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+Project Gutenberg's Practical Pointers for Patentees, by Franklin Cresee
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Practical Pointers for Patentees
+
+Author: Franklin Cresee
+
+Release Date: September 20, 2007 [EBook #22683]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRACTICAL POINTERS FOR PATENTEES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joe Longo and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A GOOD PATENT, PROPERLY HANDLED, IS A STEPPING STONE TO
+SUCCESS AND FORTUNE.]
+
+
+
+
+PRACTICAL
+POINTERS _for_ PATENTEES
+
+CONTAINING VALUABLE INFORMATION
+AND ADVICE ON THE SALE
+OF PATENTS
+
+AN ELUCIDATION OF THE BEST METHODS
+EMPLOYED BY THE MOST SUCCESSFUL INVENTORS
+IN HANDLING THEIR INVENTIONS
+
+_By_
+F. A. CRESEE, M.E.
+
+Revised and Corrected, with New Forms and Tables of Population
+of the United States in Accordance with the 1910 Census
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MUNN & CO., INC.
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE
+361 Broadway
+NEW YORK
+1912
+
+_Copyright, 1901, by the_
+POTOMAC PUBLISHING COMPANY
+
+_Copyright, 1902, by_
+MUNN & COMPANY
+
+_Copyright, 1906, by_
+MUNN & COMPANY
+
+_Copyright, 1912, by_
+MUNN & CO., Inc.
+
+New York
+MACGOWAN & SLIPPER
+30 Beekman Street
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The original conception and working out of an invention is usually a
+labor of love on the part of the inventor: having perfected his
+invention in every detail, he finds able and skilled counsel waiting to
+prepare and prosecute his application for patent before the Patent
+Office Examiner. When the patent is allowed or issued, the patentee's
+real work begins--that of turning the patent into money. This is the
+business end of the inventor's work, which is generally to his interest
+financially to undertake himself, or to have under his immediate
+supervision.
+
+The object of this little work, based upon the experience and
+observation of the author and other successful inventors, is to give the
+patentee such information and advice as will enable him to proceed more
+intelligently, on the most successful and economical basis, to realize
+from his invention.
+
+The American Government issues annually over thirty-five thousand
+patents, a large number of which are offered for sale by their
+respective patentees, who in many cases have no definite lines to pursue
+in negotiating their patents; many realizing little or nothing from
+their inventions through careless or bad management, while others,
+through incompetency, drift into the hands of unscrupulous
+patent-selling agents only to be swindled.
+
+The numerous inquiries from patentees seeking practical, reliable, and
+up-to-date information as to the best and most successful methods of
+realizing from the product of their ingenuity, has led the author, after
+due deliberation, to prepare and present this work to the American
+inventor, with a view of supplying a long-felt want, with the hope that
+it will save them many expensive experiments in handling their patents,
+and advance them on the road to success.
+
+It has been the endeavor of the writer to cover briefly every subject
+that is usually encountered by patentees in disposing of their patents,
+not only in the matter of selling, but also in the equally important and
+perplexing questions of arriving at the value of patents, legal forms,
+statistics, etc., etc.
+
+Realizing that the work may be deficient in many respects, the hope that
+it will prove instructive, and the belief that it contains many
+practical pointers for patentees is still entertained by
+
+THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT.
+                                                                 PAGE
+Monopoly in Patents--Industrial Progress Based upon
+  the Patent System                                              9-12
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+INCOME FROM INVENTIONS.
+
+Independence through Successful Invention--Unprofitable
+ Patents--Money in Patents--Business Capacity
+ of the Inventor--Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity
+ to Advance                                                     13-19
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+SECURING CAPITAL.
+
+Danger in an Undivided Interest--A Better Plan--Form
+ of Agreement--Perfecting Inventions--Exhibit
+ of Inventions--To Avoid Being "Squeezed"--Value
+ of Record of Invention--Newspaper Notoriety                    20-29
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT.
+
+Pecuniary Value--Commercial Value--Basis for
+ Estimation--General Rules for Valuation--How Rating for
+ Royalty Is Figured--Stock in Stock Companies--Prices
+ for Territorial Rights--Valuation Tables                       30-40
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.
+
+Patent-selling Agencies--The Best Selling Agent--In
+  Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling--Methods
+  of Selling Patents--About Advertising--How
+  to Write an Advertisement--Correspondence as
+  a Means of Bringing Patents before Interested
+  Parties--How to Correspond with
+  Manufacturers--Circulars--Illustrations--About
+  Getting up Circulars--Copies of Patents, How to
+  Secure--Uses of Printed Copies--First
+  Impressions All--important--Value of Models--Working
+  Drawings                                                      41-54
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.--_Continued_.
+
+Value of Personal Influence--Personal Solicitation
+  Advisable--Selling Outright--Assigning an Undivided
+  Interest--Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of
+  Rights--Granting Licenses--Placing upon
+  Royalty--Manufacturing and Forming Companies--To
+  Organize Stock Companies--Trading as a Last Resort            55-72
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+CANADIAN PATENTS.
+
+About Canadian Patents--Selling Canadian Patents--
+  Population of Canadian Cities                                 73-78
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+DECISIONS AND NOTES.
+
+Assignments--Territorial Grants--Licenses--Patent
+  Title--Rules of Practice--Assignments--Assignees--
+  Grantees--Mortgages--Licensees--Must be Recorded--
+  Conditional Assignments--State Laws on
+  Selling Patents                                               79-91
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS.
+
+Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined--The Language
+  of Law--Assignment of Entire Interest in
+  Letters Patent--Assignment of an Undivided Interest--Grant
+  of a Territorial Interest--License; Shop
+  Right--License; Non-exclusive, with Royalty--License;
+  Exclusive, with Royalty                                      92-105
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+TABLES AND STATISTICS.
+
+Map of the United States--Official Census of the United
+  States by Counties for 1910--Population of
+  Cities of the United States--Number, Acreage
+  and Value of Farms, by States--Table of
+  Occupations                                                 106-141
+
+
+INDEX                                                         142-146
+
+
+
+
+PRACTICAL POINTERS _for_ PATENTEES
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT
+
+
+That there is a demand for inventions of merit which can be readily
+disposed of at a reasonable profit to the inventor, there can be no
+doubt. There perhaps never was a time in the history of our country when
+the demand for meritorious inventions was so great as the present. The
+conveniences of mankind, in all his varied vocations and callings,
+require continual changes and improvements in the apparatuses and
+implements used in order to save time, labor, and expense, and to keep
+pace with the never-ceasing progress of civilization.
+
+At no time in the past has there been so deep an interest manifested by
+the public generally in the inventions of our bright-minded men and
+women, and at no time has capital been more readily interested and ready
+to invest in any practical improvement which can offer a fair chance of
+monopoly under the patent laws.
+
+Business men, capitalists, and manufacturers are ever on the alert for
+new and desirable inventions, which will supersede in utility those
+which are already on the market. By purchasing such inventions, they
+secure novelties which will not only enable them to avoid the keen
+competition and to a great extent monopolize the trade in their own
+respective lines of business, but also to make sales more easily, and
+thus make their business more profitable.
+
+[Sidenote: Monopoly in Patents.]
+
+Every well-informed person knows that a monopoly is the desideratum of
+business men. The monopoly or protection of an industry afforded by the
+patent laws is, perhaps, the one monopoly that directly benefits the
+world. Were it not for the protection and monopoly offered inventors by
+governments, for a certain number of years, to disclose their
+inventions, inventors would simply keep them secret, or if used at all,
+would do so only in such a manner as would prevent the world at large
+from learning of or utilizing them, thus debarring the public as a whole
+from their benefits. This monopoly in patents has had much to do with
+the material progress of the world during the century just ended.
+
+Anyone having a monopoly of a good trade article is assured of a
+fortune. If capitalists and manufacturers can secure the control of any
+new invention of merit for their sole use and purposes, which can be
+manufactured and sold more cheaply than those now on the market, and
+which will perform its work in a quicker and better manner than the
+devices now in use, they will be only too willing to pay patentees
+handsomely for patents covering such inventions.
+
+There are numerous staple articles of commerce whose manufacture is open
+to all, and which every mercantile house in the country is handling at a
+profit, notwithstanding the great number engaged in their manufacture
+and sale in every section of the country. Now, if there can be supplied
+some better or cheaper article in any line of industry, the firm or
+person who secures the monopoly of its manufacture and sale, simply
+controls the market, and human endurance and energy are the only limits
+to the degree of profits such a firm or person can secure from the
+manufacture and sale of such an article, if adequately protected by a
+valid patent.
+
+[Sidenote: Industrial Progress Based on the Patent System.]
+
+In an official report the Commissioner of Patents clearly sets forth
+that from six to seven eighths of the entire manufacturing capital of
+the United States is either directly or indirectly based upon patents.
+This vast amount of money, upward of six thousand millions of dollars,
+continually employing great armies of people, in industries based upon
+patents of every class, supplies the country with improved articles of
+every description. It has been well said that, "Patents and trade go
+hand in hand."
+
+The largest and most opulent manufacturers in the country will be found
+to be the heaviest owners of patents, developers of inventions, and
+patrons of the Patent Office. While all inventions are not telegraphs,
+telephones, sewing-machines, or electric lights; nor can all business
+houses be Westinghouses, Hoes, McCormicks, Bells, or Edisons, yet all
+over this country, and others as well, there are springing up a great
+number of moderately large growing firms who, ever on the alert for
+success, devise or secure control of some valuable patent, by which they
+can successfully invade and control to a certain extent particular lines
+of industry.
+
+Nearly every leading factory in the world owes its commencement and
+success to the prestige and protection afforded by the possession of a
+good and valid patent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+INCOME FROM INVENTIONS
+
+
+It has been aptly said that the products of all the gold, silver, and
+diamond mines in the world would not equal in value the annual income of
+American inventors. It has been carefully estimated that there are at
+least fifty patents in the United States which yield over $1,000,000
+annually, some 300 that yield over one-half million, from 500 to 800
+which bring from $250,000 to $500,000, and between 15,000 and 20,000
+that bring over $100,000 annuities. Besides these, there are thousands
+upon thousands of patents which yield yearly more profit to their
+fortunate possessors than could be accumulated in a lifetime by a
+wage-earner.
+
+[Sidenote: Independence through Successful Invention.]
+
+There are thousands of patents sold outright every year by the patentees
+of the United States for thousands of dollars; and, to the already long
+list of successful inventors, each year adds many more, who have become
+independent through the proper handling of the product of their
+ingenuity. Indeed there can hardly be conceived a quicker way for the
+average person to attain independence and wealth than by inventing
+something of real worth and merit that can be quickly turned into money.
+The inventive field is large, and each invention opens up a new field
+for improvements, and it is the "improver," without question, that reaps
+the greatest benefit from any invention. Owing to the ever forward
+progress of civilization, there is no limit to the possible improvements
+in the sciences, arts, and manufactures.
+
+[Sidenote: Unprofitable Patents.]
+
+It must, however, be borne in mind that all patents are not
+remunerative, neither are all gold mines productive of fortunes, and one
+may lose money in patents as well as in any other business. There are
+thousands of patents, many having merit no doubt, which have never been
+sufficiently brought before the public to test their merits, effect
+their sale, or manufacture; this in many instances is owing to
+incompetency, or bad management on the part of the patentee or his
+agents. There are thousands of other patents that do not prove
+remunerative because they do not supply a real want, while still others
+are such slight improvements upon existing inventions that they
+necessitate such narrow claims, which render the patent of little or no
+value. One has only to look over the weekly issue of patents to see many
+of the last class.
+
+As before stated, while there are many thousands of patents that do not
+pay--and many no doubt cause their owners disaster, as is the case in
+any other business or investment; on the other hand, the far greater
+proportion of patents granted are productive of handsome profits, if
+properly managed.
+
+[Sidenote: Money in Patents.]
+
+That the majority of patents taken out prove lucrative is evident from
+the fact that upward of seventy thousand applications for patents and
+designs are filed each year in the United States Patent Office, and
+approximately eight hundred are granted and issued each week. Probably
+about one-fifth of these patentees obtain their patents with a definite
+view of manufacturing their inventions, and the remainder obtain theirs
+with a view of realizing from the sale of the rights to manufacture.
+
+It may be said, as a general thing, there is more money in small
+inventions than in larger ones, from the fact that they can be easily
+manufactured anywhere with but little outlay of capital; they usually
+fill a general need, and the profit derived from their manufacture is
+large, besides the patent is more readily disposed of; while with larger
+inventions it requires more money and ability in handling the patent,
+and the invention must be unusually promising to justify the erection of
+a plant costing thousands of dollars for its manufacture. However, when
+large and complicated inventions do pay, they usually pay well.
+
+[Sidenote: Business Capacity of the Inventor.]
+
+It must be remembered that the actual cash value of a patent is not in
+the patent itself, but in the sale or use of the monopoly it affords,
+and the amount realized from any invention frequently depends upon the
+business capacity of the inventor or his agents. Owing to his business
+ability, one person may make a fortune out of an unpromising
+improvement, while another, through bad or careless management, will
+realize little or nothing from a brilliant invention.
+
+Speaking along this line in an official report the chief examiner of the
+Patent Office says: "A patent, if it is worth anything, when properly
+managed, is worth and can easily be sold for from $1,000 to $50,000.
+These remarks only apply to patents of ordinary or minor value. They do
+not include such as the telegraph, the planing machine, and the rubber
+patents, which are worth millions each. A few cases of the first kind
+will better illustrate my meaning:
+
+"A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in straw cutters, took
+a model of his invention through the Western States, and after a tour of
+eight months returned with $40,000 in cash or its equivalent.
+
+"Another inventor in about fifteen months made sales that brought him
+$60,000, his invention being a machine to thrash and clean grain. A
+third obtained a patent for a printing ink, and refused $50,000, and
+finally sold it for about $60,000.
+
+"These are ordinary cases of minor inventions embracing no very
+considerable inventive powers and of which hundreds go out from the
+Patent Office every year. Experience shows that the most profitable
+patents are those which contain very little real invention, and are to a
+superficial observer of little value."
+
+Under the writer's personal observation has come many instances where
+inventors have secured patents on improvements which to a casual
+observer would appear insignificant, yet through shrewd management they
+have been made to yield princely incomes. Among these one case worthy of
+note is that of a young man in Pennsylvania who secured a patent on a
+toy game which any person could have thought of, but few would have
+considered worth protecting by letters patent. He was offered $1,000 for
+the patent by one manufacturer at the outset which he refused, and
+afterward he placed it on royalty with quite a number of large
+manufacturers throughout the country. He receives but one cent on each
+one manufactured, yet his income averages over $12,000 a year. Another
+borrowed part of the money with which to obtain a patent on a railway
+tie plate, which was bought by a corporation for $25,000, after having
+manufactured it for two years on royalty. And many others, who have
+realized from one to five thousand dollars on such slight improvements
+on which few would have thought worth applying for a patent.
+
+Patentees who would realize any considerable amount from their patents
+must not sit down and expect the other fellow to make money out of their
+inventions for them.
+
+[Sidenote: Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity to Advance.]
+
+Invention is sometimes called the "genius of the poor," and it is a
+singular fact that there are a greater number of inventions made by men
+and women of limited means than by those whose wealth, education, and
+other advantages would seem to have especially fitted them for success
+in a field dominated so completely by "brains." This may be explained in
+a measure by the fact that people of moderate means are brought into
+closer contact with the arts and manufactures, and are thus the first to
+discover and improve their defects.
+
+A self-made millionaire, recently speaking to the writer about patents,
+said: "I know of no business or vocation requiring so small amount of
+capital, and yielding such immense profits as that of invention.
+Certainly no person of inventive genius can employ his time and
+ingenuity to better or more profitable advantage than to invent
+something that is really needed. Many poor men, through the art of
+invention, have risen from poverty to reputation, fame, and honor, and
+taken high places among noted men of all times.
+
+Our moneyed kings may have enriched themselves by stock jobbing, but
+this precarious procedure requires large capital, and the few enormous
+fortunes accumulated are merely the monuments marking the graves of
+thousands of foolhardy unfortunates caught in the vortex of
+speculation."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+SECURING CAPITAL
+
+
+It is a curious but well demonstrated fact that people who have
+inventive genius often lack the means to carry out their ideas. An
+inventor who has ample means can secure his patent and proceed to turn
+it into money without the necessity of being compelled to solicit
+financial aid from anyone. This, unfortunately, is not generally the
+case with inventors; indeed, many are often barely able to stand the
+expense incident to taking out the patent. Patentees laboring under this
+disadvantage are frequently tempted to part with a small interest in
+their patents for the sake of securing sufficient funds to carry on the
+promotion of their inventions and sale of the patent; and in doing this
+the inexperienced patentee is apt to make the fatal mistake of assigning
+to another an undivided interest in his invention.
+
+[Sidenote: Danger in an Undivided Interest.]
+
+Such an assignment may appear well enough on the face of it, and many
+patentees have been misled, supposing that under the assignment the
+proceeds from the patent should be divided _pro rata_, according to the
+several interests. This, however, is not the case in such assignments,
+and joint-ownership of a patent, or interest therein, does not of
+itself, without an express agreement to that effect, make the parties
+partners. They are merely tenants in common, each having the right to
+separately make, use, or sell the invention so assigned without
+liability to account to their co-owners for any part of the profits
+derived from the invention through their own efforts.
+
+In an assignment of an undivided interest, the assignee is afforded an
+opportunity of manufacturing, using, and selling to others to be used
+the article covered by the patent; also, to grant territorial grants,
+such rights being unlimited by the terms of the assignment, and it is
+actually of little consequence how small an interest is thus conveyed,
+the assignee can proceed with the patent in much the same way as if he
+were the sole owner; therefore, whenever it is intended that the
+relation of co-partnership shall exist between the patentee and the
+assignee of an undivided interest, and that the profits arising from the
+invention shall be equitable, for their joint benefit, there must be an
+express agreement between them to that effect, otherwise the assignee
+will have a decided advantage over the inventor, if he is inclined to be
+dishonorable, and there are numerous cases on record where patentees
+have virtually lost their patents by such assignments. Patentees should
+especially guard against strangers who offer to purchase an undivided
+interest in their patents.
+
+[Sidenote: A Better Plan.]
+
+A better procedure to secure means necessary for the development,
+introduction, and sale of an invention is to borrow the money from a
+friend contingent on the sale of the patent, sell a State or county
+right, or enter into a contract with a party willing to furnish the
+means for a certain proportion of the proceeds derived from the
+invention. Generally speaking, it will not be hard to find a party
+willing to advance sufficient means to promote an invention which is
+protected by a patent for a certain percentage of the net receipts
+arising from its manufacture, sale, or territorial grants, and the
+patentee will probably find a person among his own acquaintances who
+will not only be glad to furnish the means necessary, but also be of
+value to the patentee in realizing from his invention. In any case,
+whatever is agreed upon should be put in the form of a contract, or an
+agreement, couched in such terms as will leave no doubt as to the
+understanding between the parties. The following form secures both
+parties, and will be suggestive of others:
+
+  [Sidenote: Form of Agreement.]
+
+  _Whereas_ I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of
+  Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, have invented
+  certain new and useful improvements in Telegraph Keys, for
+  which I have obtained Letters Patent of the United States,
+  bearing date January 1, 1901, and number 000,000, and
+  whereas John Roe, of Camden, County of Camden, and State of
+  New Jersey, is desirous of obtaining an interest in the net
+  profits arising from the sale or working of the said
+  invention covered by the said Letters Patent.
+
+  Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that for and in
+  consideration of one dollar by each of the parties hereto
+  paid to the other, the receipt of which is hereby
+  acknowledged, it is stipulated and agreed as follows:
+
+  First, That the said John Roe shall pay all moneys necessary
+  to the construction of a suitable model to represent the
+  said invention; that he shall pay all necessary expense in
+  advertising and bringing said invention before interested
+  parties (and such other clauses as may be deemed necessary
+  and agreed upon, such as the expense of constructing a
+  working model, or carrying out a process, etc.); that he
+  shall make diligent effort to promote the said invention,
+  its manufacture, and sale.
+
+  Second, That the said Richard Doe, sole owner of said
+  invention and Letters Patent, in consideration of the
+  payment of the moneys above mentioned, agrees to pay the
+  said John Roe twenty-five per cent. (or other amount agreed
+  upon) of all the net receipts in any manner arising from
+  the sale or working of the said Letters Patent, during the
+  term for which said patent is granted.
+
+  Witness our hands and seals this tenth day of January, A.D.
+  1901.
+
+                      RICHARD DOE,
+                      JOHN ROE.
+
+In the presence of:
+  JOHN SMITH,
+  THOS. JONES.
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: Perfecting Inventions.]
+
+Should an inventor defer the filing of his application until his
+invention is fully developed as regards the detail construction and
+arrangement of the parts? The best opinion seems to be in favor of the
+prompt filing of the application. The final form of the details can best
+be determined by the manufacturer and expert machinists and designers,
+who appreciate the matter of economical manufacture, which is quite as
+essential as the efficiency of the device or machine. Clearly,
+therefore, the inventor cannot decide as to all the details; why then
+should he delay his application?
+
+The safest course for an inventor is to file his application for a
+patent as soon as his invention is complete in its principal features,
+so as to conform to the requirement of the Patent Law that an invention
+be sufficiently complete to be theoretically operative. The mechanical
+details are rarely of great importance as far as the patentable
+features of the invention are concerned. Still, it is well to give the
+attorney full particulars of whatever details the inventor has in mind.
+
+[Sidenote: Exhibit of the Invention.]
+
+Under the security thus afforded for the main features involved in his
+idea, the inventor can proceed more deliberately in perfecting and
+improving his invention, and can then file an additional application if
+necessary, to secure special protection on particular improvements or
+the improved invention as a whole. The early filing of an application
+may turn out to be important in securing to the inventor his right of
+priority. When the inventor comes to exhibit his invention, with the
+idea of bringing it to the attention of the public in general, there is
+no question that he should then have his invention in the best form he
+can, and in as attractive shape as possible.
+
+[Sidenote: To Avoid being "Squeezed."]
+
+The patentee who proposes to realize from his invention should never let
+it be known that he is in want; of course, in some cases he cannot help
+himself, but he should endeavor to obtain the necessary assistance from
+his acquaintances, and under no circumstances let those with whom he is
+trying to deal get an insight into his financial condition, as
+capitalists and others will very often take the advantage of an inventor
+when known to be in straitened circumstances, and the patentee probably
+would not realize as much from his patent as he otherwise could.
+Therefore, it is advisable in all cases for the patentee to manifest no
+impatience, remain silent as to his financial condition, and strive to
+impress those with whom he is dealing that he is in no condition to be
+"squeezed."
+
+[Sidenote: Value of Record of Invention.]
+
+Inventors, while working on a complicated machine, should not overlook
+the value and importance of keeping a record of the progress of the
+development, illustrating it with sketches, signing and dating them with
+each new addition, and, when practical, having it witnessed by one or
+more persons. This plan is preferred by many inventors to filing a
+caveat. Such a record will be found very valuable in case of an
+infringement, as it enables the inventor to ascertain the various steps
+of his invention, and is a sort of evidence that cannot be impeached.
+Such a record of a complicated invention, when the inventor has put much
+time and study upon the subject in perfecting it, will also be found
+valuable in effecting sales, and in fixing the price of the patent.
+
+[Sidenote: Prejudice against Patents.]
+
+It cannot be denied that at the present time there seems to be in many
+sections of the country a strong prejudice against patents, which
+sometimes makes it difficult to get people sufficiently interested to
+take hold of any patent; especially is this true when the patentee
+endeavors to sell his patent piecemeal; that is, by county, township,
+shop, or farm rights. No matter how important or valuable the invention
+may be, there seems to be a disposition on the part of the public to
+look upon such rights as a fraud, and to be very cautious how they
+invest in them.
+
+The public is not wholly to blame for this, as in recent years there has
+been a class of men who have canvassed the country with patent rights,
+not caring what representations they made so long as they were able to
+effect a sale; consequently, many people have been lured into purchasing
+patent rights for a small territory which in many instances were
+worthless or not as represented, causing them to be more or less
+skeptical of all patents, as well as to bring this manner of selling
+patents generally into ill repute. With manufacturers and capitalists,
+this prejudice does not exist to any great extent, as with them the
+patent rests solely upon its own merits.
+
+[Sidenote: Newspaper Notoriety.]
+
+Many inventors overlook the importance of interesting newspaper men in
+their inventions. This is a matter of great consequence to the inventor
+in exploiting his invention, and should be given some attention.
+Newspapers desire items of interest of every description, and readers
+are usually interested in brief accounts of any new invention
+possessing novelty or merit; so that when the inventor once gets his
+invention into the newspapers it is generally copied by other papers,
+with the result that the invention gets a large amount of free
+advertising and publicity. These items frequently attract the attention
+of capitalists, manufacturers, and others, and at once put the invention
+in a favorable position before the public as could be done possibly in
+no other way--certainly in no cheaper way.
+
+Many of the trade journals and other periodicals are also open to
+receive technical descriptions of inventions of merit concerning
+industrial improvements. Such articles should be written in good form,
+containing not over five hundred or a thousand words, and if admitted to
+this class of publications will be of the utmost value and importance in
+creating favorable public opinion, and in advancing the inventor's
+interests.
+
+With hardly an exception, if an invention strikes editors favorably and
+is adjudged to be of sufficient interest to form an article of news in
+newspapers, or of sufficient merit to warrant a description in the trade
+papers, it is pretty certain to prove a success and bring the inventor
+large returns.
+
+If the invention is of such a character as to strike newspaper men
+unfavorably, the inventor can resort to the advertisement columns;
+using the large daily papers, or such publications which in some way
+relate to the industry to which the patent appertains, and such as have
+the largest circulation among the class of people it is desired to
+reach. See about advertising on page 46.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT
+
+
+Most inventors are not concerned so much about the fame or honor their
+inventions will bring them, or how much their inventions will advance
+civilization, or build up a nation, or administer to the conveniences
+and pleasures of mankind generally, as they are about how much it will
+net them in dollars and cents; but the patentee should not lose sight of
+the fact that the profits are in the exact proportion to the actual
+usefulness of the invention, and its general adaptability. It is
+immaterial whether the inventor himself intends to deal with the public,
+or to deal with a man or set of men who are afterward to deal with the
+public, the conditions are the same, and the profits must ultimately
+come from the sale of the manufactured article.
+
+[Sidenote: Pecuniary Value.]
+
+It may seem superfluous to say that mere Letters Patent aside from an
+invention is of no value, though many inventors are under the erroneous
+impression that if an invention possesses patentability, it must also
+necessarily have pecuniary value. To be of any pecuniary value
+whatever, the invention must cover something for which there is a
+demand, or for which there can be a demand created, for it cannot be
+disputed, that if an invention will not bring in money by manufacturing
+it, it is, in a financial sense, worthless; and the patent thereon is
+therefore worth some seventy or eighty dollars less than nothing.
+
+[Sidenote: Commercial Value.]
+
+An invention, to have commercial value, as previously stated, must cover
+something for which there is a demand, or for which there can be a
+demand created. It may be an entirely new device, or it may be an
+improvement upon an existing invention, but in any event it must contain
+a certain degree of utility. In rare cases inventors are able to hit
+upon an invention in an entirely new field; for these a demand has to be
+created. For improvements, however, as a general thing, the demand
+already exists; then the important question arises in determining the
+commercial value of the patent. "Does the invention in question possess
+sufficient merit to successfully compete with existing devices of the
+same class?" In order to do this, it must be of a simpler or cheaper
+construction, so that it can be manufactured and put on the market at a
+lower figure; or, it must yield better results, work quicker and at less
+expense, or economize power, labor, or time. A patented improvement
+upon an article that can be sold more cheaply, or one which will yield
+better results than those now selling well on the market, has a decided
+commercial value and can easily be disposed of at a good price. If the
+inventor be fortunate enough to combine both of these features in his
+invention, the value is doubled and success certain.
+
+[Sidenote: Basis for Estimation.]
+
+Perhaps one of the hardest questions that confronts the patentee is how
+to arrive at a just valuation of his patent, and to know just exactly
+what he should receive for it. This is a very important question, and
+one which should be looked into before undertaking negotiations.
+Patentees should not, of course, undervalue their patents, or accept the
+first small offer made for fear of not receiving another; at the same
+time, they should not fall into the common error of asking a price that
+cannot be obtained, which too frequently precludes all chances of a
+sale. Many business men would rather lose the patent than waste their
+time constantly dickering about an unreasonable price.
