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diff --git a/22636.txt b/22636.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..415d49a --- /dev/null +++ b/22636.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10437 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Middle High German Primer + Third Edition + +Author: Joseph Wright + +Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22636] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMER *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + [Transcriber's Note: + + This file is intended for users whose text readers cannot open the + "real" (UTF-8, Unicode) version of the file, even after making the + character substitutions suggested in that version. + + This document can be used as-is, but it will be much more readable if + you open it in a word processor or text editor and make as many as + possible of the listed changes. The object is to reconstruct the real + file in a form that your own computer or text reader can handle. When + making changes, be sure to include the period after "Sec." and the + brackets surrounding all letters or letter groups. + + Sec. section symbol, or use pilcrow (paragraph symbol) + Secs. two section symbols + + [ae] ae ligature + [oe] oe ligature + + [a] a with macron (overline, "long" mark) + If macron is unavailable, use a-circumflex instead + [e] [i] [o] [u] (same for e, i, o, u) + [a:] [e:] [o:] [u:] a, e, o, u with umlaut + ['a] ['e] a, e with acute accent + [e.] e with dot under, used in reading selections + If you have nothing suitable, replace with plain e + [i.] same as above; rare + + [z] z with hook at end of bottom line + [zz] two of these z's (often used in pairs) + If this character is unavailable, try z with cedilla. + As a last resort, replace with plain "z" after reading Sec. 19 + carefully. + + [A] [E] [I] [O] [U] [U:] (capital letters as above; rare) + + A few additional characters are used mainly in the historical + introduction, along with two or three Greek words, here transliterated + and shown between +marks+. They can be disregarded. + + [)a] [)e] [)i] [)o] + a, e, i, o with both macron and breve ("long" and "short" mark) + [-u:] u-umlaut with macron + [-ae] ae ligature with macron + [th] thorn + [dh] edh + [bh] b with line through stem + [zh] ezh + [ch] Greek letter chi + [ng] eng ("n" with curve below line) + + Italics are marked with _lines_. Boldface type is shown with {braces}. + Boldface markings have generally been omitted from tables to aid + readability. + + Punctuation in the Glossary has been silently regularized. Other + typographical errors are listed at the end of the text.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + A + + MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN + PRIMER + + with + Grammar, Notes, And Glossary + + by + JOSEPH WRIGHT + M.A., Ph.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D. + + Fellow of the British Academy +Corpus Christi Professor of Comparative Philology + in the University of Oxford + + + THIRD EDITION + Re-Written And Enlarged + + + OXFORD + AT THE CLARENDON PRESS + 1917 + + + + + OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS + + London Edinburgh Glasgow New York + Toronto Melbourne Bombay + + HUMPHREY MILFORD + Publisher to the University + + + + + EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES + TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS + + +The present book has been written in the hope that it will serve as an +elementary introduction to the larger German works on the subject from +which I have appropriated whatever seemed necessary for the purpose. In +the grammar much aid has been derived from Paul's _Mittelhochdeutsche +Grammatik_, second edition, Halle, 1884, and Weinhold's +_Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik_, second edition, Paderborn, 1883. The +former work, besides containing by far the most complete syntax, is also +the only Middle High German Grammar which is based on the present state +of German Philology.... I believe that the day is not far distant when +English students will take a much more lively interest in the study of +their own and the other Germanic languages (especially German and Old +Norse) than has hitherto been the case. And if this little book should +contribute anything towards furthering the cause, it will have amply +fulfilled its purpose. + + LONDON: _January, 1888._ + + +When I wrote the preface to the first edition of this primer in 1888, +I ventured to predict that the interest of English students in the +subject would grow and develop as time went on, but I hardly expected +that it would grow so much that a second edition of the book would be +required within so short a period. It has been revised throughout, and +several changes have been made in the phonology, but I have not thought +it advisable to alter the general plan and scope of the former edition. +After many years of personal experience as a teacher and examiner in the +older periods of the German language, I have become firmly convinced +that the larger books on the subject contain too many details for +beginners. I feel sure that the easiest and best way to acquire a +thorough knowledge of Middle High German is to start with an elementary +book like the present, and then to learn the details of the grammar, +especially the phonology of the various dialects, from a more advanced +work. + + OXFORD: _December, 1898._ + + + PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION + +In the preparation of the new edition, I have steadily kept in view the +class of students for whom the book was originally written. When the +first edition appeared twenty-eight years ago, there were very few +students in this country who took up the serious study of the older +periods of the various Germanic languages at the Universities. In late +years, however, the interest in the study of these languages has grown +so much that Honour Courses and Examinations in them have been +established at all our Universities. The result is that a book even +intended for beginners can now reasonably be expected to be of a higher +standard than the previous editions of this Primer. The grammatical +introduction has accordingly been entirely rewritten and expanded to +more than twice its original size. The texts have also been nearly +doubled by the addition of eighteen poems from Walther von der +Vogelweide, and selections from Reinmar, Ulrich von Lichtenstein, and +Wolfram von Eschenbach. + +The greater part of Middle High German literature is so excellent and +interesting that most students, who have mastered the grammatical +introduction and read the texts in the Primer, will doubtless desire to +continue the subject. Such students should procure a copy of either the +_Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik_ by Hermann Paul, eighth edition, Halle, +1911, or the _Mittelhochdeutsches Elementarbuch_ by Victor Michels, +second edition, Heidelberg, 1912, where the Grammar, especially the +phonology and syntax, can be studied in greater detail. They should also +procure a copy of the _Mittelhochdeutsches Taschenw[o:]rterbuch_ by +Matthias Lexer, tenth edition, Leipzig, 1910, and also have access to +the two standard Middle High German dictionaries-- _Mittelhochdeutsches +W[o:]rterbuch mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Georg Friedrich Benecke_, +ausgearbeitet von Wilhelm M[u:]ller und Friedrich Zarncke, drei B[a:]nde, +Leipzig, 1854-61, and _Mittelhochdeutsches W[o:]rterbuch_, von Matthias +Lexer, zugleich als Supplement und alphabetischer Index zum +_Mittelhochdeutschen W[o:]rterbuch_ von Benecke-M[u:]ller-Zarncke, +drei B[a:]nde, Leipzig, 1872-78. An excellent bibliography of the best +editions of the Middle High German texts-- classified according to the +dialects in which they were written-- will be found on pp. 20-35 of +Michels' _Elementarbuch_. + +May the new edition of the Primer continue to further the study of the +subject in the future to the same extent as it has done in the past! + + JOSEPH WRIGHT. + + OXFORD, + _October, 1916._ + + + + +CONTENTS + + Pages + +INTRODUCTION ... 1 + + The classification of the MHG. dialects (Sec. 1). + + +CHAPTER I + +The Vowels ... 2-22 + + The MHG. alphabet (Sec. 2). Pronunciation of the MHG. vowels (Sec. 3). + Phonetic survey of the MHG. vowel-system (Sec. 4). The OHG. + equivalents of the MHG. vowels (Sec. 5). The characteristic + differences between OHG. and MHG. (Sec. 6). The weakening of + unaccented vowels (Secs. 7-8). The loss of unaccented vowels (Sec. 9). + Umlaut (Sec. 10). The MHG. equivalents of the OHG. vowels (Sec. 11). + Ablaut (Sec. 12). Other vowel changes (Secs. 13-18). + + +CHAPTER II + +The Consonants ... 22-35 + + Pronunciation of the consonants (Secs. 19-20). Phonetic survey of the + MHG. consonants (Sec. 21). Characteristic differences between High + German and the other West Germanic languages (Sec. 22). The High + German sound-shifting (Secs. 23-7). The interchange between {pf, b} + and {f}; {k, g} and {h}; {[zz], [z]} and {ss, s} (Sec. 28). The loss + of the guttural nasal {[ng]} (Sec. 29). Verner's Law (Sec. 30). The doubling + of consonants (Sec. 31). The simplification of double consonants + (Sec. 32). The interchange between the lenes and the fortes (Sec. 33). + Interchange between medial {h} and final {ch} (Sec. 34). Initial and + medial {j} (Sec. 35). Medial and final {w} (Sec. 36). The loss of + intervocalic {b, d, g} (Sec. 37). The loss of intervocalic {h} + (Sec. 38). The loss of final {r} (Sec. 39). The change of medial {t} to + {d} after nasals and {l} (Sec. 40). + + +CHAPTER III + +Declension of Nouns ... 36-46 + + Introductory remarks (Sec. 41). + A. The vocalic or strong declension:-- Masculine nouns (Secs. 42-5); + Neuter nouns (Secs. 46-7); Feminine nouns (Secs. 48-9). + B. The weak declension (Secs. 50-3). + C. Declension of proper names (Sec. 54). + + +CHAPTER IV + +Adjectives ... 46-52 + + A. The declension of adjectives (Secs. 55-6). + B. The comparison of adjectives (Secs. 57-9). + C. The formation of adverbs from adjectives (Secs. 60-1). + D. Numerals (Secs. 62-4). + + +CHAPTER V + +Pronouns ... 53-57 + + Personal (Sec. 65). Reflexive (Sec. 66). Possessive (Sec. 67). + Demonstrative (Sec. 68). Relative (Sec. 69). Interrogative (Sec. 70). + Indefinite (Sec. 71). + + +CHAPTER VI + +Verbs ... 57-75 + + Classification of MHG. verbs (Sec. 72). + A. Strong verbs:-- The conjugation of the model strong verb + {n[e:]men} (Secs. 73-4). Class I (Secs. 76-7). Class II (Secs. 78-80). + Class III (Sec. 81). Class IV (Sec. 82). Class V (Secs. 83-4). + Class VI (Secs. 85-6). Class VII (Sec. 87). + B. Weak Verbs:-- Classification of MHG. weak verbs (Secs. 88-9). + Class I (Sec. 90). Class II (Sec. 92). + C. Minor groups.-- Preterite-presents (Sec. 93). Anomalous verbs + (Secs. 94-8). Contracted verbs (Sec. 99). + + +CHAPTER VII + +Syntax ... 75-78 + + Cases (Secs. 100-2). Adjectives (Sec. 103). Pronouns (Sec. 104). + Verbs (Secs. 105-7). Negation (Sec. 108). + + +TEXTS:-- + + I. Berthold von Regensburg 79-83 + II. The Swabian Lantrehtbuoch 83-85 + III. Hartman von Ouwe 86-116 + IV. Walther von der Vogelweide 116-133 + V. Reinmar 133-139 + VI. Ulrich von Lichtenstein 140-148 + VII. Das Nibelungen-Lied 149-158 + VIII. Wolfram von Eschenbach 158-168 + + +NOTES ... 169-171 + + +GLOSSARY ... 172-213 + + + + +ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. + + + Goth. = Gothic + Gr. = Greek + HG. = High German + Lat. = Latin + MHG. = Middle High German + NHG. = New High German + OE. = Old English + OHG. = Old High German + OS. = Old Saxon + P. Germ. = Primitive Germanic + UF. = Upper Franconian + UG. = Upper German + +The asterisk * prefixed to a word denotes a theoretical form, as MHG. +{w[a:]rmen} from {*warmjan}, to warm. + +In representing prehistoric forms the following signs are used:-- +{[th]} (= {th} in Engl. {thin}), {[dh]} (= {th} in Engl. {then}), {[bh]} +(= a bilabial spirant, which may be pronounced like the {v} in Engl. +{vine}), {[zh]} (= {g} often heard in German {sagen}), {[ch]} (= NHG. {ch} and +the {ch} in Scotch {loch}), {[ng]} (= {n} in Engl. {sunk}). + + + + +GRAMMAR + + +INTRODUCTION + +Sec. 1. + +MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN + +Middle High German (MHG.) embraces the High German language from about +the year 1100 to 1500. It is divided into three great dialect-groups: +Upper German, Franconian, and East Middle German. + +1. Upper German is divided into: (_a_) Alemanic, embracing High Alemanic +(Switzerland), and Low Alemanic (South Baden, Swabia, and Alsace). +(_b_) Bavarian, extending over Bavaria and those parts of Austria where +German is spoken. + +2. Franconian (West Middle German), which is subdivided into Upper +Franconian and Middle Franconian. Upper Franconian consists of East +Franconian (the old duchy of Francia Orientalis) and Rhenish Franconian +(the old province of Francia Rhinensis), Middle Franconian extending +over the district along the banks of the Moselle and of the Rhine from +Coblence to D[u:]sseldorf. + +3. East Middle German, extending over: Thuringia, Upper Saxony, and +Silesia. + +Since it is impossible to deal with all these dialects in an elementary +book like the present, we shall confine ourselves almost exclusively to +Upper German, and shall only deal with that period of Middle High German +which extends from about 1200 to 1300. + + + + +PHONOLOGY + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +THE VOWELS + +Sec. 2. + +MHG. had the following simple vowels and diphthongs:-- + + Short vowels a, [a:], [e:], e, i, o, u, [o:], [u:]. + Long " [a], [ae], [e], [i], [o], [u], [oe], iu. + Diphthongs ei, ie, ou, uo, [o:]u (eu), [u:]e. + + NOTE.--{[e:]} represents primitive Germanic {e} (= Gr. epsilon, Lat. + {e}, as in Gr. +deka+, Lat. {decem}, MHG. {z[e:]hen}, _ten_) and is + generally written {[e:]} in Old and Middle High German grammars, in + order to distinguish it from the OHG. umlaut-{e} (Sec. 10). The former + was an open sound like the {e} in English {bed}, whereas the latter + was a close sound like the {['e]} in French {['e]t['e]}. {[a:]} was a very + open sound nearly like the {a} in English {hat}, and arose in MHG. from + the {i}-umlaut of {a} (Sec. 10). Good MHG. poets do not rhyme Germanic + {[e:]} with the umlaut-{e}, and the distinction between the two sounds + is still preserved in many NHG. dialects. In like manner the modern + Bavarian and Austrian dialects still distinguish between {[a:]} and + {[e:]}. In the MHG. period {[a:], [e:]}, and {e} were kept apart in + Bavarian, but in Alemanic and Middle German {[a:]} and {[e:]} seem to + have fallen together in {[e:]} or possibly {[a:]}, as the two sounds + frequently rhyme with each other in good poets. MHG. texts do not + always preserve in writing the distinction between the old umlaut-{e} + and the MHG. umlaut-{[a:]}, both being often written {e} in the same + text. + + +PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOWELS. + +Sec. 3. + +The approximate pronunciation of the above vowels and diphthongs was as +follows:-- + + a as in NHG. m_a_nn man, _man_. + [a] " " Engl. f_a_ther h[a]t, _has_. + [a:] " " " m_a_n m[a:]hte, _powers_. + [ae] " " " _ai_r l[ae]re, _empty_. + [e:] " " " m_e_n h[e:]lfen, _to help_. + e " " Fr. _['e]_t_['e]_ geste, _guests_. + [e] " " NHG. r_e_h s[e], _sea_. + i " " Engl. b_i_t biten, _to beg_. + [i] " " " w_ee_n w[i]n, _wine_. + o " " " p_o_t golt, _gold_. + [o] " " NHG. t_o_t t[o]t, _dead_. + u " " Engl. p_u_t guld[i]n, _golden_. + [u] " " " f_oo_l h[u]s, _house_. + [o:] " " NHG. l_[o:]_cher l[o:]cher, _holes_. + [oe] " " " sch_[o:]_n sch[oe]ne, _beautiful_. + [u:] " " " f_[u:]_llen v[u:]llen, _to fill_. + iu " " " m_[u:]_de hiuser, _houses_. + ei = e + i stein, _stone_. + ie = i + e knie, _knee_. + ou = o + u ouge, _eye_. + [o:]u (eu) = [o:] _or_ e + [u:] dr[o:]uwen, _to threaten_. + [u:]e = [u:] + e gr[u:]e[z]en, _to greet_. + uo = u + o bruoder, _brother_. + +To the above list should be added the MHG. {e} in unaccented syllables, +which mostly arose from the weakening of the OHG. full vowels, as OHG. +{zunga}, _tongue_, {hirti}, _shepherd_, {namo}, _name_, {fridu}, _peace_ += MHG. {zunge}, {hirte}, {name}, {fride}; OHG. {hab[e]n}, _to have_, +{sc[o]n[i]}, _beauty_, {salb[o]n}, _to anoint_, {zung[u]n}, _tongues_ = MHG. +{haben}, {sch[oe]ne}, {salben}, {zungen}. The {e} in this position was +pronounced like the {-e} in NHG. {zunge}, {name}, {friede}, &c. + + +PHONETIC SURVEY OF THE MHG. VOWEL-SYSTEM. + +Sec. 4. + + Palatal { Short [a:], [e:], e, i, [o:], [u:]. + { Long [ae], [e], [i], [oe], iu (= [u:]). + + Guttural { Short a, o, u. + { Long [a], [o], [u]. + + +THE OHG. EQUIVALENTS OF THE MHG. VOWELS. + +Sec. 5. + +The following are the OHG. equivalents of the MHG. short vowels, long +vowels and diphthongs of accented syllables:-- + +1. The short vowels a, [e:], e, i, o, u = the corresponding OHG. short +vowels, as {tac}, _day_, {gast}, _guest_, {bant}, _he bound_, {gap}, _he +gave_ = OHG. {tag}, {gast}, {bant}, {gab}. + +{w[e:]c}, _way_, {n[e:]men}, _to take_, {z[e:]hen}, _ten_ = OHG. {w[e:]g}, +{n[e:]man}, {z[e:]han}. + +{geste}, _guests_, {lember}, _lambs_, {vert}, _he goes_ = OHG. {gesti}, +{lembir}, {ferit}. + +{wi[zz]en}, _to know_, {hilfe}, _I help_, {visch}, _fish_ = OHG. {wi[zz]an}, +{hilfu}, {fisk}. + +{got}, _God_, {wol}, _well_, {geholfen}, _helped_ = OHG. {got}, {wola}, +{giholfan}. + +{sun}, _son_, {wurm}, _worm_, {gebunden}, _bound_ = OHG. {sunu}, {wurm}, +{gibuntan}. + +{[a:]} is the umlaut of {a} before certain consonant combinations which +prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as {m[a:]hte}, _powers_, +{h[a:]ltet}, _he holds_, {w[a:]rmen}, _to warm_ = OHG. {mahti}, {haltit}, +{warmen} from {*warmjan} (Sec. 10). It also occurs in derivatives ending in +{-l[i]ch} and {-l[i]n}, as {m[a:]nl[i]ch}, _manly_, {t[a:]gel[i]ch}, _daily_, +{v[a:]terl[i]n}, dim. of {vater}, _father_; and in words which originally had +an {i} in the third syllable, the vowel of the second syllable having +become {i} by assimilation, as {m[a:]gede}, _maids_, {z[a:]her(e)}, _tears_ = +OHG. {magadi}, {zahari}. + +{[o:]} is the umlaut of OHG. {o}, as {l[o:]cher}, _holes_, {m[o:]hte}, +_I might_ = OHG. {lohhir}, {mohti}; {g[o:]tinne}, _goddess_, beside {got}, +_God_. + +{[u:]} is the umlaut of OHG. {u}, as {d[u:]nne}, _thin_, {s[u:]ne}, _sons_, +{z[u:]ge}, _I might draw_ = OHG. {dunni}, {suni}, {zugi}. + +2. The long vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] = the corresponding OHG. long +vowels, as {s[a]t}, _seed_, {sl[a]fen}, _to sleep_, {n[a]men}, _we took_, +{d[a]hte}, _he thought_ = OHG. {s[a]t}, {sl[a]fan}, {n[a]mum}, {d[a]hta}. + +{s[e]le}, _soul_, {m[e]re}, _more_, {l[e]ren}, _to teach_ = OHG. {s[e]la}, +{m[e]ro}, {l[e]ren}. + +{w[i]p}, _wife_, {s[i]n}, _his_, {b[i][z]en}, _to bite_ = OHG. {w[i]b}, +{s[i]n}, {b[i][z]an}. + +{[o]re}, _ear_, {t[o]t}, _death_, {k[o]s}, _I chose_ = OHG. {[o]ra}, {t[o]d}, +{k[o]s}. + +{h[u]s}, _house_, {t[u]sent}, _thousand_, {d[u]hte}, _it seemed_ = OHG. +{h[u]s}, {d[u]sunt}, {d[u]hta}. + +{[ae]} is the umlaut of OHG. {[a]}, as {l[ae]re}, _empty_, {n[ae]me}, _thou +tookest_ = OHG. {l[a]ri}, {n[a]mi}. + +{[oe]} is the umlaut of OHG. {[o]}, as {sch[oe]ne}, _beautiful_, {h[oe]her}, +_higher_, {h[oe]ren}, _to hear_ = OHG. {sc[o]ni}, {h[o]hiro}, {h[o]ren} from +{*h[o]rjan} older {*hausjan}. + +iu = (1) OHG. {iu} (diphthong), as {liute}, _people_, + {kiuset}, _he chooses_ = OHG. {liuti}, {kiusit}. + + = (2) the umlaut of OHG. {[u]}, as {hiuser}, _houses_, + {briute}, _brides_ = OHG. {h[u]sir}, {br[u]ti}. + +3. The diphthongs ei, ou, uo = the corresponding OHG. diphthongs, as +{bein}, _bone_, {leiten}, _to lead_, {schreip}, _I wrote_ = OHG. {bein}, +{leiten}, {screib}. + +{ouge}, _eye_, {houbet}, _head_, {bouc}, _I bent_ = OHG. {ouga}, +{houbit}, {boug}. + +{bruoder}, _brother_, {stuont}, _I stood_, {vuor}, _I went_ = OHG. +{bruoder}, {stuont}, {fuor}. + +ie = (1) OHG. {ie} (diphthong) older {ia}, {ea, [e]} (Germanic {[e]}), + as {hier}, _here_, {miete}, _pay, reward_, {gienc}, _I went_ + = OHG. {hier}, {mieta}, {gieng}. + + = (2) OHG. {io} (Germanic {eu}), as {bieten}, _to offer_, {liep}, + _dear_ = OHG. {biotan}, {liob}. + + = (3) the OHG. {io} which occurs in the preterite of the old + reduplicated verbs whose presents have {ou}, {[o], uo} (Sec. 87), + as inf. {loufen}, _to run_, {st[o][z]en}, _to push_, {ruofen}, + _to call_, preterite {lief}, {stie[z]}, {rief} = OHG. {liof}, + {stio[z]}, {riof}. + + = (4) Upper German {iu} (OHG. {io}) before labials and gutturals, + as {liup}, _dear_, {tiuf}, _deep_, {siuch}, _sick_, + {liugen}, _to tell a lie_ = {liep}, {tief}, {siech}, + {liegen}. + +{[o:]u} ({eu}) is the umlaut of OHG. {ou}, as {l[o:]uber}, _leaves_, +{l[o:]ufel}, _runner_ = OHG. {loubir}, {loufil}. + +{[u:]e} is the umlaut of OHG. {uo}, as {gr[u:]ene}, _green_, {g[u:]ete}, +_goodness_, {v[u:]ere}, _thou didst go_ = OHG. {gruoni}, {guot[i]}, {fuori}. + + +UNACCENTED VOWELS AND UMLAUT. + +Sec. 6. + +The two most characteristic differences between OHG. and MHG. are: (1) +the spread of umlaut (Sec. 10); (2) the weakening and partial loss of vowels +in unaccented syllables. + + +1. THE WEAKENING OF UNACCENTED VOWELS. + +Sec. 7. + +The short vowels a, i, o, u, and the long vowels [e], [i], [o], [u] were +weakened to {e}. This {e} was pronounced like the final {-e} in NHG. +{leute}, see Sec. 3. Examples are:-- + +{g[e:]ba}, _gift_, {h[e:]rza}, _heart_, {zunga}, _tongue_, {taga}, _days_ = +MHG. {g[e:]be}, {h[e:]rze}, {zunge}, {tage}; {heilag}, _holy_, neut. +{blinda[z]}, _blind_, {n[e:]man}, _to take_ = MHG. {heilec}, {blinde[z]}, +{n[e:]men}. + +{kunni}, _race, generation_, {gesti}, _guests_ = MHG. {k[u:]nne}, {geste}; +{kuning}, _king_, {be[zz]isto}, _best_, dat. pl. {gestim}, _to guests_, +gen. pl. {lembiro}, _of lambs_, {nimit}, _he takes_ = MHG. {k[u:]nec}, +{be[zz]est} ({beste}), {gesten}, {lember(e)}, {nimet}. + +{haso}, _hare_, nom. acc. pl. fem. {blinto}, _blind_, gen. pl. {tago}, +_of days_ = MHG. {hase}, {blinde}, {tage}; acc. sing. {hason}, _hare_ = +MHG. {hasen}. + +{fridu}, _peace_, dat. sing. {g[e:]bu}, _to a gift_, {nimu}, _I take_ = +MHG. {fride}, {g[e:]be}, {nime}; dat. pl. {tagum}, _to days_, {n[a]mum}, _we +took_ = MHG. {tagen}, {n[a]men}. + +Nom. sing. masc. {blint[e]r}, _blind_, {uns[e]r}, _our_, {hab[e]n}, _to have_, +{n[e:]m[e]m}, _we may take_ = MHG. {blinder}, {unser}, {haben}, {n[e:]men}. + +{sc[o]n[i]}, _beauty_ = MHG. {sch[oe]ne}; {s[a]l[i]g}, _blessed_, +{n[a]m[i]m}, _we might take_ = MHG. {s[ae]lec}, {n[ae]men}. + +{salb[o]n}, _to anoint_, {suoht[o]s(t)}, _thou soughtest_, dat. pl. +{g[e:]b[o]m}, {h[e:]rz[o]m} = MHG. {salben}, {suohtes(t)}, {g[e:]ben}, +{h[e:]rzen}. + +Gen. dat. acc. sing., nom. acc. pl. {zung[u]n} = MHG. {zungen}. + + +Sec. 8. + +The vowel in suffixal and derivative syllables was generally weakened to +{e} just as in the inflexional syllables, but in some suffixal and +derivative syllables which had a secondary accent the vowel was not +weakened to {e}. This was especially the case with derivatives in {-[ae]re} +(denoting nomina agentis), {-inne}, {-inc} ({-ing}), {linc} ({-ling}), +diminutives in {-[i]n} and {-l[i]n}, abstract nouns in {-nisse} ({-nusse}, +{-n[u:]sse}), {-unge}. In others the vowel fluctuated between the full +vowel and {e}, as in {-isch} beside {-esch}; {-ic} (= OHG. {-ag}, and +{-[)i]g}) beside {-ec}; superlative of adjectives {-ist} (= OHG. {-ist}) +beside {-est} (= OHG. {-[o]st}); {-sal} beside {-sel}. Beside the full +forms {-l[i]ch}, {-r[i]ch} occurred the shortened forms {-lich}, {-rich}. + +The OHG. endings of the present participle {-anti}, {-enti}, {-[o]nti}, +{[e]nti} regularly became {-ende}, but {-ant} occurs in a few old +participles which had become nouns, as {heilant}, _Saviour_, {w[i]gant}, +_warrior_, {v[i]ant} beside {v[i]ent} ({v[i]nt}), _fiend, enemy_. Examples +are: {garten[ae]re}, _gardener_, {schepf[ae]re}, _creator_, {schr[i]b[ae]re}, +_scribe_. + +{k[u:]neginne}, _queen_, {vriundinne}, _female friend_, {wirtinne}, +_mistress_. + +{edelinc}, _son of a nobleman_, {hendelinc}, _glove_, {vingerlinc}, +_ring_; {m[u:]edinc}, _unhappy man_. + +{maged[i]n}, _little girl_, {vinger[i]n}, _ring_; {kindel[i]n}, _little +child_, {vogel[i]n}, _little bird_. + +{hindernisse}, _hindrance_, {verd[e:]rbnisse}, _destruction_, +{vinsternisse}, _darkness_, {vancn[u:]sse}, _captivity_. + +{be[zz]erunge}, _improvement_, {handelunge}, _action_, {m[e:]ldunge}, +_announcement_. + +{himelisch}, _heavenly_, {irdisch}, _earthly_, {kindisch}, _childish_, +beside {-esch}. + +{heilic} (OHG. {heilag}), _holy_, {honic} (OHG. {honag}, {honig}), +_honey_, {k[u:]nic} (OHG. {cuning}, {cunig}), _king_, {manic} (OHG. +{manag}), _many a_, {s[ae]lic} (OHG. {s[a]l[i]g}), _blessed_, beside {-ec}. + +{oberist} beside {oberest}, _highest_. + +{kumbersal}, _distress_, {tr[u:]ebsal}, _gloom_, {w[e:]hsal} beside +{w[e:]hsel}, _change_. + +{bitterl[i]ch}, _bitterly_, {sicherl[i]ch}, _surely_, {w[i]sl[i]ch}, _wisely_, +beside {-lich}. + +{Dietr[i]ch}, {Heinr[i]ch}, beside {-rich}. + +The OHG. pronominal ending of the nom. sing. fem. and the nom. acc. pl. +neuter remained unweakened, as OHG. {blintiu} = MHG. {blindiu} (Sec. 55). + + +2. THE LOSS OF UNACCENTED VOWELS. + +Sec. 9. + +The weakened {e} regularly disappeared:-- + +1. After {l} and {r} in dissyllables with short stems, as {ar}, older +{are} (OHG. {aro}), _eagle_, acc. gen. dat. {arn}, beside {name}, +_name_, {namen}; {wol}, older {wole} (OHG. {wola}), _well_; {gar} (OHG. +{garo}), _ready_, {milch} (OHG. {milih}), _milk_, {zal} (OHG. {zala}), +_number_; {kil}, _quill_, gen. {kil(e)s}, dat. {kil}, pl. nom. acc. +{kil}, dat. {kil(e)n}, beside {tac}, _day_, gen. {tages}, dat. {tage}, +pl. nom. acc. {tage}, dat. {tagen}; {b[e:]rn}, _to bear_, {st[e:]ln}, _to +steal_, {nern}, _to rescue_, pres. sing. {stil}, {stils(t)}, {stilt}; +{ner}, {ners(t)}, {nert}, beside {h[oe]ren}, _to hear_, pres. sing. {h[oe]re}, +{h[oe]res(t)}, {h[oe]ret}. + +2. After liquids and nasals in trisyllabic and polysyllabic forms with +long stems, as {s[ae]lde} (OHG. {s[a]lida}), _blessedness_, {h[e]rsen}, +{h[e:]rsen} (OHG. {h[e]ris[o]n}), _to rule_, {zierde} (OHG. {ziarida}), +_adornment_, {wandelte} (OHG. {wantal[o]ta}), _I wandered_, {zw[i]feln} +(OHG. {zw[i]fal[o]n}), _to doubt_, {wundern} (OHG. {wuntar[o]n}), _to wonder_, +{sch[oe]nste} (OHG. {sc[o]nisto}), _most beautiful_, {diente}, {diende} (OHG. +{dion[o]ta}), _I served_; {dienest}, _service_, gen. {dienstes}; {engel}, +_angel_, gen. {engel(e)s}, dat. {engel(e)}, pl. nom. acc. gen. +{engel(e)}, dat. {engel(e)n}, and similarly with words like {acker}, +_acre_, {l[u]ter}, _clear_, {buosem}, _bosom_, {heiden}, _heathen_; +{gr[oe][z]er} (OHG. {gr[o][z]iro}), _greater_, fem. dat. sing. {gr[oe][z]er} +(OHG. {gr[o][z]iru}); dat. sing. {blindem(e)}, _blind_, {guotem(e)}, +_good_ = OHG. {blintemu}, {guotemu}; gen. pl. {blinder(e)} = OHG. {blintero}. +After the analogy of forms with long stems it was also dropped in forms with +short stems, as pl. {nagel}, _nails_, {vogel}, _birds_, beside {nagele}, +{vogele}; {wider} beside {widere} (OHG. {widaro}), _wether_, dat. sing. +{disem(e)}, _this_, {vadem(e)}, _thread_, gen. {vadem(e)s}. + +There was however a strong tendency in MHG. for the medial vowel to +disappear in trisyllabic forms with long stems irrespectively as to +whether they contained a liquid or a nasal, as {market}, _market_, gen. +{marktes}; {r[i]chsen} (OHG. {r[i]chis[o]n}), _to rule_, {ahte} (OHG. +{aht[o]ta}), _he observed_, {wartte}, {warte} (OHG. {wart[e]ta}), _he +waited_, {vr[a]gte} beside {vr[a]gete} (OHG. {fr[a]g[e]ta}), _he asked_, +{dancte} beside {dankete} (OHG. {dank[o]ta}), _he thanked_. See Sec. 92. + +3. In the medial syllable of trisyllabic forms with long stems having +liquids or nasals in successive syllables, as {d[i]me} beside {d[i]neme} +(OHG. {d[i]nemu}), dat. of {d[i]n}, _thy_; {eime} beside {ein(e)me} (OHG. +{einemu}), dat. of {ein}, _one_; {h[e]rre}, {h[e:]rre} (OHG. {h[e]riro}), +_master_; {minre} beside {minner(e)} (OHG. {minniro}), _less_; {tiurre} +(OHG. {tiuriro}), _dearer_. + +4. Finally after a nasal, and medially after a nasal before a following +{t}, in forms with short stems, as {han(e)}, _cock_, {nam(e)}, _name_, +{sun} (OHG. {sun}, {sunu}), _son_, {won(e)}, _I dwell_; {man(e)t}, _he +admonishes_, {won(e)t}, _he dwells_, {scham(e)t}, _he shames_, +{nim(e)t}, _he takes_, {n[e:]m(e)t}, _ye take_; pret. {won(e)te}, +{scham(e)te}. In these and similar forms the {e} was often restored +through the influence of forms which regularly preserved the {e}. + + NOTE.--The {e}, when not preceded by a nasal, was sometimes dropped + in verbal forms ending in {t}. This was especially the case in + {wirst}, {wirt} older {wirdes(t)}, {wirdet}; {siht}, _he sees_, + {s[e:]ht}, _ye see_, older {sihet}, {s[e:]het}; and often in forms like + {gilt}, {vint}, {spricht}, {sticht} beside {giltet}, {vindet}, + {sprichet}, {stichet}. + +5. The superlative of adjectives often has double forms, the one with +the loss of the medial {e}, and the other with the loss of the final +{e}, as {beste}, _best_, {[e]rste}, _first_, {gr[oe]ste}, _greatest_, +{leste}, _last_, {min(ne)ste}, _least_, {wir(se)ste}, _worst_, beside +{be[zz]est(e)}, {[e]rest(e)}, {gr[oe][z]est(e)}, {le[zz]est(e)}, {minnest(e)}, +{wirsest(e)}, OHG. {be[zz]isto}, {[e]risto}, {gr[o][z]isto}, {le[zz]isto}, +{minnisto}, {wirsisto}. + +6. In the unstressed forms of dissyllables, as adv. {ane}, {abe}, +{mite}, {obe} beside the prepositions {an}, _on_, {ab}, _of_, {mit}, +_with_, {ob}, _over_; dat. sing. {d[e:]me}, {w[e:]me}, {ime}, beside {d[e:]m}, +{w[e:]m}, {im}; {unde}, _and_, {wande}, _for_, _because_, beside {und} +({unt}), {wan(d)}; {h[e:]rre}, {vrouwe}, beside {h[e:]r}, {vrou} before proper +names and titles. + +7. The {e} in the unaccented verbal prefixes {be-}, {ge-} often +disappeared before {l, n, r}, as {bl[i]ben}, _to remain_, {gl[i]ch}, _like_, +{glit}, _member_, {glouben}, _to believe_, {gn[a]de}, _favour_, {gnanne}, +_namesake_, {gnuoge}, _many_, {grade}, _quick_, {gr[e:]ch}, _straight_, +beside {bel[i]ben}, {gel[i]ch}, {gelit}, {gelouben}, {gen[a]de}, {genanne}, +{genuoge}, {gerade}, {ger[e:]ch}; it disappeared before vowels during the +OHG. period, as {bange}, _anxious_: {ange}, _anxiously_, {g[e:][zz]an} p.p. +of {[e:][zz]an}, _to eat_, {gunnan}, MHG. {gunnen}, {g[u:]nnen}, _to grant_. + + +3. UMLAUT. + +Sec. 10. + +By umlaut is meant the modification (palatalization) of an accented +vowel through the influence of an {[)i]} or {j} which originally stood in +the following syllable. The only vowel which underwent this change in +OHG. was {a}, which became close {e} (Sec. 2, note). + +The change is first met with in OHG. monuments about the middle of the +eighth century. In the ninth century the process was practically +complete except when the {a} was followed by certain consonant +combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place. These consonant +combinations were:-- + +1. {ht}, {hs}, or consonant + {w}, as {maht}, _power_, pl. {mahti; +wahsit}, _he grows_, inf. {wahsan}; {bi-scatwen} from {*-scatwjan}, _to +shade_. + +2. In Upper German before {l} + consonant, before {hh}, {ch} (= Germanic +{k}), and often before {r} + consonant, and before {h} (= Germanic {h}), +as Upper German {haltit} beside Upper Franconian {heltit}, _he holds_, +inf. {haltan}; UG. {altiro} beside UF. {eltiro}, _older_; UG. {sachit} +beside UF. {sehhit}, _he quarrels_, inf. {sachan}, Goth. {sakan}; UG. +{warmen} beside {wermen}, Goth. {warmjan}, _to warm_; UG. {slahit} +beside {slehit}, _he strikes_, inf. OHG. {slahan}, Goth. {slahan}. + +3. In words ending in {-nissi}, {-nissa}, or {-l[i]h}, as {firstantnissi}, +_understanding_; {infancnissa}, _assumption_; {kraftl[i]h}, _strong_; +{tagal[i]h}, _daily_. + +Umlaut must have taken place earlier in the spoken language than it is +expressed in late OHG. and early MHG. manuscripts, because the {[)i]} +which caused the umlaut was weakened to {e} in MHG. (Sec. 7) and {j} had +disappeared except between vowels. The vowels and diphthongs which +underwent umlaut in MHG. are a, o, u, [a], [o], [u], ou, uo. The umlaut of all +these sounds was completed by about the year 1200. + +a > e: {gast}, _guest_, pl. {geste} (OHG. {gesti}); {lamp}, _lamb_, pl. +{lember} (OHG. {lembir}); inf. {graben}, _to dig_, pres. second and +third pers. sing. {grebes(t)}, {grebet} (OHG. {grebis}, {grebit}); +{lanc}, _long_, beside {lenge} (OHG. {leng[i]}), _length_; {brennen}, +Goth. {brannjan}, _to burn_; {bette} (OHG. {betti}), _bed_. + +a > [a:]: From the twelfth century onwards the umlaut of {a} also +occurs--often beside forms without umlaut--in words containing the +consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., +as pl. {m[a:]hte} (OHG. {mahti}), _powers_; {gesl[a:]hte} (OHG. {gislahti}), +_race_, _generation_; {w[a:]hset} (OHG. {wahsit}), _he grows_; {w[a:]rmen} +(OHG. {warmen}, older {*warmjan}), _to warm_; Upper German {[a:]lter} (OHG. +{altiro}), _older_; {k[a:]lte} (OHG. {kalt[i]}), _coldness_; {h[a:]ltet} (OHG. +{haltit}), _he holds_; {[a:]her} (OHG. {ahir}), _ear of corn_; {sl[a:]het} +(OHG. {slahit}), _he strikes_. It also occurs in derivatives ending in +{-l[i]ch}, {-l[i]n}, as {m[a:]nl[i]ch}, _manly_, {sch[a:]mel[i]ch}, _shameful_, +{t[a:]gel[i]ch}, _daily_, {v[a:]terl[i]ch}, _fatherly_, {v[a:]terl[i]n}, +dim. of {vater}, _father_. It is likewise met with in MHG. words which +originally had an {i} in the third syllable, the vowel of the second +syllable having become {i} by assimilation, as {fr[a:]vele} (OHG. +{frafali}), _bold_, pl. {m[a:]gede} (OHG. {magadi}), _maids_, pl. +{z[a:]her(e)} (OHG. {zahari}), _tears_. See Sec. 2, Note. + +o > [o:]: Although {[o:]}, the umlaut of {o}, is common in MHG. and still +commoner in NHG., yet all words containing this umlaut are really new +formations due to levelling or analogy, because primitive Germanic {u} +(Sec. 15) did not become {o} in OHG. when followed by an {[)i]} or {j} in the +next syllable. Examples are: {boc}, _he-goat_, beside dim. {b[o:]ckl[i]n} +(OHG. {pochil[i]}); {dorf}, _village_, beside pl. {d[o:]rfer}; {got}, _God_, +beside {g[o:]tinne}, _goddess_; {hof}, _court_, beside {h[o:]vesch}, +_courtly_; {loch} (OHG. {loh}), _hole_, beside pl. {l[o:]cher} (OHG. +{lohhir}); {tohter}, _daughter_, beside dim. {t[o:]hterl[i]n}; pret. subj. +{m[o:]hte} (OHG. {mohti}), _I might_; {t[o:]rste} (OHG. {torsti}), _I might +dare_. + +u > [u:]: {d[u:]nne} (OHG. {dunni}), _thin_; {k[u:]nne} (OHG. {kunni}), _race_, +_generation_; pl. {s[u:]ne} (OHG. {suni}), _sons_; {t[u:]r} (OHG. {turi}), +_door_; pret. subj. {z[u:]ge} (OHG. {zugi}), inf. {ziehen}, _to draw_. + + NOTE.