of the condition of the Abenakis, and says, "of all
+the Indians in New France, they are in a position to render the most
+service; this nation consists of five villages, which number,
+altogether, about five hundred warriors. Two of these villages are
+situated on the St. Lawrence, near Three Rivers--one below that town
+called Becancour, the other ten leagues above, called St. Francis, the
+three others are in the direction of Acadie, called Narantsouak, on the
+River Kanibekky, Panagamsde, on the Pentagouet (Penobscot), and
+Medocteck, on the River St. John. These three villages have different
+routes, each by its own river, whereby they can reach Quebeck in a few
+days."[3]
+
+  [3] See N. Y. Colonial Documents, edited by E. B. O'Calligan, LL. D.
+
+In April, 1725, a delegation of three gentlemen visited Montreal with a
+letter from the Governor of Massachusetts, in reply to one addressed to
+him some months previously by M. Vaudreuil, relative to the attack at
+Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle. They demanded that the
+prisoners held by the Abenakis should be given up, and a perpetual peace
+established.
+
+The Indians, who were entirely under the influence of the French, were
+extremely haughty in their language and deportment; they demanded that
+the English should restore their lands, rebuild their church, which they
+had destroyed at Norridgewock, and when asked what land they referred
+to, said "that their land commenced at the River Gounitogon, otherwise
+called the long river,[4] which lies to the west beyond Boston, that
+this river was formerly the boundary which separated the lands of the
+Iroquois from those of the Abenakis, that according to this boundary,
+Boston and the greater part of the English settlements east of it are in
+Abenakis' lands; that they would be justified in telling them to quit
+there, but that they had considered that their settlements were
+established and that they were still inclined to tolerate them; but they
+demanded as an express condition of peace that the English should
+abandon the country from one league beyond Saco River to Port Royal,
+which was the line separating the lands of the Abenakis from those of
+the Micmaks."[5]
+
+  [4] Undoubtedly the Connecticut.
+
+  [5] N. Y. Colonial Documents, vol. ix.
+
+The Abenakis denied that they had ever sold any land to the English, and
+when the latter claimed that much of it was theirs by a possession of
+more than eighty years, and that this possession gave them a title, the
+Indians replied, "We were in possession before you, for we have held it
+from time immemorial." The English delegates conceded that they did not
+claim beyond the west bank of the Narantsouak (Kennebec), and that the
+fort at St. George was built not by them, but by the government of Port
+Royal.
+
+The meeting seems to have been unsatisfactory to the delegation, and no
+treaty or arrangement was made. The French governor denied that they had
+furnished the Indians with arms, or instigated them to attack the
+English, although Vaudreuil's letters to his government in France bear
+abundant evidence that this was his constant policy.
+
+In the treaty with many of the tribes, held at Deerfield in 1735, the
+St. Francis Indians were represented, and agreed to the arrangement for
+perpetual peace; but a few years elapsed before they were again engaged
+in their bloody pastime. War was declared against France in 1744, and
+the Abenakis were soon hovering on the frontiers. In 1746, Keene and
+Concord, in New Hampshire, felt their power, and many captives were
+carried to Canada. In 1752 Capt. Phineas Stevens proceeded to Canada, as
+a delegate from the governor of Massachusetts, to confer with the
+Abenakis, and to redeem some prisoners they had in their possession. At
+a conference had with them in the presence of the governor of Canada,
+Atewaneto, the chief speaker, made an eloquent reply, in which he
+charged the English with trespassing on their lands: he said, "We
+acknowledge no other land of yours than your settlements, wherever you
+have built, and we will not consent, under any pretext, that you pass
+beyond them. The lands we possess have been given us by the Great Master
+of Life, we acknowledge to hold only from him."