+
+Inventors should be reasonable in their demands, and consider that the
+purchaser must have a fair share of the profits. He cannot expect to
+realize all there is in the patent himself. Indeed, patentees usually
+find that men willing to establish a business on the basis of their
+untried patents will require the greater bulk of the profits to be
+derived from it.
+
+[Sidenote: General Rules for Valuation.]
+
+It is evident that only the most general rules for valuation can be
+given, as each invention must be studied and valued strictly upon its
+own merits. Undoubtedly, the best and most practical method of
+ascertaining the value of any invention which is susceptible of being
+manufactured on a small scale is to have a limited quantity of the
+articles manufactured--say five hundred or a thousand--and try the
+experiment of introducing them in a small territory; that is, in a
+certain county, city, or town, taking great precaution in selecting a
+person who is capable of carrying forward the business in a
+business-like manner. This method demonstrates conclusively whether or
+not the invention will meet with success, and with these figures at hand
+the patentee will be prepared to prove, to the satisfaction of
+interested parties, just what the patent is really worth.
+
+This method of procedure not only enables the patentee to get a just
+valuation of his patent, but also puts it in a more favorable position
+to be sold; since the commercial value is known and established, it no
+longer remains an experiment. Interested parties can take their
+calculations from these figures, and the patentee can exact a price in
+proportion to the success of the trial experiment.
+
+In order to thus demonstrate the value of a patent, the patentee must
+possess and advance the necessary means to carry it forward, though, if
+the experiment prove at all successful, the profits derived from the
+articles sold will in nearly all cases more than offset the expense
+incurred. This is a very popular course with inventors, especially in
+handling small inventions, known as novelty or specialty patents.
+
+If the patentee have not the means to successfully demonstrate the value
+of his patent by actual trial, as above outlined, then the next best
+course would be to inquire among reliable manufacturers and ascertain
+the lowest price for which the invention can be manufactured in large
+quantities, and the highest price at which it will retail; and then, by
+carefully studying the market, the patentee should be able to estimate
+the amount of competition, cost of selling, probable number of sales,
+interest on the investment, etc., and on these figures base the price he
+should receive for the patent, being careful to allow the purchaser a
+liberally fair profit.
+
+While there are at present about ninety-five million inhabitants in the
+United States, it is scarcely probable that any invention has yet or
+ever will be made that will reach half this number of people. With an
+article of the most general adaptability, including both sexes, the
+inventor can hardly hope to reach more than a fourth of the entire
+population, though, of course, the invention may be subject to regular
+consumption, so that the people reached would naturally purchase the
+article again a number of times during the course of a year.
+
+The statistics in the last chapter are given with the view of assisting
+patentees in determining what proportion of the population will likely
+want their inventions, and to enable them to estimate prices. In
+estimating the price to ask for a patent, patentees should not conceive
+and hang their hopes upon fabulous prices and immediate wealth, which
+too often dooms ambitious inventors to bitter disappointment; they
+should rather endeavor to look at their inventions from the purchaser's
+stand-point, and try to see it in the light in which others view it. It
+may be well to remember that the million mark of patents issued in the
+United States, including re-issues and designs, was passed in 1911, and
+it is quite probable that any one inventor may not have the only good
+thing in the line of patents.
+
+[Sidenote: How Rating for Royalty Is Figured.]
+
+Many patents are more profitable by being placed upon royalty than by
+any other means, and quite often the patent can be placed this way when
+it is not possible to sell outright at a satisfactory price. In
+determining what royalty the patentee should receive, he should
+carefully estimate, in connection with the probable number of sales,
+what profit the manufacturer can probably make on each, or a number of
+the articles containing the patented improvements, and should require
+about twenty-five per cent. of the profits as royalty. Another method
+used by some inventors is to ascertain the price at which the article
+can be retailed, and figure the royalty at between one-twentieth and
+one-tenth of the retail price. Either of the above should give the
+approximate figure to ask for exclusive royalty contracts. For
+non-exclusive rights the patentee should ask about one-half of that for
+exclusive rights.
+
+[Sidenote: Stock in Stock Companies.]
+
+There is another class of patents that can be best realized from by
+organizing the proper kind of joint stock companies, and manufacturing
+the invention, the inventor taking a certain amount of the stock and
+assigning the patent to the company. The patentee should receive between
+one-fourth and one-half of the capital stock in consideration of his
+assigning his patent and rights to the company.
+
+The inventor should see that a good portion of the stock is subscribed
+for and the amount actually paid into the treasury of the company before
+making the assignment. As a rule, inventors' stock is full paid and
+non-assessable.
+
+[Sidenote: Prices for Territorial Rights.]
+
+In calculating the prices for territorial rights, the application of the
+invention to that section must be taken into consideration, as well as
+the advancement in manufacturing, etc. If the invention belongs to that
+class of inventions which may be generally adapted in all States alike,
+such as domestic articles and articles of wearing apparel, then the
+population will form a very satisfactory basis for valuation.
+
+There are other inventions, however, that apply almost wholly to a
+certain section of the country, while still others apply more to one
+section than to another; thus, for instance, mechanical contrivances of
+the higher order, such as writing machines, mathematical instruments,
+etc., the North and East are the most valuable; for mining and
+agricultural implements, etc., the West; while such as the cotton-gin,
+seeders, and presses apply almost wholly to the South. States and
+counties having large cities and large towns are also usually more
+valuable than other States and counties of same population.
+
+[Sidenote: Valuation Tables.]
+
+The following tables are given as a general estimate of the relative
+value of the different States and divisions in the majority of cases;
+however, these tables are only arbitrary at best, and cannot be applied
+to all classes of inventions satisfactorily, though they may serve to
+materially aid the patentee in determining what price to put upon each
+State in his own case. Having determined the value of the patent as a
+whole, the aggregate of the State prices should be about two-thirds
+more, as there are always some States that cannot be sold separately,
+while others may have to be sold at a discount.
+
+
+TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS
+
+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------
+   STATES AND    |             PRICE AS A WHOLE.
+  TERRITORIES.   |---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+                 | $1,000  | $5,000  |  $10,000 | $15,000  | $20,000
+-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+Maine            |     35  |    175  |     350  |    500   |   700
+New Hampshire    |     30  |    150  |     300  |    450   |   600
+Vermont          |     30  |    150  |     300  |    450   |   600
+Massachusetts    |     50  |    225  |     500  |    750   | 1,000
+Rhode Island     |     20  |    100  |     200  |    300   |   400
+Connecticut      |     35  |    175  |     350  |    500   |   700
+New York         |     65  |    300  |     650  |    950   | 1,200
+Pennsylvania     |     65  |    300  |     650  |    950   | 1,200
+New Jersey       |     40  |    200  |     400  |    600   |   800
+                 +---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+N. ATLANTIC      |   $370  | $1,775  |  $3,700  | $5,450   |$7,200
+  DIVISION       |         |         |          |          |
+-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+
+TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS--_Continued_
+
+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------
+   STATES AND    |             PRICE AS A WHOLE.
+  TERRITORIES.   |---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+                 | $1,000  | $5,000  |  $10,000 | $15,000  | $20,000
+-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+Delaware         |     20  |    100  |     200  |    300   |   400
+Maryland         |     40  |    200  |     400  |    600   |   800
+District of      |     15  |     75  |     150  |    200   |   300
+  Columbia       |         |         |          |          |
+Virginia         |     35  |    200  |     400  |    600   |   800
+West Virginia    |     35  |    175  |     300  |    500   |   700
+North Carolina   |     35  |    150  |     300  |    450   |   600
+South Carolina   |     35  |    150  |     350  |    500   |   700
+Georgia          |     40  |    200  |     400  |    600   |   800
+Florida          |     15  |     75  |     150  |    200   |   300
+                 +---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+S. ATLANTIC      |   $270  | $1,325  |  $2,700  |  $3,950  |$5,400
+  DIVISION       |         |         |          |          |
+                 |         |         |          |          |
+Ohio             |     60  |    300  |     600  |     900  | 1,100
+Indiana          |     55  |    275  |     550  |     800  | 1,000
+Illinois         |     65  |    300  |     650  |     950  | 1,200
+Michigan         |     45  |    200  |     350  |     600  |   800
+Wisconsin        |     40  |    150  |     275  |     400  |   500
+Minnesota        |     45  |    200  |     350  |     600  |   800
+Iowa             |     40  |    175  |     350  |     500  |   700
+Missouri         |     45  |    225  |     450  |     650  |   900
+North Dakota     |     25  |     75  |     150  |     200  |   300
+South Dakota     |     30  |    100  |     200  |     300  |   400
+Nebraska         |     30  |    150  |     300  |     450  |   600
+Kansas           |     40  |    175  |     300  |     500  |   700
+                 +---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+N. CENTRAL       |   $485  | $2,325  |  $4,525  |  $6,850  |$9,000
+   DIVISION      |         |         |          |          |
+-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+
+TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS--_Continued_
+
+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------
+   STATES AND    |             PRICE AS A WHOLE.
+  TERRITORIES.   |---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+                 | $1,000  | $5,000  |  $10,000 | $15,000  | $20,000
+-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+----------
+Kentucky         |     40  |    200  |     375  |    600   |   700
+Tennessee        |     30  |    175  |     350  |    500   |   700
+Alabama          |     30  |    150  |     300  |    450   |   600
+Mississippi      |     30  |    150  |     300  |    450   |   600
+Louisiana        |     35  |    175  |     300  |    500   |   700
+Texas            |     35  |    175  |     300  |    500   |   700
+Oklahoma         |     20  |    100  |     200  |    300   |   400
+Arkansas         |     20  |     75  |     150  |    200   |   300
+                 +---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+S. CENTRAL       |   $230  | $1,200  |  $2,275  | $3,500   |$4,700
+ DIVISION        |         |         |          |          |
+                 |         |         |          |          |
+Montana          |     15  |    100  |     175  |    250   |   300
+Colorado         |     40  |    175  |     350  |    350   |   700
+New Mexico       |     15  |     50  |     100  |    150   |   200
+Arizona          |     15  |     50  |     100  |    150   |   200
+Utah             |     15  |     50  |     100  |    150   |   200
+Idaho            |     10  |     50  |      75  |    100   |   200
+Washington       |     15  |     50  |     100  |    150   |   200
+Oregon           |     20  |     75  |     125  |    200   |   300
+California       |     50  |    250  |     450  |    700   |   900
+                 +---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+WESTERN DIVISION |   $235  |   $975  |  $1,800  | $2,750   |$3,700
+                 +=========+=========+==========+==========+========
+   GRAND TOTAL   | $1,600  | $7,600  | $15,000  |$22,500   |$30,000
+-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS
+
+
+While the inventor may put much hard study upon his invention and make
+many costly experiments, this part of his work is usually a pleasure;
+and in securing the patent he invariably has able counsel in his
+attorney with no anxiety on his part; but with the commercial proceeding
+of selling his patent, which involves the greatest prudence and care in
+managing, it is different, and here is where the inventor's real work
+begins if he expects to reap the benefit of his invention.
+
+[Sidenote: Patent-selling Agencies.]
+
+For the benefit of unexperienced patentees it is deemed expedient to
+give a word of warning here regarding the host of so-called
+patent-selling agencies, which under various imposing titles, coupled
+with an apparently honest and straightforward method of business, tempt
+each patentee, upon the issue of his patent, to place the same in their
+hands and authorize them to negotiate the sale thereof. Their
+propositions are very attractive and temptingly prepared; their offers
+appear to be "gilt edge"; their circulars are high-sounding and
+rose-colored; their contracts are formal looking, and drawn up in an
+impressive way, highly advantageous to the patentee; but it will be
+noted in all cases that they will require the patentee to pay down a
+certain sum under some pretence,--such as to cover the cost of
+advertising the patent, to have circulars printed, to secure copies of
+the patent for distribution, to have a cut made illustrating the
+invention, or for membership fee, and so on, it matters not what, so
+long as it is an advance fee. Many will also agree to sell both the
+United States and Canadian patents, if the patentee will file the
+Canadian application through them; it is evident, however, that this is
+only a scheme to get the patentee to take out the Canadian patent
+through them--they having no facilities for disposing of either of the
+patents.
+
+The writer is not prepared to say that there are no honestly conducted
+patent-selling agencies, but from long experience and observation, has
+never known where a patentee was ever materially benefited by placing
+his interests in the hands of these concerns, and has yet to learn of
+them ever making a sale solely through their own efforts. Very few of
+these concerns have any facilities whatever for selling patents; all of
+their time being taken up in mailing their weekly circulars to inventors
+immediately upon the publication of the _Official Gazette_, and working
+inventors up to the remitting point which usually ends the matter so
+far as they are concerned, unless they believe they can get another fee
+out of the patentee.
+
+There may be exceptions, but patentees should fully satisfy themselves
+as to the integrity of these firms before placing business in their
+hands, as the Assistant Commissioner of Patents in his report in the
+Webberburn case, 81 O. G., 191 K, clearly pointed out that the methods
+of these concerns were such as to sell the patentees rather than their
+patents.
+
+[Sidenote: The Patentee the Best Selling Agent.]
+
+That the patentee himself is the best selling agent there can be no
+doubt, for he is familiar with the construction and operation of his
+invention in every detail, and knows its merits and superior points far
+better than anyone else, besides manufacturers and others wishing to
+purchase patents invariably desire to deal with the patentee himself.
+Business men, it may be said as a rule, do not think very much of an
+invention which the inventor has abandoned to others to negotiate,
+moreover the personal push of the inventor is, in nearly all cases,
+essential to the successful termination of a sale.
+
+Subtract the personal energy and presence of the inventor from the
+successful inventions of the past and of to-day, and the chances are
+that they would not have succeeded as they did. It is not only a
+question of material interest, but also of enthusiasm and confidence,
+and each patentee, having but one patent or a set of patents to push,
+can lend thereto that individual attention which insures good work and
+success.
+
+[Sidenote: In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling.]
+
+However, if from any reason the patentee is unable to handle his own
+invention and must engage the services of an agent or salesman, he
+should select one from among his own acquaintances, in whom he has
+confidence. He should if possible get a person who has had experience in
+the line of the invention, as such a person would likely understand it
+and the trade better than others. It is not really necessary that he
+should have had experience in selling patents; if he is a good talker,
+knows how to approach business men, and thoroughly understands the
+invention, he will probably make money for the inventor and himself. The
+patentee should have him submit all offers of value for his
+consideration, and should not give the agent power to sign or collect.
+The patentee should name a reasonable price for the patent, allowing the
+agent a liberal commission upon the price, and encouraging the agent by
+allowing him a certain percentage of all he may be able to get over and
+above the price named. This will encourage the agent to work for the
+highest price obtainable. The inventor should make every effort to be
+able to personally attend to the details of selling, and keep the
+business under his personal supervision.
+
+[Sidenote: Methods of Selling Patents.]
+
+There are a number of plausible methods to which the patentee may resort
+in disposing of his patent without the aid of questionable selling
+agents, and it is the purpose of the following pages and succeeding
+chapter to set forth such methods as have in the past proved beneficial
+to patentees; those along which success have been achieved, and such as
+are employed by the most successful inventors of the present time in
+handling their patents.
+
+It is true that no definite method or system can be given that will
+apply to all patents alike, as the method in each case will depend more
+or less upon the character of the invention, and to the particular art
+to which it belongs; however, from the following pages the patentee
+should be able to judge what particular methods will best apply to his
+individual case, and proceed along these lines.
+
+There are many patents issued which the patentees thereof can as
+successfully dispose of from the smallest hamlet in the United States as
+from New York, Chicago, or any of our larger cities, while, of course,
+there are others which only those directly connected with the largest
+and wealthiest corporations can hope to dispose of successfully. The
+main thing is not to become discouraged or give up until one succeeds
+in making a sale.
+
+[Sidenote: About Advertising.]
+
+To make the merits and importance of an invention publicly known is, in
+many cases, one of the best ways of bringing about the introduction and
+sale of a patent. If the inventor has a patent on an invention that
+manufacturers or others want, and can make its merits and superior
+qualities known to them, negotiations will soon follow. There is no way
+for patentees to place themselves in communication with prospective
+investors quite equal to an advertisement in the proper medium. Here it
+may be well to state that patentees who decide to advertise their
+patents for sale or otherwise should place their advertisements in
+publications of known standing, such as the leading daily newspapers. A
+brief, well-worded advertisement in the "Business Opportunities" column
+of these papers bring quick and good results, though, perhaps a better
+class of inquiries may be obtained by advertising in the trade journals
+of the class to which the invention relates, and while the trade
+journals may not bring about as many inquiries as the dailies, those
+that answer will be more apt to be interested and talk business. Either
+of the above are good mediums, but in advertising patents for sale
+patentees should carefully avoid those publications that are published
+at uncertain intervals, and usually for the express purpose of
+circulating among inventors for various purposes. They do not reach the
+class of people that invest in patents. Inventors should know the class
+of people that would be likely to become interested in their inventions,
+and advertise in such mediums as have the largest circulation among that
+class.
+
+[Sidenote: How to Write an Advertisement.]
+
+In the construction of an advertisement there is often too much waste by
+using too much verbiage, too many unnecessary words or sentences,
+sometimes too much display. Prudence in the arrangement, and care in
+editing an advertisement, will save much expense. The size of an
+advertisement of this class has really little to do with its pulling
+qualities.
+
+The statements should be assuming, and at the same time truthful, as any
+deception in an advertisement is sure to work an injury. There should
+not be more claimed in the advertisement than sounds reasonable, even
+though it be stating facts; if an advertisement sounds unreasonable it
+will not have the desired result. Inventors sometimes become so
+enthusiastic over their inventions that they exaggerate unintentionally.
+A good rule is for the inventor to read over the advertisement, and ask
+himself, "If this statement was read by me, would I believe it; would it
+convince me?" etc.
+
+Putting one's self in the purchaser's place is always one of the best
+factors in writing good advertisements. The inventor should put himself
+in the place of the purchaser of the patent, and reason what would
+induce him to investigate its merits; what would likely cause him to
+take it up, and so on; he should think and write fully along these
+general lines, incorporate these reasons into an advertisement; then
+boil it down by cutting out the unnecessary words and sentences; prune,
+remodel, and rewrite until he has a brief advertisement, clear, concise,
+and to the point.
+
+[Sidenote: Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents before
+Interested Parties.]
+
+While to advertise, as suggested in the foregoing pages, would require a
+very moderate outlay, and be, perhaps, the better course to pursue:
+however, in connection with it, or if the patentee does not feel that he
+can afford the expense of advertising, a very good plan is for him to
+secure copies of a number of the trade journals of the class to which
+his invention relates, and carefully look over the advertisements
+therein, and select a list of such manufacturers as would seem likely to
+be induced to purchase the patent in question, or manufacture the
+article on royalty. In this manner the patentee will probably get the
+best up-to-date list obtainable, and it may be set down as a fact, with
+very few exceptions, that if manufacturers and dealers who make and
+handle just such articles as the patent calls for cannot be interested,
+it is very hard to interest others not engaged in such line, except when
+the invention is large, and requires a great deal of capital to work the
+same.
+
+[Sidenote: How to Correspond with Manufacturers.]
+
+To each of the parties of the list thus selected, or to a number of
+them, the inventor should write a well-composed and convincing letter
+setting forth the invention in its best light, and stating just why it
+would be to the interest of the parties solicited to investigate the
+same. Some time should be spent on this letter before attempting to
+write it, and the writer should weigh well in his own mind what would be
+best to say, and the proper way of expressing it. He should be as brief
+as possible, consistent with legibility. The statements should be
+assuming, yet in every respect true. He should state in brief terms just
+what the invention is, what it will do, the points and advantages it
+has, and at the same time endeavoring to get the parties interested so
+that they will inquire into the invention, rather than attempt to come
+to terms in the first letter.
+
+The letter should be brief and pointed, and plainly written upon
+business-size paper; and if the inventor has a typewriter, or access to
+one, he should use it. If he has printed circulars he should send one
+with his first letter, which will enable him to make the letter briefer
+and more business-like.
+
+In correspondence it is well not to name a price until the parties are
+interested, and first endeavor to get them to make an offer. The
+patentee should be patient and should not expect to jump right into a
+bargain at once. If the invention is a meritorious one there will be
+more than one of the manufacturers to whom the patentee may write, who
+will become interested, and when such a state exists, the patentee can
+begin to be more exacting as to his demands since competition has been
+created between the manufacturers.
+
+[Sidenote: Circulars.]
+
+A few dollars invested in circulars will frequently be found of great
+value to the patentee if he intends to negotiate the sale of his patent
+mainly by advertising and correspondence, as they will save a great deal
+of writing and explaining as well as appear more business-like and
+attractive, and may be the means of more readily effecting a sale.
+
+[Sidenote: Illustrations.]
+
+If the patentee can afford the additional expense of an illustration, it
+will greatly increase the appearance of the circular, and make it more
+readily understood and interesting. The cut should be neat and set forth
+the invention in its best light. It would be better to entrust the
+procuring of the cut to the printer, for he will know just what is
+wanted and can secure the same at a better price. A sufficient number
+of well printed circulars, with illustration, can be obtained of any
+printer for a few dollars.
+
+[Sidenote: About Getting up Circulars.]
+
+The circulars should be attractive, convincing, and logical; nicely
+arranged, and neatly printed upon good paper. A mistake is often made in
+sending out trashy-looking circulars, poorly printed upon cheap paper;
+they repel rather than attract, and do not have the desired effect.
+
+The circular should have good head-lines so as to attract the attention
+of its recipient at a glance, and his interest should be held by having
+the uses and advantages of the invention well written.
+
+Many of the pointers suggested in advertising and letter-writing will
+equally apply to the writing and getting up of the circulars, and need
+not be treated further here, except that the patentee should dwell
+especially upon the merits of the invention, its uses, and advantages
+over like articles. This should be done in the most interesting manner
+possible, describing it so that its value will be fully understood.
+
+[Sidenote: Uses of Printed Copies.]
+
+It will be well for the patentee to order some printed copies of his
+patent, as manufacturers and others usually ask for them if interested,
+in order that they may examine the patent, or have an expert to examine
+it, to ascertain its validity, novelty, and what protection is really
+afforded by the patent. It cannot be denied that in either case the
+invention will suffer a cold-blooded rigid examination, and must stand
+or fall solely upon its merits. If, however, the invention is adjudged
+to have real merit and properly protected by the Letters Patent,
+business negotiations will likely begin, and the patentee will perhaps
+speedily make a satisfactory deal.
+
+[Sidenote: First Impressions All-Important.]
+
+Some inventors use printed copies of their patents instead of circulars,
+but, while they fully set forth the invention in a technical way, it
+cannot be said that in all cases it is advisable to send copies of the
+patent until called for. Many parties who become interested in patents
+are not familiar with mechanical drawings and technical specifications,
+and very often do not get a very favorable impression from a copy of the
+patent; and it is very important that the first impressions should be
+favorably created, for upon this much will depend. If parties become
+sufficiently interested to fully investigate an invention, they are very
+apt to form a favorable opinion of it.
+
+[Sidenote: Value of Models.]
+
+There is no way of so easily creating a favorable impression and gaining
+the interest in an invention as by a neat and perfect working model of
+the invention. Man never loses the child-love for toys, and a perfect
+miniature machine of any description will attract more attention than
+one of full size. With a model the inventor has the full and immediate
+attention of his prospective purchasers at once. If the patentee, or his
+agent, intends visiting manufacturers, or to sell the patent by
+territorial rights, he will find a model of his invention almost
+indispensable.
+
+Inventors should be very careful about sending models to unknown
+parties, and should mark the number of the patent and their name and
+address upon the model. It should invariably be understood in advance
+who is to pay the transportation charges, before sending a model with
+any charges to collect.
+
+While models are very helpful in setting forth an invention and making
+sales, high prices exclude many inventors from their use. Model-makers
+usually charge fifty cents per hour for each man working upon the model,
+and market price for the material used; from these figures the inventor
+may make a rough estimate of what a model of his invention will cost.
+
+[Sidenote: Working Drawings.]
+
+Working drawings are different from those forming a part of the patent
+in that they are more detailed, giving the size of each piece and the
+material of which it is constructed. While working drawings are not
+quite as expensive as models, they do not show the invention to the
+advantage that models do, and are of little value to those who do not
+understand them. On the other hand, working drawings have the advantage
+of being easily sent through the mails, and can be duplicated at small
+cost. Manufacturers prefer working drawings to models in quoting prices
+on manufacturing the invention in quantities.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS--_Continued_
+
+
+In conducting the sale of patents, the greatest difficulty is most
+frequently experienced in getting manufacturers or others sufficiently
+interested to look into the merits and possibilities of the invention.
+If the inventor can get the parties to actually consent in their own
+minds to the proposition of taking up the invention, the question of
+terms and conditions can soon be arranged. Until the parties solicited
+can see beyond a doubt that there is large profits in it for them, the
+price of the patent is out of the question; therefore, the first step is
+to demonstrate its merits and commercial value, and get the parties
+thoroughly interested.
+
+Patentees should not labor under the impression that because a patent is
+offered at a very low price that it will be quickly snapped up as a
+bargain; as before stated, if a patent will not bring in money by
+manufacturing and selling the article, it is worthless; and its real
+value is in exact proportion to the amount of profits that can be made
+from its manufacture.
+
+Should the patentee find that his patent has no commercial value, it is
+almost useless to spend more time and money in trying to realize
+anything from it; he had better start again, and endeavor to invent
+something that has value and can be sold.
+
+[Sidenote: Value of Personal Influence.]
+
+Inventors should use the full extent of their personal influence to
+spread particulars of their inventions as far as possible, for this
+indirect work is often a leading factor in creating a favorable
+impression that frequently results in the adaption of an invention.
+
+However unacquainted he may be in a business way, every patentee can,
+more or less, in his immediate neighborhood, consult with merchants,
+friends, and others in the line of his invention, who can post him upon
+the right parties to submit the patent to, and the best way to see them
+about it, and perhaps go with him to visit such as might be interested
+in the invention.
+
+[Sidenote: Personal Solicitation Advisable.]
+
+In nearly every case it is more satisfactory for the patentee to call on
+the manufacturers or interested parties personally whenever it is
+possible for him to do so. This brings about a more satisfactory
+understanding between them. Many inventors, however, prefer opening up
+communication by correspondence, and after the parties manifest a
+willingness or desire to look into the invention more closely, then
+arrange to visit them personally.
+
+Having determined upon a visit, the patentee should endeavor to get a
+friend known by the parties to go with him to make their acquaintance.
+If the friend cannot go with the patentee, he will probably give him a
+note of introduction. It may happen that his friend does not know the
+parties whom the patentee wishes to see, in that event he may know of
+someone who does, to whom he can introduce the patentee and who in turn
+may either go with him or arrange to make him known to the parties
+solicited. An introduction, of course, is not absolutely necessary, but
+it invariably has a good effect and is generally worth the effort.
+
+The patentee should be prepared to make a straightforward, business-like
+presentation of his invention by means of a suitable model or drawings;
+carefully explaining its merits and advantages, showing as clearly as
+possible just what the value of the invention is and what can be made
+out of it, and giving tangible reasons why it would be to the interest
+of the parties solicited to invest in the patent. If the patentee is
+dealing with a manufacturer it is well to point out not only the
+possible advantage he may have by securing the control of the patent,
+but also the possible loss that his business may suffer by allowing one
+of his competitors to obtain its control. Many businesses have been
+hopelessly crippled by an enterprising firm securing control of a good
+patent and introducing a like article that can be sold cheaper, or one
+that will do its work in a better and more satisfactory manner.
+
+[Sidenote: Selling Outright.]
+
+Many inventors prefer to sell their patents outright; that is, in
+consideration of a specified sum of money the patentee assigns his
+entire interest in the patent, in the same manner that a person would
+sell a piece of real estate. This is a very good method and one of the
+quickest ways for the patentee to turn his invention into money, though
+it must be remembered that to sell a patent outright is usually for a
+very much smaller sum than could be realized if handled by other
+methods.
+
+The day for obtaining enormous sums or fortunes from the sale of a
+patent outright is past; at present to realize any considerable amount,
+the patentee generally has to share in the risks as well as the profits,
+unless the invention is very highly developed, and even then he cannot
+expect to get as much out of an outright assignment as he could by
+sharing in the success of the invention commercially. If, however, the
+patentee is content to take the utmost cash his patent will bring him
+outright, he is assured of a principal or lump sum, free from any
+chances of the article not selling well when placed upon the market.
+
+Before signing and delivering the assignment, the patentee will, of
+course, see that he has the consideration, or its equivalent, for which
+the assignment is made. If the transaction is made through
+correspondence he should send the assignment duly executed to the
+purchaser through the bank or express C. O. D. for the amount.