--In Upper German certain consonant combinations often + prevented umlaut from taking place where it might be expected. Of + these the principal are:-- + + 1. Before a liquid + consonant, as {hulde} (OHG. {huld[i]}), _favour_; + {schuldec} (OHG. {sculd[i]g}), _guilty_; {gedultec} (OHG. {gidult[i]g}), + _indulgent_; {burge} (OHG. {burgi}), dat. of {burc}, _city_; + {sturbe} (OHG. {sturbi}), pret. subj. of {st[e:]rben}, _to die_; + {wurfe} (OHG. {wurfi}), pret. subj. of {w[e:]rfen}, _to throw_, cp. + 2 above. + + 2. {u} fluctuates with {[u:]} when followed by a nasal + consonant, + as {dunken}, _to seem_, {umbe}, _about_, {wunne}, _joy_, beside + {d[u:]nken}, {[u:]mbe} (OHG. {umbi}), {w[u:]nne}. This fluctuation is + especially common in the pret. subjunctive, as {bunde}, {sunge}, + beside {b[u:]nde}, {s[u:]nge}, inf. {binden}, _to bind_, {singen}, _to + sing_. + + 3. {u} fluctuates with {[u:]} when followed by {gg}, {ck}, {pf}, {tz}, + {[zz]}, {st}, {ch}, and {g}, as {brugge}, {br[u:]gge}, {brucke}, + {br[u:]cke}, _bridge_; {mugge}, {m[u:]gge}, {mucke}, {m[u:]cke}, _midge_; + {drucken}, {dr[u:]cken}, _to press_; {hupfen}, {h[u:]pfen}, _to hop_; + {schupfen}, {sch[u:]pfen}, _to push_; {nutzen}, {n[u:]tzen}, _to use_; + pret. subj. {flu[zz]e}, {fl[u:][zz]e}; {schu[zz]e}, {sch[u:][zz]e}, inf. + {flie[z]en}, _to flow_, {schie[z]en}, _to shoot_; pl. {bruste}, + {br[u:]ste}, _breasts_; {kuchen}, {k[u:]chen}, _kitchen_; pret. subj. + {fluge}, {fl[u:]ge}, inf. {fliegen}, _to fly_. + +[a] > [ae]: {l[ae]re} (OHG. {l[a]ri}), _empty_; {m[ae]re} (OHG. {m[a]ri}), +_renowned_; {s[ae]jen} (OHG. {s[a]jan}), _to sow_; pret. subj. {n[ae]me} +(OHG. {n[a]mi}), pl. {n[ae]men} (OHG. {n[a]m[i]m}), inf. {n[e:]men}, +_to take_. + +[o] > [oe]: {h[oe]her} (OHG. {h[o]hiro}), _higher_; {h[oe]hest} (OHG. +{h[o]histo}), _highest_; {h[oe]ren} (OHG. {h[o]ren}, from older +{*h[o]rjan}), _to hear_; {sch[oe]ne} (OHG. {sc[o]ni}), _beautiful_. + +[u] > iu: pl. {briute} (OHG. {br[u]ti}), _brides_; {hiuser} (OHG. {h[u]sir}), +_houses_. + +Traces of the umlaut of {[u]}, written {iu} (= {[=u:]}), occur in late OHG. +monuments of the tenth century. It is common in the writings of Notker +(d. 1022), as {hiute} older {h[u]ti}, _skins_; {chriuter} older {chr[u]tir}, +_herbs_. In other writings of the tenth to the twelfth century the +umlaut of {[u]} is seldom found. Umlaut did not take place in Upper German +before a following {m}, as {r[u]men} from {*r[u]mjan}, _to make room_; +{s[u]men} from {*s[u]mjan}, _to tarry_. + +ou > [o:]u, often written {eu}, rarely {oi}, {[o:]i}: {l[o:]ufel} (OHG. +{loufil}), _runner_; {l[o:]uber} (OHG. {loubir}), _leaves_. + +Umlaut of {ou} did not take place in the combination {ouw} = OHG. {ouw}, +{auw}, West Germanic {aww}, primitive Germanic {awj}, as {frouwe} (OHG. +{frouwa}, prim. Germanic {*frawj[o]-}), _woman_; {ouwe} (OHG. {ouwa}, +{auwia}, prim. Germanic {*a([zh])wj[o]-}), _meadow_; {frouwen} (OHG. +{frouwen}, prim. Germanic {*frawjan}), _to rejoice_, and similarly +{douwen}, _to digest_, {drouwen}, _to threaten_, {strouwen}, _to strew_. +Forms like {fr[o:]uwen}, {d[o:]uwen}, {dr[o:]uwen}, {str[o:]uwen} were +analogical formations due to the influence of the pres. second and third +pers. singular and the preterite which regularly had umlaut; see the +Author's Historical German Grammar, Sec. 232. + +Umlaut of {ou} did not take place in Upper German before labials and +{g}, as {erlouben}, _to allow_, {gelouben}, _to believe_, {houbet}, +_head_, {koufen}, _to buy_, {troumen}, _to dream_, {toufen}, _to +baptize_, {bougen}, _to bend_, {ougen}, _to show_, beside Middle German +{erl[o:]uben}, {gel[o:]uben}, {h[o:]ubet}, {k[o:]ufen}, {tr[o:]umen}, +{t[o:]ufen}, {b[o:]ugen}, {[o:]ugen}. + +uo > [u:]e: {gr[u:]ene} (OHG. {gruoni}), _green_; {g[u:]ete} (OHG. {guot[i]}), +_goodness_; {v[u:]e[z]e} (OHG. {fuo[z]i}), _feet_; pret. pl. subj. {v[u:]eren} +(OHG. {fuor[i]m}), _we might go_, inf. {varn}, _to fare_, _go_; {buoch}, +_book_, dim. {b[u:]echl[i]n}; {muoter}, _mother_, dim. {m[u:]eterl[i]n}. + + +THE MHG. EQUIVALENTS OF THE OHG. VOWELS. + +Sec. 11. + +OHG. had the following short vowels, long vowels, and diphthongs:-- + + Short Vowels a, e, [e:], i, o, u. + Long " [a], [e], [i], [o], [u]. + Diphthongs ei, ie (ia, ea), ou (au), uo. + io (eo), + iu. + +The following are the MHG. equivalents of the above simple vowels and +diphthongs in accented syllables:-- + +1. The short vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. {a} +to {[a:], o} to {[o:], u} to {[u:]} (Sec. 10), and of {[e:]} to {e} before +certain consonants, the OHG. short vowels remained in MHG., as + +a = (1) MHG. a, as OHG. {fater}, _father_, {tag}, _day_, {faran}, + _to go_ = MHG. {vater}, {tac}, {varn}. + + = (2) MHG. [a:], in words containing the consonant combinations which + prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as OHG. {mahti}, + _powers_, {kalt[i]}, _coldness_, {ahir}, _ear of corn_, {warmen}, + _to warm_ = MHG. {m[a:]hte}, {k[a:]lte}, {[a:]her}, {w[a:]rmen}, + see Sec. 10. + +e = MHG. e, as OHG. {gesti}, _guests_, {lembir}, _lambs_, {brennen}, + _to burn_ = MHG. {geste}, {lember}, {brennen}. + +[e:] = (1) MHG. [e:], as OHG. {w[e:]g}, _way_, {h[e:]lfan}, _to help_, + {st[e:]lan}, _to steal_ = MHG. {w[e:]c}, {h[e:]lfen}, {st[e:]ln}. + + = (2) MHG. e, before {st}, {sch}, and palatal {g}, as OHG. {n[e:]st}, + _nest_, {sw[e:]ster}, _sister_ = MHG. {nest}, {swester}; and + similarly, {gestern}, _yesterday_, {deste}, _all the more_, + {weste}, _I knew_, {dreschen}, _to thrash_, {leschen}, + _to go out_, {degen}, _warrior_; and also in a few words + before a following {l}, as {helm}, _helmet_, {vels}, _rock_, + {welch}, _which_, &c. + +i = MHG. i, as OHG. {fisk}, _fish_, {nimu}, _I take_, {wi[zz]an}, + _to know_ = MHG. {visch}, {nime}, {wi[zz]en}. + +o = (1) MHG. o, as OHG. {got}, _God_, p.p. {giholfan}, _helped_, + {tohter}, _daughter_ = MHG. {got}, {geholfen}, {tohter}. + = (2) MHG. [o:], as OHG. {lohhir}, _holes_, {mohti}, _I might_ = MHG. + {l[o:]cher}, {m[o:]hte}. + +u = (1) MHG. u, as OHG. {sunu}, {sun}, _son_, {butum}, _we offered_, + {buntum}, _we bound_ = MHG. {sun}, {buten}, {bunden}. + = (2) MHG. [u:], as OHG. {dunni}, _thin_, {suni}, _sons_ = MHG. {d[u:]nne}, + {s[u:]ne}. + +2. The long vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. {[a]} to +{[ae], [o]} to {[oe]}, and {[u]} to {iu} (Sec. 10), the OHG. long vowels +remained in MHG., as + +[a] = (1) MHG. [a], as OHG. {s[a]t}, _seed_, {sl[a]fan}, _to sleep_, {d[a]hta}, + _I thought_ = MHG. {s[a]t}, {sl[a]fen}, {d[a]hte}. + = (2) MHG. [ae], as OHG {l[a]ri}, _empty_, {n[a]mi}, _I might take_ + = MHG. {l[ae]re}, {n[ae]me}. + +[e] = MHG. [e], as OHG. {[e]ra}, _honour_, {l[e]ren}, _to teach_, {s[e]la}, + _soul_ = MHG. {[e]re}, {l[e]ren}, {s[e]le}. + +[i] = MHG. [i], as OHG. {s[i]n}, _his_, {w[i]b}, _woman_, {sn[i]dan}, _to cut_ + = MHG. {s[i]n}, {w[i]p}, {sn[i]den}. + +[o] = (1) MHG. [o], as OHG. {[o]ra}, _ear_, {t[o]d}, _death_, {k[o]s}, + _I chose_ = MHG. {[o]re}, {t[o]t}, {k[o]s}. + = (2) MHG. [oe], as OHG. {h[o]hiro}, _higher_, {h[o]ren}, _to hear_, + {sc[o]ni}, _beautiful_ = MHG. {h[oe]her}, {h[oe]ren}, {sch[oe]ne}. + +[u] = (1) MHG. [u], as OHG. {h[u]s}, _house_, {r[u]m}, _room_, {d[u]hta}, + _it seemed_ = MHG. {h[u]s}, {r[u]m}, {d[u]hte}. + + = (2) MHG. iu, as OHG. {h[u]sir}, _houses_, {br[u]ti}, _brides_ + = MHG. {hiuser}, {briute}. + +3. The diphthongs: + +ei = MHG. ei, as OHG. {bein}, _bone_, {leiten}, _to lead_, {sneid}, + _I cut_ = MHG. {bein}, {leiten}, {sneit}. + +ie (older ia, ea = Germanic [e]) = MHG. ie, as OHG. {hier}, _here_, + {mieta}, _reward_, {hielt}, _I held_, {hie[z]}, _I called_, {slief}, + _I slept_ = MHG. {hier}, {miete}, {hielt}, {hie[z]}, {slief}. + +io (eo) = Germanic eu (Sec. 16), and the io (eo) in the preterites of the + old reduplicated verbs whose presents have ou, [o], uo (Sec. 87). + = MHG. ie, as OHG. {liob}, _dear_, {biotan}, _to offer_ + = MHG. {liep}, {bieten}; OHG. {liof}, _I ran_, {stio[z]}, + _I pushed_, {riof}, _I called_ = MHG. {lief}, {stie[z]}, + {rief}. + +iu = MHG. [-u:] written iu, as OHG. {liuti}, _people_, {kiusit}, _he + chooses_ = MHG. {liute}, {kiuset}. + +ou (older au) = (1) MHG. ou, as OHG. {ouga}, _eye_, {boug}, _I bent_, + {loufan}, _to run_ = MHG. {ouge}, {bouc}, {loufen}. + = (2) MHG. [o:]u (eu), as OHG. {loubir}, _leaves_, + {loufil}, _runner_ = MHG. {l[o:]uber}, {l[o:]ufel}. + +uo = (1) MHG. uo, as OHG. {bruoder}, _brother_, {muoter}, _mother_, + {stuont}, _I stood_ = MHG. {bruoder}, {muoter}, {stuont}. + = (2) MHG. [u:]e, as OHG. {gruoni}, _green_, {fuo[z]i}, _feet_, + = MHG. {gr[u:]ene}, {v[u:]e[z]e}. + + +ABLAUT (VOWEL GRADATION). + +Sec. 12. + +By ablaut is meant the gradation of vowels both in stem and suffix, +which was chiefly caused by the primitive Indo-Germanic system of +accentuation. See the Author's Historical German Grammar, Sec. 23. + +The vowels vary within certain series of related vowels, called +ablaut-series. In MHG. there are six such series, which appear most +clearly in the stem-forms of strong verbs. Four stem-forms are to be +distinguished in a MHG. strong verb which has vowel gradation as the +characteristic mark of its different stems:--(1) the present stem, to +which belong all the forms of the present, (2) the stem of the first or +third person of the preterite singular, (3) the stem of the preterite +plural, to which belong the second person of the preterite singular and +the whole of the preterite subjunctive, (4) the stem of the past +participle. + +By arranging the vowels according to these four stems we arrive at the +following system:-- + + i. ii. iii. iv. + + I. [i] ei, [e] i i + II. ie ou, [o] u o + III. i, [e:] a u u, o + IV. [e:] a [a] o + V. [e:] a [a] [e:] + VI. a uo uo a + + NOTE.--1. On the difference between {ei} and {[e]}, see Sec. 17; {ou} and + {[o]}, Sec. 18; and in Series III {i} and {[e:]}, Sec. 14; {u} and {o}, + Sec. 15. + + 2. Strong verbs belonging to Series II have {iu} in the indicative + pres. singular; and strong verbs belonging to Series III-V with {[e:]} + in the infinitive have {i} in the indicative pres. singular + (Secs. 14, 16). + +EXAMPLES. + + I. sn[i]den, _to cut_ sn[i]de sneit sniten gesniten; + l[i]hen, _to lend_ l[i]he l[e]ch lihen gelihen. + II. biegen, _to bend_ biuge bouc bugen gebogen; + sieden, _to seethe_ siude s[o]t suten gesoten. + III. binden, _to bind_ binde bant bunden gebunden; + h[e:]lfen, _to help_ hilfe half hulfen geholfen. + IV. n[e:]men, _to take_ nime nam n[a]men genomen. + V. g[e:]ben, _to give_ gibe gap g[a]ben geg[e:]ben. + VI. graben, _to dig_ grabe gruop gruoben gegraben. + +For further examples see the various classes of strong verbs Secs. 76-86. +Class VII of strong verbs embracing the old reduplicated verbs (Sec. 87) has +been omitted from the ablaut-series, because the exact relation in which +the vowel of the present stands to that of the preterite has not yet +been satisfactorily explained. + + +OTHER VOWEL CHANGES. + +Sec. 13. + +Most of the following vowel changes took place in prehistoric times; but +as they play an important part in the verbs and word-formation, &c., we +shall give them here. + + +Sec. 14. + +[e:] (= Indo-Germanic e) became i in the prehistoric period of all the +Germanic languages:-- + +1. Before a nasal + consonant, as OE. {wind}, OHG. MHG. {wint}, Lat. +{ventus}, _wind_; OHG. {fimf}, {finf}, Gr. +pente+, _five_. This explains +why verbs like MHG. {binden}, _to bind_, {rinnen}, _to run_, {singen}, +_to sing_, belong to the same ablaut-series as {h[e:]lfen}, _to help_, +{w[e:]rden}, _to become_. + +2. Before other consonants when followed by an {[)i]} or {j} in the next +syllable, and further in OHG. when followed by an {u} in the next +syllable, as OHG. MHG. {ist}, Gr. +esti+, _is_; OHG. {fihu}, +Lat. {pecu}, _cattle_; {[e:]rde} (OHG. {[e:]rda}), _earth_, but {ird[i]n}, +_earthen_; {ligen} (OHG. {liggen} from {*ligjan}), _to lie down_, +{sitzen} (OHG. {sitzen} from {*sitjan}), _to sit_, but p.p. {gel[e:]gen} +(OHG. {gil[e:]gan}), {ges[e:][zz]en} (OHG. {gis[e:][zz]an}). This +explains why strong verbs belonging to the fourth (Secs. 12, 82) and fifth +(Secs. 12, 83) ablaut-series have {i} throughout the present singular, +and similarly in verbs belonging to the third (Secs. 12, 81) series with +{[e:]} in the infinitive, as + + OHG. n[e:]man, _to take_, three persons sing. nimu, nimis(t), nimit. + MHG. n[e:]men, " " " " nime, nimes(t), nimet. + OHG. g[e:]ban, _to give_, " " " gibu, gibis(t), gibit. + MHG. g[e:]ben, " " " " gibe, gibes(t), gibet. + OHG. h[e:]lfan, _to help_, " " " hilfu, hilfis(t), hilfit. + MHG. h[e:]lfen, " " " " hilfe, hilfes(t), hilfet. + + +Sec. 15. + +{u}, followed originally by an {[)a]}, {[)o]}, or {[e]} in the next syllable, +became {o} when not protected by a nasal + consonant or an intervening +{[)i]} or {j}; hence the interchange between {u} and {o} in the preterite +plural and past participle of verbs belonging to the second +ablaut-series (Secs. 12, 78), as {bugen} (OHG. {bugum}), _we bent_, p.p. +{gebogen} (OHG. {gibogan}); in the p.p. of verbs belonging to the third +ablaut-series (Secs. 12, 81), as {gebunden} (OHG. {gibuntan}), but +{geholfen} (OHG. {giholfan}); in weak verbs as {f[u:]rhten} (OHG. {furhten} +from {*furhtjan}), _to fear_, beside pret. {vorhte} (OHG. {forhta}); +{h[u:]gen} (OHG. {huggen} from {*hugjan}) beside {hogen} (OHG. {hog[e]n}), +_to think_; in preterite presents like {durfen} (OHG. {durfum}), _we +dare_, beside pret. {dorfte} (OHG. {dorfta}); in many nouns and +adjectives, as {wolle} (OHG. {wolla}), _wool_, beside {w[u:]ll[i]n}, +{wull[i]n}, _woollen_; {wolf} (stem {*wulfo-}), _wolf_, beside {w[u:]lpinne}, +_she-wolf_; {vol}, _full_, beside {v[u:]lle} (OHG. {full[i]}), _fulness_; +{golt}, _gold_, beside {guld[i]n}, _golden_. + + +Sec. 16. + +From primitive Germanic {eu} were developed two different diphthongs in +OHG., viz. {eu} became {eo} (cp. Sec. 15), later {io}, when originally +followed by an {[)a]}, {[)o]}, or {[e]} in the next syllable, and this {io} +was regularly developed to {ie} in MHG.; whereas {eu} became {iu} in +OHG. when originally followed by an {[)i], j} or {u} in the next syllable, +and this {iu} became {[-u:]} (written {iu}) in MHG., even after the {[)i], j} +or {u} had been weakened to {e}. This law explains the difference +between the diphthong {ie} in the infinitive and the simple vowel {iu} +(= {[-u:]}) in the three persons singular of the present indicative of +verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (Secs. 12, 78), as + + OHG. biogan, _to bend_, pres. sing. biugu, biugis(t), biugit; + MHG. biegen, " " " biuge, biuges(t), biuget. + +Cp. further {tief} (OHG. {tiof}), _deep_, beside OHG. {tiuf[i]}, _depth_; +{lieht} (OHG. {lioht}), _a light_, beside {liuhten} (OHG. {liuhten} from +{*liuhtjan}), _to light_. + + NOTE.--The {iu} in the above and similar examples must not be + confounded with the {iu} in the OHG. and MHG. combination {iuw} + which arose from prim. Germanic {eww} (= {euw}), and {ewj}, as + {triuwe} (OHG. {triuwi}, Goth. {triggws}), _true_; {triuwen}, + {tr[u]wen}, _to trust_, pret. {triuete}, {triute}, {tr[u]te}; {riuwe} + (OHG. {riuwa}), _regret_, {bliuwen} (OHG. {bliuwan}, Goth. + {bliggwan}), _to strike_, and similarly, {briuwen}, _to brew_, + {kiuwen}, _to chew_, {riuwen}, _to regret_; {niuwe} (OHG. {niuwi}, + Goth. {niujis}, prim. Germanic stem-form {*newja-}), _new_. This + {iu} before {w} never interchanged with MHG. {ie} from prim. + Germanic {eu}, and explains why the strong verbs {bliuwen}, &c. have + {iu} in all forms of the present. + + +Sec. 17. + +Accented primitive Germanic {ai} (= Goth. {['a]i}) became {[e]} in OHG. +before {r, w}, Germanic {h} (cp. Sec. 23, 1), and finally; in MHG. it +appears also as {[e]} before the same consonants and finally, as {m[e]re}, +{m[e]r} (OHG. {m[e]ro}, Goth. {m['a]iza}), _more_, {l[e]ren} (OHG. {l[e]ren}, +Goth. {l['a]isjan}), _to teach_; {s[e]le} (OHG. {s[e]la}, older {s[e]ula}, +Goth. {s['a]iwala}), _soul_; {sn[e]} (OHG. {sn[e]o}, Goth. {sn['a]iws}), +_snow_, gen. OHG. and MHG. {sn[e]wes}; {sp[i]wen}, _to spit_, pret. {sp[e]} +(OHG. {sp[e]o}, Goth. {sp['a]iw}); {d[i]hen}, _to thrive_, pret. {d[e]ch} +(OHG. {d[e]h}, Goth. {d['a]ih}); {w[e]} (OHG. {w[e]}, Goth. {w['a]i}), +_woe!_; in all other cases {ai} became {ei} in both OHG. and MHG., as +{stein} (Goth. {st['a]ins}), _stone_, {hei[z]en} (OHG. {hei[z]an}, Goth. +{h['a]itan}), _to call_; {sn[i]den}, _to cut_, pret. {sneit} (OHG. {sneid}, +Goth. {sn['a]i[th]}). This accounts for the difference between the {ei} +and {[e]} in the preterite singular of strong verbs belonging to the first +ablaut-series (Secs. 12, 76). + + +Sec. 18. + +Primitive Germanic {au} became {[o]} in OHG. before the consonants +{d, t}, {[z], s}, {n, r, l}, and Germanic {h} (cp. 23, 1). Before other +consonants and finally {au} became {ou} in the ninth century. Hence the +difference between {[o]} and {ou} in the preterite singular of strong +verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (Secs. 12, 78), as:-- + + Infinitive bieten, _to offer_, pret. sing. b[o]t + " sieden, _to seethe_, " " s[o]t + " kiesen, _to choose_, " " k[o]s + " die[z]en, _to roar_, " " d[o][z] + " vliehen, _to flee_, " " vl[o]ch (OHG. fl[o]h); + but " biegen, _to bend_, " " bouc + " klieben, _to cleave_ " " kloup. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +THE CONSONANTS + + +1. PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS. + +Sec. 19. + +The MHG. consonant-system was represented by the following letters: + b, c, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, + s, sch, t, v, w, (x), z, [z]. + +The letters k, l, m, n, p, t, w, (x) had nearly the same sound-values as +in English. The remaining letters require special attention. + +When the pronunciation of consonants merely differs in the intensity or +force with which they are produced, they are called fortes or lenes +according as they are produced with more or less intensity or force. In +MHG. the consonants {b, d, g} were not voiced explosives like English +{b, d, g}, but were voiceless lenes, and only differed from the fortes +{p, t, k} in being produced with less intensity or force, see Sec. 33. +A similar difference in pronunciation existed between antevocalic and +intervocalic {v, s} and final {f, s}, see Sec. 33. + +{c} and {k} represented the same sound. The latter was generally used at +the beginning, and the former at the end of a syllable, as {kunst}, +_art_; {trinken}, _to drink_, {senken}, _to sink_ (trans.), pret. +{tranc}, {sancte}. + +{ch} had the same sound as in NHG. {nacht}, {noch}, as {sprechen}, _to +speak_, pret. {sprach}; {h[o]ch}, _high_. + +{f} had a twofold pronunciation in the oldest HG. It was a labiodental +when it arose from Germanic {f} (cp. OHG. {fater}, English {father}), +and bilabial when it arose from Germanic {p} (cp. inf. OHG. {sl[a]fan}, +English {sleep}), but during the OHG. period the bilabial {f} became +labiodental. The two kinds of {f} did not however completely fall +together in pronunciation. {f} = Germanic {f} became a lenis initially +before and medially between vowels, and was often written {v} in the +former and generally {v} in the latter position, but remained a +fortis--written {f}--when final. In MHG. it was also often written {f} +initially before {l, r, u}, as {fliehen}, _to flee_, {fride}, _peace_, +{f[u:]nf}, _five_, beside {vliehen}, {vride}, {v[u:]nf}. On the other hand {f} += Germanic {p} (Sec. 23, 1), which only occurred medially and finally, was a +fortis and was always written {f} ({ff}), as {sl[a]fen}, _to sleep_, pret. +{slief}; {tief}, _deep_, {schif} (gen. {schiffes}), _ship_, {offen}, +_open_. The two {f} sounds thus fell together when final, but the +distinction between the two sounds was still preserved in MHG. in the +intervocalic position, as {hof}, _court_, {schif}, _ship_, but gen. +{hoves}, {schiffes}. + +{h} before and after consonants was pronounced like {ch}, as {fuhs}, +_fox_, {naht}, _night_, {bev[e:]lhen}, _to confide._ In other cases it had +the same sound as the {h} in English {hat}. + +{j} had nearly the same sound as the {y} in English {yet}, as {j[a]r}, +_year_, {junc}, _young_; {bl[u:]ejen}, _to blossom._ + +{q} occurred only in combination with {u} as in English, as {qu[e:]c}, +_quick, alive_, {qu[e:]den}, _to say._ + +{r} was a trilled sound in all positions like Scotch {r}, as {r[o]t}, +_red_, {hart}, _hard_, {b[e:]rn}, _to bear_, {vater}, _father._ + +{s} was a lenis medially between vowels and probably also initially +before vowels, but a fortis in other positions, as {sun}, _son_, +{w[e:]sen}, _to be_, pret. {was}, {bresten}, _to burst_. It may be +pronounced like the {s} in English {sit}. + +{sch} was like the {sh} in English {ship}, as {schif}, _ship_, +{gesch[e:]hen}, _to happen_, {visch}, _fish._ + +{v} was a voiceless lenis, and may be pronounced like the {v} in NHG. +{voll}. See {f}. + +{w} was pronounced like the {w} in English {wet}, as {w[i]n}, _wine_, +{bliuwen}, _to strike._ + +{z} and {[z]} were not distinguished in MHG. manuscripts, both being +written {z}. Both {z} and {[z]} (but {[zz]} medially between vowels when the +first vowel was short) arose from Germanic {t} (see Sec. 23). {z} had the +sound-value of {ts} (= NHG. {z}): (_a_) always initially, as {z[i]t}, +_time_; (_b_) medially and finally after consonants ({l, m}, {n, r}), as +{holz} (gen. {holzes}), _wood_, {h[e:]rze}, _heart_, {sm[e:]rze}, _pain_, +{ganz}, _whole_; (_c_) finally after vowels (= Germanic {tt}) in those +words which change final {z} to {tz} when it becomes medial, as {schaz} +(gen. {schatzes}), OE. {sceatt}, _money, treasure_. MHG. intervocalic +{tz} always arose from older {tt}, as {setzen} = OE. {settan}, _to set_. +{[z]} was a kind of lisped {s} and only occurred medially between and +finally after vowels, as {b[i][z]en}, _to bite_, {[e:][zz]en}, _to eat_, +{ha[z]}, _hatred_. It should be noted that good MHG. poets never rhymed +pairs of words like {was}, _was_, and {wa[z]}, _what_; {missen}, _to miss_, +and {wi[zz]en}, _to know_. + +{ph} and {pf} represent the same sound, viz. the {pf} in NHG. {pfund}, +_pound_. + + +Sec. 20. + +MHG. has the following double consonants medially between vowels: {bb, +gg}; {p, tt, ck}; {ff, ss, [zz]}; {mm, nn}; {ll, rr}. They were always +pronounced long as in Italian and Swedish, as {bit-ter}, _bitter_, +{[e:][z]-[z]en}, _to eat_, {k[u:]s-sen}, _to kiss_, {m[u:]g-ge}, _midge_, +{rin-nen}, _to run_. In NHG. double consonants are never long, they merely +indicate that the preceding vowel is short. + + +Sec. 21. + +{Phonetic Survey of the MHG. Consonants.} + + LABIAL. DENTAL. GUTTURAL. + + Voiceless { fortis p, pp t, tt k, ck + explosives { lenis b, bb d g, gg + + Spirants { fortis f, ff { s, ss, sch, [z], [zz] h (ch) + { lenis v { s + + Nasals m, mm n, nn n (= [ng]) + + Liquids l, ll; r, rr + + Semi-vowels w, j (palatal) + +To the above must be added the aspirate {h} and the affricatae (i.e. an +explosive + a homorganic spirant) {z} (i.e. {ts}) and {pf} ({ph}). + + +2. CONSONANT CHANGES. + +Sec. 22. + +The most characteristic difference between High German and the other +West Germanic languages is the shifting which the consonants {p, t, k, +[th]}; {pp, tt, kk, [th][th]}; {b ([bh]), d, g ([zh])}; {bb, dd, gg} +underwent partly in the prehistoric and partly in the historic period of +Old High German. In the following treatment of what is generally called +the High German sound-shifting only such points are considered as are of +importance for the purposes of this book. See Old High German Primer, +Secs. 82-6. + + +Sec. 23. + +The voiceless explosives p, t, k underwent a two-fold treatment +according to their position in the word: (1) Medially or finally after +vowels; (2) Initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n, +r), and when doubled. + + NOTE.--p, t, k remained unshifted in the combinations sp, + st, sk as also t in the combinations tr, ht, ft. + +1. Single p, t, k were shifted to the voiceless double spirants ff, [zz], +hh (also written ch) = MHG. ff (f), [zz] ([z]), ch. + +p > ff. OE. {open}, OHG. {offan}, MHG. {offen}, _open_; OE. {sl[-ae]pan}, +OHG. {sl[a]ffan}, MHG. {sl[a]fen}, _to sleep_; OE. {[u]p}, OHG. MHG. {[u]f}, +_up_. + +t > [zz]. OE. {etan}, OHG. {[e:][zz]an}, MHG. {[e:][zz]en}, _to eat_; +OE. {h[a]tan}, OHG. {hei[zz]an}, MHG. {hei[z]en}, _to call_; OE. +{hw[ae]t}, OHG. {hwa[z]}, MHG. {wa[z]}, _what_. In a few cases the {[z], +[zz]} became {s} in MHG. before {t} or {st}, as pret. {saste} from +{sa[z]te}: {setzen}, _to set_; {beste}, _best_, {leste}, _last_ = OHG. +{be[zz]isto}, {le[zz]isto}. + +k > hh. OE. {ic}, OHG. {ih}, MHG. {ich}, _I_; OE. {sprecan} ({specan}), +OHG. {spr[e:]hhan}, MHG. {spr[e:]chen}, _to speak_; OE. {t[a]cen}, OHG. +{zeihhan}, MHG. {zeichen}, _token_. This {ch} must not be confused with +the MHG. {h, ch} which corresponded to Indo-Germanic {k} (= Germanic +{h}), as {ziehen}, _to draw, lead_, pret. {z[o]ch}, cp. Lat. {d[u]c[o]}, _I +lead_, see Sec. 34. + +The double consonants were simplified in OHG. and MHG. according to Sec. 32. + +2. {p}, {t} initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n, +r), and when doubled, were shifted to the affricatae {pf} (also written +{ph}), {tz} (generally written {zz} and {z}) = MHG. {pf} ({ph}), {tz} +({z}). + +p > pf. OE. {pund}, OHG. MHG. {pfunt}, _pound_; OE. {gelimpan}, OHG. +{gilimpfan}, MHG. {gelimpfen}, _to be meet_; OE. {scieppan}, OHG. +{skepfen}, MHG. {schepfen}, _to create_. The {pf} became {f} after {l} +and {r} already in OHG., as {h[e:]lfan}, MHG. {h[e:]lfen}, OE. {helpan}, _to +help_; {w[e:]rfan}, MHG. {w[e:]rfen}, OE. {weorpan}, _to throw_. + +t > z. OE. {tunge}, OHG. {zunga}, MHG. {zunge}, _tongue_; OE. {heorte}, +OHG. {h[e:]rza}, MHG. {h[e:]rze}, _heart_; OE. {sealt}, OHG. MHG. {salz}, +_salt_; OE. {sittan}, OHG. {sizzen}, {sitzen}, MHG. {sitzen}, _to sit_; +OE. {sceatt}, OHG. {scaz} (gen. {scazzes}, {scatzes}), MHG. {schaz} +(gen. {schatzes}), _money, treasure_. + +{k}, {kk} (written {ck}) remained unshifted (except in High Alemanic), +as OE. {corn}, OHG. MHG. {korn}, _corn_; OE. {cn[e]o}, OHG. {kneo}, MHG. +{knie}, _knee_; OE. {sincan}, OHG. {sinkan}, MHG. {sinken}, _to sink_, +pret. {sanc}; OE. {[th]eccan}, OHG. MHG. {decken}, _to cover_. + + +Sec. 24. + +{[th]} became {d}, and {[th][th]} became {tt}, as OE. {[th]orn}, OHG. MHG. +{dorn}, _thorn_; OE. {br[o][th]or}, OHG. MHG. {bruoder}, _brother_. OE. +{smi[th][th]e}, OHG. {smitta}, MHG. {smitte}, _smithy_; OE. {mo[th][th]e}, +late MHG. {motte}, _moth_. + + +Sec. 25. + +The voiced explosives {b, d, g}, and the voiced spirants {[bh], [zh]} did not +undergo the same universal shifting as the voiceless explosives. {[bh], [zh]} +became {b, g}. {b, g} remained, and {d} became {t}, as OE. {br[o][th]or}, +OHG. MHG. {bruoder}, _brother_; OE. {b[e]odan}, OHG. {biotan}, MHG. +{bieten}, _to offer_; Goth. {giban} (= {gi[bh]an}), OHG. {g[e:]ban}, MHG. +{g[e:]ben}, _to give_. OE. {dohtor}, OHG. MHG. {tohter}, _daughter_; OE. +{b[e]odan}, OHG. {biotan}, MHG. {bieten}, _to offer_; OE. {d[e]ad}, OHG. +MHG. {t[o]t}, _dead_. OE. {g[o]d}, OHG. MHG. {guot}, _good_; OE. {fl[e]ogan}, +OHG. {fliogan}, MHG. {fliegen}, _to fly_. + + +Sec. 26. + +The double consonants {bb, dd, gg} = OHG. {pp (bb), tt, cc (gg)}, and +MHG. {pp (b), {tt, ck (gg)}, as OE. {sibb}, OHG. {sippa} ({sibba}), MHG. +{sippe} ({sibbe}), _relationship_; OE. {cribb}, OHG. {krippa} +({kribba}), MHG. {krippe (kribbe)}, _crib_. OE. {biddan}, OHG. {bitten}, +MHG. {bitten}, later {biten}, _to request_; OE. {[th]ridda}, OHG. {dritto}, +MHG. {dritte}, later {drite}, _third_. OE. {brycg}, OHG. {brucca +(brugga)}, MHG. {br[u:]cke} ({br[u:]gge}), _bridge_. The fluctuation in the +writing of {pp} and {bb}, {ck} and {gg} is merely orthographical, and +does not represent a difference in pronunciation. Both pairs were used +to express the lenes medially between vowels. For other examples see +Sec. 31. + + +Sec. 27. + +The summary of the consonantal changes in Secs. 23-6 may be expressed as +follows:-- + + WEST GERMANIC. MHG. + p; t; k; [th] = ff (f), pf; [zz] ([z]), z; ch; d. + pp; tt; kk; [th][th] = pf; tz (z); ck; tt. + b ([bh]); d; g ([zh]) = b; t; g. + bb; dd; gg = pp (bb); tt; ck (gg). + + +Sec. 28. + +The following sound-changes took place in primitive Germanic:--Every +labial + {t} became {ft}; every guttural + {t} became {ht}; every dental ++ {t} became {ss}, which was simplified to {s} after long vowels. This +explains the frequent interchange in MHG. between {pf, b} and {f}; +between {k, g} and {h}; and between {[zz], [z]} and {ss, s} in forms which +are etymologically related. + +{pf}, {b}--{f}. {schepfen}, _to create_: {geschaft}, _creature_; +{g[e:]ben}, _to give_: {gift}, _gift_; {w[e:]ben}, _to weave_: English {weft}. + +{k}, {g}--{h}. {w[u:]rken}, _to work_: pret. {worhte}; {denken}, _to +think_: pret. {d[a]hte}; {mugen} ({m[u:]gen}), _to be able_: pret. {mohte}; +{bringen}, _to bring_: pret. {br[a]hte}. + +{[zz]}, {[z]}--{ss}, {s}. {gie[z]en}, _to pour_: {g[u:]sse}, _inundation_; +{wi[zz]en}, _to know_: pret. {wisse (wiste): w[i]s}, _wise_; {muo[z]}, _must_: +pret. {muose} ({muoste}); {[e:][zz]en}, _to eat_: {[a]s}, _carrion_. Preterites +like {wiste}, {muoste} were formed after the analogy of preterites like +{worhte}, {d[a]hte}, where the {t} was regular. + + +Sec. 29. + +The guttural nasal {[ng]} (written n) only occurred in the combinations +{nk} ({nc}) and {ng}. It disappeared before {h} (= prim. Germanic {[ch]}) +in primitive Germanic with lengthening of a preceding short vowel, as +{v[a]hen} from prim. Germanic {*fa[ng][ch]anan}, _to seize, catch_, beside p.p. +{gevangen}; and similarly {h[a]hen}, _to hang_, p.p. {gehangen}; pret. +{br[a]hte}, {d[a]hte}, {d[u]hte}, beside {bringen}, _to bring_, {denken}, _to +think_, {dunken}, _to seem_. + +The guttural nasal disappeared in an unstressed syllable when preceded +by an {n} in a stressed syllable in the course of the OHG. and MHG. +period, as OHG. {honag}, MHG. {honec}, beside OHG. {honang}, _honey_; +OHG. {kunig}, MHG. {k[u:]nec}, beside OHG. {kuning}, _king_; OHG. +{pfennig}, MHG. {pfennic}, beside OHG. {pfenning}, MHG. {pfenninc}, +penny. And similarly with dental {n}, as {senede} beside {senende}, +_longing, yearning_. + + +Sec. 30. + +Strong verbs, which have a medial {v} ({f}), {d, h, s} in the present, +have respectively {b, t, g} ({ng}), {r} in the second person sing. pret. +indicative, the preterite plural indicative, the pret. subjunctive and +the past participle. This interchange of consonants is called Verner's +Law, see OHG. Primer, Secs. 72, 87:-- + + INF. PRET. PL. P.P. + v(f)--b. heven, _to raise_ huoben gehaben. + d--t. m[i]den, _to avoid_ miten gemiten. + sn[i]den, _to cut_ sniten gesniten. + h--g. d[i]hen, _to thrive_ digen gedigen. + ziehen, _to draw_ zugen gezogen. + slahen, _to strike_ sluogen geslagen. + h--ng (Sec. 29). h[a]hen, _to hang_ hiengen gehangen. + v[a]hen, _to catch_ viengen gevangen. + s--r. r[i]sen, _to fall_ rirn gerirn. + kiesen, _to choose_ kurn gekorn. + +This law has, however, many exceptions in MHG. owing to levelling having +taken place with the infinitive, present indicative and preterite +singular, as {risen}, {gerisen} beside {rirn}, {gerirn}. + +The same interchange of consonants exists between strong verbs and their +corresponding causative weak verbs, as {l[i]den}, _to go_: {leiten}, _to +lead_; {h[a]hen}, _to hang_: {hengen}, _to hang_ (trans.); {ge-n[e:]sen}, _to +be saved_: {nern}, _to save_; and in nouns, &c., as {hof} (gen. +{hoves}), _court_: {h[u:]besch}, _courtly_; {t[o]t} (gen. {t[o]des}), _death_: +{t[o]t} (gen. {t[o]tes}), _dead_; {sw[e:]her}, _father-in-law_: {swiger}, +_mother-in-law_; {hase}: English {hare}. + + +Sec. 31. + +The doubling of consonants took place under certain well-defined rules +partly in prim. Germanic and partly in prim. West Germanic, see the +Author's Hist. Germ. Grammar, Secs. 202, 213-14. Examples of words which had +double consonants in prim. Germanic are: {kopf}, head; {napf} (OE. +{hn[ae]p}, gen. {hn[ae]ppes}), _basin_; {boc} (OE. {bucca}), _buck_, gen. +{bockes}; {rinnen}, _to run_; {swimmen}, _to swim_; {vol} (gen. +{volles}), _full_; {v[e:]rre}, _far_; {gewisser}, _certain_. + +The chief cases in which double consonants arose in prim. West Germanic +were:-- + +1. The assimilation of {[bh]n, [zh]n, pn} to {bb, gg, pp} = MHG. {pp, ck (gg), +pf}, as {knappe}: {knabe}, _boy_; {rappe}: {rabe}, _raven_; {rocke}: +{rogge}, _rye_; {tropfe}, _drop_: {triefen}, _to drip_. + +2. {p, t, k} were doubled before a following {r} or {l}. The doubling +regularly took place in the inflected forms, and was then extended to +the uninflected forms by levelling, as {apfel} (OE. {[ae]ppel}), _apple_; +{kupfer} (Lat. {cuprum}), _copper_; {bitter} (Goth. {b['a]itrs}), _bitter_, +see Sec. 23 note; {l[u:]tzel} (OS. {luttil}), _little_; {acker} (Goth. {akrs}), +_field_; {wacker} (OE. {w[ae]ccer}), _watchful_. See Sec. 23, 2. + +3. All single consonants, except {r}, were doubled after a short vowel +when there was originally a {j} in the next syllable. The {bb}, {dd}, +{gg}; {pp}, {tt}, {kk}, which thus arose, became {pp} ({bb}), {tt}, {ck} +({gg}); {pf}, {tz}, {ck} in MHG. (Secs. 23,2, 26), as {sippe} ({sibbe}), +Goth. {sibja}, _relationship_; {bitten}, later {biten}, Goth. {bidjan}, +_to request_; {tretten} (_wv._): {tr[e:]ten} _(sv.), to tread_; {br[u:]cke} +({br[u:]gge}), _bridge_; {ecke} ({egge}), _edge_; {m[u:]cke} ({m[u:]gge}), +_midge_; {r[u:]cke} ({r[u:]gge}), _ridge, back_. {schepfen}, Goth. {skapjan}, +_to create_; {hitze}, _heat_: {hei[z]}, _hot_; {netzen}, _to wet_: {na[z]}, +_wet_; {setzen}, Goth. {satjan}, _to set_; {sitzen}, _to sit_: pret. +{sa[z]}, p.p. {ges[e:][zz]en}; {decken}, _to cover_: {dach}, _cover_; +{l[u:]cke}, _gap_: {loch}, _hole_. {zellen}, later {zeln}, _to count_: +{zal}, _number_. {vremmen}, later {vremen} (OE. {fremman}), _to perform_. +{henne}, _hen_: {hane}, _cock_. + +In MHG. the double consonants in verbs were often simplified through the +levelling out of forms which regularly had a single consonant, e.g. +regular forms were: {vremmen}, _to perform_, sing. {vremme}, {vremes(t), +vremet}, pl. {vremmen}, {vremmet}, {vremment}, pret. {vremete}, p.p. +{gevremet}, then the stem-form with single {m} was levelled out into all +the forms, and similarly with many other verbs, as {denen}, _to +stretch_; {seln}, _to hand over_; {weln}, _to choose_; {wenen}, _to +accustom_; {legen} beside {lecken} ({leggen}), _to lay_; and the strong +verbs {biten}, _to beg_; {ligen} beside {licken (liggen)}, _to lie +down_. + + +Sec. 32. + +Double consonants were simplified:-- + +1. When they became final, as {boc}, _buck_, {kus}, _kiss_, {man}, +_man_, {schif}, _ship_, {stum}, _dumb_, {v[e:]l}, _hide_, beside gen. +{bockes}, {kusses}, {mannes}, {schiffes}, {stummes}, {v[e:]lles}; pret. +{ma[z]}, {ran}, {traf}, beside {m[e:][zz]en}, _to measure_, {rinnen}, _to run_, +{tr[e:]ffen}, _to hit_. + +2. Before other consonants, as pret. {dacte (dahte), nante (nande), +kuste}, beside {decken}, _to cover_, {nennen}, _to name_, {k[u:]ssen}, _to +kiss_. + +3. After consonants, as pret. {sante} ({sande}) from {*santte}, {wante} +({wande}) from {*wantte}, beside {senden}, _to send_, {wenden}, _to +turn_. + +4. After long vowels and diphthongs, as pret. sing. {leite} from +{*leitte}, pret. pl. {m[a][z]en}, {tr[a]fen}, {vielen}, beside {leiten}, +_to lead_, {m[e:][zz]en}, _to measure_, {tr[e:]ffen}, _to hit_, {vallen}, +_to fall_. This simplification of double consonants took place during the +OHG. period, as {sl[a]fan}, _to sleep_, {hei[z]an}, _to call_, {loufan}, +_to run_, {zeichan}, _token_, beside older OHG. {sl[a]ffan}, {hei[zz]an}, +{louffan}, {zeihhan}. + + +Sec. 33. + +In MHG. the lenes {b, d, g} became the fortes {p, t, c (k)} when they +ended a syllable, that is when they came to stand finally, or medially +before a voiceless consonant. Traces of this law existed already in OHG. +The interchange between the lenes and fortes includes two independent +processes, viz. the change of the medial lenes {b, d, g} to the final +fortes {p, t, k}, and the change of the final {f, s} to the medial +intervocalic lenes {v} and to what is written {s} (cp. also NHG. +{lesen}, {las}). It must be noted that in MHG. the interchanging pairs +of consonants were all voiceless and that the difference merely +consisted in the intensity or force with which the sounds were produced. +This is quite different from NHG. where the interchange is between +voiced and voiceless sounds except in the case of {f} which is voiceless +in all positions in native words. Examples are: {g[e:]ben}, _to give_, +{gelouben}, _to believe_, {w[e:]rben}, _to turn_, beside pret. {gap}, +{geloupte}, {warp}; gen. {l[i]bes}, {lambes}, beside nom. {l[i]p}, _life_, +{lamp}, _lamb_. {binden}, _to bind_, {w[e:]rden}, _to become_, beside pret. +{bant}, {wart}; gen. {kindes}, {t[o]des}, beside nom. {kint}, _child_, +{t[o]t}, _death_. {biegen}, _to bend_, {singen}, _to sing_, {zeigen}, _to +show_, beside pret. {bouc}, {sanc}, {zeicte}; gen. {tages}, {b[e:]rges}, +beside nom. {tac}, _day_, {b[e:]rc}, _mountain_. {n[e:]ve}, _nephew_, beside +{niftel}, _niece_; gen. {hoves}, {brieves}, beside nom. {hof}, _court_, +{brief}, _letter_. {kiesen}, _to choose_, {l[e:]sen}, _to gather_, {l[oe]sen}, +_to loose_, beside pret. {k[o]s}, {las}, {l[o]ste}; pl. {hiuser}, beside +sing. {h[u]s}, _house_. + + +Sec. 34. + +Final {ch} after vowels interchanged with medial {h}, as {schuoch}, +_shoe_, gen. {schuohes}; {h[o]ch}, _high_, gen. {h[o]hes}; {n[a]ch}, _near_, +adv. {n[a]he}; pret. {geschach}, {sach}, beside {gesch[e:]hen}, _to happen_, +{s[e:]hen}, _to see_. + +The medial combinations {lh}, {rh} were written {lch}, {rch} when they +came to stand finally, as {bev[e:]lhen}, _to confide_, pret. {bevalch}; +gen. {sch[e:]lhes}, {tw[e:]rhes}, beside nom. {sch[e:]lch}, {tw[e:]rch}, +_askew_, see Sec. 19. {h} (= {ch}) and {ch} often disappeared in unstressed +syllables and particles, as {[)e]t}, _only_, {h[i]nte}, {h[i]nt}, +_to-night_, {niet}, _not_, {dur}, _through_, beside {[e:]ht}, {h[i]naht}, +{niht}, {nieht}, {durch}. + + +Sec. 35. + +Initial {j} became or was written {g} before a following {i}, as +{gihet}, _he assures_, beside inf. {j[e:]hen}, pret. {jach}, and similarly +{j[e:]sen}, _to ferment_, {j[e:]ten}, _to weed_. In the verba pura forms with +and without the intervocalic glide {j} existed side by side in OHG. and +MHG., as {bl[u:]ejen} (OHG. {bluojen}) beside {bl[u:]en} (OHG. {bluoen}), +_to bloom_; and similarly {dr[ae]jen}, _to twist_, {m[u:]ejen}, _to trouble_, +{s[ae]jen}, _to sow_, beside {dr[ae]n}, {m[u:]en}, {s[ae]n}. In a few words +forms with and without intervocalic {j (g)} existed side by side, as gen. +{bl[i]ges} beside nom. {bl[i]}, _lead_; {eijer}, {eiger} beside {eier}, +_eggs_; {fr[i]jen}, {fr[i]gen} beside {fr[i]en}, _to free_; {meige}, {meie}, +_May_; {nerigen}, {nerjen} beside {nern}, _to save_, _rescue_; +{swerigen}, {swerjen} beside {swern}, _to swear_; gen. {zw[i]ges}, +{zw[i]es}, nom. {zw[i]}, _twig_; gen. {zweiger}, {zweier}, _of two_. + + +Sec. 36. + +In OHG. {w} became vocalized to {o} when it came to stand at the end of +a word or syllable, and then generally disappeared after long vowels, +but the medial {w} regularly remained in OHG. and MHG. when it was at +the beginning of a syllable, as {bl[a]} (OHG. {bl[a]o}, {bl[a]}), _blue_, gen. +{bl[a]wes}; {sn[e]} (OHG. {sn[e]o}, {sn[e]}), _snow_, gen. {sn[e]wes}; {str[o]} +(OHG. {strao}, {str[o]} by contraction), _straw_, gen. {str[o]wes}; {knie} +(OHG. {kneo}), _knee_, gen. {kniewes}, OHG. {kn[e:]wes}; {schate} (OHG. +{scato}), _shadow_, gen. {schat(e)wes}; pret. {blou}, {hiu}, {kou}, +beside {bliuwen}, _to strike_, {houwen}, _to hew_, {kiuwen}, _to chew_; +{fal} (OHG. {falo}), _fallow_, gen. {falwes}; {gar} (OHG. {garo}), +_ready_, gen. {garwes}; {m[e:]l} (OHG. {m[e:]lo}), _meal_, gen. {m[e:]lwes}; +{sm[e:]r} (OHG. {sm[e:]ro}), _fat_; pret. {smirte}, {str[o:]ute}, beside +{smirwen}, _to smear_, {str[o:]uwen}, _to strew_. See Sec. 9, r. + +The {w} element sometimes disappeared in the initial combinations +{qua-}, {qu[a]-}, {qu[e:]-}, {qui-}, {qu[i]-} partly with and partly without +influencing the quality of the following vowel, as pret. sing. {kam}, +{kom} beside {quam}, _he came_, pret. pl. {k[o]men}, {k[a]men} beside +{qu[a]men}; {k[a]le} beside {qu[a]le}, _torture_; {k[e:]c} beside {quec}, +_alive_; {korder}, {k[o:]rder} beside {qu[e:]rder}, _bait_; {komen}, +{k[o:]men}, {kumen} beside {qu[e:]men}, _to come_; pres. sing. {kume}, +{k[u:]m(e)s(t)}, {kum(e)s(t)}, {k[u:]m(e)t}, {kum(e)t} = OHG. {quimu}, +{quimis}, {quimit}; {k[u:]cken} beside {quicken}, _to enliven_; {k[i]t} +beside {qu[i]t} = {quidet}, _he says_. + + +Sec. 37. + +Medial {-ibe-}, {-ide-}, {-ige-} were sometimes contracted to {[i]}; and +medial {-age-}, {-ege-} to {ei}, as {g[i]st}, _thou givest_, {g[i]t}, _he +gives_, beside {gibes(t)}, {gibet}; {qu[i]st}, _thou sayest_, {qu[i]t}, _he +says_, beside {quides(t)}, {quidet}; {l[i]st}, _thou liest down_, {l[i]t}, +_he lies down_, beside {liges(t)}, {liget}. {meit} beside {maget}, +_maid_; {seist}, _thou sayest_, {seit}, _he says_, beside {sages(t)}, +{saget}; {leist}, _thou layest_, {leit}, _he lays_, beside {leges(t)}, +{leget}; {eisl[i]ch} beside {egesl[i]ch}, _terrible_; {gein} beside {gegen}, +_against_. + + +Sec. 38. + +Intervocalic {h} often disappeared when the first vowel was long, and +then the two vowels underwent contraction, as {h[a]n}, _to hang_, {v[a]n}, +_to catch_, {vl[e]n}, _to implore_, {h[o]} (adv.), _high_, beside {h[a]hen}, +{v[a]hen}, {vl[e]hen}, {h[o]he}. Other contracted forms will be found in the +Glossary. + + +Sec. 39. + +The final {r} disappeared after long vowels in monosyllables when the +next word began with a consonant, but was often restored analogically, +as {d[a]} (OHG. {d[a]r}), _there_: {d[a]rinne}, _therein_; {w[a]} (OHG. +{w[a]r}), _where_: {w[a]rinne}, _wherein_; {hie} (OHG. {hiar}): {hierunder}, +_hereunder_; adv. {m[e]} (OHG. {m[e]r}), _more_; {[e]} (OHG. {[e]r}), +_formerly_; {s[a]} (OHG. {s[a]r}), _at once_. + + +Sec. 40. + +Medial {t} (Sec. 25) became {d} after nasals in late OHG. and early MHG., +as {senden}, _to send_, gen. {blindes} (nom. {blint}, _blind_), pret. +{nande}, _he named_, {r[u]mde}, _he left_, beside early MHG. {senten}, +{blintes}, {nante}, {r[u]mte}. It also occasionally became {d} after {l}, +as {halden} beside {halten}, _to hold_, {solde} beside {solte}, pret. of +{suln}, _shall_. + + + + +ACCIDENCE + +CHAPTER III + + +DECLENSION OF NOUNS + +Sec. 41. + +MHG. nouns have two numbers: singular and plural; three genders: +masculine, feminine, and neuter, as in OHG. and NHG., from which the +gender of nouns in MHG. does not materially differ; four cases: +nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. Traces of an old locative +occur in what is called the uninflected dative singular of {h[u]s}, +_house_, beside {h[u]se}, and in proper names like {Engellant} beside +{Engellande}. The vocative is like the nominative. + +In MHG., as in the older periods of the other Germanic languages, nouns +are divided into two great classes, according as the stem originally +ended in a vowel or a consonant, cp. the similar division of nouns in +Latin and Greek. Nouns whose stems originally ended in a vowel belong to +the vocalic or so-called strong declension. Those whose stems originally +ended in {-n} belong to the so-called weak or {n-}declension. All other +consonantal stems are generally put together under the general heading, +'Minor Declensions'. In OHG. nouns whose stems originally ended in a +vowel are subdivided into the {a-}declension including pure {a-}stems, +{ja-}stems, and {wa-}stems; the {[o]-}declension including pure {[o]-}stems, +{j[o]-}stems, and {w[o]-}stems; the {[)i]-}declension, and the {u-}declension. +All the nouns belonging to the {u-}declension went over into other +declensions in MHG. (cp. Secs. 43, 44, 49). But as all final vowels either +disappeared (some of them already in OHG.) or were weakened to {e} in +MHG. (see Secs. 7, 8), it is no longer practicable to retain the OHG. +subdivision fully without entering into the oldest and in many cases +into the prehistoric period of the language, which would be quite out of +place in a MHG. grammar. The old 'Minor Declensions' had begun to pass +over into the vocalic, especially into the {i-} and {a-}, declensions in +the oldest OHG. The remnants of the old inflexions preserved in MHG. +will be noted in the following paragraphs. The neuter nouns whose stems +originally ended in {-os}, {-es} (cp. Sec. 47) are in this Primer included +in the strong declension. + + +A. THE VOCALIC OR STRONG DECLENSION. + +1. {Masculine Nouns.