+
+In 1755 they were again in the field, and followed the French armies to
+the head of Lake George, and carried terror into the new townships on
+the Connecticut river. Some of their small parties at that late day
+penetrated within sixty miles of the capital of New England. But these
+long continued aggressions were soon to meet a fearful retribution. The
+capture of Quebec, which gave North America to England, had changed the
+relation of the Abenakis. Capt. Kennedy having been sent to their
+villages with a flag of truce, was, with his whole party, made
+prisoners. To chastise them for this outrage, as well as to retaliate
+for their continued cruelty and murders on the defenseless frontier
+settlements, Gen. Amherst dispatched the celebrated Major Rogers with a
+detachment of his rangers to the villages on the St. Francis. Just
+before daybreak, on the fifth of October, he surprised and killed at
+least two hundred Indians, and burnt all their wigwams, plunder, and
+effects. Rogers in his journal says: "To my own knowledge, in six years'
+time, the St. Francis Indians had killed and carried into captivity on
+the frontiers of New England, four hundred persons; we found in the
+town, hanging on poles over the doors &c., about six hundred scalps,
+mostly English."
+
+The power of the tribe for evil was gone, and we hear no more of them
+till the Revolution, when their warriors followed Burgoyne to Saratoga,
+where they again used the tomahawk and scalping knife, but when his
+fortunes began to wane, they retired to the banks of the St. Lawrence.
+Again in the war of 1812, they joined the English, but their numbers
+were few, and after a brief campaign, they, for the last time, retraced
+their steps to their own homes.
+
+A few more remarks will close the history of this tribe, once the terror
+of New England.
+
+The present condition of the Abenakis is given in a report made in 1858
+to the Legislative Assembly of Canada. This states that the tribe on the
+St. Francis has diminished to three hundred and eighty-seven persons;
+they live mainly by agriculture, but everything is done in so rude a
+way, that they gather but scanty crops. Part of them, through the
+exertions of one of their own number, have been induced to discard their
+ancient faith, and are now professed Methodists. This change has
+involved the tribe in continual feuds and difficulties, which will
+prevent any improvement, and will probably lead to a permanent division
+and removal of one of the parties. They often undergo much privation for
+want of proper food and other necessaries of life. The portion of the
+tribe at Becancour presents a still more degraded condition. There
+remain but thirty families, in all one hundred and seventy-two
+individuals. They still remain Roman Catholics, have no schools, and
+seem to have reached the extreme of misery and destitution, and so
+completely have this people intermixed, that their missionary writes,
+"he does not know of a single pure Abenaki among them."
+
+The vocabulary now published is copied from a small volume printed about
+thirty years ago, entitled "Wobanaki Kimzowi Awighigan," i.e. Abenaki
+Spelling Book. It was procured by the writer with much difficulty, as it
+was the only copy that could be obtained among them. It is supposed by
+those qualified to judge, to be a fair specimen of the dialect formerly
+spoken on the Androscoggin and Kennebec, although there are in it many
+words originally borrowed from the French and English. From a
+memorandum made when with them a few years since, the name of their
+tribe, as near as can be written and pronounced in English, is
+W'Banankee, accenting the last syllable.
+
+The treaties, now for the first time printed, are copied from the
+original in the possession of the writer; they will be perused with
+pleasure by those interested in antiquarian researches. But at the
+present day it is difficult to realize the interest which these
+proceedings and documents excited; they were often considered almost a
+matter of life or death to the frontier settlers. It is apparent that
+every chief had then his peculiar totem, or symbol. At a later period
+this system was abandoned, and they used only a simple cross. Among the
+chiefs who signed, is to be found the totem of Bombazeen and some
+others, whose names are perpetuated in history for their bloody
+exploits. The autographs annexed show the names of men then prominent in
+both provinces, and some of them afterwards attained the highest
+positions in political life.
+
+The vocabularies and treaties are now submitted for publication by
+request of the Maine Historical Society.
+
+    BOSTON, AUGUST, 1859.
+
+
+
+
+    EXTRACTS FROM A SPELLING-BOOK IN THE ABENAKI LANGUAGE.
+
+  PUBLISHED IN BOSTON IN 1830, AND CALLED "KIMZOWI AWIGHIGAN,"
+         THE LAST WORD BEING THE TERM FOR BOOK.
+
+
+The sounds of the vowels are represented in English according to the
+following scheme.
+
+ _Vowels._         _Sounded._
+
+ A  a           as _a_ in father, psalm.