+
+[Sidenote: Assigning an Undivided Interest.]
+
+In a preceding chapter, the dangers and disadvantages of an undivided
+interest are set forth, and it cannot be considered a wise course under
+any consideration to part with any undivided interest in the
+proprietorship of the patent, unless unusually well paid, or there
+exists an agreement of copartnership between the patentee and the
+assignee. By such an assignment, no matter how small, the patentee loses
+control of his patent.
+
+[Sidenote: Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of Rights.]
+
+Many patents, from the nature of the invention, can be subdivided into
+different classes of rights, and each class sold or granted separately
+as the patentee may choose. Thus, the patentee of a tire, or other
+appliances for a bicycle, could license one party to make the same for
+bicycles and another for automobiles. In like manner a car-coupler could
+be divided between those who build railway equipments and those who
+build street-cars, and so on.
+
+Goodyear, the inventor of the process of vulcanizing rubber, divided
+his patent up into many different rights, licensing one company for
+manufacturing rubber combs, licensing another for hose pipes, another
+for shoes, another for clothing, and a number of other different rights,
+for which each company or partner paid a tariff. Lyall, inventor of the
+continuous loom, also divided his patent into many different rights; one
+company weaving carpets, another corsets, another bags, another
+sheeting, etc.
+
+In every case where the invention covers articles not in the same line
+of manufacture, the patentee should not fail to divide the rights into
+different classes, granting each party only such rights as they may be
+interested in. In this way the patentee can quite often double or treble
+the receipts from his invention.
+
+The patentee may, if he desires, have his machines built and require the
+purchasers to pay him a regular annual rental on each machine, or a
+tariff upon the goods produced, in addition to the price of the machine.
+Companies are sometimes organized to manufacture an invention, and
+employ travelling men to place the article on annual rental instead of
+selling.
+
+[Sidenote: Selling by Territorial Rights.]
+
+Another method is to sell State and county rights. This consists of a
+license whereby the patentee, in consideration of a certain sum of money
+paid him, grants unto another person or persons the exclusive right to
+make and sell the invention, and to authorize others to make and sell
+the same, within a specified territory, during the life of the patent.
+This plan of disposing of a patent has often been highly profitable, but
+it must be said that these territorial sales have been conducted in such
+a manner in the past, as to bring the whole system of selling patent
+rights into disrepute, and in recent years patentees have found some
+difficulty in making sales in this way, unless the device is of unusual
+great novelty and attraction to householders or the general public.
+
+Occasionally, however, there are patents issued for meritorious
+inventions that are susceptible of this mode of procedure, and which can
+be disposed of to the greatest advantage by territorial grants. Such
+inventions as household novelties possessing great merit and utility
+have been most successfully placed upon this plan, but it must be
+remembered that the value of the system rests upon its capabilities of
+effecting sales of the manufactured article to a vast proportion of the
+people.
+
+In selling territorial rights it is a mistake to begin with the small
+places with the idea of working the business up and effecting larger
+sales on the basis of the smaller ones; it is better to shove the sales,
+as much as possible in the start, and after the more valuable portion
+of the territory is disposed of, proceed with the balance until it
+ceases to be profitable.
+
+Experience teaches that it is usually advisable to accept any reasonable
+offer made for a small right, even if it does not come up to the
+patentee's estimate of its value, as he has plenty of other territory
+left, and may lose much time and money in finding another in the same
+territory willing to pay more; besides, the purchaser of such a right
+may, by his energy and good judgment, advertise the invention in such a
+way as to greatly benefit the patentee in making further sales.
+
+Some patentees employ good and reliable special agents to travel and
+dispose of the patent rights; others advertise for and appoint State
+agents to sell their respective county rights. In either case these
+agents expect to make money by the operation, and require a liberal
+proportion of the proceeds for their remuneration; generally speaking,
+they will require about one-third the selling price, unless the patentee
+can show that the rights will sell readily, in which case the rating can
+be made lower.
+
+[Sidenote: Granting Licenses.]
+
+The patentee may also sell licenses under his patent; that is, in
+consideration of a certain sum, the patentee licenses a manufacturer to
+make the invention at his own place of business; it being a personal
+privilege and is not transferable unless its terms so state.
+
+Unless there are a great many manufacturers in the line of industry to
+which the patent relates, and unless the invention has real merit so
+that it will be readily adapted by the manufacturers, the patentee
+cannot hope to realize any considerable amount from selling shop-rights
+alone. As a general thing, patents for mechanical inventions can be
+disposed of to better advantage by other means, or by selling
+shop-rights in connection with other methods; for example, if the
+patentee was selling his patent by territorial grants, he might grant
+shop-rights in such territory as he has not sold; or if he is placing
+the patent upon non-exclusive royalty contracts, he could grant
+shop-rights in such portions of the territory as he does not contemplate
+using otherwise.
+
+Some inventions, such as methods or processes, as a general rule, have
+to ultimately be sold by licenses. Such patents can be employed most
+profitably by selling licenses, county and State rights; thus, in the
+case of a method of constructing fences, the patentee could sell State
+and county rights to parties, who in turn could grant farm rights, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Placing upon Royalty.]
+
+The license and royalty plan is perhaps the best and most popular method
+with inventors for realizing from their inventions. This, in effect,
+involves a contract between the patentee and the manufacturer, by which
+the latter in consideration of a license to manufacture the article
+covered by the patent, agrees to pay the patentee a certain specified
+sum as royalty for each article manufactured or sold bearing the
+patented improvement.
+
+Placing a patent on royalty is ordinarily taking chances, but if the
+patentee has full confidence in his article selling well, he should by
+all means take royalty in preference to selling the patent in its
+entirety. Many valuable patents are sold by their owners for from $1,000
+to $10,000, which yield the purchasers, when the article is on the
+market and selling well, as much as $25,000 annually in profits. This
+calls to the author's mind a patent for which at the outset was
+doubtfully offered $3,000, but before the negotiations terminated, the
+patentee succeeded in placing it upon an exclusive royalty basis. The
+royalties paid to the patentee during the first four years amounted to
+over $50,000, and the manufacturers subsequently made an offer of
+$100,000, for the patent.
+
+In making royalty contracts with parties, the patentee should
+investigate the standing, rating, and capabilities of the manufacturer,
+and, above all, should be certain that the parties have the right motive
+in view, and that the contract is so drawn that it will fully protect
+his own interests. Many patentees have been caught by manufacturers
+offering large royalties for the sole purpose of gaining possession of
+the patent, that they might pigeon-hole it, in order to keep the article
+out of the market, so that the sale of some similar article in which
+they are interested would not be interfered with by the introduction of
+a similar or better article, such as the patent anticipates.
+
+There are others who propose and make royalty contracts with patentees
+with no other object than that of making the special tools, patterns,
+dies, etc., for which they charge the patentee an extortionate price.
+
+The best and safest way for the patentee to guard against having his
+patent tied up is to bind the parties to do certain things in the way of
+pushing the sales, making the necessary tools at their own expense, and
+commencing its manufacture within a reasonable time, paying an advance
+royalty, or annexing some such condition to the agreement by which they
+will be the loser should they fail to push the inventor's interests.
+
+Unless it cannot be otherwise arranged, the patentee should not transfer
+his rights merely in consideration of receiving a certain sum on each
+article sold, as however sterling the character of the manufacturer,
+there would be no certainty of the sales being pushed. The patentee
+should endeavor to get the manufacturer to guarantee that the royalties
+shall amount to at least a certain pre-stipulated sum each year, or
+within a period of time, and that such sum shall absolutely be paid to
+him by the manufacturer, irrespective of sales. This insures that the
+manufacturer will be obliged to push the sales of the article, and do it
+justice, since if he neglects his duty purposely, or from lack of
+energy, he is out of pocket, and the patentee is sure of a certain
+income, with the addition of a possible fortune that unprecedented sales
+may yield him. However, manufacturers are not always willing to agree to
+this condition, unless the guaranteed amount is exceedingly reasonable;
+they will usually simply agree to do their best, and if the sales do not
+reach a certain figure each year, the patentee shall have the option of
+cancelling the agreement, and receiving back the patent free and clear.
+
+Royalty licenses can either be exclusive or non-exclusive; that is, with
+an exclusive contract the manufacturer has the exclusive right to
+manufacture the article, excluding all others; non-exclusive is simply a
+shop-right, in consideration of which the manufacturer agrees to pay the
+patentee or owner of the patent a stipulated price or percentage upon
+each article made or sold. The license can also be exclusive in a
+certain section, county, State, or a number of States, as may be agreed
+upon.
+
+Any number of conditions that may be agreed upon may be annexed to and
+form a part of the contract, and such an agreement should be drawn up in
+compliance with the terms and conditions agreed upon by a competent
+attorney, or one skilled in matters of this kind.
+
+[Sidenote: Manufacturing and Forming Companies.]
+
+If the patentee has a really good invention, often he cannot do better
+than to retain the patent and work it himself, in case he has the
+ability to do so. If he cannot conduct the manufacturing alone, he may
+be able to secure a partner with just sufficient funds, and equal common
+sense and business acumen, to add the necessary elements to the firm to
+achieve success.
+
+In some cases, if the patentee does not wish to retain the whole patent
+for his own use, an excellent plan is to commence the manufacture of the
+invention in a suitable locality, and after the business is so far under
+way as to show progress and profit, then sell out the business with
+license under the patent. To illustrate: a gentleman in Illinois, having
+obtained a patent on a farming implement, succeeded in interesting a
+party in his own neighborhood to join with him in its manufacture, which
+soon proved successful and remunerative, and in a short time he was able
+to sell out his interest in the business to his partner, with license
+under the patent, after which the patentee started its manufacture in a
+number of places elsewhere, and, at the same time, granting licenses and
+selling territory in still other sections, where he was unable to work
+the invention. In this way he made a fair fortune from his invention,
+realizing about as much from each business established as he could have
+probably obtained for the entire patent if sold outright at first.
+
+In this manner the patentee, with a valuable patent on an article of
+general usefulness, could go on and establish its manufacture in any
+number of places, and sell out with license under the patent. If the
+first experiment is successful, it is an easy matter to carry the method
+out in other places, and the business can be readily disposed of
+anywhere, if it can be shown to be on a paying basis.
+
+[Sidenote: To Organize Stock Companies]
+
+In recent years many inventors have been quite successful in organizing
+stock companies on the basis of their patents. This is considered one of
+the best ways for handling patents for large and promising inventions,
+and it is a method that any patentee, with ordinary business ability,
+should be able to carry out successfully, providing his invention is of
+sufficient merit and importance to form a suitable basis for a
+successful stock company.
+
+Many stock companies are incorporated under the laws of New Jersey, but
+it is believed the State of West Virginia is also very favorable to
+corporations. The entire expense for incorporating a company under the
+laws of the latter State should not exceed $150. The company can be
+incorporated for any amount; large or small, one hundred dollars or five
+millions, cost and fees being the same. The incorporators need not be
+residents of the State. No annual statements required. The meetings of
+the directors can be held at any place, and need not be held in the
+State where the charter is granted.
+
+Before applying for a charter for a corporation or stock company, the
+patentee should mention his plan to some of his friends and get five
+persons who will promise to subscribe for one or more shares of the
+stock and act as incorporators of the company.
+
+Next he should secure the services of a reliable attorney, familiar with
+corporation laws, to prepare the necessary articles of incorporation and
+legal papers. The attorney will advise the patentee how to proceed
+properly in organizing his company, and as to the securing of the stock
+certificates, subscription blanks, seal, etc. These, including the
+attorney's fee, should not cost the patentee more than $50.
+
+It is well to have some stationery printed with the proposed name of the
+company and business displayed thereon; and also a prospectus
+published, setting forth the invention and the plans of the company for
+introducing it, etc.
+
+Quite often the patentee can find enough idle capital in his immediate
+neighborhood to float a good portion of the stock. Capital is more
+easily secured by the formation of a stock company than by any other
+means, as people can subscribe for small or large amounts, and they
+often prove good investments.
+
+In soliciting subscriptions for stock, it is desirable to get as many
+prominent and influential men to buy one or more shares at first to head
+the list--their names will be a great aid in making further sales.
+Ordinarily the promoter only collects ten per cent, of the amount
+subscribed, the balance being subject to the call of the board of
+directors.
+
+After it is ascertained that the shares or stock are being rapidly
+subscribed for and selling fully up to expectation, the patentee can
+have the incorporators sign the charter application and have the
+attorney file it with the proper State authorities. This will cost the
+patentee about $100 more, for State tax, attorney fees, etc.
+
+When sufficient stock has been subscribed for, a meeting of the
+stockholders should be called to elect directors, and to transact such
+other business as may be deemed necessary in regard to locating and
+building the plant and getting the company in shape.
+
+The patentee should receive about one-half the capital stock in
+consideration of his transferring his rights and franchises to the
+corporation, the remainder of the stock is sold for the benefit of the
+company to create a working capital. The patentee may sell a portion of
+his stock, if he desires, but should also retain a good portion of it to
+show his own confidence in the business.
+
+After the meeting of the stockholders, the direction of the business
+will probably be taken out of the hands of the inventor, and the control
+will lie in the board of directors of the company. As a rule it is
+better that the inventor does not take an active part in the management
+of the company's affairs, unless he is specially fitted for the
+position.
+
+If the company is provided with ample capital, and if the business
+manager is a competent man, there is little chance of failure if the
+invention has real merit.
+
+[Sidenote: Trading as a Last Resort.]
+
+Patentees are sometimes offered securities or other property in trade
+for a patent. It is not deemed a wise course by most inventors to
+consider any proposition for a trade, especially in the early life of a
+patent. Only as a last resort, after failing to realize from a patent by
+any other means, is it advisable to trade a patent; and, before finally
+agreeing upon a trade, the patentee should have a reputable attorney to
+look fully into the value and title of the property offered. He should
+also insist upon receiving an abstract of title, or a title guarantee
+from a reliable title insurance company.
+
+Unless known to himself, the patentee should never engage the services
+of an attorney or broker recommended by the parties offering the trade
+to look into the value and title of the property. Inventors should be on
+the lookout for a set of sharpers who make a business of offering
+worthless securities and property in exchange for patents.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+ABOUT CANADIAN PATENTS
+
+
+The geographical nearness of Canada to the United States, and the
+intimate commercial relations existing between the two countries, render
+Canada, in one sense, a part of the industrial market of America; and
+owing to its liberal patent laws, which are based closely upon our own,
+inventors generally find it advantageous to protect their interests in
+this country, which can be done from time to time by a very small
+outlay, and thus giving the inventor the advantage of disposing of his
+patent or dropping it if not found remunerative, before expending the
+total cost of the patent.
+
+The commercial and manufacturing interests of Canada are extensive,
+increasing yearly, and are closely knit with our own. If the invention
+is not protected in Canada, it is sometimes manufactured there and sent
+here without paying royalty to the inventor.
+
+Copies of the "Rules and Forms of the Canadian Patent Office" and "The
+Patent Act" can be obtained upon application to the Hon. Commissioner of
+Patents, Ottawa, Canada. Section 8 of the Patent Act, revised May, 1898,
+provides:
+
+"Any inventor who elects to obtain a patent for his invention in a
+foreign country before obtaining a patent for the same invention in
+Canada, may obtain a patent in Canada, if the same be applied for
+within one year from the date of the issue of the first foreign patent
+for such invention; and,
+
+"If within three months after the date of the issue of a foreign patent,
+the inventor give notice to the Commissioner of his intention to apply
+for a patent in Canada for such invention, then no other person having
+commenced to manufacture the same device in Canada during such period of
+one year, shall be entitled to continue the manufacture of the same
+after the inventor has obtained a patent therefor in Canada, without the
+consent or allowance of the inventor."
+
+The Patent Act as amended does not now require a Canadian patent to
+expire at the earliest date at which a foreign patent for the same
+invention expires.
+
+Under the section just cited the patentee has three months, after the
+issue of his patent, within which to protect his interests in Canada. If
+within these three months he has not sufficiently demonstrated the
+commercial value of his home patent, and the advisability of taking out
+a Canadian patent, he is advised to give notice to the Commissioner of
+Patents, Ottawa, of his intention of doing so, which will fully protect
+his interests for one year, as under the above provision; and if the
+patentee fail to give this formal notice, he cannot obtain redress from
+any person who has commenced to manufacture his invention in Canada
+during the year.
+
+There is also an advantage sometimes in giving this formal notice within
+three months and delaying the grant of the patent for one year, as the
+patentee is allowed to import the patented article into Canada during
+one year only, after the grant of the Canadian patent.
+
+The construction or manufacturing of the invention in Canada must be
+commenced within two years from the date of the patent, and continuously
+carried on from that time, though the extension of this time may be
+secured upon timely application to the Commissioner, giving any good and
+proper reason. The time for importation is also sometimes extended upon
+proper application.
+
+Canadian patents are granted originally for a term of eighteen years,
+the Government fee being $60 for the eighteen years, but at the election
+of the patentee this fee may be divided into three payments of $20 each,
+as follows: $20 at the time of the grant, $20 at the expiration of the
+sixth year, if the owner desires to keep the patent alive, if not he can
+allow the patent to become forfeited; and at the end of the twelfth
+year, if it is still desired to maintain the patent, the remaining fee
+of $20 may be paid. If the patentee in the meantime assigns his patent,
+the assignee will pay the required government fees at the end of the
+sixth and twelfth years, if it is desired to maintain its validity.
+
+The Canadian patent covers and affords full protection in the following
+provinces:
+
+------------------------+----------+-------------
+           PROVINCES.   |  Area    | Population
+                        |Sq. Miles.|    1911
+------------------------+----------+-------------
+Alberta                 |  253,000 |   372,919
+British Columbia        |  390,000 |   362,768
+Manitoba                |   72,870 |   454,691
+New Brunswick           |   28,000 |   351,815
+Nova Scotia             |   20,600 |   461,847
+Ontario                 |  222,000 | 2,519,902
+Prince Edward Island    |    2,000 |    93,722
+Quebec                  |  347,000 | 2,000,697
+Saskatchewan            |  250,000 |   453,508
+Northwest Territories   |1,922,750 |    10,000
+Yukon                   |  200,000 |      ----
+                        |----------+------------
+            TOTAL       |3,708,220 | 7,081,869
+------------------------+----------+------------
+
+[Sidenote: Selling Canadian Patents.]
+
+In selling Canadian patents, the patentee will proceed in much the same
+way as in the United States, though he cannot expect, nor should he ask,
+more than about one-third as much for the Canadian patent as he
+receives, or expects, from the United States patent. Patents are not as
+readily sold in Canada as here, but if the inventor has a useful
+invention of merit, which is being manufactured profitably in the United
+States, he will have no trouble in disposing of his Canadian patent at a
+satisfactory price.
+
+It is in nearly all cases advisable for the inventor to first put his
+invention upon the market in the United States before trying to realize
+from his Canadian interests, as it will be found difficult to interest
+Canadian capital in a patent that has not been first put into practice
+here; and if the patentee be able to dispose of his Canadian patent at
+all, it is usually for a very insignificant sum; whereas, on the other
+hand, if the patentee fully protects his interests there, and proceeds
+to put the invention upon the home market, he will not only be able to
+present his Canadian patent in a more favorable and forcible way by
+proving its commercial value, but he will undoubtedly get better offers,
+and realize full value for his Canadian interests, in exact proportion
+to the success of his invention in the United States.
+
+POPULATION OF CANADIAN CITIES
+
+(_Compiled from the Census of 1911_)
+
+Montreal         406,197 | New Westminster   13,394
+Toronto          376,240 | Stratford         12,929
+Winnipeg         135,440 | Owen Sound        12,555
+Vancouver        100,333 | St. Catharines    12,460
+Ottawa            86,340 | Saskatoon         12,002
+Hamilton          81,897 | Verdun            11,622
+Quebec            78,067 | Moncton           11,319
+London            46,177 | Port Arthur       11,216
+Halifax           46,081 | Lachine           10,778
+Calgary           43,736 | Chatham           10,760
+St. John          42,363 | Galt              10,299
+Victoria          31,620 | Sault Ste. Marie  10,179
+Regina            30,210 | Sarnia             9,936
+Edmonton          24,882 | Belleville         9,850
+Brantford         23,046 | St. Hyacinthe      9,797
+Kingston          18,815 | Valleyfield        9,447
+Maissonneuve      18,674 | Brockville         9,372
+Peterboro         18,312 | Woodstock          9,321
+Windsor           17,819 | Niagara Falls      9,245
+Sydney Town       17,617 | Sorel              8,419
+Hull              17,585 | Nanaimo            8,305
+Glace Bay         16,561 | Lethbridge         8,048
+Fort William      16,498 | Vancouver, North   7,781
+Sherbrooke        16,495 | North Bay          7,718
+Vancouver, South  16,021 | St. Boniface       7,717
+Berlin            15,192 | Sydney Mines       7,464
+Guelph            15,148 | Levis              7,448
+St. Thomas        14,050 | Oshawa             7,433
+Brandon           13,837 | Collingwood        7,077
+Moose Jaw         13,824 | Fredericton        7,028
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+DECISIONS AND NOTES
+
+
+The following digest will be found to contain much useful information
+for the patentee, it being a carefully selected list of decisions
+affecting assignments, territorial grants, licenses, State laws, etc.;
+including those rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States, the
+Circuit Court of Appeals, State Courts, and of various Commissioners of
+Patents, all of which decisions enunciate well-settled and controlling
+principles of Patent Law.
+
+[Sidenote: Assignments.]
+
+Assignments of patents are not required to be under seal. The statutes
+simply provide that "every patent, or any interest therein shall be
+assignable in law by an instrument in writing." (_Gottfried_ vs.
+_Miller, U. S. S. C. Decided Jan. 23, 1882._)
+
+A contract assigning a patent and all future improvements thereon is
+enforceable against assignees of such improvements who take notice of
+the contract. (_Westinghouse Air Brake Co._ vs. _Chicago Brake and Mfg.
+Co., 85 F. R., 786._)
+
+Each co-owner of a patent may use his right without the concurrence of
+the others and license at will. (_Washburn & Moen Co._ vs. _Chicago Wire
+Fence Co., 109 Ill., 71._)
+
+Owners of a patent are tenants in common, and each, as an incident of
+his ownership, has the right to use the patent or manufacture under it.
+But neither can be compelled by his co-owner to join in such use or
+work, or be liable for the losses which may occur, or to account for the
+profits which may arise from such use. (_De Witt_ vs. _Elmira Nobles
+Mfg. Co., 12 N. Y. Spur., 301._)
+
+Joint owners of a patent, right are not copartners, and in the absence
+of any express contract each is at liberty to use his moiety as he may
+think fit, without any liability to or accounting to the other for
+profits or losses. (_Vose_ vs. _Singer, 4 Allen (Mass.), 226; vide Pitt
+vs. Hall, 3 Blatch., 201._)
+
+Although an assignment of patent is not recorded within three months, it
+is binding on the assignor, and he cannot sell the patent again. (_Ex
+parte Waters, Com. Dec., 1899, p. 42._)
+
+A verbal license or interest in an invention has no effect as against a
+subsequent assignee without notice of such verbal license or interest.
+(_U. S. S. C., Gates Iron Works_ vs. _Fraser et al., 1894, C. D., 304._)
+
+An assignment to assign future patents, in consideration of the
+assignee's paying the expense of taking them out, is broken by his
+refusal to pay for and take out a particular patent when requested, and
+a subsequent assignment to another conveys a perfect title. (_Buck_ vs.
+_Timony, 78 Fed. Rep., 487._)
+
+Any assignment which does not convey to the assignee the entire and
+unqualified monopoly which the patentee holds in the territory
+specified, or an undivided interest in the entire _monopoly,_ is a mere
+license. (_Sanford_ vs. _Messer, 2 O. G., 470._)
+
+When a party does license, grant, and convey any invention which he may
+hereafter make, this gives only an equitable right to have an assignment
+made, and this right may be defeated by assignment of the patent to a
+purchaser for value without notice of this equity. (_Regan Vapor Engine
+Co._ vs. _Pacific Gas Engine Co. (Nineth Cir.), 7 U. S., App., 73._)
+
+[Sidenote: Territorial Grants.]
+
+A territorial grantee cannot be restrained from advertising and selling
+within his territory, even though the purchasers may take the patented
+article outside the vendor's territory. (_Hatch_ vs. _Hall, 22 Fed.
+Rep., 483._)
+
+One who buys patented articles of manufacture from an assignee for a
+specified territory becomes possessed of an absolute property in such
+articles, unrestricted in time or place. (_U. S. S. C., Keller et al._
+vs. _Standard Folding Bed Co., 71 O. G., 451._)
+
+The sale of a patented machine by one authorized to sell, conveys the
+whole ownership to the purchaser, who may sell it again to another.
+(_Morgan Envelope Co._ vs. _Albany Perforated Wrapping Paper Co., 152 U.
+S. 425._)
+
+[Sidenote: Licenses.]
+
+Every person who pays the patentee for a license to use his process
+becomes the owner of the product, and may sell it to whom he pleases, or
+apply it to any purpose, unless he binds himself by covenants to
+restrict his rights of making and vending certain articles that may
+interfere with the special business of some other licensee. (_Met.
+Washing Machine Co._ vs. _Earl, 2 Fish., 203; 2 Wall., Jr., 230._)
+
+A license is not forfeitable for non-payment of royalties in the absence
+of express provisions to that effect. (_Wagner Typewriter Co._ vs.
+_Watkins, 84 Fed. Rep., 57; 1898._)
+
+A shop right is a personal license and is not assignable. (_Gibbs_ vs.
+_Hoefner, 19 Fed. Rep., 323; 22 Blatch., 36._)
+
+A license to a person to use an invention only "at his own
+establishment" does not authorize a use at an establishment owned by him
+and others. (_Rubber Co._ vs. _Goodyear, 9 Wallace, 788._)
+
+A license is not transferable unless its terms so state. (_Olmer_ vs.
+_Rumford Chemical Co., 109 U. S., 75._)
+
+A license merely to make and not to sell does not impair the patent
+owner's right to sue for infringement outside of the license; and the
+purchaser of the licensee's tools and materials would not carry the
+right to sell the product made thereon. (_American Graphophone Co._ vs.
+_Walcut, 87 Fed. Rep., 556; 1898._)
+
+A license to use a machine carries with it the right to repair the
+machine, and replace worn parts until the essential original parts of
+the machine have disappeared. (_Robinson on Patents, Sec. 827._)
+
+A lawful sale of a patented article by a patentee or grantee, within his
+own territory, carries with it the right to use such article throughout
+the whole United States. (_Adams_ vs. _Burke, 5 O.G., 118_; _Hobbie_ vs.
+_Smith. 27 Fed. Rep., 636._)
+
+When an applicant in certain instruments assigned his right, title, and
+interest in an invention, retaining for himself the exclusive right to
+employ the invention in the manufacture of a certain class of machines,
+Held, that such instruments do not convey the entire interest in the
+invention or any undivided part thereof, and they are construed to be
+nothing more than licenses. (_Ex parte Rosback, 89 O. G., 705. Decided
+Oct. 5, 1899._)
+
+An implied license to use a patented improvement without payment of any
+royalties during the continuance of employment of the inventor, and
+thereafter, on the same terms and royalties fixed for other parties, is
+shown where the inventor applies the patent to his employer's work
+without any agreement for compensation for its use further than a notice
+that he would require pay after his employment terminated. (_Keys_ vs.
+_Eureka Consol. Min. Co., U. S. S. C., 158 U. S., 150._)
+
+A breach of a covenant in a license does not work a forfeiture of the
+license unless it is so expressly agreed. (_Consol. Middlings Purifier
+Co._ vs. _Wolf, 37 O. G., 567._)
+
+[Sidenote: Patent Title.]
+
+A patent right, like any other personal property, is understood by
+Congress to vest in the executors and administrators of the patentee, if
+he dies without having assigned it. (_Shaw Relief Valve Co._ vs. _City
+of New Bedford, 19th Fed. Rep., 758._)
+
+A patent to a dead man at the time of its grant is not void for the want
+of a grantee, but vests in his heirs or assigns. (_U. S. S. C, De La
+Vergne Ref. Machine Co._ vs. _Featherstone, 1893, C. D., 181._)
+
+A court of equity may direct a sale of an inventor's interest in his
+patent to satisfy a judgment against him, and will require the patentee
+to assign as provided in Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898, and if he refuses, will
+appoint a trustee to make the assignment. (_Murray_ vs. _Ager, 20 O. G.,
+1311._)
+
+A patent right cannot be seized and sold on execution. (_Carver_ vs.