} + +Sec. 42. + +{First declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns which +form their plural in {-e} only. It includes: (a) the old masculine +{a-}stems; (b) the old masculine {wa-}stems which lost their final {-w} +after long vowels in OHG., as {s[e]}, _sea_, gen. {s[e]wes}, pl. {s[e]we}, and +similarly {b[u]}, _dwelling_, {r[e]} (also neuter), _corpse_, {sn[e]}, _snow_, +see Sec. 36; and (c) the old masculine {i-}stems which could not have umlaut +in the plural (Sec. 44). + + SING. + + Nom. Acc. tac, _day_ kil, _quill_ engel, _angel_ + Gen. tages kil(e)s engel(e)s + Dat. tage kil(e) engel(e) + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. Gen. tage kil(e) engel(e) + Dat. tagen kil(e)n engel(e)n + +On the interchange between fortis and lenis, as in {tac}, _day_, {lop}, +_praise_, {sant}, _sand_, {hof}, _court_, gen. {tages}, {lobes}, +{sandes}, {hoves}, see Sec. 33. + +Like {tac} are also declined the old consonantal stems {v[i]ent}, _enemy_, +and {vriunt}, _friend_, but pl. {vriunde} beside the old plural +{vriunt}. + +Like {kil} are declined all monosyllabic masculine nouns having a short +stem-vowel and ending in {-l} or {-r} (Sec. 9, 1). + +Like {engel} are declined masculine polysyllabic nouns ending in {-el}, +{-em}, {-en}, {-er}, when their stem-syllable is long, as {mantel}, +_mantle_, {[a]tem}, _breath_, {morgen}, _morning_, {acker}, _field_. +Those in {-em}, {-en} generally retain the {e} in the dative plural. +Polysyllabic nouns with short stem-syllables fluctuate between the +retention or loss of the {e}, as gen. sing. {vogeles} or {vogels}, dat. +sing, and nom. acc. pl. {vogele} or {vogel}, and similarly {vadem}, +_thread_, {r[e:]gen}, _rain_, {sumer}, _summer_, see Sec. 9,2. + + +Sec. 43. + +{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns +whose nom. and acc. singular end in {-e}, which is the only difference +between this and the first declension. It includes: (a) the old +masculine {ja-}stems; (b) many old {u-}stems with short stem-syllable, +as {fride} (OHG. {fridu}), _peace_, {site} (OHG. {situ}), _custom_, and +similarly {huge}, _thought_, {m[e:]te}, _mead_, {sige} beside {sic}, +_victory_, {wite}, _wood_ (see Sec. 36); (c) the old short {i-}stem {wine}, +_friend_; and (d) the old masculine {wa-}stem {schate} (gen. +{schat(e)wes} beside {schates}), _shadow_. + + SING. PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. hirte, _shepherd_ hirte + Gen. hirtes hirte + Dat. hirte hirten + + +Sec. 44. + +{Third declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns +which form their plural in {-e} and with umlaut of the stem-vowel. +It includes: (a) the old masculine {i-}stems; (b) the old masculine +{u-}stem {sun} (OHG. {sunu}, {sun}), _son_; and (c) the two old +consonant stems {fuo[z]}, _foot_, {zant} (gen. {zandes}), {zan}, _tooth_. + + SING. PLUR. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + + Nom. Acc. gast gast, _guest_ geste gesti + Gen. gastes gastes geste gesteo, -io + Dat. gaste gaste gesten gestim + +The singular of nouns of this declension was inflected like the +{a-}stems (Sec. 42) already in OHG. And owing to the weakening of the +case-endings of the plural in passing from OHG. to MHG. (Sec. 7), the only +difference in the two declensions is the presence or absence of umlaut +in the plural. The old masculine {i-}stems which could not have umlaut +in the plural accordingly came to be inflected entirely like the old +masculine {a-}stems, as {schrit}, _step_, {snit}, _cut_, {bi[z]}, _bite_, +pl. {schrite}, {snite}, {bi[zz]e}. A further consequence of the singular +being inflected alike in both declensions is that the old {a-}stems +began to have umlaut in the plural after the analogy of the {i-}stems, +as {gedenke}, _thoughts_, {n[a:]gele}, _nails_, {w[a:]gene}, _wagons_, beside +{gedanke}, {nagele}, {wagene}. + +Nouns ending in the fortis {p, t, c}, or {f} (= Germanic {f}) regularly +change the fortis to lenis in the inflected forms, as {korp}, _basket_, +{walt}, _wood_, {slac}, _blow_, {brief}, _letter_, gen. {korbes}, +{waldes}, {stages}, {brieves}. + + +Sec. 45. + +The old consonant stems {vater}, _father_, {bruoder}, _brother_, often +remain uninflected in the singular, as gen. {vater}, {bruoder} beside +{vaters}, {bruoders} (cp. Sec. 9, 2). In the plural they take umlaut, as +{veter}, {br[u:]eder}. The old consonant stem {man}, _man_, is either +declined like {tac} (Sec. 42) or remains uninflected throughout, as + + SING. PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. man manne, man + Gen. mannes, man manne, man + Dat. manne, man mannen, man + +The nom. plural {man}, now written {mann}, is still preserved in +counting, as {hundert mann}, _a hundred men_. + + +2. {Neuter Nouns.} + +Sec. 46. + +{First Declension.}--To this declension belong all neuter nouns which +have their nominative case singular and plural alike. It includes three +different types of nouns: (a) The old neuter {a-}stems like {wort}, +_word_, {venster}, _window_. (b) The old neuter {ja-}stems like {k[u:]nne}, +_race_, _generation_, {bette}, _bed_, {netze}, _net_. The characteristic +of this type of noun is that it has umlaut in all forms of the singular +and plural when the stem-vowel is capable of it (cp. Sec. 31, 3). And (c) +the old neuter {wa-}stems (cp. Sec. 36) like {knie}, _knee_, gen. {kniewes}. + + SING. + + Nom. Acc. wort venster k[u:]nne knie + Gen. wortes vensters k[u:]nnes kniewes (knies) + Dat. worte venster k[u:]nne kniewe (knie) + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. wort venster k[u:]nne knie + Gen. worte venster k[u:]nne kniewe (knie) + Dat. worten venstern k[u:]nnen kniewen (knien) + +(a) On the interchange between the fortes {p, t, c} and the lenes {b, d, +g}, as in {grap}, _grave_, {g[e:]lt}, _money_, {dinc}, _thing_, gen. +{grabes}, {g[e:]ldes}, {dinges}, see Sec. 33. + +Like {venster} are declined the neuter polysyllabic nouns ending in +{-el}, {-em}, {-en}, {-er}, as {luoder}, _bait_, {w[a]fen}, {w[a]pen}, +_weapon_; {schapel}, _garland_, {gadem}, _house_, {w[e:]ter}, _weather_. On +the endings, see Secs. 9, 42. + +(b) Like {k[u:]nne} is also declined the old neuter {u-}stem {vihe} (OHG. +{fihu}), _cattle_. + +(c) Like {knie} are declined {m[e:]l}, _meal_, {r[e]} (also masc.), _corpse_, +{sm[e:]r}, _fat_, {str[o]}, _straw_, {tou}, _dew_, {w[e]}, _woe_, gen. +{m[e:]lwes}, {r[e]wes}, {sm[e:]rwes}, {str[o]wes}, {touwes}, {w[e]wes}, +see Sec. 36. + + +Sec. 47. + +{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all neuter nouns which +form their plural in {-er} and by umlaut of the stem-vowel when it is +capable of it. This class of nouns corresponds to the Latin neuters in +{-us}, as {genus}, gen. {generis}, pl. {genera}. The {-er} (OHG. {-ir}) +was originally a stem-forming suffix which came to be regarded as a +plural ending. In the oldest period of the language only about +half-a-dozen nouns belonged to this class, but during the MHG. period +nearly twenty neuter {a-}stems passed into this declension, and in NHG. +the number has increased to about a hundred. + + SING. PLUR. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + + Nom. Acc. lamp lamb, _lamb_ lember lembir + Gen. lambes lambes lember lembiro + Dat. lambe lambe lembern lembirum + +On the loss of the {e} in the gen. and dat. plural, see Sec. 9, 2. + +Other examples are: {ei} (pl. {eiger}, {eijer}, {eier}, Sec. 35), _egg_, +{huon}, _hen_, {kalp}, _calf_, {rat}, _wheel_, {rint}, _bullock_, {tal}, +_dale_. + + +3. {Feminine Nouns.} + +Sec. 48. + +{First declension.}--To this declension belong all feminine nouns having +their nominative case singular and plural alike. It includes: (a) the +old feminine {[o]-}stems, as {g[e:]be}, _gift_, {s[e]le}, _soul_, {zal}, +_number_; (b) the old feminine {j[o]-}stems, as {k[u:]neginne}, {k[u:]negin}, +{k[u:]neg[i]n}, _queen_, and similarly {vriundinne}, _friend_, {g[u:]tinne}, +_goddess_; (c) the old feminine {w[o]-}stems with and without {w}, as +{br[a]we}, {br[a]}, _brow_, pl. {br[a]} beside weak pl. {br[a]wen}; {diuwe}, +{diu}, _servant_; (d) the old feminine abstract nouns in {-[i]}, as +{vinster} (OHG. {finstr[i]}), _darkness_, {sch[oe]ne} (OHG. {sc[o]n[i]}), +_beauty_; and (e) the old consonant stem, {swester}, {sw[e:]ster}, +_sister_. + + SING. + + Nom. Acc. g[e:]be zal vinster + Gen. g[e:]be zal vinster + Dat. g[e:]be zal vinster + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. g[e:]be zal vinster + Gen. g[e:]ben zaln vinstern + Dat. g[e:]ben zaln vinstern + +On the endings in nouns declined like {zal}, _number_, {dol}, _pain_, +{wal}, _choice_, {nar}, _food_, {schar}, _flock_, and {vinster}, see Sec. 9, +1,2. + +The gen. plural had the ending of the weak declension already in the +oldest period of the language. Through the nom. singular and the gen. +and dat. plural having the same endings as the feminine weak declension +(Sec. 53), {[o]-}stems began in OHG. to be inflected after the analogy of the +weak declension, especially in the plural. This process spread +considerably in MHG. with concrete nouns, but not often with abstract +nouns. + + +Sec. 49. + +{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all feminine nouns +which form their plural in {-e} and have umlaut in the stem-vowel. It +includes: (a) the old feminine {i-}stems; (b) the old {u-}stem {hant}, +_hand_; and (c) several old consonantal stems, see below. + + SING. PLUR. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + + Nom. Acc. anst anst, _favour_ enste ensti + Gen. enste _or_ anst ensti enste ensteo, -io + Dat. enste _or_ anst ensti ensten enstim + +In {jugent} (OHG. {jugund}, pl. {jugundi}), _youth_, gen. dat. {jugende} +beside {jugent}, pl. {jugende}, the original {-i} being in the third +syllable did not cause umlaut in the stem-syllable; and similarly +{tugent}, _valour_. + +{hant}, _hand_, originally belonged to the {u-}declension, which +explains forms like gen. sing, and plural {hande} beside {hende}, dat. +pl. {handen} beside {henden}. The old gen. plural has been preserved in +NHG. {allerhand}, and the dat. plural in {abhanden}, {beihanden}, +{vorhanden}, {zuhanden}. + +Several old consonant stems went over partly or entirely into this +declension, viz. {maget}, {meit} (Sec. 37), _maid_, pl. {m[a:]gede} or {meide}; +{kuo}, _cow_, pl. {k[u:]eje} or {k[u:]ewe} (OHG. {kuoi}), {s[u]}, _sow_, pl. +{siuwe} (OHG. {s[u]i}); both these nouns generally remained uninflected in +the gen. and dat. singular. {naht}, _night_, has gen. and dat. singular +{naht} beside {n[a:]hte}; pl. nom. acc. gen. {naht} beside {n[a:]hte}, dat. +{nahten} beside {n[a:]hten}, cp. also NHG. {weihnachten}, MHG. {z[e:]n w[i]hen +nahten}. The MHG. adverbial gen. {nahts}, {d[e:]s nahtes} was formed after +the analogy of {d[e:]s tages}. Like {naht} were also inflected {brust}, +_breast_, and {burc}, _citadel_. + +{muoter}, _mother_, and {tohter}, _daughter_, remain uninflected in the +singular. In the plural they have umlaut: {m[u:]eter}, {t[o:]hter}. + + +B. THE WEAK DECLENSION (N-STEMS). + +Sec. 50. + +The weak declension contains a large number of masculine and feminine +nouns, but only four neuter nouns, viz. {h[e:]rze}, _heart_, {[o]re}, _ear_, +{ouge}, _eye_, and {wange}, _cheek_; these nouns, especially {h[e:]rze}, +sometimes form their nom. acc. plural after the analogy of nouns like +{k[u:]nne} (Sec. 46). The original case endings of the weak declension had +disappeared in the oldest period of the language except in the nom. +singular (masc. {-o}, fem., and neut. {-a}), the gen. pl. ({[o]no}) and +dat. pl. ({-[o]m}). Owing to the weakening of the {-o}, {-a} to {-e} in +MHG. the nom. singular became alike in all genders. And similarly the +endings {-[o]no}, {-[o]m} and the endings of the other oblique forms were +all weakened to {-en} in MHG. (Sec. 7), so that the element which originally +formed part of the stem came to be regarded as a case ending. + +On the loss of the final and medial {e} in nouns like {ar}, _eagle_, +{bir} (fem.), _pear_, {gevangen(e)}, _prisoner_, beside the inflected +forms {arn}, {birn}, {gevangen} from {*gevangen-en} through the +intermediate stage {*gevangenn}, see Sec. 9, 1,2. + + +Sec. 51. + +1. {Masculine Nouns.} + + SING. + MHG. OHG. + + Nom. bote boto, _messenger_ + Acc. boten boton, -un + Gen. boten boten, -in + Dat. boten boten, -in + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. boten boton, -un + Gen. boten bot[o]no + Dat. boten bot[o]m + + +Sec. 52. + +2. {Neuter Nouns.} + + SING. + MHG. OHG. + + Nom. Acc. h[e:]rze h[e:]rza, _heart_ + Gen. h[e:]rzen h[e:]rzen, -in + Dat. h[e:]rzen h[e:]rzen, -in + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. h[e:]rzen h[e:]rzun, -on + Gen. h[e:]rzen h[e:]rz[o]no + Dat. h[e:]rzen h[e:]rz[o]m + + +Sec. 53. + +3. {Feminine Nouns.} + + SING. + MHG. OHG. + + Nom. zunge zunga, _tongue_ + Acc. zungen zung[u]n + Gen. zungen zung[u]n + Dat. zungen zung[u]n + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. zungen zung[u]n + Gen. zungen zung[o]no + Dat. zunge zung[o]m + + +C. DECLENSION OF PROPER NAMES. + +Sec. 54. + +Names of persons ending in {e} in the nominative follow the weak +declension. Masculine names of persons take {-es} in the genitive, {-e} +in the dative, and {-en} in the accusative after the analogy of the +strong adjectives. The accusative ending {-en} was sometimes extended to +the dative, and the dative ending {-e} to the accusative. And sometimes +both these cases were without endings. Names of countries ending in +{-lant} often have no ending in the dative, as {Engellant} beside +{Engellande}, see Sec. 41. Feminine names of persons ending in a consonant +take {-e} in the genitive, dative and accusative, but occasionally +remain uninflected throughout. + + MASCULINE. + + Nom. S[i]frit Hagene + Gen. S[i]frides Hagenen + Dat. Acc. S[i]frit, S[i]fride(n) Hagenen + + FEMININE. + + Nom. Kriemhilt Uote + Gen. Dat. Acc. Kriemhilde, Kriemhilt Uoten + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +ADJECTIVES + + +A. THE DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. + +1. {The Strong Declension.} + +Sec. 55. + +The MHG. adjectives are declined as strong or weak. They have three +genders, and the same cases as nouns. The endings of the strong +declension are partly nominal and partly pronominal. The nominal endings +are: the accusative feminine singular, as {blinde} like {g[e:]be} (Sec. 48); +and the genitive singular masculine and neuter, as {blindes} like +{tages}, {wortes} (Secs. 43, 46). All the other endings are pronominal. The +so-called uninflected form of adjectives in the nom. singular masculine +and feminine and the nom. acc. neuter is a remnant of the time when +adjectives and nouns were declined alike, see the Author's Hist. Germ. +Grammar, Secs. 399-400. The strong declension includes three different types +of adjectives, all of which are declined alike: (a) The old {a-}stems, +as {blint}, infl. form {blinter}, _blind_; {bar}, _bare_, {guot}, +_good_, {heilec}, _holy_, {hol}, _hollow_, {michel}, _great_, {vinster}, +_dark_, and similarly with a very large number of adjectives, including +the past participles of strong and weak verbs. (b) The old {ja-}stems, +as {l[ae]re} (OHG. {l[a]ri}), infl. {l[ae]rer}, _empty_; {d[u:]nne}, _thin_, +{enge}, _narrow_, {gr[u:]ene}, _green_, {niuwe}, _new_, {reine}, _pure_, +{sch[oe]ne}, _beautiful_, {senfte}, _soft_, {wilde}, _wild_, and many +others, including the present participles of strong and weak verbs. The +{ja-}stems only differ from the {a-}stems in having {-e} in the +uninflected form and umlaut in the stem-syllable when it is capable of +it. (c) The old {wa-}stems, as {bl[a]} (OHG. {bl[a]o}, {bl[a]}), infl. form +{bl[a]wer}, _blue_; {gar} (OHG. {garo}), infl. form {garwer} (see Secs. 9,1, +36), _ready_; {gr[a]}, _grey_, {val}, _fallow_, {g[e:]l}, _yellow_, {kal}, +_bald_, &c., all of which have {w} in the inflected forms. + +The adjectival {i-} and {u-}stems had come to be declined like the +{ja-}stems in the prehistoric period of the language, but a few remnants +of such adjectives have survived in MHG. in forms without the final {-e} +beside those with it, as {bereit}, {bereite}, _ready_, {dic}, {dicke}, +_thick_, {g[a]ch}, {g[ae]he}, _quick_, {gr[i]s}, {gr[i]se}, _old_, _grey_, +{h[e]r}, {h[e]re}, _high_, _noble_, {rasch}, {resche}, _quick_, {r[i]ch}, +{r[i]che}, _noble_, {sw[a]}, {sw[ae]re}, _heavy_, {was}, {wasse}, _sharp_. + + SING. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. blinder, _blind_ blinde[z] blindiu + Acc. blinden blinde[z] blinde + Gen. blindes blindes blinder(e) + Dat. blindem(e) blindem(e) blinder(e) + + PLUR. + + Nom. blinde blindiu blinde + Acc. blinde blindiu blinde + Gen. blinder(e) blinder(e) blinder(e) + Dat. blinden blinden blinden + +On the loss of the {-e} in {blindem(e), blinder(e)}, see Sec. 9, 2. Umlaut +caused by the {-iu} occurs in the nom. sing. feminine and nom. acc. pl. +neuter of {al}, _all_, and {ander}, _other, second_, as {[a:]lliu}, +{[a:]ndriu}. This rarely happens in other words. + + SING. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. micheler, _great_ michel(e)[z] micheliu + Acc. michel(e)n michel(e)[z] michel(e) + Gen. michel(e)s michel(e)s michelre, + micheler + Dat. michelme, michelme, michelre, + michel(e)m michel(e)m micheler + + PLUR. + + Nom. michel(e) micheliu michel(e) + Acc. michel(e) micheliu michel(e) + Gen. michelre, michelre, michelre, + micheler micheler micheler + Dat. michel(e)n michel(e)n michel(e)n + +Like {michel} are inflected monosyllabic adjectives ending in {-l}, {-r} +with a short stem-vowel, and polysyllabic adjectives ending in {-el}, +{-en}, {-er}, as {bar}, _bare_, {hol}, _hollow_; {zw[i]vel}, _doubtful_, +{eigen}, _own_, {tougen}, _secret_, {ander}, _other, second_, {bitter}, +_bitter_, {vinster}, _dark_; {[e:]ben}, _even_, {[u:]bel}, _evil, bad_, &c. +See Sec. 9, 1,2. + + +2. {The Weak Declension.} + +Sec. 56. + +The weak declension of adjectives agrees exactly with that of the nouns. + + SING. + + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. blinde, _blind_ blinde blinde + Acc. blinden blinde blinden + Gen. blinden blinden blinden + Dat. blinden blinden blinden + + Plural {blinden} for all cases and genders. + + +B. THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. + +Sec. 57. + +The comparative was formed by means of the suffix {-er(e)} = OHG. +{-iro}, {-[o]ro}, and the superlative by means of the suffix {-est(e)} = +OHG. {-isto}, {-[o]sto}. On the loss of the medial or final {e} in such +forms as {tiurre}, _dearer_, {tiurste}; {minner}, {minre}, _less_, +{minnest}, {min(ne)ste}, see Sec. 9, 3. Most monosyllables have umlaut in +the comparative and superlative either exclusively or have mutated +beside unmutated forms. The cause of these double forms is in a great +measure due to the two OHG. double suffixes: comp. {-iro}, {-[o]ro} and +superl. {-isto}, {-[o]sto} having fallen together in {-er(e)} and +{-est(e)} in MHG., as {elter}, _older_, {ermer}, _poorer_, {j[u:]nger}, +_younger_, {gr[oe][z]er}, _greater_, {h[oe]her}, _higher_, beside {alter}, +{armer}, {junger}, {gr[o][z]er}, {h[o]her}; superl. {eltest}, {ermest}, +{j[u:]ngest}, {gr[oe][z]est}, {h[oe]hest}, beside {altest}, {armest}, +{jungest}, {gr[o][z]est}, {h[o]hest}. Adjectives which have umlaut in the +positive regularly preserve it in the comparative and superlative. + +The comparative is declined weak, but the superlative is declined strong +and weak. + + +Sec. 58. + +The following adjectives form their comparative and superlative from a +different root than the positive:-- + + guot, _good_, be[zz]er, be[zz]est, beste (Sec. 23). + [u:]bel, _bad_, wirser, wirsest, wir(se)ste. + l[u:]tzel, _little_, minner, minre (Sec. 9, 3), minnest, min(ne)ste. + michel, _great_, m[e]rer, m[e]r(r)e, meiste. + + +Sec. 59. + +The following adjectives are defective:-- + + [e]rer, [e]rre, [e:]rre, _former_, [e]rest, [e]rste, _first_. + hinder, _hinder_, hinderste, _hindmost_. + ober, _upper_, oberste, _uppermost_. + le[zz]este, leste (Sec. 23), _last_. + vorder, _former_, vorderste, _foremost_. + + +C. FORMATION OF ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES. + +Sec. 60. + +1. By adding {-e} (= OHG. {-o}) to the adjective when this does not +already end in {-e}, as {[e:]ben}, _even_, {h[o]ch}, _high_, {lanc}, _long_: +adv. {[e:]bene}, {h[o]he}, {lange}; {edele} (OHG. {edili}), _noble_, {[u:]bel} +(OHG. {ubil}), _evil_: adv. {edele} (OHG. {edilo}), {[u:]bele} (OHG. +{ubilo}). + +2. Dissyllabic adjectives ending in {-e} and containing a mutated +stem-vowel change it to the corresponding unmutated vowel, when used as +adverbs, as {sch[oe]ne} (OHG. {sc[o]ni}), _beautiful_, {herte}, _hard_, +{senfte}, _soft_, {s[u:]e[z]e}, _sweet_, {sw[ae]re}, _heavy_: adv. {sch[o]ne}, +{harte}, {sanfte}, {suo[z]e}, {sw[a]re}. + +3. By adding {-l[i]che} or {-l[i]chen} to the adjective, as {ganz}, _whole_, +{vl[i][z]ec}, _diligent_: adv. {ganzl[i]che(n), vl[i][z]ecl[i]che(n)}. + +4. The comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs are the same as +the corresponding uninflected forms of the adjectives without umlaut:-- + + Adjective lanc, _long_ lenger lengest. + Adverb lange langer langest + (OHG. lang[o]r) (OHG. lang[o]st). + + +Sec. 61. + +The following are irregular:-- + + wol, _well_ ba[z], _better_ best(e), _best_. + wirs, _worse_ wirsest, wirste, _worst_. + min, minner, minre, _less_ minnest, minste, _least_. + m[e], m[e]r, m[e]re, _more_ meist, meiste, _most_. + [e], _formerly_ [e]r(e)st, [e]rste, _first_. + + +Sec. 62. + +D. NUMERALS. + + CARDINAL. ORDINAL. + ein, -er, -e[z], -iu, _one_ [e]rste + zwei, _two_ ander + dr[i], _three_ dritte + vier, _four_ vierde + f[u:]nf (finf), _five_ f[u:]nfte, finfte + s[e:]hs, _six_ s[e:]hste + siben, _seven_ sibende, -te + ahte, _eight_ ahtede, ahte + niun, _nine_ niunde, -te + z[e:]hen, _ten_ z[e:]hende, -te + einlif (eilif), _eleven_ ei(n)lifte, eilfte + zwelf, _twelve_ zwelfte + dr[i]z[e:]hen, _thirteen_ dr[i]z[e:]hende + vierz[e:]hen, _fourteen_ vierz[e:]hende + f[u:]nfz[e:]hen, _fifteen_ f[u:]nfz[e:]hende + s[e:]h(s)z[e:]hen, _sixteen_ s[e:](h)sz[e:]hende + sibenz[e:]hen, _seventeen_ sibenz[e:]hende + ah(t)z[e:]hen, _eighteen_ ah(t)z[e:]hende + niunz[e:]hen, _nineteen_ niunz[e:]hende + zweinzic (_or_ -zec), _twenty_ zweinzigeste + dr[i][z]ic " _thirty_ dr[i][z]igeste + vierzic " _forty_ vierzigeste + f[u:]nfzic " _fifty_ f[u:]nfzigeste + s[e:]hszic " _sixty_ s[e:]hszigeste + sibenzic " _seventy_ sibenzigeste + ah(t)zic " _eighty_ ah(t)zigeste + niunzic " _ninety_ niunzigeste + z[e:]henzic _hundred_ z[e:]henzigeste + _or_ hundert _or_ hundertste + zwei hunt _two hundred_ zweihundertste + _or_ hundert + t[u]sent _thousand_ t[u]senste + zwei t[u]sent _two thousand_ zweit[u]sentste + + +Sec. 63. + +{Ein} follows the strong declension, when used as a numeral. The dat. +{einme} is generally contracted to {eime} (Sec. 9, 3). When {ein} is used in +the sense of _alone_, it follows the weak declension. On the inflexion +of {ander}, _second_, see Sec. 55. {Zwei} and {dr[i]} are declined as +follows:-- + + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. Acc. zw[e]ne zwei zw[o], zwuo, zw[a] + Gen. zwei(g)er (Sec. 35) zwei(g)er zwei(g)er + Dat. zwein, zweien zwein, zweien zwein, zweien + + Nom. Acc. dr[i], dr[i]e driu dr[i], dr[i]e + Gen. dr[i](g)er (Sec. 35) dr[i](g)er dr[i](g)er + Dat. dr[)i]n, dr[i]en dr[)i]n, dr[)i]en dr[)i]n, dr[i]en + + +Sec. 64. + +The other cardinals up to twelve are sometimes inflected; when such is +the case the endings are:-- + + _Masc. and Fem._ _Neut._ + + Nom. Acc. -e -iu + Gen. -er -er + Dat. -en -en + + {hundert} and {t[u]sent} are neuter nouns. + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +PRONOUNS + +Sec. 65. + +1. PERSONAL. + + SING. + + Nom. ich, _I_ du, d[u], _thou_ + Acc. mich dich + Gen. m[i]n d[i]n + Dat. mir dir + + PLUR. + + Nom. wir ir + Acc. unsich, uns iuch + Gen. unser iuwer + Dat. uns iu + + SING. + + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. [e:]r, _he_ [e:][z], _it, there_ si, s[i], siu, sie, _she_ + Acc. in [e:][z] sie, si, s[i] + Gen. ([e:]s) [e:]s ir(e) + Dat. im(e) im(e) ir(e) + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. si, s[i], sie (Neut. also siu), _they_ + Gen. ir(e) + Dat. in + + NOTE.--1. The gen. {ir} is often used as a possessive pronoun. For + {[e:][z]} the form {i[z]} sometimes appears. + + 2. For the acc. pl. {unsich} the dat. {uns} is mostly used. {iu} is + often used for {iuch}, and _vice versa_. {im}, {ir} are more usual + than {ime}, {ire}. + + 3. The unstressed forms of personal pronouns are often attached to + other words, as {ich[z]}, {i[z]} = {ich [e:][z]}; {ichne}, {ine}, {ichn} + = {ich ne} (_not_); {tuostu} = {tuost du}; {dune}, {dun} = {du ne} + (_not_); {tuo[z]} = {tuo [e:][z]}; {eist}, {[e]st} = {[e:][z] ist}; {dei[z]} + = {da[z] [e:][z]}; {mohter} = {mohte [e:]r}; {baten} = {bat in}; {wir[z]} + = {wir [e:][z]}, &c. + + +Sec. 66. + +2. REFLEXIVE. + + SING. PLUR. + + Acc. sich sich + Gen. s[i]n (fem. ir) ir + Dat. im, ir in + + +Sec. 67. + +3. POSSESSIVE. + +{m[i]n}, _my_; {d[i]n}, _thy_; {s[i]n}, _his_; {ir}, _her_; {unser}, _our_; +{iuwer}, _your_; {ir}, _their_. + +They are declined like the strong adjective {michel}, _great_ (Sec. 55). The +dat. sing. forms {d[i]nme}, {s[i]nme} are generally contracted to {d[i]me}, +{s[i]me}, see Sec. 9, 3. + + +Sec. 68. + +4. DEMONSTRATIVE. + + SING. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. d[e:]r, _the_ da[z] diu + Acc. d[e:]n da[z] die + Gen. d[e:]s d[e:]s d[e:]r(e) + Dat. d[e:]m(e) d[e:]m(e) d[e:]r(e) + Instr. diu + + PLUR. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. die diu die + Acc. die diu die + Gen. d[e:]r(e) d[e:]r(e) d[e:]r(e) + Dat. d[e:]n d[e:]n d[e:]n + +Like {d[e:]r} is also declined {jener}, _that_, except that the Nom., Acc. +sg. neut. ends in {-e[z]}. {d[e:]r}, &c., is used both as definite article +and relative pronoun. + + NOTE.--1. For the fem. nom. sing. and the neut. nom. acc. pl. {diu}, + the form {die} was sometimes used; and conversely {diu} for {die} in + the fem. acc. singular. {diu} and {die} were sometimes weakened to + {de}, and to {d'} before words beginning with a vowel. {da[z]} was + sometimes weakened to {de[z]}, and still further to {[z]} which was then + attached to a preceding word, as {l[a]t[z] kind} = {l[a]t da[z] kint}; + {an[z]} {in[z]} = {an}, {in da[z]}. {d[e]st}, {deis}, {d[e]s} = {da[z] ist}. + + 2. The various cases were often fused into one word with + prepositions, as {anme}, {ame}, {am} = {an d[e:]me}; {z[e:]me}, {z[e:]m} + = {ze d[e:]me}; {[u]fme} = {[u]f d[e:]me}; {z[e:]r} = {ze d[e:]r} (fem.); + {[u:]bern} = {[u:]ber d[e:]n}; {[u]f[e:]n} = {[u]f d[e:]n}; {z[e:]n} + = {ze d[e:]n}. + + SING. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. dirre (diser, dise), _this_ ditze, diz, di[z] disiu + Acc. disen ditze, diz, di[z] dise + Gen. dises dises dirre + Dat. disem(e) disem(e) dirre + + PLUR. + + Nom. dise disiu dise + Acc. dise disiu dise + Gen. dirre dirre dirre + Dat. disen disen disen + + +5. RELATIVE. + +Sec. 69. + +A relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the +Germanic languages, and accordingly the separate languages expressed it +in various ways. In MHG. the following pronouns and adverbial particles +were used to express it:-- + +1. {d[e:]r}, {da[z]} (also used as a conjunction), {diu}, also in combination +with the particles {dar der d[a]}. 2. {s[o]}, {als[o]} ({alse}, {als}), _as_; +{sam} ({alsam}), _as_. 3. {d[a](r)}, _where_, {dar}, _thither, whither_, +{darinne}, _therein_, {dannen}, _wherefrom_, {darumbe}, _therefore_, +{d[o]}, _when, as._ 4. Indefinite relatives, as {sw[e:]r} (from {s[o] w[e:]r}), +_whoever_, {swelch}, _each who_, {sw[e:]der}, _who of two_; {sw[a]}, {swar}, +_wherever_, {swannen}, {swanne} ({swenne}), _whenever_, {swie}, +_however, howsoever._ 5. The conjunction {unde}, _and_. + + +6. INTERROGATIVE. + +Sec. 70. + +The MHG. simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the +feminine, and is declined in the singular only. + + _Masc. Fem._ _Neut._ + + Nom. w[e:]r, _who_ wa[z] + Acc. w[e:]n wa[z] + Gen. w[e:]s w[e:]s + Dat. w[e:]m(e) w[e:]m(e) + Instr. wiu + +In the same manner are declined the compounds: + +{sw[e:]r} (from {s[o] w[e:]r}), _whoever_, {etew[e:]r}, {etesw[e:]r}, _anyone_, +{nei[z]w[e:]r} (= {ne wei[z] w[e:]r}, _I do not know who_), _anyone_. + +{w[e:]der}, _who of two_, is declined like a strong adjective; {wel[i]ch} +({welch}), _which_, is also declined like a strong adjective, but the +nom. singular remains uninflected. + + +7. INDEFINITE. + +Sec. 71. + +{ander}, _other_; {dechein}, {dehein}, {dekein}, _no, none_; {dew[e:]der}, +_neither_; {ein}, _one, some one_: when {ein} is used with the meaning +_alone_ it follows the weak declension; {etel[i]ch}, {etl[i]ch}, {etesl[i]ch}, +{etsl[i]ch}, _anyone, many a_, pl. = _some_; {etew[e:]r}, {etesw[e:]r}, +_anyone_; {etewa[z]}, _anything_; {iegel[i]ch}, {iesl[i]ch}, {iegesl[i]ch}, +_each_; {ieman}, {iemen}, _someone, somebody_; {iew[e:]der}, {ietw[e:]der}, +_each_; {iewel[i]ch}, {iewelich}, _each_; {iewiht}, {iht}, _anything_; +{kein}, _no_; {man}, _one_; {manec}, _many a_, declined {maneger}, +{manege[z]}, {manegiu}, &c.; {nehein}, _no, none_; {niht}, _nothing_; +{solch}, _such_, declined like {manec}; {sum}, _any one at all_, pl. +_some_; {sumel[i]ch}, {suml[i]ch}, _many a_; {swelch}, _each who_; {sw[e:]r}, +_whoever_; {w[e:]der}, _which of two_; {wel[i]ch} ({welch}), _which_, +declined like {manec}. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +VERBS + +Sec. 72. + +The MHG. verb has the following independent forms:--one voice (active), +two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and preterite), two +complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter originally the +optative), besides an imperative which is only used in the present +tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive, and the gerund, +generally called the inflected infinitive), a present participle with +active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past participle). + +The MHG. verbs are divided into two great classes:--Strong and Weak. The +strong verbs form their preterite (originally the perfect) and past +participle by means of ablaut (Sec. 12). The weak verbs form their preterite +by the addition of the syllable {-te}, and their past participle by +means of a {t}-suffix. The strong verbs were originally further +sub-divided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. The +reduplication had, however, entirely disappeared in the oldest period of +the language. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes +according to the six ablaut-series (Sec. 12). The originally reduplicated +verbs are put together here and called Class VII. Besides these two +great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others which +will be treated under the general heading _Minor Groups_. + + +A. STRONG VERBS. + +Sec. 73. + +We are able to conjugate a MHG. strong verb when we know the four stems, +as seen in (1) the infinitive or first pers. sing. of the present +indicative, (2) the first or third pers. sing. of the preterite +indicative, (3) the first pers. plural of the preterite indicative, (4) +the past participle. The pret. subjunctive and the second pers. pret. +indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret. plural indicative. + + +Sec. 74. + +The conjugation of {n[e:]men}, OHG. {n[e:]man}, _to take_, will serve as a +model for all strong verbs. + + _Present._ + + INDIC. SUBJ. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + Sing. 1. nime nimu n[e:]me n[e:]me + 2. nimes(t) nimis(t) n[e:]mes(t) n[e:]m[e]s(t) + 3. nimet nimit n[e:]me n[e:]me + Plur. 1. n[e:]men n[e:]mem[e]s, -[e]m n[e:]men n[e:]m[e]m + 2. n[e:]met n[e:]met n[e:]met n[e:]m[e]t + 3. n[e:]ment n[e:]mant n[e:]men n[e:]m[e]n + + IMPER. INFIN. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + Sing. 2. nim nim n[e:]men n[e:]man + Plur. 1. n[e:]men n[e:]mem[e]s, -[e]m + 2. n[e:]met, (-ent) n[e:]met + + GERUND. + MHG. OHG. + Gen. n[e:]men(n)es n[e:]mannes + Dat. n[e:]men(n)e n[e:]manne + + PRESENT PARTICIPLE. + n[e:]mende n[e:]manti + + _Preterite._ + + INDIC. SUBJ. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + Sing. 1. nam nam n[ae]me n[a]mi + 2. n[ae]me n[a]mi n[ae]mes(t) n[a]m[i]st + 3. nam nam n[ae]me n[a]mi + Plur. 1. n[a]men n[a]mum n[ae]men n[a]m[i]m + 2. n[a]met n[a]mut n[ae]met n[a]m[i]t + 3. n[a]men n[a]mun n[ae]men n[a]m[i]n + + PAST PARTICIPLE. + + MHG. OHG. + genomen ginoman + + NOTE.--The {e} in the endings is regularly lost according to the + rule given in Sec. 9,1, as sing. {stil}, {stilst}, {stilt}, inf. + {st[e:]ln}, _to steal_; sing. {var}, {verst}, {vert}, inf. {varn}, _to + go_. It was also frequently lost in the third pers. sing. pres. + indicative of other verbs, as {vint} = {vindet}, {siht} = {sihet}, + see Sec. 9,4 note. The {n} in the first pers. plural was sometimes + dropped when the pronoun came after the verb, as {n[e:]me wir} = {n[e:]men + wir}. + + The imperative singular sometimes has {-e} after the analogy of weak + verbs (Sec. 90). + + The OHG. forms given above show in what forms umlaut regularly took + place, viz. in the second and third pers. singular of the pres. + indicative, when possible, in the second pers. singular of the pret. + indicative, and in the pret. subjunctive. The second pers. singular + of the pret. indicative always has the same stem-vowel as the pret. + subjunctive. On the absence of umlaut in the pret. subjunctive of + certain types of verbs, see Sec. 10, note. Forms without and with umlaut + are found in the second and third pers. singular of the present in + verbs belonging to Class VII, as {sl[a]fes(t)}, {sl[a]fet} beside + {sl[ae]fes(t)}, {sl[ae]fet}. + + Concerning the changes between {i, [e:]}; {u, o}; {iu}, {ie}; {ei, [e]}; + {ou, [o]} in the various classes of strong verbs, see Secs. 14-17. + + +THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE STRONG VERBS. + +Sec. 75. + +We shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation +of vowels and consonant changes. All other verbs occurring in the texts +will be found in the Glossary referred to their proper class. + + +CLASS I. + +Sec. 76. + +The verbs of this class belong to the first ablaut-series (Sec. 12) and +therefore have {[i]} in all forms of the present; {ei} in the first and +third pers. sing. of the preterite, but {[e]} before {ch} (= Germanic {h}, +Sec. 23), and finally (Sec. 17); and {i} in the preterite plural and past +participle, thus:-- + + b[i]ten, _to wait_ beit biten gebiten + sw[i]gen, _to be silent_ sweic swigen geswigen + tr[i]ben, _to drive_ treip triben getriben + +And similarly {bel[i]ben}, _to remain_, {b[i][z]en}, _to bite_, {r[i]ben}, _to +rub_, {r[i]ten}, _to ride_, {sch[i]nen}, _to shine_, {schr[i]ben}, _to write_, +{s[i]gen}, _to sink_, {str[i]ten}, _to quarrel_. + + sn[i]den, _to cut_ sneit sniten gesniten + d[i]hen, _to thrive_ d[e]ch digen gedigen + r[i]sen, _to fall_ reis rirn (risen) gerirn (gerisen) + +And similarly {l[i]den}, _to suffer_, {m[i]den}, _to avoid_, {n[i]den}, _to +envy_, {l[i]hen}, _to lend_, {z[i]hen}, _to accuse_. See Sec. 30. + + +Sec. 77. + +The following two verbs which are also used as weak verbs have mixed +forms in the preterite and past participle:-- + + schr[i]en, _to scream_ schr[e] schriuwen geschriuwen + schrei schr[u]wen geschr[u]wen + schrirn geschrirn + sp[i]wen, _to vomit_ sp[e] spiwen gespiwen + spei spiuwen gespiuwen + sp[u]wen gesp[u]wen + spirn gespirn + + +CLASS II. + +Sec. 78. + +The verbs of this class belong to the second ablaut-series (Sec. 12) and +therefore have {ie} in the present, but {iu} in the present singular +(Sec. 16); {ou} in the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, but {[o]} +before {t, [z], s} and {ch} (= Germanic {h}), Sec. 18; {u} in the pret. +plural; and {o} in the past participle, thus:-- + + biegen, _to bend_ biuge bouc bugen gebogen + triefen, _to drop_ triufe trouf truffen getroffen + bieten, _to offer_ biute b[o]t buten geboten + schie[z]en, _to shoot_ schiu[z]e sch[o][z] schu[zz]en gescho[zz]en + +And similarly {klieben}, _to cleave_, {kriechen}, _to creep_, {liegen}, +_to lie_, {riechen}, _to smell_, {schieben}, _to shove_, {vliegen}, _to +fly_; {die[z]en}, _to roar_, {gie[z]en}, _to pour_, {vlie[z]en}, _to flow_. + + sieden, _to seethe_ siude s[o]t suten gesoten + ziehen, _to draw_ ziuhe z[o]ch zugen gezogen + kiesen, _to choose_ kius k[o]s kurn gekorn + +And similarly {vliehen}, _to flee_, {niesen}, _to sneeze_, {verliesen}, +_to lose_, {vriesen}, _to freeze_. See Sec. 30. + + +Sec. 79. + +On the stem-vowels in the following verbs, see Sec. 16, note and Sec. 36:-- + + bliuwen, _to strike_ bliuwe blou bl[u]wen + bliuwen gebliuwen + blouwen geblouwen + +And similarly {briuwen}, _to brew_, {kiuwen}, _to chew_, {riuwen}, _to +pain_. + + +Sec. 80. + +To this class also belong the three aorist presents:-- + + l[u]chen, _to shut_ liuche louch luchen gelochen + (l[u]che) + s[u]fen, _to gulp down_ s[u]fe souf suffen gesoffen + s[u]gen, _to suck_ s[u]ge souc sugen gesogen + + +CLASS III. + +Sec. 81. + +The verbs of this class belong to the third ablaut-series (Sec. 12), and +include the strong verbs having a medial nasal or a liquid + consonant. +Those with nasal + consonant have {i} throughout the present tense and +{u} in the past participle; the others have {i} in the present singular, +{[e:]} in the plural, and {o} in the past participle (see Secs. 14, 15), +thus:-- + + binden, _to bind_ binde bant bunden gebunden + rinnen, _to run_ rinne ran runnen gerunnen + singen, _to sing_ singe sanc sungen gesungen + +And similarly {brinnen}, _to burn_, {dringen}, _to press_, {entrinnen}, +_to escape_, {gelingen}, _to succeed_, {gewinnen}, _to gain_, +{schrinden}, _to split_, {sinken}, _to sink_, {sinnen}, _to reflect_, +{spinnen}, _to spin_, {swimmen}, _to swim_, {trinken}, _to drink_, +{vinden} (p.p. {vunden}), _to find_, {winden}, _to wind_. {beginnen}, +_to begin_, pret. sing. {began} beside {begunde}, {begonde}, pl. +{begunden}, p.p. {begunnen}. + + b[e:]rgen, _to hide_ birge bare burgen geborgen + h[e:]lfen, _to help_ hilfe half hulfen geholfen + st[e:]rben, _to die_ stirbe starp sturben gestorben + +And similarly {bev[e:]lhen}, _to order_, {emph[e:]lhen}, {enph[e:]lhen}, +_to recommend_, {g[e:]lten}, _to pay_, {m[e:]lken}, _to milk_, {sch[e:]lten}, +_to revile_, {sw[e:]llen}, _to swell_, {verd[e:]rben}, _to destroy_, +{w[e:]rfen}, _to throw_, {w[e:]rren}, _to confuse_, {w[e:]rden}, _to +become_, pret. pl. {wurten}, {wurden}, p.p. {worten}, {(ge)worden}, see +Sec. 30. + + +CLASS IV. + +Sec. 82. + +The verbs of this class belong to the fourth ablaut-series (Sec. 12). They +include those strong verbs which have a liquid or a nasal before or +after the stem-vowel, and a few others, thus:-- + + [e:] i a [a] o + n[e:]men, _to take_ nime nam n[a]men genomen + b[e:]rn, _to bear_ bir (Sec. 9, 1) bar b[a]ren geborn + st[e:]ln, _to steal_ stil (Sec. 9, 1) stal st[a]len gestoln + br[e:]chen, _to break_ briche brach br[a]chen gebrochen + v[e:]hten, _to fight_ vihte vaht v[a]hten gevohten + +And similarly {sch[e:]rn}, _to shear_, {schr[e:]cken}, _to frighten_, +{spr[e:]chen}, _to speak_, {vl[e:]hten}, _to plait_, {z[e:]men} (p.p. also +{gez[e:]men}), _to be befitting_, {st[e:]chen}, _to prick_, {tr[e:]ffen} (p.p. +{troffen}), _to hit_; {dreschen}, _to thrash_, {leschen}, _to be +extinguished_, see Sec. 11, 1. {komen} (OHG. {qu[e:]man}), _to come_, {kume}, +{quam}, {qu[a]men}, {komen}; on other forms of this verb, see Sec. 36. + + +CLASS V. + +Sec. 83. + +The verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-series (Sec. 12). They +include the strong verbs containing a medial consonant other than a +nasal or liquid, thus:-- + + {[e:]} {i} {a} {[a]} {[e:]} + g[e:]ben, _to give_ gibe gap g[a]ben geg[e:]ben + j[e:]hen, _to say_ gihe (Sec. 35) jach j[a]hen gej[e:]hen + s[e:]hen, _to see_ sihe sach s[a]hen ges[e:]hen + w[e:]gen, _to move_ wige wac w[a]gen gew[e:]gen + +And similarly {gesch[e:]hen}, _to happen_, {kn[e:]ten}, _to knead_, +{m[e:][zz]en}, _to measure_, {pfl[e:]gen}, _to be accustomed_, {tr[e:]ten}, +_to tread_, {verg[e:][zz]en}, _to forget_, {w[e:]ben}, _to weave_. + + w[e:]sen, _to be_ wise was w[a]ren gew[e:]sen + +And similarly {gen[e:]sen} (pret. pl. also {gen[a]sen}), _to recover_, +{j[e:]sen}, _to ferment_, {l[e:]sen} (pret. pl. also {l[a]sen}), _to gather, +read_. See Sec. 30. + + [e:][zz]en, _to eat_ i[zz]e [a][z](a[z]) [a][z]en g[e:][zz]en + (Sec. 9,7) + vr[e:][zz]en, _to devour_ vri[zz]e vr[a][z] vr[a][z]en vr[e:][zz]en + +These verbs had a long vowel in the pret. singular in the oldest period +of all the Germanic languages, cp. also Lat. {[e]d[i]}. + + +Sec. 84. + +To this class also belong the three verbs:-- + + bit(t)en, _to beg_ bite bat b[a]ten geb[e:]ten + ligen, _to lie down_ lige lac l[a]gen gel[e:]gen + sitzen, _to sit_ sitze sa[z] s[a][z]en ges[e:][zz]en + +{bit(t)en}, OHG. {bitten} from {*bidjan}; {ligen}, OHG. {liggen} from +{*ligjan}; {sitzen}, OHG. {sitzen} from {*sitjan}, see Secs. 14, 31,3. The +inf. {ligen} is sometimes contracted to {l[i]n}, see Sec. 37. + + +CLASS VI. + +Sec. 85. + +The verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-series (Sec. 12), and +accordingly have {a} in the present; {uo} in the pret. singular and +plural; and {a} in the past participle. They have umlaut in the second +and third pers. singular, as {grebes(t)}, {grebet}; {verst}, {vert}. See +Sec. 10. + + graben, _to dig_ gruop gruoben gegraben + tragen, _to carry_ truoc truogen getragen + maln, _to grind_ muol muolen gemaln + varn, _to go_ vuor vuoren gevarn + +And similarly {laden}, _to load_, {nagen}, _to gnaw_, {schaffen}, _to +create_, {spanen}, _to entice_, {waschen}, _to wash_, {wahsen}, _to +grow_, {waten}, _to wade_. + + slahen, _to strike_ sluoc sluogen geslagen + twahen, _to wash_ twuoc twuogen getwagen + +See Sec. 30. The pret. sing. {sluoc}, {twuoc} for {*sluoch}, {*twuoch} were +formed after the analogy of the pret. plural. + + +Sec. 86. + +To this class also belong:-- + + st[a]n, st[e]n (Sec. 96), + _to stand_ stuont stuonden gestanden + entseben (older entseven), + _to perceive_ entsuop entsuoben entsaben + gew[a:]henen, + _to mention_ gewuoc gewuogen gewagen + heben (older heven), + _to raise_ huop huoben gehaben + swern (see Sec. 35), + _to swear_ swuor swuoren geswarn} + gesworn} + +The pret. singular {stuont}, {entsuop}, {gewuoc}, {huop} for {*stuot} +(cp. Engl. {stood}), {*entsuof}, {*gewuoch}, {*huof} were formed after +the analogy of the pret. plural. On the {b, g} in the pret. plural, see +Sec. 30. The last four verbs in the list originally had a {j} in the +present, which accounts for the umlaut, cp. OHG. {heffen}, Goth. +{hafjan}, _to raise_. {heben} had its {b} from forms where it was +regular. + + +CLASS VII. + +Sec. 87. + +To this class belong the verbs which originally had reduplicated +preterites. The present and past participle have the same stem-vowel; +and the preterite singular and plural have {ie}. In OHG. the verbs which +had {a, [a]} or {ei} in the present had {ia} (older {ea, [e]}) in the +preterite; and those which had {ou ([o])}, {uo} in the present had {io} +(older {eo}) in the preterite. But in MHG. the {ia} and {io} regularly +fell together in {ie} (Sec. 11, 3), so that all the preterites had {ie}. + + bannen, _to banish_ bien bienen gebannen + halten, _to hold_ hielt hielten gehalten + sl[a]fen, _to sleep_ slief sliefen gesl[a]fen + hei[z]en, _to call_ hie[z] hie[z]en gehei[z]n + loufen, _to run_ lief liefen geloufen + ruofen, _to call_ rief riefen geruofen + +And similarly {halsen}, _to embrace_, {salzen}, _to salt_, {spalten}, +_to split_, {spannen}, _to span_, {vallen}, _to fall_, {valten}, _to +fold_, {wallen}, _to bubble_; {b[a]gen}, _to quarrel_, {bl[a]sen}, _to +blow_, {br[a]ten}, _to roast_, {l[a][z]en} (see also Sec. 99), _to let_, +_leave_, {r[a]ten}, _to advise_; {mei[z]en}, _to cut_, {scheiden}, _to +separate_, {sweifen}, _to rove_; {b[o][z]en}, _to strike_, {st[o][z]en}, +_to push_, {houwen} (pret. {hiu} and {hie}, pl. {hiuwen}, {hiewen}), +_to hew_, {wuofen}, _to bewail_. + + g[a]n, g[e]n, _to go_ gienc (gie) giengen (ge)gangen + h[a]hen (Sec. 29) } + h[a]n (Sec. 38) }, _to hang_ hienc (hie) hiengen gehangen + v[a]hen (Sec. 29) } + v[a]n (Sec. 38) }, _to catch_ vienc (vie) viengen gevangen + erren, ern, _to plough_ ier ieren gearn + +On the interchange between {h} and {ng}, see Sec. 30; {erren}, {ern} from +older {*arjan}. + + +B. WEAK VERBS. + +Sec. 88. + +The OHG. weak verbs were divided into three great classes according as +the infinitive ended in {-en} from older {*-jan}, {-on}, or {-[e]n}. + +The characteristic endings of the three OHG. classes were:-- + + _Present._ + CLASS I. CLASS II. CLASS III. + + Indic. sing. -u, -[o]n, -[e]n + -is(t) -[o]s(t) -[e]s(t) + -it -[o]t -[e]t + " plur. -[e]n -[o]n -[e]n + -et -[o]t -[e]t + -ent -[o]nt -[e]nt + + Subj. sing. -e -o -e + -[e]s(t) -[o]s(t) -[e]s(t) + -e -o -e + " plur. -[e]n -[o]n -[e]n + -[e]t -[o]t -[e]t + -[e]n -[o]n -[e]n + + Imper. sing. -i -o -e + " plur. -[e]n -[o]n -[e]n + -et -[o]t -[e]t + + _Preterite._ + + Indic. sing. -ta, -ita, -[o]ta, -[e]ta, + -t[o]s(t), -it[o]s(t) -[o]t[o]s(t) -[e]t[o]s(t) + -ta, -ita -[o]ta -[e]ta + " plur. -tun, -itun -[o]tun -[e]tun + -tut, -itut -[o]tut -[e]tut + -tun, -itun -[o]tun -[e]tun + + Subj. sing. -ti, -iti -[o]ti -[e]ti + -t[i]s(t), -it[i]s(t) -[o]t[i]s(t) -[e]t[i]s(t) + -ti, -iti -[o]ti -[e]ti + " plur. -t[i]n, -it[i]n -[o]t[i]n -[e]t[i]n + -t[i]t, -it[i]t -[o]t[i]t -[e]t[i]t + -t[i]n, -it[i]n -[o]t[i]n -[e]t[i]n + + _Past Participle._ + + Uninfl. form -it -[o]t -[e]t + + Infl. " -t[e]r, -it[e]r -[o]t[e]r -[e]t[e]r + + _Infinitive._ + + -en -[o]n -[e]n + +In OHG. the verbs of Class I were divided into two sub-divisions: +(_a_) polysyllabic verbs and those containing an old long stem-syllable; +(_b_) those which originally had a short stem-syllable (cp. Sec. 31, 3). The +former formed their preterite in {-ta}, and the latter in {-ita}; and +similarly in the inflected form of the past participle. In MHG. all the +unaccented vowels {i, e}, {a, o}, {u, [i]}, {[e], [o]} regularly fell together +in {e} (Sec. 7), so that the old distinction between the endings of the +three classes of verbs was to a great extent obliterated. The OHG. verbs +with a short stem-syllable belonging to Classes II and III came in MHG. +to be inflected entirely like sub-division (_b_) of Class I; and those +with a long stem-syllable mostly came to be inflected like sub-division +(_a_) of Class I, see Secs. 9,2, 92. + +Owing to all the OHG. unaccented vowels being weakened to {e} the MHG. +endings are:-- + + Sing. Plur. + Pres. Indic.: -e, -es(t), -et -en, -et, -ent + " Subj.: -e, -es(t), -e -en, -et, -en + + Pret. Indic. } -te, -tes(t), -te } -ten, -tet, -ten } + and Subj.: } -ete, -etes(t) -ete } -eten, -etet, -eten } + + Imper. -e -en, -et + + P.P. Uninfl. form -et + Infl. " -ter } + -eter } + + Infin. -en. + +Final {-n} in the first pers. sing. of the pres. indicative of the old +Classes II and III remained in early MHG., but during the MHG. period +the first person was remodelled after the analogy of Class I. + + NOTE.--Old forms with {[)o]} ({u}) for later {e} occasionally occur in + verbs originally belonging to the OHG. Class II; and in like manner + {[)i]} for {e} in the pret. subjunctive. + + +Sec. 89. + +The MHG. weak verbs are divided into two classes, according as the +preterite is formed in {-te} or {-ete} (see however Sec. 40). The inflexion +of the present is the same in both classes. + + +CLASS I. + +Sec. 90. + +To this class belong (1) verbs which have old long stem-syllables. Those +having a mutated vowel in the present have the corresponding unmutated +vowel in the preterite. The {i} which would have caused umlaut in the +preterite disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language. The +past participle generally has two forms: one with a mutated vowel, and +the other without it, properly from the old inflected form which did not +have umlaut. (2) Verbs having a short stem-vowel followed by a single +consonant ({l, r}), and trisyllabic verbs containing an {l, n}, or {r} +in the second syllable, as {zeln}, older {zellen} (Sec. 31,3), _to count_, +pret. {zelte} beside {zalte}, p.p. {gezelt} beside {gezalt}; {nern}, _to +rescue_, pret. {nerte} (OHG. {nerita}), p.p. {genert}; and similarly +{doln} (OHG. {dol[o]n}), _to tolerate_, {seln}, _to hand over_, {spiln}, +_to play_, {weln}, _to choose_; {wern}, _to defend_; {wandeln} (OHG. +{wantal[o]n}), _to change_, pret. {wandelte}; {vordern} (OHG. {fordar[o]n}), +_to further_, pret. {vorderte}; {s[e:]genen} (OHG. {s[e:]gan[o]n}), _to bless_, +pret. {s[e:]gente}. See Secs. 9, 1,2, 92. + + _Present._ + + INDIC. SUBJ. IMPER. + Sing. 1. kenne kenne + 2. kennes(t) kennes(t) kenne + 3. kennet kenne + Plur. 1. kennen kennen kennen + 2. kennet kennet kennet, (-ent) + 3. kennent kennen + + _Preterite._ + + Sing. 1. kante kante + 2. kantes(t) kantes(t) + 3. kante kante + Plur. 1. kanten kanten + 2. kantet kantet + 3. kanten kanten + +Infin. {kennen}, _to know_; Pres. Part. {kennende}; Past Part. +{gekennet}, {gekant}. + +And similarly with a large number of verbs, as {bl[u:]emen}, _to bloom_, +{brennen}, _to burn_, {f[u:]llen}, _to fill_, {gr[u:]e[z]en}, _to greet_, +{h[oe]ren}, _to hear_, {k[u:]ssen}, _to kiss_, {l[oe]sen}, _to loose_, +{nennen}, _to name_, {rennen}, _to run_, {senden} (pret. {sante}), _to send_, +{senken}, _to sink_, {setzen} (pret. {satte}, {sazte}, p.p. {gesat}, +{gesazt}, {gesetzt}), _to set_, {stellen}, _to place_, {s[u:]e[z]en}, _to +sweeten_, {vellen}, _to fell_, {w[-ae]nen}, _to fancy_, {w[u:]nschen}, _to +wish_; {gelouben}, _to believe_, {k[e]ren}, _to turn_, {koufen}, _to buy_, +{leiten} (pret. {leite}), _to lead_, {ougen}, _to show_, {suochen}, _to +seek_. The verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite, as +{dr[ae]jen}, {dr[ae]n} (Sec. 35), _to turn_, pret. {dr[a]te} beside the new +formation {dr[ae]jete}, {dr[ae]te}, and similarly {bl[u:]ejen}, _to bloom_, +{m[u:]ejen}, _to trouble_, {r[u:]ejen}, _to row_, {s[ae]jen}, _to sow_, +{w[ae]jen}, _to blow_. Verbs with medial {ck} have double preterites, as +{decken}, _to cover_, pret. {dacte} beside {dahte}, and similarly +{dr[u:]cken}, {drucken}, _to press_, {smecken}, _to taste_, {wecken}, +_to awake_. See also Sec. 92. + + +Sec. 91. + +The following are irregular:-- + + _Infin._ _Pret._ _P.P._ + denken, _to think_ d[a]hte ged[a]ht (Secs. 28, 29) + dunken, d[u:]nken, _to seem_ d[u]hte ged[u]h (Secs. 28, 29) + furhten, f[u:]rhten, _to fear_ vorhte gevorht + wurken, w[u:]rken, _to work_ worhte geworht + bringen, _to bring_ br[a]hte gebr[a]ht (Secs. 28, 29) + + NOTE.--The second pers. sing. of {br[a]hte} is {br[ae]hte} or + {br[a]htes(t)}, pret. subj. {br[ae]hte}; and similarly with {d[a]hte}; the + subj. of {d[u]hte} is {d[u]hte} or {diuhte}. + + +CLASS II. + +Sec. 92. + +The verbs belonging to this class form their preterite in {-ete} and +their past participle in {-et}. In other respects Class II has the same +endings as Class I. + +It includes: (_a_) The dissyllabic verbs, having a short stem-vowel +followed by a single consonant other than {l, r}, which in OHG. belonged +to Classes II and III, as {loben} (OHG. {lob[o]n}), _to praise_, pret. +{lobete}, p.p. {gelobet}; {l[e:]ben} (OHG. {l[e:]b[e]n}), _to live_, pret. +{l[e:]bete}, p.p. {gel[e:]bet} (see Sec. 88). (_b_) The dissyllabic verbs +of OHG. Class I with a short stem-vowel followed by double consonants other +than {ll} (see Sec. 31, 3), as {legen}, older {leggen} (OHG. {leggen}), +_to lay_, pret. {legete} or {leite} (Sec. 37), p.p. {geleget} or {geleit}; +{denen}, older {dennen} (OHG. {dennen}), _to stretch_, pret. {denete}, +p.p. {gedenet}. + +Other examples belonging to Class II are: {b[e:]ten}, _to pray_, {dagen}, +_to be silent_, {klagen}, _to complain_, {kl[e:]ben}, _to stick_, {laden}, +_to invite_, {namen}, _to name_, {sagen}, _to say_, pret. {sagete} and +{seite} (Sec. 37). + +The verbs with a long stem-syllable, which belonged to OHG. Classes II +and III, went over in MHG. either into Class I (1), see Sec. 90, or had +preterites in {-te} beside {-ete}, as {danken}, _to thank_, pret. +{dancte} beside {dankete}, p.p. {gedanct} beside {gedanket}; {vr[a]gen}, +_to ask_, pret. {vr[a]gte} beside {vr[a]gete}, p.p. {gevr[a]gt} beside +{gevr[a]get}, and similarly {ahten}, _to observe_, {minnen}, _to love_, +{trahten}, _to strive_, &c., see Secs. 9,2, 90; {dienen}, _to serve_, pret. +{diende} (Sec. 40), &c. + + +C. MINOR GROUPS. + +1. {Preterite-Presents.} + +Sec. 93. + +These have strong preterites with a present meaning, from which new weak +preterites have been formed. The 2nd pers. sg. ends in {-t}, and has the +same stem-vowel as the 1st and 3rd pers. sg. The following verbs belong +to this class:-- + +{wei[z]}, _I know_, 2nd pers. sg. {weist}; pl. {wi[zz]en}; inf. {wi[zz]en}; +pres. p. {wi[zz]ende}; pret. {wisse}, {wesse}, {wiste} _or_ {weste}; p.p. +{gewist} _or_ {gewest}. + +{touc}, _I am of use_, inf. and pl. {tugen} _or_ {t[u:]gen}; pret. {tohte}; +subj. {t[o:]hte}. + +{gan}, _I grant_, 2nd pers. sg. {ganst}; inf. and pl. {gunnen} _or_ +{g[u:]nnen}; pret. {gunde}; subj. {gunde} _or_ {g[u:]nde}; p.p. {gegunnen}, +{gegunnet}, _or_ {gegunst}. + +{kan}, _I know_, 2nd pers. sg. {kanst}; inf. and pl. {kunnen} _or_ +{k[u:]nnen}; pret. {kunde} ({konde}); subj. {kunde} _or_ {k[u:]nde}. + +{darf}, _I need_, 2nd pers. sg. {darft}; pl. {durfen} _or_ {d[u:]rfen}; +pret. {dorfte}; subj. {d[o:]rfte}; infin. and p.p. only in {bed[u:]rfen}, +{bedorft}. + +{tar}, _I dare_, _venture_, 2nd pers. sg. {tarst}; inf. and pl. {turren} +_or_ {t[u:]rren}; pret. {torste}; subj. {t[o:]rste}. + +{sol}, _I shall_, 2nd pers. sg. {solt}; inf. and pl. {suln} _or_ {s[u:]ln}; +pret. {solde} _or_ {solte}. + +{mac}, _I can_, 2nd pers. sg. {maht}; pl. {magen}, {megen}, {mugen}, +_or_ {m[u:]gen}; pret. {mahte} _or_ {mohte}; subj. {mehte (mahte)} _or_ +{m[o:]hte}. + +{muo[z]}, _I must_, 2nd pers. sg. {muost}; pl. {m[u:]e[z]en}; pret. {muoste} +_or_ {muose}; subj. {m[u:]este} _or_ {m[u:]ese}. + + +2. {Anomalous Verbs.} + +Sec. 94. + +(1) {tuon}, _to do_. + + _Present._ + INDIC. SUBJ. + + 1. tuon (tuo) tuo + Sing. 2. tuos(t) tuos(t) + 3. tuot tuo + + 1. tuon tuon + Plur. 2. tuot (tuont) tuot + 3. tuont tuon + + INFIN. tuon + IMPER. tuo + PRES. P. tuonde + + _Preterite._ + + 1. t[e:]te (t[e:]t) t[ae]te (t[e:]te) + Sing. 2. t[ae]te t[ae]tes(t) + 3. t[e:]te (t[e:]t) t[ae]te + + Plur. t[a]ten, (t[ae]ten, t[e:]ten) t[ae]ten + + P.P. get[a]n + + +Sec. 95. + +(2) {g[a]n}, _to go_. + + _Present._ + INDIC. SUBJ. + + 1. g[a]n, g[e]n g[e] (g[a], gange) + Sing. 2. g[a]s(t), g[e]s(t) g[e]s(t) (g[a]s(t), ganges(t)) + 3. g[a]t, g[e]t g[e] (g[a], gange) + + Plur. g[a]n, g[e]n g[e]n (g[a]n, gangen) + + INFIN. g[a]n, g[e]n + IMPER. ganc, genc, ginc (g[a], g[e]) + PRES. P. g[a]nde, g[e]nde + + _Preterite._ + + Sing. gienc _or_ gie + Plur. giengen + P.P. (ge)gangen _or_ geg[a]n + + +Sec. 96. + +(3) {st[a]n}, _to stand_. + + _Present._ + INDIC. SUBJ. + + 1. st[a]n, st[e]n, st[a], st[e] st[a], st[e] (stande), + Sing. 2. st[a]s(t), st[e]s(t) &c. + 3. st[a]t, st[e]t + + Plur. st[a]n, st[e]n + + INFIN. st[a]n, st[e]n + IMPER. st[a], st[e], stant + + _Preterite._ + + stuont + P.P. gestanden _or_ gest[a]n + + +Sec. 97. + +(4) {s[i]n}, {w[e:]sen}, _to be_. + + _Present._ + INDIC. SUBJ. + + 1. bin s[i] (s[i]ge, s[i]e) + Sing. 2. bis(t) s[i]s(t) (s[i]ges(t), s[i]es(t)) + 3. ist s[i] (s[i]ge, s[i]e) + 1. birn, s[i]n s[i]n (s[i]gen, s[i]en) + Plur. 2. birt, s[i]t s[i]t (s[i]get, s[i]et) + 3. sint s[i]n (s[i]gen, s[i]en) + + INFIN. s[i]n, w[e:]sen. + + Indic. Pret. Sing. was; pl. w[a]ren (Sec. 30) + Subj. " " w[ae]re; pl. w[ae]ren + P.P. gew[e:]sen (gew[e:]set) + + +Sec. 98. + +(5) {wellen}, _to will_. + + _Present._ + INDIC. SUBJ. + Sing. 1. wil welle + 2. wil, wilt welles(t) + 3. wil welle + Plur. 1. wellen, weln wellen + 2. wellet, welt wellet + 3. wellen, weln wellen + + Pret. wolte _or_ wolde (Sec. 40) wolte _or_ w[o:]lte + Infin. wellen. + + +3. {Contracted Verbs.} + +Sec. 99. + +(1) {l[a]n} = {l[a][z]en}, _to let_, _leave_. + + Pres. Sing. l[a]n, l[a]s(t), l[ae]s(t), l[a]t (l[ae]t) + " Plur. l[a]n, l[a]t, l[a]n + Pret. lie _or_ lie[z] (Sec. 87). + + Imper. l[a], l[a]t + + Infin. l[a]n. P.P. (ge)l[a]n + +(2) h[a]n = haben, _to have_. + + Pres. Sing. h[a]n, h[a]s(t), h[a]t + " Plur. h[a]n, h[a]t, h[a]n + Pret. h[a]te (h[e:]te, h[e]t(e), hiet(e), h[ae]te), h[a]tes(t), &c. + Subj. pres. habe, habes(t), &c. + " pret. h[ae]te, hete, h[e]te, hiete, hatte, &c. + + Infin. h[a]n. P.P. gehabet, gehapt, geh[a]t. + +The contracted form {h[a]n}, &c., is mostly used as an auxiliary. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +SYNTAX + + +CASES. + +Sec. 100. + +{Accusative.} The accusative has much the same function as in NHG. It is +sometimes used, however, where the dat. or a preposition would be +required in NHG.:--{[e:]r vuor wa[zz]er unde w[e:]ge}, _he went by water and +land_. The acc. is used after {wol}, _well_, when used as an +interjection, as {wol mich}. A double accusative is required not only +after {l[e]ren}, _to teach_, but also after {h[e:]ln}, {verh[e:]ln}, _to +conceal_, {verdagen}, {versw[i]gen}, _to keep secret_. + + +Sec. 101. + +{Dative.} {ruofen}, _to call_, and {schirmen}, _to protect_, take the +dative. The dative is often used adverbially: {allenthalben}, _on all +sides_, {w[i]len(t)}, _formerly_, &c. + + +Sec. 102. + +{Genitive.} The genitives {hande}, {slahte}, {leie} = _manner_ are used +adverbially: {maneger hande}, {slahte}, _or_ {leie}, _in many ways_, +_manifoldly_. + +The gen. is used in combination with the comparative of adjectives, as +{dicker eines d[u]mes}, _thicker by the breadth of a thumb_. Indefinite +and interrogative pronouns, used substantively, take the genitive: +{iemen armer liute}, _any poor people_; {niht sch[oe]neres}, _nothing more +beautiful_; {d[e:]s enmac niht s[i]n}, _that cannot be_; {wa[z] mannes [e:]r +w[ae]re}, _what kind of man he was_. In the same manner the rel. {swa[z]} may +take the genitive: {swa[z] man vant d[e:]r armen}, _whatever poor people one +found_. + +The genitive may be used predicatively:--{s[i]t s[i] d[e:]s gotesh[u]ses sint}, +_since they belong to the house of God_; {diu sorge ist m[i]n eines niht}, +_I am not the only one who has sorrow_. + +Impersonal verbs often take the genitive: {mich gen[u:]eget d[e:]s}, _that is +enough for me_; {mich gezimt d[e:]s}, _that pleases me_. + +The genitives {d[e:]s} and {w[e:]s} may be used adverbially in the sense of +_therefore_, _wherefore_; and likewise many nouns: {tages}, _by day_; +{d[e:]s s[e:]lben tages}, _the same day_; {nahtes}, _by night_. + +Interjections usually take the genitive: {ow[e] mir m[i]nes leides!} _alas! +for my grief_. {vil}, _much_, _many_; {m[e](re)}, _more_; {w[e]nic}, +{l[u:]tzel}, _little_; {minner}, {minre}, _less_; and {genuoc}, _enough_, +used as indeclinable substantives, are followed by the genitive. +Cardinal numerals, used substantively, are also followed by the +genitive: {zweinzec starker man}, _twenty strong men_. + + +ADJECTIVES. + +Sec. 103. + +The weak and strong forms are used in the same manner as in Mod. HG. +{dirre}, _this_, is followed by the weak or strong form; {aller}, _all_, +usually by the strong. The strong or weak form can be used after +pronouns, as {ich armer} or {ich arme}, _I poor ..._ In the vocative the +weak form without the article is used, as {guoten liute}, _(ye) good +people_. When the same adjective refers to nouns of different gender, it +is put in the neuter plural. + +{ein} and the possessive pronouns are followed by the strong form in the +Nom. and Acc. singular; by the strong or weak form in the pl. and Gen. +and Dative singular. + +The possessive pronouns are declined strong. + +The uninflected form of the adjective is used side by side with the +inflected in the Nom. singular, all genders, and Acc. singular neuter, +when the adjective comes before the noun: {ein guot man}, _a good man_. +When the adjective stands after the noun the uninflected form may be +used without reference to number, gender, or case, {ein}, {dehein}, and +the possessive pronouns have the uninflected form in the Nom. for all +genders, and Acc. neuter. The uninflected form of {al}, _all_, can be +used before all forms of the definite article: {in al d[e:]r w[e:]rlte}, _in +all the world_. See Sec. 55. + + +PRONOUNS. + +Sec. 104. + +{im}, {ir}, pl. {in}, are used to express the dative of the reflexive +pronoun. {d[e:]r} is sometimes used pleonastically, as {d[e:]r brunne}, {d[e:]r +was k[u:]ele}, _the spring was cool_. {man} used as an indefinite pronoun +can take the definite article along with it. + + +VERBS. + +Sec. 105. + +{Number.} The verb can be used in the singular after a compound subject, +as {Volk[e]r und Hagene s[o] s[e]re w[u:]eten began}, _... began to rage so +furiously_. + + +Sec. 106. + +{Tenses.} The fut. simple is expressed by {sol}, {muo[z]}, {wil} and the +infin., or simply by the pres., as in OE.: {ich sol g[a]n}, _I shall go_; +{bin ich gnisl[i]ch}, {s[o] genise ich}, _if I am curable_, _I shall +recover_. For the fut. pf. the pf. is used: {da[z] ist schiere get[a]n}, +_that will soon have been done_. The pf. is expressed either by the +simple pret. or the p.p. and the verbs {h[a]n}, {s[i]n}; in subordinate +sentences the pret. often has the meaning of the pluperfect: {d[o] du von +ir schiede, zehant sie starp}, _she died immediately after thou hadst +taken leave of her_. + +The preterite acquires a pluperfect, and the present a future perfect +meaning when the prefix {ge} is added to them: {swenne iuwer sun +gewahset}, _when your son (shall have) has grown up_; {d[o] ich in +gesach}, _when I had seen him_. The present participle with {s[i]n} is +sometimes used as in English, see 'Arme Heinrich,' l. 24. + + +Sec. 107. + +{Voice.} The present and preterite passive are expressed by {w[e:]rden} and +the p.p., and the corresponding perfect tenses by {s[i]n} and the p.p. + + Pres. ich wirde gelobet. + Pret. ich wart " + Perf. ich bin " + Plupf. ich was " + + Inf. gelobet s[i]n. + + +Sec. 108. + +{Negation.} Negation in sentences is expressed by {ne} ({en, n}) before +the verb, and {niht} after it: {[e:]r enist guot}, _he is not good_. {niht} +is frequently omitted, especially after the preterite presents, the +verbs {wellen}, {l[a]n}, sentences containing negative pronouns or +adverbs, and in subordinate sentences. + +{en} without {niht} is used with the subjunctive in subordinate +sentences in the sense of _unless_, _if not_, _except that_, _when +that_, _that not_, &c.: {d[e:]n l[i]p wil ich verliesen, si enw[e:]rde +m[i]n w[i]p}, _I will die if she will not become my wife_; {ich w[ae]ne +nieman in d[e:]r w[e:]rlte l[e:]be, [e:]rn habe ein leit}, _I believe no +one lives in the world who has not his trouble_. + +{en} is further also used in the sense of Latin 'quin': {ich mac da[z] +niht bevarn, mirn w[e:]rde m[i]n ritterschaft benomen}, _I cannot prevent my +knighthood being taken away from me_. + + + + +TEXTS + + [Transcriber's Note: + + Line numbers have been removed from the prose passages. Note + references are marked as [1], [2]... + + In the verse passages, some unstressed e's, and a few i's, were + printed with an under-dot: [e.] [i.]. This usage is not explained. + Some under-dots may be flyspecks, and a few umlauts were uncertain.] + + + I + +BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG. + + His name was properly Berthold Lech. He was the most celebrated + preacher of the thirteenth century. He died in Regensburg in 1272. + The following extract is from a sermon on Matt. v. 8. + + +'S[ae]lic sint die armen: wan da[z] himelr[i]ch ist ir,' etc. Mit disen +aht tugenden sint alle die ze himelr[i]che komen, die d[a] sint, und +mit den selben aht tugenden m[u:]e[z]ent noch alle die dar komen, die +iemer m[e]r dar komen s[u:]ln. N[u] wil ich die siben under wegen l[a]n +und wil niuwen von ir einer sagen, wan alse vil guoter dinge an +ir iegl[i]cher ist; und von ir iegl[i]cher w[ae]re gar vil und gar lanc +sunderl[i]chen ze sagenne; und wie manigiu untugent uns an disen +ahte tugenden irret, da[z] w[u:]rde eht von iegl[i]cher gar lanc ze +sagenne. Wan man e[z] alle[z] in einer predigen niht verenden mac, +noch in vieren, noch in zehenen, s[o] wil ich iu hiute niuwen +sagen von den, die ein reine herze habent, und von den man hiute +d[a] liset in dem heiligen ewangelio 's[ae]lic sint, die reines +herzen sint: die werdent got sehende.'