+ E  e           as _e_ in met, or in accident.
+ I  i           as _ee_ in seen, or _i_ in machine.
+ O  o           as _o_ in note.
+ U  u           as _u_ in tube, cube; also used after _g_, as in language.
+    [)u]        as [)u] in cup, sun.
+
+
+ _Nasal._
+
+ [O=]  [o=]
+
+
+ _Dipthongs._
+
+ Ai  ai         as _i_ in pine, nine.
+ Au  au         as _ow_ or _ou_ in how, thou.
+
+
+ _Consonants._     _Names._
+
+ B  b              bi
+ D  d              di
+ G  g              gi
+ H  h              hi
+ J  j              ji
+ K  k              ki
+ L  l              li
+ M  m              mi
+ N  n              ni
+ P  p              pi
+ S  s              si
+ T  t              ti
+ W  w              wi
+ Z  z              zi
+ CH ch             chi
+
+
+ Ch[o=]ls--cricket
+ kots--goat
+ kask--cap
+ pots--boot
+ mskakw--swamp
+ nbes--lake
+ mskask--spruce
+ paks--box
+ mke zen--shoe
+ sop--soap
+ sen--stone
+ tlaps--trap
+ win--marrow
+ wchat--sinew
+ wli--good
+ ne bi--water
+ cha kwa--this morning
+ chi ga--when
+ chbi wi--apart
+ chig naz--thorn plum
+ cho wi--must be, certain
+ pa skwa--noon
+ pla nikw--flying squirrel
+ pi han--rope
+ psig ia--half
+ kokw--kettle
+ k[o=]gw--porcupine
+ pins--pin
+ skog--snake
+ piz--pea
+ nbis--little water
+ pigs--hog
+ moz--moose
+ kwat--cup
+ swip--jew
+ sips--a fowl
+ wins--black birch
+ wskan--bone
+ a sokw--cloud
+ wk[o=]t--leg
+ cha kwat--daylight
+ cha ga--now then
+ chi bai--ghost
+ chog l[)u]skw--black bird
+ chan naps--turnip
+ chbo sa--walks apart
+ pne k[o=]kw--sandy hill
+ p[o=] bakw--a bog
+ pe guis--a gnat
+ psi gaskw--board
+ psan ta--full
+ to s[o=]n--a shed
+ ta lin--earthen basin
+ sko tam--trout
+ ski ia--raw
+ o-kwa--maggot
+ ska mon--corn
+ ska kwam--green stick
+ mski ko--grass
+ psa na wi--full of
+ ab [o=]n--cake
+ as ma--not yet
+ a ses--horse
+ akw bi--rum
+ a wip--pith
+ a la--or
+ ap les--apple
+ ak ikw--seal
+ as ban--raccoon
+ al wa--almost
+ ki k[o=]n--field
+ ko wa--pine tree
+ ki zos--sun
+ kda hla--it sinks
+ ka ia--thick milk
+ kchim li--chimney
+ kchin bes--great lake
+ psan ba--full
+ psa nikw--black squirrel
+ sig wit--widower
+ ska hla--raw hide
+ te go--wave
+ ski bakw--green leaf
+ ska wakw--fresh meat
+ mska ta--lily root
+ msko da--prairie
+ kzab da--hot
+ ab on--bed
+ as kan--horn
+ al akws--star
+ al ikws--pismire
+ am kw[o=]n--spoon
+ ag askw--woodchuck
+ a zip--sheep
+ ak sen--ox
+ a kwan--bitter, acrid
+ kas ko--crane
+ pe laz--pigeon
+ kas ta--how many times
+ ka oz--cow
+ ka akw--gull
+ k[o=] jo--vein
+ kchi t[)u]kw--great river
+ ki zokw--day
+ w[o=] wan--an egg
+ wa bi--buttock
+ wi bit--tooth
+ wdel li--shoulder
+ w[)u]ch [o=]l--nose
+ wig bi--stringy bark
+ wle guan--wing
+ wa japkw--root
+ wcha too--sinewy
+ wskat gua--forehead
+ wli gen--good
+ wi noz--onion
+ w[o=] bi--white
+ wa guan--heel
+ w[)u]t tep--head
+ wta wakw--ear
+ wsi s[)u]kw--eye
+ wdo lo--kidney
+ wig w[o=]m--house, camp
+ wa dap--root to sew with
+ Wd[o=] w[o=]--Autawa Indian
+ w[)u]t t[)u]n--mouth
+ wji ia--belonging to