+_Peck, 131 Mass., 291._)
+
+A receiver cannot, under his general powers, convey the legal title to a
+patent (_Adams_ vs. _Howard, 23 Blatch., 27_), but a court may compel an
+insolvent to assign his patent to a trustee or receiver. (_Pacific Bank_
+vs. _Robinson, 20 O. G., 1314_; _Murray_ vs. _Ager, 20 O. G., 1311._)
+
+A patentee who assigns his patent cannot, when sued for infringement,
+contest the validity thereof. (_Griffith_ vs. _Shaw, 89 Fed. Rep.,
+313._)
+
+
+RULES OF PRACTICE
+
+The following from the "Rules of Practice in the United States Patent
+Office" may be perused with interest to the patentee; a copy of which,
+together with a copy of the "Patent Laws," will be mailed free to any
+person upon addressing the Hon. Commissioner of Patents, Washington,
+D. C., requesting the same; these being the only books or pamphlets
+published by the Office for gratuitous distribution.
+
+[Sidenote: Assignments.]
+
+Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an
+instrument in writing; and the patentee or his assigns or legal
+representatives may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right
+under the patent to the whole or any specified part of the United
+States. Interests in patents may be vested in assignees, in grantees of
+exclusive sectional rights, in mortgagees, and in licensees.
+
+[Sidenote: Assignees.]
+
+An assignee is a transferee of the whole interest of the original patent
+or of an undivided part of such whole interest, extending to every
+portion of the United States. The assignment must be written or printed
+and duly signed.
+
+[Sidenote: Grantees.]
+
+A grantee acquires by the grant the exclusive right under the patent to
+make and use and to grant to others the right to make and use, the thing
+patented within and throughout some specified part of the United States,
+excluding the patentee therefrom. The grant must be written or printed
+and be duly signed.
+
+[Sidenote: Mortgages.]
+
+A mortgage must be written or printed and duly signed.
+
+[Sidenote: Licensees.]
+
+A licensee takes an interest less than or different from either of the
+others. A license may be oral, written, or printed, and if written or
+printed, must be duly signed.
+
+[Sidenote: Must be Recorded.]
+
+An assignment, grant, or conveyance of a patent will be void as against
+any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration
+without notice unless recorded in the Patent Office within three months
+from the date thereof. If any such assignment, grant, or conveyance of
+any patent shall be acknowledged before any notary public of the several
+States or territories, or the District of Columbia, or any commissioner
+of the United States Circuit Court, or before any secretary of legation,
+or consular officer authorized to administer oaths or perform notarial
+acts under Section 1750 of the Revised Statutes, the certificate of such
+acknowledgment, under the hand and official seal of such notary or other
+officer, shall be _prima facie_ evidence of the execution of such
+assignment, grant, or conveyance.
+
+No instrument will be recorded which does not, in the judgment of the
+Commissioner, amount to an assignment, grant, mortgage, lien,
+encumbrance, or license, or which does not affect the title of the
+patent or invention to which it relates. Such instruments should
+identify the patent by date and number; or, if the invention is
+unpatented, the name of the inventor, the serial number, and date of the
+application should be stated.
+
+[Sidenote: Conditional Assignments.]
+
+Assignments which are made conditional on the performance of certain
+stipulations, as the conditional payment of money, if recorded in the
+office are regarded as absolute assignments until cancelled with the
+written consent of both parties, or by the decree of a competent court.
+The office has no means for determining whether such conditions have
+been filled. (_Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898._)
+
+STATE LAWS ON SELLING PATENTS
+
+In some States, laws have been passed by which attempts have been made
+to regulate or prevent the sale of patent rights within their borders,
+by imposing upon patentees or their agents certain State restrictions,
+such as requiring the filing of copies of patents, making and filing
+proofs, taking out licenses, procuring certificates, complying with
+forms, or prescribing the terms of a note to be given for a patent.
+
+While it has never been squarely brought before the United States
+Supreme Court, with the result that much conflicting legislation has
+been enacted by the different States, it may be said, as a general
+proposition, that a State or municipality, through the medium of its
+Legislature or officials, has no constitutional right to make or enforce
+laws which in any way affect or control the transfer, sale, or other
+disposition of United States Letters Patent; or to interfere in any
+manner with the patentee going into the open market anywhere to sell his
+rights conferred by the patent.
+
+It is a well-established principle of law that Congress has exclusive
+right and power to legislate on the subjects specially assigned to it by
+the Constitution, while power is delegated to the several States to
+legislate on those subjects not thus expressly placed within the
+control of Congress. It would seem clear that there can be no State
+interference with the rights which are incident to the grant of Letters
+Patent and expressly conferred thereby.
+
+Ohio was the first State attempting to place restrictions upon the
+handling of patent rights, which, in 1868, passed an act requiring any
+person, before offering for sale a patent right in any county, to submit
+the patent to the Probate Judge of the county, and make affidavit before
+said judge that the patent was in force, and that the applicant had the
+right to sell, and also requiring that any written obligation taken on
+the sale of such right should bear on its face the words, "Given for a
+Patent Right."
+
+The portion of the Ohio statute relating to the making and filing proofs
+was subsequently made the law in Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Nebraska,
+and Kansas, while the requirement that written obligations given for a
+patent right should bear such statement written upon its face was made
+the law in Vermont, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, New York,
+Connecticut, and Arkansas.
+
+In view of the decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of the United
+States in the cases of _ex parte_ Robinson, 2 Bissel, 309, and Webber
+_vs._ Virginia, 103 U. S., 347; 20 O. G., 136, some of the States
+repealed their statutes relating to the filing of proofs, while others
+did not--notably Indiana and Kansas, where the statute still remains in
+force.
+
+While the Supreme Court in the above cases did not decide the
+constitutionality of the State statutes, it was clearly indicated that
+property in inventions existed by virtue of the laws of Congress, and
+that no State had any right to interfere with its enjoyment, or to annex
+conditions to the grant, and that the patentee had a right to go into
+the open market anywhere in the United States and sell his property. It
+also established the proposition that a State may require the taking out
+of a license for the sale of the manufactured article covered by the
+patent; and the patentee should keep in mind the distinction between
+selling patents, or patent privileges, and the selling of goods or
+manufactured articles, as all who sell goods, whether patented or not,
+must conform with the local and State laws relating to same.
+
+The statute requiring the insertion in written obligations of the words,
+"Given for a Patent Right," has been declared unconstitutional by the
+higher State Courts in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Nebraska, and
+by the Circuit Courts in the southern district of Ohio, and in the
+district of Indiana; while its validity has been sustained by the courts
+of last resort in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas.
+Therefore, the validity of the State statutes on the point referred to
+may be regarded as finally established in the last-named States until
+brought before the Supreme Court of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+
+THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS
+
+
+It frequently occurs to the patentee that a knowledge of the legal
+requirements of the transfer of patent rights would save him much time
+and trouble. Patentees should carefully scrutinize all papers offered by
+the parties in whose favor they are drawn, and, if possible, he should
+have his attorney to examine them.
+
+There are three classes of persons in whom the patentee can vest an
+interest of some kind. They are an assignee, a grantee of an exclusive
+sectional right, and a licensee.
+
+[Sidenote: Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined.]
+
+"An _assignee_ is one who has transferred to him in writing the whole
+interest in the original patent, or any undivided part of such whole
+interest in every portion of the United States. And no one, unless he
+has such an interest transferred to him, is an assignee.
+
+"A _grantee_ is one who has transferred in writing the exclusive right
+under the patent, to make and use, and to grant to others to make and
+use, the thing patented, within and throughout some specified part or
+portion of the United States. Such right must be an exclusive sectional
+right, excluding the patentee therefrom.
+
+"A _licensee_ is one who has transferred to him in writing, or orally, a
+less or different interest than either the interest in the whole patent,
+or an undivided part of such whole interest, or an exclusive sectional
+interest." (_Potter_ vs. _Holland, 1 Fish, 327._)
+
+[Sidenote: The Language of Law.]
+
+If a man were to give another an orange he would simply say, "I give you
+this orange"; but if the transaction be intrusted to a lawyer to draw up
+according to the requirements of law, says the _Observer_, he would most
+probably put it in the following language: "I hereby give, grant, and
+convey to you all my interest, right, title, and advantage of and in
+said orange, together with its rind, skin, juice, pulp, and pits, and
+all right and advantage therein with full power to bite, suck, cut, or
+otherwise eat the same or to give the same away, as fully and
+effectually as I, the said A. B., am now entitled to cut, bite, or
+otherwise eat the same, or give away the same with or without the rind,
+skin, juice, pulp, or pits; anything hereinbefore or hereafter or in any
+other deed or deeds, instruments of nature or kind whatsoever to the
+contrary in anywise notwithstanding."
+
+It is always better and more satisfactory to have assignments, royalty
+contracts, agreements, etc., drawn up specially to accord with the
+facts, details, and covenants of each particular case; and there is no
+one probably better able to do this than the attorney who secured the
+patent. However, if in the case the parties to the transaction cannot
+well delay proceedings to have the papers prepared by an attorney, by
+adhering to the following forms in any such transactions, both the
+purchaser and seller may rest assured that their rights are protected.
+
+
+ASSIGNMENT OF ENTIRE INTEREST IN LETTERS PATENT
+
+  _Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Columbus, County of Franklin,
+  State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United
+  States for an improvement in Typewriting Machines, which
+  Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date January
+  1, 1901; and whereas I am now sole owner of said patent, and
+  of all rights under the same; and whereas the Ohio
+  Typewriter Company, a corporation, of Cincinnati, County of
+  Hamilton, and State of Ohio, is desirous of acquiring an
+  interest in the same:
+
+  _Now, therefore_, to all whom it may concern, be it known,
+  that for and in consideration of the sum of five thousand
+  dollars to me in hand paid by the aforesaid corporation, the
+  receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I, the said
+  Richard Doe have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by
+  these presents do sell, assign, and transfer unto the said
+  Ohio Typewriter Company, its successors and assigns, the
+  entire right, title and interest in and to said Letters
+  Patent and the invention therein patented; the same to be
+  held and enjoyed by the said corporation for its own use and
+  behoof, and for the use and behoof of its successors and
+  assigns, to the full end of the term for which said Letters
+  Patent are or may be granted, as fully and entirely as the
+  same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this
+  assignment and sale not been made.
+
+  _In testimony whereof_, I have hereto set my hand and
+  affixed my seal, at Columbus, County and State aforesaid,
+  this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901.
+
+                                RICHARD DOE. (_Seal._)
+
+  In presence of
+     JOHN SMITH,
+    THOS. JONES.
+   STATE OF OHIO,      }_ss._:
+   COUNTY OF FRANKLIN, }
+
+    Subscribed and acknowledged before me this tenth day of
+    January, A.D. 1901.
+
+  _Seal._                     JOHN RICE, _Notary Public_.
+
+
+
+If it is the intention of the assignor to convey to the assignee the
+right to recover for past infringement of the patent, a clause like the
+following should be added:
+
+And for the same consideration, I do hereby sell, assign and transfer
+unto the aforesaid corporation, all claims and demands, both at law and
+in equity, which may have accrued to me by reason of the infringement of
+the aforesaid Letters Patent with the right to sue and recover therefor
+in its own name and for its own use and behoof.
+
+
+ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST
+
+  _Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of
+  Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, did obtain Letters
+  Patent of the United States for improvements in Locomotive
+  Headlights, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and
+  bear the date of June 26, 1900; and whereas, John Roe, of
+  Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia and State of
+  Pennsylvania, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the
+  same: _Now, therefore_, this indenture witnesseth, that for
+  and in consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to
+  me in hand paid by said John Roe, the receipt of which is
+  hereby acknowledged, I do hereby sell, assign, and transfer
+  unto the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, one undivided
+  one-half interest in and to the aforesaid Letters Patent
+  and the invention therein patented; the same to be held and
+  enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns to the
+  full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or
+  may be granted as fully and entirely as the same would have
+  been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale had
+  not been made.
+
+  And I do hereby declare that I have not conveyed to any
+  other party the rights and interest herein transferred to
+  the said John Roe.
+
+  Witness my hand and seal this tenth day of January, A.D.
+  1901,
+
+                        RICHARD DOE.
+
+  In presence of
+    JOHN SMITH,
+    THOS. JONES.
+
+  STATE OF PENNA.,       } _ss._:
+  COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA,}
+
+  Subscribed and sworn before me this tenth day
+  of January, A.D. 1901.
+
+   _Seal._                 JOHN RICE,
+                          _Notary Public._
+
+
+
+GRANT OF A TERRITORIAL INTEREST
+
+  _Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Dayton, County of Montgomery,
+  State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United
+  States for improvements in Corn-Cultivators, which Letters
+  Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date the first day of
+  January, 1901, and whereas, I am now the sole owner of said
+  patent, and of all rights under the same in the
+  below-recited territory; and whereas, John Roe, of
+  Indianapolis, County of Marion, State of Indiana, is
+  desirous of acquiring an interest in the same;
+
+  _Now, therefore_, to all whom it may concern, be it known,
+  that for and in consideration of the sum of one thousand
+  dollars to me in hand paid, by the said John Roe, the
+  receipt of which is hereby acknowledge, I, the said Richard
+  Doe, have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these
+  presents do sell, assign and transfer unto the said John
+  Roe, his heirs and assigns, the entire right, title and
+  interest in and to said Letters Patent, and in and to the
+  invention therein patented for the States of Indiana and
+  Illinois, and in no other place or places; the same to be
+  held and enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and
+  assigns, within and throughout the above specified
+  territory, but not elsewhere, to the full end of the term
+  for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted, as
+  fully and entirely as the same would have been held and
+  enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made.
+
+  _In testimony whereof_, I have hereunto set my hand and
+  affixed my seal this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901, in the
+  presence of the subscribing witnesses.
+
+                             RICHARD DOE.
+
+  In presence of
+       JOHN SMITH,
+      THOS. JONES.
+  STATE OF INDIANA,       }_ss._:
+  COUNTY OF MARION,       }
+
+  On this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901, personally appeared
+  before me Richard Doe, to me known and known to me to be the
+  individual who executed the foregoing instrument, and who
+  acknowledged to me that he executed the same for the purpose
+  therein expressed.
+
+  _Seal._                    JOHN RICE,
+                          _Notary Public._
+
+
+
+
+LICENSE:--SHOP-RIGHT
+
+  _In consideration_ of the sum of two hundred dollars to me
+  paid by The John Roe Company, a corporation of Pennsylvania,
+  located in the city of Pittsburg, I do hereby license and
+  empower said company to make and use at its foundry and
+  machine shop in said Pittsburg, and in no other place or
+  places, in connection with its own business only, or that of
+  its successors and assigns, the improvements in Lathes, for
+  which Letters Patent of the United States No. 000,000, were
+  granted to me January 1, 1901, to the full end of the term
+  for which said Letters Patent are granted.
+
+  Signed and delivered at Pittsburg, in the County of
+  Allegheny, State of Pennsylvania, this tenth day of January,
+  A. D. 1901.
+
+                            RICHARD DOE.
+
+  TO JOHN ROE COMPANY,
+            Pittsburg, Pa.
+
+
+
+
+LICENSE:--NON-EXCLUSIVE--WITH ROYALTY
+
+  _This agreement_, made this tenth day of January, 1901,
+  between Richard Doe, of Wilmington, County of New Castle,
+  State of Delaware, party of the first part, and the Metallic
+  Railway Tie Company, of Chicago, in the County of Cook, and
+  State of Illinois, party of the second part,
+
+  _Witnesseth_, that whereas Letters Patent of the United
+  States, No. 000,000, for an improvement in Metallic
+  Railroad-Ties, were granted to the party of the first part
+  January 1, 1901; and whereas the party of the second part is
+  desirous of manufacturing Metallic Railroad-Ties containing
+  the said patented improvements:
+
+  _Now, therefore_, the parties hereto have agreed as follows:
+
+  I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers
+  the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the
+  conditions herein named, at their plant in Chicago, and in
+  no other place or places, to the end of the term for which
+  said Letters Patent were granted, Metallic Railroad-Ties
+  containing the patented improvements, and to sell the same
+  within the United States.
+
+  II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and
+  true returns to the party of the first part, under oath,
+  upon the first days of January and July in each year, of all
+  Metallic Railroad-Ties containing said patented improvements
+  manufactured by them.
+
+  III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of
+  the first part five dollars as a license fee upon each and
+  every thousand Metallic Railroad-Ties manufactured by the
+  party of the second part containing the patented
+  improvements: provided, that if the said fee be paid upon
+  the days provided herein for semi-annual returns, or within
+  ten days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be
+  made from said fee for prompt payment.
+
+  IV. The party of the second part agrees to put forth their
+  best efforts and use due diligence in the manufacture and
+  sale of the Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the said
+  patented improvements, and if the royalties do not amount to
+  five hundred dollars semi-annually, the party of the first
+  part may terminate this license by serving a written notice
+  upon the party of the second part.
+
+  V. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to make
+  returns or to make payment of license fees, as herein
+  provided, for thirty days after the days herein named, the
+  party of the first part may terminate this license by
+  serving a written notice upon the party of the second part;
+  but the party of the second part shall not thereby be
+  discharged from any liability to the party of the first part
+  for any license fees due at the time of the service of such
+  notice.
+
+  _In witness whereof_, the parties above named have hereto
+  set their hands the day and year first above written, at
+  Chicago, County of Cook, and State of Illinois.
+
+                              RICHARD DOE,
+            _Metallic Railway Tie Company_,
+                     Per John Roe, President.
+
+
+
+
+LICENSE:--EXCLUSIVE--WITH ROYALTY
+
+  _This agreement_, made this tenth day of January, 1901,
+  between Richard Doe, of Boston, State of Massachusetts,
+  party of the first part, and the Roe Vending Machine
+  Company, a corporate body under the laws of the State of New
+  Jersey, located and doing business at the city of New York,
+  in the State of New York, party of the second part,
+
+  _Witnesseth_, that whereas, Letters Patent of the United
+  States, No. 000,000, were, on the first day of January,
+  1901, granted to the said party of the first part, for
+  improvements in Coin-Controlled Machines, and whereas said
+  party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing and
+  selling said patented article: Now, therefore, the parties
+  hereto have agreed as follows:
+
+  I. The party of the first part gives to the party of the
+  second part the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the
+  said patented improvements, to the end of the term of said
+  patent, subject to the conditions hereinafter named.
+
+  II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and
+  true returns, on the first days of January and July in each
+  year, of all machines manufactured and sold by them
+  containing the said patented improvements in the six
+  calendar months next preceding the date of any such notice;
+  and if the party of the first part shall not be satisfied in
+  any respect with any such return, then shall the party of
+  the first part have the right, either by himself or by his
+  attorney, to examine any and all books of account of said
+  party of the second part concerning any items, charges,
+  memoranda, or information relating to the manufacture or
+  sale of said patented Coin-Controlled Machines; and upon
+  request made, said party of the second part shall produce
+  all such books for said examination.
+
+  III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of
+  the first part five dollars as a license fee upon every one
+  of the said patented Coin-Controlled Machines manufactured
+  by them, the whole of said license fee for each term of six
+  months to be due and payable on the days hereinabove
+  provided for semi-annual returns; provided, that if said fee
+  be paid upon the days herein provided, or within fifteen
+  days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made
+  from said fee for prompt payment.
+
+  IV. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of
+  the first part at least two thousand dollars, less discount,
+  as said license fee upon each of the semi-annual terms, even
+  though they should not make enough of said patented machines
+  to amount to that sum at the regular royalty of five dollars
+  each.
+
+  V. The party of the second part shall cast, or otherwise
+  permanently place, upon every such machine made under this
+  license the word "Doe," and in close relation thereto the
+  word "Patented," and the number and date of said patent.
+
+  VI. The party of the second part shall not, during the life
+  of this license, make or sell any article which can compete
+  in the market with said Coin-Controlled Machines.
+
+  VII. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to
+  keep each and all of the conditions of this license and
+  agreement, the party of the first part may, at his option,
+  terminate this license, and such termination shall not
+  release said party of the second part from any liability due
+  at such time to the party of the first part.
+
+  _In witness whereof_, the above-named parties (the said Roe
+  Vending Machine Company, by its president) have hereto set
+  their hands the day and year first above written,
+
+                              RICHARD DOE,
+              _Roe Vending Machine Company_,
+                       By John Roe, President.
+
+
+
+No general legal forms should be relied upon too implicitly as suiting
+particular cases, and an inventor, in order to fully protect his
+interests, should consult a reliable patent attorney, and have the forms
+properly prepared to suit his individual case.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Continental USA]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+TABLES AND STATISTICS
+
+OFFICIAL CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, BY COUNTIES, FOR 1910
+
+(_From the Bulletin of the Director of the Census_)
+
+ALABAMA.--Area, 51,998 square miles.
+
+Autauga          20,038 | Dallas           53,401 | Marengo          39,923
+Baldwin          18,178 | Dekalb           28,261 | Marion           17,495
+Barbour          32,728 |                         | Marshall         28,553
+Bibb             22,791 | Elmore           28,245 | Mobile           80,854
+Blount           21,456 | Escambia         18,889 | Monroe           27,155
+                        | Etowah           39,109 |
+Bullock          30,196 | Fayette          16,248 | Montgomery       82,178
+Butler           29,030 | Franklin         19,369 | Morgan           33,781
+Calhoun          39,115 |                         | Perry            31,222
+Chambers         36,056 | Geneva           26,230 | Pickens          25,055
+Cherokee         20,226 | Greene           22,717 | Pike             30,815
+                        | Hale             27,883 |
+Chilton          23,187 | Henry            20,943 | Randolph         24,659
+Choctaw          18,483 | Houston          32,414 | Russell          25,937
+Clarke           30,987 |                         | St. Clair        20,715
+Clay             21,006 | Jackson          32,918 | Shelby           26,949
+Cleburne         13,385 | Jefferson       226,476 | Sumter           28,699
+                        | Lamar            17,487 |
+Coffee           26,119 | Lauderdale       30,936 | Talladega        37,921
+Colbert          24,802 | Lawrence         21,984 | Tallapoosa       31,034
+Conecuh          21,433 |                         | Tuscaloosa       47,559
+Coosa            16,634 | Lee              32,867 | Walker           37,013
+Covington        32,124 | Limestone        26,880 | Washington       14,454
+                        | Lowndes          31,894 |
+Crenshaw         23,313 | Macon            26,049 | Wilcox           33,810
+Cullman          28,321 | Madison          47,041 | Winston          12,855
+Dale             21,873 |                         |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,138,093
+
+ARIZONA.--Area, 113,956 square miles.
+
+Apache            9,196 | Maricopa         34,488 | Santa Cruz        6,766
+Cochise          34,591 | Mohave            3,773 | Yavapai          15,996
+Coconino          8,130 | Navajo           11,491 | Yuma              7,733
+Gila             16,780 | Pima             22,818 |
+Graham           23,547 | Pinal             9,045 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                          204,354
+
+ARKANSAS.--Area, 53,335 square miles.
+
+Arkansas         16,103 | Garland          27,271 | Newton           10,612
+Ashley           25,268 | Grant             9,425 | Ouachita         21,774
+Baxter           10,389 | Greene           23,852 | Perry             9,402
+Benton           33,389 | Hempstead        28,285 | Phillips         33,535
+Boone            14,318 | Hot Spring       15,022 | Pike             12,565
+                        |                           |
+Bradley          14,518 | Howard           16,898 | Poinsett         12,791
+Calhoun           9,894 | Independence     24,776 | Polk             17,216
+Carroll          16,829 | Izard            14,561 | Pope             24,527
+Chicot           21,987 | Jackson          23,501 | Prairie          13,853
+Clark            23,686 | Jefferson        52,734 | Pulaski          86,751
+                        |                           |
+Clay             23,690 | Johnson          19,698 | Randolph         18,987
+Cleburne         11,903 | Lafayette        13,741 | St. Francis      22,548
+Cleveland        13,481 | Lawrence         20,001 | Saline           16,057
+Columbia         23,820 | Lee              24,252 | Scott            14,302
+Conway           22,729 | Lincoln          15,118 | Searcy           14,825
+                        |                           |
+Craighead        27,627 | Little River     13,597 | Sebastian        52,278
+Crawford         23,942 | Logan            26,350 | Sevier           16,616
+Crittenden       22,447 | Lonoke           27,983 | Sharp            11,688
+Cross            14,042 | Madison          16,056 | Stone             8,946
+Dallas           12,621 | Marion           10,203 | Union            30,723
+                        |                           |
+Desha            15,274 | Miller           19,555 | Van Buren        13,509
+Drew             21,960 | Mississippi      30,468 | Washington       33,889
+Faulkner         23,708 | Monroe           19,907 | White            28,574
+Franklin         20,638 | Montgomery       12,455 | Woodruff         20,049
+Fulton           12,193 | Nevada           19,344 | Yell             26,323
+
+     TOTAL                                                        1,574,449
+
+CALIFORNIA.--Area, 158,297 square miles.
+
+Alameda         246,131 | Glenn             7,172 | Marin            25,114
+Alpine              309 | Humboldt         33,857 | Mariposa          3,956
+Amador            9,086 | Imperial         13,591 | Mendocino        23,929
+Butte            27,301 | Inyo              6,974 | Merced           15,148
+Calaveras         9,171 | Kern             37,715 | Modoc             6,191
+                        |                         |
+Colusa            7,732 | Kings            16,230 | Mono              2,042
+Contra Costa     31,674 | Lake              5,526 | Monterey         24,146
+Del Norte         2,417 | Lassen            4,802 | Napa             19,800
+Eldorado          7,492 | Los Angeles     504,131 | Nevada           14,955
+Fresno           75,657 | Madera            8,368 | Orange           34,436
+                        |                         |
+Placer           18,237 | San Mateo        26,585 | Sutter            6,328
+Plumas            5,259 | Santa Barbara    27,738 | Tehama           11,401
+Riverside        34,696 | Santa Clara      83,539 | Trinity           3,301
+Sacramento       67,806 | Santa Cruz       26,140 | Tulare           35,440
+San Benito        8,041 | Shasta           18,920 | Tuolumne          9,979
+                        |                         |
+San Bernadino    56,706 | Sierra            4,098 | Ventura          18,347
+San Diego        61,665 | Siskiyou         18,801 | Yolo             13,926
+San Francisco   416,912 | Solano           27,539 | Yuba             10,042
+San Joaquin      50,731 | Sonoma           48,394 |
+San Luis Obispo  19,383 | Stanislaus       22,522 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,377,549
+
+COLORADO.--Area, 103,948 square miles.
+
+Adams             8,892 | Garfield         10,144 | Morgan            9,577
+Arapahoe         10,263 | Gilpin            4,131 | Otero            20,201
+Archuleta         3,302 | Grand             1,862 | Ouray             3,514
+Baca              2,516 | Gunnison          5,897 | Park              2,492
+Bent              5,043 | Hinsdale            646 | Phillips          3,179
+                        |                         |
+Boulder          30,330 | Huerfano         13,320 | Pitkin            4,566
+Chaffee           7,622 | Jackson           1,013 | Prowers           9,520
+Cheyenne          3,687 | Jefferson        14,231 | Pueblo           52,223
+Clear Creek       5,001 | Kiowa             2,899 | Rio Blanco        2,332
+Conejos          11,285 | Kit Carson        7,483 | Rio Grande        6,563
+                        |                         |
+Costilla          5,498 | La Plate         10,812 | Routt             7,561
+Custer            1,947 | Lake             10,600 | Saguache          4,160
+Delta            13,688 | Larimer          25,270 | San Juan          3,063
+Denver          213,381 | Las Animas       33,643 | San Miguel        4,700
+Dolores             642 | Lincoln           5,917 | Sedgwick          3,061
+                        |                         |
+Douglas           3,192 | Logan             9,549 | Summit            2,003
+Eagle             2,985 | Mesa             22,197 | Teller           14,351
+El Paso          43,321 | Mineral           1,239 | Washington        6,002
+Elbert            5,331 | Montezuma         5,029 | Weld             39,177
+Fremont          18,181 | Montrose         10,291 | Yuma              8,499
+
+     TOTAL                                                          799,024
+
+CONNECTICUT.--Area, 4,965 square miles.
+
+Fairfield       245,322 | Middlesex        45,637 | New London       91,253
+Hartford        250,182 |                         | Tolland          26,459
+Litchfield       70,260 | New Haven       337,282 | Windham          48,361
+
+     TOTAL                                                        1,114,756
+
+DELAWARE.--Area, 2,370 square miles.