[1] Die sint wol von rehte +s[ae]lic, die d[a] got sehent. Ein [u:]berg[u:]lde ist e[z] aller der +s[ae]likeit, diu ie wart oder iemer m[e]r eht werden mac, swer got +ansehende eht wirt, als[o] s[u:]e[z]e und als[o] w[u:]nneclich ist diu +gesiht, die man an got siht. S[o] wart nie deheiner muoter ir kint +nie s[o] liep, [a]n unser frouwen, und solte si e[z] dr[i]e tage ane +sehen [a]n underl[a][z], da[z] si anders niht enpfl[ae]ge,[2] wan eht si ir +liebe[z] kint solte an sehen: si [ae][z]e an dem vierden tage vil +gerner ein st[u:]cke br[o]tes. Und wolte ich vil gerner, da[z] ich als[o] +ein guot mensche w[ae]re, als da[z] w[a]r ist, da[z] ich iezuo reden wil. +Ob da[z] als[o] w[ae]re, da[z] man zuo einem menschen spr[ae]che, der iezuo +b[i] gote ist, 'du h[a]st zehen kint [u]f ertr[i]che, und du solt in +koufen allen samt, da[z] sie [e]re und guot haben unz an ir t[o]t, d[a] +mit, da[z] du einigen ougenblic von gotes angesiht tuost, niuwen +als lange als ein[z] s[i]n hant m[o:]ht umbe k[e]ren, und sich danne +wider zuo gote, und du solt d[i]n ougen niemer m[e]r von im k[e]ren': +der mensche ent[ae]te s[i]n niht. Alse w[a]r, herre, d[i]n w[a]rheit ist, +alse w[a]r ist disiu rede, da[z] er disiu zehen kint unze an ir t[o]t +[e] n[a]ch dem almuosen lie[z]e g[e]n, [e] danne er sich die kleine w[i]le +von gote wolte wenden. In habent die engel wol sehzic hundert +j[a]r an gesehen, und sehent in hiute als gerne als des [e]rsten +tages. Und sie sint ouch alle samt sam des [e]rsten tages, d[o] sie +got an sehende wurden. D[o] wart ir deheiner s[i]t nie eltl[i]cher +danne des [e]rsten tages, und sint doch sider wol sehzic hundert +j[a]r alt. Swelher hundert j[a]r alt w[u:]rde under uns, der w[ae]re den +liuten alse sm[ae]he an ze sehenne von ungestaltheit und von dem +gebresten, den da[z] alter an im h[ae]te gemaht: s[o] m[a]let man die +engele--d[a] sehet ir wol, sw[a] man sie m[a]lt, da[z] man sie eht +anders niht enm[a]lt wan als ein kint von f[u:]nf j[a]ren, als +junclich, oder von sehsen. Wan alle, die got sehent, die werdent +niemer eltl[i]cher, die in in himelr[i]che sehent in s[i]nen freuden +und in s[i]nen [e]ren. [U]f ertr[i]che sehen wir in alle tage in s[i]nem +gewalte. Dehein irdenischer muot noch irdenisch l[i]p m[o:]hte da[z] +niht erl[i]den, da[z] in dehein irdenisch ouge iemer an gesehen +m[o:]hte in s[i]nen freuden und in s[i]nen [e]ren, als er ze himelr[i]che +ist. Wir sagen iu ettewenne ein gl[i]chnisse, wie sch[oe]ne got s[i]. +Seht, alle[z] da[z] wir iemer gesagen k[u:]nnen oder m[u:]gen, da[z] ist +rehte dem gl[i]che, als obe ein kint uns solte sagen, ob e[z] +m[u:]glich w[ae]re, von aller der wirde und von aller der gezierde, +die diu werlt h[a]t, von der liehten sunnen, von den liehten +sternen, von edelre gesteine craft und von ir maniger slahte +varwe, von der edelen w[u:]rze craft und von dem edelen gesmacke, +und von der r[i]chen gezierde, die man [u][z]er s[i]den und [u][z]er golde +machet in dirre werlte, und von maniger hande s[u:]e[z]en stimme, die +diu werlt h[a]t, von v[o:]gel[i]n sange und von seitenspil, und von +maniger hande bluomen varwe, und von aller der gezierde, die +disiu werlt h[a]t. Alse unm[u:]gelich unde alse unkuntl[i]chen eime +kinde d[a] von ze redenne ist, als unkunt ist ouch uns d[a] von ze +redenne, von der unsegel[i]chen w[u:]nne, diu d[a] ze himel ist, und +von dem w[u:]nnecl[i]chen antl[u:]tze des lebendigen gotes. Wan alliu +diu freude, diu d[a] ze himele ist, der ist niht wan von dem +sch[i]ne, der von unsers herren antl[u:]tze g[e]t. Und rehte als alle +sternen ir lieht von der sunnen nement, als[o] habent alle +heiligen ir gezierde und ir sch[o]nheit von gote, und engele und +alle[z] himelische her. Reht als alle die sternen des himeles, der +m[a]ne und die plan[e]ten, gr[o][z] und kleine, die habent alle samt ir +lieht von der sunnen, diu uns d[a] liuhtet: und als[o] h[a]t alle[z] +himelische[z] her, engel und heiligen, die h[oe]hsten und die +minnesten, die habent alle samt ir freude und ir w[u:]nne und ir +gezierde und die [e]re und die wirde und ouch die sch[oe]nde, da[z] +habent sie alle samt von der angesihte gotes, da[z] sie got an +sehent. Die engele, die d[a] unser h[u:]etent, die sehent in ze aller +z[i]t an, als ob sie b[i] im w[ae]ren. Wan alliu diu freude, diu in +himelr[i]che ist, diu diuhte sie ze nihte, solten sie got niht an +sehen. Und d[a] von 's[ae]lic sint, die reines herzen sint; wan sie +werdent got sehende.' Nu sehent, wie s[ae]lic die sint, die d[a] +reine[z] herze tragent. Ir, junge werlt, die noch unbewollen sint +mit s[u:]nden, behaltent iuwer herze vor allen t[oe]tl[i]chen s[u:]nden, s[o] +werdent ir got sehende in sol[i]chen freuden und in s[o] gr[o][z]en +[e]ren, die ouge nie gesach oder [o]re nie geh[o]rte, alse sant Paulus +d[a] sprichet; und alse sant Johannes sprichet: 'w[ae]r e[z] m[u:]gelich, +da[z] man e[z] alle[z] samt geschr[i]ben m[o:]hte, s[o] m[o:]hte diu werlt diu +buoch in ir niht behalten, d[a] e[z] an gest[u:]ende, da[z] ich gesach. +Und alle[z], da[z] ich gesach, da[z] was niht wan got alleine.' Und +dar umbe m[o:]hten wir doch gerne ze dem himelr[i]che komen und +drumbe arbeiten. Ob uns niht diu minne und diu liebe dar tw[u:]nge, +der wir gote schuldic s[i]n, seht, s[o] m[o:]hten wir dar umbe dar +komen, durch da[z] wunder, da[z] d[a] ist. E[z] ist maniger vor mir: der +im von s[o] get[a]ner freude[3] seite, da[z] si jenhalp meres w[ae]re, er +f[u:]ere gar gerincl[i]chen dar von hinnen [u:]ber mer, niuwen da[z] er[z] +ges[ae]he. S[o] m[o:]htent ir hundertstunt gerner dar umb arbeiten, da[z] +ir[z] iemer m[e]re [e]wicl[i]chen nie[z]en soltet. Die vil w[u:]nnecl[i]chen +angesiht des almehtigen gotes und der himelischen k[u:]niginne ze +der zeswen s[i]ner s[i]ten in guld[i]ner w[ae]te, die m[o:]htet ir gerne an +sehen. Wan w[u:]rde iu einiger anblic, s[o] w[ae]re in alliu diu freude +und diu [e]re und aller der wollust, den diu werlt ie gewan, da[z] +w[ae]r iu hinne f[u:]r als widerz[ae]me und ouch alse unm[ae]re, reht als +sant Paulus d[a] sprach. Nu h[oe]ret wie er sprach; er sprach: 'alliu +diu [e]re und diu freude und da[z] gemach, diu disiu werlt ie gewan +von keisern und von k[u:]nigen, wider der freude, diu in himelr[i]ch +ist; als widerz[ae]me einem w[ae]re ein diep an einem galgen, als +kurz einem diu w[i]le d[a] mite w[ae]re, da[z] er einen erhangen man +triuten solte, wider aller der freude, die diu werlt h[a]t: alse +widerz[ae]me ist mir diu freude aller der werlte wider der [e]wigen +freude.' Ei wol iuch wart, da[z] iuch iuwer muoter ie getruoc, die +s[o] get[a]ne freude s[u:]ln besitzen. Der ist, ob got wil, vil maniger +vor m[i]nen ougen. Ouch ist maniger, der vil kleine freude dar f[u:]r +nimt hie [u]f ertr[i]che, und da[z] dem guoten sante Paulen gar +versm[a]hte, des wirt im der t[u]sentste teil niht. Und die habent +[u:]bel kouft, die s[o] [u:]bergr[o][z]e freude gebent umb ein s[o] kurze[z] +freudel[i]n in dirre werlte. Die habent [u:]bel gevarn; wan sie +habent weder hie noch dort niht. Als ich iezuo sprach, rehte in +gl[i]cher w[i]se, rehte alse alle sternen des himeles ir lieht von +der sunnen habent, als[o] h[a]t alle[z] himelisch her ir lieht von dem +w[a]ren sunnen, s[i]t danne unser herre der w[a]re sunne und da[z] w[a]re +lieht ist, alse der guote sant Johannes d[a] sprichet. Der hei et +in da[z] w[a]re lieht; als ouch da[z] vil w[a]r ist: wan er ist da[z] w[a]re +lieht, da[z] niemer m[e]r verlischet. Und alle, die von s[i]me +gotvarwen liehte enz[u:]ndet werdent, die erleschent ouch niemer +m[e]re von der sch[o]nheit, die sie von dem w[a]ren sunnen h[a]nt. Und +als vil diu sunne liehter und gelpfer ist, danne wir d[a] sehen, +rehte als vil diu liehtes und glastes [u:]ber alle sterne h[a]t, die +an dem himel st[e]nt: als vil h[a]t der w[a]re sunne in himelr[i]che +sch[i]nes und glastes m[e]r [u:]ber alle engele und ist gesch[oe]net und +gewirdet an allen [e]ren, alse billich ist. Und d[a] von sint sie +s[ae]lic, die ein reine[z] herze habent; wan si werdent got sehende. + + + + +II + +THE SWABIAN LANTREHTBUOCH. + + This work was compiled by David von Augsburg, about 1280 A.D. + + +HIE HEBET SICH AN DA[Z] LANTREHTBUOCH. + +Herre got, himelischer vater, durch d[i]ne milte g[u:]ete gesch[u:]efe +du den menschen in dr[i]valtiger werdikeit. Diu [e]rste, da[z] er n[a]ch +dir gebildet ist. Da[z] ist ouch ein als[o] h[o]hiu werdikeit, der dir +alle[z] menschlich k[u:]nne sunderl[i]chen immer danken sol. Wan des +haben wir gar michel reht, vil lieber herre, himelischer vater, +s[i]t du uns zuo d[i]ner h[o]hen gotheit als[o] werdicl[i]chen geedelt +h[a]st. Diu ander werdikeit, d[a] du, herre got, alm[a:]htic schepfer, +den menschen zuo geschaffen h[a]st, da[z] ist diu, da[z] du alle dise +werelt, die sunnen unde den m[a]nen, die sterne unde diu vier +element, viur, wa[zz]er, luft unde die erden, die vogel in den +l[u:]ften, die vische in dem w[a]ge, diu tier in dem walde, die w[u:]rme +in der erden, golt unde edel gesteine, der edeln w[u:]rze s[u:]e[z]en +smac, der bluomen liehte varwe, der boume fruht unde [e]t alle +cr[e]at[u]re: da[z] h[a]st du, herre, alle[z] dem menschen ze nutze unde +ze dienste geschaffen durch die triuwe unde durch die minne, die +du ze dem menschen hetest. Diu dritte werdikeit, d[a] du, herre, +den menschen mit gewirdet unde geedelt h[a]st, da[z] ist diu, da[z] +der mensche die wirde unde die [e]re, die vreude unde die w[u:]nne +immer mit dir [e]wicl[i]chen nie[z]en sol. Der werelde dienst unde nuz +h[a]st du, herre, dem menschen umbe sust gegeben ze einer manunge +unde ze einem vorbilde. S[i]t des s[o] vil ist, des du, herre, dem +menschen umbe sust gegeben h[a]st, d[a] b[i] sol der mensche nu +trahten, s[o] mege[4] des wol gar [u:]berm[ae][z]icl[i]chen vil s[i]n, +des du dem menschen umbe s[i]nen dienst geben wilt. Unde dar umbe sol +ein iegel[i]ch mensche got dienen mit ganzen triuwen; wan der l[o]n +ist als[o] [u:]berm[ae][z]icl[i]chen gr[o][z], da[z] in herzen sin nie +betrahten m[o:]hte noch menschen zunge nie gesprechen m[o:]hte, noch ougen +sehen k[u:]nde in nie beliuhten, noch [o]re nie geh[oe]ren. Da[z] wir nu +got der h[o]hen werdikeit gedanken unde den gr[o][z]en l[o]n verdienen, +des helfe uns der alm[a:]htige got. [a]men. + +S[i]t uns got in s[o] h[o]her werdikeit geschaffen h[a]t, s[o] wil er +ouch, da[z] wir werde[z] leben haben, unde da[z] wir einander wirde +unde [e]re erbieten, triuwe unde w[a]rheit, niht ha[z] unde n[i]t +einander tragen. Wir sullen mit fride unde mit suone under +einander leben. Fridlich leben h[a]t unser herre got liep. Wan er +kom von himelr[i]che [u]f erder[i]che durch anders niht wan durch den +rehten fride, da[z] er uns einen rehten fride sch[u:]efe vor der +[e]wigen marter, ob wir selben wellen. Unde d[a] von sungen die +engel ob der krippen: '_Gloria in excelsis deo et in terra pax +hominibus bonae voluntatis_'--'Gots [e]re in dem himel unde guot +fride [u]f der erden allen den, die guoten willen habent [u]f +erder[i]che!' D[o] unser herre got hie [u]f erder[i]che gie, s[o] was da[z] +ie s[i]n ellich wort: '_Pax vobis!_' da[z] sprichet: 'der fride s[i] +mit iu!' unde als[o] sprach er alle z[i]t zuo s[i]nen jungern unde zuo +andern liuten. Unde d[a] b[i] suln wir merken, wie rehte liep der +almehtige got den rehten vride h[a]t. Wan d[o] er von erder[i]che +wider [u]f zuo himel fuor, d[o] sprach er aber zuo s[i]nen jungern: +'der vride s[i] mit iu!' unde enphalh dem guoten Sant P[e]ter, da[z] +er phleger w[ae]re [u:]ber den rehten fride, unde gap im den gewalt, +da[z] er den himel [u]f sl[u:][zz]e allen den, die den fride hielten, +unde swer den fride br[ae]che, da[z] er dem den himel vor besl[u:][zz]e. +Da[z] ist als[o] gesprochen: [e]t alle, die diu gebot unsers herren +zebrechent, die habent ouch den rehten fride gebrochen. Da[z] ist +ouch von gote reht, swer diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, da[z] +man dem den himel vor besliu[z]et, s[i]t uns got nu geholfen h[a]t, +da[z] wir mit rehtem leben unde mit fridl[i]chem leben da[z] himelr[i]ch +verdienen m[u:]gen. Wan da[z] was niht vor gotes geburt, swie wol der +mensche t[ae]t in aller der werelde, s[o] mohte er doch ze dem +himelr[i]ch niht komen. Got geschuof des [e]rsten himel unde erden, +dar n[a]ch den menschen unde sazte in in da[z] paradys. Der zebrach +die geh[o]rsam uns allen ze schaden; dar umbe gienge wir irre sam +diu hirtel[o]sen sch[a]f, da[z] wir in da[z] himelr[i]ch niht mohten, unz +an die z[i]t, da[z] uns got den wec dar w[i]ste mit s[i]ner marter, unde +dar umbe solde wir got immer loben unde [e]ren von allem unserm +herzen unde von aller unserre s[e]le unde von aller unserre maht, +da[z] wir nu s[o] wol ze den [e]wigen freuden k[ae]men, ob wir wolden; +da[z] hie vor manigen heiligen patriarken unde proph[e]ten tiure +was. Diu gen[a]de unde diu s[ae]likeit ist uns kristen liuten nu +widervaren, da[z] wir nu wol da[z] himelr[i]ch mugen verdienen. Unde +swer des niht entuot unde diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, da[z] +richet er bill[i]chen an im. + + +VON VR[I]EN LIUTEN. + +Wir zelen dr[i]er hande vr[i]en. Der hei[z]ent eine sempervr[i]en:[5] +da[z] sint die vr[i]en herren, als f[u:]rsten unde die ander fr[i]en ze +man h[a]nt. S[o] hei[z]ent die andern miter[6] vr[i]en: da[z] sint die, +die der h[o]hen vr[i]en man sint. Die driten vr[i]en da[z] sint die +vr[i]en lants[ae][z]en, die geb[u]ren, die d[a] vr[i] sint. Der h[a]t +iegl[i]cher s[i]n sunder reht, als wir her n[a]ch wol bescheiden. + + +VON TIUTSCHER LIUTE [E]REN. + +Die tiutschen kiesent den k[u:]nic: da[z] erwarb in der k[u:]nic Karl. +Swenne er gew[i]het wirt unt [u]f den stuol ze Ache gesetzet wirt +mit der willen, die in erwelt h[a]nt, s[o] h[a]t er k[u:]nicl[i]chen gewalt +unde namen.--Den k[u:]nic kiuset man ze rihter umbe eigen unde umbe +l[e]hen unde [u:]ber iegl[i]ches menschen l[i]p unde umbe alle[z], da[z] v[u:]r +in ze klagen kumet. Der keiser mac in allen landen niht ges[i]n, +unde mac alle[z] ungerihte niht verrihten. D[a] von l[i]het er den +f[u:]rsten unde andern herren wereltl[i]ch gerihte. An die vierten +hant mac dehein gerihte nimmer komen mit rehte, d[a] man umbe +menschenbluot rihten sol ode umbe alle vrevel. + + + + +III + +HARTMAN VON OUWE. + + He was born somewhere between 1160-1170, in the neighbourhood of + Rottenburg in Swabia, and died about 1220. + + The following extract is taken from Paul's edition: Der Arme + Heinrich, Halle, 1882. + + + Ein ritter s[o] gel[e]ret was + da[z] er an den buochen las + swa[z] er dar an geschriben vant. + der was Hartman genant, + dienstman was er ze Ouwe. 5 + er nam im mange schouwe + an misl[i]chen buochen: + dar an begunde er suochen + ob er iht des funde + d[a] mite er sw[ae]re stunde 10 + m[o:]hte senfter machen, + und von s[o] gewanten sachen + da[z] gotes [e]ren t[o:]hte + und d[a] mite er sich m[o:]hte + gelieben den liuten. 15 + nu beginnet er in diuten + ein rede die er geschriben vant. + dar umbe h[a]t er sich genant, + da[z] er s[i]ner arbeit + die er dar an h[a]t geleit 20 + iht [a]ne l[o]n bel[i]be, + und swer n[a]ch s[i]nem l[i]be + s[i] h[oe]re sagen oder lese, + da[z] er im bittende wese + der s[e]le heiles hin ze gote. 25 + man seit, er s[i] s[i]n selbes bote + unde erl[oe]se sich d[a] mite, + swer [u:]ber des andern schulde bite. + + Er las ditze m[ae]re, + wie ein herre w[ae]re 30 + ze Sw[a]ben gese[zz]en: + an dem enwas verge[zz]en + deheiner der tugende + die ein ritter in s[i]ner jugende + ze vollem lobe haben sol. 35 + man sprach d[o] niemen als[o] wol + in allen den landen. + er hete ze s[i]nen handen + geburt und dar zuo r[i]cheit: + ouch was s[i]n tugent vil breit. 40 + swie ganz s[i]n habe w[ae]re, + s[i]n geburt unwandelb[ae]re + und wol den f[u:]rsten gel[i]ch, + doch was er unn[a]ch als[o] r[i]ch + der geb[u:]rte und des guotes 45 + s[o] der [e]ren und des muotes. + + S[i]n name der was erkennelich, + und hie[z] der herre Heinrich, + und was von Ouwe geborn. + s[i]n herze h[a]te versworn 50 + valsch und alle t[o:]rperheit, + und behielt ouch vaste den eit + st[ae]te unz an s[i]n ende. + [a]n alle missewende + stuont s[i] [e]re und s[i]n leben. 55 + im was der rehte wunsch gegeben + ze werltl[i]chen [e]ren: + die kunde er wol gem[e]ren + mit aller hande reiner tugent. + er was ein bluome der jugent, 60 + der werlte fr[o:]ude ein spiegelglas. + st[ae]ter triuwe ein adamas, + ein ganziu kr[o]ne der zuht. + er was der n[o]thaften fluht, + ein schilt s[i]ner m[a]ge, 65 + der milte ein gl[i]chiu w[a]ge: + im enwart [u:]ber noch gebrast. + er truoc den arbeitsamen last + der [e]ren [u:]ber r[u:]cke. + er was des r[a]tes br[u:]cke, 70 + und sanc vil wol von minnen. + alsus kund er gewinnen + der werlte lop unde pr[i]s. + er was h[u:]besch und dar zuo w[i]s. + + D[o] der herre Heinrich 75 + als[o] geniete sich + [e]ren unde guotes + und fr[oe]l[i]ches muotes + und werltl[i]cher w[u:]nne + (er was f[u:]r al s[i]n k[u:]nne 80 + gepr[i]set unde ge[e]ret), + s[i]n h[o]her muot wart verk[e]ret + in ein leben gar geneiget. + an im wart erzeiget, + also ouch an Absol[o]ne, 85 + da[z] diu [u:]ppige kr[o]ne + werltl[i]cher s[u:]e[z]e + vellet under f[u:]e[z]e + ab ir besten werdekeit, + als uns diu schrift h[a]t geseit. 90 + e[z] spricht an einer stete d[a], + 'm[e]di[a] v[i]t[a] + in morte sumus': + da[z] bediutet sich alsus, + da[z] wir in dem t[o]de sweben 95 + s[o] wir aller beste w[ae]nen leben. + + Dirre werlte veste, + ir st[ae]te, unde ir beste + unde ir gr[oe]ste magenkraft, + diu st[a]t [a]ne meisterschaft. 100 + des muge wir an der kerzen sehen + ein w[a]re[z] bilde geschehen, + da[z] s[i] zeiner aschen wirt + enmitten d[o] s[i] lieht birt. + wir s[i]n von br[oe]den sachen. 105 + n[u] sehent wie unser lachen + mit weinen erlischet. + unser s[u:]e[z]e ist vermischet + mit bitterre gallen. + unser bluome der muo[z] vallen 110 + so er allergr[u:]enest w[ae]net s[i]n. + an hern Heinr[i]che wart wol sch[i]n, + der in dem h[oe]hsten werde + lebet [u]f dirre erde, + derst der versm[ae]hete vor gote. 115 + er viel von s[i]me gebote + ab s[i]ner besten werdekeit + in ein versm[ae]hel[i]che[z] leit: + in ergreif diu miselsuht. + d[o] man die sw[ae]ren gotes zuht 120 + gesach an s[i]nem l[i]be, + manne unde w[i]be + wart er d[o] widerz[ae]me. + n[u] sehent wie gen[ae]me + er [e] der werlte w[ae]re, 125 + und wart n[u] alse unm[ae]re + da[z] in niemen gerne an sach: + alse ouch J[o]be geschach, + dem edeln und dem r[i]chen, + der ouch vil j[ae]merl[i]chen 130 + dem miste wart ze teile + mitten in s[i]me heile. + + Und d[o] der arme Heinrich + alr[e]st verstuont sich + da[z] er der werlte widerstuont, 135 + als alle s[i]ne gel[i]chen tuont, + d[o] schiet in s[i]n bitter leit + von J[o]bes gedultikeit. + wan e[z] leit J[o]b der guote + mit gedultigem muote, 140 + do e[z] ime ze l[i]denne geschach, + durch der s[e]le gemach. + den siechtuom und die sm[a]cheit + die er von der werlte leit, + des lobet er got und fr[o:]ute sich. 145 + d[o] tet der arme Heinrich + leider niender als[o]: + wan er was tr[u]rec unde unfr[o]. + s[i]n swebende[z] herze da[z] verswanc, + s[i]n swimmendiu fr[o:]ude ertranc, 150 + s[i]n h[o]chvart muoste vallen, + s[i]n honic wart ze gallen, + ein swinde vinster donreslac + zerbrach im s[i]nen mitten tac, + ein tr[u:]ebe[z] wolken unde dic 155 + bedaht' im s[i]ner sunnen blic. + er sente sich vil s[e]re + da[z] er s[o] manege [e]re + hinder im m[u:]este l[a][z]en. + verfluochet und verw[a][z]en 160 + wart vil ofte der tac + d[a] s[i]n geburt ane lac. + + Ein w[e]nic fr[o:]uwet er sich doch + von eime tr[o]ste dannoch: + wan im wart dicke geseit 165 + da[z] disiu selbe siecheit + w[ae]re vil mislich + und etel[i]chiu gnislich. + des wart vil maneger slahte + s[i]n gedinge und s[i]n ahte. 170 + er ged[a]hte da[z] er w[ae]re + vil l[i]hte genisb[ae]re, + und fuor als[o] dr[a]te + n[a]ch der arz[a]te r[a]te + gegen Munpasiliere. 175 + d[a] vant er vil schiere + niht wan den untr[o]st + da[z] er niemer w[u:]rde erl[o]st. + + Da[z] h[o]rte er vil ungerne, + und fuor gegen S[a]lerne 180 + und suochte ouch d[a] durch genist + der w[i]sen arz[a]te list. + den besten meister er d[a] vant. + der seite ime zehant + ein selts[ae]ne m[ae]re, 185 + da[z] er genislich w[ae]re + und w[ae]re doch iemer ungenesen. + d[o] sprach er 'wie mac da[z] wesen? + diu rede ist harte unm[u:]gelich. + bin ich gnislich, s[o] genise ich: 190 + und swa[z] mir f[u:]r wirt geleit + von guote oder von arbeit, + da[z] tr[u]we ich vollebringen.' + 'n[u] l[a]t da[z] gedingen' + sprach der meister aber d[o]: 195 + 'iuw[e.]rre s[u:]hte ist als[o] + (wa[z] frumet da[z] ich[z] iu kunt tuo?): + d[a] h[oe]ret arzen[i]e zuo: + des w[ae]ret ir genisl[i]ch. + nu enist ab nieman s[o] r[i]ch 200 + noch von s[o] starken sinnen + der s[i] m[u:]ge gewinnen. + des sint ir iemer ungenesen, + got enwell[e.] der arz[a]t wesen.' + + D[o] sprach der arme Heinrich 205 + 'war umbe untr[oe]stent ir mich? + j[a] h[a]n ich guotes wol die kraft: + ir enwellent iuwer meisterschaft + und iuwer reht ouch brechen + und dar zuo versprechen 210 + beidiu m[i]n silber und m[i]n golt, + ich mache iuch mir als[o] holt + da[z] ir mich harte gerne ernert.' + 'mir w[ae]r[e.] der wille unrewert' + sprach der meister aber d[o]: 215 + 'und w[ae]r[e.] der arzen[i]e als[o] + da[z] man s[i] veile funde + oder da[z] man s[i] kunde + mit deheinen ding[e.]n erwerben, + ich enlie[z]e iuch niht verderben. 220 + nu enmac des leider niht s[i]n: + d[a] von muo[z] iu diu helfe m[i]n + durch alle n[o]t s[i]n versaget. + ir m[u:]esent haben eine maget + diu vollen [e]rb[ae]re 225 + und ouch des willen w[ae]re + da[z] s[i] den t[o]t durch iuch lite. + nu enist e[z] niht der liute site + da[z] e[z] iemen gerne tuo. + s[o] h[oe]rt ouch anders niht dar zuo 230 + niwan der megede herzen bluot: + da[z] w[ae]r[e.] f[u:]r iuwer suht guot.' + + Nu erkant[e.] der arme Heinrich + da[z] da[z] w[ae]re unm[u:]gelich + da[z] iemen den erw[u:]rbe 235 + der gerne f[u:]r in st[u:]rbe. + alsus was im der tr[o]st benomen + [u]f den er dar was komen, + und dar n[a]ch f[u:]r die selben frist + h[a]t er ze s[i]ner genist 240 + dehein gedinge m[e]re. + des wart s[i]n herzes[e]re + als[o] kreftic unde gr[o][z] + da[z] in des aller meist verdr[o][z], + ob er langer solte leben. 245 + n[u] fuor er heim und begunde geben + s[i]n erbe und ouch s[i]n varnde guot, + als in d[o] s[i]n selbes muot + und w[i]ser r[a]t l[e]rte, + da er[z] aller best[e.] bek[e]rte. 250 + er begund[e.] bescheidenl[i]chen + s[i]n armen friunde r[i]chen + und tr[o]ste ouch fr[o:]mde armen, + da[z] sich got erbarmen + geruochte [u:]ber der s[e]le heil: 255 + gotes hiusern viel da[z] ander teil. + alsus s[o] tet er sich abe + bescheidenl[i]chen s[i]ner habe + unz an ein geriute: + dar fl[o]ch er die liute. 260 + disiu j[ae]merl[i]ch[e.] geschiht + diu was s[i]n eines klage niht: + in klageten elliu diu lant + d[a] er inne was erkant, + und ouch von vr[o:]mden landen 265 + die in n[a]ch sage erkanden. + + Der [e] ditz geriute + und der e[z] dannoch biute, + da[z] was ein fr[i]er b[u]man + der vil selten ie gewan 270 + dehein gr[o][z] ungemach, + da[z] and[e.]rn geb[u]ren doch geschach, + die wirs geherret w[a]ren, + und s[i] die niht verb[a]ren + beidiu mit stiure und mit bete. 275 + swa[z] dirr[e.] geb[u]re gerne tete, + des d[u]hte s[i]nen herren gnuoc: + dar zuo er in [u:]bertruoc + da[z] er dehein arbeit + von fr[o:]mdem gewalte leit. 280 + des was deheiner s[i]n gel[i]ch + in dem lande als[o] r[i]ch. + zuo deme z[o]ch sich + s[i]n herr[e.], der arme Heinrich. + swa[z] er in het [e] gespart, 285 + wie wol da[z] n[u] gedienet wart + und wie sch[o]ne er s[i]n gen[o][z]! + wan in vil l[u:]tzel des verdr[o][z] + swa[z] im geschach durch in. + er hete die triuwe und ouch den sin 290 + da[z] er vil willecl[i]che leit + den kumber und die arbeit + diu ime ze l[i]denne geschach. + er schuof ime r[i]ch gemach. + + Got hete dem meiger gegeben 295 + n[a]ch s[i]ner ahte ein reine[z] leben. + er hete ein wol erbeiten l[i]p + und ein wol werbende[z] w[i]p, + dar zuo het er sch[oe]niu kint, + diu gar des mannes fr[o:]ude sint, 300 + unde hete, s[o] man saget, + und[e.]r den kinden eine maget, + ein kint von ahte j[a]ren: + da[z] kunde wol geb[a]ren + s[o] rehte g[u:]etl[i]chen: 305 + s[i] wolte nie entw[i]chen + von ir herren einen fuo[z]: + umb s[i]ne hulde und s[i]nen gruo[z] + s[o] diente si ime alle wege + mit ir g[u:]etl[i]chen pflege. 310 + s[i] was ouch s[o] gen[ae]me + da[z] s[i] wol gez[ae]me + ze kinde deme r[i]che + an ir w[ae]tl[i]che. + + Die andern heten den sin 315 + da[z] s[i] ze rehter m[a][z]e in + wol gem[i]den kunden: + s[o] fl[o]ch s[i] zallen stunden + zuo ime und niender anders war. + s[i] was s[i]n kurzew[i]le gar. 320 + s[i] hete gar ir gem[u:]ete + mit reiner kindes g[u:]ete + an ir herren gewant, + da[z] man s[i] zallen z[i]ten vant + und[e.]r ir herren fuo[z]e. 325 + mit s[u:]e[z]er unmuo[z]e + wonte s[i] ir herren b[i]. + dar zuo s[o] liebte er ouch s[i] + sw[a] mite s[o] er mohte, + und da[z] der meide tohte 330 + zuo ir kintl[i]chen spil, + des gab der herre ir vil. + ouch half in s[e]re da[z] diu kint + s[o] l[i]hte ze gewenenne sint. + er gewan ir swa[z] er veile vant, 335 + spiegel unde h[a]rbant, + g[u:]rtel unde vingerl[i]n + und swa[z] kinden liep solte s[i]n. + mit dienste br[a]hte er s' [u]f die vart + da[z] s[i] im als[o] heimlich wart 340 + da[z] er s[i] s[i]n gemahele hie[z]. + diu guote maget in lie[z] + bel[i]ben selten eine: + er d[u]hte s[i] vil reine. + swie starke ir da[z] geriete 345 + diu kindische miete, + iedoch geliebte ir[z] aller meist + von gotes gebe ein s[u:]e[z]er geist. + + Ir dienst war s[o] g[u:]etlich. + d[o] d[o] der arme Heinrich 350 + driu j[a]r d[a] getwelte + unde im got gequelte + mit gr[o][z]em j[a]mer den l[i]p, + n[u] sa[z] der meier und s[i]n w[i]p + unde ir tohter, diu maget 355 + von der ich iu [e] h[a]n gesaget, + b[i] im in ir unm[u:]e[z]ekeit + und begunden klagen ir herren leit. + diu klage tet in michel n[o]t: + wan s[i] vorhten da[z] s[i]n tot 360 + s[i] s[e]re solte letzen + und vil gar entsetzen + [e]ren unde guotes + und da[z] herters muotes + w[u:]rde ein ander herre. 365 + si ged[a]hten als[o] verre + unz dirre selbe b[u]man + alsus fr[a]gen began. + + Er sprach 'lieber herre m[i]n, + m[o:]ht e[z] mit iuwern hulden s[i]n, 370 + ich fr[a]gte vil gerne, + s[o] vil ze S[a]lerne + von arzen[i]en meister ist, + wie kumet da[z] ir deheines list + ze iuwerme ungesunde 375 + niht ger[a]ten kunde? + herre, des wundert mich.' + d[o] holt[e.] der arme Heinrich + tiefen s[u]ft von herzen + mit bitterl[i]chem smerzen: 380 + mit solher riuwe er d[o] sprach + da[z] ime der s[u]ft da[z] wort zerbrach. + + 'Ich h[a]n disen schemel[i]chen spot + vil wol gedienet umbe got. + wan d[u] s[ae]he wol hie vor 385 + da[z] h[o]h offen stuont m[i]n tor + n[a]ch werltl[i]cher w[u:]nne + und da[z] niemen in s[i]nem k[u:]nne + s[i]nen willen ba[z] hete dan ich: + und was da[z] doch unm[u:]gelich, 390 + wan ich enhete niht gar. + d[o] nam ich s[i]n vil kleine war + der mir da[z] selbe wunschleben + von s[i]nen gn[a]den hete gegeben. + da[z] herze mir d[o] als[o] stuont 395 + als alle werltt[o]ren tuont, + den da[z] saget ir muot + da[z] s[i] [e]re unde guot + [a]ne got m[u:]gen h[a]n. + sus troug ouch mich m[i]n tumber w[a]n, 400 + wan ich in l[u:]tzel ane sach + von des gen[a]den mir geschach + vil [e]ren unde guotes. + d[o] d[o] des h[o]hen muotes + den h[o]hen porten[ae]r[e.] bedr[o][z], 405 + die s[ae]lden porte er mir besl[o][z]. + dane kum ich leider niemer in: + da[z] verworhte mir m[i]n tumber sin. + got h[a]t durch r[a]che an mich geleit + ein sus gewante siecheit 410 + die niemen mag erl[oe]sen, + n[u] versm[ae]hent mich die b[oe]sen, + die biderben ruochent m[i]n niht. + swie b[oe]se er ist der mich gesiht, + des boeser muo[z] ich dannoch s[i]n. 415 + s[i]n unwert tuot er mir sch[i]n: + er wirf[e.]t diu ougen abe mir. + n[u] sch[i]net [e]rste an dir + d[i]n triuwe die d[u] h[a]st, + da[z] d[u] mich siechen b[i] dir l[a]st 420 + und von mir niht enfliuhest. + swie d[u] mich niht enschiuhest, + swie ich niemen liep s[i] danne dir, + swie vil d[i]ns heiles st[e] an mir, + du vertr[u:]egest doch wol m[i]nen t[o]t. 425 + n[u] wes unwert und wes n[o]t + wart ie zer werlte merre? + hie vor was ich d[i]n herre + und bin d[i]n d[u:]rftige n[u]. + m[i]n lieber friunt, nu koufest d[u] 430 + und m[i]n gemahele und d[i]n w[i]p + an mir den [e]wigen l[i]p + da[z] d[u] mich siechen b[i] dir l[a]st. + des d[u] mich gefr[a]get h[a]st, + da[z] sage ich dir vil gerne. 435 + ichn kunde ze S[a]lerne + einen meister niender vinden + der sich m[i]n underwinden + get[o:]rste oder wolte. + wan d[a] mite ich solte 440 + m[i]ner s[u:]hte genesen, + da[z] m[u:]este ein solhiu sache wesen + die in der werlte nieman + mit nihte gewinnen kan. + mir wart niht anders d[a] gesaget 445 + wan ich m[u:]este haben eine maget + diu vollen manb[ae]re + und ouch des willen w[ae]re + da[z] s[i] den t[o]t durch mich lite + und man s[i] zuo dem herzen snite, 450 + und mir w[ae]r[e.] niht anders guot + wan von ir herzen da[z] bluot. + n[u] ist genuoc unm[u:]gelich + da[z] ir deheiniu durch mich + gerne l[i]de den t[o]t. 455 + des muo[z], ich schemel[i]che n[o]t + tragen unz an m[i]n ende. + da[z] mir[z] got schiere sende!' + + Da[z] er dem vater hete gesagt, + da[z] erh[o]rte ouch diu reine magt: 460 + wan e[z] hete diu vil s[u:]e[z]e + ir lieben herren f[u:]e[z]e + st[a]nde in ir sch[o][z]en, + man m[o:]hte wol gen[o][z]en + ir kintl[i]ch gem[u:]ete 465 + hin ze der engel g[u:]ete. + s[i]ner rede nam s[i] war + unde marhte s[i] ouch gar: + s[i] enkam von ir herzen nie + unz man des nahtes sl[a]fen gie. 470 + d[o] s[i] zir vater f[u:]e[z]en lac + und ouch ir muoter, s[o] s[i] pflac, + und s[i] beide entsliefen, + manegen s[u]ft tiefen + holte s[i] von herzen. 475 + umbe ir herren smerzen + wart ir riuwe als[o] gr[o][z] + da[z] ir ougen regen beg[o][z] + der sl[a]fenden f[u:]e[z]e, + sus erwahte s[i] diu s[u:]e[z]e. 480 + + D[o] s[i] der trehene enpfunden, + si erwachten und begunden + s[i] fr[a]gen wa[z] ir w[ae]re + und welher hande sw[ae]re + s[i] als[o] stille m[o:]hte klagen. 485 + nu enwolte s[i] es in niht sagen, + wan da[z] ir vater aber tete + vil manege dr[o] unde bete + da[z] s[i] e[z] ime wolte sagen. + s[i] sprach 'ir m[o:]htent mit mir klagen. 490 + wa[z] m[o:]hte uns m[e] gewerren + danne umb unsern herren, + da[z] wir den suln verliesen + und mit ime verkiesen + beide guot und [e]re? 495 + wir gewinnen niemer m[e]re + deheinen herren als[o] guot + der uns tuo da[z] er uns tuot.' + + S[i] spr[a]chen 'tohter, d[u] h[a]st w[a]r. + n[u] frumet uns leider niht ein h[a]r 500 + unser riuwe und d[i]n klage: + liebe[z] kint, d[a] von gedage. + e[z] ist uns als[o] leit s[o] dir. + leider n[u] enmuge wir + ime ze keinen staten komen. 505 + got der h[a]t in uns benomen: + het e[z] iemen anders get[a]n, + der m[u:]ese unsern fluoch h[a]n.' + + Alsus gesweig[e.]ten s[i] s[i] d[o]. + die naht beleip s[i] unfr[o] 510 + und morne allen den tac. + swes iemen anders pflac, + diz enkam von ir herzen nie + unz man des andern nahtes gie + sl[a]fen n[a]ch gewonheit. 515 + d[o] s[i] sich hete geleit + an ir alte bettestat, + s[i] bereite aber ein bat + mit weinenden ougen: + wan s[i] truoc tougen 520 + n[a]he in ir gem[u:]ete + die aller meisten g[u:]ete + die ich von kinde ie vernam. + welch kint getete ouch ie alsam? + des einen s[i] sich gar verwac, 525 + gelebet[e.] s[i] morne den tac, + da[z] s[i] benamen ir leben + umbe ir herren wolte geben. + + Von dem gedanke wart s[i] d[o] + vil ringes muotes unde fr[o], 530 + und hete deheine sorge m[e], + wan ein vorht[e.] diu tete ir w[e], + s[o] s[i][z] ir herren sagte, + da[z] er dar an verzagte, + und swenne s[i][z] in allen drin 535 + get[ae]te kunt, da[z] s[i] an in + der gehenge niht enfunde + da[z] mans ir iht gunde. + + Des wart s[o] gr[o][z] ir ungehabe + da[z] ir muoter dar abe 540 + unde ir vater wart erwaht + als ouch an der vordern naht. + s[i] rihten sich [u]f zuo ir + und spr[a]chen 'sich, wa[z] wirret dir? + d[u] bist vil alw[ae]re 545 + da[z] du dich s[o] manege sw[ae]re + von solher klage h[a]st an genomen + der niemen mac zeim ende komen. + war umb[e.] l[a]stu uns niht sl[a]fen?' + sus begunden s[i] s[i] str[a]fen. 550 + wa[z] ir diu klage t[o:]hte, + die niemen doch enm[o:]hte + verenden noch geb[u:]e[z]en? + sus w[a]nden s[i] die s[u:]e[z]en + gesweigen an der selben stunt: 555 + d[o] was ir wille in vil unkunt. + + Sus antwurte in diu maget. + 'als uns m[i]n herre h[a]t gesaget, + s[o] mac man in vil wol ernern. + zew[a]re, ir welt mir[z] danne wern, 560 + s[o] bin ich ze der arzen[i]e guot. + ich bin ein maget und h[a]n den muot, + [e] ich in sihe verderben, + ich wil [e] f[u:]r in sterben.' + + Von dirre rede wurden d[o] 565 + tr[u]ric unde unfr[o] + beide muoter unde vater. + s[i]ne tohter die bat er + da[z] s[i] die rede lie[z]e + und ir herren gehie[z]e 570 + da[z] s[i] geleisten m[o:]hte, + wand ir diz niht ent[o:]hte. + + Er sprach 'tohter, du bist ein kint + und d[i]ne triuwe die sint + ze gr[o][z] an disen dingen. 575 + du enmaht es niht f[u:]r bringen + als d[u] uns hie h[a]st verjehen. + d[u] h[a]st des t[o]des niht gesehen. + swenn e[z] dir kumet [u]f die frist + da[z] des dehein r[a]t ist, 580 + d[u] enm[u:]e[z]est sterben, + und m[o:]htest d[u][z] erwerben, + d[u] lebetest gerner dannoch: + wan dun k[ae]me nie in leider loch. + d[a] von tuo zuo d[i]nen munt: 585 + und wirst[u] f[u:]r dise stunt + der rede iemer m[e]re l[u]t, + e[z] g[a]t dir [u]f d[i]ne h[u]t.' + + Alsus s[o] w[a]nde er s[i] d[o] + b[e]diu mit bete und mit dr[o] 590 + gesweigen: d[o] enmohter. + sus antwurt ime s[i]n tohter. + + 'Vater m[i]n, swie tump ich s[i], + mir wonet iedoch diu witze b[i] + da[z] ich von sage wol die n[o]t 595 + erkenne da[z] des l[i]bes t[o]t + ist starc unde strenge. + swer ouch dann[e.] die lenge + mit arbeiten leben sol, + dem ist iedoch niht ze wol. 600 + wan swenne er hie geringet + und [u]f s[i]n alter bringet + den l[i]p mit michelre n[o]t, + s[o] muo[z] er l[i]den doch den t[o]t. + ist ime diu s[e]le dann[e.] verlorn, 605 + s[o] w[ae]re er be[zz]er ungeborn. + e[z] ist mir komen [u]f da[z] zil, + des ich got iemer loben wil, + da[z] ich den jungen l[i]p mac geben + umb[e.] da[z] [e]wige leben. 610 + n[u] sult ir mir[z] niht leiden. + ich wil mir unde iu beiden + vil harte wol mite varn. + ich mag iuch eine wol bewarn + vor schaden und vor leide, 615 + als ich iu n[u] bescheide. + ir h[a]nt [e]re unde guot: + da[z] meinet m[i]nes herren muot; + wan er iu leit nie gesprach + und ouch da[z] guot nie abe gebrach. 620 + die w[i]le da[z] er leben sol + s[o] st[e]t iuwer sache wol: + und l[a][z]e wir den sterben, + s[o] m[u:]e[z]en wir verderben. + den wil ich uns fristen 625 + mit als[o] sch[oe]nen listen + d[a] mite wir alle s[i]n genesen. + n[u] gunnet mirs, wan e[z] muo[z] wesen.' + + Diu muoter weinende sprach, + d[o] s[i] der tohter ernst ersach, 630 + 'gedenke, tohter, liebe[z] kint, + wie gr[o][z] die arbeite sint + die ich durch dich erliten h[a]n, + und l[a] mich be[zz]ern l[o]n enpf[a]n + dan ich dich h[oe]re sprechen. 635 + d[u] wilt m[i]n herze brechen. + senfte mir der rede ein teil. + j[a] wilt[u] alle[z] d[i]n heil + an uns verw[u:]rken wider got. + wan gedenkest d[u] an s[i]n gebot? 640 + j[a] geb[o]t er unde bat er + da[z] man muoter unde vater + minne und [e]re biete, + und gehei[z]et da[z] ze miete + da[z] der s[e]le r[a]t werde 645 + und lancl[i]p [u]f der erde. + d[u] gihst, d[u] wellest d[i]n leben + umb unser beider fr[o:]ude geben: + d[u] wilt uns beiden + da[z] leben vaste leiden. 650 + da[z] d[i]n vater unde ich + gerne leben, da[z] ist durch dich. + wa[z] solte uns l[i]p unde guot, a + wa[z] solte uns werltlich muot, b + swenne wir d[i]n enb[ae]ren? c + dune . . . . . . d + j[a] solt[u], liebiu tohter m[i]n, + unser beider fr[o:]ude s[i]n, + gar unsers l[i]bes w[u:]nne, 655 + ein bluome in d[i]me k[u:]nne, + unsers alters ein stap. + und l[a]st[u] uns [u:]ber d[i]n grap + gest[e]n von d[i]nen schulden, + d[u] muost von gotes hulden 660 + iemer s[i]n gescheiden: + da[z] koufest an uns beiden.' + 'wiltu uns tohter wesen guot, a + s[o] solt[u] rede und den muot b + durch unsers herren hulde l[a]n, c + die ich von dir vernomen h[a]n.' d + + Si sprach 'muoter, ich getr[u]we dir + und m[i]nem vater her ze mir + aller der gen[a]den wol 665 + der vater unde muoter sol + leisten ir kinde, + als ich e[z] wol bevinde + an iu allertegelich. + von iuwern gn[a]den h[a]n ich 670 + die s[e]le und einen sch[oe]nen l[i]p. + mich lobet man unde w[i]p, + und alle die mich sehende sint, + ich s[i] da[z] sch[oe]neste kint + da[z] s[i] zir lebene haben gesehen. 675 + wem soll ich der gen[a]den jehen + niuwan iu zwein n[a]ch gote? + des sol ich ze iuwerm gebote + iemer vil gerne st[a]n: + wie michel reht ich des h[a]n! 680 + muoter, s[ae]lige[z] w[i]p, + s[i]t ich n[u] s[e]le unde l[i]p + von iuwern gen[a]den h[a]n, + s[o] l[a]nt[z] an iuwern hulden st[a]n + da[z] ich ouch die beide 685 + von dem tiuvel scheide + und mich gote m[u:]e[z]e geben. + j[a] ist dirre werlte leben + niuwan der s[e]le verlust. + ouch h[a]t mich werltl[i]ch gelust 690 + unz her noch niht ber[u:]eret, + der hin zer helle f[u:]eret. + n[u] wil ich gote gen[a]de sagen + da[z] er in m[i]nen jungen tagen + mir die sinne h[a]t gegeben 695 + da[z] ich [u]f diz br[oe]de leben + ahte harte kleine. + ich wil mich alsus reine + antw[u:]rt[e.]n in gotes gewalt. + ich f[u:]rhte, solt ich werden alt, 700 + da[z] mich der werlte s[u:]e[z]e + zuhte under f[u:]e[z]e, + als s[i] vil manegen h[a]t gezogen + den ouch ir s[u:]e[z]e h[a]t betrogen: + s[o] w[u:]rde ich l[i]hte gote entsaget. 705 + gote m[u:]e[z]e e[z] s[i]n geklaget + da[z] ich unz morne leben sol: + mir behaget diu werlt niht s[o] wol. + ir meiste liep ist herzeleit + (da[z] s[i] iu f[u:]r w[a]r geseit), 710 + ir s[u:]e[z]er l[o]n ein bitter n[o]t, + ir lancleben ein g[ae]her t[o]t. + wir h[a]n niht gewisses m[e] + wan hiute wol und morne w[e] + und ie ze jungest der t[o]t. 715 + da[z] ist ein j[ae]merl[i]chiu n[o]t. + e[z] enschirmet geburt noch guot, + sch[oe]ne, sterke, h[o]her muot, + e[z] enfrumt tugent noch [e]re + f[u:]r den t[o]t niht m[e]re 720 + dann ungeburt und untugent. + unser leben und unser jugent + ist ein nebel unde ein stoup, + unser st[ae]te bibent als ein loup. + er ist ein vil verschaffen gouch 725 + der gerne in sich va[zz]t den rouch, + e[z] s[i] w[i]p oder man, + der diz niht wol bedenken kan + und ouch der werlt n[a]ch volgende ist. + wan uns ist [u:]ber den f[u]len mist 730 + der pfeller hie gespreitet: + swen n[u] der blic verleitet, + der ist zuo der hell[e.] geborn + unde enh[a]t niht m[e] verlorn + wan beidiu s[e]le unde l[i]p. 735 + nu gedenkent, s[ae]lige[z] w[i]p, + m[u:]eterl[i]cher triuwe + und senftent iuwer riuwe + die ir d[a] habent umbe mich: + so bedenket ouch der vater sich. 740 + ich wei[z] wol da[z] er mir heiles gan. + er ist ein als[o] biderber man + da[z] er erkennet wol da[z] ir + unlange doch mit mir + iuwer fr[o:]ude m[u:]gent h[a]n, 745 + ob ich joch lebende best[a]n. + bel[i]be ich [a]ne man b[i] iu + zwei j[a]r oder driu, + s[o] ist m[i]n herre l[i]hte t[o]t, + und kument in s[o] gr[o][z]e n[o]t 750 + vil l[i]hte von armuot + da[z] ir mir alsolhe[z] guot + zeinem man niht mugent geben, + ich enm[u:]e[z]e alse swache leben + da[z] ich iu lieber w[ae]re t[o]t. 755 + nu versw[i]g[e.] wir aber der n[o]t, + da[z] uns niht enwerre + und uns m[i]n lieber herre + were und als[o] lange lebe + unz da[z] man mich zeim manne gebe 760 + der r[i]che s[i] unde wert: + s[o] ist geschehen des ir d[a] gert + und w[ae]nent mir s[i] wol geschehen. + anders h[a]t mir m[i]n muot verjehen. + wirt er mir liep, da[z] ist ein n[o]t: 765 + wirt er mir leit, da[z] ist der t[o]t. + wan s[o] h[a]n ich iemer leit + und bin mit ganzer arbeit + gescheiden von gemache + mit maneger hande sache 770 + diu den w[i]ben wirret + und s[i] ze fr[o:]uden irret. + n[u] setzt mich in den vollen r[a]t + der d[a] niemer zerg[a]t. + m[i]n gert ein fr[i]er b[u]man 775 + dem ich wol m[i]nes l[i]bes gan. + zw[a]re, dem sult ir mich geben, + s[o] ist geschaffet wol m[i]n leben. + im g[e]t s[i]n pfluoc harte wol, + s[i]n hof ist alles r[a]tes vol, 780 + da enstirbet ros noch da[z] rint, + da enm[u:]ent diu weinenden kint, + da enist ze hei[z] noch ze kalt, + d[a] wirt von j[a]ren niemen alt, + der alte wirt junger, 785 + da enist frost noch hunger, + da enist deheiner slahte leit, + da ist ganziu fr[o:]ude [a]n arbeit. + ze dem wil ich mich ziehen + und solhen b[u] fliehen 790 + den da[z] fiur und der hagel sleht + und der w[a]c abe tweht, + mit dem man ringet unde ie ranc. + swa[z] man da[z] j[a]r alse lanc + dar [u]f gearbeiten mac, 795 + da[z] verliuset schiere ein halber tac. + den b[u] den wil ich l[a][z]en: + er s[i] von mir verw[a][z]en. + ir minnent mich: deist billich. + n[u] sihe ich gerne da[z] mich 800 + iuwer minne iht unminne. + ob ir iuch rehter sinne + an mir verst[a]n kunnent + und ob ir mir gunnent + beide guotes unde [e]ren, 805 + s[o] l[a][z]et mich k[e]ren + ze unserm herren J[e]s[u] Krist, + des gn[a]de als[o] st[ae]te ist + da[z] s[i] niemer zerg[a]t, + unde ouch zuo mir armen h[a]t 810 + als[o] gr[o][z]e minne + als zeiner k[u:]niginne. + ich sol von m[i]nen schulden + [u][z] iuwern hulden + niemer komen, wil e[z] got. 815 + e[z] ist gewisse s[i]n gebot + da[z] ich iu s[i] undert[a]n, + wan ich den l[i]p von iu h[a]n: + da[z] leist ich [a]ne riuwe. + ouch sol ich m[a]ne triuwe 820 + an mir selber niht brechen. + ich h[o]rte ie da[z] sprechen, + swer den andern fr[o:]uwet s[o] + da[z] er selbe wirt unfr[o], + und swer den andern kr[oe]net 825 + und sich selben h[oe]net, + der triuwen s[i] ze vil. + wie gerne ich iu des volgen wil + da[z] ich iu triuwe leiste, + mir selber doch die meiste. 