+ wlo gas--leather string
+ wla nikw--fisher
+ wikw kwa--thigh
+ wa chil--oak nut
+ wha gakw--a scalp
+ wha ga--body
+ wpa nak--lights
+ wa laskw--husk
+ w[o=]l kaa--hollow place
+ wz[)u]kw na--tail
+ wi zi--gall, bile
+ w[o=] boz--elk
+ w[o=]kw ses--fox
+ wi os--flesh
+ ma wia--better
+ s[o=]g m[o=]--chief
+ a wan--air
+ ki zi--already
+ msi wi--largely
+ wski a--new
+ sikw hla--hail
+ kwa nak--length
+ ta bat--enough
+ mat guas--rabbit
+ mkwi gen--red
+ tau b[o=] gan--large trough
+ tlap s[o=] bi--trap chain
+ ska h[o=] gan--a forked post
+ wlag zi--bowels
+ wa jo--mountain
+ wji g[o=]n--desolate camp
+ wdol ka--breast, stomach
+ wi ka--fat
+ wl[o=] da--hot weather
+ w[o=] lakw--hole
+ wja kwam--but end
+ wl[o=]m ka--fine grainy
+ wski gen--young vegetable
+ wzi dakw--handle
+ wne kikw--otter
+ wa gin--wagon
+ pil tal--lead
+ kchi ia--aged person
+ pa g[o=]n--nut
+ a chi--also
+ ng[o=]n ia--old
+ m[o=] gis--monkey
+ wd[)u]p kwan--hair
+ wa ji--for, to
+ s[o=] ga--lobster
+ piz wat--good for nothing
+ kl[o=] gan--door
+ tip wa bel--pepper
+ ska w[o=] gan--standing
+ skip w[o=] gan--eating raw
+ chi t[o=] ba hi gan--a wedge
+ chi ba gi n[o=] guat--looks very bad
+ chi ba i skwet ta--ignis fatuus
+ chi git wa hi gan--razor
+ p[i=] mi zig ni gan--withe
+ pok ja na hwi ka--stumpy
+ psakw dam ni mo zi--blackberry bush
+ tb[o=] bak hi gan--pair of scales, steelyard
+ ska mon ta hi gan--corn meal
+ skas kwat si gan--green dye
+ a lo ka w[o=] gan--a work, labor
+ al n[o=] ba w[o=] gan--human nature, birth
+ sa n[o=] ba w[o=] gan--manhood
+ a za wa skwi gen--square
+ a ba kwa w[o=] gan--act of covering with a roof
+ a ses si ga mikw--stable
+ am kw[o=] ni no da--spoon basket
+ a ses w[o=] bi al--harness
+ a za t[o=] i wi--backwards
+ kin ja mes w[o=] gan--majesty
+ ka dos mo w[o=] gan--act of drinking, a drink
+ kba hod wi ga mikw--jail
+ ki wi tam w[o=] gan--hint
+ ki ta das w[o=] gan--act of sharpening by grinding
+ ki no ho ma sin--preaching
+ kin ja mes sis kwa--queen
+ ka o zi ga mikw--barn
+ ka wzo wah di gan--sleigh
+ ka sij wa hi gan--dish towel
+ po da wa w[o=] gan--act of blowing
+ p[o=] l[o=] ba w[o=] gan--pride
+ piz wa gi zo--he reads for nothing
+ pi da hla gu[o=] gan--scabbard
+ pkwes sa ga hi gan--key
+ p[o=] ba tam w[o=] gan--religion
+ p[o=] ba tam win no--religious person
+ pa pa hwij wi ia--tin
+ pa pa hwij wi jo--tin basin
+ pa pi tom k[o=] gan--a plaything
+ nkes k[o=]g w[o=] gan--nightmare
+ ni mat gua hi gan--a fork
+ no da hla go kat--blacksmith
+ no ji m[o=] ni kat--silversmith
+ no ji pak si kat--box maker
+ no da wig hi gat--notary, writer
+ no ji na mas kat--fisher
+ no da ma gu[o=] gan--spear
+ o l[o=] wat si gan--blue dye
+ [o=] do lib i[o=] gan--oar
+ po da woz win no--counsellor
+ po da waz w[o=] gan--council
+ mos kwal dam w[o=] gan--anger
+ mi ga ka w[o=] gan--act of fighting
+ mka za wat si gan--copperas
+ si gua na hi gan--skim-milk
+ tmo kwa ta hi gan--sword
+ les sa ga hi gan--trunk
+ wi la wig win no--rich person
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN TREATIES.
