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diff --git a/22683.txt b/22683.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea23494 --- /dev/null +++ b/22683.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5559 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Practical Pointers for Patentees, by Franklin Cresee + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Practical Pointers for Patentees + +Author: Franklin Cresee + +Release Date: September 20, 2007 [EBook #22683] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRACTICAL POINTERS FOR PATENTEES *** + + + + +Produced by Joe Longo and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: A GOOD PATENT, PROPERLY HANDLED, IS A STEPPING STONE TO +SUCCESS AND FORTUNE.] + + + + +PRACTICAL +POINTERS _for_ PATENTEES + +CONTAINING VALUABLE INFORMATION +AND ADVICE ON THE SALE +OF PATENTS + +AN ELUCIDATION OF THE BEST METHODS +EMPLOYED BY THE MOST SUCCESSFUL INVENTORS +IN HANDLING THEIR INVENTIONS + +_By_ +F. A. CRESEE, M.E. + +Revised and Corrected, with New Forms and Tables of Population +of the United States in Accordance with the 1910 Census + +[Illustration] + +MUNN & CO., INC. +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE +361 Broadway +NEW YORK +1912 + +_Copyright, 1901, by the_ +POTOMAC PUBLISHING COMPANY + +_Copyright, 1902, by_ +MUNN & COMPANY + +_Copyright, 1906, by_ +MUNN & COMPANY + +_Copyright, 1912, by_ +MUNN & CO., Inc. + +New York +MACGOWAN & SLIPPER +30 Beekman Street + + + + +PREFACE + + +The original conception and working out of an invention is usually a +labor of love on the part of the inventor: having perfected his +invention in every detail, he finds able and skilled counsel waiting to +prepare and prosecute his application for patent before the Patent +Office Examiner. When the patent is allowed or issued, the patentee's +real work begins--that of turning the patent into money. This is the +business end of the inventor's work, which is generally to his interest +financially to undertake himself, or to have under his immediate +supervision. + +The object of this little work, based upon the experience and +observation of the author and other successful inventors, is to give the +patentee such information and advice as will enable him to proceed more +intelligently, on the most successful and economical basis, to realize +from his invention. + +The American Government issues annually over thirty-five thousand +patents, a large number of which are offered for sale by their +respective patentees, who in many cases have no definite lines to pursue +in negotiating their patents; many realizing little or nothing from +their inventions through careless or bad management, while others, +through incompetency, drift into the hands of unscrupulous +patent-selling agents only to be swindled. + +The numerous inquiries from patentees seeking practical, reliable, and +up-to-date information as to the best and most successful methods of +realizing from the product of their ingenuity, has led the author, after +due deliberation, to prepare and present this work to the American +inventor, with a view of supplying a long-felt want, with the hope that +it will save them many expensive experiments in handling their patents, +and advance them on the road to success. + +It has been the endeavor of the writer to cover briefly every subject +that is usually encountered by patentees in disposing of their patents, +not only in the matter of selling, but also in the equally important and +perplexing questions of arriving at the value of patents, legal forms, +statistics, etc., etc. + +Realizing that the work may be deficient in many respects, the hope that +it will prove instructive, and the belief that it contains many +practical pointers for patentees is still entertained by + +THE AUTHOR. + + + + +CONTENTS + +CHAPTER I. + +DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT. + PAGE +Monopoly in Patents--Industrial Progress Based upon + the Patent System 9-12 + + +CHAPTER II. + +INCOME FROM INVENTIONS. + +Independence through Successful Invention--Unprofitable + Patents--Money in Patents--Business Capacity + of the Inventor--Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity + to Advance 13-19 + + +CHAPTER III. + +SECURING CAPITAL. + +Danger in an Undivided Interest--A Better Plan--Form + of Agreement--Perfecting Inventions--Exhibit + of Inventions--To Avoid Being "Squeezed"--Value + of Record of Invention--Newspaper Notoriety 20-29 + + +CHAPTER IV. + +HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT. + +Pecuniary Value--Commercial Value--Basis for + Estimation--General Rules for Valuation--How Rating for + Royalty Is Figured--Stock in Stock Companies--Prices + for Territorial Rights--Valuation Tables 30-40 + + +CHAPTER V. + +HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS. + +Patent-selling Agencies--The Best Selling Agent--In + Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling--Methods + of Selling Patents--About Advertising--How + to Write an Advertisement--Correspondence as + a Means of Bringing Patents before Interested + Parties--How to Correspond with + Manufacturers--Circulars--Illustrations--About + Getting up Circulars--Copies of Patents, How to + Secure--Uses of Printed Copies--First + Impressions All--important--Value of Models--Working + Drawings 41-54 + + +CHAPTER VI. + +HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.--_Continued_. + +Value of Personal Influence--Personal Solicitation + Advisable--Selling Outright--Assigning an Undivided + Interest--Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of + Rights--Granting Licenses--Placing upon + Royalty--Manufacturing and Forming Companies--To + Organize Stock Companies--Trading as a Last Resort 55-72 + + +CHAPTER VII. + +CANADIAN PATENTS. + +About Canadian Patents--Selling Canadian Patents-- + Population of Canadian Cities 73-78 + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +DECISIONS AND NOTES. + +Assignments--Territorial Grants--Licenses--Patent + Title--Rules of Practice--Assignments--Assignees-- + Grantees--Mortgages--Licensees--Must be Recorded-- + Conditional Assignments--State Laws on + Selling Patents 79-91 + + +CHAPTER IX. + +THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS. + +Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined--The Language + of Law--Assignment of Entire Interest in + Letters Patent--Assignment of an Undivided Interest--Grant + of a Territorial Interest--License; Shop + Right--License; Non-exclusive, with Royalty--License; + Exclusive, with Royalty 92-105 + + +CHAPTER X. + +TABLES AND STATISTICS. + +Map of the United States--Official Census of the United + States by Counties for 1910--Population of + Cities of the United States--Number, Acreage + and Value of Farms, by States--Table of + Occupations 106-141 + + +INDEX 142-146 + + + + +PRACTICAL POINTERS _for_ PATENTEES + + + + +CHAPTER I + +DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT + + +That there is a demand for inventions of merit which can be readily +disposed of at a reasonable profit to the inventor, there can be no +doubt. There perhaps never was a time in the history of our country when +the demand for meritorious inventions was so great as the present. The +conveniences of mankind, in all his varied vocations and callings, +require continual changes and improvements in the apparatuses and +implements used in order to save time, labor, and expense, and to keep +pace with the never-ceasing progress of civilization. + +At no time in the past has there been so deep an interest manifested by +the public generally in the inventions of our bright-minded men and +women, and at no time has capital been more readily interested and ready +to invest in any practical improvement which can offer a fair chance of +monopoly under the patent laws. + +Business men, capitalists, and manufacturers are ever on the alert for +new and desirable inventions, which will supersede in utility those +which are already on the market. By purchasing such inventions, they +secure novelties which will not only enable them to avoid the keen +competition and to a great extent monopolize the trade in their own +respective lines of business, but also to make sales more easily, and +thus make their business more profitable. + +[Sidenote: Monopoly in Patents.] + +Every well-informed person knows that a monopoly is the desideratum of +business men. The monopoly or protection of an industry afforded by the +patent laws is, perhaps, the one monopoly that directly benefits the +world. Were it not for the protection and monopoly offered inventors by +governments, for a certain number of years, to disclose their +inventions, inventors would simply keep them secret, or if used at all, +would do so only in such a manner as would prevent the world at large +from learning of or utilizing them, thus debarring the public as a whole +from their benefits. This monopoly in patents has had much to do with +the material progress of the world during the century just ended. + +Anyone having a monopoly of a good trade article is assured of a +fortune. If capitalists and manufacturers can secure the control of any +new invention of merit for their sole use and purposes, which can be +manufactured and sold more cheaply than those now on the market, and +which will perform its work in a quicker and better manner than the +devices now in use, they will be only too willing to pay patentees +handsomely for patents covering such inventions. + +There are numerous staple articles of commerce whose manufacture is open +to all, and which every mercantile house in the country is handling at a +profit, notwithstanding the great number engaged in their manufacture +and sale in every section of the country. Now, if there can be supplied +some better or cheaper article in any line of industry, the firm or +person who secures the monopoly of its manufacture and sale, simply +controls the market, and human endurance and energy are the only limits +to the degree of profits such a firm or person can secure from the +manufacture and sale of such an article, if adequately protected by a +valid patent. + +[Sidenote: Industrial Progress Based on the Patent System.] + +In an official report the Commissioner of Patents clearly sets forth +that from six to seven eighths of the entire manufacturing capital of +the United States is either directly or indirectly based upon patents. +This vast amount of money, upward of six thousand millions of dollars, +continually employing great armies of people, in industries based upon +patents of every class, supplies the country with improved articles of +every description. It has been well said that, "Patents and trade go +hand in hand." + +The largest and most opulent manufacturers in the country will be found +to be the heaviest owners of patents, developers of inventions, and +patrons of the Patent Office. While all inventions are not telegraphs, +telephones, sewing-machines, or electric lights; nor can all business +houses be Westinghouses, Hoes, McCormicks, Bells, or Edisons, yet all +over this country, and others as well, there are springing up a great +number of moderately large growing firms who, ever on the alert for +success, devise or secure control of some valuable patent, by which they +can successfully invade and control to a certain extent particular lines +of industry. + +Nearly every leading factory in the world owes its commencement and +success to the prestige and protection afforded by the possession of a +good and valid patent. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +INCOME FROM INVENTIONS + + +It has been aptly said that the products of all the gold, silver, and +diamond mines in the world would not equal in value the annual income of +American inventors. It has been carefully estimated that there are at +least fifty patents in the United States which yield over $1,000,000 +annually, some 300 that yield over one-half million, from 500 to 800 +which bring from $250,000 to $500,000, and between 15,000 and 20,000 +that bring over $100,000 annuities. Besides these, there are thousands +upon thousands of patents which yield yearly more profit to their +fortunate possessors than could be accumulated in a lifetime by a +wage-earner. + +[Sidenote: Independence through Successful Invention.] + +There are thousands of patents sold outright every year by the patentees +of the United States for thousands of dollars; and, to the already long +list of successful inventors, each year adds many more, who have become +independent through the proper handling of the product of their +ingenuity. Indeed there can hardly be conceived a quicker way for the +average person to attain independence and wealth than by inventing +something of real worth and merit that can be quickly turned into money. +The inventive field is large, and each invention opens up a new field +for improvements, and it is the "improver," without question, that reaps +the greatest benefit from any invention. Owing to the ever forward +progress of civilization, there is no limit to the possible improvements +in the sciences, arts, and manufactures. + +[Sidenote: Unprofitable Patents.] + +It must, however, be borne in mind that all patents are not +remunerative, neither are all gold mines productive of fortunes, and one +may lose money in patents as well as in any other business. There are +thousands of patents, many having merit no doubt, which have never been +sufficiently brought before the public to test their merits, effect +their sale, or manufacture; this in many instances is owing to +incompetency, or bad management on the part of the patentee or his +agents. There are thousands of other patents that do not prove +remunerative because they do not supply a real want, while still others +are such slight improvements upon existing inventions that they +necessitate such narrow claims, which render the patent of little or no +value. One has only to look over the weekly issue of patents to see many +of the last class. + +As before stated, while there are many thousands of patents that do not +pay--and many no doubt cause their owners disaster, as is the case in +any other business or investment; on the other hand, the far greater +proportion of patents granted are productive of handsome profits, if +properly managed. + +[Sidenote: Money in Patents.] + +That the majority of patents taken out prove lucrative is evident from +the fact that upward of seventy thousand applications for patents and +designs are filed each year in the United States Patent Office, and +approximately eight hundred are granted and issued each week. Probably +about one-fifth of these patentees obtain their patents with a definite +view of manufacturing their inventions, and the remainder obtain theirs +with a view of realizing from the sale of the rights to manufacture. + +It may be said, as a general thing, there is more money in small +inventions than in larger ones, from the fact that they can be easily +manufactured anywhere with but little outlay of capital; they usually +fill a general need, and the profit derived from their manufacture is +large, besides the patent is more readily disposed of; while with larger +inventions it requires more money and ability in handling the patent, +and the invention must be unusually promising to justify the erection of +a plant costing thousands of dollars for its manufacture. However, when +large and complicated inventions do pay, they usually pay well. + +[Sidenote: Business Capacity of the Inventor.] + +It must be remembered that the actual cash value of a patent is not in +the patent itself, but in the sale or use of the monopoly it affords, +and the amount realized from any invention frequently depends upon the +business capacity of the inventor or his agents. Owing to his business +ability, one person may make a fortune out of an unpromising +improvement, while another, through bad or careless management, will +realize little or nothing from a brilliant invention. + +Speaking along this line in an official report the chief examiner of the +Patent Office says: "A patent, if it is worth anything, when properly +managed, is worth and can easily be sold for from $1,000 to $50,000. +These remarks only apply to patents of ordinary or minor value. They do +not include such as the telegraph, the planing machine, and the rubber +patents, which are worth millions each. A few cases of the first kind +will better illustrate my meaning: + +"A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in straw cutters, took +a model of his invention through the Western States, and after a tour of +eight months returned with $40,000 in cash or its equivalent. + +"Another inventor in about fifteen months made sales that brought him +$60,000, his invention being a machine to thrash and clean grain. A +third obtained a patent for a printing ink, and refused $50,000, and +finally sold it for about $60,000. + +"These are ordinary cases of minor inventions embracing no very +considerable inventive powers and of which hundreds go out from the +Patent Office every year. Experience shows that the most profitable +patents are those which contain very little real invention, and are to a +superficial observer of little value." + +Under the writer's personal observation has come many instances where +inventors have secured patents on improvements which to a casual +observer would appear insignificant, yet through shrewd management they +have been made to yield princely incomes. Among these one case worthy of +note is that of a young man in Pennsylvania who secured a patent on a +toy game which any person could have thought of, but few would have +considered worth protecting by letters patent. He was offered $1,000 for +the patent by one manufacturer at the outset which he refused, and +afterward he placed it on royalty with quite a number of large +manufacturers throughout the country. He receives but one cent on each +one manufactured, yet his income averages over $12,000 a year. Another +borrowed part of the money with which to obtain a patent on a railway +tie plate, which was bought by a corporation for $25,000, after having +manufactured it for two years on royalty. And many others, who have +realized from one to five thousand dollars on such slight improvements +on which few would have thought worth applying for a patent. + +Patentees who would realize any considerable amount from their patents +must not sit down and expect the other fellow to make money out of their +inventions for them. + +[Sidenote: Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity to Advance.] + +Invention is sometimes called the "genius of the poor," and it is a +singular fact that there are a greater number of inventions made by men +and women of limited means than by those whose wealth, education, and +other advantages would seem to have especially fitted them for success +in a field dominated so completely by "brains." This may be explained in +a measure by the fact that people of moderate means are brought into +closer contact with the arts and manufactures, and are thus the first to +discover and improve their defects. + +A self-made millionaire, recently speaking to the writer about patents, +said: "I know of no business or vocation requiring so small amount of +capital, and yielding such immense profits as that of invention. +Certainly no person of inventive genius can employ his time and +ingenuity to better or more profitable advantage than to invent +something that is really needed. Many poor men, through the art of +invention, have risen from poverty to reputation, fame, and honor, and +taken high places among noted men of all times. + +Our moneyed kings may have enriched themselves by stock jobbing, but +this precarious procedure requires large capital, and the few enormous +fortunes accumulated are merely the monuments marking the graves of +thousands of foolhardy unfortunates caught in the vortex of +speculation." + + + + +CHAPTER III + +SECURING CAPITAL + + +It is a curious but well demonstrated fact that people who have +inventive genius often lack the means to carry out their ideas. An +inventor who has ample means can secure his patent and proceed to turn +it into money without the necessity of being compelled to solicit +financial aid from anyone. This, unfortunately, is not generally the +case with inventors; indeed, many are often barely able to stand the +expense incident to taking out the patent. Patentees laboring under this +disadvantage are frequently tempted to part with a small interest in +their patents for the sake of securing sufficient funds to carry on the +promotion of their inventions and sale of the patent; and in doing this +the inexperienced patentee is apt to make the fatal mistake of assigning +to another an undivided interest in his invention. + +[Sidenote: Danger in an Undivided Interest.] + +Such an assignment may appear well enough on the face of it, and many +patentees have been misled, supposing that under the assignment the +proceeds from the patent should be divided _pro rata_, according to the +several interests. This, however, is not the case in such assignments, +and joint-ownership of a patent, or interest therein, does not of +itself, without an express agreement to that effect, make the parties +partners. They are merely tenants in common, each having the right to +separately make, use, or sell the invention so assigned without +liability to account to their co-owners for any part of the profits +derived from the invention through their own efforts. + +In an assignment of an undivided interest, the assignee is afforded an +opportunity of manufacturing, using, and selling to others to be used +the article covered by the patent; also, to grant territorial grants, +such rights being unlimited by the terms of the assignment, and it is +actually of little consequence how small an interest is thus conveyed, +the assignee can proceed with the patent in much the same way as if he +were the sole owner; therefore, whenever it is intended that the +relation of co-partnership shall exist between the patentee and the +assignee of an undivided interest, and that the profits arising from the +invention shall be equitable, for their joint benefit, there must be an +express agreement between them to that effect, otherwise the assignee +will have a decided advantage over the inventor, if he is inclined to be +dishonorable, and there are numerous cases on record where patentees +have virtually lost their patents by such assignments. Patentees should +especially guard against strangers who offer to purchase an undivided +interest in their patents. + +[Sidenote: A Better Plan.] + +A better procedure to secure means necessary for the development, +introduction, and sale of an invention is to borrow the money from a +friend contingent on the sale of the patent, sell a State or county +right, or enter into a contract with a party willing to furnish the +means for a certain proportion of the proceeds derived from the +invention. Generally speaking, it will not be hard to find a party +willing to advance sufficient means to promote an invention which is +protected by a patent for a certain percentage of the net receipts +arising from its manufacture, sale, or territorial grants, and the +patentee will probably find a person among his own acquaintances who +will not only be glad to furnish the means necessary, but also be of +value to the patentee in realizing from his invention. In any case, +whatever is agreed upon should be put in the form of a contract, or an +agreement, couched in such terms as will leave no doubt as to the +understanding between the parties. The following form secures both +parties, and will be suggestive of others: + + [Sidenote: Form of Agreement.] + + _Whereas_ I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of + Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, have invented + certain new and useful improvements in Telegraph Keys, for + which I have obtained Letters Patent of the United States, + bearing date January 1, 1901, and number 000,000, and + whereas John Roe, of Camden, County of Camden, and State of + New Jersey, is desirous of obtaining an interest in the net + profits arising from the sale or working of the said + invention covered by the said Letters Patent. + + Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that for and in + consideration of one dollar by each of the parties hereto + paid to the other, the receipt of which is hereby + acknowledged, it is stipulated and agreed as follows: + + First, That the said John Roe shall pay all moneys necessary + to the construction of a suitable model to represent the + said invention; that he shall pay all necessary expense in + advertising and bringing said invention before interested + parties (and such other clauses as may be deemed necessary + and agreed upon, such as the expense of constructing a + working model, or carrying out a process, etc.); that he + shall make diligent effort to promote the said invention, + its manufacture, and sale. + + Second, That the said Richard Doe, sole owner of said + invention and Letters Patent, in consideration of the + payment of the moneys above mentioned, agrees to pay the + said John Roe twenty-five per cent. (or other amount agreed + upon) of all the net receipts in any manner arising from + the sale or working of the said Letters Patent, during the + term for which said patent is granted. + + Witness our hands and seals this tenth day of January, A.D. + 1901. + + RICHARD DOE, + JOHN ROE. + +In the presence of: + JOHN SMITH, + THOS. JONES. + + + +[Sidenote: Perfecting Inventions.] + +Should an inventor defer the filing of his application until his +invention is fully developed as regards the detail construction and +arrangement of the parts? The best opinion seems to be in favor of the +prompt filing of the application. The final form of the details