830 + welt ir mir wenden m[i]n heil, + s[o] l[a][z] ich iuch ein teil + [e] n[a]ch mir geweinen, + ich enwelle mir erscheinen + wes ich mir selber schuldic bin. 835 + ich wil iemer d[a] hin + da ich volle fr[o:]ude vinde. + ir h[a]nt doch m[e] kinde: + diu l[a]nt iuwer fr[o:]ude s[i]n + und getr[oe]stent ir iuch m[i]n. 840 + wan mir mac da[z] nieman erwern, + zw[a]re, ich enwelle ernern + m[i]nen herren unde mich. + muoter, j[a] h[o]rte ich dich + klagen unde sprechen [e], 845 + e[z] t[ae]te d[i]me herzen w[e], + soltest d[u] ob m[i]me grabe st[a]n. + des wirst du harte wol erl[a]n: + d[u] st[a]st ob m[i]me grabe niht. + wan d[a] der t[o]t geschiht, 850 + da[z] enl[a]t dich niemen sehen: + e[z] sol ze S[a]lerne geschehen. + d[a] sol uns viere der t[o]t a + l[oe]s[e.]en von aller slahte n[o]t. b + des t[o]des des genese wir, + und ich doch verre ba[z] dan ir.' + + D[o] s[i] da[z] kint d[o] s[a]hen 855 + ze dem t[o]de s[o] g[a]hen, + und e[z] s[o] w[i]sl[i]chen sprach + unde menschlich reht zerbrach, + si begunden ahten under in + da[z] die w[i]sheit und den sin 860 + niemer erzeigen kunde + dehein zunge in kindes munde. + s[i] j[a]hen da[z] der heiliggeist + der rede w[ae]re ir volleist, + der ouch sante Niklauses pflac 865 + d[o] er in der wagen lac + und in die w[i]sheit l[e]rte + da[z] er ze gote k[e]rte + s[i]ne kintl[i]che g[u:]ete: + und bed[a]ht[e.]n sich in ir gem[u:]ete 870 + da[z] s[i] niht enwolden + s[i] wenden noch ensolden + des s[i] sich hete an genomen: + der will[e.] s[i] ir von gote komen. + von j[a]m[e.]r erkalte in der l[i]p, 875 + d[o] der meiger und s[i]n w[i]p + an dem bette s[a][z]en + und vil gar verg[a][z]en + durch des kindes minne + der zungen und der sinne 880 + s[a] ze der selben stunde. + ir enweder[z] enkunde + einic wort gesprechen. + da[z] gegiht[e.] begunde brechen + die muoter von leide. 885 + sus ges[a][z]en s[i] beide + riuwic unde unfr[o] + unz s[i] sich bed[a]hten d[o] + wa[z] in ir tr[u]ren t[o:]hte: + s[o] man ir doch niht enm[o:]hte 890 + benemen ir willen unde ir muot, + s[o] enw[ae]re in niht als[o] guot + s[o] da[z] s[i] irs wol gunden, + wan s[i] doch niht enkunden + ir niemer werden [a]ne ba[z]; 895 + enpfiengen s[i] der rede ha[z], + e[z] m[o:]hte in umbe ir herren + vil harte wol gewerren, + und verviengen anders niht d[a] mite. + mit vil willecl[i]chem site 900 + spr[a]chen s[i] beide d[o] + da[z] s[i] der rede w[ae]ren fr[o]. + + Des fr[o:]ute sich diu reine maget. + d[o] e[z] vil k[u]me was getaget + d[o] gie s[i] d[a] ir herre slief. 905 + s[i]n tr[u]tgemahele ime rief, + s[i] sprach 'herre, sl[a]fent ir?' + 'nein ich, gemahele, sage mir, + wie bist[u] hiute als[o] fruo?' + 'herr[e.], d[a] twinget mich derzuo 910 + der j[a]mer iuwerr siecheit.' + er sprach 'gemahel[e.], da[z] ist dir leit: + da[z] erzeigest du an mir wol, + als e[z] dir got vergelten sol. + nune mag es dehein r[a]t s[i]n.' 915 + 'entriuwen, lieber herre m[i]n, + iuwer wirt vil guot r[a]t. + s[i]t e[z] alsus umbe iuch st[a]t + da[z] man iu gehelfen mac, + ichn ges[u]me iuch niemer tac. 920 + herre, ir h[a]nt uns doch gesaget, + ob ir hetent eine maget + diu gern[e.] den t[o]t durch iuch lite, + d[a] soltent ir genesen mite. + diu wil ich wei[z]got selbe s[i]n: 925 + iuwer leben ist n[u:]tzer dan da[z] m[i]n.' + + D[o] gn[a]d[e.]te ir der herre + des willen harte verre. + und ervoll[e.]ten im diu ougen + von j[a]mer als[o] tougen. 930 + er sprach 'gemahel[e.], ja ist der t[o]t + iedoch niht ein senftiu n[o]t, + als d[u] dir l[i]hte h[a]st ged[a]ht. + du h[a]st mich des wol innen br[a]ht, + m[o:]htest[u], d[u] h[u:]lfest mir. 935 + des gen[u:]eg[e.]t mich wol von dir. + ich erkenne d[i]nen s[u:]e[z]en muot: + d[i]n wille ist reine unde guot. + ichn sol ouch niht m[e] von dir gern. + d[u] maht mich des niht wol gewern 940 + da[z] d[u] d[a] gesprochen h[a]st. + die triuwe die du an mir beg[a]st, + die sol dir vergelten got. + ditz w[ae]r[e.] der lantliute spot, + swa[z] ich mich f[u:]r dise stunde 945 + arzen[i]en underwunde, + und mich doch niht vervienge + wan als e[z] doch ergienge. + gemahele, d[u] tuost als diu kint + diu d[a] g[ae]hes muotes sint: 950 + swa[z] den kumet in den muot, + e[z] s[i] [u:]bel oder guot, + dar zuo ist in allen g[a]ch, + und geriuw[e.]t s[i] s[e]re dar n[a]ch. + gemahele, als[o] tuost ouch d[u]. 955 + der rede ist dir ze muote n[u]: + der die von dir nemen wolte, + s[o] man[z] danne enden solte, + so geriuwe[z] dich vil l[i]hte doch.' + und da[z] s[i] sich ein teil noch 960 + ba[z] bed[ae]hte des bat er. + er sprach 'd[i]n muoter und d[i]n vater + die enmugen d[i]n niht wol enbern. + ich sol ouch niht ir leides gern + die mir ie gn[a]de t[a]ten. 965 + swa[z] s[i] dir beide r[a]ten, + lieb[e.] gemahele, da[z] tuo.' + hie mite lachete er dar zuo, + wan er l[u:]tzel sich versach + da[z] doch sider d[o] geschach. 970 + + Sus sprach er zuo der guoter. + der vater und diu muoter + spr[a]chen 'lieber herre, + ir h[a]nt uns vil verre + geliebet und ge[e]ret: 975 + da[z] enw[ae]r[e.] niht wol bek[e]ret, + wir eng[u:]lten[z] iu mit guote. + unser tohter ist ze muote + da[z] s[i] den t[o]t durch iuch dol: + des gunne wir ir harte wol. 980 + e[z] ist hiut[e.] der dritte tac + da[z] s[i] uns alle[z] ane lac + da[z] wir ir s[i]n gunden: + n[u] h[a]t s[i][z] an uns funden. + n[u] l[a][z]e iuch got mit ir genesen: 985 + wir wellen ir durch iuch entwesen.' + + Do im s[i]n gemahele d[o] b[o]t + f[u:]r s[i]nen siechtuom ir t[o]t + und man ir ernest ersach, + d[o] wart d[o] michel ungemach 990 + und j[ae]merl[i]ch geb[ae]rde. + manc misl[i]chiu besw[ae]rde + huop sich d[o] under in, + zwisch[e.]n dem herren unde in drin. + ir vater unde ir muoter die 995 + erhuoben michel weinen hie: + des weinens tet in michel n[o]t + umb ir vil lieben kindes t[o]t. + n[u] begunde ouch der herre + gedenken als[o] verre 1000 + an des kindes triuwe, + und begreif in ein riuwe, + da[z] er s[e]re weinen began, + und zw[i]velte vaste dran + weder e[z] be[zz]er get[a]n 1005 + m[o:]hte s[i]n oder verl[a]n. + von vorhten weinte ouch diu maget: + s[i] w[a]nde er w[ae]re dran verzaget. + sus w[a]rens alle unfr[o]. + s[i] gerten keines dankes d[o]. 1010 + + Ze jungest d[o] bed[a]hte sich + ir herr[e.], der arme Heinrich, + und begunde sagen in + gr[o][z]e gn[a]de allen drin + der triuwen und des guotes 1015 + (diu maget wart r[i]ches muotes + da[z] ers gevolg[e.]te gerne), + und bereit[e.] sich ze S[a]lerne + s[o] er schiereste mohte. + swa[z] ouch der megede tohte, 1020 + da[z] wart vil schiere bereit: + sch[oe]niu pfert und r[i]chiu kleit, + diu s[i] getruoc nie vor der z[i]t: + hermin unde sam[i]t, + den besten zobel den man vant, 1025 + da[z] was der megede gewarit. + + N[u] wer m[o:]hte volgesagen + die herzeriuwe und da[z] klagen, + der muoter grimmige[z] leit + und ouch des vater arbeit? 1030 + e[z] w[ae]r[e.] wol und[e.]r in beiden + ein j[ae]merli[i]che[z] scheiden, + d[o] s[i] ir liebe[z] kint von in + gefrumten s[o] gesunde[z] hin + niemer m[e] ze sehenne in den t[o]t, 1035 + wan da[z] in senftet ir n[o]t + diu reine gotes g[u:]ete, + von der doch da[z] gem[u:]ete + ouch dem jungen kinde quam + da[z] e[z] den t[o]t gerne nam. 1040 + e[z] was [a]ne ir r[a]t k[o]men: + d[a] von wart von ir herz[e.]n genomen + alliu klage und sw[ae]re, + wan e[z] anders wunder w[ae]re + da[z] in ir herze niht zerbrach. 1045 + ze liebe wart ir ungemach, + da[z] s[i] dar n[a]ch deheine n[o]t + liten umbe ir kindes t[o]t. + + + + +IV + +WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE. + + The exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. His chief poems + were written between the years 1187 and 1230. + + The best edition of his works is: Walther von der Vogelweide, + herausgegeben und erkl[a:]rt von W. Wilmanns, Halle, 1883 (2nd edit.). + + +1. + + Ir sult sprechen: 'willekomen!' + der iu m[ae]re bringet, da[z] bin ich. + Alle[z] da[z] ir habt vernomen, + da[z] ist gar ein wint: n[u] fr[a]get mich. + Ich wil aber miete: 5 + wirt m[i]n l[o]n iht guot, + s[o] sage ich iu vil l[i]hte, da[z] in sanfte tuot. + seht, wa[z] man mir [e]ren biete. + + Ich wil tiuschen frouwen sagen + solhiu m[ae]re, da[z] si deste ba[z] 10 + Al der werlte suln behagen: + [a]ne gr[o][z]e miete tuon ich da[z]. + Wa[z] wold' ich ze l[o]ne? + si sint mir ze h[e]r; + s[o] bin ich gef[u:]ege und bite si nihtes m[e]r 15 + wan da[z] si mich gr[u:]e[z]en sch[o]ne. + + Ich h[a]n lande vil gesehen + unde nam der besten gerne war: + [U:]bel m[u:]e[z]e mir geschehen, + k[u:]nde ich ie m[i]n herze bringen dar, 20 + Da[z] im wol gevallen + wolde fremeder site. + n[u] wa[z] h[u:]lfe mich, ob ich unrehte strite? + tiuschiu zuht g[a]t vor in allen. + + Von der Elbe unz an den R[i]n 25 + und her wider unz an Ungerlant + M[u:]gen wol die besten s[i]n, + die ich in der werlte h[a]n erkant. + Kan ich rehte schouwen + guot gel[a][z] und l[i]p, 30 + sam mir got, s[o] sw[u:]ere ich wol, da[z] hie diu w[i]p + be[zz]er sint danne ander frouwen. + + Tiusche man sint wol gezogen, + rehte als engel sint diu w[i]p get[a]n. + Swer si schiltet, derst betrogen: 35 + ich enkan s[i]n anders niht verst[a]n. + Tugent und reine minne, + swer die suochen wil, + der sol komen in unser lant: da ist w[u:]nne vil: + lange m[u:]e[z]e ich leben dar inne! 40 + + +2. + + Ow[e] war sint verswunden / alliu m[i]niu j[a]r! + ist mir m[i]n leben getroumet / oder ist e[z] w[a]r? + da[z] ich ie w[a]nde, da[z] / iht w[ae]re, was da[z] iht? + dar n[a]ch h[a]n ich gesl[a]fen / und enwei[z] es niht. 45 + N[u] bin ich erwachet, / und ist mir unbekant, + da[z] mir hie vor was k[u:]ndic / als m[i]n ander hant. + liut unde lant, d[a] ich / von kinde bin erzogen, + die sint mir fremde worden, / reht' als e[z] s[i] gelogen: + Die m[i]ne gespilen w[a]ren, / die sint tr[ae]ge und alt; 50 + bereitet ist da[z] velt, / verhouwen ist der walt: + wan da[z] da[z] wa[zz]er fliu[z]et, / als e[z] w[i]lent fl[o][z], + f[u:]r w[a]r ich w[a]nd[e.] / m[i]n ungel[u:]cke w[u:]rde gr[o][z]. + mich gr[u:]e[z]et maneger tr[a]ge, / der mich bekande [e] wol. + diu werlt ist allenthalben / ungen[a]den vol. 55 + als ich gedenke an manegen / w[u:]nnecl[i]chen tac, + die sint mir enpfallen gar / als in da[z] mer ein slac, + iemer m[e]re ow[e]! + Ow[e] wie j[ae]merl[i]che / junge liute tuont! + den vil unriuwecl[i]che / ir gem[u:]ete stuont, 60 + die kunnen niuwan sorgen: / ow[e] wie tuont si s[o]? + swar ich zer werlte k[e]re, / d[a] ist nieman fr[o]: + Tanzen unde singen / zerg[a]t mit sorgen gar. + nie kristenman gesach / s[o] j[ae]merl[i]chiu j[a]r. + n[u] merket, wie den frouwen / ir gebende st[a]t; 65 + die stolzen ritter tragent / d[o:]rperl[i]che w[a]t. + Uns sint unsenfte brieve / her von R[o]me komen, + uns ist erloubet tr[u]ren / und fr[o:]ude gar benomen. + da[z] m[u:]et mich innecl[i]chen / (wir lebten [e] vil wol), + da[z] ich n[u] f[u:]r m[i]n lachen / weinen kiesen sol. 70 + diu wilden vogell[i]n / betr[u:]ebet unser klage: + wa[z] wunders ist, ob ich / d[a] von vil gar verzage? + wa[z] spriche ich tumber man / durch m[i]nen b[oe]sen zorn? + swer dirre w[u:]nne volget, der / h[a]t jene dort verlorn + iemer m[e]re, ow[e]! 75 + Ow[e] wie uns mit s[u:]e[z]en / dingen ist vergeben! + ich sihe die gallen mitten / in dem honege sweben. + diu werlt ist [u][z]en sch[oe]ne, / w[i][z], gr[u:]en' unde r[o]t + und innen swarzer varwe, / vinster sam der t[o]t. + Swen si n[u] habe verleitet, / der schouwe s[i]nen tr[o]st: 80 + er wirt mit swacher buo[z]e / gr[o][z]er s[u:]nde erl[o]st. + dar an gedenket, ritter! / e[z] ist iuwer dinc; + ir traget die liehten helme / und manegen herten rinc, + Dar zuo die vesten schilte / und diu gew[i]hten swert. + wolte got, w[ae]r ich / der sigen[u:]nfte wert, 85 + s[o] wolte ich n[o]tic man / verdienen r[i]chen solt. + joch meine ich niht die huoben / noch der h[e]rren golt: + ich wolte selbe kr[o]ne / [e]wecl[i]chen tragen; + die m[o:]hte ein solden[ae]re / mit s[i]me sper bejagen. + m[o:]ht ich die lieben reise / gevaren [u:]ber s[e], 90 + s[o] wolte ich denne singen 'wol' / und niemer m[e]re 'ow[e],' + niemer m[e]re 'ow[e]!' + + +3. + + D[o] der sumer komen was + und die bluomen durch da[z] gras + w[u:]nnecl[i]che ensprungen, + ald[a] die vogele sungen, 95 + d[a]r kom ich gegangen + an einen anger langen, + d[a] ein l[u]ter brunne entspranc; + vor dem walde was s[i]n ganc, + d[a] diu nahtegale sanc. 100 + + B[i] dem brunnen stuont ein boum, + d[a] gesach ich einen troum. + ich was zuo dem brunnen + gegangen von der sunnen, + da[z] diu linde m[ae]re 105 + den k[u:]elen schaten b[ae]re. + b[i] dem brunnen ich gesa[z]: + m[i]ner sw[ae]re ich gar verga[z], + schiere entslief ich umbe da[z]. + + D[o] bed[u]hte mich zehant, 110 + wie mir dienten elliu lant, + wie m[i]n s[e]le w[ae]re + ze himel [a]ne sw[ae]re + und der l[i]p hie solte + geb[a]ren swie er wolte. 115 + d[a] enwas mir niht ze w[e]. + got der waldes, swie'[z] erg[e]: + sch[oe]ner troum enwart nie m[e]. + + Gerne sliefe ich iemer d[a], + wan ein uns[ae]ligiu kr[a], 120 + diu begonde schr[i]en. + da[z] alle kr[a] ged[i]en + alse ich in des g[u:]nne! + si nam mir michel wunne. + von ir schr[i]enne ich erschrac: 125 + wan da[z] d[a] niht steines lac, + s[o] w[ae]r' e[z] ir suontac. + + Wan ein wunderalte[z] w[i]p + diu getr[o]ste mir den l[i]p. + die begonde ich eiden. 130 + n[u] h[a]t si mir bescheiden + wa[z] der troum bediute. + da[z] merken w[i]se liute; + zw[e]ne und einer da[z] sint dr[i]; + dannoch seit[e.] si mir d[a] b[i], 135 + da[z] m[i]n d[u]me ein vinger s[i]. + + +4. + + Ich sa[z] [u]f eime steine + und dahte bein mit beine; + dar [u]f satzt ich den ellenbogen; + ich hete in m[i]ne hant gesmogen 140 + da[z] kinne und ein m[i]n wange: + d[o] d[a]hte ich mir vil ange, + wie man zer werlte solte leben. + deheinen r[a]t kond ich gegeben, + wie man driu dinc erw[u:]rbe, 145 + der keine[z] niht verd[u:]rbe. + diu zwei sint [e]re und varnde guot, + da[z] dicke einander schaden tuot; + da[z] dritte ist gotes hulde, + der zweier [u:]bergulde. 150 + die wolte ich gerne in einen schr[i]n; + j[a] leider des enmac niht s[i]n, + da[z] guot und werltl[i]ch [e]re + und gotes hulde m[e]re + zesamene in ein herze komen. 155 + st[i]g' unde wege sint in benomen: + untriuwe is in der s[a][z]e, + gewalt vert [u]f der str[a][z]e, + fride unde reht sint s[e]re wunt. + diu driu enhabent geleites niht, 160 + diu zwei enwerden [e] gesunt. + + +5. + + Ich h[o]rte ein wa[zz]er die[z]en + und sach die vische flie[z]en; + ich sach swa[z] in der werlte was, + velt unde walt, loup r[o]r und gras; 165 + swa[z] kriuchet unde fliuget + und bein zer erden biuget, + da[z] sach ich unde sage iu da[z]: + der keine[z] lebet [a]ne ha[z]. + da[z] wilt und da[z] gew[u:]rme 170 + die str[i]tent starke st[u:]rme, + sam tuont die vogel under in; + wan da[z] sie habent einen sin: + sie diuhten sich ze nihte, + sie ensch[u:]efen starc gerihte: 175 + sie kiesent k[u:]nege unde reht, + sie setzent h[e]rren unde kneht. + s[o] w[e] dir, tiuschiu zunge, + wie st[e]t d[i]n ordenunge, + da[z] n[u] diu mucke ir k[u:]nic h[a]t 180 + und da[z] d[i]n [e]re als[o] zerg[a]t! + bek[e]r[a] dich, bek[e]re! + die zirken sint ze h[e]re, + die armen k[u:]nege dringent dich: + Philippe setze en weisen [u]f + und hei[z] sie treten hinder sich! + + +6. + + Ich sach mit m[i]nen ougen + man unde w[i]be tougen, + d[a] ich geh[o]rte und gesach + swa[z] iemen tet, swa[z] iemen sprach. + ze R[o]me h[o]rte ich liegen 190 + und zw[e]ne k[u:]nege triegen. + d[a] von huop sich der meiste str[i]t, + der [e] was oder iemer s[i]t, + da[z] sich begonden zweien + die pfaffen unde leien. 195 + da[z] was ein n[o]t vor aller n[o]t: + l[i]p unde s[e]le lac d[a] t[o]t, + die pfaffen striten s[e]re: + doch wart der leien m[e]re. + diu swert sie legeten dernider 200 + und griffen zuo der st[o]le wider: + sie bienen die sie wolten + und niuwet den sie solten. + d[o] st[o]rte man diu gotesh[u]s. + ich h[o]rte verre in einer kl[u]s 205 + vil michel ungeb[ae]re: + d[a] weinde ein kl[o]sen[ae]re, + er klagete gote s[i]niu leit: + '[o]w[e], der b[a]best ist ze junc: + hilf, h[e]rre, d[i]ner Kristenheit!' + + +7. + + Diu kr[o]ne ist elter dan der k[u:]nec Philippes s[i]: 210 + d[a] muget ir alle schouwen wol ein wunder b[i], + wie s' ime der smit s[o] ebene habe gemachet. + s[i]n keiserliche[z] houbet zimt ir als[o] wol, + da[z] sie ze rehte nieman guoter scheiden sol. + ir dwedere[z] da[z] ander niht enswachet. 215 + sie liuhtent beide ein ander an, + da[z] edele gesteine wider den jungen man: + die ougenweide sehent die f[u:]rsten gerne. + swer n[u] des r[i]ches irre g[e], + der schouwe, wem der weise ob s[i]me nacke st[e]: 220 + der stein ist aller f[u:]rsten leitesterne. + + +8. + + Mir ist verspart der s[ae]lden tor: + d[a] st[e]n ich als ein weise vor, + mich hilfet niht swa[z] ich dar an geklopfe. + wie m[o:]hte ein wunder gr[oe][z]er s[i]n? 225 + e[z] regent beidenthalben m[i]n, + da[z] mir des alles niht enwirt ein tropfe. + des f[u:]rsten milte [u][z] [O]sterr[i]che + freut dem s[u:]e[z]en regen gel[i]che + beidiu liute und ouch da[z] lant. 230 + er ist ein sch[oe]ne wol gezieret heide, + dar abe man bluomen brichet wunder: + und br[ae]che mir ein blat dar under + diu s[i]n vil milte r[i]chiu hant, + s[o] m[o:]hte ich loben die s[u:]e[z]en ougenweide. 235 + hie b[i] s[i] er an mich gemant. + + +9. + + Ich h[a]n m[i]n l[e]hen, al die werlt! ich h[a]n m[i]n l[e]hen! + n[u] enf[u:]rhte ich niht den hornunc an die z[e]hen + und wil alle b[oe]se h[e]rren deste minre vl[e]hen. + der edel k[u:]nec, der milte k[u:]nec h[a]t mich ber[a]ten, 240 + da[z] ich den sumer luft und in dem winter hitze h[a]n. + m[i]n' n[a]hgeb[u]ren dunke ich verre ba[z] get[a]n: + sie sehent mich niht m[e]r an in butzen w[i]s, als[o] sie t[a]ten. + ich bin ze lange arm gewesen [a]n' m[i]nen danc. + ich was s[o] volle scheltens, da[z] m[i]n [a]tem stanc. 245 + da[z] h[a]t der k[u:]nec gemachet reine und dar zuo m[i]nen sanc. + + +10. + + [O]w[e] hovel[i]che[z] singen, + da[z] dich ungef[u:]ege d[oe]ne + solten ie ze hove verdringen! + da[z] sie schiere got geh[oe]ne! 250 + [o]w[e], da[z] d[i]n wirde als[o] geliget, + des sint alle d[i]ne friunde unfr[o]. + da[z] muo[z] eht s[o] s[i]n, n[u] s[i] als[o]: + fr[o] Unfuoge, ir habt gesiget. + + Der uns freude wider br[ae]hte, 255 + diu reht und gef[u:]ege w[ae]re, + hei wie wol man des ged[ae]hte, + sw[a] man von im seite m[ae]re! + e[z] w[ae]r' ein vil hovel[i]cher muot, + des ich iemer gerne w[u:]nschen sol. 260 + frouwen unde h[e]rren z[ae]me e[z] wol: + [o]w[e] da[z] e[z] nieman tuot! + + Die da[z] rehte singen st[oe]rent, + der ist ungel[i]che m[e]re + danne die e[z] gerne h[oe]rent. 265 + des volg' ich der alten l[e]re: + ich enwil niht werben ze der m[u:]l; + d[a] der stein s[o] riuschend' umbe g[a]t + und da[z] rat s[o] maneg[e.] unw[i]se h[a]t, + merket wer d[a] harpfen s[u:]l! 270 + + Die s[o] frevell[i]chen schallent, + der muo[z] ich vor zorne lachen, + da[z] s' in selben wol gevallent + mit als ungef[u:]egen sachen. + die tuont sam die fr[o:]sche in eime s[e], 275 + den ir schr[i]en als[o] wol behaget, + da[z] diu nahtegal d[a] von verzaget, + s[o] si gerne sunge m[e]. + + Der unfuoge sw[i]gen hie[z]e, + wa[z] man noch von freuden sunge, 280 + und sie abe den b[u:]rgen stie[z]e, + da[z] si d[a] die fr[o]n iht twunge! + wurden ir die gr[o][z]en h[o:]ve benomen, + da[z] w[ae]r' alle[z] n[a]ch dem willen m[i]n: + bien geb[u]ren lie[z]e ich sie wol s[i]n, 285 + dannen ist s' ouch here komen. + + +11. + + Der r[i]fe tet den kleinen vogelen w[e], + da[z] sie niht ensungen. + n[u] h[o]rte ich s'aber w[u:]nnecl[i]che als [e]: + n[u] ist diu heide entsprungen. 290 + d[a] sach ich bluomen str[i]ten wider den kl[e], + weder ir lenger w[ae]re. + m[i]ner frouwen seite ich disiu m[ae]re. + + Uns h[a]t der winter kalt und ander n[o]t + vil get[a]n ze leide. 295 + ich w[a]nde, da[z] ich iemer bluomen r[o]t + s[ae]he an gr[u:]ener heide. + joch sch[a]te e[z] guoten liuten, w[ae]re ich t[o]t, + die n[a]ch freuden rungen + und ie gerne tanzten unde sprungen. 300 + + Vers[u]mde ich disen w[u:]nnecl[i]chen tac, + s[o] w[ae]r' ich verw[a][z]en + und w[ae]re an freude ein angestl[i]cher slac: + dennoch m[u:]ese ich l[a][z]en + al m[i]ne freude, der ich w[i]lent pflac. 305 + got gesegen' iuch alle: + w[u:]nschet noch, da[z] mir ein heil gevalle. + + +12. + + W[i]p muo[z] [e]t iemer s[i]n der w[i]be h[o]hste name + und tiuret ba[z] dan frouwe, als ich'[z] erkenne. + sw[a] n[u] deheiniu s[i], diu sich ir w[i]pheit schame, 310 + diu merke disen sanc und kiese denne. + under frouwen sint unw[i]p, + under w[i]ben sint sie tiure: + w[i]bes name und w[i]bes l[i]p + die sint beide vil gehiure. 315 + swie'[z] umb' alle frouwen var, + w[i]p sint alle frouwen gar. + zw[i]vellop da[z] h[oe]net, + als under w[i]len frouwe: w[i]p d[e]st ein name der s'alle kr[oe]net. + + +13. + + S[o] die bluomen [u][z] dem grase dringent, 320 + same sie lachen gegen der spileden sunnen, + in einem meien an dem morgen fruo, + und diu kleinen vogell[i]n wol singent + in ir besten w[i]se die sie kunnen, + wa[z] w[u:]nne mac sich d[a] gen[o][z]en zuo? 325 + e[z] ist wol halb ein himelr[i]che. + suln wir sprechen, wa[z] sich deme gel[i]che, + s[o] sage ich, wa[z] mir dicke ba[z] + in m[i]nen ougen h[a]t get[a]n, + und t[ae]te ouch noch, ges[ae]he ich da[z]. 330 + + Sw[a] ein edeliu sch[oe]ne frouwe reine + wol gekleidet unde wol gebunden + durch kurzew[i]le zuo vil liuten g[a]t, + hovel[i]chen h[o]chgemuot, niht eine, + umbe sehend[e.] ein w[e]nic under stunden: 335 + alsam der sunne gegen den sternen st[a]t: + der meie bringe uns al s[i]n wunder, + wa[z] ist d[a] s[o] w[u:]nnecl[i]ches under + als ir vil minnecl[i]cher l[i]p? + wir l[a][z]en alle bluomen st[a]n, 340 + und kapfen an da[z] werde w[i]p. + + N[u] wol dan, welt ir die w[a]rheit schouwen, + g[e]n wir zuo des meien h[o]chgez[i]te! + der ist mit aller s[i]ner krefte komen. + seht an in und seht an werde frouwen, 345 + wedere[z] da[z] ander [u:]berstr[i]te, + da[z] be[zz]er spil ob ich da[z] habe genomen. + [o]w[e] der mich d[a] welen hie[z]e, + deich da[z] eine durch da[z] ander lie[z]e, + wie rehte schiere ich danne k[u:]re! 350 + h[e]r Meie, ir m[u:]eset merze s[i]n, + [e] ich m[i]ne frouwen d[a] verl[u:]re. + + +14. + + Swie wol der heide ir manicvaltiu varwe st[a]t, + s[o] wil ich doch dem walde jehen, + da[z] er vil m[e]re w[u:]nnecl[i]cher dinge h[a]t. 355 + noch ist dem velde ba[z] geschehen. + s[o] wol dir, sumer, sus get[a]ner em[z]ekeit! + sumer, da[z] ich iemer lobe d[i]ne tage, + m[i]n tr[o]st, s[o] tr[oe]ste ouch m[i]ne klage: + ich sage dir, wa[z] mir wirret: 360 + diu mir ist liep, der bin ich leit. + + Ich mac der guoten niht verge[zz]en noch ensol, + diu mir s[o] vil gedanke nimet. + die w[i]le ich singe, wil ich vinden iemer wol + ein niuwe lop, da[z] ir gezimet. 365 + n[u] habe ir di[z] f[u:]r guot (s[o] lobe ich danne m[e]): + e[z] tuot in den ougen wol, da[z] man sie siht, + und da[z] man ir vil tugende giht, + da[z] tuot wol in den [o]ren. + s[o] wol ir des! s[o] w[e] mir, w[e]! 370 + + +15. + + In einen zw[i]vell[i]chen w[a]n + was ich gese[zz]en und ged[a]hte, + ich wolte von ir dienste g[a]n, + wan da[z] ein tr[o]st mich wider br[a]hte. + tr[o]st mag e[z] rehte niht gehei[z]en, ouw[e] des! 375 + e[z] ist vil k[u]me ein kleine[z] tr[oe]stel[i]n, + s[o] kleine, swenne ich'[z] iu gesage, ir spottet m[i]n; + doch fr[o:]wet sich l[u:]tzel ieman, er enwi[zz]e wes. + + Mich h[a]t ein halm gemachet fr[o]: + er giht, ich s[u:]le gen[a]de vinden. 380 + ich ma[z] da[z] selbe kleine str[o], + als ich hie vore sach von kinden. + n[u] h[oe]ret unde merket, ob si'[z] denne tuo: + 'si tuot, si entuot, si tuot, si entuot, si tuot.' + swie dicke ich'[z] tete, s[o] was ie da[z] ende guot. 385 + da[z] tr[oe]stet mich: d[a] h[oe]ret ouch geloube zuo. + + +16. + + Nieman kan beherten + kindes zuht mit gerten: + den man z'[e]ren bringen mac, + dem ist ein wort als ein slac. 390 + dem ist ein wort als ein slac, + den man z'[e]ren bringen mac: + kindes zuht mit gerten + nieman kan beherten. + + H[u:]etet iuwer zungen, 395 + da[z] zimt wol den jungen; + st[o][z] den rigel f[u:]r die t[u:]r, + l[a] kein b[oe]se wort dar f[u:]r. + l[a] kein b[oe]se wort dar f[u:]r, + st[o][z] den rigel f[u:]r die t[u:]r: 400 + da[z] zimt wol den jungen, + h[u:]etet iuwer zungen. + + H[u:]etet iuwer ougen + offenb[a]re und tougen: + l[a]t sie guote site spehen 405 + und die b[oe]sen [u:]bersehen; + und die b[oe]sen [u:]bersehen + l[a]t sie, guote site spehen: + offenb[a]re und tougen + h[u:]etet iuwer ougen. 410 + + H[u:]etet iuwer [o]ren, + oder ir s[i]t t[o]ren: + l[a]t ir b[oe]siu wort dar in, + da[z] gun[e]ret iu den sin. + da[z] gun[e]ret in den sin, 415 + l[a]t ir b[oe]siu wort dar in, + oder ir s[i]t t[o]ren: + h[u:]etet iuwer [o]ren. + + H[u:]etet wol der dr[i]er + leider alze fr[i]er: 420 + zungen ougen [o]ren sint + dicke schalchaft, z'[e]ren blint. + dicke schalchaft, z'[e]ren blint + zungen ougen [o]ren sint: + leider alze fr[i]er 425 + h[u:]etet wol der dr[i]er. + + +17. + + Junc man, in swelher aht d[u] bist, + ich wil dich l[e]ren einen list: + d[u] l[a] dir niht ze w[e] s[i]n n[a]ch dem guote: + l[a] dir'[z] ouch niht z'unm[ae]re s[i]n. 430 + und volges d[u] der l[e]re m[i]n, + s[o] wis gewis, e[z] frumt dir an dem muote. + die rede wil ich dir ba[z] bescheiden. + l[a]st d[u] dir'[z] ze s[e]re leiden, + zerg[a]t e[z] so ist d[i]n freude t[o]t: 435 + wilt aber d[u] da[z] guot ze s[e]re minnen, + d[u] maht verliesen s[e]le und [e]re. + d[a] von s[o] volge m[i]ner l[e]re: + leg' [u]f die w[a]ge ein rehte[z] l[o]t + und wig ouch dar mit allen d[i]nen sinnen, 440 + als e[z] diu m[a][z]e eht ie geb[o]t. + + +18. + + Die v[a:]ter h[a]nt ir kint erzogen, + dar an sie beide sint betrogen: + sie brechent dicke Salom[o]nes l[e]re: + der sprichet, swer den besmen spar, 445 + da[z] der den sun vers[u]me gar: + des sint die ungebatten gar [a]n' [e]re. + hie vor d[o] was diu werlt s[o] sch[oe]ne, + n[u] [i.]st sie worden als[o] h[oe]ne. + des enwas niht w[i]lent [e]: 450 + die jungen h[a]nt die alten s[o] verdrungen. + n[u] spottet alse dar der alten! + e[z] wirt iu selben noch behalten. + beitet unz iuwer jugent zerg[e]: + swa[z] ir n[u] tuot, da[z] rechent iuwer jungen, 455 + da[z] wei[z] ich wol und wei[z] noch m[e]. + + +19. + + Wer zieret n[u] der [e]ren sal? + der jungen ritter zuht ist smal, + s[o] pflegent die knehte gar unh[o:]vescher dinge + mit worten und mit werken ouch. 460 + swer z[u:]hte h[a]t, der ist ir gouch. + nemt war, wie gar unfuoge f[u:]r sich dringe! + hie vor d[o] berte man die jungen, + die d[a] pfl[a]gen frecher zungen; + n[u] ist e[z] ir werdekeit: 465 + sie schallent unde scheltent reine frouwen. + w[e] ir hiuten unde ir h[a]ren, + die niht kunnen fr[o] geb[a]ren + sunder w[i]be herzeleit! + d[a] mac man s[u:]nde b[i] der schande schouwen, 470 + die maneger [u]f sich selben leit. + + +20. + + Swer [a]ne vorhte, h[e]rre got, + wil sprechen d[i]niu zehen gebot + und brichet diu, da[z] ist niht rehtiu minne. + dich hei[z]et vater maneger vil: 475 + swer m[i]n ze bruoder niht enwil, + der sprichet starkiu wort [u][z] krankem sinne. + wir wahsen [u][z] gel[i]chem dinge: + sp[i]se frumet uns, diu wirt ringe, + s[o] si durch den munt gevert. 480 + wer kan den h[e]rren von dem knehte scheiden + swa [e.]r ir gebeine bl[o][z]e[z] f[u:]nde, + und h[ae]te er ir joch lebender k[u:]nde, + s[o] gew[u:]rme da[z] fleisch verzert? + im dienent kristen, juden unde heiden, 485 + der elliu lebendiu wunder nert. + + +21. + + [O]w[e] da[z] w[i]sheit unde tugent, + des mannes sch[oe]ne noch s[i]n jugent + niht erben sol, s[o] ie der l[i]p erstirbet! + da[z] mac wol klagen ein w[i]ser man, 490 + der sich des schaden versinnen kan. + Reinm[a]r, wa[z] guoter kunst an dir verdirbet! + d[u] solt von schulden iemer des genie[z]en, + da[z] dich des tages wolte nie verdrie[z]en, + du'n spr[ae]ches ie den frouwen wol und guoten w[i]bes siten. 495 + des suln sie iemer danken d[i]ner zungen. + und h[ae]test niht wan eine rede gesungen: + 's[o] wol dir, w[i]p, wie reine ein nam!', d[u] h[ae]test an gestriten + ir lobe, da[z] elliu w[i]p dir iemer gn[a]den solten biten. + + +22. + + D[e]sw[a]r, Reinm[a]r, d[u] riuwes mich 500 + michels harter denne ich dich, + obe d[u] lebtes unde ich w[ae]re erstorben + ich wil'[z] b[i] m[i]nen triuwen sagen: + dich selben wil ich l[u:]tzel klagen, + ich klage d[i]n edelen kunst, da[z] s'ist verdorben. 505 + d[u] kundest al der werlte freude m[e]ren, + s[o] du'[z] ze guoten dingen woltest k[e]ren. + mich riuwet d[i]n wol redender munt und d[i]n vil s[u:]e[z]er sanc, + da[z] der verdorben ist b[i] m[i]nen z[i]ten. + da[z] d[u] niht eine w[i]le mohtest b[i]ten! 510 + s[o] leiste ich dir geselleschaft: m[i]n singen ist niht lanc. + d[i]n s[e]le m[u:]e[z]e wol gevarn und habe d[i]n zunge danc. + + +V + +REINMAR. + + Reinmar, often called Reinmar der Alte, was by birth an Alsatian. + He spent many years of his active life as Court poet at Vienna, + where he was extremely popular. Next to his rival Walther von der + Vogelweide he was the most prolific and important lyrical poet of + his period, cp. ll. 487-512, pp. 132-3. He died some time during the + first decade of the thirteenth century. See Burdach, Reinmar der + Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide, Leipzig, 1880, and Bartsch, + Deutsche Liederdichter des zw[o:]lften his vierzehnten Jahrhunderts, + Stuttgart, 1879. + + +1 + + 'S[i] koment underw[i]len her + die ba[z] d[a] heime m[o:]hten s[i]n. + Ein ritter des ich lange ger, + bed[ae]hte er ba[z] den willen m[i]n, + s[o] w[ae]re er z'allen z[i]ten hie, 5 + als ich in gerne s[ae]he. + ow[e] des, wa[z] suochent die + die n[i]dent da[z] ob iemen guot gesch[ae]he?' + + Mir ist geschehen da[z] ich niht bin + langer vr[o] wan unz ich lebe. 10 + s[i] wundert wer mir sch[oe]nen sin + und da[z] h[o]hgem[u:]ete gebe + da[z] ich zer werlte niht getar + ze rehte als[o] geb[a]ren, + nie genam ich vrowen war, 15 + ich w[ae]re in holt die mir ze m[a][z]e w[a]ren. + + +2 + + Ein rede der liute tuot mir w[e]: + da enkan ich niht gedultecl[i]chen zuo geb[a]ren. + nu tuont si'[z] alle deste m[e]: + s[i] fr[a]gent mich ze vil von m[i]ner frouwen j[a]ren 20 + und sprechent welher tage s[i] s[i], + dur da[z] ich ir s[o] lange bin gewesen mit triuwen b[i]; + s[i] jehent da[z] es m[o:]hte mich verdrie[z]en. + nu l[a] da[z] aller beste w[i]p + ir z[u:]htel[o]ser vr[a]ge mich genie[z]en. 25 + + +3 + + S[i] jehent, der sumer der s[i] hie, + diu wunne diu s[i] komen + und da[z] ich mich wol gehabe als [e]. + nu r[a]tet unde sprechet wie: + der t[o]t h[a]t mir benomen 30 + da[z] ich niemer [u:]berwinde m[e]. + wa[z] bedarf ich wunnecl[i]cher z[i]t, + s[i]t aller vr[o:]uden h[e]rre Liutpolt in der erde l[i]t, + den ich nie tac getr[u]ren sach? + e[z] h[a]t diu werlt an ime verlorn 35 + da[z] ir an manne nie + s[o] j[ae]merl[i]cher schade geschach. + + 'Mir armen w[i]be was ze wol, + d[o] ich ged[a]hte an in + wie m[i]n heil an s[i]nem l[i]be lac. 40 + da[z] ich des n[u] niht haben sol, + des g[a]t mit sorgen hin + swa[z] ich iemer m[e] geleben mac. + m[i]ner wunnen spiegel derst verlorn + den ich mir hete ze sumerl[i]cher ougen weide erkorn, 45 + des muo[z] ich leider [ae]nic s[i]n. + d[o] man mir seite er w[ae]re t[o]t, + zehant wiel mir da[z] bluot + von herzen [u]f die s[e]le m[i]n. + + Die fr[o:]ide mir verboten h[a]t 50 + m[i]ns lieben h[e]rren t[o]t + als[o] deich ir m[e]r enberen sol. + s[i]t des nu niht mac werden r[a]t, + in ringe mit der n[o]t, + da[z] m[i]n klagede[z] herze ist j[a]mers vol, 55 + diu in iemer weinet, da[z] bin ich, + wan er vil s[ae]lic man, j[a] tr[o]ste er wol ze lebenne mich. + der ist nu hin: wa[z] t[o:]hte ich hie? + wis ime gen[ae]dic, h[e]rre got, + wan tugenthafter gast 60 + kam in d[i]n ingesinde nie.' + + +4 + + Ich welte [u]f guoter liute sage + und ouch durch m[i]nes herzen r[a]t + ein w[i]p von der ich dicke trage + vil manige n[o]t diu n[a]he g[a]t. 65 + die sw[ae]re ich z'allen z[i]ten klage, + wand e[z] mir kumberl[i]che st[a]t. + ich tet ir sch[i]n den dienst m[i]n: + wie m[o:]hte ein gr[oe][z]er wunder s[i]n, + da[z] s[i] mich des engelten l[a]t? 70 + + Ze rehter m[a][z]e sol ein man + beidiu da[z] herze und al den sin + ze st[ae]te wenden, ob er kan: + da[z] wirt im l[i]hte ein guot gewin. + swem d[a] von ie kein leit bekan, 75 + der wei[z] wol wie'ch gebunden bin. + ich gloube im wol, als er mir sol. + von schulden ich den kumber dol: + ich br[a]hte selbe mich dar in. + + +5 + + 'Er h[a]t ze lange mich gemiten 80 + den ich mit triuwen nie gemeit. + von s[i]ner schulde ich h[a]n erliten + da[z] ich nie gr[oe][z]er n[o]t erleit. + s[o] lebt m[i]n l[i]p n[a]ch s[i]nem l[i]be. + ich bin ein w[i]p, da[z] im von w[i]be 85 + nie liebes m[e] geschach, swie mir von im gesch[ae]he. + m[i]n ouge in gerner nie gesach dann ich in hiute s[ae]he.' + + Mir ist vil liebe nu geschehen, + da[z] mir s[o] liebe nie geschach. + s[o] gerne h[a]n ich s[i] gesehen 90 + da[z] ich s[i] gerner nie gesach. + ich scheide ir muot von schwachem muote: + s[i] ist s[o] guot, ich wil mit guote + ir l[o]nen, ob ich kan, als ich doch gerne kunde. + vil m[e]re fr[o:]iden ich ir gan dann ich mir selben gunde. 95 + + +6 + + Wol mich lieber m[ae]re, + diu ich h[a]n vernomen, + da[z] der winter sw[ae]re + welle ze ende komen. + k[u]me ich des erbeiten mac, 100 + want ich fr[o:]ide niht enpflac + s[i]t der kalte r[i]fe lac. + + Mich enha[zz]et niemen, + ob ich bin gemeit. + Wei[z] got, tuot e[z] iemen, 105 + deist uns[ae]lekeit, + wande ich schaden niht enkan. + swes ot s[i] mir wole gan, + wa[z] wil des ein ander man? + + Solte ich m[i]ne liebe 110 + bergen unde heln, + s[o] m[u:]est ich ze diebe + werden unde steln. + sinnecl[i]ch ich da[z] bewar. + m[i]n gewerbe ist anderswar, 115 + ich g[e] dannen oder dar. + + S[o] s[i] mit dem balle + tr[i]bet kindes spot, + da[z]'s iht s[e]re valle, + da[z] verbiete got. 120 + megde, l[a]t iur dringen s[i]n: + st[o][z]et ir m[i]n frouwel[i]n, + so'st der schade halber m[i]n. + + +7 + + Ich sach vil wunnecl[i]che st[a]n + die heide mit den bluomen r[o]t, 125 + der v[i]ol der ist wol get[a]n: + des h[a]t diu nahtegal ir n[o]t + wol [u:]berwunden diu s[i] twanc. + zergangen ist der winter lanc. + ich h[o]rte ir sanc. 130 + + D[o] ich da[z] gr[u:]ene loup ersach, + d[o] lie[z] ich vil der sw[ae]re m[i]n. + von einem w[i]be mir geschach + da[z] ich muo[z] iemer m[e]re s[i]n + vil wunnecl[i]chen wol gemuot. 135 + e[z] sol mich alle[z] dunken guot + swa[z] s[i] mir tuot. + + S[i] schiet von sorgen m[i]nen l[i]p, + da[z] ich dekeine sw[ae]re h[a]n. + wan [a]ne s[i] vier t[u]sent w[i]p 140 + dien heten's alle niht get[a]n. + ir g[u:]ete wendet m[i]niu leit. + ich h[a]n s[i] mir ze friunt bereit, + swa[z] iemen seit. + + Mir'n mac niht leides widerst[a]n: 145 + des wil ich gar [a]n angest s[i]n. + ergienge e[z] als ich willen h[a]n, + s[o] l[ae]ge's an dem arme m[i]n. + da[z] mir der sch[oe]nen wurde ein teil, + da[z] diuhte mich ein michel heil, 150 + und w[ae]re ouch geil. + + Deich ir s[o] holde[z] herze trage, + da[z] ist in sumel[i]chen leit. + dar umbe ich niemer s[o] verzage: + s[i] vliesent alle ir arebeit. 155 + wa[z] hilfet s[i] ir arger list? + si'n wi[zz]en wie'[z] ergangen ist + in kurzer frist. + + +8 + + M[i]n ougen wurden liebes als[o] vol, + d[o] ich die minnecl[i]chen [e]rst gesach, 160 + da[z] e[z] mir hiute und iemer m[e] tuot wol. + ein minnecl[i]che[z] wunder d[o] geschach: + s[i] gie mir alse sanfte dur m[i]n ougen + da[z] s[i] sich in der enge niene stie[z]. + in m[i]nem herzen s[i] sich nider lie[z]: 165 + d[a] trage ich noch die werden inne tougen. + + L[a] st[a]n, l[a] st[a]n! wa[z] tuost du, s[ae]lic w[i]p, + da[z] du mich heimesuochest an der stat, + dar s[o] gewaltecl[i]che w[i]bes l[i]p + mit starker heimesuoche nie getrat? 170 + gen[a]de, frowe! ich mac dir niht gestr[i]ten. + m[i]n herze ist dir ba[z] veile danne mir: + e[z] solde s[i]n b[i] mir, nu'st e[z] b[i] dir: + des muo[z] ich [u]f gen[a]de l[o]nes b[i]ten. + + +9 + + Ze fr[o:]iden n[a]het alle tage 175 + der werlte ein wunnecl[i]chiu z[i]t, + ze senfte maniges herzen klage + die nu der sw[ae]re winter g[i]t. + von sorge ich dicke s[o] verzage, + swenn als[o] j[ae]merl[i]che l[i]t 180 + diu heide breit. da[z] ist mir leit. + diu nahtegal uns schiere seit + da[z] sich gescheiden h[a]t der str[i]t. + + +10 + + S[o] wol dir, w[i]p, wie reine ein nam! + wie sanfte er doch z'erkennen und ze nennen ist! 185 + e[z] wart nie niht s[o] lobesam, + sw[a] du'[z] an rehte g[u:]ete k[e]rest, s[o] d[u] bist. + d[i]n lop mit rede nieman wol volenden kan. + swes d[u] mit triuwen pfligest wol, der ist ein s[ae]lic man + und mac vil gerne leben. 190 + d[u] g[i]st al der werlte hohen muot: + maht d[u] ouch mir ein w[e]nic freude geben? + + + + +VI + +ULRICH VON LICHTENSTEIN. + + Ulrich von Lichtenstein came of a better-class Styrian family, and + was born about the year 1200 and died in 1275 or 1276. He was one of + the best representatives of the later Court lyrical poets. For + editions of his works, see Lachmann, Ausgabe der Dichtungen Ulrichs + von Lichtenstein, Berlin, 1841; Bechstein, Ulrichs von Lichtenstein + Frauendienst, Leipzig, 1887. The following extracts are taken from + Bartsch, Deutsche Liederdichter des zw[o:]lften bis vierzehnten + Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1889. + + +1 + +{Ein tanzw[i]se, und ist diu vierde w[i]se.