+
+
+At Portsmouth, in her Maj^ty's Province of New Hampshire, in New
+England, the thirteenth day of July, in the twelfth year of the Reign of
+our Sovereign Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France,
+and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the faith, &c. [1713]
+
+
+THE SUBMISSION AND AGREEMENT OF THE EASTERN INDIANS.
+
+Whereas for some years last past We have made a breach of our Fidelity
+and Loyalty to the Crowns of Great Britain, and have made open Rebellion
+against her Maj^ty's Subjects, the English inhabitants in the
+Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other of her Maj^ty's Territories in
+New England, and being now sensible of the miseryes which We & our
+people are reduced thereunto thereby, We whose names are here
+subscribed, being Delegates of all the Indians belonging to Norrigawake,
+Narrakamegock, Amasacontoog, Pigwocket, Penecook, & to all other Indian
+Plantations situated on the Rivers of St. Johns, Penobscot, Kenybeck,
+Amascogon, Saco, & Merimack, & all other Indian Plantations lying
+between the s^d Rivers of St. Johns and Merimack, Parts of her
+Maj^ty's Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, within
+her Maj^ty's Sovereignty, having made application to his Excellency,
+Joseph Dudley, Esq^re, Captain General & Govern^r in Chief in and
+over the s^d Provinces, That the Troubles which we have unhappily
+raised or occasioned against her Maj^ty's subjects, the English, &
+ourselves, may cease & have an end, & that we may enjoy her Maj^ty's
+Grace & Favor, and each of us Respectively, for ourselves & in the name
+& with the free consent of all the Indians belonging to the several
+Rivers and places aforesaid, & all other Indians within the s^d
+Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, hereby
+acknowledging ourselves the lawfull subjects of our Sovereign Lady,
+Queen Anne, and promising our hearty Subjection & Obediance unto the
+Crown of Great Britain, doe solemnly Covenant, promise, & agree to &
+with the s^d Joseph Dudley, Esq., Govern^r, and all such as shall
+hereafter be in the place of Capt. General and Govern^r in Chief of
+the aforesaid Provinces or territories on her Maj^ty's behalf, in
+manner following. That is to say:
+
+That at all times forever, from and after the date of these presents, we
+will cease and forbear all acts of hostility toward all the subjects of
+the crown of Great Britain, and not to offer the least hurt or violence
+to them or any of them in their persons or estates, but will honor,
+forward, hold, & maintain a firm & constant amity & friendship with all
+the English, and will not entertain any Treasonable Conspiracy with any
+other Nation to their Disturbance.
+
+That her Maj^ty's Subjects, the English, shall & may peaceably &
+quietly enter upon, improve, & forever enjoy, all and singular their
+Rights of Land & former Settlements, Properties, & possesions, within
+the Eastern Parts of the s^d Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and
+New Hampshire, together with all the Islands, Islets, Shoars, Beaches, &
+Fisheries within the same, without any molestation or claims by us or
+any other Indians, And be in no wais molested, interrupted, or disturbed
+therein. Saving unto the s^d Indians their own Grounds, & free liberty
+for Hunting, Fishing, Fowling, and all other their Lawful Liberties &
+Privileges, as on the Eleventh day of August, in the year of our Lord
+God One thousand six hundred & ninety-three.