can best +be determined by the manufacturer and expert machinists and designers, +who appreciate the matter of economical manufacture, which is quite as +essential as the efficiency of the device or machine. Clearly, +therefore, the inventor cannot decide as to all the details; why then +should he delay his application? + +The safest course for an inventor is to file his application for a +patent as soon as his invention is complete in its principal features, +so as to conform to the requirement of the Patent Law that an invention +be sufficiently complete to be theoretically operative. The mechanical +details are rarely of great importance as far as the patentable +features of the invention are concerned. Still, it is well to give the +attorney full particulars of whatever details the inventor has in mind. + +[Sidenote: Exhibit of the Invention.] + +Under the security thus afforded for the main features involved in his +idea, the inventor can proceed more deliberately in perfecting and +improving his invention, and can then file an additional application if +necessary, to secure special protection on particular improvements or +the improved invention as a whole. The early filing of an application +may turn out to be important in securing to the inventor his right of +priority. When the inventor comes to exhibit his invention, with the +idea of bringing it to the attention of the public in general, there is +no question that he should then have his invention in the best form he +can, and in as attractive shape as possible. + +[Sidenote: To Avoid being "Squeezed."] + +The patentee who proposes to realize from his invention should never let +it be known that he is in want; of course, in some cases he cannot help +himself, but he should endeavor to obtain the necessary assistance from +his acquaintances, and under no circumstances let those with whom he is +trying to deal get an insight into his financial condition, as +capitalists and others will very often take the advantage of an inventor +when known to be in straitened circumstances, and the patentee probably +would not realize as much from his patent as he otherwise could. +Therefore, it is advisable in all cases for the patentee to manifest no +impatience, remain silent as to his financial condition, and strive to +impress those with whom he is dealing that he is in no condition to be +"squeezed." + +[Sidenote: Value of Record of Invention.] + +Inventors, while working on a complicated machine, should not overlook +the value and importance of keeping a record of the progress of the +development, illustrating it with sketches, signing and dating them with +each new addition, and, when practical, having it witnessed by one or +more persons. This plan is preferred by many inventors to filing a +caveat. Such a record will be found very valuable in case of an +infringement, as it enables the inventor to ascertain the various steps +of his invention, and is a sort of evidence that cannot be impeached. +Such a record of a complicated invention, when the inventor has put much +time and study upon the subject in perfecting it, will also be found +valuable in effecting sales, and in fixing the price of the patent. + +[Sidenote: Prejudice against Patents.] + +It cannot be denied that at the present time there seems to be in many +sections of the country a strong prejudice against patents, which +sometimes makes it difficult to get people sufficiently interested to +take hold of any patent; especially is this true when the patentee +endeavors to sell his patent piecemeal; that is, by county, township, +shop, or farm rights. No matter how important or valuable the invention +may be, there seems to be a disposition on the part of the public to +look upon such rights as a fraud, and to be very cautious how they +invest in them. + +The public is not wholly to blame for this, as in recent years there has +been a class of men who have canvassed the country with patent rights, +not caring what representations they made so long as they were able to +effect a sale; consequently, many people have been lured into purchasing +patent rights for a small territory which in many instances were +worthless or not as represented, causing them to be more or less +skeptical of all patents, as well as to bring this manner of selling +patents generally into ill repute. With manufacturers and capitalists, +this prejudice does not exist to any great extent, as with them the +patent rests solely upon its own merits. + +[Sidenote: Newspaper Notoriety.] + +Many inventors overlook the importance of interesting newspaper men in +their inventions. This is a matter of great consequence to the inventor +in exploiting his invention, and should be given some attention. +Newspapers desire items of interest of every description, and readers +are usually interested in brief accounts of any new invention +possessing novelty or merit; so that when the inventor once gets his +invention into the newspapers it is generally copied by other papers, +with the result that the invention gets a large amount of free +advertising and publicity. These items frequently attract the attention +of capitalists, manufacturers, and others, and at once put the invention +in a favorable position before the public as could be done possibly in +no other way--certainly in no cheaper way. + +Many of the trade journals and other periodicals are also open to +receive technical descriptions of inventions of merit concerning +industrial improvements. Such articles should be written in good form, +containing not over five hundred or a thousand words, and if admitted to +this class of publications will be of the utmost value and importance in +creating favorable public opinion, and in advancing the inventor's +interests. + +With hardly an exception, if an invention strikes editors favorably and +is adjudged to be of sufficient interest to form an article of news in +newspapers, or of sufficient merit to warrant a description in the trade +papers, it is pretty certain to prove a success and bring the inventor +large returns. + +If the invention is of such a character as to strike newspaper men +unfavorably, the inventor can resort to the advertisement columns; +using the large daily papers, or such publications which in some way +relate to the industry to which the patent appertains, and such as have +the largest circulation among the class of people it is desired to +reach. See about advertising on page 46. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT + + +Most inventors are not concerned so much about the fame or honor their +inventions will bring them, or how much their inventions will advance +civilization, or build up a nation, or administer to the conveniences +and pleasures of mankind generally, as they are about how much it will +net them in dollars and cents; but the patentee should not lose sight of +the fact that the profits are in the exact proportion to the actual +usefulness of the invention, and its general adaptability. It is +immaterial whether the inventor himself intends to deal with the public, +or to deal with a man or set of men who are afterward to deal with the +public, the conditions are the same, and the profits must ultimately +come from the sale of the manufactured article. + +[Sidenote: Pecuniary Value.] + +It may seem superfluous to say that mere Letters Patent aside from an +invention is of no value, though many inventors are under the erroneous +impression that if an invention possesses patentability, it must also +necessarily have pecuniary value. To be of any pecuniary value +whatever, the invention must cover something for which there is a +demand, or for which there can be a demand created, for it cannot be +disputed, that if an invention will not bring in money by manufacturing +it, it is, in a financial sense, worthless; and the patent thereon is +therefore worth some seventy or eighty dollars less than nothing. + +[Sidenote: Commercial Value.] + +An invention, to have commercial value, as previously stated, must cover +something for which there is a demand, or for which there can be a +demand created. It may be an entirely new device, or it may be an +improvement upon an existing invention, but in any event it must contain +a certain degree of utility. In rare cases inventors are able to hit +upon an invention in an entirely new field; for these a demand has to be +created. For improvements, however, as a general thing, the demand +already exists; then the important question arises in determining the +commercial value of the patent. "Does the invention in question possess +sufficient merit to successfully compete with existing devices of the +same class?" In order to do this, it must be of a simpler or cheaper +construction, so that it can be manufactured and put on the market at a +lower figure; or, it must yield better results, work quicker and at less +expense, or economize power, labor, or time. A patented improvement +upon an article that can be sold more cheaply, or one which will yield +better results than those now selling well on the market, has a decided +commercial value and can easily be disposed of at a good price. If the +inventor be fortunate enough to combine both of these features in his +invention, the value is doubled and success certain. + +[Sidenote: Basis for Estimation.] + +Perhaps one of the hardest questions that confronts the patentee is how +to arrive at a just valuation of his patent, and to know just exactly +what he should receive for it. This is a very important question, and +one which should be looked into before undertaking negotiations. +Patentees should not, of course, undervalue their patents, or accept the +first small offer made for fear of not receiving another; at the same +time, they should not fall into the common error of asking a price that +cannot be obtained, which too frequently precludes all chances of a +sale. Many business men would rather lose the patent than waste their +time constantly dickering about an unreasonable price. + +Inventors should be reasonable in their demands, and consider that the +purchaser must have a fair share of the profits. He cannot expect to +realize all there is in the patent himself. Indeed, patentees usually +find that men willing to establish a business on the basis of their +untried patents will require the greater bulk of the profits to be +derived from it. + +[Sidenote: General Rules for Valuation.] + +It is evident that only the most general rules for valuation can be +given, as each invention must be studied and valued strictly upon its +own merits. Undoubtedly, the best and most practical method of +ascertaining the value of any invention which is susceptible of being +manufactured on a small scale is to have a limited quantity of the +articles manufactured--say five hundred or a thousand--and try the +experiment of introducing them in a small territory; that is, in a +certain county, city, or town, taking great precaution in selecting a +person who is capable of carrying forward the business in a +business-like manner. This method demonstrates conclusively whether or +not the invention will meet with success, and with these figures at hand +the patentee will be prepared to prove, to the satisfaction of +interested parties, just what the patent is really worth. + +This method of procedure not only enables the patentee to get a just +valuation of his patent, but also puts it in a more favorable position +to be sold; since the commercial value is known and established, it no +longer remains an experiment. Interested parties can take their +calculations from these figures, and the patentee can exact a price in +proportion to the success of the trial experiment. + +In order to thus demonstrate the value of a patent, the patentee must +possess and advance the necessary means to carry it forward, though, if +the experiment prove at all successful, the profits derived from the +articles sold will in nearly all cases more than offset the expense +incurred. This is a very popular course with inventors, especially in +handling small inventions, known as novelty or specialty patents. + +If the patentee have not the means to successfully demonstrate the value +of his patent by actual trial, as above outlined, then the next best +course would be to inquire among reliable manufacturers and ascertain +the lowest price for which the invention can be manufactured in large +quantities, and the highest price at which it will retail; and then, by +carefully studying the market, the patentee should be able to estimate +the amount of competition, cost of selling, probable number of sales, +interest on the investment, etc., and on these figures base the price he +should receive for the patent, being careful to allow the purchaser a +liberally fair profit. + +While there are at present about ninety-five million inhabitants in the +United States, it is scarcely probable that any invention has yet or +ever will be made that will reach half this number of people. With an +article of the most general adaptability, including both sexes, the +inventor can hardly hope to reach more than a fourth of the entire +population, though, of course, the invention may be subject to regular +consumption, so that the people reached would naturally purchase the +article again a number of times during the course of a year. + +The statistics in the last chapter are given with the view of assisting +patentees in determining what proportion of the population will likely +want their inventions, and to enable them to estimate prices. In +estimating the price to ask for a patent, patentees should not conceive +and hang their hopes upon fabulous prices and immediate wealth, which +too often dooms ambitious inventors to bitter disappointment; they +should rather endeavor to look at their inventions from the purchaser's +stand-point, and try to see it in the light in which others view it. It +may be well to remember that the million mark of patents issued in the +United States, including re-issues and designs, was passed in 1911, and +it is quite probable that any one inventor may not have the only good +thing in the line of patents. + +[Sidenote: How Rating for Royalty Is Figured.] + +Many patents are more profitable by being placed upon royalty than by +any other means, and quite often the patent can be placed this way when +it is not possible to sell outright at a satisfactory price. In +determining what royalty the patentee should receive, he should +carefully estimate, in connection with the probable number of sales, +what profit the manufacturer can probably make on each, or a number of +the articles containing the patented improvements, and should require +about twenty-five per cent. of the profits as royalty. Another method +used by some inventors is to ascertain the price at which the article +can be retailed, and figure the royalty at between one-twentieth and +one-tenth of the retail price. Either of the above should give the +approximate figure to ask for exclusive royalty contracts. For +non-exclusive rights the patentee should ask about one-half of that for +exclusive rights. + +[Sidenote: Stock in Stock Companies.] + +There is another class of patents that can be best realized from by +organizing the proper kind of joint stock companies, and manufacturing +the invention, the inventor taking a certain amount of the stock and +assigning the patent to the company. The patentee should receive between +one-fourth and one-half of the capital stock in consideration of his +assigning his patent and rights to the company. + +The inventor should see that a good portion of the stock is subscribed +for and the amount actually paid into the treasury of the company before +making the assignment. As a rule, inventors' stock is full paid and +non-assessable. + +[Sidenote: Prices for Territorial Rights.] + +In calculating the prices for territorial rights, the application of the +invention to that section must be taken into consideration, as well as +the advancement in manufacturing, etc. If the invention belongs to that +class of inventions which may be generally adapted in all States alike, +such as domestic articles and articles of wearing apparel, then the +population will form a very satisfactory basis for valuation. + +There are other inventions, however, that apply almost wholly to a +certain section of the country, while still others apply more to one +section than to another; thus, for instance, mechanical contrivances of +the higher order, such as writing machines, mathematical instruments, +etc., the North and East are the most valuable; for mining and +agricultural implements, etc., the West; while such as the cotton-gin, +seeders, and presses apply almost wholly to the South. States and +counties having large cities and large towns are also usually more +valuable than other States and counties of same population. + +[Sidenote: Valuation Tables.] + +The following tables are given as a general estimate of the relative +value of the different States and divisions in the majority of cases; +however, these tables are only arbitrary at best, and cannot be applied +to all classes of inventions satisfactorily, though they may serve to +materially aid the patentee in determining what price to put upon each +State in his own case. Having determined the value of the patent as a +whole, the aggregate of the State prices should be about two-thirds +more, as there are always some States that cannot be sold separately, +while others may have to be sold at a discount. + + +TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS + +-----------------+-------------------------------------------------- + STATES AND | PRICE AS A WHOLE. + TERRITORIES. |---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- + | $1,000 | $5,000 | $10,000 | $15,000 | $20,000 +-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- +Maine | 35 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700 +New Hampshire | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 +Vermont | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 +Massachusetts | 50 | 225 | 500 | 750 | 1,000 +Rhode Island | 20 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 +Connecticut | 35 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700 +New York | 65 | 300 | 650 | 950 | 1,200 +Pennsylvania | 65 | 300 | 650 | 950 | 1,200 +New Jersey | 40 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800 + +---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- +N. ATLANTIC | $370 | $1,775 | $3,700 | $5,450 |$7,200 + DIVISION | | | | | +-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- + +TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS--_Continued_ + +-----------------+-------------------------------------------------- + STATES AND | PRICE AS A WHOLE. + TERRITORIES. |---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- + | $1,000 | $5,000 | $10,000 | $15,000 | $20,000 +-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- +Delaware | 20 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 +Maryland | 40 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800 +District of | 15 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300 + Columbia | | | | | +Virginia | 35 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800 +West Virginia | 35 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700 +North Carolina | 35 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 +South Carolina | 35 | 150 | 350 | 500 | 700 +Georgia | 40 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800 +Florida | 15 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300 + +---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- +S. ATLANTIC | $270 | $1,325 | $2,700 | $3,950 |$5,400 + DIVISION | | | | | + | | | | | +Ohio | 60 | 300 | 600 | 900 | 1,100 +Indiana | 55 | 275 | 550 | 800 | 1,000 +Illinois | 65 | 300 | 650 | 950 | 1,200 +Michigan | 45 | 200 | 350 | 600 | 800 +Wisconsin | 40 | 150 | 275 | 400 | 500 +Minnesota | 45 | 200 | 350 | 600 | 800 +Iowa | 40 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700 +Missouri | 45 | 225 | 450 | 650 | 900 +North Dakota | 25 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300 +South Dakota | 30 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 +Nebraska | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 +Kansas | 40 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700 + +---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- +N. CENTRAL | $485 | $2,325 | $4,525 | $6,850 |$9,000 + DIVISION | | | | | +-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- + +TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS--_Continued_ + +-----------------+-------------------------------------------------- + STATES AND | PRICE AS A WHOLE. + TERRITORIES. |---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- + | $1,000 | $5,000 | $10,000 | $15,000 | $20,000 +-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+---------- +Kentucky | 40 | 200 | 375 | 600 | 700 +Tennessee | 30 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700 +Alabama | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 +Mississippi | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 +Louisiana | 35 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700 +Texas | 35 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700 +Oklahoma | 20 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 +Arkansas | 20 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300 + +---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- +S. CENTRAL | $230 | $1,200 | $2,275 | $3,500 |$4,700 + DIVISION | | | | | + | | | | | +Montana | 15 | 100 | 175 | 250 | 300 +Colorado | 40 | 175 | 350 | 350 | 700 +New Mexico | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 +Arizona | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 +Utah | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 +Idaho | 10 | 50 | 75 | 100 | 200 +Washington | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 +Oregon | 20 | 75 | 125 | 200 | 300 +California | 50 | 250 | 450 | 700 | 900 + +---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- +WESTERN DIVISION | $235 | $975 | $1,800 | $2,750 |$3,700 + +=========+=========+==========+==========+======== + GRAND TOTAL | $1,600 | $7,600 | $15,000 |$22,500 |$30,000 +-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- + + + + +CHAPTER V + +HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS + + +While the inventor may put much hard study upon his invention and make +many costly experiments, this part of his work is usually a pleasure; +and in securing the patent he invariably has able counsel in his +attorney with no anxiety on his part; but with the commercial proceeding +of selling his patent, which involves the greatest prudence and care in +managing, it is different, and here is where the inventor's real work +begins if he expects to reap the benefit of his invention. + +[Sidenote: Patent-selling Agencies.] + +For the benefit of unexperienced patentees it is deemed expedient to +give a word of warning here regarding the host of so-called +patent-selling agencies, which under various imposing titles, coupled +with an apparently honest and straightforward method of business, tempt +each patentee, upon the issue of his patent, to place the same in their +hands and authorize them to negotiate the sale thereof. Their +propositions are very attractive and temptingly prepared; their offers +appear to be "gilt edge"; their circulars are high-sounding and +rose-colored; their contracts are formal looking, and drawn up in an +impressive way, highly advantageous to the patentee; but it will be +noted in all cases that they will require the patentee to pay down a +certain sum under some pretence,--such as to cover the cost of +advertising the patent, to have circulars printed, to secure copies of +the patent for distribution, to have a cut made illustrating the +invention, or for membership fee, and so on, it matters not what, so +long as it is an advance fee. Many will also agree to sell both the +United States and Canadian patents, if the patentee will file the +Canadian application through them; it is evident, however, that this is +only a scheme to get the patentee to take out the Canadian patent +through them--they having no facilities for disposing of either of the +patents. + +The writer is not prepared to say that there are no honestly conducted +patent-selling agencies, but from long experience and observation, has +never known where a patentee was ever materially benefited by placing +his interests in the hands of these concerns, and has yet to learn of +them ever making a sale solely through their own efforts. Very few of +these concerns have any facilities whatever for selling patents; all of +their time being taken up in mailing their weekly circulars to inventors +immediately upon the publication of the _Official Gazette_, and working +inventors up to the remitting point which usually ends the matter so +far as they are concerned, unless they believe they can get another fee +out of the patentee. + +There may be exceptions, but patentees should fully satisfy themselves +as to the integrity of these firms before placing business in their +hands, as the Assistant Commissioner of Patents in his report in the +Webberburn case, 81 O. G., 191 K, clearly pointed out that the methods +of these concerns were such as to sell the patentees rather than their +patents. + +[Sidenote: The Patentee the Best Selling Agent.] + +That the patentee himself is the best selling agent there can be no +doubt, for he is familiar with the construction and operation of his +invention in every detail, and knows its merits and superior points far +better than anyone else, besides manufacturers and others wishing to +purchase patents invariably desire to deal with the patentee himself. +Business men, it may be said as a rule, do not think very much of an +invention which the inventor