+
+Kent             32,721 | Newcastle       123,188 | Sussex           46,413
+
+     TOTAL                                                          202,322
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--Area, 70 square miles.
+
+The District                                                        331,069
+
+FLORIDA.--Area, 58,666 square miles.
+
+Alachua          34,305 | Hillsboro        78,374 | Osceola           5,507
+Baker             4,805 | Holmes           11,557 | Palm Beach        5,577
+Bradford         14,090 | Jackson          29,821 | Pasco             7,502
+Brevard           4,717 | Jefferson        17,210 |
+Calhoun           7,465 |                         | Polk             24,148
+                        | Lafayette         6,710 | Putnam           13,096
+Citrus            6,731 | Lake              9,509 | St. John         13,208
+Clay              6,116 | Lee               6,294 | St. Lucie         4,075
+Columbia         17,689 | Leon             19,427 | Santa Rosa       14,897
+Dade             11,933 | Levy             10,361 |
+De Soto          14,200 |                         | Sumter            6,696
+                        | Liberty           4,700 | Suwanee          18,603
+Duval            75,163 | Madison          16,919 | Taylor            7,103
+Escambia         36,549 | Manatee           9,550 | Volusia          16,510
+Franklin          5,201 | Marion           26,941 | Wakulla           4,802
+Gadsden          22,198 | Monroe           21,563 |
+Hamilton         11,825 |                         | Walton           16,460
+                        | Nassau           10,525 | Washington       16,403
+Hernando          4,997 | Orange           19,107 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                          752,619
+
+GEORGIA.--Area, 59,265 square miles.
+
+Appling          12,318 | Clayton          10,453 | Forsyth          11,940
+Baker             7,973 | Clinch            8,424 | Franklin         17,894
+Baldwin          18,354 | Cobb             28,397 | Fulton          177,733
+Banks            11,244 | Coffee           21,953 | Gilmer            9,237
+Bartow           25,388 | Colquitt         19,789 | Glascock          4,669
+                        |                         |
+Ben Hill         11,863 | Columbia         12,328 | Glynn            15,720
+Berrien          22,772 | Coweta           28,800 | Gordon           15,861
+Bibb             56,646 | Crawford          8,310 | Grady            18,457
+Brooks           23,832 | Crisp            16,423 | Greene           18,512
+Bryan             6,702 | Dade              4,139 | Gwinnett         28,824
+                        |                         |
+Bulloch          26,464 | Dawson            4,686 | Habersham        10,134
+Burke            27,268 | Decatur          29,045 | Hall             25,730
+Butts            13,624 | Dekalb           27,881 | Hancock          19,189
+Calhoun          11,334 | Dodge            20,127 | Haralson         13,514
+Camden            7,690 | Dooly            20,554 | Harris           17,886
+                        |                         |
+Campbell         10,874 | Dougherty        16,035 | Hart             16,216
+Carroll          30,855 | Douglas           8,953 | Heard            11,189
+Catoosa           7,184 | Early            18,122 | Henry            19,927
+Charlton          4,722 | Echols            3,309 | Houston          23,609
+Chatham          79,690 | Effingham         9,971 | Irwin            10,461
+                        |                         |
+Chattahoochee     5,586 | Elbert           24,125 | Jackson          30,169
+Chattooga        13,608 | Emanuel          25,140 | Jasper           16,552
+Cherokee         16,661 | Fannin           12,574 | Jeff Davis        6,050
+Clarke           23,273 | Fayette          10,966 | Jefferson        21,379
+Clay              8,960 | Floyd            36,736 | Jenkins          11,520
+                        |                         |
+Johnson          12,897 | Paulding         14,124 | Tift             11,487
+Jones            13,103 | Pickens           9,041 | Toombs           11,206
+Laurens          35,501 | Pierce           10,749 | Towns             3,932
+Lee              11,679 | Pike             19,495 | Troup            26,228
+Liberty          12,924 | Polk             20,203 | Turner           10,075
+                        |                         |
+Lincoln           8,714 | Pulaski          22,835 | Twiggs           10,736
+Lowndes          24,436 | Putnam           13,876 | Union             6,918
+Lumpkin           5,444 | Quitman           4,594 | Upson            12,757
+McDuffie         10,325 | Rabun             5,562 | Walker           18,692
+McIntosh          6,442 | Randolph         18,841 | Walton           25,393
+                        |                         |
+Macon            15,016 | Richmond         58,886 | Ware             22,957
+Madison          16,851 | Rockdale          8,916 | Warren           11,860
+Marion            9,147 | Schley            5,213 | Washington       28,174
+Meriwether       25,180 | Screven          20,202 | Wayne            13,069
+Miller            7,986 | Spalding         19,741 | Webster           6,151
+                        |                         |
+Milton            7,239 | Stephens          9,728 | White             5,110
+Mitchell         22,114 | Stewart          13,437 | Whitfield        15,934
+Monroe           20,450 | Sumter           29,092 | Wilcox           13,486
+Montgomery       19,638 | Talbot           11,696 | Wilkes           23,441
+Morgan           19,717 | Taliaferro        8,766 | Wilkinson        10,078
+                        |                         |
+Murray            9,763 | Tattnall         18,569 | Worth            19,147
+Muscogee         36,227 | Taylor           10,839 |
+Newton           18,449 | Telfair          13,288 |
+Oconee           11,104 | Terrell          22,003 |
+Oglethorpe       18,680 | Thomas           29,071 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,609,121
+
+IDAHO.--Area, 84,313 square miles.
+
+Ada              29,088 | Cassia            7,197 | Lemhi             4,786
+Bannock          19,242 | Custer            3,001 | Lincoln          12,676
+Bear Lake         7,729 |                         | Nez Perce        24,860
+Bingham          23,306 | Elmore            4,785 | Oneida           15,170
+Blaine            8,387 | Fremont          24,606 | Owyhee            4,044
+                        | Idaho            12,384 |
+Boise             5,250 | Kootenai         22,747 | Shoshone         13,963
+Bonner           13,588 | Latah            18,818 | Twin Falls       13,543
+Canyon           25,323 |                         | Washington       11,101
+
+     TOTAL                                                          325,594
+
+ILLINOIS.--Area, 56,665 square miles.
+
+Adams            64,588 | Christian        34,594 | Douglas          19,591
+Alexander        22,741 | Clark            23,517 | Dupage           33,432
+Bond             17,075 | Clay             18,661 | Edgar            27,336
+Boone            15,481 | Clinton          22,832 | Edwards          10,049
+Brown            10,397 | Coles            34,517 | Effingham        20,055
+                        |                         |
+Bureau           43,975 | Cook          2,405,233 | Fayette          28,075
+Calhoun           8,610 | Crawford         26,281 | Ford             17,096
+Carroll          18,035 | Cumberland       14,281 | Franklin         25,943
+Cass             17,372 | Dekalb           33,457 | Fulton           49,549
+Champaign        51,829 | Dewitt           18,906 | Gallatin         14,628
+                        |                         |
+Greene           22,363 | McHenry          32,509 | Rock Island      70,404
+Grundy           24,162 | McLean           68,008 | St. Clair       119,870
+Hamilton         18,227 | Macon            54,186 | Saline           30,204
+Hancock          30,638 | Macoupin         50,685 | Sangamon         91,024
+Hardin            7,015 | Madison[*]       89,847 | Schuyler         14,852
+                        |                         |
+Henderson         9,724 | Marion           35,094 | Scott            10,067
+Henry            41,736 | Marshall         15,679 | Shelby           31,693
+Iroquois         35,543 | Mason            17,377 | Stark            10,098
+Jackson          35,143 | Massac           14,200 | Stephenson       36,821
+Jasper           18,157 | Menard           12,796 | Tazewell         34,027
+                        |                         |
+Jefferson        29,111 | Mercer           19,723 | Union            21,856
+Jersey           13,954 | Monroe           13,508 | Vermilion        77,996
+Jo Daviess       22,657 | Montgomery       35,311 | Wabash           14,913
+Johnson          14,331 | Morgan           34,420 | Warren           23,313
+Kane             91,862 | Moultrie         14,630 | Washington       18,759
+                        |                         |
+Kankakee         40,752 | Ogle             27,864 | Wayne            25,697
+Kendall          10,777 | Peoria          100,255 | White            23,052
+Knox             46,159 | Perry            22,088 | Whiteside        34,507
+Lake             55,058 | Platt            16,376 | Will             84,371
+Lasalle          90,132 | Pike             28,622 | Williamson       45,098
+                        |                         |
+Lawrence         22,661 | Pope             11,215 | Winnebago        63,153
+Lee              27,750 | Pulaski          15,650 | Woodford         20,506
+Livingston       40,465 | Putnam            7,561 |
+Logan            30,216 | Randolph         29,120 |
+McDonough        26,887 | Richland         15,970 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        5,638,591
+
+INDIANA.--Area, 36,354 square miles.
+
+Adams            21,840 | Fayette          14,415 | Johnson          20,394
+Allen            93,386 | Floyd            30,293 | Knox             39,183
+Bartholomew      24,813 | Fountain         20,439 | Kosciusko        27,936
+Benton           12,688 | Franklin         15,335 | Lagrange         15,148
+Blackford        15,820 | Fulton           16,879 | Lake             82,864
+                        |                         |
+Boone            24,673 | Gibson           30,137 | Laporte          45,797
+Brown             7,975 | Grant            51,426 | Lawrence         30,625
+Carroll          17,970 | Greene           36,873 | Madison          65,224
+Cass             36,368 | Hamilton         27,026 | Marion          263,661
+Clark            30,260 | Hancock          19,030 | Marshall         24,175
+                        |                         |
+Clay             32,535 | Harrison         20,232 | Martin           12,950
+Clinton          26,674 | Hendricks        20,840 | Miami            29,350
+Crawford         12,057 | Henry            29,758 | Monroe           23,426
+Daviess          27,747 | Howard           33,177 | Montgomery       29,296
+Dearborn         21,396 | Huntington       28,982 | Morgan           21,182
+                        |                         |
+Decatur          18,793 | Jackson          24,727 | Newton           10,504
+Dekalb           25,054 | Jasper           13,044 | Noble            24,009
+Delaware         51,414 | Jay              24,961 | Ohio              4,329
+Dubois           19,843 | Jefferson        20,483 | Orange           17,192
+Elkhart          49,008 | Jennings         14,203 | Owen             14,053
+                        |                         |
+Parke            22,214 | Scott             8,323 | Vermilion        18,865
+Perry            18,078 | Shelby           26,802 | Vigo             87,930
+Pike             19,684 | Spencer          20,676 | Wabash           26,926
+Porter           20,540 | Starke           10,567 |
+Posey            21,670 |                         | Warren           10,899
+                        | Steuben          14,274 | Warrick          21,911
+Pulaski          13,312 | Sullivan         32,439 | Washington       17,445
+Putnam           20,520 | Switzerland       9,914 | Wayne            43,757
+Randolph         29,013 | Tippecanoe       40,063 | Wells            22,418
+Ripley           19,452 | Tipton           17,459 |
+Rush             19,349 |                         | White            17,602
+                        | Union             6,260 | Whitley          16,892
+St. Joseph       84,312 | Vanderburg       77,438 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,700,876
+
+IOWA.--Area, 56,147 square miles.
+
+Adair            14,420 | Franklin         14,780 | Monroe           25,429
+Adams            10,998 |                         | Montgomery       16,604
+Allamakee        17,328 | Fremont          15,623 | Muscatine        29,505
+Appanoose        28,701 | Greene           16,023 |
+Audubon          12,671 | Grundy           13,574 | O'Brien          17,262
+                        | Guthrie          17,374 | Osceola           8,956
+Benton           23,156 | Hamilton         19,242 | Page             24,002
+Blackhawk        44,865 |                         | Palo Alto        13,845
+Boone            27,626 | Hancock          12,731 | Plymouth         23,129
+Bremer           15,843 | Hardin           20,921 |
+Buchanan         19,748 | Harrison         23,162 | Pocahontas       14,808
+                        | Henry            18,640 | Polk            110,438
+Buena Vista      15,981 | Howard           12,920 | Pottawattamie    55,832
+Butler           17,119 |                         | Poweshiek        19,589
+Calhoun          17,090 | Humboldt         12,182 | Ringgold         12,904
+Carroll          20,117 | Ida              11,296 |
+Cass             19,047 | Iowa             18,409 | Sac              16,555
+                        | Jackson          21,258 | Scott            60,000
+Cedar            17,765 | Jasper           27,034 | Shelby           16,552
+Cerro Gordo      25,011 |                         | Sioux            25,248
+Cherokee         16,741 | Jefferson        15,951 | Story            24,083
+Chickasaw        15,375 | Johnson          25,914 |
+Clarke           10,736 | Jones            19,050 | Tama             22,156
+                        | Keokuk           21,160 | Taylor           16,312
+Clay             12,766 | Kossuth          21,971 | Union            16,616
+Clayton          25,576 |                         | Van Buren        15,020
+Clinton          45,394 | Lee              36,702 | Wapello          37,743
+Crawford         20,041 | Linn             60,720 |
+Dallas           23,628 | Louisa           12,855 | Warren           18,194
+                        | Lucas            13,462 | Washington       19,925
+Davis            13,315 | Lyon             14,624 | Wayne            16,184
+Decatur          16,347 |                         | Webster          34,629
+Delaware         17,688 | Madison          15,621 | Winnebago        11,914
+Des Moines       36,145 | Mahaska          29,860 |
+Dickinson         8,137 | Marion           22,995 | Winneshiek       21,729
+                        | Marshall         30,279 | Woodbury         67,616
+Dubuque          57,450 | Mills            15,811 | Worth             9,950
+Emmet             9,816 |                         | Wright           17,951
+Fayette          27,919 | Mitchell         13,435 |
+Floyd            17,119 | Monona           16,633 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,224,771
+
+KANSAS.--Area, 82,158 square miles.
+
+Allen            27,640 | Greeley           1,335 | Osborne          12,827
+Anderson         13,829 | Greenwood        16,060 | Ottawa           11,811
+Atchison         28,107 | Hamilton          3,360 | Pawnee            8,859
+Barber            9,916 | Harper           14,748 | Phillips         14,150
+Barton           17,876 | Harvey           19,200 | Pottawatomie     17,522
+                        |                         |
+Bourbon          24,007 | Haskell             993 | Pratt            11,156
+Brown            21,314 | Hodgeman          2,930 | Rawlins           6,380
+Butler           23,059 | Jackson          16,861 | Reno             37,853
+Chase             7,527 | Jefferson        15,826 | Republic         17,447
+Chautauqua       11,429 | Jewell           18,148 | Rice             15,106
+                        |                         |
+Cherokee         38,162 | Johnson          18,288 | Riley            15,783
+Cheyenne          4,248 | Kearny            3,206 | Rooks            11,282
+Clark             4,093 | Kingman          13,386 | Rush              7,826
+Clay             15,251 | Kiowa             6,174 | Russell          10,800
+Cloud            18,388 | Labette          31,423 | Saline           20,338
+                        |                         |
+Coffey           15,205 | Lane              2,603 | Scott             3,047
+Comanche          3,281 | Leavenworth      41,207 | Sedgwick         73,095
+Cowley           31,790 | Lincoln          10,142 | Seward            4,091
+Crawford         51,178 | Linn             14,735 | Shawnee          61,874
+Decatur           8,976 | Logan             4,240 | Sheridan          5,651
+                        |                         |
+Dickinson        24,361 | Lyon             24,927 | Sherman           4,549
+Doniphan         14,422 | McPherson        21,521 | Smith            15,365
+Douglas          24,724 | Marion           22,415 | Stafford         12,510
+Edwards           7,033 | Marshall         23,880 | Stanton           1,034
+Elk              10,128 | Meade             5,055 | Stevens           2,453
+                        |                         |
+Ellis            12,170 | Miami            20,030 | Sumner           30,654
+Ellsworth        10,444 | Mitchell         14,089 | Thomas            5,455
+Finney            6,908 | Montgomery       49,474 | Trego             5,398
+Ford             11,393 | Morris           12,397 | Wabaunsee        12,721
+Franklin         20,884 | Morton            1,333 | Wallace           2,759
+                        |                         |
+Geary            12,681 | Nemaha           19,072 | Washington       20,229
+Gove              6,044 | Neosho           23,754 | Wichita           2,006
+Graham            8,700 | Ness              5,883 | Wilson           19,810
+Grant             1,087 | Norton           11,614 | Woodson           9,450
+Gray              3,121 | Osage            19,905 | Wyandotte       100,068
+
+     TOTAL                                                        1,690,949
+
+KENTUCKY.--Area, 49,598 square miles.
+
+Adair            16,503 | Boyle            14,668 | Carroll           8,110
+Allen            14,882 | Bracken          10,308 | Carter           21,966
+Anderson         10,146 | Breathitt        17,540 | Casey            15,479
+Ballard          12,690 | Breckinridge     21,034 | Christian        38,845
+Barren           25,293 | Bullitt           9,487 | Clark            17,987
+                        |                         |
+Bath             13,988 | Butler           15,805 | Clay             17,789
+Bell             28,447 | Caldwell         14,063 | Clinton           8,153
+Boone             9,420 | Calloway         19,867 | Crittenden       13,296
+Bourbon          17,462 | Campbell         59,369 | Cumberland        9,846
+Boyd             23,444 | Carlisle          9,048 | Daviess          41,020
+                        |                         |
+Edmonson         10,469 | Knox             22,116 | Ohio             27,642
+Elliott           9,814 | Larue            10,701 | Oldham            7,248
+Estill           12,273 | Laurel           19,872 | Owen             14,248
+Fayette          47,715 | Lawrence         20,067 | Owsley            7,979
+Fleming          16,066 | Lee               9,531 | Pendleton        11,985
+                        |                           |
+Floyd            18,623 | Leslie            8,976 | Perry            11,255
+Franklin         21,135 | Letcher          10,623 | Pike             31,679
+Fulton           14,114 | Lewis            16,887 | Powell            6,268
+Gallatin          4,697 | Lincoln          17,897 | Pulaski          35,986
+Garrard          11,894 | Livingston       10,627 | Robertson         4,121
+                        |                         |
+Grant            10,581 | Logan            24,977 | Rockcastle       14,473
+Graves           33,539 | Lyon              9,423 | Rowan             9,438
+Grayson          19,958 | McCracken        35,064 | Russell          10,861
+Green            11,871 | McLean           13,241 | Scott            16,956
+Greenup          18,475 | Madison          26,951 | Shelby           18,041
+                        |                         |
+Hancock           8,512 | Magoffin         13,654 | Simpson          11,460
+Hardin           22,696 | Marion           16,330 | Spencer           7,567
+Harlan           10,566 | Marshall         15,771 | Taylor           11,961
+Harrison         16,873 | Martin            7,291 | Todd             16,488
+Hart             18,173 | Mason            18,611 | Trigg            14,539
+                        |                         |
+Henderson        29,352 | Meade             9,783 | Trimble           6,512
+Henry            13,716 | Menifee           6,153 | Union            19,886
+Hickman          11,750 | Mercer           14,063 | Warren           30,579
+Hopkins          34,291 | Metcalfe         10,453 | Washington       13,940
+Jackson          10,734 | Monroe           13,663 | Wayne            17,518
+                        |                           |
+Jefferson       262,920 | Montgomery       12,868 | Webster          20,974
+Jessamine        12,613 | Morgan           16,259 | Whitley          31,982
+Johnson          17,482 | Muhlenberg       28,589 | Wolfe             9,864
+Kenton           70,355 | Nelson           16,830 | Woodford         12,571
+Knott            10,791 | Nicholas         10,601 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,289,905
+
+LOUISIANA.--Area, 48,506 square miles.
+
+Acadia           31,847 | East Carroll     11,637 | Natchitoches     36,455
+Ascension        23,887 | East Feliciana   20,055 | Orleans         339,075
+Assumption       24,128 | Franklin         11,989 | Ouachita         25,830
+Avoyelles        34,102 | Grant            15,958 | Plaquemines      12,524
+Bienville        21,776 | Iberia           31,262 | Pointe Coupee    25,289
+                        |                         |
+Bossier          21,738 | Iberville        30,954 | Rapides          44,545
+Caddo            58,200 | Jackson          13,818 | Red River        11,402
+Calcasieu        62,767 | Jefferson        18,247 | Richland         15,769
+Caldwell          8,593 | La Salle          9,402 | Sabine           19,874
+Cameron           4,288 | Lafayette        28,733 | St. Bernard       5,277
+                        |                         |
+Catahoula        10,415 | Lafourche        33,111 | St. Charles      11,207
+Claiborne        25,050 | Lincoln          18,485 | St. Helena        9,172
+Concordia        14,278 | Livingston       10,627 | St. James        23,009
+De Soto          27,689 | Madison          10,676 | St. John the
+East Baton Rouge 34,580 | Morehouse        18,786 |   Baptist        14,338
+                        |                         | St. Landry       66,661
+                        |                         |
+St. Martin       23,070 | Terrebonne       28,320 | Webster          19,186
+St. Mary         39,368 | Union            20,451 | West Baton Rouge 12,636
+St. Tammany      18,917 | Vermilion        26,390 | West Carroll      6,249
+Tangipahoa       29,160 | Vernon           17,384 | West Feliciana   13,449
+Tensas           17,060 | Washington       18,886 | Winn             18,357
+
+     TOTAL                                                        1,656,388
+
+MAINE.--Area, 33,040 square miles.
+
+Androscoggin     59,822 | Kennebec         62,863 | Piscataquis      19,887
+Aroostook        74,664 | Knox             28,981 | Sagadahoc        18,574
+Cumberland      112,014 | Lincoln          18,216 | Somerset         36,301
+Franklin         19,119 | Oxford           36,256 | Waldo            23,383
+Hancock          35,575 | Penobscot        85,285 | Washington       42,905
+                        |                         | York             68,526
+
+     TOTAL                                                          742,371
+
+MARYLAND.--Area, 12,327 square miles.
+
+Allegany         62,411 | Charles          16,386 | Prince Georges   36,147
+Anne Arundel     39,553 | Dorchester       28,669 | Queen Annes      16,839
+Baltimore       122,399 |                         | St. Marys        17,030
+Baltimore City  558,485 | Frederick        52,673 | Somerset         26,455
+Calvert          10,325 | Garrett          20,105 |
+                        | Hartford         27,965 | Talbot           19,620
+Caroline         19,216 | Howard           16,106 | Washington       48,671
+Carroll          33,934 | Kent             16,957 | Wicomico         26,815
+Cecil            23,759 |                         | Worcester        21,841
+
+     TOTAL                                                        1,294,450
+
+MASSACHUSETTS.--Area, 8,266 square miles.
+
+Barnstable       27,542 | Franklin         43,600 | Norfolk         187,506
+Berkshire       105,259 | Hampden         231,369 | Plymouth        144,337
+Bristol         318,573 | Hampshire        63,327 | Suffolk         731,388
+Dukes             4,504 | Middlesex       669,915 | Worcester       399,657
+Essex           436,477 | Nantucket         2,962 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        3,366,416
+
+MICHIGAN.--Area, 57,980 square miles.
+
+Alcona            5,703 | Berrien          53,622 | Delta            30,108
+Alger             7,675 | Branch           25,605 | Dickinson        20,524
+Allegan          39,819 | Calhoun          56,638 | Eaton            30,499
+Alpena           19,965 | Cass             20,624 | Emmet            18,561
+Antrim           15,692 | Charlevoix       19,157 | Genesee          64,555
+                        |                         |
+Arenac            9,640 | Cheboygan        17,872 | Gladwin           8,413
+Baraga            6,127 | Chippewa         24,472 | Gogebic          23,333
+Barry            22,633 | Clare             9,240 | Grand Traverse   23,784
+Bay              68,238 | Clinton          23,129 | Gratiot          28,820
+Benzie           10,638 | Crawford          3,934 | Hillsdale        29,673
+                        |                         |
+Houghton         88,098 | Mackinac          9,249 | Ontonagon         8,650
+Huron            34,758 | Macomb           32,606 | Osceola          17,889
+Ingham           53,310 |                         | Oscoda            2,027
+Ionia            33,550 | Manistee         26,688 | Otsego            6,552
+Iosco             9,753 | Marquette        46,739 | Ottawa           45,301
+                        | Mason            21,832 |
+Iron             15,164 | Mecosta          19,466 | Presque Isle     11,249
+Isabella         23,029 | Menominee        25,648 | Roscommon         2,274
+Jackson          53,426 |                         | Saginaw          89,290
+Kalamazoo        60,427 | Midland          14,005 | St. Clair        52,341
+Kalkaska          8,097 | Missaukee        10,606 | St. Joseph       25,499
+                        | Monroe           32,917 |
+Kent            159,145 | Montcalm         32,069 | Sanilac          33,930
+Keweenaw          7,156 | Montmorency       3,755 | Schoolcraft       8,681
+Lake              4,939 |                         | Shiawassee       33,246
+Lapeer           26,033 | Muskegon         40,577 | Tuscola          34,913
+Leelanau         10,608 | Newaygo          19,220 | Van Buren        33,185
+                        | Oakland          49,576 |
+Lenawee          47,907 | Oceana           18,379 | Washtenaw        44,714
+Livingston       17,736 | Ogemaw            8,907 | Wayne           531,590
+Luce              4,004 |                         | Wexford          20,769
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,810,173
+
+MINNESOTA.--Area, 84,628 square miles.
+
+Aitkin           10,371 | Isanti           12,615 | Polk             36,001
+Anoka            12,493 |                         | Pope             12,746
+Becker           18,840 | Itasca           17,208 | Ramsey          223,675
+Beltrami         19,337 | Jackson          14,491 |
+Benton           11,615 | Kanabec           6,461 | Red Lake         15,940
+                        | Kandiyohi        18,969 | Redwood          18,425
+Bigstone          9,367 | Kittson           9,669 | Renville         23,123
+Blue Earth       29,337 |                         | Rice             25,911
+Brown            20,134 | Koochiching       6,431 | Rock             10,222
+Carlton          17,559 | Lac qui Parle    15,435 |
+Carver           17,455 | Lake              8,011 | Roseau           11,338
+                        | Le Sueur         18,609 | St. Louis       163,274
+Cass             11,620 | Lincoln           9,874 | Scott            14,888
+Chippewa         13,458 |                         | Sheburne          8,136
+Chisago          13,537 | Lyon             15,722 | Sibley           15,540
+Clay             19,640 | McLeod           18,691 |
+Clearwater        6,870 | Mahnomen          3,249 | Stearns          47,733
+                        | Marshall         16,338 | Steele           16,146
+Cook              1,336 | Martin           17,518 | Stevens           8,293
+Cottonwood       12,651 |                         | Swift            12,949
+Crow Wing        16,861 | Meeker           17,022 | Todd             23,407
+Dakota           25,171 | Mille Lacs       10,705 |
+Dodge            12,094 | Morrison         24,053 | Traverse          8,049
+                        | Mower            22,640 | Wabasha          18,554
+Douglas          17,669 | Murray           11,755 | Wadena            8,652
+Faribault        19,949 |                         | Waseca           13,466
+Fillmore         25,680 | Nicollet         14,125 | Washington       26,013
+Freeborn         22,282 | Nobles           15,210 |
+Goodhue          31,637 | Norman           13,446 | Watonwan         11,382
+                        | Olmsted          22,497 | Wilkin            9,063
+Grant             9,114 | Otter Tail       46,036 | Winona           33,398
+Hennepin        333,480 |                         | Wright           28,082
+Houston          14,297 | Pine             15,878 | Yellow Medicine  15,406
+Hubbard           9,831 | Pipestone         9,553 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,075,708
+
+MISSISSIPPI.--Area, 46,865 square miles.