+
+That for mutual Safety & Benefit, all Trade & Comerce which hereafter
+may be allowed betwixt the English & Indians shall be in such places &
+under such management & regulations as shall be stated by her
+Maj^ty's Governments of the s^d Provinces respectively. And to
+prevent mischiefs & inconveniencies the Indians shall not be allowed,
+for the present, & until they have liberty from the respective
+Governments, to come near to any English Plantations or Settlements on
+this side of Saco River.
+
+That if any Controversy or Difference at any time hereafter happen to
+arise betwixt any of the English or Indians, for any real or supposed
+wrong or injury done on the one side or the other, no Private Revenge
+shall be taken by the Indians for the same, but proper application shall
+be made to her Maj^ty's Government, upon the place, for remedy
+thereof, in our Course of Justice, We hereby submitting ourselves to be
+ruled & Governed by her Maj^ty's Laws, & desire to have the protection
+& benefit of the same.
+
+We confess that we have, contrary to all faith and justice, broken our
+articles with S^r William Phipps, Governour, made in the year of our
+Lord God 1693, and with the Earl of Bellemont, Govern^r, made in the
+year of our Lord God 1699, And the assurance we gave to his Excellency,
+Joseph Dudley, Esq^re, Governor, in the years of our Lord God 1702, in
+the month of August, and 1703, in the month of July, notwithstanding we
+have been well treated by the s^d Governors; and we resolve for the
+future not to be drawn into any perfidious Treaty or Correspondence, to
+the hurt of any of the subjects of her Maj^ty the Queen of Great
+Britain, and if we know of any such we will seasonably reveal it to the
+English.
+
+Wherefore, we whose names are hereunto subscribed, Delegates for the
+several tribes of the Indians, belonging unto the River of Kenybeck,
+Amarascogen, St. Johns, Saco, & Merrimac, & parts adjacent, being
+sensible of our great offence & folly in not complying with the
+afores^d Submission & agreements, and also of the sufferings &
+mischiefs that we have thereby exposed ourselves unto, do, in all
+humble & submisive manner, cast ourselves upon her Maj^ty's mercy for
+the pardon of all our past rebellions, hostilities, and Violations of
+our promises, praying to be received unto her Maj^ty's Grace &
+Protection. And for & on behalfe of ourselves, and of all other the
+Indians belonging to the several Rivers and places afores^d, within
+the Sovereignty of her Maj^ty of Great Britain, do again acknowledge &
+profess our hearty and sinceer obedience unto the Crown of Great
+Britain, and do solemnly renew, ratify, and confirm all & every of the
+articles & agreements contained in the former and present submission.
+
+This Treaty to be humbly laid before her Maj^ty, for her ratification
+and farther orders. In Witness whereof, We, the Delegates afore^sd, by
+name, Kireberuit, Iteansis, and Jackoit, for Penobscot, Joseph and
+Eneas, for St. Johns, Waracansit, Wedaranaquin, and Bomoseen, for
+Kennebeck, have hereunto set our hands & seals, the day and year first
+above written.
+
+    SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED
+        IN THE PRESENCE OF
+
+
+ Signatures:
+   J Rev Knap
+   Geo. Vaughan
+   Sha^d Walton
+   W Dudley
+   Edmund Quinsey
+   Spencer Phips
+   J Widger.
+   Sam A Moody
+   Samu S Lynde
+   Richard Saltonstal
+   Josiah Willard
+   Henry Somorby
+   Thos Leihmesel
+   Joseph Hiller Jun.
+   Jos: Lloyd
+   James Alford
+   Jon^a. Roining'lon
+   John Gillman
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ QUALEBEENEWES.
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ WARRAKANSIT.
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ BOMOSEEN.
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ EDARANAQUIN.]
+
+ Signatures:
+   Stephan Minot
+   Jonathan Pollard
+   Geo. Jalfrey
+   A. Wilbury
+   John Leighton
+   Peter Martin
+   John Yoo
+   (unclear) Goessth?