has abandoned to others to negotiate, +moreover the personal push of the inventor is, in nearly all cases, +essential to the successful termination of a sale. + +Subtract the personal energy and presence of the inventor from the +successful inventions of the past and of to-day, and the chances are +that they would not have succeeded as they did. It is not only a +question of material interest, but also of enthusiasm and confidence, +and each patentee, having but one patent or a set of patents to push, +can lend thereto that individual attention which insures good work and +success. + +[Sidenote: In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling.] + +However, if from any reason the patentee is unable to handle his own +invention and must engage the services of an agent or salesman, he +should select one from among his own acquaintances, in whom he has +confidence. He should if possible get a person who has had experience in +the line of the invention, as such a person would likely understand it +and the trade better than others. It is not really necessary that he +should have had experience in selling patents; if he is a good talker, +knows how to approach business men, and thoroughly understands the +invention, he will probably make money for the inventor and himself. The +patentee should have him submit all offers of value for his +consideration, and should not give the agent power to sign or collect. +The patentee should name a reasonable price for the patent, allowing the +agent a liberal commission upon the price, and encouraging the agent by +allowing him a certain percentage of all he may be able to get over and +above the price named. This will encourage the agent to work for the +highest price obtainable. The inventor should make every effort to be +able to personally attend to the details of selling, and keep the +business under his personal supervision. + +[Sidenote: Methods of Selling Patents.] + +There are a number of plausible methods to which the patentee may resort +in disposing of his patent without the aid of questionable selling +agents, and it is the purpose of the following pages and succeeding +chapter to set forth such methods as have in the past proved beneficial +to patentees; those along which success have been achieved, and such as +are employed by the most successful inventors of the present time in +handling their patents. + +It is true that no definite method or system can be given that will +apply to all patents alike, as the method in each case will depend more +or less upon the character of the invention, and to the particular art +to which it belongs; however, from the following pages the patentee +should be able to judge what particular methods will best apply to his +individual case, and proceed along these lines. + +There are many patents issued which the patentees thereof can as +successfully dispose of from the smallest hamlet in the United States as +from New York, Chicago, or any of our larger cities, while, of course, +there are others which only those directly connected with the largest +and wealthiest corporations can hope to dispose of successfully. The +main thing is not to become discouraged or give up until one succeeds +in making a sale. + +[Sidenote: About Advertising.] + +To make the merits and importance of an invention publicly known is, in +many cases, one of the best ways of bringing about the introduction and +sale of a patent. If the inventor has a patent on an invention that +manufacturers or others want, and can make its merits and superior +qualities known to them, negotiations will soon follow. There is no way +for patentees to place themselves in communication with prospective +investors quite equal to an advertisement in the proper medium. Here it +may be well to state that patentees who decide to advertise their +patents for sale or otherwise should place their advertisements in +publications of known standing, such as the leading daily newspapers. A +brief, well-worded advertisement in the "Business Opportunities" column +of these papers bring quick and good results, though, perhaps a better +class of inquiries may be obtained by advertising in the trade journals +of the class to which the invention relates, and while the trade +journals may not bring about as many inquiries as the dailies, those +that answer will be more apt to be interested and talk business. Either +of the above are good mediums, but in advertising patents for sale +patentees should carefully avoid those publications that are published +at uncertain intervals, and usually for the express purpose of +circulating among inventors for various purposes. They do not reach the +class of people that invest in patents. Inventors should know the class +of people that would be likely to become interested in their inventions, +and advertise in such mediums as have the largest circulation among that +class. + +[Sidenote: How to Write an Advertisement.] + +In the construction of an advertisement there is often too much waste by +using too much verbiage, too many unnecessary words or sentences, +sometimes too much display. Prudence in the arrangement, and care in +editing an advertisement, will save much expense. The size of an +advertisement of this class has really little to do with its pulling +qualities. + +The statements should be assuming, and at the same time truthful, as any +deception in an advertisement is sure to work an injury. There should +not be more claimed in the advertisement than sounds reasonable, even +though it be stating facts; if an advertisement sounds unreasonable it +will not have the desired result. Inventors sometimes become so +enthusiastic over their inventions that they exaggerate unintentionally. +A good rule is for the inventor to read over the advertisement, and ask +himself, "If this statement was read by me, would I believe it; would it +convince me?" etc. + +Putting one's self in the purchaser's place is always one of the best +factors in writing good advertisements. The inventor should put himself +in the place of the purchaser of the patent, and reason what would +induce him to investigate its merits; what would likely cause him to +take it up, and so on; he should think and write fully along these +general lines, incorporate these reasons into an advertisement; then +boil it down by cutting out the unnecessary words and sentences; prune, +remodel, and rewrite until he has a brief advertisement, clear, concise, +and to the point. + +[Sidenote: Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents before +Interested Parties.] + +While to advertise, as suggested in the foregoing pages, would require a +very moderate outlay, and be, perhaps, the better course to pursue: +however, in connection with it, or if the patentee does not feel that he +can afford the expense of advertising, a very good plan is for him to +secure copies of a number of the trade journals of the class to which +his invention relates, and carefully look over the advertisements +therein, and select a list of such manufacturers as would seem likely to +be induced to purchase the patent in question, or manufacture the +article on royalty. In this manner the patentee will probably get the +best up-to-date list obtainable, and it may be set down as a fact, with +very few exceptions, that if manufacturers and dealers who make and +handle just such articles as the patent calls for cannot be interested, +it is very hard to interest others not engaged in such line, except when +the invention is large, and requires a great deal of capital to work the +same. + +[Sidenote: How to Correspond with Manufacturers.] + +To each of the parties of the list thus selected, or to a number of +them, the inventor should write a well-composed and convincing letter +setting forth the invention in its best light, and stating just why it +would be to the interest of the parties solicited to investigate the +same. Some time should be spent on this letter before attempting to +write it, and the writer should weigh well in his own mind what would be +best to say, and the proper way of expressing it. He should be as brief +as possible, consistent with legibility. The statements should be +assuming, yet in every respect true. He should state in brief terms just +what the invention is, what it will do, the points and advantages it +has, and at the same time endeavoring to get the parties interested so +that they will inquire into the invention, rather than attempt to come +to terms in the first letter. + +The letter should be brief and pointed, and plainly written upon +business-size paper; and if the inventor has a typewriter, or access to +one, he should use it. If he has printed circulars he should send one +with his first letter, which will enable him to make the letter briefer +and more business-like. + +In correspondence it is well not to name a price until the parties are +interested, and first endeavor to get them to make an offer. The +patentee should be patient and should not expect to jump right into a +bargain at once. If the invention is a meritorious one there will be +more than one of the manufacturers to whom the patentee may write, who +will become interested, and when such a state exists, the patentee can +begin to be more exacting as to his demands since competition has been +created between the manufacturers. + +[Sidenote: Circulars.] + +A few dollars invested in circulars will frequently be found of great +value to the patentee if he intends to negotiate the sale of his patent +mainly by advertising and correspondence, as they will save a great deal +of writing and explaining as well as appear more business-like and +attractive, and may be the means of more readily effecting a sale. + +[Sidenote: Illustrations.] + +If the patentee can afford the additional expense of an illustration, it +will greatly increase the appearance of the circular, and make it more +readily understood and interesting. The cut should be neat and set forth +the invention in its best light. It would be better to entrust the +procuring of the cut to the printer, for he will know just what is +wanted and can secure the same at a better price. A sufficient number +of well printed circulars, with illustration, can be obtained of any +printer for a few dollars. + +[Sidenote: About Getting up Circulars.] + +The circulars should be attractive, convincing, and logical; nicely +arranged, and neatly printed upon good paper. A mistake is often made in +sending out trashy-looking circulars, poorly printed upon cheap paper; +they repel rather than attract, and do not have the desired effect. + +The circular should have good head-lines so as to attract the attention +of its recipient at a glance, and his interest should be held by having +the uses and advantages of the invention well written. + +Many of the pointers suggested in advertising and letter-writing will +equally apply to the writing and getting up of the circulars, and need +not be treated further here, except that the patentee should dwell +especially upon the merits of the invention, its uses, and advantages +over like articles. This should be done in the most interesting manner +possible, describing it so that its value will be fully understood. + +[Sidenote: Uses of Printed Copies.] + +It will be well for the patentee to order some printed copies of his +patent, as manufacturers and others usually ask for them if interested, +in order that they may examine the patent, or have an expert to examine +it, to ascertain its validity, novelty, and what protection is really +afforded by the patent. It cannot be denied that in either case the +invention will suffer a cold-blooded rigid examination, and must stand +or fall solely upon its merits. If, however, the invention is adjudged +to have real merit and properly protected by the Letters Patent, +business negotiations will likely begin, and the patentee will perhaps +speedily make a satisfactory deal. + +[Sidenote: First Impressions All-Important.] + +Some inventors use printed copies of their patents instead of circulars, +but, while they fully set forth the invention in a technical way, it +cannot be said that in all cases it is advisable to send copies of the +patent until called for. Many parties who become interested in patents +are not familiar with mechanical drawings and technical specifications, +and very often do not get a very favorable impression from a copy of the +patent; and it is very important that the first impressions should be +favorably created, for upon this much will depend. If parties become +sufficiently interested to fully investigate an invention, they are very +apt to form a favorable opinion of it. + +[Sidenote: Value of Models.] + +There is no way of so easily creating a favorable impression and gaining +the interest in an invention as by a neat and perfect working model of +the invention. Man never loses the child-love for toys, and a perfect +miniature machine of any description will attract more attention than +one of full size. With a model the inventor has the full and immediate +attention of his prospective purchasers at once. If the patentee, or his +agent, intends visiting manufacturers, or to sell the patent by +territorial rights, he will find a model of his invention almost +indispensable. + +Inventors should be very careful about sending models to unknown +parties, and should mark the number of the patent and their name and +address upon the model. It should invariably be understood in advance +who is to pay the transportation charges, before sending a model with +any charges to collect. + +While models are very helpful in setting forth an invention and making +sales, high prices exclude many inventors from their use. Model-makers +usually charge fifty cents per hour for each man working upon the model, +and market price for the material used; from these figures the inventor +may make a rough estimate of what a model of his invention will cost. + +[Sidenote: Working Drawings.] + +Working drawings are different from those forming a part of the patent +in that they are more detailed, giving the size of each piece and the +material of which it is constructed. While working drawings are not +quite as expensive as models, they do not show the invention to the +advantage that models do, and are of little value to those who do not +understand them. On the other hand, working drawings have the advantage +of being easily sent through the mails, and can be duplicated at small +cost. Manufacturers prefer working drawings to models in quoting prices +on manufacturing the invention in quantities. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS--_Continued_ + + +In conducting the sale of patents, the greatest difficulty is most +frequently experienced in getting manufacturers or others sufficiently +interested to look into the merits and possibilities of the invention. +If the inventor can get the parties to actually consent in their own +minds to the proposition of taking up the invention, the question of +terms and conditions can soon be arranged. Until the parties solicited +can see beyond a doubt that there is large profits in it for them, the +price of the patent is out of the question; therefore, the first step is +to demonstrate its merits and commercial value, and get the parties +thoroughly interested. + +Patentees should not labor under the impression that because a patent is +offered at a very low price that it will be quickly snapped up as a +bargain; as before stated, if a patent will not bring in money by +manufacturing and selling the article, it is worthless; and its real +value is in exact proportion to the amount of profits that can be made +from its manufacture. + +Should the patentee find that his patent has no commercial value, it is +almost useless to spend more time and money in trying to realize +anything from it; he had better start again, and endeavor to invent +something that has value and can be sold. + +[Sidenote: Value of Personal Influence.] + +Inventors should use the full extent of their personal influence to +spread particulars of their inventions as far as possible, for this +indirect work is often a leading factor in creating a favorable +impression that frequently results in the adaption of an invention. + +However unacquainted he may be in a business way, every patentee can, +more or less, in his immediate neighborhood, consult with merchants, +friends, and others in the line of his invention, who can post him upon +the right parties to submit the patent to, and the best way to see them +about it, and perhaps go with him to visit such as might be interested +in the invention. + +[Sidenote: Personal Solicitation Advisable.] + +In nearly every case it is more satisfactory for the patentee to call on +the manufacturers or interested parties personally whenever it is +possible for him to do so. This brings about a more satisfactory +understanding between them. Many inventors, however, prefer opening up +communication by correspondence, and after the parties manifest a +willingness or desire to look into the invention more closely, then +arrange to visit them personally. + +Having determined upon a visit, the patentee should endeavor to get a +friend known by the parties to go with him to make their acquaintance. +If the friend cannot go with the patentee, he will probably give him a +note of introduction. It may happen that his friend does not know the +parties whom the patentee wishes to see, in that event he may know of +someone who does, to whom he can introduce the patentee and who in turn +may either go with him or arrange to make him known to the parties +solicited. An introduction, of course, is not absolutely necessary, but +it invariably has a good effect and is generally worth the effort. + +The patentee should be prepared to make a straightforward, business-like +presentation of his invention by means of a suitable model or drawings; +carefully explaining its merits and advantages, showing as clearly as +possible just what the value of the invention is and what can be made +out of it, and giving tangible reasons why it would be to the interest +of the parties solicited to invest in the patent. If the patentee is +dealing with a manufacturer it is well to point out not only the +possible advantage he may have by securing the control of the patent, +but also the possible loss that his business may suffer by allowing one +of his competitors to obtain its control. Many businesses have been +hopelessly crippled by an enterprising firm securing control of a good +patent and introducing a like article that can be sold cheaper, or one +that will do its work in a better and more satisfactory manner. + +[Sidenote: Selling Outright.] + +Many inventors prefer to sell their patents outright; that is, in +consideration of a specified sum of money the patentee assigns his +entire interest in the patent, in the same manner that a person would +sell a piece of real estate. This is a very good method and one of the +quickest ways for the patentee to turn his invention into money, though +it must be remembered that to sell a patent outright is usually for a +very much smaller sum than could be realized if handled by other +methods. + +The day for obtaining enormous sums or fortunes from the sale of a +patent outright is past; at present to realize any considerable amount, +the patentee generally has to share in the risks as well as the profits, +unless the invention is very highly developed, and even then he cannot +expect to get as much out of an outright assignment as he could by +sharing in the success of the invention commercially. If, however, the +patentee is content to take the utmost cash his patent will bring him +outright, he is assured of a principal or lump sum, free from any +chances of the article not selling well when placed upon the market. + +Before signing and delivering the assignment, the patentee will, of +course, see that he has the consideration, or its equivalent, for which +the assignment is made. If the transaction is made through +correspondence he should send the assignment duly executed to the +purchaser through the bank or express C. O. D. for the amount. + +[Sidenote: Assigning an Undivided Interest.] + +In a preceding chapter, the dangers and disadvantages of an undivided +interest are set forth, and it cannot be considered a wise course under +any consideration to part with any undivided interest in the +proprietorship of the patent, unless unusually well paid, or there +exists an agreement of copartnership between the patentee and the +assignee. By such an assignment, no matter how small, the patentee loses +control of his patent. + +[Sidenote: Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of Rights.] + +Many patents, from the nature of the invention, can be subdivided into +different classes of rights, and each class sold or granted separately +as the patentee may choose. Thus, the patentee of a tire, or other +appliances for a bicycle, could license one party to make the same for +bicycles and another for automobiles. In like manner a car-coupler could +be divided between those who build railway equipments and those who +build street-cars, and so on. + +Goodyear, the inventor of the process of vulcanizing rubber, divided +his patent up into many different rights, licensing one company for +manufacturing rubber combs, licensing another for hose pipes, another +for shoes, another for clothing, and a number of other different rights, +for which each company or partner paid a tariff. Lyall, inventor of the +continuous loom, also divided his patent into many different rights; one +company weaving carpets, another corsets, another bags, another +sheeting, etc. + +In every case where the invention covers articles not in the same line +of manufacture, the patentee should not fail to divide the rights into +different classes, granting each party only such rights as they may be +interested in. In this way the patentee can quite often double or treble +the receipts from his invention. + +The patentee may, if he desires, have his machines built and require the +purchasers to pay him a regular annual rental on each machine, or a +tariff upon the goods produced, in addition to the price of the machine. +Companies are sometimes organized to manufacture an invention, and +employ travelling men to place the article on annual rental instead of +selling. + +[Sidenote: Selling by Territorial Rights.] + +Another method is to sell State and county rights. This consists of a +license whereby the patentee, in consideration of a certain sum of money +paid him, grants unto another person or persons the exclusive right to +make and sell the invention, and to authorize others to make and sell +the same, within a specified territory, during the life of the patent. +This plan of disposing of a patent has often been highly profitable, but +it must be said that these territorial sales have been conducted in such +a manner in the past, as to bring the whole system of selling patent +rights into disrepute, and in recent years patentees have found some +difficulty in making sales in this way, unless the device is of unusual +great novelty and attraction to householders or the general public. + +Occasionally, however, there are patents issued for meritorious +inventions that are susceptible of this mode of procedure, and which can +be disposed of to the greatest advantage by territorial grants. Such +inventions as household novelties possessing great merit and utility +have been most successfully placed upon this plan, but it must be +remembered that the value of the system rests upon its capabilities of +effecting sales of the manufactured article to a vast proportion of the +people. + +In selling territorial rights it is a mistake to begin with the small +places with the idea of working the business up and effecting larger +sales on the basis of the smaller ones; it is better to shove the sales, +as much as possible in the start, and after the more valuable portion +of the territory is disposed of, proceed with the balance until it +ceases to be profitable. + +Experience teaches that it is usually advisable to accept any reasonable +offer made for a small right, even if it does not come up to the +patentee's estimate of its value, as he has plenty of other territory +left, and may lose much time and money in finding another in the same +territory willing to pay more; besides, the purchaser of such a right +may, by his energy and good judgment, advertise the invention in such a +way as to greatly benefit the patentee in making further sales. + +Some patentees employ good and reliable special agents to travel and +dispose of the patent rights; others advertise for and appoint State +agents to sell their respective county rights. In either case these +agents expect to make money by the operation, and require a liberal +proportion of the proceeds for their remuneration; generally speaking, +they will require about one-third the selling price, unless the patentee +can show that the rights will sell readily, in which case the rating can +be made lower. + +[Sidenote: Granting Licenses.] + +The patentee may also sell licenses under his patent; that is, in +consideration of a certain sum, the patentee licenses a manufacturer to +make the invention at his own place of business; it being a personal +privilege and is not transferable unless its terms so state. + +Unless there are a great many manufacturers in the line of industry to +which the patent relates, and unless the invention has real merit so +that it will be readily adapted by the manufacturers, the patentee +cannot hope to realize any considerable amount from selling shop-rights +alone. As a general thing, patents for mechanical inventions can be +disposed of to better advantage by other means, or by selling +shop-rights in connection with other methods; for example, if the +patentee was selling his patent by territorial