} + + In dem walde s[u:]e[z]e d[oe]ne + singent kleiniu vogell[i]n. + an der heide bluomen sch[oe]ne + bl[u:]ejent gegen des meien sch[i]n. + als[o] bl[u:]et m[i]n h[o]her muot 5 + mit gedanken gegen ir g[u:]ete, + diu mir r[i]chet m[i]n gem[u:]ete + sam der troum den armen tuot. + + E[z] ist ein vil h[o]ch gedinge + den ich gegen ir tugenden trage, 10 + da[z] mir noch an ir gelinge, + da[z] ich s[ae]lde an ir bejage. + des gedingen bin ich vr[o]. + god geb' da[z] ich'[z] wol verende, + da[z] sie mir den w[a]n iht wende 15 + der mich freut s[o] rehte h[o]. + + Sie vil s[u:]e[z]e, valsches [a]ne, + vr[i] vor allem wandel gar, + l[a][z]e mich in liebem w[a]ne + die w[i]l e[z] niht ba[z] envar; 20 + da[z] diu vreude lange wer, + da[z] ich weinens iht erwache, + da[z] ich gegen dem tr[o]ste lache + des ich von ir hulden ger. + + W[u:]nschen unde wol gedenken 25 + d[e]st diu meiste vreude m[i]n. + des sol mir ir tr[o]st niht wenken, + sie enl[a][z]e mich ir s[i]n + mit den beiden n[a]hen b[i], + s[o] da[z] sie mit willen gunne 30 + mir von ir s[o] werder wunne + da[z] sie s[ae]lic immer s[i]. + + S[ae]lic meie, du aleine + tr[oe]stest al die welde gar. + du und al diu werlt gemeine 35 + vreut mich min dann umb ein h[a]r. + wie m[o:]ht' ir mir vreude geben + [a]ne die vil lieben guoten? + von der sol ich tr[o]stes muoten; + wan ir tr[o]stes muo[z] ich leben. 40 + + +2 + +{Ein sincw[i]se, und ist diu sibende w[i]se.} + + W[e] war umbe sul wir sorgen? + vreude ist guot. + von den w[i]ben sol man borgen + h[o]hen muot. + wol im der in kan gewinnen 45 + von in! der'st ein s[ae]lic man. + freude sol man durch sie minnen, + wan d[a] l[i]t vil [e]ren an. + + Wir suln tanzen singen lachen + durch diu w[i]p. 50 + d[a] mit mac ein man gemachen + da[z] s[i]n l[i]p + wirdet wert, ob er mit triuwen + dienet guoter w[i]be gruo[z]. + swen s[i]n dienest wil geriuwen, 55 + dem wirt selten kumbers buo[z]. + + Mit dem wa[zz]er man da[z], fiuwer + laschet gar: + vinster ist der sunnen tiuwer. + beidiu w[a]r 60 + sint diu m[ae]re: ir h[oe]ret m[e]re. + habet f[u:]r w[a]r [u]f minen l[i]p: + rehten man von herzen s[e]re + scheidet nieman wan diu w[i]p. + + Ow[e] ow[e], frowe Minne, 65 + mir ist w[e]. + nu gr[i]f her wie s[e]re ich brinne. + kalder sn[e] + m[u:]este von der hitze brinnen + diu mir an dem herzen l[i]t. 70 + kanstu, Minne, triuwe minnen, + s[o] hilfestu mir enz[i]t. + + +3 + +{Da[z] ist ein [u][z]reise.} + + Wil iemen n[a]ch [e]ren die z[i]t wol vertr[i]ben, + ze s[ae]lden sich k[e]ren, b[i] freuden bel[i]ben, + der diene ze fl[i][z]e mit triuwen vil sch[o]ne 75 + n[a]ch der minne l[o]ne: der ist s[u:]e[z]e, reine, + vil guot und aleine den guoten gemeine. + + Swer volget dem schilde, der sol e[z] enblanden + dem l[i]be, dem guote, dem herzen, den handen. + des l[o]net vil h[o]he mit guotem gewinne 80 + diu vil werde Minne: diu g[i]t freud' und [e]re. + wol ir s[u:]e[z]en l[e]re! sie kan tr[oe]sten s[e]re. + + Der schilt wil mit z[u:]hten vil baltl[i]che[z] ellen: + er ha[zz]et, er schiuhet Schand' und ir gesellen. + got des niht enwelle da[z] man b[i] im vinde 85 + s[o] swachl[i]ch gesinde, er wil da[z] die s[i]nen + [u]f [e]re sich p[i]nen, in tugenden ersch[i]nen. + + Erg' unde unfuoge und unfuore diu wilde + gezimt niht dem helme und touc niht dem schilde, + der schilt ist ein dach da[z] niht schande kan decken. 90 + s[i]n blic t[ae]t' enblecken an [e]ren die weichen, + von vorhten erbleichen: diu varwe ist ir zeichen. + + H[o]chgemuote frouwen, ir s[u:]lt wol gedenken: + getriuwen gesellen vil st[ae]te [a]ne wenken + den minnet, den meinet, mit herzen, mit muote, 95 + da[z] in iwer huote behalte, beh[u:]ete + mit liebe, mit g[u:]ete, vr[i] vor ungem[u:]ete. + + Sie ist [a]ne schulde mir ha[z]l[i]ch erbolgen + der ich ze dienste dem schilde wil volgen. + nu h[a]n ich f[u:]r z[u:]rnen noch f[u:]r herzen s[e]re 100 + niht ander schilt m[e]re wan den tr[o]st aleine, + da[z] ich sie ba[z] meine dann ie w[i]p deheine. + + Gein ir langen kriege setz' ich m[i]n gedulde: + s[o] st[e] gein ir ha[zz]e ze wer m[i]n unschulde. + m[i]n wer gein den valschen da[z] sol s[i]n m[i]n triuwe 105 + vil s[u:]e[z]e [a]ne riuwe: m[i]n kampfl[i]ch gew[ae]te + f[u:]r ir n[i]det[ae]te da[z] sol s[i]n m[i]n st[ae]te. + + +4 + +{Ditz ist der leich.} + + Got f[u:]ege mir'[z] ze guote: + ich bin noch in dem muote + da[z] ich wil guoten w[i]ben 110 + mit dienest [a]ne valschen muot immer b[i] bel[i]ben. + d[a] von r[a]t' ich einen r[a]t + der allen wol gemuoten mannen tugentl[i]chen st[a]t. + + Ich r[a]t' iu, [e]re gerende man, + mit triuwen, als ich beste kan: 115 + ob ir welt werende freude h[a]n, + s[o] s[i]t den w[i]ben undert[a]n + mit triwen [a]ne valschen muot. + ir g[u:]ete ist als[o] rehte guot, + swer in mit triwen dienest tuot, 120 + den kunnen sie wol machen fr[o]. + der werlde heil gar an in l[i]t: + ir g[u:]ete ist freuden h[o]chgez[i]t, + ir sch[oe]ne s[o] vil freuden g[i]t, + d[a] von diu herze st[i]gent h[o]. 125 + + Werdekeit + sunder leit + kunnen sie wol friunden geben. + swem s[o] s[i] + witze b[i], 130 + der sol n[a]ch ir hulden streben + unde zinsen in s[i]n leben: + da[z] r[a]te ich [u]f die triwe m[i]n. + swer [e]ren s[ae]lic welle s[i]n + und r[i]che an h[o]hem muote, 135 + der sol mit triwen guotiu w[i]p + reht minnen als s[i]n selbes l[i]p. + vil guot vor allem guote + ist der w[i]be g[u:]ete, unde ir sch[oe]ne sch[oe]ne ob aller sch[oe]ne. + ir sch[oe]ne ir g[u:]ete ir werdikeit ich immer gerne kr[oe]ne. 140 + an ir sch[oe]ne und an ir g[u:]ete st[a]t m[i]n heil und ouch m[i]n wunne. + w[ae]r' guoter w[i]be sch[oe]ne niht, wie selten ich gewunne + deheinen [e]ren gernden muot. + wol mich da[z] sie sint als[o] guot, + da[z] man h[a]t von ir g[u:]ete 145 + s[o] h[o]hen tr[o]st f[u:]r senediu leit. + ir sch[oe]ne, ir g[u:]ete, ir werdikeit + g[i]t mir vil h[o]ch gem[u:]ete. + + M[i]n muot von w[i]ben h[o]he st[a]t. + wa[z] danne ob mir ir einiu h[a]t 150 + erzeiget h[o]he misset[a]t? + d[e]sw[a]r des mac wol werden r[a]t. + + Wa[z] sie gegen mir h[a]t get[a]n, + da[z] wil ich gerne wi[zz]en l[a]n + mit z[u:]hten, als ich beste kan, 155 + [u]f gen[a]de guotiu w[i]p. + ich h[a]n ir driu und zehen j[a]r + gedienet sunder wenken gar, + b[i] m[i]nen triwen, da[z] ist w[a]r, + da[z] in der z[i]t m[i]n seneder l[i]p 160 + nie gewan + s[o:]lhen w[a]n, + des m[i]n st[ae]te wurde kranc. + al m[i]n gir + was gein ir 165 + sleht mit triwen [a]ne wanc. + nu vert entwer ir habedanc + reht als ein rat da[z] umbe g[a]t + und als ein marder den man h[a]t + in eine lin gebunden. 170 + kund' ich als sie unst[ae]te s[i]n, + s[o] h[ae]t' ich n[a]ch dem willen m[i]n + [a]n sie ein frowen funden. + + [E] daz ich m[i]n ritterl[i]che st[ae]te br[ae]ch' an guoten w[i]ben + ich wold' [e] immer valscher w[i]be hulde vr[i] bel[i]ben. 175 + ich muo[z] in der st[ae]ten w[i]be dienest sunder l[o]n verderben + oder ich muo[z] ir st[ae]ten herzen liebe alsus erwerben + da[z] ich gewenke nimmer wanc + von in. ir h[o]hen habedanc, + und mag ich den erringen, 180 + s[o] h[a]n ich alle[z] da[z] ich wil, + s[u:]e[z]' ougen wunne, herzen spil, + vil wunne an allen dingen. + + Nu wa[z] bedarf m[i]n seneder l[i]p + gen[a]den m[e]r, ob ich ein w[i]p 185 + ze frowen vinde als[o] gemuot, + diu sich vor wandel h[a]t behuot + und niht wan da[z] beste tuot? + der sol m[i]n dienest s[i]n bereit + immer m[e], 190 + swie'[z] erg[e], + sunder valsch mit st[ae]tikeit. + d[a] von gewinne ich werdikeit + und als[o] freuder[i]chen sin, + des ich getiuret immer bin 195 + an aller hande dingen. + + Vind' ich sie, ich sol s[o] ritterl[i]chen n[a]ch ir hulden ringen. + da[z] mir von ir st[ae]tikeit muo[z] h[o] an ir gelingen. + sie muo[z] abr [u]f die triwe m[i]n + gar vr[i] vor allem wandel s[i]n, 200 + diech m[e]r mich l[a][z]e twingen + und ouch in kumber bringen. + j[a] geh[oe]ret man mich nimmer m[e] + deheines valschen w[i]bes lop gesprechen noch gesingen. + + +5 + + In dem lufte s[u:]e[z]em meien, 205 + s[o] der walt gekleidet st[a]t, + s[o] siht man sich sch[o]ne zweien + alle[z] da[z] iht liebes h[a]t, + unde ist mit ein ander vr[o]. + da[z] ist reht: diu z[i]t wil s[o]. 210 + + Sw[a] sich liep ze liebe zweiet, + h[o]hen muot diu liebe g[i]t. + in der beider herzen meiet + e[z] mit vreuden alle z[i]t. + tr[u]rens wil diu liebe niht, 215 + sw[a] man liep b[i] liebe siht. + + Sw[a] zwei liep ein ander meinent + herzenl[i]chen [a]ne wanc + und sich beidiu s[o] vereinent + da[z] ir liebe ist [a]ne kranc, 220 + die h[a]t got zesamne geben + [u]f ein wunnecl[i]che[z] leben. + + St[ae]tiu liebe hei[z]et minne. + liebe, minne, ist al ein: + die kan ich in m[i]nem sinne 225 + niht gemachen wol zuo zwein. + liebe muo[z] mir minne s[i]n + immer in dem herzen m[i]n. + + Sw[a] ein st[ae]te[z] herze vindet + st[ae]te liebe, st[ae]ten muot, 230 + d[a] von al s[i]n tr[u]ren swindet. + st[ae]tiu liebe ist als[o] guot + da[z] sie st[ae]te freude g[i]t + st[ae]tem herzen alle z[i]t. + + M[o:]hte ich st[ae]te liebe vinden, 235 + der wold' ich s[o] st[ae]te s[i]n + da[z] ich d[a] mit [u:]berwinden + wolde gar die sorge m[i]n. + st[ae]ter liebe wil ich gern + unde unst[ae]te gar verbern. 240 + + +6 + + Disiu liet diu hei[z]ent vrowen tanz: + diu sol niemen singen, er'n s[i] vr[o]. + swer mit z[u:]hten treit der freuden kranz, + und dem s[i]n muot st[a]t von w[i]ben h[o], + dem erloube ich sie ze singen wol: 245 + bl[i]decl[i]chen man sie tanzen sol. + + Tr[u]ren ist ze w[a]re niemen guot + wan dem einen der s[i]n s[u:]nde klaget, + h[o]hen lop erwirbet h[o]her muot. + guoten w[i]ben h[o]chmuot wol behaget: 250 + d[a] von wil ich immer m[e]re s[i]n + h[o]chgemuot durch dich, guot vrowe m[i]n. + + Vreude gibt mir d[i]n wol redender munt, + h[o]hen muot d[i]n reine senfte sit': + vreuden tou mir [u][z] des herzen grunt 255 + kumt von dir in elliu m[i]niu lit. + got h[a]t s[i]nen vl[i][z] an dich geleit, + d[a] von d[i] lop [e]ren kr[o]ne treit. + + Liehtiu ougen, d[a] b[i] br[u]ne br[a], + h[a]stu und zwei r[o]tiu w[a:]ngel[i]n. 260 + sch[oe]ne bistu hie und sch[oe]ne d[a]. + br[u]n r[o]t w[i][z], der dr[i]er varwe sch[i]n + treit d[i]n h[o]chgeborner sch[oe]ner l[i]p. + tugende h[a]stu vil, guot w[i]pl[i]ch w[i]p. + + Da[z] du als[o] manege tugende h[a]st, 265 + d[a] von bin ich alles tr[u]rens vr[i]. + s[o] du als[o] sch[oe]niu vor mir g[a]st, + s[o] ist mir als ich in dem himel s[i]. + got s[o] sch[oe]nen engel nie gewan + den ich f[u:]r dich wolde sehen an. 270 + + + + +VII + +DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED. + + + B. Text. [A]VENTIURE XVII. + +WIE KRIEMHILT IR MAN KLAGTE UND WIE ER BEGRABEN WART. + + The following extract is from Bartsch's edition, Leipzig, 1879. + + + D[o] erbiten si der nahte / und fuoren [u:]ber R[i]n. + von heleden kunde nimmer / wirs gejaget s[i]n. + ein tier da[z] si d[a] sluogen, / da[z] weinden edeliu kint. + j[a] muosen s[i]n engelten / vil guote w[i]gande sint. 4 + + Von gr[o][z]er [u:]berm[u:]ete / muget ir h[oe]ren sagen, + und von eisl[i]cher r[a]che. / d[o] hie[z] Hagene tragen + S[i]friden als[o] t[o]ten / von Nibelunge lant + f[u:]r eine kemen[a]ten / d[a] man Kriemhilde vant. 8 + + Er hie[z] in tougenl[i]chen / legen an die t[u:]re, + da[z] sin d[a] solde vinden / so si gienge derf[u:]re + him zer mett[i]ne / [e] da[z] e[z] wurde tac, + der diu vrouwe Kriemhilt / vil selten keine verlac. 12 + + Man l[u]te d[a] zem m[u:]nster / n[a]ch gewoneheit. + vrou Kriemhilt diu sch[oe]ne / wahte manige meit: + ein lieht bat si ir bringen / und ouch ir gewant. + d[o] kom ein kamer[ae]re / d[a] er S[i]friden vant. 16 + + Er sah in bluotes r[o]ten: / s[i]n w[a]t was elliu na[z]. + da[z] e[z] s[i]n herre w[ae]re, / nine wesse er da[z]. + hin zer kemen[a]ten / da[z] lieht truog an der hant + von dem vil leider m[ae]re / diu vrouwe Kriemhilt ervant. 20 + + D[o] si mit ir vrouwen / zem m[u:]nster wolde g[a]n, + d[o] sprach der kamer[ae]re / 'j[a] sult ir stille st[a]n: + e[z] l[i]t vor dem gademe / ein ritter t[o]t erslagen.' + d[o] begonde Kriemhilt / vil harte unm[ae][z]l[i]che klagen. 24 + + [E] da[z] si rehte erfunde / da[z] i[z] w[ae]re ir man, + an die Hagenen vr[a]ge / denken si began, + wie er in solde vristen: / d[o] wart ir [e]rste leit. + von ir was allen vreuden / mit s[i]me t[o]de widerseit. 28 + + D[o] seic si zuo der erden, / da[z] si niht ensprach: + die sch[oe]nen vreudel[o]sen / ligen man d[o] sach. + Kriemhilde j[a]mer / wart unm[a][z]en gr[o][z]: + do [e.]rschr[e] si n[a]ch unkrefte / da[z] al diu kemen[a]te erd[o][z]. 32 + + D[o] sprach da[z] gesinde: / 'wa[z] ob e[z] ist ein gast?' + da[z] bluot ir [u][z] dem munde / von herzen j[a]mer brast. + d[o] sprach si 'e[z] ist S[i]frit, / der m[i]n vil lieber man: + e[z] h[a]t ger[a]ten Pr[u:]nhilt, / da[z] e[z] hat Hagene get[a]n.' 36 + + Diu vrouwe bat sich w[i]sen / d[a] si den helt vant. + si huop s[i]n sch[oe]ne houbet / mit ir vil w[i][z]en hant. + swie r[o]t e[z] was von bluote, / si het in schiere erkant. + d[o] lac vil j[ae]merl[i]che / der helt von Nibelunge lant. 40 + + D[o] rief vil tr[u]recl[i]che / diu k[u:]neginne milt: + 'ow[e] mir m[i]nes leides! / nu ist dir d[i]n schilt + mit swerten niht verhouwen: / du l[i]st ermorder[o]t. + unt wesse ich wer i[z] het get[a]n, / ich riete im immer s[i]nen t[o]t.' 44 + + Alle[z] ir gesinde / klagete und scr[e] + mit ir lieben vrouwen, / wand' in was harte w[e] + umb' ir vil edelen herren, / den si d[a] heten verlorn. + d[o] het gerochen Hagene / harte Pr[u:]nhilde zorn. 48 + + D[o] sprach diu j[a]merhafte: / 'ir sult hine g[a]n + und wecket harte balde / die S[i]frides man. + ir sult ouch Sigemunde / m[i]nen j[a]mer sagen, + ob er mir helfen welle / den k[u:]enen S[i]friden klagen.' 52 + + D[o] lief ein bote balde / da [e.]r si ligen vant, + die S[i]frides helede / von Nibelunge lant. + mit den vil leiden m[ae]ren / ir vreude er in benam. + si wolden'[z] niht gelouben / unz man da[z] weinen vernam. 56 + + Der bote kom ouch schiere / d[a] der k[u:]nic lac. + Sigemunt der herre / des sl[a]fes niht enpflac: + ich w[ae]n' s[i]n herze im sagete / da[z] im was geschehen, + ern m[o:]hte s[i]nen lieben sun / lebenden nimmer gesehen. 60 + + 'Wachet, herre Sigemunt. / mich bat n[a]ch iu g[a]n + Kriemhilt m[i]n vrouwe. / der ist ein leit get[a]n + da[z] ir vor allen leiden / an ir herze g[a]t: + da[z] sult ir klagen helfen, / wand' e[z] iuch s[e]re best[a]t.' 64 + + [U]f rihte sich d[o] Sigemunt; / er sprach: 'wa[z] sint diu leit + der sch[oe]nen Kriemhilde, / diu du mir h[a]st geseit?' + der bote sprach mit weinen: / 'ine kan iu niht verdagen: + j[a] ist von Niderlanden / der k[u:]ene S[i]frit erslagen.' 68 + + D[o] sprach der herre Sigemunt: / 'l[a]t da[z] schimpfen s[i]n + und als[o] b[oe]siu m[ae]re / durch den willen m[i]n, + da[z] ir da[z] saget iemen / da[z] er s[i] erslagen: + wand' ine kunde in nimmer / unz an m[i]n ende verklagen.' 72 + + 'Welt ir mir niht gelouben / da[z] ir mich h[oe]ret sagen, + s[o] muget ir selbe h[oe]ren / Kriemhilde klagen + unt alle[z] ir gesinde / den S[i]frides t[o]t.' + vil s[e]re erscrac d[o] Sigemunt: / des gie im w[ae]rl[i]chen n[o]t. 76 + + Mit hundert s[i]nen mannen / er von den betten spranc. + si zuhten zuo den handen / diu scharpfen w[a]fen lanc, + si liefen zuo dem wuofe / vil j[a]merliche dan. + d[o] k[o]men t[u]sent recken / des k[u:]enen S[i]frides man. 80 + + D[o] si s[o] j[ae]merl[i]che / die vrouwen h[o]rten klagen, + d[o] w[a]nden sumel[i]che, / si solden kleider tragen. + jan[e.] mohten si der sinne / vor leide niht gehaben: + in wart vil michel sw[ae]re / in ir herzen begraben. 84 + + D[o] kom der k[u:]nec Sigemunt / da [e.]r Kriemhilde vant. + er sprach: 'ow[e] der reise / here in ditze lant. + wer h[a]t mich m[i]nes kindes / und iuch des iuwern man + b[i] als[o] guoten friunden / sus mortl[i]ch [a]ne get[a]n?' 88 + + 'Hey solde ich den bekennen,' / sprach da[z] vil edele w[i]p, + 'holt enwurde im nimmer / m[i]n herze unt ouch m[i]n l[i]p: + ich geriete im als[o] leide / da[z] die friunde s[i]n + von den m[i]nen schulden / m[u:]esen weinende s[i]n.' 92 + + Sigemunt der herre / den f[u:]rsten umbesl[o][z]. + d[o] wart von s[i]nen vriunden / der j[a]mer als[o] gr[o][z] + da[z] von dem starken wuofe / palas unde sal + und ouch diu stat ze Worme[z] / von ir weinen erschal. 96 + + Don[e.] kunde niemen tr[oe]sten / da[z] S[i]frides w[i]p. + man z[o]ch [u][z] den kleidern / den s[i]nen sch[oe]nen l[i]p. + man wuosch im s[i]ne wunden / unt leit' in [u]f den r[e]. + d[o] was s[i]nen liuten / von gr[o][z]em j[a]mere w[e]. 100 + + D[o] spr[a]chen s[i]ne recken / von Nibelunge lant: + 'in sol immer rechen / mit willen unser hant. + er ist in dirre b[u:]rge, / der i[z] h[a]t get[a]n.' + d[o] [i]lten n[a]ch w[a]fen / alle S[i]frides man. 104 + + Die [u][z] erwelten degene / mit schilden k[o]men dar, + einlef hundert recken: / die hete an s[i]ner schar + Sigemunt der herre. / s[i]nes sunes t[o]t + den wolde er gerne rechen: / des gie im w[ae]rl[i]chen n[o]t. 108 + + Sin[e.] wessen wen si solden / mit str[i]te d[o] best[a]n, + s[i]ne t[ae]ten'[z] Gunther / unde s[i]ne man, + mit den der herre S[i]frit / an da[z] gejegede reit. + Kriemhilt sach si gew[a]fent: / da[z] was ir gr[oe][z]l[i]che leit. 112 + + Swie michel w[ae]r' ir j[a]mer / und swie starc ir n[o]t, + d[o] vorhte si harte / der Nibelunge t[o]t + von ir bruoder mannen, / da[z] si e[z] understuont. + si warnt' si g[u:]etl[i]che / s[o] vriunde liebe vriunde tuont. 116 + + D[o] sprach diu j[a]mers r[i]che: / 'm[i]n her Sigemunt, + wes welt ir beginnen? / iu ist niht rehte kunt. + j[a] h[a]t der k[u:]nic Gunther / s[o] manigen k[u:]enen man: + ir welt iuch alle vliesen, / welt ir die recken best[a]n.' 120 + + Mit [u]f erb[u:]rten schilden / in was ze str[i]te n[o]t. + diu edel k[u:]neginne / bat und ouch geb[o]t + da[z] si[z] m[i]den solden, / die recken vil gemeit. + d[o] si[z] niht l[a][z]en wolden, / da[z] was ir w[ae]rl[i]chen leit. 124 + + Si sprach: 'herre Sigemunt, / ir sult i[z] l[a][z]en st[a]n + unz e[z] sich ba[z] gef[u:]ege: / s[o] wil ich m[i]nen man + immer mit iu rechen. / der mir in h[a]t benomen, + wirde ich des bew[i]set, / ich sol im schedel[i]che komen. 128 + + E[z] ist der [u:]berm[u:]eten / hie b[i] R[i]ne vil: + d[a] von ich iu des str[i]tes / r[a]ten niht enwil. + si habent wider einen / ie wol dr[i][z]ec man. + nu l[a][z]' in got gelingen / als si umb uns gedienet h[a]n. 132 + + Ir sult hie bel[i]ben, / unt dolt mit mir diu leit; + als i[z] tagen beginne, / ir helde vil gemeit, + s[o] helfet mir besarken / den m[i]nen lieben man.' + d[o] spr[a]chen die degene: / 'da[z] sol werden get[a]n.' 136 + + Iu enkunde niemen / da[z] wunder volsagen + von rittern unt von vrouwen, / wie man die h[o]rte klagen, + s[o] da[z] man des wuofes / wart in der stat geware. + die edelen burg[ae]re / die k[o]men g[a]hende dare. 140 + + Si klageten mit den gesten, / want in was harte leit. + die S[i]frides schulde / in niemen het geseit, + durch wa[z] der edele recke / verl[u:]re den s[i]nen l[i]p. + d[o] weinden mit den vrouwen / der guoten burg[ae]re w[i]p. 144 + + Smide hie[z] man g[a]hen, / wurken einen sarc, + von silber und von golde, / vil michel unde starc. + man hie[z] in vaste spengen / mit stahel, der was guot. + d[o] was al den liuten / harte tr[u]rec der muot. 148 + + Diu naht was zergangen: / man sagte e[z] wolde tagen. + d[o] hie[z] diu edele vrouwe / zuo den m[u:]nster tragen + S[i]frit den herren, / ir vil lieben man. + swa[z] er d[a] vriunde h[e]te, / die sach man weinende g[a]n. 152 + + D[o] s[i.] in zem munster br[a]hten, / vil der gloken klanc. + d[o] h[o]rt' man allenthalben / vil maniges pfaffen sanc. + d[o] kom der k[u:]nic Gunther / mit den s[i]nen man + und ouch der grimme Hagene / zuo dem wuofe geg[a]n. 156 + + Er sprach: 'vil liebiu swester, / ow[e] der leide d[i]n, + da[z] wir niht mohten [a]ne / des gr[o][z]en schaden s[i]n. + wir m[u:]e[z]en klagen immer / den S[i]frides l[i]p.' + 'da[z] tuot ir [a]ne schulde', / sprach da[z] j[a]merhafte w[i]p. 160 + + 'W[ae]r' iu dar umbe leide, / son w[ae]r' es niht geschehen. + ir hetet m[i]n verge[zz]en, / des mag ich wol jehen, + da [i.]ch d[a] wart gescheiden / von m[i]me lieben man. + da[z] wolde got', sprach Kriemhilt, / 'w[ae]r' i[z] mir selber get[a]n.' 164 + + Si buten vaste ir lougen. / Kriemhilt begonde jehen + 'swelher sich unschuldige, / der l[a][z]e da[z] gesehen; + der sol zuo der b[a]re / vor den liuten g[e]n. + d[a] b[i] mac man die w[a]rheit / harte schiere verst[e]n.' 168 + + Da[z] ist ein michel wunder: / vil dicke e[z] noch geschiht, + sw[a] man den mortmeilen / b[i] dem t[o]ten siht, + s[o] bluotent im die wunden: / als ouch d[a] gescach. + d[a] von man die sculde / d[a] ze Hagenen gesach. 172 + + Die wunden vlu[zz]en s[e]re / alsam si t[a]ten [e]. + die [e] d[a] s[e]re klageten, / des wart nu michel m[e]. + d[o] sprach der k[u:]nic Gunther / 'ich wil'[z] iuch wi[zz]en l[a]n. + in sluogen sch[a]ch[ae]re: / Hagene h[a]t es niht get[a]n.' 176 + + 'Mir sint die sch[a]ch[ae]re', / sprach si, 'vil wol bekant. + nu l[a][z]e e[z] got errechen / noch s[i]ner vriunde hant. + Gunther unde Hagene, / j[a] habet ir i[z] get[a]n.' + die S[i]frides degene / heten d[o] ze str[i]te w[a]n. 180 + + D[o] sprach aber Kriemhilt: / 'nu habt mit mir die n[o]t.' + d[o] k[o]men dise beide / d[a] si in funden t[o]t, + G[e]rn[o]t ir bruoder / und G[i]selher da[z] kint. + in triuwen si in klageten / mit den anderen sint. 184 + + Si weinden innecl[i]che / den Kriemhilde man. + man solde messe singen: / zuo dem m[u:]nster dan + giengen allenthalben / man w[i]p unde kint. + die s[i]n doch l[i]hte enb[a]ren, / die weinden S[i]friden sint. 188 + + G[e]rn[o]t und G[i]selher / spr[a]chen: 'swester m[i]n, + nu tr[oe]ste dich n[a]ch t[o]de, / als i[z] doch muo[z] s[i]n. + wir wellen dich's ergetzen / die w[i]le unt wir geleben.' + don[e.] kunde ir tr[o]st deheinen / zer werlde niemen gegeben. 192 + + S[i]n sarc der was bereitet / wol umbe'n mitten tac. + man huop in von der b[a]re / d[a] er [u]fe lac. + in wolde noch diu frouwe / l[a][z]en niht begraben. + des muosen al die liute / michel arebeite haben. 196 + + In einen r[i]chen pfellel / man den t[o]ten want. + ich w[ae]ne man d[a] iemen / [a]ne weinen vant. + d[o] klagete herzenl[i]che / Uote, ein edel w[i]p, + und alle[z] ir gesinde / den s[i]nen w[ae]tl[i]chen l[i]p. 200 + + D[o] man da[z] geh[o]rte, / da[z] man zem m[u:]nster sanc, + unt in gesarket h[e]te, / d[o] huop sich gr[o][z] gedranc: + durch willen s[i]ner s[e]le / wa[z] opfers man d[o] truoc! + er hete b[i] den v[i]nden / doch guoter vriunde genuoc. 204 + + Kriemhilt diu arme / zir kamer[ae]ren sprach: + 'si suln durch m[i]ne liebe / l[i]den ungemach, + die im iht guotes g[u:]nnen / und mir wesen holt; + durch S[i]frides s[e]le / sol man teilen s[i]n golt.' 208 + + Dehein kint was s[o] kleine / da[z] witze mohte haben, + da[z] muose g[e]n zem opfer. / [e] [e.]r wurde begraben, + ba[z] danne hundert messe / man d[a] des tages sanc. + von S[i]frides vriunden / wart d[o] gr[o][z]er gedranc. 212 + + D[o] man d[a] hete gesungen, / da[z] volc huop sich von dan. + d[o] sprach diu vrouwe Kriemhilt / 'irn sult niht eine l[a]n + h[i]nte mich bewachen / den [u][z] erwelten degen. + e[z] ist an s[i]me l[i]be / al m[i]n vreude gelegen. 216 + + Dr[i] tage und dr[i] nahte / wil ich in l[a][z]en st[a]n, + unz ich mich geniete / m[i]ns vil lieben man. + wa[z] ob da[z] got gebiutet / da[z] mich ouch nimet der t[o]t? + s[o] w[ae]re wol verendet / m[i]n armer Kriemhilde n[o]t.' 220 + + Zen herbergen giengen / die liute von der stat. + pfaffen unde m[u:]niche / si bel[i]ben bat + und alle[z] s[i]n gesinde, / da[z] des heldes pflac. + si heten naht vil arge / unt vil m[u:]el[i]chen tac. 224 + + [A]n e[zz]en und [a]n trinken / beleip d[a] manic man. + die e[z] nemen wolden, / den wart da[z] kunt get[a]n, + da[z] man's in den vollen g[ae]be: / da[z] schuof Sigemunt. + d[o] was den Nibelungen / vil michel arebeite kunt. 228 + + Die dr[i]e tagez[i]te, / s[o] wir h[oe]ren sagen, + die d[a] kunden singen, / da[z] si muosen tragen + vil der arebeite. / wa[z] man in opfers truoc! + die vil arme w[a]ren, / die wurden r[i]che genuoc. 232 + + Swa[z] man vant der armen / die es niht mohten h[a]n, + die hie[z] man doch zem opfer / mit dem golde g[a]n + [u][z] s[i]n selbes kamere. / do [e.]r niht solde leben, + umbe s[i]ne s[e]le / wart manic t[u]sent marc gegeben. 236 + + Urbor [u]f der erden / teilte s'in diu lant, + sw[a] s[o] man diu kl[o]ster / und guote liute vant. + silber unde w[ae]te / gap man den armen gnuoc. + si tet dem wol gel[i]che / da[z] sim holden willen truoc. 240 + + An dem dritten morgen / ze rehter messez[i]t + s[o] was b[i] dem m[u:]nster / der kirchof als[o] w[i]t + von den lantliuten / weinens als[o] vol: + si dienden im n[a]ch t[o]de / als man lieben vriunden sol. 244 + + In den tagen vieren, / man h[a]t gesaget da[z], + ze dr[i][z]ec t[u]sent marken, / oder dannoch ba[z], + wart durch s[i]ne s[e]le / den armen d[a] gegeben. + d[o] was gelegen ringe / s[i]n gr[o][z]iu sch[oe]ne und ouch s[i]n leben. 248 + + D[o] gote d[a] wart gedienet / und da[z] man vol gesanc, + mit ungef[u:]egem leide / vil des volkes ranc. + man hie[z] in [u][z] dem m[u:]nster / zuo dem grabe tragen. + die s[i]n ungern enb[a]ren, / die sah man weinen unde klagen. 252 + + Vil l[u]te scr[i]ende / da[z] liut gie mit im dan: + vr[o] enwas d[a] niemen, / weder w[i]p noch man. + [e] da[z] man in begr[u:]ebe, / man sanc unde las: + hey wa[z] guoter pfaffen / ze s[i]ner p[i]filde was! 256 + + [E] da[z] zem grabe k[oe]me / da[z] S[i]frides w[i]p, + d[o] ranc mit solhem j[a]mer / der ir getriuwer l[i]p, + da[z] man si mit dem brunnen / vil dicke d[a] verg[o][z]. + e[z] was ir ungem[u:]ete / vil harte unm[ae][z]l[i]chen gr[o][z]. 260 + + E[z] was ein michel wunder / da[z] si ie genas. + mit klage ir helfende / manic vrouwe was. + d[o] sprach diu k[u:]neginne: / 'ir S[i]frides man, + ir sult durch iuwer triuwe / an mir gen[a]de beg[a]n. 264 + + L[a]t mir n[a]ch m[i]me leide / da[z] kleine liep geschehen, + da[z] ich s[i]n sch[oe]ne houbet / noch eines m[u:]e[z]e sehen.' + d[o] bat si's als[o] lange / mit j[a]mers sinnen starc, + da[z] man zebrechen muose / den vil h[e]rl[i]chen sarc. 268 + + D[o] br[a]hte man die vrouwen / d[a] si in ligen vant. + si huop s[i]n sch[oe]ne houbet / mit ir vil w[i][z]en hant; + d[o] kuste s' als[o] t[o]ten / den edelen ritter guot. + ir vil liehten ougen / vor leide weineten bluot. 272 + + Ein j[ae]merl[i]che[z] scheiden / wart d[o] d[a] get[a]n. + d[o] truoc man si von dannen: / sine mohte niht geg[a]n. + d[o] vant man sinnel[o]se / da[z] h[e]rl[i]che w[i]p. + vor leide m[o:]ht' ersterben / der ir vil w[u:]nnecl[i]cher l[i]p. 276 + + D[o] man den edelen herren / hete nu begraben, + leit [a]ne m[a][z]e / sah man die alle haben + die mit im komen w[a]ren / von Nibelunge lant. + vil selten vr[oe]l[i]chen / man d[o] Sigemunden vant. 280 + + D[o] was der etel[i]cher / der dr[i]er tage lanc + vor dem gr[o][z]em leide / niht a[z] noch entranc. + doch mohten si dem l[i]be / s[o] gar gesw[i]chen niht: + si nerten sich n[a]ch sorgen, / s[o] noch genuogen geschiht. 284 + + + + +VIII + +WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH. + + Wolfram von Eschenbach was a native of Bavaria. Of his life little + is known, not even the exact dates of his birth and death. He + flourished in the latter part of the twelfth and early part of the + thirteenth century, and was by far the best and most extensive + representative of the Court epic poetry. He is best known by his + Parzival, which contains 24,812 lines divided up into sixteen books. + The following extract is taken from Book III. For editions of his + works, see Lachmann, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Berlin, 1833, fifth + edition, Berlin, 1891; Bartsch, Wolfram's von Eschenbach Parzival + und Titurel, Leipzig, 1875. + + + Sich z[o]ch diu frouwe j[a]mers balt + [u][z] ir lande in einen walt, + zer waste in Solt[a]ne; + niht durch bluomen [u]f die pl[a]ne, + ir herzen j[a]mer was s[o] ganz, 5 + sin[e.] k[e]rte sich an keinen kranz, + er w[ae]re r[o]t oder val. + sie br[a]hte dar durch fl[u:]htesal + des werden Gahmuretes kint. + liute, die b[i] ir d[a] sint, 10 + m[u:]e[z]en b[u]wen unde riuten. + sie kunde wol getriuten + ir sun. [e] da[z] sich der versan, + ir volc sie gar f[u:]r sich gewan: + e[z] w[ae]re man oder w[i]p, 15 + den geb[o]t sie allen an den l[i]p, + da[z] se iemer r[i]ters wurden l[u]t. + 'wan friesche da[z] m[i]ns herzen tr[u]t, + welch r[i]ters leben w[ae]re, + da[z] wurde mir vil sw[ae]re. 20 + nu habet iuch an der witze kraft, + und helt in alle r[i]terschaft.' + + Der site fuor angestl[i]che vart. + der knappe alsus verborgen wart + zer waste in Solt[a]ne erzogen, 25 + an k[u:]necl[i]cher fuore betrogen; + e[z] [e.]nm[o:]hte an eime site s[i]n: + bogen unde b[o:]lzel[i]n + die sneit er mit s[i]n selbes hant, + und sch[o][z] vil vogele die er vant. 30 + swenne ab er den vogel ersch[o][z], + des schal von sange [e] was s[o] gr[o][z], + s[o] weinde er unde roufte sich, + an s[i]n h[a]r k[e]rt' er gerich. + s[i]n l[i]p was kl[a]r unde fier: 35 + [u]f dem pl[a]n am rivier + twuog er sich alle morgen. + er'n kunde niht gesorgen, + e[z] [e.]nw[ae]re ob im der vogelsanc, + die suo[z]e in s[i]n herze dranc: 40 + da[z] erstracte im s[i]niu pr[u:]stel[i]n. + al weinde er lief zer k[u:]neg[i]n. + s[o] sprach sie 'wer h[a]t dir get[a]n? + du w[ae]r' hin [u][z] [u]f den pl[a]n.' + er'n kunde es ir gesagen niht, 45 + als kinden l[i]hte noch geschiht. + dem m[ae]re gienc sie lange n[a]ch. + eins tages sie in kapfen sach + [u]f die boume n[a]ch der vogele schal. + sie wart wol innen da[z] zeswal 50 + von der stimme ir kindes brust. + des twang in art und s[i]n gelust. + frou Herzeloyde k[e]rte ir ha[z] + an die vogele, sine wesse um wa[z]: + sie wolte ir schal verkrenken. 55 + ir b[u]liut[e.] und ir enken + die hie[z] sie vaste g[a]hen, + vogele w[u:]rgen unde v[a]hen. + die vogele w[a]ren ba[z] geriten: + etsl[i]ches sterben wart vermiten: 60 + der bleip d[a] lebendic ein teil, + die s[i]t mit sange wurden geil. + + Der knappe sprach zer k[u:]neg[i]n + 'wa[z] w[i][z]et man den vogel[i]n?' + er gerte in frides s[a] zestunt. 65 + s[i]n muoter kuste in an den munt: + diu sprach 'wes wende ich s[i]n gebot, + der doch ist der h[oe]hste got? + suln vogele durch mich fr[o:]ude l[a]n?' + der knappe sprach zer muoter s[a]n 70 + 'ow[e] muoter, wa[z] ist got?' + 'sun, ich sage dir'[z] [a]ne spot. + er ist noch liehter denn' der tag, + der antlitzes sich bewac + n[a]ch menschen antlitze. 75 + sun, merke eine witze, + und fl[e]he in umbe d[i]ne n[o]t: + s[i]n triwe der werlde ie helfe b[o]t. + s[o] hei[z]et ein[e.]r der helle wirt: + der [i.]st swarz, untriuwe in niht verbirt. 80 + von dem k[e]r' d[i]ne gedanke, + und och von zw[i]vels wanke.' + s[i]n muoter underschiet im gar + da[z] vinster unt da[z] lieht gevar. + dar n[a]ch s[i]n snelheit verre spranc. 85 + er lernt[e.] den gabyl[o]tes swanc, + d[a] mite er manegen hirz ersch[o][z]: + des s[i]n muoter und ir volc gen[o][z]. + e[z] w[ae]re [ae]ber oder sn[e], + dem wilde tet' s[i]n schie[z]en w[e]. 90 + nu h[oe]ret fremdiu m[ae]re. + swenne er'rsch[o][z] da[z] sw[ae]re, + des w[ae]re ein m[u]l geladen genuoc, + als unzerworht hin heim er'[z] truoc. + + Eins tages gieng er den weideganc 95 + an einer halden, diu was lanc: + er brach durch blates stimme 'en zw[i]c. + d[a] n[a]hen b[i] im gienc ein st[i]c: + d[a] h[o]rt' er schal von huofslegen. + s[i]n gabyl[o]t begund'er wegen: 100 + d[o] sprach er 'wa[z] h[a]n ich vernomen? + wan wolte et nu der tiuvel komen + mit grimme zornecl[i]che! + den best[u:]ende ich sicherl[i]che. + m[i]n muoter freisen von im saget: 105 + ich w[ae]ne ir ellen s[i] verzaget.' + alsus stuont er in str[i]tes ger. + nu seht, dort kom gesch[u]ftet her + dr[i] r[i]ter n[a]ch wunsche var, + von fuo[z]e [u]f gew[a]pent gar. 110 + der knappe w[a]nde sunder spot, + da[z] iesl[i]cher w[ae]re ein got. + d[o] stuont ouch er niht langer hie, + in'[z] phat viel er [u]f s[i]niu knie. + l[u]te rief der knappe s[a]n 115 + 'hilf, got: du maht wol helfe h[a]n.' + der vorder zornes sich bewac, + d[o] der knappe im phade lac: + 'dirre t[oe]rsche W[a]leise + unsich wendet g[a]her reise.' 120 + ein pr[i]s den wir Beier tragen, + muo[z] ich von W[a]leisen sagen: + die sint t[oe]rscher denne beiersch her, + und doch b[i] manl[i]cher wer. + swer in den zwein landen wirt, 125 + gefuoge ein wunder an im birt. + + D[o] kom geleischieret + und wol gezimieret + ein r[i]ter, dem was harte g[a]ch. + er reit in str[i]tecl[i]chen n[a]ch, 130 + die verre w[a]ren von im komen: + zw[e]n' r[i]ter heten im genomen + ein' frouwen in s[i]m' lande, + den helt e[z] d[u]hte schande: + in m[u:]et[e.] der juncfrouwen leit, 135 + diu j[ae]merl[i]che vor in reit. + dise dr[i] w[a]ren s[i]ne man. + er reit ein sch[oe]ne kastel[a]n: + s[i]ns schildes was vil w[e]nic ganz. + er hie[z] Karnahkarnanz 140 + leh cons Ulterlec. + er sprach 'wer irret uns den wec?' + sus fuor er zuome knappen s[a]n. + den d[u]hte er als ein got get[a]n: + er'n het' [e] s[o] liehtes niht erkant. 145 + [u]f[e.]m towe der w[a]penroc erwant. + mit guld[i]n schellen kleine + vor ietwederem beine + w[a]rn die stegreife erklenget + unt ze rehter m[a][z]e erlenget. 150 + s[i]n zeswer arm von schellen klanc, + swar er'n b[o]t oder swanc. + der was durch swertslege s[o] hel: + der helt was gein pr[i]se snel. + sus fuor der f[u:]rste r[i]che, 155 + gezimiert w[u:]nnecl[i]che. + + Aller manne sch[oe]ne ein bluomen kranz, + den vr[a]gte Karnahkarnanz + 'junch[e]rre, s[a]ht ir f[u:]r iuch varen + zw[e]n' r[i]ter die sich niht bewaren 160 + kunnen an r[i]terl[i]cher zunft? + sie ringent mit der n[o]tnunft + und sint an werdekeit verzaget: + sie f[u:]erent roubes eine maget.' + der knappe w[a]nde, swa[z] er sprach, 165 + e[z] w[ae]re got, als ime verjach + frou Herzeloyd' diu k[u:]neg[i]n, + do s'im underschiet den liehten sch[i]n. + d[o] rief er l[u]te sunder spot + 'nu hilf mir, helfe r[i]cher got.' 170 + vil dicke viel an s[i]n gebet + fil li roy Gahmuret. + der f[u:]rste sprach 'ich pin niht got, + ich leiste ab gerne s[i]n gebot. + du maht his vier r[i]ter sehen, 175 + ob du ze rehte kundest spehen.' + der knappe fr[a]gte f[u:]rba[z] + 'du nennest r[i]ter: wa[z] ist da[z]? + h[a]stu niht gotel[i]cher kraft, + s[o] sage mir, wer g[i]t r[i]terschaft.' 180 + 'da[z] tuot der k[u:]nec Art[u]s. + junch[e]rre, komet ir in des h[u]s, + der bringet iuch an r[i]ters namen, + da[z] ir's iuch niemer durfet schamen. + ir muget wol s[i]n von r[i]ters art.' 185 + von den helden er geschouwet wart: + d[o] lac diu gotes kunst an ime. + von der [a]ventiur[e.] ich da[z] nime, + diu mich mit w[a]rheit des beschiet: + nie mannes varwe ba[z] geriet 190 + vor ime s[i]t Ad[a]mes z[i]t. + des wart s[i]n lop von w[i]ben w[i]t. + + Aber sprach der knappe s[a]n + d[a] von ein lachen wart get[a]n. + 'ay r[i]ter got, wa[z] mahtu s[i]n? 195 + du h[a]st sus manec vingerl[i]n + an d[i]nen l[i]p gebunden, + dort oben unt hie unden.' + ald[a] begreif des knappen hant + swa[z] er [i]sers ame f[u:]rsten vant: 200 + des harnasch begunder schouwen. + 'm[i]ner muoter juncfrouwen + ir vinger[i]n an sn[u:]eren tragent, + diu niht sus an ein ander ragent.' + der knappe sprach durch s[i]nen muot 205 + 'war zuo ist ditze guot, + da[z] dich s[o] wol kan schicken? + i'ne mages niht abe gezwicken.' + der f[u:]rste im zeigete s[a] s[i]n swert: + 'nu sich, swer an mich str[i]tes gert, 210 + des selben wer ich mich mit slegen: + f[u:]r die s[i]ne muo[z] ich an mich legen, + und f[u:]r den schu[z] und f[u:]r den stich + muo[z] ich alsus w[a]pen mich.' + aber sprach der knappe snel 215 + 'ob die hirze tr[u:]egen sus ir vel, + son' verwunt' ir niht m[i]n gabyl[o]t. + der vellet manger vor mir t[o]t.' + + Die r[i]ter zurnden da[z] er hielt + bi dem knappen der vil tumpheit wielt. 220 + der f[u:]rste sprach 'got h[u:]ete d[i]n. + [o]w[i] wan w[ae]r' d[i]n sch[oe]ne m[i]n! + dir hete got den wunsch gegeben, + ob du mit witzen soldest leben. + diu gotes kraft dir virre leit.' 225 + die s[i]ne und och er selbe reit, + unde g[a]heten balde + z'einem velde in dem walde. + d[a] vant der gef[u:]ege + fr[o]n Herzeloyden phl[u:]ege. 230 + ir volke leider nie geschach; + die er balde eren sach: + si b[e.]gunden s[ae]n, dar n[a]ch egen, + ir gart ob starken ohsen wegen. + der f[u:]rste in guoten morgen b[o]t, 235 + und fr[a]gte s[e.], op sie s[ae]hen n[o]t + eine juncfrouwen l[i]den, + sine kunden niht vermiden, + swes er vr[a]gt', da[z] wart gesaget. + 'zw[e]ne r[i]ter und ein maget 240 + d[a] riten hiute morgen. + diu frouwe fuor mit sorgen: + mit sporen sie vaste ruorten, + die die juncfrouwen fuorten.' + e[z] was Meljahkanz. 