+   Robert Carson
+   Jonathan Kling
+   Steph^n Eastwick
+   (unclear) Nalle^a Rogers?
+   Jn^o Nowmarch
+   Henry Flynt]
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ ENEAS.
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ ITEANSIS.
+
+ Signatures:
+   Jabez Hitch
+   Sam^ll Moodey
+   Jer^a. Wise
+   John Karnard
+   Nicholas Sever
+   (unclear) Sam^ll. Fiske
+   Cha. Story, Sec^y. of N.H.
+   James Lusmore
+   Richard Waldron
+   Ths: Sheppard
+   John Penhallow
+   Geo: Huntington
+   (unclear) Sam^ll: Pluisted?
+   John Newman (unclear Jr.?)
+   James Joffry
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ JACKOIT.
+
+ Signum
+ (Signature)
+ JOSEP.
+
+
+At Portsmouth, in her Maj^tie's Province of New Hampshire, in New
+England, the 28th Day of July, in the thirteenth year of our Sovereign
+Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland,
+Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c. [1714]
+
+The several Articles of the foregoing sheet, after a long Conference
+with the Delegates of the Eastern Indians, were read to them, & the
+sense & meaning thereof explained by two faithful, sworn Interpreters,
+and accordingly signed by every of the Sachems and Delegates that were
+not present & had not signed the last year.
+
+In the Presence of his Excellency the Governour, and his Excellency
+General Nicholson, & the Gentlemen of Her Maj^tie's Councills for the
+Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay & New Hampshire, & other Gentlemen.
+
+    SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED
+        IN THE PRESENCE OF US,
+
+ Signatures:
+   John White
+   Tho^s. (unclear) Burnster?
+   Edm^d Goff
+   Habijah Savage
+   J Widger.
+
+ PEQUARET
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ WEEBENOOSE
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ CATERRAMOGGUS
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ Signatures:
+   (unclear)
+   John Rogors
+   John Denison
+   Rich^d (unclear) Miller?
+   John Lambton
+
+ NUCTUNGUS
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ QUINNAWUS
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ QUIREBOOSET
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ JOSEPH
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ Signatures:
+   M: Berckfield
+   John Jekyll
+   Edward Hacketh
+   Tho. Plaisted
+   Marcaveni
+   S Jenning Wentworth
+
+ NEGUSCAWIT
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ PIERRE ABINNAWAY.
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ SCAWWEASE
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ Signatures:
+   W^m Cooper
+   Estes Plateh
+   Tho: Legard
+   Charles (unclear) Hrosh?
+
+ ADDEAWANDO.
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ SEGUNCEWICK
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ KISSURAGUNNIT
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ PITTAURISQUANNE
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ CAESAR MOXUSSON
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ ERIXIS
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ ESTIEN
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ WENEMOET
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ WOHONUMBAMET
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+ SANBODDIES
+ (Signature)
+ Signum.
+
+
+
+
+TREATY OF 1717.
+
+
+Georgetown, on Arrowsick Island, in his Majesty's Province of the
+Massachusetts Bay in New England, the 12th Day of August 1717, in the
+fourth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George, by the Grace of
+God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith,
+&c.
+
+We, the Subscribers, being Sachems and Chief men of the several Tribes
+of Indians belonging to Kennebeck, Penobscut, Pegwackit, Saco, and
+other, the Eastern Parts of his Majesty's Province afores^d, having
+had the several Articles of the foregoing Treaty distinctly read and
+Interpreted to us by a Sworn Interpreter at this time, do Approve of,
+Recognize, Ratify, and Confirm all and every the said Articles,
+(excepting only the _fourth_ and _fifth_ articles, which relate to the
+restraint and limitation of Trade and Commerce, which is now otherwise
+managed.)
+
+And whereas, some rash and inconsiderate Persons amongst us, have
+molested some of our good fellow Subjects, the English, in the
+Possession of their Lands, and otherwise illtreated them;--We do
+disapprove & condemn the same,--and freely consent that our English
+friends shall possess, enjoy & improve all the Lands which they have
+formerly possessed, and all which they have obtained a right & title
+unto, Hoping it will prove of mutual and reciprocal benefit and
+advantage to them & us, that they Cohabit with us.