grants, he might grant +shop-rights in such territory as he has not sold; or if he is placing +the patent upon non-exclusive royalty contracts, he could grant +shop-rights in such portions of the territory as he does not contemplate +using otherwise. + +Some inventions, such as methods or processes, as a general rule, have +to ultimately be sold by licenses. Such patents can be employed most +profitably by selling licenses, county and State rights; thus, in the +case of a method of constructing fences, the patentee could sell State +and county rights to parties, who in turn could grant farm rights, etc. + +[Sidenote: Placing upon Royalty.] + +The license and royalty plan is perhaps the best and most popular method +with inventors for realizing from their inventions. This, in effect, +involves a contract between the patentee and the manufacturer, by which +the latter in consideration of a license to manufacture the article +covered by the patent, agrees to pay the patentee a certain specified +sum as royalty for each article manufactured or sold bearing the +patented improvement. + +Placing a patent on royalty is ordinarily taking chances, but if the +patentee has full confidence in his article selling well, he should by +all means take royalty in preference to selling the patent in its +entirety. Many valuable patents are sold by their owners for from $1,000 +to $10,000, which yield the purchasers, when the article is on the +market and selling well, as much as $25,000 annually in profits. This +calls to the author's mind a patent for which at the outset was +doubtfully offered $3,000, but before the negotiations terminated, the +patentee succeeded in placing it upon an exclusive royalty basis. The +royalties paid to the patentee during the first four years amounted to +over $50,000, and the manufacturers subsequently made an offer of +$100,000, for the patent. + +In making royalty contracts with parties, the patentee should +investigate the standing, rating, and capabilities of the manufacturer, +and, above all, should be certain that the parties have the right motive +in view, and that the contract is so drawn that it will fully protect +his own interests. Many patentees have been caught by manufacturers +offering large royalties for the sole purpose of gaining possession of +the patent, that they might pigeon-hole it, in order to keep the article +out of the market, so that the sale of some similar article in which +they are interested would not be interfered with by the introduction of +a similar or better article, such as the patent anticipates. + +There are others who propose and make royalty contracts with patentees +with no other object than that of making the special tools, patterns, +dies, etc., for which they charge the patentee an extortionate price. + +The best and safest way for the patentee to guard against having his +patent tied up is to bind the parties to do certain things in the way of +pushing the sales, making the necessary tools at their own expense, and +commencing its manufacture within a reasonable time, paying an advance +royalty, or annexing some such condition to the agreement by which they +will be the loser should they fail to push the inventor's interests. + +Unless it cannot be otherwise arranged, the patentee should not transfer +his rights merely in consideration of receiving a certain sum on each +article sold, as however sterling the character of the manufacturer, +there would be no certainty of the sales being pushed. The patentee +should endeavor to get the manufacturer to guarantee that the royalties +shall amount to at least a certain pre-stipulated sum each year, or +within a period of time, and that such sum shall absolutely be paid to +him by the manufacturer, irrespective of sales. This insures that the +manufacturer will be obliged to push the sales of the article, and do it +justice, since if he neglects his duty purposely, or from lack of +energy, he is out of pocket, and the patentee is sure of a certain +income, with the addition of a possible fortune that unprecedented sales +may yield him. However, manufacturers are not always willing to agree to +this condition, unless the guaranteed amount is exceedingly reasonable; +they will usually simply agree to do their best, and if the sales do not +reach a certain figure each year, the patentee shall have the option of +cancelling the agreement, and receiving back the patent free and clear. + +Royalty licenses can either be exclusive or non-exclusive; that is, with +an exclusive contract the manufacturer has the exclusive right to +manufacture the article, excluding all others; non-exclusive is simply a +shop-right, in consideration of which the manufacturer agrees to pay the +patentee or owner of the patent a stipulated price or percentage upon +each article made or sold. The license can also be exclusive in a +certain section, county, State, or a number of States, as may be agreed +upon. + +Any number of conditions that may be agreed upon may be annexed to and +form a part of the contract, and such an agreement should be drawn up in +compliance with the terms and conditions agreed upon by a competent +attorney, or one skilled in matters of this kind. + +[Sidenote: Manufacturing and Forming Companies.] + +If the patentee has a really good invention, often he cannot do better +than to retain the patent and work it himself, in case he has the +ability to do so. If he cannot conduct the manufacturing alone, he may +be able to secure a partner with just sufficient funds, and equal common +sense and business acumen, to add the necessary elements to the firm to +achieve success. + +In some cases, if the patentee does not wish to retain the whole patent +for his own use, an excellent plan is to commence the manufacture of the +invention in a suitable locality, and after the business is so far under +way as to show progress and profit, then sell out the business with +license under the patent. To illustrate: a gentleman in Illinois, having +obtained a patent on a farming implement, succeeded in interesting a +party in his own neighborhood to join with him in its manufacture, which +soon proved successful and remunerative, and in a short time he was able +to sell out his interest in the business to his partner, with license +under the patent, after which the patentee started its manufacture in a +number of places elsewhere, and, at the same time, granting licenses and +selling territory in still other sections, where he was unable to work +the invention. In this way he made a fair fortune from his invention, +realizing about as much from each business established as he could have +probably obtained for the entire patent if sold outright at first. + +In this manner the patentee, with a valuable patent on an article of +general usefulness, could go on and establish its manufacture in any +number of places, and sell out with license under the patent. If the +first experiment is successful, it is an easy matter to carry the method +out in other places, and the business can be readily disposed of +anywhere, if it can be shown to be on a paying basis. + +[Sidenote: To Organize Stock Companies] + +In recent years many inventors have been quite successful in organizing +stock companies on the basis of their patents. This is considered one of +the best ways for handling patents for large and promising inventions, +and it is a method that any patentee, with ordinary business ability, +should be able to carry out successfully, providing his invention is of +sufficient merit and importance to form a suitable basis for a +successful stock company. + +Many stock companies are incorporated under the laws of New Jersey, but +it is believed the State of West Virginia is also very favorable to +corporations. The entire expense for incorporating a company under the +laws of the latter State should not exceed $150. The company can be +incorporated for any amount; large or small, one hundred dollars or five +millions, cost and fees being the same. The incorporators need not be +residents of the State. No annual statements required. The meetings of +the directors can be held at any place, and need not be held in the +State where the charter is granted. + +Before applying for a charter for a corporation or stock company, the +patentee should mention his plan to some of his friends and get five +persons who will promise to subscribe for one or more shares of the +stock and act as incorporators of the company. + +Next he should secure the services of a reliable attorney, familiar with +corporation laws, to prepare the necessary articles of incorporation and +legal papers. The attorney will advise the patentee how to proceed +properly in organizing his company, and as to the securing of the stock +certificates, subscription blanks, seal, etc. These, including the +attorney's fee, should not cost the patentee more than $50. + +It is well to have some stationery printed with the proposed name of the +company and business displayed thereon; and also a prospectus +published, setting forth the invention and the plans of the company for +introducing it, etc. + +Quite often the patentee can find enough idle capital in his immediate +neighborhood to float a good portion of the stock. Capital is more +easily secured by the formation of a stock company than by any other +means, as people can subscribe for small or large amounts, and they +often prove good investments. + +In soliciting subscriptions for stock, it is desirable to get as many +prominent and influential men to buy one or more shares at first to head +the list--their names will be a great aid in making further sales. +Ordinarily the promoter only collects ten per cent, of the amount +subscribed, the balance being subject to the call of the board of +directors. + +After it is ascertained that the shares or stock are being rapidly +subscribed for and selling fully up to expectation, the patentee can +have the incorporators sign the charter application and have the +attorney file it with the proper State authorities. This will cost the +patentee about $100 more, for State tax, attorney fees, etc. + +When sufficient stock has been subscribed for, a meeting of the +stockholders should be called to elect directors, and to transact such +other business as may be deemed necessary in regard to locating and +building the plant and getting the company in shape. + +The patentee should receive about one-half the capital stock in +consideration of his transferring his rights and franchises to the +corporation, the remainder of the stock is sold for the benefit of the +company to create a working capital. The patentee may sell a portion of +his stock, if he desires, but should also retain a good portion of it to +show his own confidence in the business. + +After the meeting of the stockholders, the direction of the business +will probably be taken out of the hands of the inventor, and the control +will lie in the board of directors of the company. As a rule it is +better that the inventor does not take an active part in the management +of the company's affairs, unless he is specially fitted for the +position. + +If the company is provided with ample capital, and if the business +manager is a competent man, there is little chance of failure if the +invention has real merit. + +[Sidenote: Trading as a Last Resort.] + +Patentees are sometimes offered securities or other property in trade +for a patent. It is not deemed a wise course by most inventors to +consider any proposition for a trade, especially in the early life of a +patent. Only as a last resort, after failing to realize from a patent by +any other means, is it advisable to trade a patent; and, before finally +agreeing upon a trade, the patentee should have a reputable attorney to +look fully into the value and title of the property offered. He should +also insist upon receiving an abstract of title, or a title guarantee +from a reliable title insurance company. + +Unless known to himself, the patentee should never engage the services +of an attorney or broker recommended by the parties offering the trade +to look into the value and title of the property. Inventors should be on +the lookout for a set of sharpers who make a business of offering +worthless securities and property in exchange for patents. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +ABOUT CANADIAN PATENTS + + +The geographical nearness of Canada to the United States, and the +intimate commercial relations existing between the two countries, render +Canada, in one sense, a part of the industrial market of America; and +owing to its liberal patent laws, which are based closely upon our own, +inventors generally find it advantageous to protect their interests in +this country, which can be done from time to time by a very small +outlay, and thus giving the inventor the advantage of disposing of his +patent or dropping it if not found remunerative, before expending the +total cost of the patent. + +The commercial and manufacturing interests of Canada are extensive, +increasing yearly, and are closely knit with our own. If the invention +is not protected in Canada, it is sometimes manufactured there and sent +here without paying royalty to the inventor. + +Copies of the "Rules and Forms of the Canadian Patent Office" and "The +Patent Act" can be obtained upon application to the Hon. Commissioner of +Patents, Ottawa, Canada. Section 8 of the Patent Act, revised May, 1898, +provides: + +"Any inventor who elects to obtain a patent for his invention in a +foreign country before obtaining a patent for the same invention in +Canada, may obtain a patent in Canada, if the same be applied for +within one year from the date of the issue of the first foreign patent +for such invention; and, + +"If within three months after the date of the issue of a foreign patent, +the inventor give notice to the Commissioner of his intention to apply +for a patent in Canada for such invention, then no other person having +commenced to manufacture the same device in Canada during such period of +one year, shall be entitled to continue the manufacture of the same +after the inventor has obtained a patent therefor in Canada, without the +consent or allowance of the inventor." + +The Patent Act as amended does not now require a Canadian patent to +expire at the earliest date at which a foreign patent for the same +invention expires. + +Under the section just cited the patentee has three months, after the +issue of his patent, within which to protect his interests in Canada. If +within these three months he has not sufficiently demonstrated the +commercial value of his home patent, and the advisability of taking out +a Canadian patent, he is advised to give notice to the Commissioner of +Patents, Ottawa, of his intention of doing so, which will fully protect +his interests for one year, as under the above provision; and if the +patentee fail to give this formal notice, he cannot obtain redress from +any person who has commenced to manufacture his invention in Canada +during the year. + +There is also an advantage sometimes in giving this formal notice within +three months and delaying the grant of the patent for one year, as the +patentee is allowed to import the patented article into Canada during +one year only, after the grant of the Canadian patent. + +The construction or manufacturing of the invention in Canada must be +commenced within two years from the date of the patent, and continuously +carried on from that time, though the extension of this time may be +secured upon timely application to the Commissioner, giving any good and +proper reason. The time for importation is also sometimes extended upon +proper application. + +Canadian patents are granted originally for a term of eighteen years, +the Government fee being $60 for the eighteen years, but at the election +of the patentee this fee may be divided into three payments of $20 each, +as follows: $20 at the time of the grant, $20 at the expiration of the +sixth year, if the owner desires to keep the patent alive, if not he can +allow the patent to become forfeited; and at the end of the twelfth +year, if it is still desired to maintain the patent, the remaining fee +of $20 may be paid. If the patentee in the meantime assigns his patent, +the assignee will pay the required government fees at the end of the +sixth and twelfth years, if it is desired to maintain its validity. + +The Canadian patent covers and affords full protection in the following +provinces: + +------------------------+----------+------------- + PROVINCES. | Area | Population + |Sq. Miles.| 1911 +------------------------+----------+------------- +Alberta | 253,000 | 372,919 +British Columbia | 390,000 | 362,768 +Manitoba | 72,870 | 454,691 +New Brunswick | 28,000 | 351,815 +Nova Scotia | 20,600 | 461,847 +Ontario | 222,000 | 2,519,902 +Prince Edward Island | 2,000 | 93,722 +Quebec | 347,000 | 2,000,697 +Saskatchewan | 250,000 | 453,508 +Northwest Territories |1,922,750 | 10,000 +Yukon | 200,000 | ---- + |----------+------------ + TOTAL |3,708,220 | 7,081,869 +------------------------+----------+------------ + +[Sidenote: Selling Canadian Patents.] + +In selling Canadian patents, the patentee will proceed in much the same +way as in the United States, though he cannot expect, nor should he ask, +more than about one-third as much for the Canadian patent as he +receives, or expects, from the United States patent. Patents are not as +readily sold in Canada as here, but if the inventor has a useful +invention of merit, which is being manufactured profitably in the United +States, he will have no trouble in disposing of his Canadian patent at a +satisfactory price. + +It is in nearly all cases advisable for the inventor to first put his +invention upon the market in the United States before trying to realize +from his Canadian interests, as it will be found difficult to interest +Canadian capital in a patent that has not been first put into practice +here; and if the patentee be able to dispose of his Canadian patent at +all, it is usually for a very insignificant sum; whereas, on the other +hand, if the patentee fully protects his interests there, and proceeds +to put the invention upon the home market, he will not only be able to +present his Canadian patent in a more favorable and forcible way by +proving its commercial value, but he will undoubtedly get better offers, +and realize full value for his Canadian interests, in exact proportion +to the success of his invention in the United States. + +POPULATION OF CANADIAN CITIES + +(_Compiled from the Census of 1911_) + +Montreal 406,197 | New Westminster 13,394 +Toronto 376,240 | Stratford 12,929 +Winnipeg 135,440 | Owen Sound 12,555 +Vancouver 100,333 | St. Catharines 12,460 +Ottawa 86,340 | Saskatoon 12,002 +Hamilton 81,897 | Verdun 11,622 +Quebec 78,067 | Moncton 11,319 +London 46,177 | Port Arthur 11,216 +Halifax 46,081 | Lachine 10,778 +Calgary 43,736 | Chatham 10,760 +St. John 42,363 | Galt 10,299 +Victoria 31,620 | Sault Ste. Marie 10,179 +Regina 30,210 | Sarnia 9,936 +Edmonton 24,882 | Belleville 9,850 +Brantford 23,046 | St. Hyacinthe 9,797 +Kingston 18,815 | Valleyfield 9,447 +Maissonneuve 18,674 | Brockville 9,372 +Peterboro 18,312 | Woodstock 9,321 +Windsor 17,819 | Niagara Falls 9,245 +Sydney Town 17,617 | Sorel 8,419 +Hull 17,585 | Nanaimo 8,305 +Glace Bay 16,561 | Lethbridge 8,048 +Fort William 16,498 | Vancouver, North 7,781 +Sherbrooke 16,495 | North Bay 7,718 +Vancouver, South 16,021 | St. Boniface 7,717 +Berlin 15,192 | Sydney Mines 7,464 +Guelph 15,148 | Levis 7,448 +St. Thomas 14,050 | Oshawa 7,433 +Brandon 13,837 | Collingwood 7,077 +Moose Jaw 13,824 | Fredericton 7,028 + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +DECISIONS AND NOTES + + +The following digest will be found to contain much useful information +for the patentee, it being a carefully selected list of decisions +affecting assignments, territorial grants, licenses, State laws, etc.; +including those rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States, the +Circuit Court of Appeals, State Courts, and of various Commissioners of +Patents, all of which decisions enunciate well-settled and controlling +principles of Patent Law. + +[Sidenote: Assignments.] + +Assignments of patents are not required to be under seal. The statutes +simply provide that "every patent, or any interest therein shall be +assignable in law by an instrument in writing." (_Gottfried_ vs. +_Miller, U. S. S. C. Decided Jan. 23, 1882._) + +A contract assigning a patent and all future improvements thereon is +enforceable against assignees of such improvements who take notice of +the contract. (_Westinghouse Air Brake Co._ vs. _Chicago Brake and Mfg. +Co., 85 F. R., 786._) + +Each co-owner of a patent may use his right without the concurrence of +the others and license at will. (_Washburn & Moen Co._ vs. _Chicago Wire +Fence Co., 109 Ill., 71._) + +Owners of a patent are tenants in common, and each, as an incident of +his ownership, has the right to use the patent or manufacture under it. +But neither can be compelled by his co-owner to join in such use or +work, or be liable for the losses which may occur, or to account for the +profits which may arise from such use. (_De Witt_ vs. _Elmira Nobles +Mfg. Co., 12 N. Y. Spur., 301._) + +Joint owners of a patent, right are not copartners, and in the absence +of any express contract each is at liberty to use his moiety as he may +think fit, without any liability to or accounting to the other for +profits or losses. (_Vose_ vs. _Singer, 4 Allen (Mass.), 226; vide Pitt +vs. Hall, 3 Blatch., 201._) + +Although an assignment of patent is not recorded within three months, it +is binding on the assignor, and he cannot sell the patent again. (_Ex +parte Waters, Com. Dec., 1899, p. 42._) + +A verbal license or interest in an invention has no effect as against a +subsequent assignee without notice of such verbal license or interest. +(_U. S. S. C., Gates Iron Works_ vs. _Fraser et al., 1894, C. D., 304._) + +An assignment to assign future patents, in consideration of the +assignee's paying the expense of taking them out, is broken by his +refusal to pay for and take out a particular patent when requested, and +a subsequent assignment to another conveys a perfect title. (_Buck_ vs. +_Timony, 78 Fed. Rep., 487._) + +Any assignment which does not convey to the assignee the entire and +unqualified monopoly which the patentee holds in the territory +specified, or an undivided interest in the entire _monopoly,_ is a mere +license. (_Sanford_ vs. _Messer, 2 O. G., 470._) + +When a party does license, grant, and convey any invention which he may +hereafter make, this gives only an equitable right to have an assignment +made, and this right may be defeated by assignment of the patent to a +purchaser for value without notice of this equity. (_Regan Vapor Engine +Co._ vs. _Pacific Gas Engine Co. (Nineth Cir.), 7 U. S., App., 73._) + +[Sidenote: Territorial Grants.] + +A territorial grantee cannot be restrained from advertising and selling +within his territory, even though the purchasers may take the patented +article outside the vendor's territory. (_Hatch_ vs. _Hall, 22 Fed. +Rep., 483._) + +One who buys patented articles of manufacture from an assignee for a +specified territory becomes possessed of an absolute property in such +articles, unrestricted in time or place. (_U. S. S. C., Keller et al._ +vs. _Standard Folding Bed Co., 71 O. G., 451._) + +The sale of a patented machine by one authorized to sell, conveys the +whole ownership to the purchaser, who may sell it again to another. +(_Morgan Envelope Co._ vs. _Albany Perforated Wrapping Paper Co., 152 U. +S. 425._) + +[Sidenote: Licenses.] + +Every person who pays the patentee for a license to use his process +becomes the owner of the product, and may sell it to whom he pleases, or +apply it to any purpose, unless he binds himself by covenants to +restrict his rights of making and vending certain articles that may +interfere with the special business of some other licensee. (_Met. +Washing Machine Co._ vs. _Earl, 2 Fish., 203; 2 Wall., Jr., 230._) + +A license is not forfeitable for non-payment of royalties in the absence +of express provisions to that effect. (_Wagner Typewriter Co._ vs. +_Watkins, 84 Fed. Rep., 57; 1898._) + +A shop right is a personal license and is not assignable. (_Gibbs_ vs. +_Hoefner, 19 Fed. Rep., 323; 22 Blatch., 36._) + +A license to a person to use an invention only "at his own +establishment" does not authorize a use at an establishment owned by him +and others. (_Rubber Co._ vs. _Goodyear, 9 Wallace, 788._) + +A license is not transferable unless its terms so state. (_Olmer_ vs. +_Rumford Chemical Co., 109 U. S., 75._) + +A license merely to make and not to sell does not impair the patent +owner's right to sue for infringement outside of the license; and the +purchaser of the licensee's tools and materials would not carry the +right to sell the product made thereon. (_American Graphophone Co._ vs. +_Walcut, 87 Fed. Rep., 556; 1898._) + +A license to use a machine carries with it the right to repair the +machine, and replace worn parts until the essential original parts of +the machine have disappeared. (_Robinson on Patents, Sec. 827._) + +A lawful sale of a patented article by a patentee or grantee, within his +own territory, carries with it the right to use such article throughout +the whole United States. (_Adams_ vs. _Burke, 5 O.G., 118_; _Hobbie_ vs. +_Smith. 