+
+Adams            25,265 | Itawamba         14,526 | Pearl River      10,593
+Alcorn           18,159 | Jackson          15,451 | Perry             7,685
+Amite            22,954 | Jasper           18,498 |
+Attala           28,851 |                         | Pike             37,272
+Benton           10,245 | Jefferson        18,221 | Pontotoc         19,688
+                        | Jefferson Davis  12,860 | Prentiss         16,931
+Bolivar          48,905 | Jones            29,885 | Quitman          11,593
+Calhoun          17,726 | Kemper           20,348 | Rankin           23,944
+Carroll          23,139 | Lafayette        21,883 |
+Chickasaw        22,846 |                         | Scott            16,723
+Choctaw          14,357 | Lamar            11,741 | Sharkey          15,694
+                        | Lauderdale       46,919 | Simpson          17,201
+Claiborne        17,403 | Lawrence         13,080 | Smith            16,603
+Clarke           21,630 | Leake            18,298 | Sunflower        28,787
+Clay             20,203 | Lee              28,894 |
+Coahoma          34,217 |                         | Tallahatchie     29,078
+Copiah           35,914 | Leflore          36,290 | Tate             19,714
+                        | Lincoln          28,597 | Tippah           14,631
+Covington        16,909 | Lowndes          30,703 | Tishomingo       13,067
+De Soto          23,130 | Madison          33,505 | Tunica           18,646
+Forrest          20,722 | Marion           15,599 |
+Franklin         15,193 |                         | Union            18,997
+George            6,599 | Marshall         26,796 | Warren           37,488
+                        | Monroe           35,178 | Washington       48,933
+Greene            6,050 | Montgomery       17,706 | Wayne            14,709
+Grenada          15,727 | Neshoba          17,980 | Webster          14,853
+Hancock          11,207 | Newton           23,085 |
+Harrison         34,658 |                         | Wilkinson        18,075
+Hinds            63,726 | Noxubee          28,503 | Winston          17,139
+                        | Oktibbeha        19,676 | Yalobusha        21,519
+Holmes           39,088 | Panola           31,274 | Yazoo            46,672
+Issaquena        10,560 |                         |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        1,797,114
+
+MISSOURI.--Area, 69,420 square miles.
+
+Adair            22,700 | Cape Girardeau   27,621 | Daviess          17,605
+Andrew           15,282 | Carroll          23,098 | Dekalb           12,531
+Atchison         13,604 | Carter            5,504 | Dent             13,245
+Audrain          21,687 | Cass             22,973 | Douglas          16,664
+Barry            23,869 | Cedar            16,080 | Dunklin          30,328
+                        |                         |
+Barton           16,747 | Chariton         23,503 | Franklin         29,830
+Bates            25,869 | Christian        15,832 | Gasconade        12,847
+Benton           14,881 | Clark            12,811 | Gentry           16,820
+Bollinger        14,576 | Clay             20,302 | Greene           63,831
+Boone            30,533 | Clinton          15,297 | Grundy           16,744
+                        |                         |
+Buchanan         93,020 | Cole             21,957 | Harrison         20,466
+Butler           20,624 | Cooper           20,311 | Henry            27,242
+Caldwell         14,605 | Crawford         13,576 | Hickory           8,741
+Callaway         24,400 | Dade             15,613 | Holt             14,539
+Camden           11,582 | Dallas           13,181 | Howard           15,653
+                        |                         |
+Howell           21,065 | Montgomery       15,604 | St. Clair        16,412
+Iron              8,563 |                         | St. Francois     35,738
+Jackson         263,522 | Morgan           12,863 | St. Louis        82,417
+Jasper           89,673 | New Madrid       19,488 |
+Jefferson        27,878 | Newton           27,136 | St. Louis City  587,029
+                        | Nodaway          28,833 | Ste. Genevieve   10,607
+Johnson          26,297 | Oregon           14,681 | Saline           29,448
+Knox             12,403 |                         | Schuyler          9,062
+Laclede          17,363 | Osage            14,283 | Scotland         11,869
+Lafayette        30,154 | Ozark            11,926 |
+Lawrence         26,583 | Pemiscot         19,559 | Scott            22,372
+                        | Perry            14,898 | Shannon          11,443
+Lewis            15,514 | Pettis           33,913 | Shelby           14,864
+Lincoln          17,033 |                         | Stoddard         27,807
+Linn             25,253 | Phelps           15,796 | Stone            11,559
+Livingston       19,453 | Pike             22,556 |
+McDonald         13,539 | Platte           14,429 | Sullivan         18,598
+                        | Polk             21,561 | Taney             9,134
+Macon            30,358 | Pulaski          11,436 | Texas            21,458
+Madison          11,273 |                         | Vernon           28,827
+Maries           10,088 | Putnam           14,308 | Warren            9,123
+Marion           30,572 | Ralls            12,913 |
+Mercer           13,355 | Randolph         26,182 | Washington       13,378
+                        | Ray              21,451 | Wayne            15,181
+Miller           16,717 | Reynolds          9,592 | Webster          17,377
+Mississippi      14,557 |                         | Worth             8,007
+Moniteau         14,375 | Ripley           13,099 | Wright           18,315
+Monroe           18,304 | St. Charles      24,695 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        3,293,338
+
+MONTANA.--Area, 146,572 square miles.
+
+Beaverhead        6,446 | Gallatin         14,079 | Powell            5,904
+Broadwater        3,491 | Granite           2,942 | Ravalli          11,666
+Carbon           13,962 | Jefferson         5,601 | Rosebud           7,985
+Cascade          28,833 | Lewis and Clark  21,853 | Sanders           3,713
+Chouteau         17,191 | Lincoln           3,638 | Silver Bow       56,848
+                        |                         | Sweet Grass       4,029
+Custer           14,123 | Madison           7,229 |
+Dawson           12,725 | Meagher           4,190 | Teton             9,546
+Deer Lodge       12,988 | Missoula         23,596 | Valley           13,630
+Fergus           17,385 | Park             10,731 | Yellowstone      22,944
+Flathead         18,785 |                         |
+
+     TOTAL                                                          376,053
+
+NEBRASKA.--Area, 77,520 square miles.
+
+Adams            20,900 | Butler           15,403 | Dakota            6,564
+Antelope         14,003 | Cass             19,786 | Dawes             8,254
+Banner            1,444 | Cedar            15,191 | Dawson           15,961
+Blaine            1,672 | Chase             3,613 | Deuel             1,786
+Boone            13,145 | Cherry           10,414 | Dixon            11,477
+                        |                         |
+Boxbutte          6,131 | Cheyenne          4,551 | Dodge            22,145
+Boyd              8,826 | Clay             15,729 | Douglas         168,546
+Brown             6,083 | Colfax           11,610 | Dundy             4,098
+Buffalo          21,907 | Cuming           13,782 | Fillmore         14,674
+Burt             12,726 | Custer           25,668 | Franklin         10,303
+                        |                         |
+Frontier          8,572 | Kimball           1,942 | Richardson       17,448
+Furnas           12,083 | Knox             18,358 | Rock              3,627
+Gage             30,325 | Lancaster        73,793 | Saline           17,866
+Garden            3,538 | Lincoln          15,684 |
+Garfield          3,417 |                         | Sarpy             9,274
+                        | Logan             1,521 | Saunders         21,179
+Gosper            4,933 | Loup              2,188 | Scotts Bluff      8,355
+Grant             1,097 | McPherson         2,470 | Seward           15,895
+Greeley           8,047 | Madison          19,101 | Sheridan          7,328
+Hall             20,361 | Merrick          10,379 |
+Hamilton         13,459 |                         | Sherman           8,278
+                        | Morrill           4,584 | Sioux             5,599
+Harlan            9,578 | Nance             8,926 | Stanton           7,542
+Hayes             3,011 | Nemaha           13,095 | Thayer           14,775
+Hitchcock         5,415 | Nuckolls         13,019 | Thomas            1,191
+Holt             15,545 | Otoe             19,323 |
+Hooker              981 |                         | Thurston          8,704
+                        | Pawnee           10,582 | Valley            9,480
+Howard           10,783 | Perkins           2,570 | Washington       12,738
+Jefferson        16,852 | Phelps           10,451 | Wayne            10,397
+Johnson          10,187 | Pierce           10,122 | Webster          12,008
+Kearney           9,106 | Platte           19,006 |
+Keith             3,692 |                         | Wheeler           2,292
+                        | Polk             10,521 | York             18,721
+Keyapaha          3,452 | Redwillow        11,056 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        1,192,214
+
+NEVADA.--Area, 110,690 square miles.
+
+Churchill         2,811 | Eureka            1,830 | Nye               7,513
+Clark             3,321 | Humboldt          6,825 | Ormsby            3,089
+Douglas           1,895 | Lander            1,786 | Storey            3,045
+Elko              8,133 | Lincoln           3,489 | Washoe           17,434
+Esmeralda         9,695 | Lyon              3,568 | White Pine        7,441
+
+     TOTAL                                                           81,875
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Area, 9,341 square miles.
+
+Belknap          21,309 | Grafton          41,652 | Rockingham       52,188
+Carroll          16,316 |                         | Strafford        38,951
+Cheshire         30,659 | Hillsboro       126,072 | Sullivan         19,337
+Coos             30,753 | Merrimack        53,335 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                          430,572
+
+NEW JERSEY.--Area, 8,224 square miles.
+
+Atlantic         71,894 | Hudson          537,231 | Passaic         215,902
+Bergen          138,002 | Hunterdon        33,569 | Salem            26,999
+Burlington       66,565 |                         | Somerset         38,820
+Camden          142,029 | Mercer          125,657 | Sussex           26,781
+Cape May         19,745 | Middlesex       114,426 | Union           140,197
+                        | Monmouth         94,734 |
+Cumberland       55,153 | Morris           74,704 | Warren           43,187
+Essex           512,886 | Ocean            21,318 |
+Gloucester       37,368 |                         |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,537,167
+
+NEW MEXICO.--Area, 122,634 square miles.
+
+Bernalillo       23,606 | Luna              3,913 | Sandoval          8,579
+Chaves           16,850 |                         | Santa Fe         14,770
+Colfax           16,460 | McKinley         12,963 |
+Curry            11,443 | Mora             12,611 | Sierra            3,536
+Dona Ana         12,893 | Otero             7,069 | Socorro          14,761
+                        | Quay             14,912 | Taos             12,008
+Eddy             12,400 | Rio Arriba       16,719 | Torrance         10,119
+Grant            14,813 |                         | Union            11,404
+Guadalupe        10,927 | Roosevelt        12,064 |
+Lincoln           7,822 | San Juan          8,504 | Valencia         13,320
+                        | San Miguel       22,930 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                          327,396
+
+NEW YORK.--Area, 49,204 square miles.
+
+Albany          173,666 | Herkimer         56,356 | Rensselaer      122,276
+Allegany         41,412 | Jefferson        80,382 | Richmond         85,969
+Broome           78,809 | Kings         1,634,351 | Rockland         46,873
+Cattaraugus      65,919 | Lewis            24,849 | St. Lawrence     89,005
+Cayuga           67,106 | Livingston       38,037 | Saratoga         61,917
+                        |                         |
+Chautauqua      105,126 | Madison          39,289 | Schenectady      88,235
+Chemung          54,662 | Monroe          283,212 | Schoharie        23,355
+Chenango         35,575 | Montgomery       57,567 | Schuyler         14,004
+Clinton          48,230 | Nassau           83,930 | Seneca           26,972
+Columbia         43,658 | New York      2,762,522 | Steuben          83,362
+                        |                         |
+Cortland         29,249 | Niagara          92,036 | Suffolk          96,138
+Delaware         45,575 | Oneida          154,157 | Sullivan         33,808
+Dutchess         87,661 | Onondaga        200,298 | Tioga            25,624
+Erie            528,985 | Ontario          52,286 | Tompkins         33,647
+Essex            33,458 | Orange          116,001 | Ulster           91,769
+                        |                         |
+Franklin         45,717 | Orleans          32,000 | Warren           32,223
+Fulton           44,534 | Oswego           71,664 | Washington       47,778
+Genesee          37,615 | Otsego           47,216 | Wayne            50,179
+Greene           30,214 | Putnam           14,665 | Westchester     283,055
+Hamilton          4,373 | Queens          284,041 | Wyoming          31,880
+                        |                         |
+                        |                         | Yates            18,642
+
+     TOTAL                                                        9,113,614
+
+NORTH CAROLINA.--Area, 52,426 square miles.
+
+Alamance         28,712 | Burke            21,408 | Clay              3,909
+Alexander        11,592 | Cabarrus         26,240 | Cleveland        29,494
+Alleghany         7,745 | Caldwell         20,579 | Columbus         28,020
+Anson            25,465 | Camden            5,640 | Craven           25,594
+Ashe             19,074 | Carteret         13,776 | Cumberland       35,284
+                        |                         |
+Beaufort         30,877 | Caswell          14,858 | Currituck         7,693
+Bertie           23,039 | Catawba          27,918 | Dare              4,841
+Bladen           18,006 | Chatham          22,635 | Davidson         29,404
+Brunswick        14,432 | Cherokee         14,136 | Davie            13,394
+Buncombe         49,798 | Chowan           11,303 | Duplin           25,442
+                        |                         |
+Durham           35,276 | Lincoln          17,132 | Robeson          51,945
+Edgecombe        32,010 | McDowell         13,538 | Rockingham       36,442
+Forsyth          47,311 | Macon            12,191 | Rowan            37,521
+Franklin         24,692 |                         | Rutherford       28,385
+Gaston           37,063 | Madison          20,132 | Sampson          29,982
+                        | Martin           17,797 |
+Gates            10,455 | Mecklenburg      67,031 | Scotland         15,363
+Graham            4,749 | Mitchell         17,245 | Stanly           19,909
+Granville        25,102 | Montgomery       14,967 | Stokes           20,151
+Greene           13,083 |                         | Surry            29,705
+Guilford         60,497 | Moore            17,010 | Swain            10,403
+                        | Nash             33,727 |
+Halifax          37,646 | New Hanover      32,037 | Transylvania      7,191
+Harnett          22,174 | Northampton      22,323 | Tyrrell           5,219
+Haywood          21,020 | Onslow           14,125 | Union            33,277
+Henderson        16,262 |                         | Vance            19,425
+Hertford         15,436 | Orange           15,064 | Wake             63,229
+                        | Pamlico           9,966 |
+Hyde              8,840 | Pasquotank       16,693 | Warren           20,266
+Iredell          34,315 | Pender           15,471 | Washington       11,062
+Jackson          12,998 | Perquimans       11,054 | Watauga          13,556
+Johnston         41,401 |                         | Wayne            35,698
+Jones             8,721 | Person           17,356 | Wilkes           30,282
+                        | Pitt             36,340 |
+Lee              11,376 | Polk              7,640 | Wilson           28,269
+Lenoir           22,769 | Randolph         29,491 | Yadkin           15,428
+                        | Richmond         19,673 | Yancey           12,072
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,206,287
+
+NORTH DAKOTA.--Area, 70,837 square miles.
+
+Adams             5,407 | Griggs            6,274 | Pierce            9,740
+Barnes           18,066 | Hettinger         6,557 | Ramsey           15,199
+Benson           12,681 | Kidder            5,962 | Ransom           10,345
+Billings         10,186 | Lamoure          10,724 | Richland         19,659
+Bottineau        17,295 | Logan             6,168 | Rolette           9,558
+                        |                         |
+Bowman            4,668 | McHenry          17,627 | Sargent           9,202
+Burleigh         13,087 | McIntosh          7,251 | Sheridan          8,103
+Cass             33,935 | McKenzie          5,720 | Stark            12,504
+Cavalier         15,659 | McLean           14,578 | Steele            7,616
+Dickey            9,839 | Mercer            4,665 | Stutsman         18,189
+                        |                         |
+Dunn              5,302 | Mountrail         8,491 | Towner            8,963
+Eddy              4,800 | Morton           25,289 | Traill           12,545
+Emmons            9,796 | Nelson           10,140 | Walsh            19,491
+Foster            5,313 | Oliver            3,577 | Ward             42,185
+Grand Forks      27,888 | Pembina          14,749 | Wells            11,814
+                        |                         |
+                        |                         | Williams         20,249
+
+     TOTAL                                                          577,056
+
+OHIO.--Area, 41,040 square miles.
+
+Adams            24,755 | Auglaize         31,246 | Champaign        26,351
+Allen            56,580 | Belmont          76,856 | Clark            66,435
+Ashland          22,975 | Brown            24,832 | Clermont         29,551
+Ashtabula        59,547 | Butler           70,271 | Clinton          23,680
+Athens           47,798 | Carroll          15,761 | Columbiana       76,619
+                        |                         |
+Coshocton        30,121 | Jefferson        65,423 | Pike             15,723
+Crawford         34,036 | Knox             30,181 | Portage          30,307
+Cuyahoga        637,425 | Lake             22,927 | Preble           23,834
+Darke            42,933 | Lawrence         39,488 | Putnam           29,972
+Defiance         24,498 | Licking          55,590 | Richland         47,667
+                        |                         |
+Delaware         27,182 | Logan            30,084 | Ross             40,069
+Erie             38,327 | Lorain           76,037 | Sandusky         35,171
+Fairfield        39,201 | Lucas           192,728 | Scioto           48,463
+Fayette          21,744 | Madison          19,902 | Seneca           42,421
+Franklin        221,567 | Mahoning        116,151 | Shelby           24,663
+                        |                         |
+Fulton           23,914 | Marion           33,971 | Stark           122,987
+Gallia           25,745 | Medina           23,598 | Summit          108,253
+Geauga           14,670 | Meigs            25,594 | Trumbull         52,766
+Greene           29,733 | Mercer           27,536 | Tuscarawas       57,035
+Guernsey         42,716 | Miami            45,047 | Union            21,871
+                        |                         |
+Hamilton        460,732 | Monroe           24,244 | Van Wert         29,119
+Hancock          37,860 | Montgomery      163,763 | Vinton           13,096
+Hardin           30,407 | Morgan           16,097 | Warren           24,497
+Harrison         19,076 | Morrow           16,815 | Washington       45,422
+Henry            25,119 | Muskingum        57,488 | Wayne            38,058
+                        |                         |
+Highland         28,711 | Noble            18,601 | Williams         25,198
+Hocking          23,650 | Ottawa           22,360 | Wood             46,330
+Holmes           17,909 | Paulding         22,730 | Wyandot          20,760
+Huron            34,206 | Perry            35,396 |
+Jackson          30,791 | Pickaway         26,158 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        4,767,121
+
+OKLAHOMA.--Area, 70,057 square miles.
+
+Adair            10,535 | Dewey            14,132 | Logan            31,740
+Alfalfa          18,138 | Ellis            15,375 | Love             10,236
+Atoka            13,808 | Garfield         33,050 | McClain          15,659
+Beaver           13,631 | Garvin           26,545 | McCurtain        20,681
+Beckham          19,699 | Grady            30,309 | McIntosh         20,961
+                        |                         |
+Blaine           17,960 | Grant            18,760 | Major            15,248
+Bryan            29,854 | Greer            16,449 | Marshall         11,619
+Caddo            35,685 | Harmon           11,328 | Mayes            13,596
+Canadian         23,501 | Harper            8,189 | Murray           12,744
+Carter           25,358 | Haskell          18,875 | Muskogee         52,743
+                        |                         |
+Cherokee         16,778 | Hughes           24,040 | Noble            14,945
+Choctaw          21,862 | Jackson          23,737 | Nowata           14,223
+Cimarron          4,553 | Jefferson        17,430 | Okfuskee         19,995
+Cleveland        18,843 | Johnston         16,734 | Oklahoma         85,232
+Coal             15,817 | Kay              26,999 | Okmulgee         21,115
+                        |                         |
+Comanche         41,489 | Kingfisher       18,825 | Osage            20,101
+Craig            17,404 | Kiowa            27,526 | Ottawa           15,713
+Creek            26,223 | Latimer          11,321 | Pawnee           17,332
+Custer           23,231 | Le Flore         29,127 | Payne            23,735
+Delaware         11,469 | Lincoln          34,779 | Pittsburg        47,650
+                        |                         |
+Pontotoc         24,331 | Seminole         19,964 | Tulsa            34,995
+Pottawatomie     43,595 | Sequoyah         25,005 | Wagoner          22,086
+Pushmataha       10,118 | Stephens         22,252 | Washington       17,484
+Roger Mills      12,861 | Texas            14,249 | Washita          25,034
+Rogers           17,736 | Tillman          18,650 | Woods            17,567
+                        |                         |
+                        |                         | Woodward         16,592
+
+     TOTAL                                                        1,657,155
+
+OREGON.--Area, 96,699 square miles.
+
+Baker            18,076 | Hood River        8,016 | Multnomah       226,261
+Benton           10,663 | Jackson          25,756 | Polk             13,469
+Clackamas        29,931 | Josephine         9,567 |
+Clatsop          16,106 |                         | Sherman           4,242
+Columbia         10,580 | Klamath           8,554 | Tillamook         6,266
+                        | Lake              4,658 | Umatilla         20,309
+Coos             17,959 | Lane             33,783 | Union            16,191
+Crook             9,315 | Lincoln           5,587 | Wallowa           8,364
+Curry             2,044 | Linn             22,662 |
+Douglas          19,674 |                         | Wasco            16,336
+Gilliam           3,701 | Malheur           8,601 | Washington       21,522
+                        | Marion           39,780 | Wheeler           2,484
+Grant             5,607 | Morrow            4,357 | Yamhill          18,285
+Harney            4,059 |                         |
+
+     TOTAL                                                          672,765
+
+PENNSYLVANIA.--Area, 45,126 square miles.
+
+Adams            34,319 | Erie            115,517 | Northampton     127,667
+Allegheny     1,018,463 |                         | Northumberland  111,420
+Armstrong        67,880 | Fayette         167,449 | Perry            24,136
+Beaver           78,353 | Forest            9,435 |
+Bedford          38,879 | Franklin         59,775 | Philadelphia  1,549,008
+                        | Fulton            9,703 | Pike              8,033
+Berks           183,222 | Greene           28,882 | Potter           29,729
+Blair           108,858 |                         | Schuylkill      207,894
+Bradford         54,526 | Huntingdon       38,304 | Snyder           16,800
+Bucks            76,530 | Indiana          66,210 |
+Butler           72,689 | Jefferson        63,090 | Somerset         67,717
+                        | Juniata          15,013 | Sullivan         11,293
+Cambria         166,131 | Lackawanna      259,570 | Susquehanna      37,746
+Cameron           7,644 |                         | Tioga            42,829
+Carbon           52,846 | Lancaster       167,029 | Union            16,249
+Center           43,424 | Lawrence         70,032 |
+Chester         109,213 | Lebanon          59,565 | Venango          56,359
+                        | Lehigh          118,832 | Warren           39,573
+Clarion          36,638 | Luzerne         343,186 | Washington      143,680
+Clearfield       93,768 |                         | Wayne            29,236
+Clinton          31,545 | Lycoming         80,813 | Westmoreland    231,304
+Columbia         48,467 | McKean           47,868 |
+Crawford         61,565 | Mercer           77,699 | Wyoming          15,509
+                        | Mifflin          27,785 | York            136,405
+Cumberland       54,479 | Monroe           22,941 |
+Dauphin         136,152 |                         |
+Delaware        117,906 | Montgomery      169,590 |
+Elk              35,871 | Montour          14,868 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        7,665,111
+
+RHODE ISLAND.--Area, 1,248 square miles.
+
+Bristol          17,602 | Newport          39,335 | Washington       24,942
+Kent             36,378 | Providence      424,417 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                          542,674
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA.--Area, 30,989 square miles.
+
+Abbeville        34,804 | Dillon           22,615 | Marion           20,596
+Aiken            41,849 | Dorchester       17,891 | Marlboro         31,189
+Anderson         69,568 | Edgefield        28,281 | Newberry         34,586
+Bamberg          18,544 | Fairfield        29,442 | Oconee           27,337
+Barnwell         34,209 | Florence         35,671 | Orangeburg       55,893
+                        |                         |
+Beaufort         30,355 | Georgetown       22,270 | Pickens          25,422
+Berkeley         23,487 | Greenville       68,377 | Richland         55,143
+Calhoun          16,634 | Greenwood        34,225 | Saluda           20,943
+Charleston       88,594 | Hampton          25,126 | Spartanburg      83,465
+Cherokee         26,179 | Horry            26,995 | Sumter           38,472
+                        |                         |
+Chester          29,425 | Kershaw          27,094 | Union            29,911
+Chesterfield     26,301 | Lancaster        26,650 | Williamsburg     37,626
+Clarendon        32,188 | Laurens          41,550 | York             47,718
+Colleton         35,390 | Lee              25,318 |
+Darlington       36,027 | Lexington        32,040 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        1,515,400
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA.--Area, 77,615 square miles.
+
+Armstrong           647 | Fall River        7,763 | Minnehaha        29,631
+Aurora            6,143 | Faulk             6,716 |
+Beadle           15,776 | Grant            10,303 | Moody             8,695
+Bonhomme         11,061 |                         | Pennington       12,453
+Brookings        14,178 | Gregory          13,061 | Perkins          11,348
+                        | Hamlin            7,475 | Potter            4,466
+Brown            25,867 | Hand              7,870 | Roberts          14,897
+Brule             6,451 | Hanson            6,237 |
+Buffalo           1,589 | Harding           4,228 | Sanborn           6,607
+Butte             4,993 |                         | Schnasse            292
+Campbell          5,244 | Hughes            6,271 | Spink            15,981
+                        | Hutchinson       12,319 | Stanley          14,975
+Charles Mix      14,899 | Hyde              3,307 | Sterling            252
+Clark            10,901 | Jerauld           5,120 |
+Clay              8,711 | Kingsbury        12,560 | Sully             2,462
+Codington        14,092 |                         | Tripp             8,323
+Corson            2,929 | Lake             10,711 | Turner           13,840
+                        | Lawrence         19,694 | Union            10,676
+Custer            4,458 | Lincoln          12,712 | Walworth          6,488
+Davison          11,625 | Lyman            10,848 |
+Day              14,372 | McCook            9,589 | Yankton          13,135
+Deuel             7,768 |                         | Pine Ridge Indian
+Dewey             1,145 | McPherson         6,791 |   Reservation     6,607
+                        | Marshall          8,021 | Rosebud Indian
+Douglas           6,400 | Meade            12,640 |   Reservation     3,960
+Edmunds           7,654 | Miner             7,661 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                          583,888
+
+TENNESSEE.--Area, 42,022 square miles.
+
+Anderson         17,717 | Hancock          10,778 | Morgan           11,458
+Bedford          22,667 | Hardeman         23,011 | Obion            29,946
+Benton           12,452 |                         | Overton          15,854
+Bledsoe           6,329 | Hardin           17,521 | Perry             8,815
+Blount           20,809 | Hawkins          23,587 | Pickett           5,087
+                        | Haywood          25,910 |
+Bradley          16,336 | Henderson        17,030 | Polk             14,116
+Campbell         27,387 | Henry            25,434 | Putnam           20,023
+Cannon           10,825 |                         | Rhea             15,410
+Carroll          23,971 | Hickman          16,527 | Roane            22,860
+Carter           19,838 | Houston           6,224 | Robertson        25,466
+                        | Humphreys        13,908 |
+Cheatham         10,540 | Jackson          15,036 | Rutherford       33,199
+Chester           9,090 | James             5,210 | Scott            12,947
+Claiborne        23,504 |                         | Sequatchie        4,202
+Clay              9,009 | Jefferson        17,755 | Sevier           22,296
+Cocke            19,399 | Johnson          13,191 | Shelby          191,439
+                        | Knox             94,187 |
+Coffee           15,625 | Lake              8,704 | Smith            18,548
+Crockett         16,076 | Lauderdale       21,105 | Stewart          14,860
+Cumberland        9,327 |                         | Sullivan         28,120
+Davidson        149,478 | Lawrence         17,569 | Sumner           25,621
+Decatur          10,093 | Lewis             6,033 | Tipton           29,459
+                        | Lincoln          25,908 |
+Dekalb           15,434 | Loudon           13,612 | Trousdale         5,874
+Dickson          19,955 | McMinn           21,046 | Unicoi            7,201
+Dyer             27,721 |                         | Union            11,414
+Fayette          30,257 | McNairy          16,356 | Van Buren         2,784
+Fentress          7,446 | Macon            14,559 | Warren           16,534
+                        | Madison          39,357 |
+Franklin         20,491 | Marion           18,820 | Washington       28,968
+Gibson           41,630 | Marshall         16,872 | Wayne            12,062
+Giles            32,629 |                         | Weakley          31,929
+Grainger         13,888 | Maury            40,456 | White             5,420
+Greene           31,083 | Meigs             6,131 | Williamson       24,213
+                        | Monroe           20,716 |
+Grundy            8,322 | Montgomery       33,672 | Wilson           25,394
+Hamblen          13,650 | Moore             4,800 |
+Hamilton         89,267 |                         |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,184,739
+
+TEXAS.--Area, 265,896 square miles.