+
+In testimony and perpetual memory whereof, We have hereunto set our
+hands & seals, in behalf of ourselves and of the several Tribes of
+Indians that have delegated us to appear for, & represent them the day
+and year aforementioned.
+
+ NUDGGUMBOIT   X Sign. }
+ ABISSANEHRAW  X Sign. }  _Kennebeck._
+ UMGUINNAWAS   X Sign. }
+
+ AWOHAWAY      X Sign. }
+ PAQUAHARET    X Sign. } _Kennebeck._
+ CAESAR         X Sign. }
+
+ LEREBENUIT    X Sign. }
+ OHANUMBAMES   X Sign. } _Penobscut._
+ SEGUNKI       X Sign. }
+
+ ADEAWANDO     X Sign. }  _Pegwackit._
+ SCAWESO       X Sign. }
+
+ MOXUS         X Sign. }
+ BOMMAZEEN     X Sign. }
+ CAPT. SAM     X Sign. }
+ NAGUCAWEN     X Sign. } _Kennebeck._
+ SUMMEHAWIS    X Sign. }
+ WEGWARUMENET  X Sign. }
+ TERRAMUGGUS.  X Sign. }
+
+ SABADIS       X Sign. }  _Ammarascoggin._
+ SAM HUMPHRIES X Sign. }
+
+SIGNED, SEALED, & DELIVERED, IN PRESENCE OF
+
+ Signatures:
+   W Dudley
+   G Dyer (unclear) Jr?
+   William Little
+   Fran^s (unclear)
+
+ AUGUSTIN MOXUS SON
+ (Signature)
+ Sign.
+
+ SAROME.
+ (Signature)
+ Sign.
+
+ Signatures:
+   Joseph Miller Jun.
+   James Parsons
+   John (unclear)
+   Joshua Winslow
+   Peres Bradford
+   Sam. (unclear)
+   Theodore Atkinson
+   Jn Gray
+   John Penhallow
+   John Denison
+
+ FRANCOIS XAVIER
+ (Signature)
+ Sign.
+
+ MEGONUMBA
+ (Signature)
+ Sign.
+
+
+
+
+TOTEMS.
+
+
+The figures or emblems connected with the signatures of the Indians are
+called, in the language of the Algonquins, _Totems_; and are the
+distinguishing marks or signs of the clans or tribes into which the
+various nations are divided. They are not the personal emblems of the
+chiefs, although in signing treaties they employ them as their sign
+manual. Each tribe or clan had its emblem, consisting of the figure of
+some bird, beast, or reptile, and is distinguished by the name of the
+animal which it has assumed as a device, as Wolf, Hawk, Tortoise. To
+different totems, says Parkman in his "Conspiracy of Pontiac," attach
+different degrees of rank and dignity; and those of the Bear, the
+Tortoise, and the Wolf are among the first in honor. Each man is proud
+of his badge, jealously asserting its claim to respect. The use of the
+totem prevailed among the southern, as well as the northern tribes; Mr.
+Parkman says that Mr. Gallatin informed him, that he was told by the
+chief of a Choctaw deputation at Washington, that in their tribe were
+eight totemic clans, divided into two classes of four each.
+
+Mr. Parkman says again, in the work above cited, page 9, "But the main
+stay of the Iroquois polity was the system of _totemship_. It was this
+which gave the structure its elastic strength; and but for this, a mere
+confederacy of jealous and warlike tribes must soon have been rent
+asunder by shocks from without, or discord from within. At some early
+period the Iroquois must have formed an individual nation; for the whole
+people, irrespective of their separation into tribes, consisted of eight
+totemic clans; and the members of each clan, to what nation soever they
+belonged, were mutually bound to one another by those close ties of
+fraternity which mark this singular institution. Thus the five nations
+of the confederacy were bound together by an eight-fold band; and to
+this hour their slender remnants cling to one another with invincible
+tenacity."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Abenaki Indians, by Frederic Kidder
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