27 Fed. Rep., 636._) + +When an applicant in certain instruments assigned his right, title, and +interest in an invention, retaining for himself the exclusive right to +employ the invention in the manufacture of a certain class of machines, +Held, that such instruments do not convey the entire interest in the +invention or any undivided part thereof, and they are construed to be +nothing more than licenses. (_Ex parte Rosback, 89 O. G., 705. Decided +Oct. 5, 1899._) + +An implied license to use a patented improvement without payment of any +royalties during the continuance of employment of the inventor, and +thereafter, on the same terms and royalties fixed for other parties, is +shown where the inventor applies the patent to his employer's work +without any agreement for compensation for its use further than a notice +that he would require pay after his employment terminated. (_Keys_ vs. +_Eureka Consol. Min. Co., U. S. S. C., 158 U. S., 150._) + +A breach of a covenant in a license does not work a forfeiture of the +license unless it is so expressly agreed. (_Consol. Middlings Purifier +Co._ vs. _Wolf, 37 O. G., 567._) + +[Sidenote: Patent Title.] + +A patent right, like any other personal property, is understood by +Congress to vest in the executors and administrators of the patentee, if +he dies without having assigned it. (_Shaw Relief Valve Co._ vs. _City +of New Bedford, 19th Fed. Rep., 758._) + +A patent to a dead man at the time of its grant is not void for the want +of a grantee, but vests in his heirs or assigns. (_U. S. S. C, De La +Vergne Ref. Machine Co._ vs. _Featherstone, 1893, C. D., 181._) + +A court of equity may direct a sale of an inventor's interest in his +patent to satisfy a judgment against him, and will require the patentee +to assign as provided in Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898, and if he refuses, will +appoint a trustee to make the assignment. (_Murray_ vs. _Ager, 20 O. G., +1311._) + +A patent right cannot be seized and sold on execution. (_Carver_ vs. +_Peck, 131 Mass., 291._) + +A receiver cannot, under his general powers, convey the legal title to a +patent (_Adams_ vs. _Howard, 23 Blatch., 27_), but a court may compel an +insolvent to assign his patent to a trustee or receiver. (_Pacific Bank_ +vs. _Robinson, 20 O. G., 1314_; _Murray_ vs. _Ager, 20 O. G., 1311._) + +A patentee who assigns his patent cannot, when sued for infringement, +contest the validity thereof. (_Griffith_ vs. _Shaw, 89 Fed. Rep., +313._) + + +RULES OF PRACTICE + +The following from the "Rules of Practice in the United States Patent +Office" may be perused with interest to the patentee; a copy of which, +together with a copy of the "Patent Laws," will be mailed free to any +person upon addressing the Hon. Commissioner of Patents, Washington, +D. C., requesting the same; these being the only books or pamphlets +published by the Office for gratuitous distribution. + +[Sidenote: Assignments.] + +Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an +instrument in writing; and the patentee or his assigns or legal +representatives may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right +under the patent to the whole or any specified part of the United +States. Interests in patents may be vested in assignees, in grantees of +exclusive sectional rights, in mortgagees, and in licensees. + +[Sidenote: Assignees.] + +An assignee is a transferee of the whole interest of the original patent +or of an undivided part of such whole interest, extending to every +portion of the United States. The assignment must be written or printed +and duly signed. + +[Sidenote: Grantees.] + +A grantee acquires by the grant the exclusive right under the patent to +make and use and to grant to others the right to make and use, the thing +patented within and throughout some specified part of the United States, +excluding the patentee therefrom. The grant must be written or printed +and be duly signed. + +[Sidenote: Mortgages.] + +A mortgage must be written or printed and duly signed. + +[Sidenote: Licensees.] + +A licensee takes an interest less than or different from either of the +others. A license may be oral, written, or printed, and if written or +printed, must be duly signed. + +[Sidenote: Must be Recorded.] + +An assignment, grant, or conveyance of a patent will be void as against +any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration +without notice unless recorded in the Patent Office within three months +from the date thereof. If any such assignment, grant, or conveyance of +any patent shall be acknowledged before any notary public of the several +States or territories, or the District of Columbia, or any commissioner +of the United States Circuit Court, or before any secretary of legation, +or consular officer authorized to administer oaths or perform notarial +acts under Section 1750 of the Revised Statutes, the certificate of such +acknowledgment, under the hand and official seal of such notary or other +officer, shall be _prima facie_ evidence of the execution of such +assignment, grant, or conveyance. + +No instrument will be recorded which does not, in the judgment of the +Commissioner, amount to an assignment, grant, mortgage, lien, +encumbrance, or license, or which does not affect the title of the +patent or invention to which it relates. Such instruments should +identify the patent by date and number; or, if the invention is +unpatented, the name of the inventor, the serial number, and date of the +application should be stated. + +[Sidenote: Conditional Assignments.] + +Assignments which are made conditional on the performance of certain +stipulations, as the conditional payment of money, if recorded in the +office are regarded as absolute assignments until cancelled with the +written consent of both parties, or by the decree of a competent court. +The office has no means for determining whether such conditions have +been filled. (_Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898._) + +STATE LAWS ON SELLING PATENTS + +In some States, laws have been passed by which attempts have been made +to regulate or prevent the sale of patent rights within their borders, +by imposing upon patentees or their agents certain State restrictions, +such as requiring the filing of copies of patents, making and filing +proofs, taking out licenses, procuring certificates, complying with +forms, or prescribing the terms of a note to be given for a patent. + +While it has never been squarely brought before the United States +Supreme Court, with the result that much conflicting legislation has +been enacted by the different States, it may be said, as a general +proposition, that a State or municipality, through the medium of its +Legislature or officials, has no constitutional right to make or enforce +laws which in any way affect or control the transfer, sale, or other +disposition of United States Letters Patent; or to interfere in any +manner with the patentee going into the open market anywhere to sell his +rights conferred by the patent. + +It is a well-established principle of law that Congress has exclusive +right and power to legislate on the subjects specially assigned to it by +the Constitution, while power is delegated to the several States to +legislate on those subjects not thus expressly placed within the +control of Congress. It would seem clear that there can be no State +interference with the rights which are incident to the grant of Letters +Patent and expressly conferred thereby. + +Ohio was the first State attempting to place restrictions upon the +handling of patent rights, which, in 1868, passed an act requiring any +person, before offering for sale a patent right in any county, to submit +the patent to the Probate Judge of the county, and make affidavit before +said judge that the patent was in force, and that the applicant had the +right to sell, and also requiring that any written obligation taken on +the sale of such right should bear on its face the words, "Given for a +Patent Right." + +The portion of the Ohio statute relating to the making and filing proofs +was subsequently made the law in Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Nebraska, +and Kansas, while the requirement that written obligations given for a +patent right should bear such statement written upon its face was made +the law in Vermont, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, New York, +Connecticut, and Arkansas. + +In view of the decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of the United +States in the cases of _ex parte_ Robinson, 2 Bissel, 309, and Webber +_vs._ Virginia, 103 U. S., 347; 20 O. G., 136, some of the States +repealed their statutes relating to the filing of proofs, while others +did not--notably Indiana and Kansas, where the statute still remains in +force. + +While the Supreme Court in the above cases did not decide the +constitutionality of the State statutes, it was clearly indicated that +property in inventions existed by virtue of the laws of Congress, and +that no State had any right to interfere with its enjoyment, or to annex +conditions to the grant, and that the patentee had a right to go into +the open market anywhere in the United States and sell his property. It +also established the proposition that a State may require the taking out +of a license for the sale of the manufactured article covered by the +patent; and the patentee should keep in mind the distinction between +selling patents, or patent privileges, and the selling of goods or +manufactured articles, as all who sell goods, whether patented or not, +must conform with the local and State laws relating to same. + +The statute requiring the insertion in written obligations of the words, +"Given for a Patent Right," has been declared unconstitutional by the +higher State Courts in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Nebraska, and +by the Circuit Courts in the southern district of Ohio, and in the +district of Indiana; while its validity has been sustained by the courts +of last resort in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas. +Therefore, the validity of the State statutes on the point referred to +may be regarded as finally established in the last-named States until +brought before the Supreme Court of the United States. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS + + +It frequently occurs to the patentee that a knowledge of the legal +requirements of the transfer of patent rights would save him much time +and trouble. Patentees should carefully scrutinize all papers offered by +the parties in whose favor they are drawn, and, if possible, he should +have his attorney to examine them. + +There are three classes of persons in whom the patentee can vest an +interest of some kind. They are an assignee, a grantee of an exclusive +sectional right, and a licensee. + +[Sidenote: Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined.] + +"An _assignee_ is one who has transferred to him in writing the whole +interest in the original patent, or any undivided part of such whole +interest in every portion of the United States. And no one, unless he +has such an interest transferred to him, is an assignee. + +"A _grantee_ is one who has transferred in writing the exclusive right +under the patent, to make and use, and to grant to others to make and +use, the thing patented, within and throughout some specified part or +portion of the United States. Such right must be an exclusive sectional +right, excluding the patentee therefrom. + +"A _licensee_ is one who has transferred to him in writing, or orally, a +less or different interest than either the interest in the whole patent, +or an undivided part of such whole interest, or an exclusive sectional +interest." (_Potter_ vs. _Holland, 1 Fish, 327._) + +[Sidenote: The Language of Law.] + +If a man were to give another an orange he would simply say, "I give you +this orange"; but if the transaction be intrusted to a lawyer to draw up +according to the requirements of law, says the _Observer_, he would most +probably put it in the following language: "I hereby give, grant, and +convey to you all my interest, right, title, and advantage of and in +said orange, together with its rind, skin, juice, pulp, and pits, and +all right and advantage therein with full power to bite, suck, cut, or +otherwise eat the same or to give the same away, as fully and +effectually as I, the said A. B., am now entitled to cut, bite, or +otherwise eat the same, or give away the same with or without the rind, +skin, juice, pulp, or pits; anything hereinbefore or hereafter or in any +other deed or deeds, instruments of nature or kind whatsoever to the +contrary in anywise notwithstanding." + +It is always better and more satisfactory to have assignments, royalty +contracts, agreements, etc., drawn up specially to accord with the +facts, details, and covenants of each particular case; and there is no +one probably better able to do this than the attorney who secured the +patent. However, if in the case the parties to the transaction cannot +well delay proceedings to have the papers prepared by an attorney, by +adhering to the following forms in any such transactions, both the +purchaser and seller may rest assured that their rights are protected. + + +ASSIGNMENT OF ENTIRE INTEREST IN LETTERS PATENT + + _Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Columbus, County of Franklin, + State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United + States for an improvement in Typewriting Machines, which + Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date January + 1, 1901; and whereas I am now sole owner of said patent, and + of all rights under the same; and whereas the Ohio + Typewriter Company, a corporation, of Cincinnati, County of + Hamilton, and State of Ohio, is desirous of acquiring an + interest in the same: + + _Now, therefore_, to all whom it may concern, be it known, + that for and in consideration of the sum of five thousand + dollars to me in hand paid by the aforesaid corporation, the + receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I, the said + Richard Doe have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by + these presents do sell, assign, and transfer unto the said + Ohio Typewriter Company, its successors and assigns, the + entire right, title and interest in and to said Letters + Patent and the invention therein patented; the same to be + held and enjoyed by the said corporation for its own use and + behoof, and for the use and behoof of its successors and + assigns, to the full end of the term for which said Letters + Patent are or may be granted, as fully and entirely as the + same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this + assignment and sale not been made. + + _In testimony whereof_, I have hereto set my hand and + affixed my seal, at Columbus, County and State aforesaid, + this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901. + + RICHARD DOE. (_Seal._) + + In presence of + JOHN SMITH, + THOS. JONES. + STATE OF OHIO, }_ss._: + COUNTY OF FRANKLIN, } + + Subscribed and acknowledged before me this tenth day of + January, A.D. 1901. + + _Seal._ JOHN RICE, _Notary Public_. + + + +If it is the intention of the assignor to convey to the assignee the +right to recover for past infringement of the patent, a clause like the +following should be added: + +And for the same consideration, I do hereby sell, assign and transfer +unto the aforesaid corporation, all claims and demands, both at law and +in equity, which may have accrued to me by reason of the infringement of +the aforesaid Letters Patent with the right to sue and recover therefor +in its own name and for its own use and behoof. + + +ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST + + _Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of + Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, did obtain Letters + Patent of the United States for improvements in Locomotive + Headlights, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and + bear the date of June 26, 1900; and whereas, John Roe, of + Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia and State of + Pennsylvania, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the + same: _Now, therefore_, this indenture witnesseth, that for + and in consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to + me in hand paid by said John Roe, the receipt of which is + hereby acknowledged, I do hereby sell, assign, and transfer + unto the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, one undivided + one-half interest in and to the aforesaid Letters Patent + and the invention therein patented; the same to be held and + enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns to the + full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or + may be granted as fully and entirely as the same would have + been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale had + not been made. + + And I do hereby declare that I have not conveyed to any + other party the rights and interest herein transferred to + the said John Roe. + + Witness my hand and seal this tenth day of January, A.D. + 1901, + + RICHARD DOE. + + In presence of + JOHN SMITH, + THOS. JONES. + + STATE OF PENNA., } _ss._: + COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA,} + + Subscribed and sworn before me this tenth day + of January, A.D. 1901. + + _Seal._ JOHN RICE, + _Notary Public._ + + + +GRANT OF A TERRITORIAL INTEREST + + _Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Dayton, County of Montgomery, + State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United + States for improvements in Corn-Cultivators, which Letters + Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date the first day of + January, 1901, and whereas, I am now the sole owner of said + patent, and of all rights under the same in the + below-recited territory; and whereas, John Roe, of + Indianapolis, County of Marion, State of Indiana, is + desirous of acquiring an interest in the same; + + _Now, therefore_, to all whom it may concern, be it known, + that for and in consideration of the sum of one thousand + dollars to me in hand paid, by the said John Roe, the + receipt of which is hereby acknowledge, I, the said Richard + Doe, have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these + presents do sell, assign and transfer unto the said John + Roe, his heirs and assigns, the entire right, title and + interest in and to said Letters Patent, and in and to the + invention therein patented for the States of Indiana and + Illinois, and in no other place or places; the same to be + held and enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and + assigns, within and throughout the above specified + territory, but not elsewhere, to the full end of the term + for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted, as + fully and entirely as the same would have been held and + enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made. + + _In testimony whereof_, I have hereunto set my hand and + affixed my seal this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901, in the + presence of the subscribing witnesses. + + RICHARD DOE. + + In presence of + JOHN SMITH, + THOS. JONES. + STATE OF INDIANA, }_ss._: + COUNTY OF MARION, } + + On this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901, personally appeared + before me Richard Doe, to me known and known to me to be the + individual who executed the foregoing instrument, and who + acknowledged to me that he executed the same for the purpose + therein expressed. + + _Seal._ JOHN RICE, + _Notary Public._ + + + + +LICENSE:--SHOP-RIGHT + + _In consideration_ of the sum of two hundred dollars to me + paid by The John Roe Company, a corporation of Pennsylvania, + located in the city of Pittsburg, I do hereby license and + empower said company to make and use at its foundry and + machine shop in said Pittsburg, and in no other place or + places, in connection with its own business only, or that of + its successors and assigns, the improvements in Lathes, for + which Letters Patent of the United States No. 000,000, were + granted to me January 1, 1901, to the full end of the term + for which said Letters Patent are granted. + + Signed and delivered at Pittsburg, in the County of + Allegheny, State of Pennsylvania, this tenth day of January, + A. D. 1901. + + RICHARD DOE. + + TO JOHN ROE COMPANY, + Pittsburg, Pa. + + + + +LICENSE:--NON-EXCLUSIVE--WITH ROYALTY + + _This agreement_, made this tenth day of January, 1901, + between Richard Doe, of Wilmington, County of New Castle, + State of Delaware, party of the first part, and the Metallic + Railway Tie Company, of Chicago, in the County of Cook, and + State of Illinois, party of the second part, + + _Witnesseth_, that whereas Letters Patent of the United + States, No. 000,000, for an improvement in Metallic + Railroad-Ties, were granted to the party of the first part + January 1, 1901; and whereas the party of the second part is + desirous of manufacturing Metallic Railroad-Ties containing + the said patented improvements: + + _Now, therefore_, the parties hereto have agreed as follows: + + I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers + the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the + conditions herein named, at their plant in Chicago, and in + no other place or places, to the end of the term for which + said Letters Patent were granted, Metallic Railroad-Ties + containing the patented improvements, and to sell the same + within the United States. + + II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and + true returns to the party of the first part, under oath, + upon the first days of January and July in each year, of all + Metallic Railroad-Ties containing said patented improvements + manufactured by them. + + III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of + the first part five dollars as a license fee upon each and + every thousand Metallic Railroad-Ties manufactured by the + party of the second part containing the patented + improvements: provided, that if the said fee be paid upon + the days provided herein for semi-annual returns, or within + ten days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be + made from said fee for prompt payment. + + IV. The party of the second part agrees to put forth their + best efforts and use due diligence in the manufacture and + sale of the Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the said + patented improvements, and if the royalties do not amount to + five hundred dollars semi-annually, the party of the first + part may terminate this license by serving a written notice + upon the party of the second part. + + V. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to make + returns or to make payment of license fees, as herein + provided, for thirty days after the days herein named, the + party of the first part may terminate this license by + serving a written notice upon the party of the second part; + but the party of the second part shall not thereby be + discharged from any liability to the party of the first part + for any license fees due at the time of the service of such + notice. + + _In witness whereof_, the parties above named have hereto + set their hands the day and year first above written, at + Chicago, County of Cook, and State of Illinois. + + RICHARD DOE, + _Metallic Railway Tie Company_, + Per John Roe, President. + + + + +LICENSE:--EXCLUSIVE--WITH ROYALTY + + _This agreement_, made this tenth day of January, 1901, + between Richard Doe, of Boston, State of Massachusetts, + party of the first part, and the Roe Vending Machine + Company, a corporate body under the laws of the State of New + Jersey, located and doing business at the city of New York, + in the State of New York, party of the second part, + + _Witnesseth_, that whereas, Letters Patent of the United + States, No. 000,000, were, on the first day of January, + 1901, granted to the said party of the first part, for + improvements in Coin-Controlled Machines, and whereas said + party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing and + selling said patented article: Now, therefore, the parties + hereto have agreed as follows: + + I. The party of the first part gives to the party of the + second part the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the + said patented improvements, to the end of the term of said + patent, subject to the conditions hereinafter named. + + II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and + true returns, on the first days of January and July in each + year, of all machines manufactured and sold by them + containing the said patented improvements in the six + calendar months next preceding the date of any such notice; + and if the party of the first part shall not be satisfied in + any respect with any such return, then shall the party of + the first part have the right, either by himself or by his + attorney, to examine any and all books of account of said + party of the second part concerning any items, charges, + memoranda, or information relating to the manufacture or + sale of said patented Coin-Controlled Machines; and upon + request made, said party of the second part shall produce + all such books for said examination. + + III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of + the first part five dollars as a license fee upon every one + of the said patented Coin-Controlled Machines manufactured + by them, the whole of said license fee for each term of six + months to be due and payable on the days hereinabove + provided for semi-annual returns; provided, that if said fee + be paid upon the days herein provided, or within fifteen + days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made + from said fee for prompt payment. + + IV. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of + the first part at least two thousand dollars, less discount, + as said license fee upon each of the semi-annual terms, even + though they should not make enough of said patented machines + to amount to that sum at the regular royalty of five dollars + each. + + V. The party of the second part shall cast, or otherwise + permanently place, upon every such machine made under this + license the word "Doe," and in close relation thereto the + word "Patented," and the number and date of said patent. + + VI. The party of the second part shall not, during the life + of this license, make or sell any article which can compete + in the market with said Coin-Controlled Machines. + + VII. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to + keep each and all of the conditions of this license and + agreement, the party of the first part may, at his option, + terminate this license, and such termination shall not + release said party of the second part from any liability due + at such time to the party of the first part. + + _In witness whereof_, the above-named parties (the said Roe + Vending Machine Company, by its president) have hereto set + their hands the day and year first above written, + + RICHARD DOE, + _Roe Vending Machine Company_, + By John Roe, President. + + + +No general legal forms should be relied upon too implicitly as suiting +particular cases, and an inventor, in order to fully protect his +interests, should consult a reliable patent attorney, and have the forms +properly prepared to suit his individual case. + +[Illustration: Map of Continental USA] + + + + +CHAPTER X + +TABLES AND STATISTICS + +OFFICIAL CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, BY COUNTIES, FOR 1910 + +(_From the Bulletin of the Director of the Census_) + +ALABAMA.--Area, 51,998 square miles. + +Autauga 20,038 | Dallas 53,401 | Marengo 39,923 +Baldwin 18,178 | Dekalb 28,261 | Marion 17,495 +Barbour 32,728 | | Marshall 28,553 +Bibb 22,791 | Elmore 28,245 | Mobile 80,854 +Blount 21,456 | Escambia 18,889 | Monroe 27,155 + | Etowah 39,109 | +Bullock 30,196 | Fayette 16,248 | Montgomery 82,178 +Butler 29,030 | Franklin 19,369 | Morgan 33,781 +Calhoun 39,115 | | Perry 31,222 +Chambers 36,056 | Geneva 26,230 | Pickens 25,055 +Cherokee 20,226 | Greene 22,717 | Pike 30,815 + | Hale 27,883 | +Chilton 23,187 | Henry 20,943 | Randolph 24,659 +Choctaw 18,483 | Houston 32,414 | Russell 25,937 +Clarke 30,987 | | St. Clair 20,715 +Clay 21,006 | Jackson 32,918 | Shelby 26,949 +Cleburne 13,385 | Jefferson 226,476 | Sumter 28,699 + | Lamar 17,487 | +Coffee 26,119 | Lauderdale 30,936 | Talladega 37,921 +Colbert 24,802 | Lawrence 21,984 | Tallapoosa 31,034 +Conecuh 21,433 | | Tuscaloosa 47,559 +Coosa 16,634 | Lee 32,867 | Walker 37,013 +Covington 32,124 | Limestone 26,880 | Washington 14,454 + | Lowndes 31,894 | +Crenshaw 23,313 | Macon 26,049 | Wilcox 33,810 +Cullman 28,321 | Madison 47,041 | Winston 12,855 +Dale 21,873 | | + + TOTAL 2,138,093 + +ARIZONA.--Area, 113,956 square miles. + +Apache 9,196 | Maricopa 34,488 | Santa Cruz 6,766 +Cochise 34,591 | Mohave 3,773 | Yavapai 15,996 +Coconino 8,130 | Navajo 11,491 | Yuma 7,733 +Gila 16,780 | Pima 22,818 | +Graham 23,547 | Pinal 9,045 | + + TOTAL 204,354 + +ARKANSAS.--Area, 53,335 square miles. + +Arkansas 16,103 | Garland 27,271 | Newton 10,612 +Ashley 25,268 | Grant 9,425 | Ouachita 21,774 +Baxter 10,389 | Greene 23,852 | Perry 9,402 +Benton 33,389 | Hempstead 28,285 | Phillips 33,535 +Boone 14,318 | Hot Spring 15,022 | Pike 12,565 + | | +Bradley 14,518 | Howard 16,898 | Poinsett 12,791 +Calhoun 9,894 | Independence 24,776 | Polk 17,216 +Carroll 16,829 | Izard 14,561 | Pope 24,527 +Chicot 21,987 | Jackson 23,501 | Prairie 13,853 +Clark 23,686 | Jefferson 52,734 | Pulaski 86,751 + | | +Clay 23,690 | Johnson 19,698 | Randolph 18,987 +Cleburne 11,903 | Lafayette 13,741 | St. Francis 22,548 +Cleveland 13,481 | Lawrence 20,001 | Saline 16,057 +Columbia 23,820 | Lee 24,252 | Scott 14,302 +Conway 22,729 | Lincoln 15,118 | Searcy 14,825 + | | +Craighead 27,627 | Little River 13,597 | Sebastian 52,278 +Crawford 23,942 | Logan 26,350 | Sevier 16,616 +Crittenden 22,447 | Lonoke 27,983 | Sharp 11,688 +Cross 14,042 | Madison 16,056 | Stone 8,946 +Dallas 12,621 | Marion 10,203 | Union 30,723 + | | +Desha 15,274 | Miller 19,555 | Van Buren 13,509 +Drew 21,960 | Mississippi 30,468 | Washington 33,889 +Faulkner 23,708 | Monroe 19,907 | White 28,574 +Franklin 20,638 | Montgomery 12,455 | Woodruff 20,049 +Fulton 12,193 | Nevada 19,344 | Yell 26,323 + + TOTAL 1,574,449 + +CALIFORNIA.--Area, 158,297 square miles. + +Alameda 246,131 | Glenn 7,172 | Marin 25,114 +Alpine 309 | Humboldt 33,857 | Mariposa 3,956 +Amador 9,086 | Imperial 13,591 | Mendocino 23,929 +Butte 27,301 | Inyo 6,974 | Merced 15,148 +Calaveras 9,171 | Kern 37,715 | Modoc 6,191 + | | +Colusa 7,732 | Kings 16,230 | Mono 2,042 +Contra Costa 31,674 | Lake 5,526 | Monterey 24,146 +Del Norte 2,417 | Lassen 4,802 | Napa 19,800 +Eldorado 7,492 | Los Angeles 504,131 | Nevada 14,955 +Fresno 75,657 | Madera 8,368 | Orange 34,436 + | | +Placer 18,237 | San Mateo 26,585 | Sutter 6,328 +Plumas 5,259 | Santa Barbara 27,738 | Tehama 11,401 +Riverside 34,696 | Santa Clara 83,539 | Trinity 3,301 +Sacramento 67,806 | Santa Cruz 26,140 | Tulare 35,440 +San Benito 8,041 | Shasta 18,920 | Tuolumne 9,979 + | | +San Bernadino 56,706 | Sierra 4,098 | Ventura 18,347 +San Diego 61,665 | Siskiyou 18,801 | Yolo 13,926 +San Francisco 416,912 | Solano 27,539 | Yuba 10,042 +San Joaquin 50,731 | Sonoma 48,394 | +San Luis Obispo 19,383 | Stanislaus 22,522 | + + TOTAL 2,377,549 + +COLORADO.--Area, 103,948 square miles. + +Adams 8,892 | Garfield 10,144 | Morgan 9,577 +Arapahoe 10,263 | Gilpin 4,131 | Otero 20,201 +Archuleta 3,302 | Grand 1,862 | Ouray 3,514 +Baca 2,516 | Gunnison 5,897 | Park 2,492 +Bent 5,043 | Hinsdale 646 | Phillips 3,179 + | | +Boulder 30,330 | Huerfano 13,320 | Pitkin 4,566 +Chaffee 7,622 | Jackson 1,013 | Prowers 9,520 +Cheyenne 3,687 | Jefferson 14,231 | Pueblo 52,223 +Clear Creek 5,001 | Kiowa 2,899 | Rio Blanco 2,332 +Conejos 11,285 | Kit Carson 7,483 | Rio Grande 6,563 + | | +Costilla 5,498 | La Plate 10,812 | Routt 7,561 +Custer 1,947 | Lake 10,600 | Saguache 4,160 +Delta 13,688 | Larimer 25,270 | San Juan 3,063 +Denver 213,381 | Las Animas 33,643 | San Miguel 4,700 +Dolores 642 | Lincoln 5,917 | Sedgwick 3,061 + | | +Douglas 3,192 | Logan 9,549 | Summit 2,003 +Eagle 2,985 | Mesa 22,197 | Teller 14,351 +El Paso 43,321 | Mineral 1,239 | Washington 6,002 +Elbert 5,331 | Montezuma 5,029 | Weld 39,177 +Fremont 18,181 | Montrose 10,291 | Yuma 8,499 + + TOTAL 799,024 + +CONNECTICUT.--Area, 4,965 square miles. + +Fairfield 245,322 | Middlesex 45,637 | New London 91,253 +Hartford 250,182 | | Tolland 26,459 +Litchfield 70,260 | New Haven 337,282 | Windham 48,361 + + TOTAL 1,114,756 + +DELAWARE.--Area, 2,370 square miles. + +Kent 32,721 | Newcastle 123,188 | Sussex 46,413 + + TOTAL 202,322 + +DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--Area, 70 square miles. + +The District 331,069 + +FLORIDA.--Area, 58,666 square miles. + +Alachua 34,305 | Hillsboro 78,374 | Osceola 5,507 +Baker 4,805 | Holmes 11,557 | Palm Beach 5,577 +Bradford 14,090 | Jackson 29,821 | Pasco 7,502 +Brevard 4,717 | Jefferson 17,210 | +Calhoun 7,465 | | Polk 24,148 + | Lafayette 6,710 | Putnam 13,096 +Citrus 6,731 | Lake 9,509 | St. John 13,208 +Clay 6,116 | Lee 6,294 | St. Lucie 4,075 +Columbia 17,689 | Leon 19,427 | Santa Rosa 14,897 +Dade 11,933 | Levy 10,361 | +De Soto 14,200 | | Sumter 6,696 + | Liberty 4,700 | Suwanee 18,603 +Duval 75,163 | Madison 16,919 | Taylor 7,103 +Escambia 36,549 | Manatee 9,550 | Volusia 16,510 +Franklin 5,201 | Marion 26,941 | Wakulla 4,802 +Gadsden 22,198 | Monroe 21,563 | +Hamilton 11,825 | | Walton 16,460 + | Nassau 10,525 | Washington 16,403 +Hernando 4,997 | Orange 19,107 | + + TOTAL 752,619 + +GEORGIA.--Area, 59,265 square miles. + +Appling 12,318 | Clayton 10,453 | Forsyth 11,940 +Baker 7,973 | Clinch 8,424 | Franklin 17,894 +Baldwin 18,354 | Cobb 28,397 | Fulton 177,733 +Banks 11,244 | Coffee 21,953 | Gilmer 9,237 +Bartow 25,388 | Colquitt 19,789 | Glascock 4,669 + | | +Ben Hill 11,863 | Columbia 12,328 | Glynn 15,720 +Berrien 22,772 | Coweta 28,800 | Gordon 15,861 +Bibb 56,646 | Crawford 8,310 | Grady 18,457 +Brooks 23,832 | Crisp 16,423 | Greene 18,512 +Bryan 6,702 | Dade 4,139 | Gwinnett 28,824 + | | +Bulloch 26,464 | Dawson 4,686 | Habersham 10,134 +Burke 27,268 | Decatur 29,045 | Hall 25,730 +Butts 13,624 | Dekalb 27,881 | Hancock 19,189 +Calhoun 11,334 | Dodge 20,127 | Haralson 13,514 +Camden 7,690 | Dooly 20,554 | Harris 17,886 + | | +Campbell 10,874 | Dougherty 16,035 | Hart 16,216 +Carroll 30,855 | Douglas 8,953 | Heard 11,189 +Catoosa 7,184 | Early 18,122 | Henry 19,927 +Charlton 4,722 | Echols 3,309 | Houston 23,609 +Chatham 79,690 | Effingham 9,971 | Irwin 10,461 + | | +Chattahoochee 5,586 | Elbert 24,125 | Jackson 30,169 +Chattooga 13,608 | Emanuel 25,140 | Jasper 16,552 +Cherokee 16,661 | Fannin 12,574 | Jeff Davis 6,050 +Clarke 23,273 | Fayette 10,966 | Jefferson 21,379 +Clay 8,960 | Floyd 36,736 | Jenkins 11,520 + | | +Johnson 12,897 | Paulding 14,124 | Tift 11,487 +Jones 13,103 | Pickens 9,041 | Toombs 11,206 +Laurens 35,501 | Pierce 10,749 | Towns 3,932 +Lee 11,679 | Pike 19,495 | Troup 26,228 +Liberty 12,924 | Polk 20,203 | Turner 10,075 + | | +Lincoln 8,714 | Pulaski 22,835 | Twiggs 10,736 +Lowndes 24,436 | Putnam 13,876 | Union 6,918 +Lumpkin 5,444 | Quitman 4,594 | Upson 12,757 +McDuffie 10,325 | Rabun 5,562 | Walker 18,692 +McIntosh 6,442 | Randolph 18,841 | Walton 25,393 + | | +Macon 15,016 | Richmond 58,886 | Ware 22,957 +Madison 16,851 | Rockdale 8,916 | Warren 11,860 +Marion 9,147 | Schley 5,213 | Washington 28,174 +Meriwether 25,180 | Screven 20,202 | Wayne 13,069 +Miller 7,986 | Spalding 19,741 | Webster 6,151 + | | +Milton 7,239 | Stephens 9,728 | White 5,110 +Mitchell 22,114 | Stewart 13,437 | Whitfield 15,934 +Monroe 20,450 | Sumter 29,092 | Wilcox 13,486 +Montgomery 19,638 | Talbot 11,696 | Wilkes 23,441 +Morgan 19,717 | Taliaferro 8,766 | Wilkinson 10,078 + | | +Murray 9,763 | Tattnall 18,569 | Worth 19,147 +Muscogee 36,227 | Taylor 10,839 | +Newton 18,449 | Telfair 13,288 | +Oconee 11,104 | Terrell 22,003 | +Oglethorpe 18,680 | Thomas 29,071 | + + TOTAL 2,609,121 + +IDAHO.--Area, 84,313 square miles. + +Ada 29,088 | Cassia 7,197 | Lemhi 4,786 +Bannock 19,242 | Custer 3,001 | Lincoln 12,676 +Bear Lake 7,729 | | Nez Perce 24,860 +Bingham 23,306 | Elmore 4,785 | Oneida 15,170 +Blaine 8,387 | Fremont 24,606 | Owyhee 4,044 + | Idaho 12,384 | +Boise 5,250 | Kootenai 22,747 | Shoshone 13,963 +Bonner 13,588 | Latah 18,818 | Twin Falls 13,543 +Canyon 25,323 | | Washington 11,101 + + TOTAL 325,594 + +ILLINOIS.--Area, 56,665 square miles. + +Adams 64,588 | Christian 34,594 | Douglas 19,591 +Alexander 22,741 | Clark 23,517 | Dupage 33,432 +Bond 17,075 | Clay 18,661 | Edgar 27,336 +Boone 15,481 | Clinton 22,832 | Edwards 10,049 +Brown 10,397 | Coles 34,517 | Effingham 20,055 + | | +Bureau 43,975 | Cook 2,405,233 | Fayette 28,075 +Calhoun 8,610 | Crawford 26,281 | Ford 17,096 +Carroll 18,035 | Cumberland 14,281 | Franklin 25,943 +Cass 17,372 | Dekalb 33,457 | Fulton 49,549 +Champaign 51,829 | Dewitt 18,906 | Gallatin 14,628 + | | +Greene 22,363 | McHenry 32,509 | Rock Island 70,404 +Grundy 24,162 | McLean 68,008 | St. Clair 119,870 +Hamilton 18,227 | Macon 54,186 | Saline 30,204 +Hancock 30,638 | Macoupin 50,685 | Sangamon 91,024 +Hardin 7,015 | Madison[*] 89,847 | Schuyler 14,852 + | | +Henderson 9,724 | Marion 35,094 | Scott 10,067 +Henry 41,736 | Marshall 15,679 | Shelby 31,693 +Iroquois 35,543 | Mason 17,377 | Stark 10,098 +Jackson 35,143 | Massac 14,200 | Stephenson 36,821 +Jasper 18,157 | Menard 12,796 | Tazewell 34,027 + | | +Jefferson 29,111 | Mercer 19,723 | Union 21,856 +Jersey 13,954 | Monroe 13,508 | Vermilion 77,996 +Jo Daviess 22,657 | Montgomery 35,311 | Wabash 14,913 +Johnson 14,331 | Morgan 34,420 | Warren 23,313 +Kane 91,862 | Moultrie 14,630 | Washington 18,759 + | | +Kankakee 40,752 | Ogle 27,864 | Wayne 25,697 +Kendall 10,777 | Peoria 100,255 | White 23,052 +Knox 46,159 | Perry 22,088 | Whiteside 34,507 +Lake 55,058 | Platt 16,376 | Will 84,371 +Lasalle 90,132 | Pike 28,622 | Williamson 45,098 + | | +Lawrence 22,661 | Pope 11,215 | Winnebago 63,153 +Lee 27,750 | Pulaski 15,650 | Woodford 20,506 +Livingston 40,465 | Putnam 7,561 | +Logan 30,216 | Randolph 29,120 | +McDonough 26,887 | Richland 15,970 | + + TOTAL 5,638,591 + +INDIANA.--Area, 36,354 square miles. + +Adams 21,840 | Fayette 14,415 | Johnson 20,394 +Allen 93,386 | Floyd 30,293 | Knox 39,183 +Bartholomew 24,813 | Fountain 20,439 | Kosciusko 27,936 +Benton 12,688 | Franklin 15,335 | Lagrange 15,148 +Blackford 15,820 | Fulton 16,879 | Lake 82,864 + | | +Boone 24,673 | Gibson 30,137 | Laporte 45,797 +Brown 7,975 | Grant 51,426 | Lawrence 30,625 +Carroll 17,970 | Greene 36,873 | Madison 65,224 +Cass 36,368 | Hamilton 27,026 | Marion 263,661 +Clark 30,260 | Hancock 19,030 | Marshall 24,175 + | | +Clay 32,535 | Harrison 20,232 | Martin 12,950 +Clinton 26,674 | Hendricks 20,840 | Miami 29,350 +Crawford 12,057 | Henry 29,758 | Monroe 23,426 +Daviess 27,747 | Howard 33,177 | Montgomery 29,296 +Dearborn 21,396 | Huntington 28,982 | Morgan 21,182 + | | +Decatur 18,793 | Jackson 24,727 | Newton 10,504 +Dekalb 25,054 | Jasper 13,044 | Noble 24,009 +Delaware 51,414 | Jay 24,961 | Ohio 4,329 +Dubois 19,843 | Jefferson 20,483 | Orange 17,192 +Elkhart 49,008 | Jennings 14,203 | Owen 14,053 + | | +Parke 22,214 | Scott 8,323 | Vermilion 18,865 +Perry 18,078 | Shelby 26,802 | Vigo 87,930 +Pike 19,684 | Spencer 20,676 | Wabash 26,926 +Porter 20,540 | Starke 10,567 | +Posey 21,670 | | Warren 10,899 + | Steuben 14,274 | Warrick 21,911 +Pulaski 13,312 | Sullivan 32,439 | Washington 17,445 +Putnam 20,520 | Switzerland 9,914 | Wayne 43,757 +Randolph 29,013 | Tippecanoe 40,063 | Wells 22,418 +Ripley 19,452 | Tipton 17,459 | +Rush 19,349 | | White 17,602 + | Union 6,260 | Whitley 16,892 +St. Joseph 84,312 | Vanderburg 77,438 | + + TOTAL 2,700,876 + +IOWA.--Area, 56,147 square miles. + +Adair 14,420 | Franklin 14,780 | Monroe 25,429 +Adams 10,998 | | Montgomery 16,604 +Allamakee 17,328 | Fremont 15,623 | Muscatine 29,505 +Appanoose 28,701 | Greene 16,023 | +Audubon 12,671 | Grundy 13,574 | O'Brien 17,262 + | Guthrie 17,374 | Osceola 8,956 +Benton 23,156 | Hamilton 19,242 | Page 24,002 +Blackhawk 44,865 | | Palo Alto 13,845 +Boone 27,626 | Hancock 12,731 | Plymouth 23,129 +Bremer 15,843 | Hardin 20,921 | +Buchanan 19,748 | Harrison 23,162 | Pocahontas 14,808 + | Henry 18,640 | Polk 110,438 +Buena Vista 15,981 | Howard 12,920 | Pottawattamie 55,832 +Butler 17,119 | | Poweshiek 19,589 +Calhoun 17,090 | Humboldt 12,182 | Ringgold 12,904 +Carroll 20,117 | Ida 11,296 | +Cass 19,047 | Iowa 18,409 | Sac 16,555 + | Jackson 21,258 | Scott 60,000 +Cedar 17,765 | Jasper 27,034 | Shelby 16,552 +Cerro Gordo 25,011 | | Sioux 25,248 +Cherokee 16,741 | Jefferson 15,951 | Story 24,083 +Chickasaw 15,375 | Johnson 25,914 | +Clarke 10,736 | Jones 19,050 | Tama 22,156 + | Keokuk 21,160 | Taylor 16,312 +Clay 12,766 | Kossuth 21,971 | Union 16,616 +Clayton 25,576 | | Van Buren 15,020 +Clinton 45,394 | Lee 36,702 | Wapello 37,743 +Crawford 20,041 | Linn 60,720 | +Dallas 23,628 | Louisa 12,855 | Warren 18,194 + | Lucas 13,462 | Washington 19,925 +Davis 13,315 | Lyon 14,624 | Wayne 16,184 +Decatur 16,347 | | Webster 34,629 +Delaware 17,688 | Madison 15,621 | Winnebago 11,914 +Des Moines 36,145 | Mahaska 29,860 | +Dickinson 8,137 | Marion 22,995 | Winneshiek 21,729 + | Marshall 30,279 | Woodbury 67,616 +Dubuque 57,450 | Mills 15,811 | Worth 9,950 +Emmet 9,816 | | Wright 17,951 +Fayette 27,919 | Mitchell 13,435 | +Floyd 17,119 | Monona 16,633 | + + TOTAL 2,224,771 + +KANSAS.--Area, 82,158 square miles. + +Allen 27,640 | Greeley 1,335 | Osborne 12,827 +Anderson 13,829 | Greenwood 16,060 | Ottawa 11,811 +Atchison 28,107 | Hamilton 3,360 | Pawnee 8,859 +Barber 9,916 | Harper 14,748 | Phillips 14,150 +Barton 17,876 | Harvey 19,200 | Pottawatomie 17,522 + | | +Bourbon 24,007 | Haskell 993 | Pratt 11,156 +Brown 21,314 | Hodgeman 2,930 | Rawlins 6,380 +Butler 23,059 | Jackson 16,861 | Reno 37,853 +Chase 7,527 | Jefferson 15,826 | Republic 17,447 +Chautauqua 11,429 | Jewell 18,148 | Rice 15,106 + | | +Cherokee 38,162 | Johnson 18,288 | Riley 15,783 +Cheyenne 4,248 | Kearny 3,206 | Rooks 11,282 +Clark 4,093 | Kingman 13,386 | Rush 7,826 +Clay 15,251 | Kiowa 6,174 | Russell 10,800 +Cloud 18,388 | Labette 31,423 | Saline 20,338 + | | +Coffey 15,205 | Lane 2,603 | Scott 3,047 +Comanche 3,281 | Leavenworth 41,207 | Sedgwick 73,095 +Cowley 31,790 | Lincoln 10,142 | Seward 4,091 +Crawford 51,178 | Linn 14,735 | Shawnee 61,874 +Decatur 8,976 | Logan 4,240 | Sheridan 5,651 + | | +Dickinson 24,361 | Lyon 24,927 | Sherman 4,549 +Doniphan 14,422 | McPherson 21,521 | Smith 15,365 +Douglas 24,724 | Marion 22,415 | Stafford 12,510 +Edwards 7,033 | Marshall 23,880 | Stanton 1,034 +Elk 10,128 | Meade 5,055 | Stevens 2,453 + | | +Ellis 12,170 | Miami 20,030 | Sumner 30,654 +Ellsworth 10,444 | Mitchell 14,089 | Thomas 5,455 +Finney 6,908 | Montgomery 49,474 | Trego 5,398 +Ford 11,393 | Morris 12,397 | Wabaunsee 12,721 +Franklin 20,884 | Morton 1,333 | Wallace 2,759 + | | +Geary 12,681 | Nemaha 19,072 | Washington 20,229 +Gove 6,044 | Neosho 23,754 | Wichita 2,006 +Graham 8,700 | Ness 5,883 | Wilson 19,810 +Grant 1,087 | Norton 11,614 | Woodson 9,450 +Gray 3,121 | Osage 19,905 | Wyandotte 100,068 + + TOTAL 1,690,949 + +KENTUCKY.--Area, 49,598 square miles. + +Adair 16,503 | Boyle 14,668 | Carroll 8,110 +Allen 14,882 | Bracken 10,308 | Carter 21,966 +Anderson 10,146 | Breathitt 17,540 | Casey 15,479 +Ballard 12,690 | Breckinridge 21,034 | Christian 38,845 +Barren 25,293 | Bullitt 9,487 | Clark 17,987 + | | +Bath 13,988 | Butler 15,805 | Clay 17,789 +Bell 28,447 | Caldwell 14,063 | Clinton 8,153 +Boone 9,420 | Calloway 19,867 | Crittenden 13,296 +Bourbon 17,462 | Campbell 59,369 | Cumberland 9,846 +Boyd 23,444 | Carlisle 9,048 | Daviess 41,020 + | | +Edmonson 10,469 | Knox 22,116 | Ohio 27,642 +Elliott 9,814 | Larue 10,701 | Oldham 7,248 +Estill 12,273 | Laurel 19,872 | Owen 14,248 +Fayette 47,715 | Lawrence 20,067 | Owsley 7,979 +Fleming 16,066 | Lee 9,531 | Pendleton 11,985 + | | +Floyd 18,623 | Leslie 8,976 | Perry 11,255 +Franklin 21,135 | Letcher 10,623 | Pike 31,679 +Fulton 14,114 | Lewis 16,887 | Powell 6,268 +Gallatin 4,697 | Lincoln 17,897 | Pulaski 35,986 +Garrard 11,894 | Livingston 10,627 | Robertson 4,121 + | | +Grant 10,581 | Logan 24,977 | Rockcastle 14,473 +Graves 33,539 | Lyon 9,423 | Rowan 9,438 +Grayson 19,958 | McCracken 35,064 | Russell 10,861 +Green 11,871 | McLean 13,241 | Scott 16,956 +Greenup 18,475 | Madison 26,951 | Shelby 18,041 + | | +Hancock 8,512 | Magoffin 13,654 | Simpson 11,460 +Hardin 22,696 | Marion 16,330 | Spencer 7,567 +Harlan 10,566 | Marshall 15,771 | Taylor 11,961 +Harrison 16,873 | Martin 7,291 | Todd 16,488 +Hart 18,173 | Mason 18,611 | Trigg 14,539 + | | +Henderson 29,352 | Meade 9,783 | Trimble 6,512 +Henry 13,716 | Menifee 6,153 | Union 19,886 +Hickman 11,750 | Mercer 14,063 | Warren 30,579 +Hopkins 34,291 | Metcalfe 10,453 | Washington 13,940 +Jackson 10,734 | Monroe 13,663 | Wayne 17,518 + | | +Jefferson 262,920 | Montgomery 12,868 | Webster 20,974 +Jessamine 12,613 | Morgan 16,259 | Whitley 31,982 +Johnson 17,482 | Muhlenberg 28,589 | Wolfe 9,864 +Kenton 70,355 | Nelson 16,830 | Woodford 12,571 +Knott 10,791 | Nicholas 10,601 | + + TOTAL 2,289,905 + +LOUISIANA.--Area, 48,506 square miles. + +Acadia 31,847 | East Carroll 11,637 | Natchitoches 36,455 +Ascension 23,887 | East Feliciana 20,055 | Orleans 339,075 +Assumption 24,128 | Franklin 11,989 | Ouachita 25,830 +Avoyelles 34,102 | Grant 15,958 | Plaquemines 12,524 +Bienville 21,776 | Iberia 31,262 | Pointe Coupee 25,289 + | | +Bossier 21,738 | Iberville 30,954 | Rapides 44,545 +Caddo 58,200 | Jackson 13,818 | Red River 11,402 +Calcasieu 62,767 | Jefferson 18,247 | Richland 15,769 +Caldwell 8,593 | La Salle 9,402 | Sabine 19,874 +Cameron 4,288 | Lafayette 28,733 | St. Bernard 5,277 + | | +Catahoula 10,415 | Lafourche 33,111 | St. Charles 11,207 +Claiborne 25,050 | Lincoln 18,485 | St. Helena 9,172 +Concordia 14,278 | Livingston 10,627 | St. James 23,009 +De Soto 27,689 | Madison 10,676 | St. John the +East Baton Rouge 34,580 | Morehouse 18,786 | Baptist 14,338 + | | St. Landry 66,661 + | | +St. Martin 23,070 | Terrebonne 28,320 | Webster 19,186 +St. Mary 39,368 | Union 20,451 | West Baton Rouge 12,636 +St. Tammany 18,917 | Vermilion 26,390 | West Carroll 6,249 +Tangipahoa 29,160 | Vernon 17,384 | West Feliciana 13,449 +Tensas 17,060 | Washington 18,886 | Winn 18,357 + + TOTAL 1,656,388 + +MAINE.--Area, 33,040 square miles. + +Androscoggin 59,822 | Kennebec 62,863 | Piscataquis 19,887 +Aroostook 74,664 | Knox 28,981 | Sagadahoc 18,574 +Cumberland 112,014 | Lincoln 18,216 | Somerset 36,301 +Franklin 19,119 | Oxford 36,256 | Waldo 23,383 +Hancock 35,575 | Penobscot 85,285 | Washington 42,905 + | | York 68,526 + + TOTAL 742,371 + +MARYLAND.--Area, 12,327 square miles. + +Allegany 62,411 | Charles 16,386 | Prince Georges 36,147 +Anne Arundel 39,553 | Dorchester 28,669 | Queen Annes 16,839 +Baltimore 122,399 | | St. Marys 17,030 +Baltimore City 558,485 | Frederick 52,673 | Somerset 26,455 +Calvert 10,325 | Garrett 20,105 | + | Hartford 27,965 | Talbot 19,620 +Caroline 19,216 | Howard 16,106 | Washington 48,671 +Carroll 33,934 | Kent 16,957 | Wicomico 26,815 +Cecil 23,759 | | Worcester 21,841 + + TOTAL 1,294,450 + +MASSACHUSETTS.--Area, 8,266 square miles. + +Barnstable 27,542 | Franklin 43,600 | Norfolk 187,506 +Berkshire 105,259 | Hampden 231,369 | Plymouth 144,337 +Bristol 318,573 | Hampshire 63,327 | Suffolk 731,388 +Dukes 4,504 | Middlesex 669,915 | Worcester 399,657 +Essex 436,477 | Nantucket 2,962 | + + TOTAL 3,366,416 + +MICHIGAN.--Area, 57,980 square miles. + +Alcona 5,703 | Berrien 53,622 | Delta 30,108 +Alger 7,675 | Branch 25,605 | Dickinson 20,524 +Allegan 39,819 | Calhoun 56,638 | Eaton 30,499 +Alpena 19,965 | Cass 20,624 | Emmet 18,561 +Antrim 15,692 | Charlevoix 19,157 | Genesee 64,555 + | | +Arenac 9,640 | Cheboygan 17,872 | Gladwin 8,413 +Baraga 6,127 | Chippewa 24,472 | Gogebic 23,333 +Barry 22,633 | Clare 9,240 | Grand Traverse 23,784 +Bay 68,238 | Clinton 23,129 | Gratiot 28,820 +Benzie 10,638 | Crawford 3,934 | Hillsdale 29,673 + | | +Houghton 88,098 | Mackinac 9,249 | Ontonagon 8,650 +Huron 34,758 | Macomb 32,606 | Osceola 17,889 +Ingham 53,310 | | Oscoda 2,027 +Ionia 33,550 | Manistee 26,688 | Otsego 6,552 +Iosco 9,753 | Marquette 46,739 | Ottawa 45,301 + | Mason 21,832 | +Iron 15,164 | Mecosta 19,466 | Presque Isle 11,249 +Isabella 23,029 | Menominee 25,648 | Roscommon 2,274 +Jackson 53,426 | | Saginaw 89,290 +Kalamazoo 60,427 | Midland 14,005 | St. Clair 52,341 +Kalkaska 8,097 | Missaukee 10,606 | St. Joseph 25,499 + | Monroe 32,917 | +Kent 159,145 | Montcalm 32,069 | Sanilac 33,930 +Keweenaw 7,156 | Montmorency 3,755 | Schoolcraft 8,681 +Lake 4,939 | | Shiawassee 33,246 +Lapeer 26,033 | Muskegon 40,577 | Tuscola 34,913 +Leelanau 10,608 | Newaygo 19,220 | Van Buren 33,185 + | Oakland 49,576 | +Lenawee 47,907 | Oceana 18,379 | Washtenaw 44,714 +Livingston 17,736 | Ogemaw 8,907 | Wayne 531,590 +Luce 4,004 | | Wexford 20,769 + + TOTAL 2,810,173 + +MINNESOTA.--Area, 84,628 square miles. + +Aitkin 10,371 | Isanti 12,615 | Polk 36,001 +Anoka 12,493 | | Pope 12,746 +Becker 18,840 | Itasca 17,208 | Ramsey 223,675 +Beltrami 19,337 | Jackson 14,491 | +Benton 11,615 | Kanabec 6,461 | Red Lake 15,940 + | Kandiyohi 18,969 | Redwood 18,425 +Bigstone 9,367 | Kittson 9,669 | Renville 23,123 +Blue Earth 29,337 | | Rice 25,911 +Brown 20,134 | Koochiching 6,431 | Rock 10,222 +Carlton 17,559 | Lac qui Parle 15,435 | +Carver 17,455 | Lake 8,011 | Roseau 11,338 + | Le Sueur 18,609 | St. Louis 163,274 +Cass 11,620 | Lincoln 9,874 | Scott 14,888 +Chippewa 13,458 | | Sheburne 8,136 +Chisago 13,537 | Lyon 15,722 | Sibley 15,540 +Clay 19,640 | McLeod 18,691 | +Clearwater 6,870 | Mahnomen 3,249 | Stearns 47,733 + | Marshall 16,338 | Steele 16,146 +Cook 1,336 | Martin 17,518 | Stevens 8,293 +Cottonwood 12,651 | | Swift 12,949 +Crow Wing 16,861 | Meeker 17,022 | Todd 23,407 +Dakota 25,171 | Mille Lacs 10,705 | +Dodge 12,094 | Morrison 24,053 | Traverse 8,049 + | Mower 22,640 | Wabasha 18,554 +Douglas 17,669 | Murray 11,755 | Wadena 8,652 +Faribault 19,949 | | Waseca 13,466 +Fillmore 25,680 | Nicollet 14,125 | Washington 26,013 +Freeborn 22,282 | Nobles 15,210 | +Goodhue 31,637 | Norman 13,446 | Watonwan 11,382 + | Olmsted 22,497 | Wilkin 9,063 +Grant 9,114 | Otter Tail 46,036 | Winona 33,398 +Hennepin 333,480 | | Wright 28,082 +Houston 14,297 | Pine 15,878 | Yellow Medicine 15,406 +Hubbard 9,831 | Pipestone 9,553 | + + TOTAL 2,075,708 + +MISSISSIPPI.--Area, 46,865 square miles. + +Adams 25,265 | Itawamba 14,526 | Pearl River 10,593 +Alcorn 18,159 | Jackson 15,451 | Perry 7,685 +Amite 22,954 | Jasper 18,498 | +Attala 28,851 | | Pike 37,272 +Benton 10,245 | Jefferson 18,221 | Pontotoc 19,688 + | Jefferson Davis 12,860 | Prentiss 16,931 +Bolivar 48,905 | Jones 29,885 | Quitman 11,593 +Calhoun 17,726 | Kemper 20,348 | Rankin 23,944 +Carroll 23,139 | Lafayette 21,883 | +Chickasaw 22,846 | | Scott 16,723 +Choctaw 14,357 | Lamar 11,741 | Sharkey 15,694 + | Lauderdale 46,919 | Simpson 17,201 +Claiborne 17,403 | Lawrence 13,080 | Smith 16,603 +Clarke 21,630 | Leake 18,298 | Sunflower 28,787 +Clay 20,203 | Lee 28,894 | +Coahoma 34,217 | | Tallahatchie 29,078 +Copiah 35,914 | Leflore 36,290 | Tate 19,714 + | Lincoln 28,597 | Tippah 14,631 +Covington 16,909 | Lowndes 30,703 | Tishomingo 13,067 +De Soto 23,130 | Madison 33,505 | Tunica 18,646 +Forrest 20,722 | Marion 15,599 | +Franklin 15,193 | | Union 18,997 +George 6,599 | Marshall 26,796 | Warren 37,488 + | Monroe 35,178 | Washington 48,933 +Greene 6,050 | Montgomery 17,706 | Wayne 14,709 +Grenada 15,727 | Neshoba 17,980 | Webster 14,853 +Hancock 11,207 | Newton 23,085 | +Harrison 34,658 | | Wilkinson 18,075 +Hinds 63,726 | Noxubee 28,503 | Winston 17,139 + | Oktibbeha 19,676 | Yalobusha 21,519 +Holmes 39,088 | Panola 31,274 | Yazoo 46,672 +Issaquena 10,560 | | + + TOTAL 1,797,114 + +MISSOURI.