+
+Anderson         29,650 | Bastrop          25,344 | Brazos           18,919
+Andrews             975 | Baylor            8,411 | Brewster          5,220
+Angelina         17,705 | Bee              12,090 | Briscoe           2,162
+Aransas           2,106 | Bell             49,186 | Brown            22,935
+Archer            6,525 | Bexar           119,676 | Burleson         18,687
+                        |                         |
+Armstrong         2,682 | Blanco            4,311 | Burnet           10,755
+Atascosa         10,004 | Borden            1,386 | Caldwell         24,237
+Austin           17,699 | Bosque           19,013 | Calhoun           3,635
+Bailey              312 | Bowie             4,827 | Callahan         12,973
+Bandera           4,921 | Brazoria         13,299 | Cameron          27,158
+                        |                         |
+Camp              9,551 | Gaines            1,255 | Knox              9,625
+Carson            2,127 | Galveston        44,479 | La Salle          4,747
+Cass             27,587 | Garza             1,995 | Lamar            46,544
+Castro            1,850 | Gillespie         9,447 | Lamb                540
+Chambers          4,234 | Glasscock         1,143 | Lampasas          9,532
+                        |                         |
+Cherokee         29,038 | Goliad            9,909 | Lavaca           26,418
+Childress         9,538 | Gonzales         28,055 | Lee              13,132
+Clay             17,043 | Gray              3,405 | Leon             16,583
+Cochran              65 | Grayson          65,996 | Liberty          10,686
+Coke              6,412 | Gregg            14,140 | Limestone        34,621
+                        |                         |
+Coleman          22,618 | Grimes           21,205 | Lipscomb          2,634
+Collin           49,021 | Guadalupe        24,913 | Live Oak          3,442
+Collingsworth     5,224 | Hale              7,566 | Llano             6,520
+Colorado         18,897 | Hall              8,279 | Loving              249
+Comal             8,434 | Hamilton         15,315 | Lubbock           3,624
+                        |                         |
+Comanche         27,186 | Hansford            935 | Lynn              1,713
+Concho            6,654 | Hardeman         11,213 | McCulloch        13,405
+Cooke            26,603 | Hardin           12,947 | McLennan         73,250
+Coryell          21,703 | Harris          115,693 | McMullen          1,091
+Cottle            4,396 | Harrison         37,243 | Madison          10,318
+                        |                         |
+Crane               331 | Hartley           1,298 | Marion           10,472
+Crockett          1,296 | Haskell          16,249 | Martin            1,549
+Crosby            1,765 | Hays             15,518 | Mason             5,683
+Dallam            4,001 | Hemphill          3,170 | Matagorda        13,594
+Dallas          135,748 | Henderson        20,131 | Maverick          5,151
+                        |                         |
+Dawson            2,320 | Hidalgo          13,728 | Medina           13,415
+De Witt          23,501 | Hill             46,760 | Menard            2,707
+Deaf Smith        3,942 | Hockley             137 | Midland           3,464
+Delta            14,566 | Hood             10,008 | Milam            36,780
+Denton           31,258 | Hopkins          31,038 | Mills             9,694
+                        |                         |
+Dickens           3,092 | Houston          29,564 | Mitchell          8,956
+Dimmit            3,460 | Howard            8,881 | Montague         25,123
+Donley            5,284 | Hunt             48,116 | Montgomery       15,679
+Duval             8,964 | Hutchinson          892 | Moore               561
+Eastland         23,421 | Irion             1,283 | Morris           10,439
+                        |                         |
+Ector             1,178 | Jack             11,817 | Motley            2,396
+Edwards           3,768 | Jackson           6,471 | Nacogdoches      27,406
+El Paso          52,599 | Jasper           14,000 | Navarro          47,070
+Ellis            53,629 | Jeff Davis        1,678 | Newton           10,850
+Erath            32,095 | Jefferson        38,182 | Nolan            11,999
+                        |                         |
+Falls            35,649 | Johnson          34,460 | Nueces           21,955
+Fannin           44,801 | Jones            24,299 | Ochiltree         1,602
+Fayette          29,796 | Karnes           14,942 | Oldham              812
+Fisher           12,596 | Kaufman          35,323 | Orange            9,528
+Floyd             4,638 | Kendall           4,517 | Palo Pinto       19,506
+                        |                         |
+Foard             5,726 | Kent              2,655 | Panola           20,424
+Fort Bend        18,168 | Kerr              5,505 | Parker           26,331
+Franklin          9,331 | Kimble            3,261 | Parmer            1,555
+Freestone        20,557 | King                810 | Pecos             2,071
+Frio              8,895 | Kinney            3,401 | Polk             17,459
+                        |                         |
+Potter           12,424 | Sherman           1,376 | Val Verde         8,613
+Presidio          5,218 | Smith            41,746 |
+Rains             6,787 | Somervell         3,931 | Van Zandt        25,651
+Randall           3,312 |                         | Victoria         14,990
+Reagan              392 | Starr            13,151 | Walker           16,061
+                        | Stephens          7,980 | Waller           12,138
+Red River        28,564 | Sterling          1,493 | Ward              2,389
+Reeves            4,392 | Stonewall         5,320 |
+Refugio           2,814 | Sutton            1,569 | Washington       25,561
+Roberts             950 |                         | Webb             22,503
+Robertson        27,454 | Swisher           4,012 | Wharton          21,123
+                        | Tarrant         108,572 | Wheeler           5,258
+Rockwall          8,072 | Taylor           26,293 | Wichita          16,094
+Runnels          20,858 | Terrell           1,430 |
+Rusk             26,946 | Terry             1,474 | Wilbarger        12,000
+Sabine            8,582 |                         | Williamson       42,228
+San Augustine    11,264 | Throckmorton      4,563 | Wilson           17,066
+                        | Titus            16,422 | Winkler             442
+San Jacinto       9,542 | Tom Green        17,882 | Wise             26,450
+San Patricio      7,307 | Travis           55,620 |
+San Saba         11,245 | Trinity          12,768 | Wood             23,417
+Schleicher        1,893 |                         | Yoakum              602
+Scurry           10,924 | Tyler            10,250 | Young            13,657
+                        | Upshur           19,960 | Zapata            3,809
+Shackelford       4,201 | Upton               501 | Zavalla           1,889
+Shelby           26,423 | Uvalde           11,233 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        3,896,542
+
+UTAH.--Area, 84,990 square miles.
+
+Beaver            4,717 | Kane              1,652 | Tooele            7,924
+Boxelder         13,894 | Millard           6,118 | Uinta             7,050
+Cache            23,062 | Morgan            2,467 | Utah             37,942
+Carbon            8,624 | Piute             1,734 | Wasatch           8,920
+Davis            10,191 | Rich              1,883 | Washington        5,123
+                        |                         |
+Emery             6,750 | Salt Lake       131,426 | Wayne             1,749
+Garfield          3,660 | San Juan          2,377 | Weber            35,179
+Grand             1,595 | Sanpete          16,704 |
+Iron              3,933 | Sevier            9,775 |
+Juab             10,702 | Summit            8,200 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                          373,351
+
+VERMONT.--Area, 9,564 square miles.
+
+Addison          20,010 | Franklin         29,866 | Rutland          48,139
+Bennington       21,378 | Grand Isle        3,761 | Washington       41,702
+Caledonia        26,031 | Lamoille         12,585 | Windham          26,932
+Chittenden       42,447 | Orange           18,703 | Windsor          33,681
+Essex             7,384 | Orleans          23,337 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                          355,956
+
+VIRGINIA.--Area, 42,627 square miles.
+
+Accomac          36,650 | Amherst          18,932 | Bland             5,154
+Albemarle        29,871 | Appomattox        8,904 | Botetourt        17,727
+Alexandria       10,231 | Augusta          32,445 | Brunswick        19,244
+Alleghany        14,173 | Bath              6,538 | Buchanan         12,334
+Amelia            8,720 | Bedford          29,549 | Buckingham       15,204
+                        |                         |
+Campbell         23,043 | Highland          5,317 | Prince Edward    14,266
+Caroline         16,596 | Isle of Wight    14,929 | Prince George     7,848
+Carroll          21,116 | James City        3,624 |
+Charles City      5,253 | King and Queen    9,576 | Prince William   12,026
+Charlotte        15,785 | King George       6,378 | Princess Anne    11,526
+                        |                         | Pulaski          17,246
+Chesterfield     21,299 | King William      8,547 | Rappahannock      8,044
+Clarke            7,468 | Lancaster         9,752 | Richmond          7,415
+Craig             4,711 | Lee              23,840 |
+Culpeper         13,472 | Loudoun          21,167 | Roanoke          19,623
+Cumberland        9,195 | Louisa           16,578 | Rockbridge       21,171
+                        |                         | Rockingham       34,903
+Dickenson         9,199 | Lunenburg        12,780 | Russell          23,474
+Dinwiddie        15,442 | Madison          10,055 | Scott            23,814
+Elizabeth City   21,225 | Mathews           8,922 |
+Essex             9,105 | Mecklenburg      28,956 | Shenandoah       20,942
+Fairfax          20,536 | Middlesex         8,852 | Smyth            20,326
+                        |                         | Southampton      26,302
+Fauquier         22,526 | Montgomery       17,268 | Spotsylvania      9,935
+Floyd            14,092 | Nansemond        26,886 | Stafford          8,070
+Fluvanna          8,323 | Nelson           16,821 |
+Franklin         26,480 | New Kent          4,682 | Surry             9,715
+Frederick        12,787 | Norfolk          52,744 | Sussex           13,664
+                        |                         | Tazewell         24,946
+Giles            11,623 | Northampton      16,672 | Warren            8,589
+Gloucester       12,477 | Northumberland   10,777 | Warwick           6,041
+Goochland         9,237 | Nottoway         13,462 |
+Grayson          19,856 | Orange           13,486 | Washington       32,830
+Greene            6,937 | Page             14,147 | Westmoreland      9,313
+                        |                         | Wise             34,162
+Greenesville     11,890 | Patrick          17,195 | Wythe            20,372
+Halifax          40,044 | Pittsylvania     50,709 | York              7,757
+Hanover          17,200 | Powhatan          6,099 |
+Henrico          23,437 |                         |
+Henry            18,459 |                         |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,061,612
+
+WASHINGTON.--Area, 69,127 square miles.
+
+Adams            10,920 | Grant             8,698 | Pierce          120,812
+Asotin            5,831 | Island            4,704 | San Juan          3,603
+Benton            7,937 |                         | Skagit           29,241
+Chehalis         35,590 | Jefferson         8,337 | Skamania          2,887
+Chelan           15,104 | King            284,638 | Snohomish        59,209
+                        | Kitsap           17,647 |
+Clallam           6,755 | Kittitas         18,561 | Spokane         139,404
+Clarke           26,115 | Klickitat        10,180 | Stevens          25,297
+Columbia          7,042 |                         | Thurston         17,581
+Cowlitz          12,561 | Lewis            32,127 | Wahkiakum         3,285
+Douglas           9,227 | Lincoln          17,539 | Walla Walla      31,931
+                        | Mason             5,156 |
+Ferry             4,800 | Okanogan         12,887 | Whatcom          49,511
+Franklin          5,153 | Pacific          12,532 | Whitman          33,280
+Garfield          4,199 |                         | Yakima           41,709
+
+     TOTAL                                                        1,141,990
+
+WEST VIRGINIA.--Area, 24,170 square miles.
+
+Barbour          15,858 | Kanawha          81,457 | Pocahontas       14,740
+Berkeley         21,999 |                         | Preston          26,341
+Boone            10,331 | Lewis            18,281 | Putnam           18,587
+Braxton          23,023 | Lincoln          20,491 |
+Brooke           11,098 | Logan            14,476 | Raleigh          25,633
+                        | McDowell         47,856 | Randolph         26,028
+Cabell           46,685 | Marion           42,794 | Ritchie          17,875
+Calhoun          11,258 |                         | Roane            21,543
+Clay             10,233 | Marshall         32,388 | Summers          18,420
+Doddridge        12,672 | Mason            23,019 |
+Fayette          51,903 | Mercer           38,371 | Taylor           16,554
+                        | Mineral          16,674 | Tucker           18,675
+Gilmer           11,379 | Mingo            19,431 | Tyler            16,211
+Grant             7,838 |                         | Upshur           16,629
+Greenbrier       24,833 | Monongalia       24,334 | Wayne            24,081
+Hampshire        11,694 | Monroe           13,055 |
+Hancock          10,465 | Morgan            7,848 | Webster           9,680
+                        | Nicholas         17,699 | Wetzel           23,855
+Hardy             9,163 | Ohio             57,572 | Wirt              9,047
+Harrison         48,381 |                         | Wood             38,001
+Jackson          20,956 | Pendleton         9,349 | Wyoming          10,392
+Jefferson        15,889 | Pleasants         8,074 |
+
+     TOTAL                                                        1,221,119
+
+WISCONSIN.--Area, 56,066 square miles.
+
+Adams             8,604 | Iowa             22,497 | Polk             21,367
+Ashland          21,965 |                        | Portage          30,945
+Barron           29,114 | Iron              8,306 | Price            13,795
+Bayfield         15,987 | Jackson          17,075 |
+Brown            54,098 | Jefferson        34,306 | Racine           57,424
+                        | Juneau           19,569 | Richland         18,809
+Buffalo          16,006 | Kenosha          32,929 | Rock             55,538
+Burnett           9,026 |                         | Rusk             11,160
+Calumet          16,701 | Kewaunee         16,784 | St. Croix        25,910
+Chippewa         32,103 | La Crosse        43,996 |
+Clark            30,074 | Lafayette        20,075 | Sauk             32,869
+                        | Langlade         17,062 | Sawyer            6,227
+Columbia         31,129 | Lincoln          19,064 | Shawano          31,884
+Crawford         16,288 |                         | Sheboygan        54,888
+Dane             77,435 | Manitowoc        44,978 | Taylor           13,641
+Dodge            47,436 | Marathon         55,054 |
+Door             18,711 | Marinette        33,812 | Trempealeau      22,928
+                        | Marquette        10,741 | Vernon           28,116
+Douglas          47,422 | Milwaukee       433,187 | Vilas             6,019
+Dunn             25,260 |                         | Walworth         29,614
+Eau Claire       32,721 | Monroe           28,881 | Washburn          8,196
+Florence          3,381 | Oconto           25,657 |
+Fond du Lac      51,610 | Oneida           11,433 | Washington       23,784
+                        | Outagamie        49,102 | Waukesha         37,100
+Forest            6,782 | Ozaukee          17,123 | Waupaca          32,782
+Grant            39,007 |                         | Waushara         18,886
+Green            21,641 | Pepin             7,577 | Winnebago        62,116
+Green Lake       15,491 | Pierce           22,079 |
+                        |                         | Wood             30,583
+
+     TOTAL                                                        2,333,860
+
+WYOMING.--Area, 97,914 square miles.
+
+Albany           11,574 | Fremont          11,822 | Sheridan         16,324
+Bighorn           8,886 | Johnson           3,453 | Sweetwater       11,575
+Carbon           11,282 | Laramie          26,127 | Uinta            16,982
+Converse          6,294 | Natrona           4,766 | Weston            4,960
+Crook             6,492 | Park              4,909 | National Park
+                        |                         |   Reservation       519
+
+     TOTAL                                                          145,935
+
+
+
+
+POPULATION OF CITIES
+
+OF THE
+
+UNITED STATES
+
+_Census of 1910_
+
+Cities of over 100,000 population
+
+Albany, N. Y.           100,253 | Minneapolis, Minn.      301,408
+Atlanta, Ga.            154,839 | Nashville, Tenn.        110,364
+Baltimore, Md.          558,485 | Newark, N. J.           347,469
+Birmingham, Ala.        132,685 | New Haven, Conn.        133,605
+Boston, Mass.           670,585 | New Orleans, La.        339,075
+                                |
+Bridgeport, Conn.       102,054 | New York, N. Y.       4,766,883
+Buffalo, N. Y.          423,715 | Oakland, Cal.           150,174
+Cambridge, Mass.        104,839 | Omaha, Neb.             124,096
+Chicago, Ill.         2,185,283 | Paterson, N. J.         125,600
+Cincinnati, Ohio        364,463 | Philadelphia, Pa.     1,549,008
+                                |
+Cleveland, Ohio         560,663 | Pittsburgh, Pa.         533,905
+Columbus, Ohio          181,548 | Portland, Ore.          207,214
+Dayton, Ohio            116,577 | Providence, R. I.       224,326
+Denver, Colo.           213,381 | Richmond, Va.           127,628
+Detroit, Mich.          465,766 | Rochester, N. Y.        218,149
+                                |
+Fall River, Mass.       119,295 | St. Louis, Mo.          687,029
+Grand Rapids, Mich.     112,571 | St. Paul, Minn.         214,744
+Indianapolis, Ind.      233,650 | San Francisco, Cal.     416,912
+Jersey City, N. J.      267,779 | Scranton, Pa.           129,867
+Kansas City, Mo.        248,381 | Seattle, Wash.          237,194
+                                |
+Los Angeles, Cal.       319,198 | Spokane, Wash.          104,402
+Louisville, Ky.         223,928 | Syracuse, N. Y.         137,249
+Lowell, Mass.           106,294 | Toledo, Ohio            168,497
+Memphis, Tenn.          131,105 | Washington, D. C.       331,069
+Milwaukee, Wis.         373,857 | Worcester, Mass.        145,986
+
+
+Cities of from 25,000 to 100,000 population
+
+Akron, Ohio              69,067 | Auburn, N. Y.            34,668
+Allentown, Pa.           51,913 | Augusta, Ga.             41,040
+Altoona, Pa.             52,127 | Aurora, Ill.             29,807
+Amsterdam, N. Y.         31,267 | Austin, Tex.             29,860
+Atlantic City, N. J.     46,150 | Battle Creek, Mich.      25,267
+
+Bay City, Mich.          45,166 | Hoboken, N. J.           70,324
+Bayonne, N. J.           55,545 | Holyoke, Mass.           57,730
+Berkeley, Cal.           40,434 | Houston, Tex.            78,800
+Binghamton, N. Y.        48,443 | Huntington, W. Va.       31,161
+Bloomington, Ill.        25,768 | Jackson, Mich.           31,433
+                                |
+Brockton, Mass.          56,878 | Jacksonville, Fla.       57,699
+Brookline, Mass.         27,792 | Jamestown, N. Y.         31,297
+Butte, Mont.             39,165 | Johnstown, Pa.           55,482
+Camden, N. J.            94,538 | Joliet, Ill.             34,670
+Canton, Ohio             50,217 | Joplin, Mo.              32,073
+                                |
+Cedar Rapids, Iowa       32,811 | Kalamazoo, Mich.         39,437
+Charleston, S. C.        58,833 | Kansas City, Kans.       82,331
+Charlotte, N. C.         34,014 | Kingston, N. Y.          25,908
+Chattanooga, Tenn.       44,604 | Knoxville, Tenn.         36,346
+Chelsea, Mass.           32,452 | La Crosse, Wis.          30,417
+                                |
+Chester, Pa.             38,537 | Lancaster, Pa.           47,227
+Chicopee, Mass.          25,401 | Lansing, Mich.           31,229
+Clinton, Iowa            25,577 | Lawrence, Mass.          85,892
+Colorado Springs, Colo.  29,078 | Lewiston, Me.            26,247
+Columbia, S. C.          26,319 | Lexington, Ky.           35,099
+                                |
+Council Bluffs, Iowa     29,292 | Lima, Ohio               30,508
+Covington, Ky.           53,270 | Lincoln, Nebr.           43,973
+Dallas, Tex.             92,104 | Little Rock, Ark.        45,941
+Danville, Ill.           27,871 | Lorain, Ohio             28,883
+Davenport, Iowa          43,028 | Lynchburg, Va.           29,494
+                                |
+Decatur, Ill.            31,140 | Lynn, Mass.              89,336
+Des Moines, Iowa         86,368 | Macon, Ga.               40,665
+Dubuque, Iowa            38,494 | McKeesport, Pa.          42,694
+Duluth, Minn.            78,466 | Madison, Wis.            25,531
+Easton, Pa.              28,523 | Malden, Mass.            44,404
+                                |
+East Orange, N. J.       34,371 | Manchester, N. H.        70,063
+East St. Louis, Ill.     58,547 | Meriden, Conn.           27,265
+El Paso, Tex.            39,279 | Mobile, Ala.             51,521
+Elgin, Ill.              25,976 | Montgomery, Ala.         38,136
+Elizabeth, N. J.         73,409 | Mount Vernon, N. Y.      30,919
+                                |
+Elmira, N. Y.            37,176 | Muskogee, Okla.          25,278
+Erie, Pa.                66,525 | Nashua, N. H.            26,005
+Evansville, Ind.         69,647 | Newark, Ohio             25,404
+Everett, Mass.           33,484 | New Bedford, Mass.       96,652
+Fitchburg, Mass.         37,826 | New Britain, Conn.       43,916
+                                |
+Flint, Mich.             38,550 | Newburgh, N. Y.          27,805
+Fort Wayne, Ind.         63,933 | Newcastle, Pa.           36,280
+Fort Worth, Tex.         73,312 | Newport, Ky.             30,309
+Galveston, Tex.          36,981 | Newport, R. I.           27,149
+Green Bay, Wis.          25,236 | New Rochelle, N. Y.      28,867
+                                |
+Hamilton, Ohio           35,279 | Newton, Mass.            39,806
+Harrisburg, Pa.          64,186 | Niagara Falls, N. Y.     30,445
+Hartford, Conn.          98,915 | Norfolk, Va.             67,452
+Haverhill, Mass.         44,115 | Norristown, Pa.          27,875
+Hazleton, Pa.            25,452 | Ogden, Utah              25,580
+
+Oklahoma City, Okla.     64,205 | South Omaha, Nebr.       26,259
+Orange, N. J.            29,630 | Springfield, Ill.        51,678
+Oshkosh, Wis.            33,062 | Springfield, Mass.       88,926
+Pasadena, Cal.           30,291 | Springfield, Mo.         35,201
+Passaic, N. J.           54,773 | Springfield, Ohio.       46,921
+                                |
+Pawtucket, R. I.         51,622 | Stamford, Conn.          25,138
+Peoria, Ill.             66,950 | Superior, Wis.           40,384
+Perth Amboy, N. J.       32,121 | Tacoma, Wash.            83,743
+Pittsfield, Mass.        32,121 | Tampa, Fla.              37,782
+Portland, Me.            58,571 | Taunton, Mass.           34,259
+                                |
+Portsmouth, Va.          33,190 | Terre Haute, Ind.        58,157
+Poughkeepsie, N. Y.      27,936 | Topeka, Kans.            43,684
+Pueblo Colo.             44,395 | Trenton, N. J.           96,815
+Quincy, Ill.             36,587 | Troy, N. Y.              76,813
+Quincy, Mass.            32,642 | Utica N. Y.              74,419
+                                |
+Racine, Wis.             38,002 | Waco, Tex.               26,425
+Heading, Pa.             96,071 | Waltham, Mass.           27,834
+Roanoke, Va.             34,874 | Warwick, R. I.           26,629
+Rockford, Ill.           45,401 | Waterbury, Conn.         73,141
+Sacramento, Cal.         44,696 | Waterloo, Iowa           26,693
+                                |
+Saginaw, Mich.           50,510 | Watertown, N. Y.         26,730
+St. Joseph, Mo.          77,403 | West Hoboken, N. J.      35,403
+Salem, Mass.             43,697 | Wheeling, W. Va.         41,641
+Salt Lake City, Utah     92,777 | Wichita, Kans.           52,450
+San Antonio, Tex.        96,614 | Wilkes-Barre, Pa.        67,105
+                                |
+San Diego, Cal.          39,578 | Williamsport, Pa.        31,860
+San Jose, Cal.           28,946 | Wilmington, Del.         87,411
+Savannah, Ga.            65,064 | Wilmington, N. C.        25,748
+Schenectady, N. Y.       72,826 | Woonsocket, R. I.        38,125
+Sheboygan, Wis.          26,398 | Yonkers, N. Y.           79,803
+                                |
+Shenandoah, Pa.          25,774 | York, Pa.                44,750
+Shreveport, La.          28,015 | Youngstown, Ohio         79,066
+Sioux City, Iowa         47,828 | Zanesville, Ohio         28,026
+Somerville, Mass.        77,236 |
+South Bend, Ind.         53,684 |
+
+
+NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.
+
+-------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+--------------
+       |  NUMBER |   LAND    |   VALUE OF    |   VALUE OF   |  IMPLEMENTS
+       |    OF   |    IN     |    FARMS.     |    FARMS.    |   AND
+ STATE.|  FARMS. |   FARMS.  |    (LAND.)    | (BUILDINGS.) |  MACHINERY.
+       |         |  (ACRES.) |               |              |
+-------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+--------------
+The United       |           |               |              |
+States |6,398,491| 75,788,000|$28,457,789,000|$6,302,777,000|$1,270,528,000
+Alabama   262,720| 20,713,000|    216,510,000|    71,163,000|    16,279,000
+Arizona     8,078|  1,242,000|     42,116,000|     4,918,000|     1,779,000
+Arkansas  214,275| 17,377,000|    245,137,000|    62,992,000|    16,806,000
+California 87,670| 27,883,000|  1,315,718,000|   132,842,000|    36,393,000
+Colorado   45,839| 13,448,000|    361,680,000|    45,335,000|    12,761,000
+Connecticut      |           |               |              |
+       |   26,431|  2,176,000|     71,527,000|    65,094,000|     6,865,000
+Delaware   10,800|  1,037,000|     34,810,000|    18,117,000|     3,202,000
+District of      |           |               |              |
+ Columbia     214|      6,000|      5,466,000|       835,000|        62,000
+Florida    49,834|  5,231,000|     93,288,000|    24,335,000|     4,429,000
+Georgia   290,499| 26,866,000|    369,120,000|   108,483,000|    20,883,000
+Idaho  |   30,741|  5,269,000|    219,346,000|    25,074,000|    10,459,000
+Illinois  250,853| 32,471,000|  3,081,564,000|   429,630,000|    73,533,000
+Indiana   214,741| 21,264,000|  1,325,475,000|   264,750,000|    40,880,000
+Iowa   |  216,807| 33,905,000|  2,799,025,000|   454,694,000|    95,273,000
+Kansas |  177,299| 43,261,000|  1,534,552,000|   199,101,000|    48,244,000
+Kentucky  258,742| 22,159,000|    483,127,000|   150,655,000|    20,793,000
+Louisiana 120,270| 10,519,000|    189,071,000|    49,611,000|    18,951,000
+Maine  |   59,773|  6,291,000|     85,923,000|    72,753,000|    14,476,000
+Maryland   48,769|  5,051,000|    163,023,000|    77,751,000|    11,845,000
+Massachusetts    |           |               |              |
+       |   36,512|  2,870,000|    104,273,000|    87,025,000|    11,512,000
+Michigan  206,376| 18,913,000|    612,143,000|   284,914,000|    49,771,000
+Minnesota 155,759| 27,623,000|  1,016,889,000|   242,621,000|    52,243,000
+Mississippi      |           |               |              |
+       |  273,820| 18,419,000|    250,715,000|    79,580,000|    16,726,000
+Missouri  276,081| 34,516,000|  1,441,529,000|   268,976,000|    50,769,000
+Montana    25,946| 13,499,000|    225,819,000|    24,666,000|    10,522,000
+Nebraska  129,419| 38,553,000|  1,613,077,000|   198,480,000|    44,215,000
+Nevada |    2,660|  2,585,000|     34,876,000|     4,277,000|     1,558,000
+-------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+--------------
+
+NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.--Continued
+
+-------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------
+             | NUMBER |   LAND    |  VALUE OF    |  VALUE OF   | IMPLEMENTS
+             |   OF   |    IN     |   FARMS.     |   FARMS.    |  AND
+   STATE.    | FARMS. |   FARMS.  |  (LAND.)     |(BUILDINGS.) | MACHINERY.