--Area, 69,420 square miles. + +Adair 22,700 | Cape Girardeau 27,621 | Daviess 17,605 +Andrew 15,282 | Carroll 23,098 | Dekalb 12,531 +Atchison 13,604 | Carter 5,504 | Dent 13,245 +Audrain 21,687 | Cass 22,973 | Douglas 16,664 +Barry 23,869 | Cedar 16,080 | Dunklin 30,328 + | | +Barton 16,747 | Chariton 23,503 | Franklin 29,830 +Bates 25,869 | Christian 15,832 | Gasconade 12,847 +Benton 14,881 | Clark 12,811 | Gentry 16,820 +Bollinger 14,576 | Clay 20,302 | Greene 63,831 +Boone 30,533 | Clinton 15,297 | Grundy 16,744 + | | +Buchanan 93,020 | Cole 21,957 | Harrison 20,466 +Butler 20,624 | Cooper 20,311 | Henry 27,242 +Caldwell 14,605 | Crawford 13,576 | Hickory 8,741 +Callaway 24,400 | Dade 15,613 | Holt 14,539 +Camden 11,582 | Dallas 13,181 | Howard 15,653 + | | +Howell 21,065 | Montgomery 15,604 | St. Clair 16,412 +Iron 8,563 | | St. Francois 35,738 +Jackson 263,522 | Morgan 12,863 | St. Louis 82,417 +Jasper 89,673 | New Madrid 19,488 | +Jefferson 27,878 | Newton 27,136 | St. Louis City 587,029 + | Nodaway 28,833 | Ste. Genevieve 10,607 +Johnson 26,297 | Oregon 14,681 | Saline 29,448 +Knox 12,403 | | Schuyler 9,062 +Laclede 17,363 | Osage 14,283 | Scotland 11,869 +Lafayette 30,154 | Ozark 11,926 | +Lawrence 26,583 | Pemiscot 19,559 | Scott 22,372 + | Perry 14,898 | Shannon 11,443 +Lewis 15,514 | Pettis 33,913 | Shelby 14,864 +Lincoln 17,033 | | Stoddard 27,807 +Linn 25,253 | Phelps 15,796 | Stone 11,559 +Livingston 19,453 | Pike 22,556 | +McDonald 13,539 | Platte 14,429 | Sullivan 18,598 + | Polk 21,561 | Taney 9,134 +Macon 30,358 | Pulaski 11,436 | Texas 21,458 +Madison 11,273 | | Vernon 28,827 +Maries 10,088 | Putnam 14,308 | Warren 9,123 +Marion 30,572 | Ralls 12,913 | +Mercer 13,355 | Randolph 26,182 | Washington 13,378 + | Ray 21,451 | Wayne 15,181 +Miller 16,717 | Reynolds 9,592 | Webster 17,377 +Mississippi 14,557 | | Worth 8,007 +Moniteau 14,375 | Ripley 13,099 | Wright 18,315 +Monroe 18,304 | St. Charles 24,695 | + + TOTAL 3,293,338 + +MONTANA.--Area, 146,572 square miles. + +Beaverhead 6,446 | Gallatin 14,079 | Powell 5,904 +Broadwater 3,491 | Granite 2,942 | Ravalli 11,666 +Carbon 13,962 | Jefferson 5,601 | Rosebud 7,985 +Cascade 28,833 | Lewis and Clark 21,853 | Sanders 3,713 +Chouteau 17,191 | Lincoln 3,638 | Silver Bow 56,848 + | | Sweet Grass 4,029 +Custer 14,123 | Madison 7,229 | +Dawson 12,725 | Meagher 4,190 | Teton 9,546 +Deer Lodge 12,988 | Missoula 23,596 | Valley 13,630 +Fergus 17,385 | Park 10,731 | Yellowstone 22,944 +Flathead 18,785 | | + + TOTAL 376,053 + +NEBRASKA.--Area, 77,520 square miles. + +Adams 20,900 | Butler 15,403 | Dakota 6,564 +Antelope 14,003 | Cass 19,786 | Dawes 8,254 +Banner 1,444 | Cedar 15,191 | Dawson 15,961 +Blaine 1,672 | Chase 3,613 | Deuel 1,786 +Boone 13,145 | Cherry 10,414 | Dixon 11,477 + | | +Boxbutte 6,131 | Cheyenne 4,551 | Dodge 22,145 +Boyd 8,826 | Clay 15,729 | Douglas 168,546 +Brown 6,083 | Colfax 11,610 | Dundy 4,098 +Buffalo 21,907 | Cuming 13,782 | Fillmore 14,674 +Burt 12,726 | Custer 25,668 | Franklin 10,303 + | | +Frontier 8,572 | Kimball 1,942 | Richardson 17,448 +Furnas 12,083 | Knox 18,358 | Rock 3,627 +Gage 30,325 | Lancaster 73,793 | Saline 17,866 +Garden 3,538 | Lincoln 15,684 | +Garfield 3,417 | | Sarpy 9,274 + | Logan 1,521 | Saunders 21,179 +Gosper 4,933 | Loup 2,188 | Scotts Bluff 8,355 +Grant 1,097 | McPherson 2,470 | Seward 15,895 +Greeley 8,047 | Madison 19,101 | Sheridan 7,328 +Hall 20,361 | Merrick 10,379 | +Hamilton 13,459 | | Sherman 8,278 + | Morrill 4,584 | Sioux 5,599 +Harlan 9,578 | Nance 8,926 | Stanton 7,542 +Hayes 3,011 | Nemaha 13,095 | Thayer 14,775 +Hitchcock 5,415 | Nuckolls 13,019 | Thomas 1,191 +Holt 15,545 | Otoe 19,323 | +Hooker 981 | | Thurston 8,704 + | Pawnee 10,582 | Valley 9,480 +Howard 10,783 | Perkins 2,570 | Washington 12,738 +Jefferson 16,852 | Phelps 10,451 | Wayne 10,397 +Johnson 10,187 | Pierce 10,122 | Webster 12,008 +Kearney 9,106 | Platte 19,006 | +Keith 3,692 | | Wheeler 2,292 + | Polk 10,521 | York 18,721 +Keyapaha 3,452 | Redwillow 11,056 | + + TOTAL 1,192,214 + +NEVADA.--Area, 110,690 square miles. + +Churchill 2,811 | Eureka 1,830 | Nye 7,513 +Clark 3,321 | Humboldt 6,825 | Ormsby 3,089 +Douglas 1,895 | Lander 1,786 | Storey 3,045 +Elko 8,133 | Lincoln 3,489 | Washoe 17,434 +Esmeralda 9,695 | Lyon 3,568 | White Pine 7,441 + + TOTAL 81,875 + +NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Area, 9,341 square miles. + +Belknap 21,309 | Grafton 41,652 | Rockingham 52,188 +Carroll 16,316 | | Strafford 38,951 +Cheshire 30,659 | Hillsboro 126,072 | Sullivan 19,337 +Coos 30,753 | Merrimack 53,335 | + + TOTAL 430,572 + +NEW JERSEY.--Area, 8,224 square miles. + +Atlantic 71,894 | Hudson 537,231 | Passaic 215,902 +Bergen 138,002 | Hunterdon 33,569 | Salem 26,999 +Burlington 66,565 | | Somerset 38,820 +Camden 142,029 | Mercer 125,657 | Sussex 26,781 +Cape May 19,745 | Middlesex 114,426 | Union 140,197 + | Monmouth 94,734 | +Cumberland 55,153 | Morris 74,704 | Warren 43,187 +Essex 512,886 | Ocean 21,318 | +Gloucester 37,368 | | + + TOTAL 2,537,167 + +NEW MEXICO.--Area, 122,634 square miles. + +Bernalillo 23,606 | Luna 3,913 | Sandoval 8,579 +Chaves 16,850 | | Santa Fe 14,770 +Colfax 16,460 | McKinley 12,963 | +Curry 11,443 | Mora 12,611 | Sierra 3,536 +Dona Ana 12,893 | Otero 7,069 | Socorro 14,761 + | Quay 14,912 | Taos 12,008 +Eddy 12,400 | Rio Arriba 16,719 | Torrance 10,119 +Grant 14,813 | | Union 11,404 +Guadalupe 10,927 | Roosevelt 12,064 | +Lincoln 7,822 | San Juan 8,504 | Valencia 13,320 + | San Miguel 22,930 | + + TOTAL 327,396 + +NEW YORK.--Area, 49,204 square miles. + +Albany 173,666 | Herkimer 56,356 | Rensselaer 122,276 +Allegany 41,412 | Jefferson 80,382 | Richmond 85,969 +Broome 78,809 | Kings 1,634,351 | Rockland 46,873 +Cattaraugus 65,919 | Lewis 24,849 | St. Lawrence 89,005 +Cayuga 67,106 | Livingston 38,037 | Saratoga 61,917 + | | +Chautauqua 105,126 | Madison 39,289 | Schenectady 88,235 +Chemung 54,662 | Monroe 283,212 | Schoharie 23,355 +Chenango 35,575 | Montgomery 57,567 | Schuyler 14,004 +Clinton 48,230 | Nassau 83,930 | Seneca 26,972 +Columbia 43,658 | New York 2,762,522 | Steuben 83,362 + | | +Cortland 29,249 | Niagara 92,036 | Suffolk 96,138 +Delaware 45,575 | Oneida 154,157 | Sullivan 33,808 +Dutchess 87,661 | Onondaga 200,298 | Tioga 25,624 +Erie 528,985 | Ontario 52,286 | Tompkins 33,647 +Essex 33,458 | Orange 116,001 | Ulster 91,769 + | | +Franklin 45,717 | Orleans 32,000 | Warren 32,223 +Fulton 44,534 | Oswego 71,664 | Washington 47,778 +Genesee 37,615 | Otsego 47,216 | Wayne 50,179 +Greene 30,214 | Putnam 14,665 | Westchester 283,055 +Hamilton 4,373 | Queens 284,041 | Wyoming 31,880 + | | + | | Yates 18,642 + + TOTAL 9,113,614 + +NORTH CAROLINA.--Area, 52,426 square miles. + +Alamance 28,712 | Burke 21,408 | Clay 3,909 +Alexander 11,592 | Cabarrus 26,240 | Cleveland 29,494 +Alleghany 7,745 | Caldwell 20,579 | Columbus 28,020 +Anson 25,465 | Camden 5,640 | Craven 25,594 +Ashe 19,074 | Carteret 13,776 | Cumberland 35,284 + | | +Beaufort 30,877 | Caswell 14,858 | Currituck 7,693 +Bertie 23,039 | Catawba 27,918 | Dare 4,841 +Bladen 18,006 | Chatham 22,635 | Davidson 29,404 +Brunswick 14,432 | Cherokee 14,136 | Davie 13,394 +Buncombe 49,798 | Chowan 11,303 | Duplin 25,442 + | | +Durham 35,276 | Lincoln 17,132 | Robeson 51,945 +Edgecombe 32,010 | McDowell 13,538 | Rockingham 36,442 +Forsyth 47,311 | Macon 12,191 | Rowan 37,521 +Franklin 24,692 | | Rutherford 28,385 +Gaston 37,063 | Madison 20,132 | Sampson 29,982 + | Martin 17,797 | +Gates 10,455 | Mecklenburg 67,031 | Scotland 15,363 +Graham 4,749 | Mitchell 17,245 | Stanly 19,909 +Granville 25,102 | Montgomery 14,967 | Stokes 20,151 +Greene 13,083 | | Surry 29,705 +Guilford 60,497 | Moore 17,010 | Swain 10,403 + | Nash 33,727 | +Halifax 37,646 | New Hanover 32,037 | Transylvania 7,191 +Harnett 22,174 | Northampton 22,323 | Tyrrell 5,219 +Haywood 21,020 | Onslow 14,125 | Union 33,277 +Henderson 16,262 | | Vance 19,425 +Hertford 15,436 | Orange 15,064 | Wake 63,229 + | Pamlico 9,966 | +Hyde 8,840 | Pasquotank 16,693 | Warren 20,266 +Iredell 34,315 | Pender 15,471 | Washington 11,062 +Jackson 12,998 | Perquimans 11,054 | Watauga 13,556 +Johnston 41,401 | | Wayne 35,698 +Jones 8,721 | Person 17,356 | Wilkes 30,282 + | Pitt 36,340 | +Lee 11,376 | Polk 7,640 | Wilson 28,269 +Lenoir 22,769 | Randolph 29,491 | Yadkin 15,428 + | Richmond 19,673 | Yancey 12,072 + + TOTAL 2,206,287 + +NORTH DAKOTA.--Area, 70,837 square miles. + +Adams 5,407 | Griggs 6,274 | Pierce 9,740 +Barnes 18,066 | Hettinger 6,557 | Ramsey 15,199 +Benson 12,681 | Kidder 5,962 | Ransom 10,345 +Billings 10,186 | Lamoure 10,724 | Richland 19,659 +Bottineau 17,295 | Logan 6,168 | Rolette 9,558 + | | +Bowman 4,668 | McHenry 17,627 | Sargent 9,202 +Burleigh 13,087 | McIntosh 7,251 | Sheridan 8,103 +Cass 33,935 | McKenzie 5,720 | Stark 12,504 +Cavalier 15,659 | McLean 14,578 | Steele 7,616 +Dickey 9,839 | Mercer 4,665 | Stutsman 18,189 + | | +Dunn 5,302 | Mountrail 8,491 | Towner 8,963 +Eddy 4,800 | Morton 25,289 | Traill 12,545 +Emmons 9,796 | Nelson 10,140 | Walsh 19,491 +Foster 5,313 | Oliver 3,577 | Ward 42,185 +Grand Forks 27,888 | Pembina 14,749 | Wells 11,814 + | | + | | Williams 20,249 + + TOTAL 577,056 + +OHIO.--Area, 41,040 square miles. + +Adams 24,755 | Auglaize 31,246 | Champaign 26,351 +Allen 56,580 | Belmont 76,856 | Clark 66,435 +Ashland 22,975 | Brown 24,832 | Clermont 29,551 +Ashtabula 59,547 | Butler 70,271 | Clinton 23,680 +Athens 47,798 | Carroll 15,761 | Columbiana 76,619 + | | +Coshocton 30,121 | Jefferson 65,423 | Pike 15,723 +Crawford 34,036 | Knox 30,181 | Portage 30,307 +Cuyahoga 637,425 | Lake 22,927 | Preble 23,834 +Darke 42,933 | Lawrence 39,488 | Putnam 29,972 +Defiance 24,498 | Licking 55,590 | Richland 47,667 + | | +Delaware 27,182 | Logan 30,084 | Ross 40,069 +Erie 38,327 | Lorain 76,037 | Sandusky 35,171 +Fairfield 39,201 | Lucas 192,728 | Scioto 48,463 +Fayette 21,744 | Madison 19,902 | Seneca 42,421 +Franklin 221,567 | Mahoning 116,151 | Shelby 24,663 + | | +Fulton 23,914 | Marion 33,971 | Stark 122,987 +Gallia 25,745 | Medina 23,598 | Summit 108,253 +Geauga 14,670 | Meigs 25,594 | Trumbull 52,766 +Greene 29,733 | Mercer 27,536 | Tuscarawas 57,035 +Guernsey 42,716 | Miami 45,047 | Union 21,871 + | | +Hamilton 460,732 | Monroe 24,244 | Van Wert 29,119 +Hancock 37,860 | Montgomery 163,763 | Vinton 13,096 +Hardin 30,407 | Morgan 16,097 | Warren 24,497 +Harrison 19,076 | Morrow 16,815 | Washington 45,422 +Henry 25,119 | Muskingum 57,488 | Wayne 38,058 + | | +Highland 28,711 | Noble 18,601 | Williams 25,198 +Hocking 23,650 | Ottawa 22,360 | Wood 46,330 +Holmes 17,909 | Paulding 22,730 | Wyandot 20,760 +Huron 34,206 | Perry 35,396 | +Jackson 30,791 | Pickaway 26,158 | + + TOTAL 4,767,121 + +OKLAHOMA.--Area, 70,057 square miles. + +Adair 10,535 | Dewey 14,132 | Logan 31,740 +Alfalfa 18,138 | Ellis 15,375 | Love 10,236 +Atoka 13,808 | Garfield 33,050 | McClain 15,659 +Beaver 13,631 | Garvin 26,545 | McCurtain 20,681 +Beckham 19,699 | Grady 30,309 | McIntosh 20,961 + | | +Blaine 17,960 | Grant 18,760 | Major 15,248 +Bryan 29,854 | Greer 16,449 | Marshall 11,619 +Caddo 35,685 | Harmon 11,328 | Mayes 13,596 +Canadian 23,501 | Harper 8,189 | Murray 12,744 +Carter 25,358 | Haskell 18,875 | Muskogee 52,743 + | | +Cherokee 16,778 | Hughes 24,040 | Noble 14,945 +Choctaw 21,862 | Jackson 23,737 | Nowata 14,223 +Cimarron 4,553 | Jefferson 17,430 | Okfuskee 19,995 +Cleveland 18,843 | Johnston 16,734 | Oklahoma 85,232 +Coal 15,817 | Kay 26,999 | Okmulgee 21,115 + | | +Comanche 41,489 | Kingfisher 18,825 | Osage 20,101 +Craig 17,404 | Kiowa 27,526 | Ottawa 15,713 +Creek 26,223 | Latimer 11,321 | Pawnee 17,332 +Custer 23,231 | Le Flore 29,127 | Payne 23,735 +Delaware 11,469 | Lincoln 34,779 | Pittsburg 47,650 + | | +Pontotoc 24,331 | Seminole 19,964 | Tulsa 34,995 +Pottawatomie 43,595 | Sequoyah 25,005 | Wagoner 22,086 +Pushmataha 10,118 | Stephens 22,252 | Washington 17,484 +Roger Mills 12,861 | Texas 14,249 | Washita 25,034 +Rogers 17,736 | Tillman 18,650 | Woods 17,567 + | | + | | Woodward 16,592 + + TOTAL 1,657,155 + +OREGON.--Area, 96,699 square miles. + +Baker 18,076 | Hood River 8,016 | Multnomah 226,261 +Benton 10,663 | Jackson 25,756 | Polk 13,469 +Clackamas 29,931 | Josephine 9,567 | +Clatsop 16,106 | | Sherman 4,242 +Columbia 10,580 | Klamath 8,554 | Tillamook 6,266 + | Lake 4,658 | Umatilla 20,309 +Coos 17,959 | Lane 33,783 | Union 16,191 +Crook 9,315 | Lincoln 5,587 | Wallowa 8,364 +Curry 2,044 | Linn 22,662 | +Douglas 19,674 | | Wasco 16,336 +Gilliam 3,701 | Malheur 8,601 | Washington 21,522 + | Marion 39,780 | Wheeler 2,484 +Grant 5,607 | Morrow 4,357 | Yamhill 18,285 +Harney 4,059 | | + + TOTAL 672,765 + +PENNSYLVANIA.--Area, 45,126 square miles. + +Adams 34,319 | Erie 115,517 | Northampton 127,667 +Allegheny 1,018,463 | | Northumberland 111,420 +Armstrong 67,880 | Fayette 167,449 | Perry 24,136 +Beaver 78,353 | Forest 9,435 | +Bedford 38,879 | Franklin 59,775 | Philadelphia 1,549,008 + | Fulton 9,703 | Pike 8,033 +Berks 183,222 | Greene 28,882 | Potter 29,729 +Blair 108,858 | | Schuylkill 207,894 +Bradford 54,526 | Huntingdon 38,304 | Snyder 16,800 +Bucks 76,530 | Indiana 66,210 | +Butler 72,689 | Jefferson 63,090 | Somerset 67,717 + | Juniata 15,013 | Sullivan 11,293 +Cambria 166,131 | Lackawanna 259,570 | Susquehanna 37,746 +Cameron 7,644 | | Tioga 42,829 +Carbon 52,846 | Lancaster 167,029 | Union 16,249 +Center 43,424 | Lawrence 70,032 | +Chester 109,213 | Lebanon 59,565 | Venango 56,359 + | Lehigh 118,832 | Warren 39,573 +Clarion 36,638 | Luzerne 343,186 | Washington 143,680 +Clearfield 93,768 | | Wayne 29,236 +Clinton 31,545 | Lycoming 80,813 | Westmoreland 231,304 +Columbia 48,467 | McKean 47,868 | +Crawford 61,565 | Mercer 77,699 | Wyoming 15,509 + | Mifflin 27,785 | York 136,405 +Cumberland 54,479 | Monroe 22,941 | +Dauphin 136,152 | | +Delaware 117,906 | Montgomery 169,590 | +Elk 35,871 | Montour 14,868 | + + TOTAL 7,665,111 + +RHODE ISLAND.--Area, 1,248 square miles. + +Bristol 17,602 | Newport 39,335 | Washington 24,942 +Kent 36,378 | Providence 424,417 | + + TOTAL 542,674 + +SOUTH CAROLINA.--Area, 30,989 square miles. + +Abbeville 34,804 | Dillon 22,615 | Marion 20,596 +Aiken 41,849 | Dorchester 17,891 | Marlboro 31,189 +Anderson 69,568 | Edgefield 28,281 | Newberry 34,586 +Bamberg 18,544 | Fairfield 29,442 | Oconee 27,337 +Barnwell 34,209 | Florence 35,671 | Orangeburg 55,893 + | | +Beaufort 30,355 | Georgetown 22,270 | Pickens 25,422 +Berkeley 23,487 | Greenville 68,377 | Richland 55,143 +Calhoun 16,634 | Greenwood 34,225 | Saluda 20,943 +Charleston 88,594 | Hampton 25,126 | Spartanburg 83,465 +Cherokee 26,179 | Horry 26,995 | Sumter 38,472 + | | +Chester 29,425 | Kershaw 27,094 | Union 29,911 +Chesterfield 26,301 | Lancaster 26,650 | Williamsburg 37,626 +Clarendon 32,188 | Laurens 41,550 | York 47,718 +Colleton 35,390 | Lee 25,318 | +Darlington 36,027 | Lexington 32,040 | + + TOTAL 1,515,400 + +SOUTH DAKOTA.--Area, 77,615 square miles. + +Armstrong 647 | Fall River 7,763 | Minnehaha 29,631 +Aurora 6,143 | Faulk 6,716 | +Beadle 15,776 | Grant 10,303 | Moody 8,695 +Bonhomme 11,061 | | Pennington 12,453 +Brookings 14,178 | Gregory 13,061 | Perkins 11,348 + | Hamlin 7,475 | Potter 4,466 +Brown 25,867 | Hand 7,870 | Roberts 14,897 +Brule 6,451 | Hanson 6,237 | +Buffalo 1,589 | Harding 4,228 | Sanborn 6,607 +Butte 4,993 | | Schnasse 292 +Campbell 5,244 | Hughes 6,271 | Spink 15,981 + | Hutchinson 12,319 | Stanley 14,975 +Charles Mix 14,899 | Hyde 3,307 | Sterling 252 +Clark 10,901 | Jerauld 5,120 | +Clay 8,711 | Kingsbury 12,560 | Sully 2,462 +Codington 14,092 | | Tripp 8,323 +Corson 2,929 | Lake 10,711 | Turner 13,840 + | Lawrence 19,694 | Union 10,676 +Custer 4,458 | Lincoln 12,712 | Walworth 6,488 +Davison 11,625 | Lyman 10,848 | +Day 14,372 | McCook 9,589 | Yankton 13,135 +Deuel 7,768 | | Pine Ridge Indian +Dewey 1,145 | McPherson 6,791 | Reservation 6,607 + | Marshall 8,021 | Rosebud Indian +Douglas 6,400 | Meade 12,640 | Reservation 3,960 +Edmunds 7,654 | Miner 7,661 | + + TOTAL 583,888 + +TENNESSEE.--Area, 42,022 square miles. + +Anderson 17,717 | Hancock 10,778 | Morgan 11,458 +Bedford 22,667 | Hardeman 23,011 | Obion 29,946 +Benton 12,452 | | Overton 15,854 +Bledsoe 6,329 | Hardin 17,521 | Perry 8,815 +Blount 20,809 | Hawkins 23,587 | Pickett 5,087 + | Haywood 25,910 | +Bradley 16,336 | Henderson 17,030 | Polk 14,116 +Campbell 27,387 | Henry 25,434 | Putnam 20,023 +Cannon 10,825 | | Rhea 15,410 +Carroll 23,971 | Hickman 16,527 | Roane 22,860 +Carter 19,838 | Houston 6,224 | Robertson 25,466 + | Humphreys 13,908 | +Cheatham 10,540 | Jackson 15,036 | Rutherford 33,199 +Chester 9,090 | James 5,210 | Scott 12,947 +Claiborne 23,504 | | Sequatchie 4,202 +Clay 9,009 | Jefferson 17,755 | Sevier 22,296 +Cocke 19,399 | Johnson 13,191 | Shelby 191,439 + | Knox 94,187 | +Coffee 15,625 | Lake 8,704 | Smith 18,548 +Crockett 16,076 | Lauderdale 21,105 | Stewart 14,860 +Cumberland 9,327 | | Sullivan 28,120 +Davidson 149,478 | Lawrence 17,569 | Sumner 25,621 +Decatur 10,093 | Lewis 6,033 | Tipton 29,459 + | Lincoln 25,908 | +Dekalb 15,434 | Loudon 13,612 | Trousdale 5,874 +Dickson 19,955 | McMinn 21,046 | Unicoi 7,201 +Dyer 27,721 | | Union 11,414 +Fayette 30,257 | McNairy 16,356 | Van Buren 2,784 +Fentress 7,446 | Macon 14,559 | Warren 16,534 + | Madison 39,357 | +Franklin 20,491 | Marion 18,820 | Washington 28,968 +Gibson 41,630 | Marshall 16,872 | Wayne 12,062 +Giles 32,629 | | Weakley 31,929 +Grainger 13,888 | Maury 40,456 | White 5,420 +Greene 31,083 | Meigs 6,131 | Williamson 24,213 + | Monroe 20,716 | +Grundy 8,322 | Montgomery 33,672 | Wilson 25,394 +Hamblen 13,650 | Moore 4,800 | +Hamilton 89,267 | | + + TOTAL 2,184,739 + +TEXAS.--Area, 265,896 square miles. + +Anderson 29,650 | Bastrop 25,344 | Brazos 18,919 +Andrews 975 | Baylor 8,411 | Brewster 5,220 +Angelina 17,705 | Bee 12,090 | Briscoe 2,162 +Aransas 2,106 | Bell 49,186 | Brown 22,935 +Archer 6,525 | Bexar 119,676 | Burleson 18,687 + | | +Armstrong 2,682 | Blanco 4,311 | Burnet 10,755 +Atascosa 10,004 | Borden 1,386 | Caldwell 24,237 +Austin 17,699 | Bosque 19,013 | Calhoun 3,635 +Bailey 312 | Bowie 4,827 | Callahan 12,973 +Bandera 4,921 | Brazoria 13,299 | Cameron 27,158 + | | +Camp 9,551 | Gaines 1,255 | Knox 9,625 +Carson 2,127 | Galveston 44,479 | La Salle 4,747 +Cass 27,587 | Garza 1,995 | Lamar 46,544 +Castro 1,850 | Gillespie 9,447 | Lamb 540 +Chambers 4,234 | Glasscock 1,143 | Lampasas 9,532 + | | +Cherokee 29,038 | Goliad 9,909 | Lavaca 26,418 +Childress 9,538 | Gonzales 28,055 | Lee 13,132 +Clay 17,043 | Gray 3,405 | Leon 16,583 +Cochran 65 | Grayson 65,996 | Liberty 10,686 +Coke 6,412 | Gregg 14,140 | Limestone 34,621 + | | +Coleman 22,618 | Grimes 21,205 | Lipscomb 2,634 +Collin 49,021 | Guadalupe 24,913 | Live Oak 3,442 +Collingsworth 5,224 | Hale 7,566 | Llano 6,520 +Colorado 18,897 | Hall 8,279 | Loving 249 +Comal 8,434 | Hamilton 15,315 | Lubbock 3,624 + | | +Comanche 27,186 | Hansford 935 | Lynn 1,713 +Concho 6,654 | Hardeman 11,213 | McCulloch 13,405 +Cooke 26,603 | Hardin 12,947 | McLennan 73,250 +Coryell 21,703 | Harris 115,693 | McMullen 1,091 +Cottle 4,396 | Harrison 37,243 | Madison 10,318 + | | +Crane 331 | Hartley 1,298 | Marion 10,472 +Crockett 1,296 | Haskell 16,249 | Martin 1,549 +Crosby 1,765 | Hays 15,518 | Mason 5,683 +Dallam 4,001 | Hemphill 3,170 | Matagorda 13,594 +Dallas 135,748 | Henderson 20,131 | Maverick 5,151 + | | +Dawson 2,320 | Hidalgo 13,728 | Medina 13,415 +De Witt 23,501 | Hill 46,760 | Menard 2,707 +Deaf Smith 3,942 | Hockley 137 | Midland 3,464 +Delta 14,566 | Hood 10,008 | Milam 36,780 +Denton 31,258 | Hopkins 31,038 | Mills 9,694 + | | +Dickens 3,092 | Houston 29,564 | Mitchell 8,956 +Dimmit 3,460 | Howard 8,881 | Montague 25,123 +Donley 5,284 | Hunt 48,116 | Montgomery 15,679 +Duval 8,964 | Hutchinson 892 | Moore 561 +Eastland 23,421 | Irion 1,283 | Morris 10,439 + | | +Ector 1,178 | Jack 11,817 | Motley 2,396 +Edwards 3,768 | Jackson 6,471 | Nacogdoches 27,406 +El Paso 52,599 | Jasper 14,000 | Navarro 47,070 +Ellis 53,629 | Jeff Davis 1,678 | Newton 10,850 +Erath 32,095 | Jefferson 38,182 | Nolan 11,999 + | | +Falls 35,649 | Johnson 34,460 | Nueces 21,955 +Fannin 44,801 | Jones 24,299 | Ochiltree 1,602 +Fayette 29,796 | Karnes 14,942 | Oldham 812 +Fisher 12,596 | Kaufman 35,323 | Orange 9,528 +Floyd 4,638 | Kendall 4,517 | Palo Pinto 19,506 + | | +Foard 5,726 | Kent 2,655 | Panola 20,424 +Fort Bend 18,168 | Kerr 5,505 | Parker 26,331 +Franklin 9,331 | Kimble 3,261 | Parmer 1,555 +Freestone 20,557 | King 810 | Pecos 2,071 +Frio 8,895 | Kinney 3,401 | Polk 17,459 + | | +Potter 12,424 | Sherman 1,376 | Val Verde 8,613 +Presidio 5,218 | Smith 41,746 | +Rains 6,787 | Somervell 3,931 | Van Zandt 25,651 +Randall 3,312 | | Victoria 14,990 +Reagan 392 | Starr 13,151 | Walker 16,061 + | Stephens 7,980 | Waller 12,138 +Red River 28,564 | Sterling 1,493 | Ward 2,389 +Reeves 4,392 | Stonewall 5,320 | +Refugio 2,814 | Sutton 1,569 | Washington 25,561 +Roberts 950 | | Webb 22,503 +Robertson 27,454 | Swisher 4,012 | Wharton 21,123 + | Tarrant 108,572 | Wheeler 5,258 +Rockwall 8,072 | Taylor 26,293 | Wichita 16,094 +Runnels 20,858 | Terrell 1,430 | +Rusk 26,946 | Terry 1,474 | Wilbarger 12,000 +Sabine 8,582 | | Williamson 42,228 +San Augustine 11,264 | Throckmorton 4,563 | Wilson 17,066 + | Titus 16,422 | Winkler 442 +San Jacinto 9,542 | Tom Green 17,882 | Wise 26,450 +San Patricio 7,307 | Travis 55,620 | +San Saba 11,245 | Trinity 12,768 | Wood 23,417 +Schleicher 1,893 | | Yoakum 602 +Scurry 10,924 | Tyler 10,250 | Young 13,657 + | Upshur 19,960 | Zapata 3,809 +Shackelford 4,201 | Upton 501 | Zavalla 1,889 +Shelby 26,423 | Uvalde 11,233 | + + TOTAL 3,896,542 + +UTAH.--Area, 84,990 square miles. + +Beaver 4,717 | Kane 1,652 | Tooele 7,924 +Boxelder 13,894 | Millard 6,118 | Uinta 7,050 +Cache 23,062 | Morgan 2,467 | Utah 37,942 +Carbon 8,624 | Piute 1,734 | Wasatch 8,920 +Davis 10,191 | Rich 1,883 | Washington 5,123 + | | +Emery 6,750 | Salt Lake 131,426 | Wayne 1,749 +Garfield 3,660 | San Juan 2,377 | Weber 35,179 +Grand 1,595 | Sanpete 16,704 | +Iron 3,933 | Sevier 9,775 | +Juab 10,702 | Summit 8,200 | + + TOTAL 373,351 + +VERMONT.--Area, 9,564 square miles. + +Addison 20,010 | Franklin 29,866 | Rutland 48,139 +Bennington 21,378 | Grand Isle 3,761 | Washington 41,702 +Caledonia 26,031 | Lamoille 12,585 | Windham 26,932 +Chittenden 42,447 | Orange 18,703 | Windsor 33,681 +Essex 7,384 | Orleans 23,337 | + + TOTAL 355,956 + +VIRGINIA.--Area, 42,627 square miles. + +Accomac 36,650 | Amherst 18,932 | Bland 5,154 +Albemarle 29,871 | Appomattox 8,904 | Botetourt 17,727 +Alexandria 10,231 | Augusta 32,445 | Brunswick 19,244 +Alleghany 14,173 | Bath 6,538 | Buchanan 12,334 +Amelia 8,720 | Bedford 29,549 | Buckingham 15,204 + | | +Campbell 23,043 | Highland 5,317 | Prince Edward 14,266 +Caroline 16,596 | Isle of Wight 14,929 | Prince George 7,848 +Carroll 21,116 | James City 3,624 | +Charles City 5,253 | King and Queen 9,576 | Prince William 12,026 +Charlotte 15,785 | King George 6,378 | Princess Anne 11,526 + | | Pulaski 17,246 +Chesterfield 21,299 | King William 8,547 | Rappahannock 8,044 +Clarke 7,468 | Lancaster 9,752 | Richmond 7,415 +Craig 4,711 | Lee 23,840 | +Culpeper 13,472 | Loudoun 21,167 | Roanoke 19,623 +Cumberland 9,195 | Louisa 16,578 | Rockbridge 21,171 + | | Rockingham 34,903 +Dickenson 9,199 | Lunenburg 12,780 | Russell 23,474 +Dinwiddie 15,442 | Madison 10,055 | Scott 23,814 +Elizabeth City 21,225 | Mathews 8,922 | +Essex 9,105 | Mecklenburg 28,956 | Shenandoah 20,942 +Fairfax 20,536 | Middlesex 8,852 | Smyth 20,326 + | | Southampton 26,302 +Fauquier 22,526 | Montgomery 17,268 | Spotsylvania 9,935 +Floyd 14,092 | Nansemond 26,886 | Stafford 8,070 +Fluvanna 8,323 | Nelson 16,821 | +Franklin 26,480 | New Kent 4,682 | Surry 9,715 +Frederick 12,787 | Norfolk 52,744 | Sussex 13,664 + | | Tazewell 24,946 +Giles 11,623 | Northampton 16,672 | Warren 8,589 +Gloucester 12,477 | Northumberland 10,777 | Warwick 6,041 +Goochland 9,237 | Nottoway 13,462 | +Grayson 19,856 | Orange 13,486 | Washington 32,830 +Greene 6,937 | Page 14,147 | Westmoreland 9,313 + | | Wise 34,162 +Greenesville 11,890 | Patrick 17,195 | Wythe 20,372 +Halifax 40,044 | Pittsylvania 50,709 | York 7,757 +Hanover 17,200 | Powhatan 6,099 | +Henrico 23,437 | | +Henry 18,459 | | + + TOTAL 2,061,612 + +WASHINGTON.--Area, 69,127 square miles. + +Adams 10,920 | Grant 8,698 | Pierce 120,812 +Asotin 5,831 | Island 4,704 | San Juan 3,603 +Benton 7,937 | | Skagit 29,241 +Chehalis 35,590 | Jefferson 8,337 | Skamania 2,887 +Chelan 15,104 | King 284,638 | Snohomish 59,209 + | Kitsap 17,647 | +Clallam 6,755 | Kittitas 18,561 | Spokane 139,404 +Clarke 26,115 | Klickitat 10,180 | Stevens 25,297 +Columbia 7,042 | | Thurston 17,581 +Cowlitz 12,561 | Lewis 32,127 | Wahkiakum 3,285 +Douglas 9,227 | Lincoln 17,539 | Walla Walla 31,931 + | Mason 5,156 | +Ferry 4,800 | Okanogan 12,887 | Whatcom 49,511 +Franklin 5,153 | Pacific 12,532 | Whitman 33,280 +Garfield 4,199 | | Yakima 41,709 + + TOTAL 1,141,990 + +WEST VIRGINIA.--Area, 24,170 square miles. + +Barbour 15,858 | Kanawha 81,457 | Pocahontas 14,740 +Berkeley 21,999 | | Preston 26,341 +Boone 10,331 | Lewis 18,281 | Putnam 18,587 +Braxton 23,023 | Lincoln 20,491 | +Brooke 11,098 | Logan 14,476 | Raleigh 25,633 + | McDowell 47,856 | Randolph 26,028 +Cabell 46,685 | Marion 42,794 | Ritchie 17,875 +Calhoun 11,258 | | Roane 21,543 +Clay 10,233 | Marshall 32,388 | Summers 18,420 +Doddridge 12,672 | Mason 23,019 | +Fayette 51,903 | Mercer 38,371 | Taylor 16,554 + | Mineral 16,674 | Tucker 18,675 +Gilmer 11,379 | Mingo 19,431 | Tyler 16,211 +Grant 7,838 | | Upshur 16,629 +Greenbrier 24,833 | Monongalia 24,334 | Wayne 24,081 +Hampshire 11,694 | Monroe 13,055 | +Hancock 10,465 | Morgan 7,848 | Webster 9,680 + | Nicholas 17,699 | Wetzel 23,855 +Hardy 9,163 | Ohio 57,572 | Wirt 9,047 +Harrison 48,381 | | Wood 38,001 +Jackson 20,956 | Pendleton 9,349 | Wyoming 10,392 +Jefferson 15,889 | Pleasants 8,074 | + + TOTAL 1,221,119 + +WISCONSIN.--Area, 56,066 square miles. + +Adams 8,604 | Iowa 22,497 | Polk 21,367 +Ashland 21,965 | | Portage 30,945 +Barron 29,114 | Iron 8,306 | Price 13,795 +Bayfield 15,987 | Jackson 17,075 | +Brown 54,098 | Jefferson 34,306 | Racine 57,424 + | Juneau 19,569 | Richland 18,809 +Buffalo 16,006 | Kenosha 32,929 | Rock 55,538 +Burnett 9,026 | | Rusk 11,160 +Calumet 16,701 | Kewaunee 16,784 | St. Croix 25,910 +Chippewa 32,103 | La Crosse 43,996 | +Clark 30,074 | Lafayette 20,075 | Sauk 32,869 + | Langlade 17,062 | Sawyer 6,227 +Columbia 31,129 | Lincoln 19,064 | Shawano 31,884 +Crawford 16,288 | | Sheboygan 54,888 +Dane 77,435 | Manitowoc 44,978 | Taylor 13,641 +Dodge 47,436 | Marathon 55,054 | +Door 18,711 | Marinette 33,812 | Trempealeau 22,928 + | Marquette 10,741 | Vernon 28,116 +Douglas 47,422 | Milwaukee 433,187 | Vilas 6,019 +Dunn 25,260 | | Walworth 29,614 +Eau Claire 32,721 | Monroe 28,881 | Washburn 8,196 +Florence 3,381 | Oconto 25,657 | +Fond du Lac 51,610 | Oneida 11,433 | Washington 23,784 + | Outagamie 49,102 | Waukesha 37,100 +Forest 6,782 | Ozaukee 17,123 | Waupaca 32,782 +Grant 39,007 | | Waushara 18,886 +Green 21,641 | Pepin 7,577 | Winnebago 62,116 +Green Lake 15,491 | Pierce 22,079 | + | | Wood 30,583 + + TOTAL 2,333,860 + +WYOMING.--Area, 97,914 square miles. + +Albany 11,574 | Fremont 11,822 | Sheridan 16,324 +Bighorn 8,886 | Johnson 3,453 | Sweetwater 11,575 +Carbon 11,282 | Laramie 26,127 | Uinta 16,982 +Converse 6,294 | Natrona 4,766 | Weston 4,960 +Crook 6,492 | Park 4,909 | National Park + | | Reservation 519 + + TOTAL 145,935 + + + + +POPULATION OF CITIES + +OF THE + +UNITED STATES + +_Census of 1910_ + +Cities of over 100,000 population + +Albany, N. Y. 100,253 | Minneapolis, Minn. 301,408 +Atlanta, Ga. 154,839 | Nashville, Tenn. 110,364 +Baltimore, Md. 558,485 | Newark, N. J. 347,469 +Birmingham, Ala. 132,685 | New Haven, Conn. 133,605 +Boston, Mass. 670,585 | New Orleans, La. 339,075 + | +Bridgeport, Conn. 102,054 | New York, N. Y. 4,766,883 +Buffalo, N. Y. 423,715 | Oakland, Cal. 150,174 +Cambridge, Mass. 104,839 | Omaha, Neb. 124,096 +Chicago, Ill. 2,185,283 | Paterson, N. J. 125,600 +Cincinnati, Ohio 364,463 | Philadelphia, Pa. 1,549,008 + | +Cleveland, Ohio 560,663 | Pittsburgh, Pa. 533,905 +Columbus, Ohio 181,548 | Portland, Ore. 207,214 +Dayton, Ohio 116,577 | Providence, R. I. 224,326 +Denver, Colo. 213,381 | Richmond, Va. 127,628 +Detroit, Mich. 465,766 | Rochester, N. Y. 218,149 + | +Fall River, Mass. 119,295 | St. Louis, Mo. 687,029 +Grand Rapids, Mich. 112,571 | St. Paul, Minn. 214,744 +Indianapolis, Ind. 233,650 | San Francisco, Cal. 416,912 +Jersey City, N. J. 267,779 | Scranton, Pa. 129,867 +Kansas City, Mo. 248,381 | Seattle, Wash. 237,194 + | +Los Angeles, Cal. 319,198 | Spokane, Wash. 104,402 +Louisville, Ky. 223,928 | Syracuse, N. Y. 137,249 +Lowell, Mass. 106,294 | Toledo, Ohio 168,497 +Memphis, Tenn. 131,105 | Washington, D. C. 331,069 +Milwaukee, Wis. 373,857 | Worcester, Mass. 145,986 + + +Cities of from 25,000 to 100,000 population + +Akron, Ohio 69,067 | Auburn, N. Y. 34,668 +Allentown, Pa. 51,913 | Augusta, Ga. 41,040 +Altoona, Pa. 52,127 | Aurora, Ill. 29,807 +Amsterdam, N. Y. 31,267 | Austin, Tex. 29,860 +Atlantic City, N. J. 46,150 | Battle Creek, Mich. 25,267 + +Bay City, Mich. 45,166 | Hoboken, N. J. 70,324 +Bayonne, N. J. 55,545 | Holyoke, Mass. 57,730 +Berkeley, Cal. 40,434 | Houston, Tex. 78,800 +Binghamton, N. Y. 48,443 | Huntington, W. Va. 31,161 +Bloomington, Ill. 25,768 | Jackson, Mich. 31,433 + | +Brockton, Mass. 56,878 | Jacksonville, Fla. 57,699 +Brookline, Mass. 27,792 | Jamestown, N. Y. 31,297 +Butte, Mont. 39,165 | Johnstown, Pa. 55,482 +Camden, N. J. 94,538 | Joliet, Ill. 34,670 +Canton, Ohio 50,217 | Joplin, Mo. 32,073 + | +Cedar Rapids, Iowa 32,811 | Kalamazoo, Mich. 39,437 +Charleston, S. C. 58,833 | Kansas City, Kans. 82,331 +Charlotte, N. C. 34,014 | Kingston, N. Y. 25,908 +Chattanooga, Tenn. 44,604 | Knoxville, Tenn. 36,346 +Chelsea, Mass. 32,452 | La Crosse, Wis. 30,417 + | +Chester, Pa. 38,537 | Lancaster, Pa. 47,227 +Chicopee, Mass. 25,401 | Lansing, Mich. 31,229 +Clinton, Iowa 25,577 | Lawrence, Mass. 85,892 +Colorado Springs, Colo. 29,078 | Lewiston, Me. 26,247 +Columbia, S. C. 26,319 | Lexington, Ky. 35,099 + | +Council Bluffs, Iowa 29,292 | Lima, Ohio 30,508 +Covington, Ky. 53,270 | Lincoln, Nebr. 43,973 +Dallas, Tex. 92,104 | Little Rock, Ark. 45,941 +Danville, Ill. 27,871 | Lorain, Ohio 28,883 +Davenport, Iowa 43,028 | Lynchburg, Va. 29,494 + | +Decatur, Ill. 31,140 | Lynn, Mass. 89,336 +Des Moines, Iowa 86,368 | Macon, Ga. 40,665 +Dubuque, Iowa 38,494 | McKeesport, Pa. 42,694 +Duluth, Minn. 78,466 | Madison, Wis. 25,531 +Easton, Pa. 28,523 | Malden, Mass. 44,404 + | +East Orange, N. J. 34,371 | Manchester, N. H. 70,063 +East St. Louis, Ill. 58,547 | Meriden, Conn. 27,265 +El Paso, Tex. 39,279 | Mobile, Ala. 51,521 +Elgin, Ill. 25,976 | Montgomery, Ala. 38,136 +Elizabeth, N. J. 73,409 | Mount Vernon, N. Y. 30,919 + | +Elmira, N. Y. 37,176 | Muskogee, Okla. 25,278 +Erie, Pa. 66,525 | Nashua, N. H. 26,005 +Evansville, Ind. 69,647 | Newark, Ohio 25,404 +Everett, Mass. 33,484 | New Bedford, Mass. 96,652 +Fitchburg, Mass. 37,826 | New Britain, Conn. 43,916 + | +Flint, Mich. 38,550 | Newburgh, N. Y. 27,805 +Fort Wayne, Ind. 63,933 | Newcastle, Pa. 36,280 +Fort Worth, Tex. 73,312 | Newport, Ky. 30,309 +Galveston, Tex. 36,981 | Newport, R. I. 27,149 +Green Bay, Wis. 25,236 | New Rochelle, N. Y. 28,867 + | +Hamilton, Ohio 35,279 | Newton, Mass. 39,806 +Harrisburg, Pa. 64,186 | Niagara Falls, N. Y. 30,445 +Hartford, Conn. 98,915 | Norfolk, Va. 67,452 +Haverhill, Mass. 44,115 | Norristown, Pa. 27,875 +Hazleton, Pa. 25,452 | Ogden, Utah 25,580 + +Oklahoma City, Okla. 64,205 | South Omaha, Nebr. 26,259 +Orange, N. J. 29,630 | Springfield, Ill. 51,678 +Oshkosh, Wis. 33,062 | Springfield, Mass. 88,926 +Pasadena, Cal. 30,291 | Springfield, Mo. 35,201 +Passaic, N. J. 54,773 | Springfield, Ohio. 46,921 + | +Pawtucket, R. I. 51,622 | Stamford, Conn. 25,138 +Peoria, Ill. 66,950 | Superior, Wis. 40,384 +Perth Amboy, N. J. 32,121 | Tacoma, Wash. 83,743 +Pittsfield, Mass. 32,121 | Tampa, Fla. 37,782 +Portland, Me. 58,571 | Taunton, Mass. 34,259 + | +Portsmouth, Va. 33,190 | Terre Haute, Ind. 58,157 +Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 27,936 | Topeka, Kans. 43,684 +Pueblo Colo. 44,395 | Trenton, N. J. 96,815 +Quincy, Ill. 36,587 | Troy, N. Y. 76,813 +Quincy, Mass. 32,642 | Utica N. Y. 74,419 + | +Racine, Wis. 38,002 | Waco, Tex. 26,425 +Heading, Pa. 96,071 | Waltham, Mass. 27,834 +Roanoke, Va. 34,874 | Warwick, R. I. 26,629 +Rockford, Ill. 45,401 | Waterbury, Conn. 73,141 +Sacramento, Cal. 44,696 | Waterloo, Iowa 26,693 + | +Saginaw, Mich. 50,510 | Watertown, N. Y. 26,730 +St. Joseph, Mo. 77,403 | West Hoboken, N. J. 35,403 +Salem, Mass. 43,697 | Wheeling, W. Va. 41,641 +Salt Lake City, Utah 92,777 | Wichita, Kans. 52,450 +San Antonio, Tex. 96,614 | Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 67,105 + | +San Diego, Cal. 39,578 | Williamsport, Pa. 31,860 +San Jose, Cal. 28,946 | Wilmington, Del. 87,411 +Savannah, Ga. 65,064 | Wilmington, N. C. 25,748 +Schenectady, N. Y. 72,826 | Woonsocket, R. I. 38,125 +Sheboygan, Wis. 26,398 | Yonkers, N. Y. 79,803 + | +Shenandoah, Pa. 25,774 | York, Pa. 44,750 +Shreveport, La. 28,015 | Youngstown, Ohio 79,066 +Sioux City, Iowa 47,828 | Zanesville, Ohio 28,026 +Somerville, Mass. 77,236 | +South Bend, Ind. 53,684 | + + +NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910. + +-------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+-------------- + | NUMBER | LAND | VALUE OF | VALUE OF | IMPLEMENTS + | OF | IN | FARMS. | FARMS. | AND + STATE.| FARMS. | FARMS. | (LAND.) | (BUILDINGS.) | MACHINERY. + | | (ACRES.) | | | +-------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+-------------- +The United | | | | +States |6,398,491| 75,788,000|$28,457,789,000|$6,302,777,000|$1,270,528,000 +Alabama 262,720| 20,713,000| 216,510,000| 71,163,000| 16,279,000 +Arizona 8,078| 1,242,000| 42,116,000| 4,918,000| 1,779,000 +Arkansas 214,275| 17,377,000| 245,137,000| 62,992,000| 16,806,000 +California 87,670| 27,883,000| 1,315,718,000| 132,842,000| 36,393,000 +Colorado 45,839| 13,448,000| 361,680,000| 45,335,000| 12,761,000 +Connecticut | | | | + | 26,431| 2,176,000| 71,527,000| 65,094,000| 6,865,000 +Delaware 10,800| 1,037,000| 34,810,000| 18,117,000| 3,202,000 +District of | | | | + Columbia 214| 6,000| 5,466,000| 835,000| 62,000 +Florida 49,834| 5,231,000| 93,288,000| 24,335,000| 4,429,000 +Georgia 290,499| 26,866,000| 369,120,000| 108,483,000| 20,883,000 +Idaho | 30,741| 5,269,000| 219,346,000| 25,074,000| 10,459,000 +Illinois 250,853| 32,471,000| 3,081,564,000| 429,630,000| 73,533,000 +Indiana 214,741| 21,264,000| 1,325,475,000| 264,750,000| 40,880,000 +Iowa | 216,807| 33,905,000| 2,799,025,000| 454,694,000| 95,273,000 +Kansas | 177,299| 43,261,000| 1,534,552,000| 199,101,000| 48,244,000 +Kentucky 258,742| 22,159,000| 483,127,000| 150,655,000| 20,793,000 +Louisiana 120,270| 10,519,000| 189,071,000| 49,611,000| 18,951,000 +Maine | 59,773| 6,291,000| 85,923,000| 72,753,000| 14,476,000 +Maryland 48,769| 5,051,000| 163,023,000| 77,751,000| 11,845,000 +Massachusetts | | | | + | 36,512| 2,870,000| 104,273,000| 87,025,000| 11,512,000 +Michigan 206,376| 18,913,000| 612,143,000| 284,914,000| 49,771,000 +Minnesota 155,759| 27,623,000| 1,016,889,000| 242,621,000| 52,243,000 +Mississippi | | | | + | 273,820| 18,419,000| 250,715,000| 79,580,000| 16,726,000 +Missouri 276,081| 34,516,000| 1,441,529,000| 268,976,000| 50,769,000 +Montana 25,946| 13,499,000| 225,819,000| 24,666,000| 10,522,000 +Nebraska 129,419| 38,553,000| 1,613,077,000| 198,480,000| 44,215,000 +Nevada | 2,660| 2,585,000| 34,876,000| 4,277,000| 1,558,000 +-------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+-------------- + +NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.--Continued + +-------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+----------- + | NUMBER | LAND | VALUE OF | VALUE OF | IMPLEMENTS + | OF | IN | FARMS. | FARMS. | AND + STATE. | FARMS. | FARMS. | (LAND.) |(BUILDINGS.) | MACHINERY. + | | (ACRES.) | | | +-------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+----------- +New Hampshire| 26,913| 3,242,000| $44,327,000| $41,215,000| $5,870,000 +New Jersey | 33,161| 2,562,000| 122,357,000| 90,784,000| 12,955,000 +New Mexico | 35,032| 11,225,000| 98,496,000| 12,934,000| 4,101,000 +New York | 214,650| 21,998,000| 703,214,000| 473,008,000| 83,330,000 +North | | | | | + Carolina | 253,425| 22,400,000| 342,545,000| 113,170,000| 18,415,000 +North Dakota | 74,165| 28,392,000| 729,896,000| 92,139,000| 43,887,000 +Ohio | 271,383| 24,074,000| 1,283,827,000| 366,919,000| 51,115,000 +Oklahoma | 189,438| 28,717,000| 647,178,000| 89,295,000| 27,002,000 +Oregon | 45,128| 11,628,000| 409,949,000| 43,622,000| 13,135,000 +Pennsylvania | 218,394| 18,556,000| 627,185,000| 408,115,000| 70,547,000 +Porto Rico | 58,371| 2,085,000| 73,968,000| 8,752,000| 8,711,000 +Rhode Island | 5,191| 442,000| 14,837,000| 12,619,000| 1,753,000 +South | | | | | +Carolina | 176,180| 13,469,000| 267,931,000| 63,902,000| 14,067,000 +South Dakota | 77,314| 25,952,000| 901,134,000| 102,317,000| 33,762,000 +Tennessee | 245,509| 20,011,000| 370,783,000| 108,823,000| 21,260,000 +Texas | 416,377|109,226,000| 1,613,513,000| 209,200,000| 56,533,000 +Utah | 21,426| 33,540,000| 98,891,000| 17,987,000| 4,451,000 +Vermont | 32,598| 4,653,000| 58,255,000| 54,072,000| 10,162,000 +Virginia | 183,762| 19,476,000| 393,837,000| 137,081,000| 18,079,000 +Washington | 55,744| 11,663,000| 515,918,000| 54,224,000| 16,653,000 +West Virginia| 95,876| 9,961,000| 205,610,000| 56,848,000| 6,962,000 +Wisconsin | 176,546| 21,012,000| 909,462,000| 288,096,000| 52,783,000 +Wyoming | 10,980| 8,543,000| 88,877,000| 8,983,000| 3,765,000 +-------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+----------- + + + + +TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS + +_Census of 1890_ + +ALL OCCUPATIONS (persons engaged in) 22,735,861 + + +AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND MINING, total, 9,013,336 + +Agricultural labore 3,004,061 +Apiarists 1,778 +Dairymen and dairywomen 17,895 +Farmers, planters, and overseers 5,281,557 +Fishermen and oystermen 60,162 +Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, and vine growers 72,601 +Lumbermen and raftsmen 65,866 +Miners (coal) 208,545 +Miners (not otherwise specified) 141,047 +Quarrymen 37,656 +Stock raisers, herders, and drovers 70,729 +Wood choppers 33,697 +Other agricultural pursuits 17,747 + + +PROFESSIONAL SERVICE, 944,333 + +Actors 9,728 +Architects 8,070 +Artists and teachers of art 22,496 +Authors and literary and scientific persons 6,714 +Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists 4,503 +Clergymen 88,203 +Dentists 17,498 +Designers, draughtsmen, and inventors 9,391 +Engineers (civil, mechanical, electrical, and + mining and surveyors) 43,239 +Journalists 21,849 +Lawyers 89,630 +Musicians and teachers of music 62,155 +Officers of the United States army and navy 2,926 +Officials (Government) 79,664 +Physicians and surgeons 104,805 +Professors in colleges and universities 5,393 +Teachers 341,952 +Theatrical managers, showmen, etc. 18,055 +Veterinary surgeons 6,494 +Other professional service 1,569 + +DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE, 4,360,577 + +Barbers and hairdressers 84,982 +Bartenders 55,806 +Boarding and lodging house keepers 44,349 +Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) 139,765 +Hotel keepers 44,076 +Housekeepers and stewards 92,036 +Hunters, trappers, guides, and scouts 2,534 +Janitors 21,556 +Laborers (not specified) 1,913,373 +Launderers and laundresses 248,463 +Nurses and midwives 47,586 +Restaurant keepers 19,283 +Saloon keepers 71,385 +Servants 1,454,791 +Sextons 4,982 +Soldiers, sailors, and marines (United States) 27,819 +Watchmen, policemen, and detectives 74,629 +Other domestic and personal service 13,063 + + +TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION, 3,326,122 + +Agents (claim, commission, real estate, insurance, + etc.) and collectors 174,582 +Auctioneers 3,205 +Bankers and brokers (money and stocks) 30,008 +Boatmen and canalmen 16,716 +Bookkeepers and accountants 159,374 +Brokers (commercial) 5,960 +Clerks and copyists 557,358 +Commercial travellers 58,691 +Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc 368,499 +Foremen and overseers 36,084 +Hostlers 54,036 +Hucksters and pedlers 59,083 +Livery stable keepers 26,757 +Locomotive engineers and firemen 79,463 +Merchants and dealers in drugs and chemicals + (retail) 46,375 +Merchants and dealers in drygoods (retail) 42,527 +Merchants and dealers in groceries (retail) 114,997 +Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors (retail) 10,078 +Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors + (wholesale) 3,643 +Merchants and dealers not specified (retail) 446,262 +Merchants and dealers (wholesale), importers and + shipping merchants 27,443 +Messengers, and errand and office boys 51,355 +Newspaper carriers and newsboys 5,288 +Officials of banks and insurance, trade, + transportation, trust and other companies 39,900 +Packers and shippers 24,946 +Pilots 4,259 +Porters and helpers (in stores and warehouses) 24,356 +Sailors 55,899 +Salesmen and saleswomen 264,394 +Steam railroad employes (not otherwise specified) 382,750 +Stenographers and typewriters 33,418 + +TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION.--_Continued_. + +Street railway employes 37,434 +Telephone and telegraph operators 52,314 +Telephone and telegraph linemen and electric + light and power company employes 11,134 +Undertakers 9,891 +Weighers, gaugers, and measurers 3,860 +Other persons in trade and transportation 3,883 + + +MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES. 5,091,393 + +Agricultural implement makers (not otherwise + classified) 3,755 +Apprentices (blacksmiths') 4,244 +Apprentices (boot and shoe makers') 1,031 +Apprentices (carpenters and joiners') 6,760 +Apprentices (carriage and wagon makers') 852 +Apprentices (dressmakers') 4,340 +Apprentices (leather curriers', etc.) 421 +Apprentices (machinists') 9,738 +Apprentices (masons') 1,927 +Apprentices (milliners') 1,204 +Apprentices (painters') 2,321 +Apprentices (plumbers') 4,624 +Apprentices (printers') 4,635 +Apprentices (tailors') 2,625 +Apprentices (tinsmiths') 2,037 +Apprentices (not otherwise specified ) 35,698 +Artificial flower makers 3,046 +Bakers 60,197 +Basket makers 5,225 +Blacksmiths 205,337 +Bleachers, dyers, and scourers 14,210 +Bone and ivory workers 1,691 +Bookbinders 23,858 +Boot and shoe makers and repairers 213,544 +Bottlers and mineral and soda-water makers 7,230 +Box makers (paper) 17,757 +Box makers (wood) 10,883 +Brass workers (not otherwise specified) 17,265 +Brewers and maltsters 20,362 +Brick and tile makers and terra cotta workers 60,214 +Britannia workers 904 +Broom and brush makers 10,115 +Builders and contractors 45,988 +Butchers 105,456 +Butter and cheese makers 11,211 +Button makers 2,601 +Cabinetmakers 35,915 +Candle, soap, and tallow makers 3,450 +Carpenters and joiners 611,482 +Carpet makers 22,302 +Carriage and wagon makers (not otherwise + classified) 34,538 +Charcoal, coke, and lime burners 8,704 +Chemical works employes 3,628 +Clock and watch makers and repairers 25,252 +Compositors 30,060 +Confectioners 23,251 + +MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES.--_Continued_. + +Coopers 47,486 +Cooper workers 3,384 +Corset makers 6,533 +Cotton mill operatives 173,142 +Distillers and rectifiers 3,314 +Door, sash, and blind makers 5,041 +Dressmakers 289,164 +Electroplaters 2,756 +Electrotypers and stereotypers 1,471 +Engravers 8,320 +Fertilizer makers 732 +Fish curers and packers 1,279 +Gas works employes 5,224 +Glass workers 34,382 +Glove makers 6,416 +Gold and silver workers 20,263 +Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell hangers 9,158 +Hair workers 1,254 +Harness and saddle makers and repairers 43,480 +Hat and cap makers 24,013 +Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 29,555 +Iron and steel workers 144,921 +Lace and embroidery makers 5,256 +Lead and zinc workers 4,616 +Leather curriers, dressers, finishers, and tanners 39,332 +Machinists 177,090 +Manufacturers and officials of manufacturing + companies 101,610 +Marble and stone cutters 61,070 +Masons (brick and stone) 158,918 +Meat and fruit packers, canners, and preservers 5,830 +Mechanics (not otherwise specified) 15,485 +Metal workers (not otherwise specified) 16,694 +Mill and factory operatives (not specified) 93,596 +Millers (flour and grist) 52,841 +Milliners 60,842 +Model and pattern makers 10,300 +Moulders 66,289 +Musical instrument makers (not otherwise specified) 652 +Nail and tack makers 4,583 +Oil well employes 9,147 +Oil works employes 5,624 +Painters, glaziers, and varnishers 219,912 +Paper hangers 12,369 +Paper mill operatives 27,817 +Photographers 20,840 +Piano and organ makers and tuners 14,683 +Plasterers 39,002 +Plumbers and gas and steam fitters 56,607 +Potters 14,928 +Powder and cartridge makers 1,385 +Printers, lithographers, and pressmen 86,893 +Print works operatives 6,701 +Publishers of books, maps, and newspapers 6,284 +Roofers and slaters 7,043 +Rope and cordage makers 8,001 +Rubber factory operatives 16,162 +Sail, awning, and tent makers 3,257 +Salt works employes 1,765 +Saw and planing mill employes 133,637 + +MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES.--_Continued_. + +Seamstresses 150,044 +Sewing machine makers (not otherwise classified) 880 +Sewing machine operators 7,126 +Ship and boat builders 22,951 +Shirt, collar, and cuff makers 21,097 +Silk mill operatives 34,855 +Starch makers 746 +Steam boiler makers 21,339 +Stove, furnace, and grate makers 8,932 +Straw workers 3,666 +Sugar makers and refiners 2,616 +Tailors and tailoresses 185,400 +Tinners and tinware makers 55,488 +Tobacco and cigar operatives 111,385 +Tools and cutlery (not otherwise specified) 17,985 +Trunk, valise, leather case, and pocket-book makers 6,297 +Umbrella and parasol makers 3,403 +Upholsterers 25,666 +Well borers 4,854 +Wheelwrights 12,856 +Whitewashers 3,996 +Wire workers 12,319 +Wood workers (not otherwise specified) 67,360 +Woolen mill operatives 84,109 +Other persons in manufacturing and mechanical + industries 76,714 + + + + +INDEX. + + +A Better Plan, 22 + +About Advertising, 46 + " Canadian Patents, 73 + " Getting Up Circulars, 51 + +Acreage of Farms by States, 135 + +Advertisements, How to Write, 47 + +Agreement, Form of, 22 + +Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined, 92 + +Assigning an Undivided Interest, 58 + +Assignments, 79 + " Conditional, 87 + + +Basis for Estimation, 32 + +Business Capacity of the Inventor, 16 + + +Canadian Cities, Population of, 78 + " Patents, About, 73 + " " Selling, 76 + +Capital, Securing, 20 + +Circulars, 50 + " About Getting Up, 51 + +Cities in the United States, Population of, 132 + +Classes of Rights, Dividing a Patent into, 59 + +Commercial Value, 31 + +Companies, Forming, and Manufacturing, 67 + " Stock in Stock, 36 + " To Organize Stock, 68 + +Conditional Assignments, 87 + +Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents Before + Interested Parties, 48 + +Danger in an Undivided Interest, 26 + +Decisions and Notes, 79 + " Assignments, 79 + " Licenses, 82 + " Patent Title, 84 + " Territorial Grants, 76 + +Demand for Inventions of Merit, 9 + +Dividing Patents into Classes of Rights, 59 + +Drawings, Working, 53 + + +Estimating Prices for State Rights, 38 + +Estimation, Basis for, 32 + +Exhibit of Inventions, 25 + + +Farms in Each State, Number, Acreage and Value of, 135 + +First Impressions All-important, 52 + +Form, Assignment of an Undivided Interest, 96 + " " of Entire Interest, 94 + " Grant of a Territorial Interest, 97 + " License, Exclusive With Royalty, 102 + " " Non-exclusive With Royalty, 100 + " " Shop-right, 99 + " of Agreement (Securing Capital), 22 + +Forming Companies, and Manufacturing, 67 + +Forms, Legal, of Value to Patentees, 92 + + +General Rules for Valuation, 33 + +Grantee, 86 + +Granting Licenses, 62 + +Grants, Territorial, 81 + + +How Rating for Royalty Is Figured, 33 + " to Arrive at the Value of a Patent, 30 + " " Conduct the Sale of Patents, 41, 55 + " " Correspond with Manufacturers, 49 + " " Write an Advertisement, 47 + + +Illustrations for Circulars, 50 + +In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake Selling, 44 + +Income from Inventions, 13 + +Independence Through Successful Invention, 13 + +Industrial Progress Based upon Patent System, 11 + +Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity, 18 + " Exhibit of, 25 + " Income from, 13 + " of Merit, Demand for, 9 + " Perfecting, 24 + " Value of Record of, 26 + +Inventor, Business Capacity of the, 16 + + +Law, the Language of, 93 + +Laws, State, on Selling Patents, 88 + +Legal Forms of Value to Patentees, 92 + +Licensee, 86 + +Licenses, Decisions, 82 + " Granting, 62 + + +Manufacturers, How to Correspond with, 49 + +Manufacturing, and Forming Companies, 67 + +Map of the United States, 106 + +Methods of Selling Patents, 45 + +Models, Value of, 52 + +Money in Patents, 15 + +Monopoly in Patents, 10 + +Mortgages, 86 + +Must Be Recorded (Transfer of Patents), 86 + + +Newspaper Notoriety, 27 + +Number of Farms in Each State, 135 + + +Occupations, Table of, 137 + +Official Census of the United States for 1910, 107 + +Organizing Stock Companies, 68 + +Outright Assignments, 58 + + +Patent, How to arrive at the Value of a, 30 + " Selling Agencies, 41 + " System, Industrial Progress Based upon, 11 + " Title, 79 + +Patents, Canadian, 73 + " Copies, How to Secure, 51 + " How to Conduct the Sale of, 41, 55 + " Money in, 15 + " Monopoly in, 10 + " Prejudice against, 26 + " State Laws on, 88 + " Unprofitable, 14 + +Pecuniary value, 30 + +Perfecting Inventions, 24 + +Personal Influence, Value of, 56 + " Solicitation Advisable, 56 + +Pigeon-holing Patents, 65 + +Placing upon Royalty, 64 + +Population of Canadian Cities, 78 + " " Cities of the United States, 1910, 132 + " " Counties of Each State, 1910, 107 + +Prejudice against Patents, 26 + +Prices of Territorial Rights, 37 + +Printed Copies of Patents, Uses of, 51 + + +Recorded, Must Be (Transfer of Patents), 86 + +Royalty, How Rating for, Is Figured, 35 + " Placing upon, 64 + +Rules for Valuation, General, 33 + " of Practice, 85 + " " " Assignees, 86 + " " " Assignments, 85 + " " " Conditional Assignments, 87 + " " " Licensees, 86 + " " " Grantees, 86 + " " " Mortgages, 86 + " " " Must Be Recorded, 86 + + +Sale of Patents, How to Conduct, 41, 55 + +Securing Capital, 20 + +Selling Agencies, Patent, 41 + " Agent, The Patentee the Best, 43 + " by Territorial Rights, 61 + " Canadian Patents, 76 + " In Case Patentee Cannot Undertake the, 44 + " Outright, 58 + " Patents, Methods of, 45 + +Solicitation, Personal, Advisable, 56 + +State Laws on Selling Patents, 88 + " Rights, Table for Estimating Prices of, 38 + +Statistics and Tables, 107 + +Stock Companies, To Organize, 68 + " in Stock Companies, 36 + +"Squeezed," To Avoid Being, 25 + + +Table of Occupations, 137 + +Tables, Statistics and, 107 + " Valuation, 37 + +Territorial Grants, 81 + " Rights, Prices for, 37 + " " Selling by, 61 + +The Language of Law, 92 + " Patentee the Best Selling Agent, 43 + +Title, Patent, 84 + +To Avoid Being "Squeezed", 25 + +To Organize Stock Companies, 68 + +Trading as a Last Resort, 71 + + +Uses of Printed Copies (Patents), 51 + +Undivided Interest, Assigning an, 59 + " " Dangers in an, 20 + +United States, Map of the, 106 + " " Population of Cities of the, 132 + " " " " by Counties, 1910, 107 + +Unprofitable Patents, 14 + + +Valuation, General Rules for, 33 + " Tables, 37 + +Value, Commercial, 31 + " of Farms, by States, 1910, 135 + " " Models, 52 + " " Patent, How to Arrive at the, 30 + " " Personal Influence, 56 + " " Record of Invention, 26 + " " Pecuniary, 30 + + +Working Drawings, 54 + + + + +PATENTS + +FOR OVER SIXTY-SIX YEARS the firm of MUNN & CO. has conducted the +largest patent practice in the country. 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