+             |        |  (ACRES.) |              |             |
+-------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------
+New Hampshire|  26,913|  3,242,000|   $44,327,000|  $41,215,000| $5,870,000
+New Jersey   |  33,161|  2,562,000|   122,357,000|   90,784,000| 12,955,000
+New Mexico   |  35,032| 11,225,000|    98,496,000|   12,934,000|  4,101,000
+New York     | 214,650| 21,998,000|   703,214,000|  473,008,000| 83,330,000
+North        |        |           |              |             |
+  Carolina   | 253,425| 22,400,000|   342,545,000|  113,170,000| 18,415,000
+North Dakota |  74,165| 28,392,000|   729,896,000|   92,139,000| 43,887,000
+Ohio         | 271,383| 24,074,000| 1,283,827,000|  366,919,000| 51,115,000
+Oklahoma     | 189,438| 28,717,000|   647,178,000|   89,295,000| 27,002,000
+Oregon       |  45,128| 11,628,000|   409,949,000|   43,622,000| 13,135,000
+Pennsylvania | 218,394| 18,556,000|   627,185,000|  408,115,000| 70,547,000
+Porto Rico   |  58,371|  2,085,000|    73,968,000|    8,752,000|  8,711,000
+Rhode Island |   5,191|    442,000|    14,837,000|   12,619,000|  1,753,000
+South        |        |           |              |             |
+Carolina     | 176,180| 13,469,000|   267,931,000|   63,902,000| 14,067,000
+South Dakota |  77,314| 25,952,000|   901,134,000|  102,317,000| 33,762,000
+Tennessee    | 245,509| 20,011,000|   370,783,000|  108,823,000| 21,260,000
+Texas        | 416,377|109,226,000| 1,613,513,000|  209,200,000| 56,533,000
+Utah         |  21,426| 33,540,000|    98,891,000|   17,987,000|  4,451,000
+Vermont      |  32,598|  4,653,000|    58,255,000|   54,072,000| 10,162,000
+Virginia     | 183,762| 19,476,000|   393,837,000|  137,081,000| 18,079,000
+Washington   |  55,744| 11,663,000|   515,918,000|   54,224,000| 16,653,000
+West Virginia|  95,876|  9,961,000|   205,610,000|   56,848,000|  6,962,000
+Wisconsin    | 176,546| 21,012,000|   909,462,000|  288,096,000| 52,783,000
+Wyoming      |  10,980|  8,543,000|    88,877,000|    8,983,000|  3,765,000
+-------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS
+
+_Census of 1890_
+
+ALL OCCUPATIONS (persons engaged in)               22,735,861
+
+
+AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND MINING, total, 9,013,336
+
+Agricultural labore                                 3,004,061
+Apiarists                                               1,778
+Dairymen and dairywomen                                17,895
+Farmers, planters, and overseers                    5,281,557
+Fishermen and oystermen                                60,162
+Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, and vine growers      72,601
+Lumbermen and raftsmen                                 65,866
+Miners (coal)                                         208,545
+Miners (not otherwise specified)                      141,047
+Quarrymen                                              37,656
+Stock raisers, herders, and drovers                    70,729
+Wood choppers                                          33,697
+Other agricultural pursuits                            17,747
+
+
+PROFESSIONAL SERVICE, 944,333
+
+Actors                                                  9,728
+Architects                                              8,070
+Artists and teachers of art                            22,496
+Authors and literary and scientific persons             6,714
+Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists                   4,503
+Clergymen                                              88,203
+Dentists                                               17,498
+Designers, draughtsmen, and inventors                   9,391
+Engineers (civil, mechanical, electrical, and
+  mining and surveyors)                                43,239
+Journalists                                            21,849
+Lawyers                                                89,630
+Musicians and teachers of music                        62,155
+Officers of the United States army and navy             2,926
+Officials (Government)                                 79,664
+Physicians and surgeons                               104,805
+Professors in colleges and universities                 5,393
+Teachers                                              341,952
+Theatrical managers, showmen, etc.                     18,055
+Veterinary surgeons                                     6,494
+Other professional service                              1,569
+
+DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE, 4,360,577
+
+Barbers and hairdressers                               84,982
+Bartenders                                             55,806
+Boarding and lodging house keepers                     44,349
+Engineers and firemen (not locomotive)                139,765
+Hotel keepers                                          44,076
+Housekeepers and stewards                              92,036
+Hunters, trappers, guides, and scouts                   2,534
+Janitors                                               21,556
+Laborers (not specified)                            1,913,373
+Launderers and laundresses                            248,463
+Nurses and midwives                                    47,586
+Restaurant keepers                                     19,283
+Saloon keepers                                         71,385
+Servants                                            1,454,791
+Sextons                                                 4,982
+Soldiers, sailors, and marines (United States)         27,819
+Watchmen, policemen, and detectives                    74,629
+Other domestic and personal service                    13,063
+
+
+TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION, 3,326,122
+
+Agents (claim, commission, real estate, insurance,
+  etc.) and collectors                                174,582
+Auctioneers                                             3,205
+Bankers and brokers (money and stocks)                 30,008
+Boatmen and canalmen                                   16,716
+Bookkeepers and accountants                           159,374
+Brokers (commercial)                                    5,960
+Clerks and copyists                                   557,358
+Commercial travellers                                  58,691
+Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc                      368,499
+Foremen and overseers                                  36,084
+Hostlers                                               54,036
+Hucksters and pedlers                                  59,083
+Livery stable keepers                                  26,757
+Locomotive engineers and firemen                       79,463
+Merchants and dealers in drugs and chemicals
+  (retail)                                             46,375
+Merchants and dealers in drygoods (retail)             42,527
+Merchants and dealers in groceries (retail)           114,997
+Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors (retail)    10,078
+Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors
+  (wholesale)                                           3,643
+Merchants and dealers not specified (retail)          446,262
+Merchants and dealers (wholesale), importers and
+  shipping merchants                                   27,443
+Messengers, and errand and office boys                 51,355
+Newspaper carriers and newsboys                         5,288
+Officials of banks and insurance, trade,
+  transportation, trust and other companies            39,900
+Packers and shippers                                   24,946
+Pilots                                                  4,259
+Porters and helpers (in stores and warehouses)         24,356
+Sailors                                                55,899
+Salesmen and saleswomen                               264,394
+Steam railroad employes (not otherwise specified)     382,750
+Stenographers and typewriters                          33,418
+
+TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION.--_Continued_.
+
+Street railway employes                                37,434
+Telephone and telegraph operators                      52,314
+Telephone and telegraph linemen and electric
+  light and power company employes                     11,134
+Undertakers                                             9,891
+Weighers, gaugers, and measurers                        3,860
+Other persons in trade and transportation               3,883
+
+
+MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES. 5,091,393
+
+Agricultural implement makers (not otherwise
+  classified)                                           3,755
+Apprentices (blacksmiths')                              4,244
+Apprentices (boot and shoe makers')                     1,031
+Apprentices (carpenters and joiners')                   6,760
+Apprentices (carriage and wagon makers')                  852
+Apprentices (dressmakers')                              4,340
+Apprentices (leather curriers', etc.)                     421
+Apprentices (machinists')                               9,738
+Apprentices (masons')                                   1,927
+Apprentices (milliners')                                1,204
+Apprentices (painters')                                 2,321
+Apprentices (plumbers')                                 4,624
+Apprentices (printers')                                 4,635
+Apprentices (tailors')                                  2,625
+Apprentices (tinsmiths')                                2,037
+Apprentices (not otherwise specified )                 35,698
+Artificial flower makers                                3,046
+Bakers                                                 60,197
+Basket makers                                           5,225
+Blacksmiths                                           205,337
+Bleachers, dyers, and scourers                         14,210
+Bone and ivory workers                                  1,691
+Bookbinders                                            23,858
+Boot and shoe makers and repairers                    213,544
+Bottlers and mineral and soda-water makers              7,230
+Box makers (paper)                                     17,757
+Box makers (wood)                                      10,883
+Brass workers (not otherwise specified)                17,265
+Brewers and maltsters                                  20,362
+Brick and tile makers and terra cotta workers          60,214
+Britannia workers                                         904
+Broom and brush makers                                 10,115
+Builders and contractors                               45,988
+Butchers                                              105,456
+Butter and cheese makers                               11,211
+Button makers                                           2,601
+Cabinetmakers                                          35,915
+Candle, soap, and tallow makers                         3,450
+Carpenters and joiners                                611,482
+Carpet makers                                          22,302
+Carriage and wagon makers (not otherwise
+  classified)                                          34,538
+Charcoal, coke, and lime burners                        8,704
+Chemical works employes                                 3,628
+Clock and watch makers and repairers                   25,252
+Compositors                                            30,060
+Confectioners                                          23,251
+
+MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES.--_Continued_.
+
+Coopers                                                47,486
+Cooper workers                                          3,384
+Corset makers                                           6,533
+Cotton mill operatives                                173,142
+Distillers and rectifiers                               3,314
+Door, sash, and blind makers                            5,041
+Dressmakers                                           289,164
+Electroplaters                                          2,756
+Electrotypers and stereotypers                          1,471
+Engravers                                               8,320
+Fertilizer makers                                         732
+Fish curers and packers                                 1,279
+Gas works employes                                      5,224
+Glass workers                                          34,382
+Glove makers                                            6,416
+Gold and silver workers                                20,263
+Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell hangers                 9,158
+Hair workers                                            1,254
+Harness and saddle makers and repairers                43,480
+Hat and cap makers                                     24,013
+Hosiery and knitting mill operatives                   29,555
+Iron and steel workers                                144,921
+Lace and embroidery makers                              5,256
+Lead and zinc workers                                   4,616
+Leather curriers, dressers, finishers, and tanners     39,332
+Machinists                                            177,090
+Manufacturers and officials of manufacturing
+  companies                                           101,610
+Marble and stone cutters                               61,070
+Masons (brick and stone)                              158,918
+Meat and fruit packers, canners, and preservers         5,830
+Mechanics (not otherwise specified)                    15,485
+Metal workers (not otherwise specified)                16,694
+Mill and factory operatives (not specified)            93,596
+Millers (flour and grist)                              52,841
+Milliners                                              60,842
+Model and pattern makers                               10,300
+Moulders                                               66,289
+Musical instrument makers (not otherwise specified)       652
+Nail and tack makers                                    4,583
+Oil well employes                                       9,147
+Oil works employes                                      5,624
+Painters, glaziers, and varnishers                    219,912
+Paper hangers                                          12,369
+Paper mill operatives                                  27,817
+Photographers                                          20,840
+Piano and organ makers and tuners                      14,683
+Plasterers                                             39,002
+Plumbers and gas and steam fitters                     56,607
+Potters                                                14,928
+Powder and cartridge makers                             1,385
+Printers, lithographers, and pressmen                  86,893
+Print works operatives                                  6,701
+Publishers of books, maps, and newspapers               6,284
+Roofers and slaters                                     7,043
+Rope and cordage makers                                 8,001
+Rubber factory operatives                              16,162
+Sail, awning, and tent makers                           3,257
+Salt works employes                                     1,765
+Saw and planing mill employes                         133,637
+
+MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES.--_Continued_.
+
+Seamstresses                                          150,044
+Sewing machine makers (not otherwise classified)          880
+Sewing machine operators                                7,126
+Ship and boat builders                                 22,951
+Shirt, collar, and cuff makers                         21,097
+Silk mill operatives                                   34,855
+Starch makers                                             746
+Steam boiler makers                                    21,339
+Stove, furnace, and grate makers                        8,932
+Straw workers                                           3,666
+Sugar makers and refiners                               2,616
+Tailors and tailoresses                               185,400
+Tinners and tinware makers                             55,488
+Tobacco and cigar operatives                          111,385
+Tools and cutlery (not otherwise specified)            17,985
+Trunk, valise, leather case, and pocket-book makers     6,297
+Umbrella and parasol makers                             3,403
+Upholsterers                                           25,666
+Well borers                                             4,854
+Wheelwrights                                           12,856
+Whitewashers                                            3,996
+Wire workers                                           12,319
+Wood workers (not otherwise specified)                 67,360
+Woolen mill operatives                                 84,109
+Other persons in manufacturing and mechanical
+  industries                                           76,714
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+A Better Plan,                                             22
+
+About Advertising,                                         46
+  "   Canadian Patents,                                    73
+  "   Getting Up Circulars,                                51
+
+Acreage of Farms by States,                               135
+
+Advertisements, How to Write,                              47
+
+Agreement, Form of,                                        22
+
+Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined,                   92
+
+Assigning an Undivided Interest,                           58
+
+Assignments,                                               79
+      "      Conditional,                                  87
+
+
+Basis for Estimation,                                      32
+
+Business Capacity of the Inventor,                         16
+
+
+Canadian Cities, Population of,                            78
+    "    Patents, About,                                   73
+    "       "     Selling,                                 76
+
+Capital, Securing,                                         20
+
+Circulars,                                                 50
+    "      About Getting Up,                               51
+
+Cities in the United States, Population of,               132
+
+Classes of Rights, Dividing a Patent into,                 59
+
+Commercial Value,                                          31
+
+Companies, Forming, and Manufacturing,                     67
+    "      Stock in Stock,                                 36
+    "      To Organize Stock,                              68
+
+Conditional Assignments,                                   87
+
+Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents Before
+                                       Interested Parties, 48
+
+Danger in an Undivided Interest,                           26
+
+Decisions and Notes,                                       79
+    "     Assignments,                                     79
+    "     Licenses,                                        82
+    "     Patent Title,                                    84
+    "     Territorial Grants,                              76
+
+Demand for Inventions of Merit,                             9
+
+Dividing Patents into Classes of Rights,                   59
+
+Drawings, Working,                                         53
+
+
+Estimating Prices for State Rights,                        38
+
+Estimation, Basis for,                                     32
+
+Exhibit of Inventions,                                     25
+
+
+Farms in Each State, Number, Acreage and Value of,        135
+
+First Impressions All-important,                           52
+
+Form, Assignment of an Undivided Interest,                 96
+  "        "     of Entire Interest,                       94
+  "   Grant of a Territorial Interest,                     97
+  "   License, Exclusive With Royalty,                    102
+  "      "     Non-exclusive With Royalty,                100
+  "      "     Shop-right,                                 99
+  "   of Agreement (Securing Capital),                     22
+
+Forming Companies, and Manufacturing,                      67
+
+Forms, Legal, of Value to Patentees,                       92
+
+
+General Rules for Valuation,                               33
+
+Grantee,                                                   86
+
+Granting Licenses,                                         62
+
+Grants, Territorial,                                       81
+
+
+How Rating for Royalty Is Figured,                         33
+ "  to Arrive at the Value of a Patent,                    30
+ "  "  Conduct the Sale of Patents,                    41, 55
+ "  "  Correspond with Manufacturers,                      49
+ "  "  Write an Advertisement,                             47
+
+
+Illustrations for Circulars,                               50
+
+In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake Selling,             44
+
+Income from Inventions,                                    13
+
+Independence Through Successful Invention,                 13
+
+Industrial Progress Based upon Patent System,              11
+
+Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity,                    18
+    "      Exhibit of,                                     25
+    "      Income from,                                    13
+    "      of Merit, Demand for,                            9
+    "      Perfecting,                                     24
+    "      Value of Record of,                             26
+
+Inventor, Business Capacity of the,                        16
+
+
+Law, the Language of,                                      93
+
+Laws, State, on Selling Patents,                           88
+
+Legal Forms of Value to Patentees,                         92
+
+Licensee,                                                  86
+
+Licenses, Decisions,                                       82
+    "     Granting,                                        62
+
+
+Manufacturers, How to Correspond with,                     49
+
+Manufacturing, and Forming Companies,                      67
+
+Map of the United States,                                 106
+
+Methods of Selling Patents,                                45
+
+Models, Value of,                                          52
+
+Money in Patents,                                          15
+
+Monopoly in Patents,                                       10
+
+Mortgages,                                                 86
+
+Must Be Recorded (Transfer of Patents),                    86
+
+
+Newspaper Notoriety,                                       27
+
+Number of Farms in Each State,                            135
+
+
+Occupations, Table of,                                    137
+
+Official Census of the United States for 1910,            107
+
+Organizing Stock Companies,                                68
+
+Outright Assignments,                                      58
+
+
+Patent, How to arrive at the Value of a,                   30
+   "    Selling Agencies,                                  41
+   "    System, Industrial Progress Based upon,            11
+   "    Title,                                             79
+
+Patents, Canadian,                                         73
+   "     Copies, How to Secure,                            51
+   "     How to Conduct the Sale of,                   41, 55
+   "     Money in,                                         15
+   "     Monopoly in,                                      10
+   "     Prejudice against,                                26
+   "     State Laws on,                                    88
+   "     Unprofitable,                                     14
+
+Pecuniary value,                                           30
+
+Perfecting Inventions,                                     24
+
+Personal Influence, Value of,                              56
+    "    Solicitation Advisable,                           56
+
+Pigeon-holing Patents,                                     65
+
+Placing upon Royalty,                                      64
+
+Population of Canadian Cities,                             78
+    "      "  Cities of the United States, 1910,          132
+    "      "  Counties of Each State, 1910,               107
+
+Prejudice against Patents,                                 26
+
+Prices of Territorial Rights,                              37
+
+Printed Copies of Patents, Uses of,                        51
+
+
+Recorded, Must Be (Transfer of Patents),                   86
+
+Royalty, How Rating for, Is Figured,                       35
+   "     Placing upon,                                     64
+
+Rules for Valuation, General,                              33
+  "   of Practice,                                         85
+  "   "      "     Assignees,                              86
+  "   "      "     Assignments,                            85
+  "   "      "     Conditional Assignments,                87
+  "   "      "     Licensees,                              86
+  "   "      "     Grantees,                               86
+  "   "      "     Mortgages,                              86
+  "   "      "     Must Be Recorded,                       86
+
+
+Sale of Patents, How to Conduct,                       41, 55
+
+Securing Capital,                                          20
+
+Selling Agencies, Patent,                                  41
+   "    Agent, The Patentee the Best,                      43
+   "    by Territorial Rights,                             61
+   "    Canadian Patents,                                  76
+   "    In Case Patentee Cannot Undertake the,             44
+   "    Outright,                                          58
+   "    Patents, Methods of,                               45
+
+Solicitation, Personal, Advisable,                         56
+
+State Laws on Selling Patents,                             88
+  "   Rights, Table for Estimating Prices of,              38
+
+Statistics and Tables,                                    107
+
+Stock Companies, To Organize,                              68
+  "   in Stock Companies,                                  36
+
+"Squeezed," To Avoid Being,                                25
+
+
+Table of Occupations,                                     137
+
+Tables, Statistics and,                                   107
+   "    Valuation,                                         37
+
+Territorial Grants,                                        81
+     "      Rights, Prices for,                            37
+     "         "    Selling by,                            61
+
+The Language of Law,                                       92
+ "  Patentee the Best Selling Agent,                       43
+
+Title, Patent,                                             84
+
+To Avoid Being "Squeezed",                                 25
+
+To Organize Stock Companies,                               68
+
+Trading as a Last Resort,                                  71
+
+
+Uses of Printed Copies (Patents),                          51
+
+Undivided Interest, Assigning an,                          59
+    "         "     Dangers in an,                         20
+
+United States, Map of the,                                106
+   "      "    Population of Cities of the,               132
+   "      "         "     "  by Counties, 1910,           107
+
+Unprofitable Patents,                                      14
+
+
+Valuation, General Rules for,                              33
+    "      Tables,                                         37
+
+Value, Commercial,                                         31
+  "    of Farms, by States, 1910,                         135
+  "    "  Models,                                          52
+  "    "  Patent, How to Arrive at the,                    30
+  "    "  Personal Influence,                              56
+  "    "  Record of Invention,                             26
+  "    "  Pecuniary,                                       30
+
+
+Working Drawings,                                          54
+
+
+
+
+PATENTS
+
+FOR OVER SIXTY-SIX YEARS the firm of MUNN & CO. has conducted the
+largest patent practice in the country. We file thousands of
+applications for patents every year. Our system is so perfected that
+every case receives the best of attention and is prepared by experts who
+have had special training in handling every class of invention.
+
+SEND SKETCH. If you will send us a sketch, no matter how crude, we will
+give you a fair and candid opinion as to whether it is probable a patent
+can be obtained. All matters of this kind are strictly confidential and
+the description and sketches will be dated and placed in our secret
+archives for future reference. This service and our Hand Book on Patents
+are free.
+
+QUALITY. The quality of our work has given us an unrivaled reputation
+among Patent Attorneys and we are the recognized American attorneys for
+many leading Foreign Patent Solicitors. Our staff consists largely of
+Examiners from the United States Patent Office, who are therefore
+familiar with the latest procedure and the best practice. Our draftsmen
+are all expert mechanical constructors who are able to show the
+invention in operative form.
+
+FREE NOTICE. All patents secured through our house receive a free notice
+in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. No better or more economical method of
+introducing your invention to the attention of the public could be
+devised.
+
+We are prepared to conduct Interference Proceedings, give Validity
+Opinions, draw up contracts and attend to all branches of legal work
+connected with Patents, Trade Marks, etc.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_WASHINGTON OFFICE_
+625 F STREET, N. W.
+WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+MUNN & CO., _Attorneys_
+361 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+_The Weekly Journal of Practical Information_
+
+THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, founded over sixty-seven years ago (1845), has
+become to-day the official organ of those people who really do things,
+and want to know what others are doing; it is for the one whose whole
+business success depends upon these great mechanical, chemical,
+electrical and engineering achievements, which are rapidly and surely
+making this nation.
+
+THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is the authority; it is always up to date; and
+gives its readers the first news as well as the most complete news of
+any new development in the Sciences, Arts, Manufactures, etc. Some of
+the department features are:
+
+HANDY MAN'S WORKSHOP.--In this department those who use tools either for
+pastime or profit will find suggestions which will be helpful.
+
+HANDY MAN'S LABORATORY.--This is a department of Experimental Science
+with many useful and interesting experiments along the lines of modern
+scientific thought.
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES DEPARTMENT.--In which is published replies to our
+correspondents, embracing the widest range of topics. An able corps of
+experts is engaged to attend to this correspondence and the service is
+free to our subscribers.
+
+INVENTORS' DEPARTMENT.--In these columns inventors have their say; their
+trials and tribulations and final successes are fully discussed.
+Inventors are also given an opportunity to present their mechanical
+ideas to the world. There is also a column of "Patent Office Notes" and
+a column of "Legal Notes" in which questions of Patent Law, about which
+inventors and manufacturers should be informed, are briefly and simply
+elucidated.
+
+CURIOSITIES OF SCIENCE AND INVENTION is a department of notes in which
+all the curious and ingenious ideas of the day are illustrated and
+briefly described.
+
+The "Scientific American" is published weekly and a year's numbers
+contain over 1200 fine illustrations and about twice as much text as a
+standard magazine. Subscription price, $3.00 per year; $1.50 for six
+months. Sample copy free.
+
+
+
+The Scientific American Cyclopedia of Formulas
+
+Edited by
+
+ALBERT A. HOPKINS
+
+OCTAVO. 1077 PAGES. 15,000 RECEIPTS Cloth, $5.00. Half Morocco, $6.50.
+Postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book]
+
+This valuable work, which is partly based on the twenty-eighth edition
+of "The Scientific American Cyclopedia of Receipts, Notes and Queries,"
+contains a collection of about 15,000 selected formulas, covering nearly
+every branch of the useful arts and industries. Never before has such a
+large collection of valuable formulas, useful to everyone, been offered
+to the public.
+
+This work may be regarded as the product of the studies and practical
+experience of the ablest chemists and workers in all parts of the world,
+the information given being of the highest value, condensed in concise
+form, convenient for ready use. Almost every inquiry that can be thought
+of relating to formulas used in the various manufacturing industries
+will here be found answered.
+
+The formulas are classified and arranged into chapters containing
+related subjects, while a complete index, made by professional
+librarians, renders it easy to find any formula desired.
+
+Those engaged in any branch of industry will probably find in this
+volume much that is of practical use in their respective callings. Those
+in search of salable articles which can be manufactured on a small
+scale, will find hundreds of most excellent suggestions. It should have
+a place in every laboratory, factory and home.
+
+An eight-page descriptive circular and complete table of contents will
+be furnished on application.
+
+
+
+Experimental Science
+
+Elementary Practical and Experimental Physics
+
+By GEORGE M. HOPKINS
+
+Revised and Enlarged Edition. Two Octavo Volumes. 1,100 Pages. 900
+Illustrations.
+
+Cloth Bound, $5.00. Half Morocco, $7.00
+
+[Illustration: Books]
+
+The object of the work is to afford to the student, the artisan, the
+mechanic, and in fact all who are interested in science, whether young
+or advanced in years, a ready means of acquiring a general knowledge of
+physics by the experimental method.
+
+The leading principles of physics are illustrated by simple and
+inexpensive experiments and the endeavor has been made to make the
+explanations of both apparatus and experiment plain and easily
+understood. In the new edition, the scope of the work has been broadened
+and presents the more recent developments in modern science.
+
+An illustrated circular and complete table of contents sent free on
+application.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MONOPLANES AND BIPLANES
+
+Their Design, Construction and Operation
+
+By GROVER CLEVELAND LOENING, B.Sc., A.M., C.E.
+
+12mo, 340 Pages, 278 Illustrations. Price, $2.50 postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book]
+
+A New and authoritative work, covering the whole subject of the
+aeroplane, its design, and the theory on which its design is based, and
+containing a detailed description and discussion of thirty-eight of the
+more highly successful types. It is a thoroughly practical work, and
+invaluable to any one interested in aviation. The scientific exactness
+of the valuable data and references, as well as the high character of
+the innumerable illustrations and diagrams, renders this work, easily,
+the most useful, practical and complete that has as yet been contributed
+to the literature on aeroplanes.
+
+_An illustrated descriptive circular sent free on application._
+
+
+
+Mechanical Movements,
+Powers and Devices
+
+By GARDNER D. HISCOX, M. E.
+
+Octavo, 403 Pages, 1,788 Illustrations. Price, $2.50.
+
+This is a collection of 1,788 specially made illustrations of different
+mechanical movements, accompanied by appropriate descriptive text. It is
+practically a dictionary of mechanical movements, powers, devices and
+appliances and contains an illustrated description of the greatest
+variety of mechanical movements published in any language. This work
+covers nearly the whole range of the practical and inventive field, and
+is of much value to inventors, draughtsmen, mechanics, machinists,
+engineers and all others interested in any way in the devising and
+operation of mechanical work of any kind.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mechanical Appliances,
+Mechanical Movements and
+Novelties of Construction
+
+By GARDNER D. HISCOX, M. E.
+
+Octavo, 396 Pages, 970 Illustrations. Price, $2.50.
+
+This book, while complete in itself, is in fact a supplement to the
+preceding volume. Unlike the first volume, which is more elementary in
+character, this volume contains illustrations and descriptions of many
+combinations of motion and of mechanical devices and appliances found in
+different lines of machinery. Each device is illustrated by a line
+drawing with a complete description, showing its working parts and the
+method of operation. The machines illustrated and described cover an
+immense field and have been carefully selected to supply the needs of
+those seeking either general or special information.
+
+
+Special Offer
+
+These two volumes sell for $2.50 each, but when both are ordered at one
+time, we send them prepaid to any address in the world on receipt of
+$4.00. You save $1.00 by ordering the two volumes at one time.
+
+
+
+Handy Man's Workshop and Laboratory
+
+Compiled and Edited by A. RUSSELL BOND
+
+12mo, 467 Pages, 370 illustrations. Price, $2.00
+
+[Illustration: Book]
+
+This is a compilation of hundreds of valuable suggestions and ingenious
+ideas for the mechanic and those mechanically inclined, and tells how
+all kinds of jobs can be done with home-made tools and appliances. The
+suggestions are practical, and the solutions to which they refer are of
+frequent occurrence. It may be regarded as the best collection of ideas
+of resourceful men published, and appeals to all those who find use for
+tools either in the home or workshop. The book is fully illustrated, in
+many cases with working drawings, which show clearly how the work is
+done.
+
+_Send for a descriptive circular_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Home Mechanics for Amateurs
+
+By GEORGE M. HOPKINS
+
+12mo, 370 Pages, 320 illustrations. Price, $1.50
+
+[Illustration: Book]
+
+This is a thoroughly practical book by the most noted amateur
+experimenter in America. It deals with wood working, household
+ornaments, metal working, lathe work, metal spinning, silver working,
+making model engines, boilers, and water motors; making telescopes,
+microscopes and meteorological instruments, electrical chimes, cabinets,
+bells, night lights, dynamos and motors, electric light and electric
+furnace, and many other useful articles for the home and workshop. It
+appeals to the boy as well as the more mature amateur, and tells how to
+make things, the right way, at small expense.
+
+_A descriptive circular sent on application_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO BOOK BUYERS
+
+We have just issued a new revised edition of our general catalog, in
+which is listed some of the latest and best scientific and technical
+books published. A copy of this catalog will be sent free on
+application.
+
+
+MUNN & CO., Inc., Publishers, 361 Broadway, New York
+
+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | Transcriber's Note.                                             |
+ |                                                                 |
+ | Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully |
+ | as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other |
+ | inconsistencies.                                                |
+ |                                                                 |
+ | Minor punctuation and printing errors have been corrected.      |
+ |                                                                 |
+ | [*] Madison (Illinois), p. 122. The original has a footnote     |
+ | anchor, but no corresponding footnote appears in the text.      |
+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Practical Pointers for Patentees, by
+Franklin Cresee
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