245 + den erg[a]hte Karnachkarnanz, + mit str[i]te er ime die frouwen nam: + diu was d[a] vor fr[o:]uden lam. + sie hie[z] [I]m[a]ne + von der B[e][a]font[a]ne. 250 + + Die b[u]liute verzageten, + d[o] die helde f[u:]r sie jageten. + sie spr[a]chen 'wie'st uns sus geschehen? + h[a]t unser junch[e]rre ersehen + [u]f disen r[i]tern helme schart, 255 + son[e.] h[a]n wir uns niht wol bewart. + wir sulen der k[u:]neginne ha[z] + von schulden h[oe]ren umbe da[z], + wand' er mit uns d[a] her lief + hiute morgen d[o] sie dannoch slief.' 260 + der knappe enruochte ouch wer d[o] sch[o][z] + die hirze kleine unde gr[o][z]: + er huop sich gein der muoter wider, + und sagete ir m[ae]r'. d[o] viel sie nider: + s[i]ner worte sie s[o] s[e]re erschrac, 265 + da[z] s[i.] unversunnen vor im lac. + d[o] diu k[u:]neginne + wider kom z'ir sinne, + swie sie d[a] vor w[ae]r' verzaget, + d[o] sprach sie 'sun, wer h[a]t gesaget 270 + dir von r[i]ters orden? + w[a] bist du's innen worden?' + 'muoter, ich sach vier man + noch liehter danne got get[a]n: + die sageten mir von r[i]terschaft. 275 + Art[u]ses k[u:]necl[i]chiu kraft + sol mich n[a]ch r[i]ters [e]ren + an schildes ambet k[e]ren.' + sich huop ein niuwer j[a]mer hie. + diu frouwe enwesse rehte, wie 280 + da[z] sie ir den list erd[ae]hte + unde in von dem willen br[ae]hte. + + Der knappe tump unde wert + iesch von der muoter dicke ein pfert. + da[z] begunde s[e.] in ir herzen klagen. 285 + sie d[a]hte 'i'n wil im niht versagen: + e[z] muo[z] aber vil b[oe]se s[i]n.' + d[o] ged[a]hte m[e]r diu k[u:]neg[i]n + 'der liute vil b[i] spotte sint. + t[o]ren kleider sol m[i]n kint 290 + ob s[i]me liehten l[i]be tragen. + wirt er geroufet unt geslagen, + s[o] kumet er mir her wider wol.' + [o]w[e] der j[ae]merl[i]chen dol! + diu frouwe nam ein sactuoch: 295 + sie sneit im hemede unde bruoch, + da[z] doch an eime st[u:]cke erschein, + unz enmitten an s[i]n blanke[z] bein. + da[z] wart f[u:]r t[o]ren kleit erkant. + ein gugel man obene dr[u]fe vant. 300 + al frisch r[u]ch kelber[i]n + von einer h[u]t zwei ribbal[i]n + n[a]ch s[i]nen beinen wart gesniten. + d[a] wart gr[o][z] j[a]mer niht vermiten. + diu k[u:]neg[i]n was als[o] bed[a]ht, 305 + sie bat bel[i]ben in die naht. + 'dun[e.] solt niht hinnen k[e]ren, + ich wil dich list [e] l[e]ren. + an ungebanten str[a][z]en + soltu tunkel f[u:]rte l[a][z]en: 310 + die s[i]hte unde l[u]ter s[i]n, + d[a] solte al balde r[i]ten [i]n. + du solt dich site nieten, + der werelde gr[u:]e[z]en bieten. + ob dich ein gr[a] w[i]se man 315 + zuht wil l[e]rn als er wol kan, + dem soltu gerne volgen, + und wis im niht erbolgen. + sun, l[a] dir bevolhen s[i]n, + swa du guotes w[i]bes vingerl[i]n 320 + m[u:]gest erwerben unt ir gruo[z], + da[z] nim: e[z] tuot dir kumbers buo[z]. + du solt z'ir kusse g[a]hen + und ir l[i]p vast' umbev[a]hen: + da[z] g[i]t gel[u:]cke und h[o]hen muot, 325 + op sie kiusche ist unde guot. + du solt och wi[zz]en, sun m[i]n, + der stolze k[u:]ene L[a:]hel[i]n + d[i]nen f[u:]rsten abe ervaht zwei lant, + diu sollen dienen d[i]ner hant, 330 + W[a]leis und Norg[a]ls. + ein d[i]n f[u:]rste Turkentals + den t[o]t von s[i]ner hende enphienc: + d[i]n volc er sluoc unde vienc.' + 'diz riche ich, muoter, ruocht es got: 335 + in verwundet noch m[i]n gabyl[o]t.' + + Des morgens d[o] der tag erschein, + der knappe balde wart enein, + im was gein Art[u]se g[a]ch. + frou Herzeloyde in kuste und lief im n[a]ch. 340 + der werelde riuwe ald[a] geschach. + d[o] sie ir sun niht langer sach + (der reit enwec: wem'st deste ba[z]?), + d[o] viel diu frouwe valsches la[z] + [u]f die erde, ald[a] sie j[a]mer sneit 345 + d[o] da[z] se ein sterben niht vermeit. + ir vil getriul[i]cher t[o]t + der frouwen wert' die hellen[o]t. + [o]wol sie da[z] se ie muoter wart! + sus fuor die l[o]nes bernden vart 350 + ein wurzel der g[u:]ete + und ein stam der diem[u:]ete. + [o]w[e] da[z] wir nu niht enh[a]n + ir sippe unz an den eilften sp[a]n! + des wirt gevelschet manec l[i]p. 355 + doch solten nu getriuwiu w[i]p + heiles w[u:]nschen disem knaben, + der sich hie von ir h[a]t erhaben. + + + + +NOTES + + [Transcriber's Note: + Notes to the prose passages are identified by numbers [1]-[6]. + The following bracketed sentence is from the original text.] + +[The references refer to the paragraphs in the Grammar.] + + +I. BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG + +[1] p. 79, l. 13. {werdent sehende}, will see. + +[2] p. 79, l. 19. {da[z] si anders niht enpfl[ae]ge}, see Secs. 102, 108. + +[3] p. 81, l. 34. {von s[o] get[a]ner freude}, of joy of such a beautiful +kind. + + +II. LANTREHTBUOCH + +[4] p. 83, l. 26. {mege}, pres. subj. of {mac}, see Sec. 93. + +[5] p. 85, l. 15. {sempervr[i]en}, from {sentb[ae]revr[i]en}, the highest class +of freemen. + +[6] p. 85, l. 17. {miter} = {mitter(e)}, _aj. nom. pl._, middle, see +Sec. 9, 2. + + +III. DER ARME HEINRICH + +l. 6. {im}, is reflexive, see Secs. 66, 104. + +ll. 24-5. That this one (er) may pray to God for the salvation of +Heinrich's soul. + +l. 31. {ze Sw[a]ben} = in the country of the Swabians, i.e. Swabia. + +l. 38. {ze handen haben}, possess. + +l. 50. {versworn}, _pp._ of {verswern}, Sec. 86. + +l. 101. {des muge wir}: {des} is dependent on {ein w[a]re[z] bilde}; for +{muge}, see Sec. 74, note. + +l. 106. {sehent} = {sehet}, imperative. + +l. 133-4. {d[o] . . . alr[e]st}, as soon as. + +l. 164. {eime} = {eineme}, see Sec. 9, 3. + +l. 190. {gnislich} = {genislich}, cp. Sec. 9, 7. + +l. 239. {f[u:]r die selben frist}, since then. + +ll. 240-1. no longer any hopes of being healed. + +l. 257. {sich abe tuon}, renounce, resign. + +l. 351. {getwelte}, had dwelt, see Sec. 106. + +ll. 372-3. The construction is {s[o] ze Salerne vil meister} (_gen._) {von +arzen[i]en ist}, see Sec. 102. + +l. 376. {kunde} for {kundet}. + +l. 486. {es} _gen._ is dependent on {niht}. + +l. 547. {sich ein dinc an nemen}, to take a thing to heart. + +l. 591. {mohter} = {mohte er}, see Sec. 65, note 3. + +l. 621. {die w[i]le da[z]}, so long as. + +l. 640. {wan} = {wa[z] ne}, why not. + +l. 756. {versw[i]ge wir} is the imperative, cp. also note to l. 101. + +l. 846. {d[i]me} = {d[i]neme}, see Sec. 9, 3. + + +IV. WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE + +l. 144. {kond} _pret._ of {kan}. + +ll. 174-5. They would imagine themselves ruined if they did not exercise +a stern rule. On the omission of the negative see Sec. 108. + +l. 178. {tiuschiu zunge}, German language, i.e. Germany. + +l. 182. {bek[e]r[a]}, see {[a]} in the Glossary. + +l. 185. {Philippe} is _dative_; {en} = {den}. + +l. 187. {man . . . w[i]be} are the _gen. plural_. + +l. 214. {guoter} is _gen. plural_. + +l. 232. {bluomen . . . wunder}, a great multitude of flowers. + +l. 250. {da[z] sie schiere got geh[oe]ne!} may God curse them soon. + +l. 255. {Der uns freude wider br[ae]hte}, if anyone would bring us joy +again. + +l. 285. {bien} = {b[i] den}. + +l. 292. {weder ir}, which of the two. + +l. 308. {h[o]hste} (weak form) {name}, the most beautiful _or_ precious +name. + +l. 429. {du l[a] dir niht ze w[e] s[i]n n[a]ch dem guote}, do not worry +yourself too much about wealth. + +ll. 475-6. Very many call thee father, who will not recognize me as +their brother. + +ll. 498-9. See Extracts from Reinmar, ll. 184-192. + + +V. REINMAR + +l. 33. {Liutpolt}: Duke Leopold VI of Austria. + +l. 75. {bekan} = {bekam}. + + +VII. DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED + +l. 28. {s[i]me} = {s[i]neme}, see Sec. 9,3; {widerseit} = {widersaget}, +Sec. 37. + +l. 32. {n[a]ch unkrefte}, after she had regained her consciousness. + +l. 37. {bat sich w[i]sen}, asked them to lead her to. + +l. 43. {ermorder[o]t}, older form of _pp._ of {ermordern}, see Sec. 88, note. + +l. 88. {[a]ne tuon}, with _gen._ and _acc._, bereave, rob. + +l. 92. {weinende s[i]n} = {weinen}, see Sec. 106. + +l. 213. {huop sich von dan}, betook themselves away. + + +VIII. PARZIVAL + +l. 17. that they should never mention the word 'knight'. On the omission +of the negative see Sec. 108. + +l. 42. {weinde} = {weinende}, see Sec. 29. + +ll. 83-4. The mother explained to him fully the difference between +darkness and light, i.e. between the Devil and God. + +l. 141. {leh cons} = {le (li) cons}, the Count. + +ll. 157-8. K. asked him, who was the perfection of human beauty. + +l. 172. {fil li roy}, son of the king. + +l. 243. Supply {ros} as object. + + + + +GLOSSARY + + +_ABBREVIATIONS_ + + _sm._, _sf._, _sn._, = strong masculine, &c. + _sv._ = strong verb. + _wm._, _wf._, _wn._, = weak masculine, &c. + _wv._ = weak verb. + _pret.-pres._ = preterite-present. + _pn._ = proper name. + + The remaining abbreviations need no explanation. + + The Roman numeral after a verb indicates the class to which the + verb belongs. The ordinary numerals after a word indicate the + paragraph in the Grammar where the word either occurs or some + peculiarity of it is explained. + + + A + + {[a]}, _interj._ added to the imperative, nouns, and particles; + {nein[a]}, certainly not. + {ab}, {abe}, _prep. c. dat._ of, from; + _av._ away, away from, 9.6. + {aber}, {abr}, {ab}, _av._ and _cj._ again, once more, but; + {aber spr[e:]chen}, answer, reply. + {acker}, _sm._ field, acre, 9.2, 31.2, 42. + {Ad[a]m}, _pn._ Adam. + {adamas}, _sm._ diamond. + {[ae]ber}, _sn._ place where the snow has melted away. + {[ae]nic} (with _gen._), _aj._ bereft. + {[a:]her} (OHG. {ahir}), _sn._ ear of corn. + {aht(e)}, _num._ eight, 62. + {aht(e)}, _sf._ attention, meditation; station, position. + {ahtede}, _num._ eighth, 62. + {ahten}, _wv._ observe, consider, deliberate. + {ah(t)z[e:]hen}, _num._ eighteen, 62. + {ah(t)z[e:]hende}, _num._ eighteenth, 62. + {ah(t)zic} ({-ec}), _num._ eighty, 62. + {ah(t)zigeste}, _num._ eightieth, 62. + {al} (_infl._ {aller}, {alle[z]}, {alliu} ({[a:]lliu}, {elliu})), _aj._ + all; + {al d[a]}, there, thereupon; + {al d[o]}, as soon as; + {al ein}, all one, the same; + {aller hande}, of all kinds; + {alle w[e:]ge}, everywhere, 55. + {aleine}, _av._ alone. + {allenthalben}, _av._ on all sides. + {allertegel[i]ch}, _av._ daily. + {alle[z]}, _av._ always, already. + {allmahtic} ({alm[a:]htic}, {almehtic}), _aj._ all-powerful, almighty. + {almuosen}, _sn._ alms, charity. + {alr[e]st} = {aller [e]rst}, at first. + {als}, see {als[o]}. + {alsam}, _av._ as, just as, 69. + {als[o]} ({alse}, {als}), _av._ as, just as, so, likewise, 69; + {alse dar}, always, all the time. + {alsolch} = {solch}. + {alsus} ({alsust}), _av._ in this manner, so, thus. + {alt}, _aj._ old, former, 10, 57. + {alter}, _sn._ age. + {alw[ae]re}, _aj._ foolish. + {alze}, _av._ too, too much. + {alzehant}, _av._ on the spot, at once, immediately. + {am} = {an d[e:]m}. + {ambet}, _sn._ service, office, calling. + {anblic}, _sm._ look. + {ander}, _num._ and _pr._ other, second, 55, 62, 71. + {anders}, _av._ otherwise, else; + {niht anderswan}, nothing but. + {anderswar}, _av._ elsewhere. + {ane} ({an}), _prep. c. dat._ or _acc._ on, by, in; of; + along with; until, 9.6; + {an d[e:]n l[i]p}, by (their) life, on the penalty of (their) life; + {an d[e:]r stat}, at once, on the spot. + {[a]ne} ({[a]n}), _av._ alone, free, deprived of; + {eines [a]ne w[e:]rden}, to lose; + _cj._ except; + _prep. c. acc._ or _gen._ without, except, next to. + {ange}, _av._ narrowly, exactly, carefully, anxiously, 9.7. + {anger}, _sm._ grass plot. + {angesiht}, _sf._ sight. + {angest}, _smf._ care, sorrow, anxiety. + {anges(t)lich}, _aj._ anxious, fearful, dangerous, terrible. + {anme}, {amme}, {ame}, {am} = {an d[e:]me}, 68, note 2. + {ans[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, look at, behold. + {anst} (_pl._ {enste}), _sf._ favour, 49. + {antl[u:]tze}, {antlitze}, _sn._ face, countenance. + {antw[u:]rten} (_pret._ {antwurte}), _wv._ answer. + {apfel}, _sm._ apple, 31, 2. + {ar}, _wm._ eagle, 9.1, 50. + {arbeit} ({arebeite}), _sf._ work, trouble, grief. + {arbeitsam}, _aj._ painful, troublesome. + {arc} ({-ges}), _aj._ bad, mischievous, wicked. + {arm}, _aj._ poor, helpless, unhappy, 57. + {arm}, _sm._ arm. + {armuot}, _sf._ poverty, want. + {art}, _smf._ inborn manner, nature, quality; origin, descent. + {Art[u]s}, _pn._ Arthur, king of Britain. + {arz[a]t}, _sm._ physician. + {arzen[i]e}, _sf._ medicine, remedy. + {[a]s}, _sn._ carrion, 28. + {[a]tem}, _sm._ breath, 42. + {[a]ventiure}, _sf._ wonderful event + {ay}, _interj._ ah! alas! + + + B + + {b[a]best}, _sm._ pope. + {b[a]gen}, _sv._ VII, quarrel, 87. + {bal} ({-lles}), _sm._ ball. + {balde}, _av._ boldly, bravely, valiantly; quickly; + {balde w[e:]rden enein}, be quickly resolved. + {balt}, _aj._ courageous, full of courage, firm, unyielding. + {baltl[i]ch}, _aj._ courageous. + {bange}, _aj._ anxious, 9.7. + {bannen}, _sv._ VII, banish, expel, put under the ban, 87. + {bar}, _aj._ bare, 55. + {b[a]re}, _sf._ bier. + {bat} ({-des}), _sn._ bath, flood of tears. + {ba[z]}, _av._ better, more, 61; + {ba[z] geriten}, quicker; + {ba[z] veile}, of less value; + {w[e:]m'st deste ba[z]?}, who feels joy at this parting? + {B[e][a]font[a]ne}, _pn._ + {bed[a]ht}, _p.p._ thoughtful, intent. + {b[e]de} = {beide}. + {bedecken} (_pret._ {-dacte}, {-dahte}), _wv._ cover, 90. + {bedenken} (_pret._ {-d[a]hte}, _subj. pret._ {-d[ae]hte}), think over, + consider; + {sich d[e:]s willen bedenken}, decide upon a thing. + {bediuten}, _wv._ expound; + _refl._ mark, denote. + {bedrie[z]en}, _sv._ II, seem troublesome _or_ irksome. + {bedunken} (_pret._ {-d[u]hte}), _wv._ seem, appear. + {bedurfen}, {bed[u:]rfen} (_pr. sing._ {-darf}), _pret. pres._, need, + require; + see {durfen}. + {beg[a]n}, _anom. v._ to do a thing; + _refl._ live; + see {g[a]n}. + {begie[z]en}, _sv._ II, pour over, moisten. + {beginnen}, _sv._ III (_pret._ also weak {begunde}, {begonde}), + begin, 81. + {begraben}, _sv._ VI, bury, inter. + {begr[i]fen}, _sv._ I, grasp, understand. + {begunder} = {begunde [e:]r}. + {behagen}, _wv._ please, delight, suit. + {behalten}, _sv._ VII, hold, keep, preserve, reserve, store up. + {beherten}, _wv._ harden, enforce. + {beh[u:]eten}, _wv._ keep, preserve, protect. + {behuot}, _p.p._ of {beh[u:]eten}. + {beide} ({b[e]de}), _num._, _neut._ {beidiu}, both; + {beide--und}, both--and. + {beidenthalben}, _av._ on both sides. + {Beier}, _pn._ people of Bavaria, Bavarians. + {beier(i)sch}, _aj._ Bavarian. + {bein}, _sn._ bone, leg, 5, 11. + {beiten}, _wv._ wait; + _sn._ a waiting. + {bejagen}, _wv._ acquire, get. + {bej[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, assure. + {bekan} = {bekam}. + {bekennen} (_pret._ {-kante}), _wv._ know, recognize, get to know. + {bek[e]ren}, _wv._ employ, turn; + {bek[e]ren sich}, turn round. + {bekomen}, _sv._ IV, get, obtain. + {bel[i]ben} ({bl[i]ben}), _sv._ I, remain, 9.7, 76; + {under w[e:]gen bel[i]ben}, be left undone, cease. + {beliuhten}, _wv._ illumine, explain, make manifest. + {benamen} = {b[i] namen}, in the true sense of the word. + {ben[e:]men}, _sv._ IV, take, take away; + _c. gen._ exempt. + {ber[a]ten}, _sv._ VII, consider, arrange, provide for; + _refl._ consider, reflect. + {b[e:]rc} ({-ges}), _sm._ mountain. + {bereit} ({bereite}), _aj._ ready, willing; + _av._ readily, willingly, 55. + {bereiten} (_pret._ {-reite}), _wv._ plough, make arable, prepare, + make ready. + {b[e:]rgen}, _sv._ III, hide, 81. + {b[e:]rn}, _sv._ IV, bear, carry, bring forth, 9.1, 19, 82. + {bern} (_pret._ {berte}), _wv._ beat, strike. + {berouben}, _wv._ bereave, rob. + {ber[u:]eren}, _wv._ touch, move. + {besarken} ({beserken}), _wv._ put into the coffin. + {besch[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, happen. + {bescheiden}, _sv._ VII, make clear, explain. + {bescheiden} ({bescheidenl[i]ch}), _aj._ sensible, prudent. + {bescheidenheit}, _sf._ understanding, sense, prudence. + {bescheidenl[i]chen}, _av._ definitely, clearly, sensibly. + {beschern}, _wv._ bestow upon, divide, let out. + {b[e:]seme}, _wm._ besom; rod. + {besitzen} (_pret._ {-sa[z]}), _sv._ V, take possession of. + {beslie[z]en}, _sv._ II, close, shut. + {besorgen}, _wv._ provide, be conscious of; requite. + {best[a]n}, _anom. v._ remain; attack, assail; + {einen best[a]n}, concern, belong to. + {beste}, _aj._ and _av._ best, 9.5, 23.1, 61. + {besunder}, _av._ apart. + {besw[ae]rde}, _sf._ affliction, grief, sadness. + {besw[ae]ren}, _wv._ afflict, grieve. + {beswern} (_pret._ {-swuor}, _pp._ {-sworn}), _sv_. VI, take an oath, + swear to. + {b[e:]te}, _sf._ request, command. + {b[e:]ten}, _wv._ pray, 92. + {betrahten}, _wv._ view, consider. + {betriegen}, _sv._ II, deceive. + {betr[u:]eben}, _wv._ make gloomy _or_ angry. + {bette}, _sn._ bed, 10, 46. + {bettestat}, _sf._ couch, place of rest. + {bev[e:]lhen}, _sv._ III, order, recommend; + bring home to a person, 19, 34, 81. + {bevinden}, _sv._ III, become sensible of, get to know. + {bewachen}, _wv._ watch, guard. + {bewarn}, _wv._ protect, guard against, preserve; + avert, ward off, prevent. + {bew[e:]gen} ({sich} with _gen._), _sv._ V, resolve to _or_ upon, + take upon oneself; part with, cast off. + {bewenden} (_pp._ {-want}), _wv._ turn to, use. + {bew[i]sen}, _wv._ put right, inform, instruct. + {be[zz]er} (_superl._ {be[zz]est}, {beste}), _aj._ better, 58. + {be[zz]ern}, _wv. refl._ get better, improve. + {be[zz]erunge}, _sf._ improvement, 8. + {b[i]}, _prep._ and _av._ near, near by, with, beside; thereby; + {b[i] s[i]n} with _dat._ of person: be near, have; + {b[i] m[i]nen triuwen}, in truth, upon my word!; + {b[i] m[i]nen z[i]ten}, during my lifetime; + {b[i] spotte s[i]n}, like mockery; + {b[i] w[e:]sen}, remain. + {bibenen} ({biben}, _pp._ {bibent}), _wv._ quake, tremble. + {biderbe}, _aj._ noble, active, good. + {biegen}, _sv._ II, bow, bend, 5, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 33, 78. + {bien} = {b[i] d[e:]n}. + {bieten}, _sv._ II, offer, show, 5, 11, 18, 25, 78. + {bilde}, _sn._ example, comparison. + {bilden}, _wv._ form. + {billich}, _aj._ becoming, right. + {bill[i]chen}, _av._ rightly, properly, befittingly. + {bin}, am, 97. + {binden}, _sv._ III, bind, fasten, 10 note 2, 11, 12, 15, 33, 81; + {wol gebunden}, with the hair neatly braided and decked out. + {bir}, _swf._ pear, 50. + {b[i]ten}, _sv._ I, wait, put off, delay, 76. + {bit(t)en} (_pret._ {bat}), _sv._ V, ask, beg, request, command, + 3, 26, 31.3, 84. + {bitter}, _aj._ bitter, 20, 31.2, 55. + {bitterl[i]ch}, _aj._ bitter, 8. + {bitterl[i]chen}, _av._ bitterly. + {bi[z]}, _sm._ bite, 44. + {b[i][z]en}, _sv._ I, bite, 5, 19, 76. + {bl[a]} ({-wes}), _aj._ blue, 36, 55. + {blanc}, _aj._ white, shining, beautiful. + {bl[a]sen}, _sv._ VII, blow, 87. + {blat}, _sn._ leaf. + {bl[i]} ({-ges}), _snm._ lead, 35. + {bl[i]ben} = {bel[i]ben}. + {blic} ({-ckes}), _sm._ glance, look; splendour. + {bl[i]decl[i]chen}, _av._ blithely, joyfully. + {blint} ({-des}), _aj._ blind, 7, 9.2, 55, 56. + {bliuwen}, _sv._ II, strike, 16 note, 19, 36, 79. + {bl[o][z]}, _aj._ bare, naked; only. + {bl[u:]ejen}, {bl[u:]ewen}, {bl[u:]en}, _wv._ bloom, 19, 35, 90. + {bl[u:]emen}, _wv._ bloom, 90. + {bluome}, _wmf._ flower, blossom. + {bluot}, _sn._ blood. + {bluoten}, _wv._ bleed. + {boc} ({-ckes}), _sm._ he-goat, 10, 32.1. + {b[o:]ckl[i]n}, _sn._ little he-goat, 10. + {b[oe]se}, _aj._ bad, worthless, despicable. + {boge}, _wm._ bow. + {b[o:]lzel[i]n}, _sn._ little cross-bow, bolt _or_ arrow. + {borgen}, _wv._ borrow. + {bote}, _wm._ messenger, 51. + {bougen}, {b[o:]ugen}, _wv._ bend, 10. + {boum}, _sm._ tree. + {b[o][z]en}, _sv._ VII, beat, strike, 87. + {br[a]} ({br[a]we}), _swf._, brow, eyebrow; eyelash, 48. + {br[a]ten}, _sv._ VII, roast, 87. + {br[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, break, pluck, gather; neglect, 82. + {breit}, _aj._ wide, broad. + {brennen}, _wv._ burn, 10, 11, 90. + {bresten}, _sv._ IV, break, burst, be deficient, want, lack, 19. + {brief} ({-ves}), _sm._ letter, 33, 44. + {bringen} (_pret._ {br[a]hte}, _pret. subj._ {br[ae]hte}), bring, + 28, 29, 91; + {sich bringen l[a][z]en}, let oneself be brought; + {v[u:]r bringen}, carry out. + {brinnen}, _sv._ III, burn, 81. + {briuwen}, _sv._ II, brew, 16 note, 79. + {br[oe]de}, _aj._ breakable, perishable. + {br[o]t}, _sn._ bread. + {brugge}, {br[u:]gge} ({brucke}, {br[u:]cke}), _sf._ bridge, 10 note 3, + 26, 31.3. + {br[u]n}, _aj._ brown; dark-coloured. + {brunne}, _wm._ spring, well, brook. + {bruoch}, _sf._ covering for the upper part of the thigh. + {bruoder}, _sm._ brother, 3, 5, 11, 24, 25, 45. + {brust} (_pl._ {bruste}, {br[u:]ste}), _sf._ breast, bosom, + 10 note 3, 49. + {br[u]t} (_pl._ {briute}), bride, 5, 10, 11. + {b[u]} ({-wes}), _smn._ cultivated land; farmhouse; + dwelling, abode, 42. + {b[u:]echl[i]n}, _sn._ little book, 10. + {b[u]man} (_pl._ {b[u]liute}), _sm._ peasant, farmer, farm labourer. + {buoch}, _sn._ book, 10. + {buosem}, _sm._ bosom, 9.2. + {buo[z]}, _sm._ remedy, compensation, reparation; + {buo[z] tuon} _c gen._, free from, liberate from. + {b[u]r}, _sm._ peasant. + {burc} ({-ge}), _sf._ castle, town, 10 note 1, 49. + {burg[ae]re}, _sm._ citizen, parishioner. + {burt}, _sf._ birth, of good family. + {butze}, _wm._ hobgoblin, bug-bear; + {in butzen w[i]s}, like a ghostly hobgoblin. + {b[u]wen}, {biuwen} (_pret._ {biute}), _wv._ till, cultivate, plant. + + + C + + For {c} see {k}. + + + D + + {d[a]}, {d[a]r}, _av._ there, where, 39, 69; + {d[a] mite}, therewith; + {d[a] von}, thereby; + {d[a] vor}, before it _or_ that; + {d[a] zuo}, thereby, therewith, thereto. + {dach}, _sn._ covering, 31.3. + {dagen}, _wv._ be silent, 92. + {dahte}, see {decken}. + {danc} ({-kes}), _sm._. thanks, wish; + {sunder} _or_ {an' m[i]nen danc}, against my wish. + {danken}, _wv._ thank, 9.2. + {danne}, {denne} ({dan}), _av._ then; + _after the comparative_, than as; + in conditional sentences with or without {ne} = unless. + {dannen}, _av._ from there, thence; wherefrom, 69. + {dannoch} ({dennoch}), _av._ however, even, still; + besides, in addition to this; moreover. + {dar}, {dare}, _av._ thither, whither, 69; + {dar an}, thereon, in that, therein; + {dar f[u:]r}, before it; + {dar n[a]ch}, thereupon, after that; + {dar umbe}, therefore, 69; + {dar under}, amongst them, in between; + {dar zuo}, besides, in addition. + {d[a]rinne}, {darinne}, _av._ therein. + {da[z]} _cj._ that. + {dechein}, _pr._ no, none, 71. + {decken} (_pret._ {dacte}, {dahte}), _wv._ cover, 23.2, 31.3, + 32.2, 90. + {d[e:]gen}, _sm._ warrior, vassal, 11. + {dehein}, {dekein}, _pr._ any one; no, none, 71. + {deich} = {da[z] ich}. + {deist} = {da[z] ist}. + {denen} ({dennen}), _wv._ stretch, 92. + {denken} (_pret._ {d[a]hte}), think, 5, 11, 28, 29, 91. + {denne} = {danne}. + {dennoch}, see {dannoch}. + {d[e:]r}, {da[z]}, {diu}, _def. art._, _dem. pr._, and _rel. pr._, the, + who; 9.6, 68, 69; + {d[e:]s}, _av._ with which, thereby, therefore, wherefore. + {derf[u:]re}, _av._ out. + {dernider}, _av._ down. + {d[e:]rst} = {d[e:]r ist}. + {d[e]st}, {deis}, {d[e]s} = {da[z] ist}, 68 note 1. + {deste}, _av._ the more, all the more; + _before comparatives_, the, so much, 11. + {d[e]sw[a]r} (= {da[z] ist w[a]r}), _av._ truly, in truth, indeed. + {dew[e:]der}, {dw[e:]der}, _pr._ one of two, neither of two, 71. + {de[z]} = {da[z]}. + {dic} ({dicke}), _aj._ thick, dark, 55; + _av._ {dicke}, often; + {dicke ba[z]}, often still better. + {die} = Middle Germ. form of {d[e:]r}. + {diech} = {da[z] ich}. + {diem[u:]ete}, _sf._ humility. + {dien} = {die en}. + {dienen}, _wv._ serve, earn, deserve; requite, 9.2, 92. + {dienest} ({dienst}), _sm._ service, serviceableness; devotion, 9.2; + {ze dienste}, out of devotion. + {dienstman}, _sm._ servant, feoffee. + {diep} ({-bes}), _sm._ thief; + {ze diebe w[e:]rden}, become a thief. + {die[z]en}, _sv._ II, resound, roar, rush, 18, 78. + {d[i]hen} (_pret._ {d[e]ch}, _pp._ {gedigen}), _sv._ I, thrive, + 17, 30, 76. + {d[i]n}, _pr._ thy, 9.3, 67. + {dinc} ({-ges}), _sn._ thing, affair, 46. + {dingen}, _wv._ speak, make a contract. + {dirre}, {diser}, {dise} (_neut._ {ditze}, {diz}, {di[z]}; + _fem._ {disiu}), _pr._ this, 68. + {diuhen}, _wv._ change, remove; press, shove. + {diuten}, _wv._ intimate, relate, display. + {diuwe} ({diw}), _sf._ servant, 48. + {d[o]}, {do}, _av._ and _cj._ then, when, as, 69. + {doch}, _av._ yet, however, nevertheless. + {dol}, _sf._ suffering, pain, distress, misery, 48. + {doln}, _wv._ endure, tolerate, suffer, 90. + {d[o]n}, {t[o]n} (_pl._ {d[oe]ne}), _sm._ sound, melody, song. + {donreslac} ({-ges}), _sm._ thunder-clap, lightning, + {dorf} (_pl._ {d[o:]rfer}), _sn._ village, hamlet, 10. + {dorn}, _sm._ thorn, 24. + {d[o:]rperl[i]ch}, _aj._ peasant-like, rustic. + {dort}, _av._ there, yonder. + {douwen}, {d[o:]uwen}, _wv._ digest, 10. + {dr[ae]jen} ({dr[ae]n}), _wv._ turn, 35, 90. + {dr[a]te}, _av._ quickly, immediately; + {als[o] dr[a]te}, directly, forthwith. + {dreschen}, _sv._ IV, thrash, 11, 82. + {dr[i]} (_neut._ {driu}), _num._ three, 62, 63; + {dr[i]er hande}, of three kinds. + {dringen}, _sv._ III, press, throng, shoot up, also _sn._, 81; + {f[u:]r sich dringen}, press forwards, spread. + {dr[i]stunt}, _av._ thrice. + {dritte}, {drite}, _num._ third, 26, 62. + {dr[i]valtic}, _aj._ threefold. + {dr[i][z]ic} ({-ec}), _num._ thirty, 62. + {dr[i]z[e:]hen}, _num._ thirteen, 62. + {dr[i]z[e:]hende}, _num._ thirteenth, 62. + {dr[i][z]igeste}, _num._ thirtieth, 62. + {drouwe} ({drowe}, {dr[o]}), _sf._ threat, threatening. + {drouwen}, {dr[o:]uwen}, _wv._ threaten, 3, 10. + {drucken}, {dr[u:]cken}, _wv._ press, 10 note 3, 90. + {dr[u]fe} = {dar [u]fe}. + {drumb(e)}, _av._ to that end, therefore. + {drunder} = {dar under}. + {d[u]}, {du}, _pr._ thou; + _gen._ {d[i]n}; + _dat._ {dir}; + _acc._ {dich}; + _pl. nom._ {ir}; + _gen._ {iuwer}; + _dat._ {iu}; + _acc._ {iuch}, 65. + {dulden}, _wv._ endure. + {d[u]me}, _wm._ thumb. + {dunken}, {d[u:]nken} (_pret._ {d[u]hte}, _pret. subj._ {diuhte}), seem, + appear, 5, 10 note 2, 11, 29, 91; + {sich ze nihte dunken}, to imagine oneself undone. + {d[u:]nne}, _aj._ thin, 5, 10, 11, 55. + {durch} ({dur}), _prep._ through, on account of, for, for the sake + of, 34; + {dur da[z]}, on this account, for that reason, therefore; + {durch plates stimme}, for drawing sounds _or_ notes from the + leaf; for making a whistling sound on the leaf; + {durch s[i]nen muot}, through his (childish) mind. + {durfen}, {d[u:]rfen} (_pres. sing._ {darf}, _pret._ {dorfte}, + _pret. subj._ {d[o:]rfte}), _pret. pres._ need, 16, 93. + {durftige}, _wm._ beggar, one in want of help. + {d[u][z]} = {du [e:][z]}. + + + E + + {[e], [e]r}, _av._ formerly, rather, sooner, before, 39, 61 + {[e:]ben}, _aj._ even, 55, 60. + {[e:]bene}, _av._ evenly, smoothly, well-fitting, 60. + {ecke}, _swf., sn._ corner, 31, 3. + {edel(e)}, _aj._ and _av._ noble, 60. + {edelinc}, _sm._ son of a nobleman, 8. + {edeln}, _wv._ ennoble. + {egen}, _wv._ harrow. + {egesl[i]ch} ({eisl[i]ch}), _aj._ fearful, terrible, 37. + {[e:]ht} ({[)e]t}, {[)o]t}), _av._ only; even, at any rate, 34. + {ei} (_pl._ {eijer}, {eiger}, {eier}), _sn._ egg, 35, 47 + {ei}, _interj._ ah. + {eiden}, _wv._ take an oath, pledge. + {eigen}, _aj._ own, 55. + {eigen}, _sn._ property; + {ze eigen g[e:]ben}, present. + {eilfte}, _aj._ eleventh, 62. + {ein}, _num._ and _indef. art._ one; a, an, 9.3, 62, 63; + _indef, pr._ one, some one, 71. + {einander}, _pr._ one another. + {eine}, _av._ alone. + {eines}, _av._ once. + {einic} ({-ec}), _aj._ only, single. + {einlif}, {einlef} ({eilif}), _num._ eleven, 62. + {ei(n)lifte} ({eilfte}), _num._ eleventh, 62. + {eischen}, _sv._ VII, ask, demand. + {eisl[i]ch}, see {egesl[i]ch}. + {eit} ({-des}), _sm._ oath. + {element}, _sn._ element. + {[e]l[i]ch}, _aj._ legal, conjugal. + {ellen}, _sn._courage, valour; manliness. + {ellenboge}, _wm._ elbow. + {ellenden}, _wv._ go abroad. + {ellich}, _aj._ universal, constant. + {elter}, _aj._ older. + {eltl[i]ch}, _aj._ elderly, old. + {emph[e:]lhen}, _sv._ III, recommend, 81. + {emzekeit}, _sf._ activity, diligence, industry. + {en}, _neg. particle_, generally used before the verb with or + without {niht} after the verb, _not_. + {en} in subordinate sentences with the subjunctive, _unless_, + _if not_, _except that_, _when that_, _that not_, &c. + {en} = {in}; shortened form of {d[e:]n}. + {enb[e:]rn}, _sv._ IV, be without a thing, do without. + {enbieten}, _sv._ II, bid, announce, summon. + {enblanden}, _sv._ VII, let be painful _or_ irksome to. + {enblecken}, _wv._ make visible, expose. + {ende}, _sn._ end. + {endel[i]chen}, _av._ throughout, entirely. + {enden}, _wv._ end, finish. + {enein} = {in ein}. + {enge}, _aj._ narrow, 55. + {enge}, _sf._ narrow place, strait, difficulty. + {engel}, _sm._ angel, 9.2, 42. + {Engellant}, _pn._ England, 54. + {eng[e:]lten}, _sv._ III, pay, requite. + {enges(t)l[i]ch}, _aj._ anxious, timid, dangerous. + {enke}, _wm._ man who tends the cattle. + {enmitten}, _av._ in the midst; + {enmitten d[o]}, during, whilst. + {enpf[a]hen}, {enpf[a]n}, _sv._ VII, accept, receive. + {enpfallen}, _sv._ VII, pass away, perish. + {enpfinden}, _sv._ III, perceive, become conscious of. + {enpfl[e:]gen}, _sv._ V, care for, cherish. + {enph[e:]lhen}, _sv._ III, order, recommend, 81. + {entrinnen}, _sv._ III, escape. + {entsagen}, _wv._ free, remove, withdraw. + {entseben} ({-seven}), _sv._ VI, perceive, 86. + {entsetzen}, _wv._ bereave, rob. + {entsl[a]fen}, _sv._ VII, fall asleep. + {en(t)springen}, _sv._ III, spring up, shoot up, shoot forth. + {entst[a]n}, _sv._ VI, understand. + {entw[e:]r}, {entw[e:]rch}, _av._ athwart; perversely. + {entw[e:]sen}, _sv._ V, be without, do without. + {entw[i]chen}, _sv._ I, yield, go away. + {enw[e:]c}, _av._ away. + {enz[i]t}, _av._ by times, soon. + {enz[u:]nden}, _wv._ light, kindle. + {enzwischen}, _prep._ between. + {[e:]r}, {si} ({s[i]}, {siu}, {sie}), {[e:][z]}, _pr._ he, she, it; + _gen._ {s[i]n} ({[e:]s}), {ir}, {[e:]s}; + _dat._ {im(e)}, {ir}, {im(e)}; + _acc._ {in}, {sie} ({si}, {s[i]}), {[e:][z]} ({i[z]}); + _pl. nom. acc._ {si}, {s[i]}, {sie}, _neut._ also {siu}; + _gen._ {ir(e)}; + _dat._ {in}, 65. + {[e]rb[ae]re}, _aj._ honourable, decent, modest. + {erbarmen}, _wv._ move to pity. + {erbe}, _sn._ inherited property, inheritance. + {erbeit} = {arbeit}. + {erbeiten}, _wv._ work, have trouble; + _c. gen._ wait for. + {erb[e:]lgen}, _sv._ III, become angry, grow angry. + {erben}, _wv._ be hereditary, descend from generation to generation. + {erbieten}, _sv._ II, show, manifest. + {erb[i]ten}, _sv._ I, wait. + {erbleichen}, _wv._ become pale. + {erbolgen}, _pp._ angered, angry with. + {erb[u:]rn}, _wv._ raise, lift up. + {[e:]rde}, _wf._ earth, world, 14.2. + {erdenken} (_pret._ {erd[a]hte}, _pret. subj._ {erd[ae]hte}), _wv._ + think out, devise, contrive. + {[e:]rder[i]ch} = {[e:]rtr[i]ch}. + {erdie[z]en}, _sv._ II, resound, re-echo. + {erdringen}, _sv._ III, gain by force. + {erdr[o:]uwen}, _wv._ compel by threats. + {[e]re}, _wf._ honour, renown, 11. + {[e]ren}, _wv._ honour. + {[e]rest}, {[e]rste}, _aj._ first, 59. + {erg[a]hen}, _wv._ overtake, go to meet. + {erg[a]n}, _sv._ VII, come out, happen. + {erge}, _sf._ wickedness. + {erg[e:]ben}, _sv._ V, submit, devote. + {ergetzen}, _wv._ cause to forget, compensate. + {ergr[i]fen}, _sv._ I, seize. + {erh[a]hen}, {erh[a]n}, _sv._ VII, hang. + {erheben}, _sv_. VI, raise; + _refl._ rise. + {erh[oe]ren}, _wv._ hear. + {erkalten}, _wv._ become cold. + {erkant}, _aj._ known. + {erkennelich}, _aj._ well-known, renowned. + {erkennen} (_pret._ {-kante}, {-kande}), _wv._ recognize, perceive, + understand; know. + {erkiesen}, _sv._ II, elect, select, choose. + {erklengen}, _wv._ make resonant _or_ sonorous. + {erl[a][z]en}, {erl[a]n}, _sv._ VII, release, forgive. + {erlengen}, _wv._ lengthen. + {erleschen}, _sv._ IV, extinguish. + {erl[i]den}, _sv._ I, suffer. + {erlouben}, {erl[o:]uben}, _wv._ allow, permit, 10. + {erl[oe]sen} (_pp._ {erl[o]st}), _wv._ remove, free, deliver. + {ermordern}, _wv._ murder. + {ern}, {eren}, {erren} (_pret._ {ier}, _pp._ {gearn}), _sv._ VII, + till, plough, 87. + {[e:]rn} = {[e:]r ne}. + {ernern}, _wv._ rescue, heal, cure. + {erniuwen}, _wv._ renew. + {[e:]rnst}, _sm._ fervour. + {err[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, avenge. + {[e]rrer}, {[e]rre}, {[e:]rre}, _aj._ former, 59. + {erringen}, _sv._ III, gain, obtain, get. + {erscheinen}, _wv._ show, make to appear. + {ersch[e:]llen}, _sv._ III, resound. + {erschie[z]en}, _sv._ II, shoot, shoot through, pierce to death. + {ersch[i]nen}, _sv._ I, appear; dawn. + {erschr[e:]cken}, _sv._ IV, frighten, become frightened; + _refl. c. gen._ become frightened at. + {erschr[i]en} (_pret._ {-schr[e]}), _sv._ I, shriek, cry out. + {ers[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, see, perceive. + {erslahen}, {ersl[a]n}, _sv._ VI, slay, kill. + {[e]r(e)st}, {[e]rste}, _av._ at first, so soon as, 61. + {[e]rste}, _num._ first, 9.5, 62. + {erst[e:]rben}, _sv._ III, die. + {erstrecken} (_pret._ {erstracte}), _wv._ expand, spread out. + {[e:]rtr[i]ch} ({[e:]rder[i]ch}), _sn._ earth, world. + {ertrinken}, _sv._ III, drown, perish. + {erv[e:]hten}, _sv._ IV, gain by fighting; + with {abe} and _dat._: win _or_ gain from by fighting. + {ervinden}, _sv._ III, experience, get to know. + {ervollen}, _wv._ become full. + {ervr[o:]uwen}, _wv._ rejoice, make glad. + {erwachen}, _wv._ awake. + {erwecken} (_pret._ {-wahte}), _wv._ waken, awaken. + {erweln}, _wv._ elect, choose. + {erw[e:]rben}, _sv._ III, reach, attain, acquire, beget. + {erwern}, _wv._ prevent, hinder. + {erwinden}, _sv._ III, turn round; be thrown back, be reflected. + {erzeigen}, _wv._ show, prove. + {erziehen}, _sv._ II, bring up, educate. + {esche}, _wf._ ash. + {[e:]t}, {[e]t} = {[e:]ht}. + {etel[i]ch}, {etesl[i]ch} ({etl[i]ch}, {etsl[i]ch}), _pr._ many a one, + any one; + _pl._ some, 71. + {etew[e:]r}, {etesw[e:]r}, _pr._ any _or_ some one; + _neut._ {etewa[z]}, anything, something, 70, 71. + {ettewanne} ({eteswenne}, {ettewenne}), _av._ sometimes. + {[e]vang[e]lium}, _sn._ gospel. + {[e]wic}, _aj._ everlasting. + {[e]wicl[i]chen}, _av._ ever, everlastingly. + {[e:][z]}, _pr._ it, 65. + {[e:][zz]en} (_pp._ {g[e:][zz]en}), _sv._ V, eat, 9.7, 19, 20, 23.1, 28, 83. + + + F + + For {f} see {v}. + + + G + + {g[a]be}, _sf._ gift. + {gabyl[o]t}, {gabil[o]t}, _sn._ small javelin _or_ dart. + {g[a]ch} ({-hes}), _aj._ quick, rapid, 55; + {g[a]ch w[e:]sen} (with _dat._ of pers.), be in a hurry; + {mir ist g[a]ch}, I hasten; + _gen._ {g[a]hes} as _av._ + {gadem}, _sn._ room, bed-room; house, 46. + {g[ae]he}, _aj._ quick, hasty. + {g[a]hel[o]s}, _aj._ fickle, wanton. + {g[a]hen}, {g[ae]hen}, _wv._ hasten, hurry. + {Gahmuret}, _pn._ the name of Parzival's father. + {galge}, _wm._ gallows, scaffold. + {galle}, _swf._ gall, bitterness, grief. + {gan}, see {gunnen}. + {g[a]n}, {g[e]n}, _sv._ VII, go, 87, 95; + {umbe g[a]n}, go _or_ turn round. + {ganz}, _aj._ whole, entire, complete, 19, 60.3. + {ganzl[i]che(n)}, _av._ completely, 60.3. + {gar} ({-wes}), _aj._ ready, prepared, 9.1, 36, 55. + {gar}, _av._ fully, entirely, completely. + {gart}, _sm._ goad, whip. + {garten[ae]re}, _sm._ gardener, 8. + {gast} (_pl._ {geste}), stranger, guest, 3, 5, 10, 11, 44. + {gearbeiten}, _wv._ work. + {geb[ae]rde}, _sf._ countenance. + {geb[a]ren}, _wv._ behave, conduct oneself. + {g[e:]be}, _sf._ gift, 7, 48. + {gebeine}, _sn._ bones, remains. + {g[e:]ben}, _sv._ V, give, grant, 5, 12, 14.2, 25, 28, 33, 83. + {g[e:]ben}, _pp._ = {geg[e:]ben}. + {gebende}, _sn._ head-dress. + {geb[e:]t}, _sn._ prayer. + {gebieten}, _sv._ II, order, command. + {gebot}, _sn._ command, order, commandment. + {gebr[e:]chen} = {br[e:]chen}. + {gebreste}, _wm._ defect, waste. + {gebresten} = {bresten}. + {geb[u:]e[z]en}, _wv._ atone for, improve. + {geb[u]re}, _wm._ peasant, citizen. + {geburt}, _sf._ birth, noble birth. + {gedagen}, _wv._ keep silent. + {gedanc}, _sm._ thought, 44. + {gedanken} = {danken}. + {gedenken} (_pret._ {-d[a]hte}), _wv._ think, intend, strive; + bear in mind, remember. + {gedienen}, _wv._ earn, deserve, obtain. + {ged[i]hen} ({ged[i]en}), _sv._ I, thrive, speed well, advance. + {gedinge}, _wm._ or _sfn._ hope, confidence; thought; contract. + {gedingen}, _wv._ negotiate. + {gedranc} ({-ges}), _sm._ thronging, crowd. + {gedulde}, {gedult}, _sf._ patience. + {gedultecl[i]chen}, _av._ patiently. + {gedultic} ({-ec}), _aj._ patient, indulgent, 10 note 1. + {gedultikeit}, _sf._ patience. + {geenden}, _wv._ end, finish. + {gef[u:]ege}, _aj._ befitting, suitable, seemly. + {gefuoge}, _sf._ fitness, good breeding. + {geg[a]n} = {g[a]n}. + {geg[e:]ben} = {g[e:]ben}. + {g[e:]gen} ({gein}), _prep._ against, opposite to, towards, to; + at, for, 37. + {gegihte}, _sn._ gout, cramp. + {gegr[u:]e[z]en}, _wv._ greet, salute. + {gehaben} (_refl._), _wv._ be, fare, feel. + {gehei[z]en}, _sv._ VII, promise; call, name. + {geh[e:]lfen} = {h[e:]lfen}. + {gehenge}, _sf._ permission. + {gehiure}, _aj._ lovely, charming, gracious. + {geh[oe]nen}, _wv._ dishonour, abuse, revile, curse. + {geh[oe]ren}, _wv._ hear. + {geh[o]rsam(e)}, _sf._ obedience. + {geil}, _aj._ joyous, joyful, gay. + {geist}, _sm._ spirit, mind, ghost. + {gejegede}, _sn._ hunt. + {geklopfen}, _wv._ knock. + {g[e:]l} ({-wes}), _aj._ yellow, 55. + {gel[a][z]}, _snm._ formation, figure, shape. + {gel[e:]ben}, _wv._ live, live to see. + {geleischiert}, _pp._ with or having the reins of the horse slack; + see {leischieren}. + {geleisten} = {leisten}. + {geleit} = {geleget}. + {geleite}, _sn._ protection, retinue; + _wm._ attendant, companion. + {g[e:]lf} ({g[e:]lph}), _aj._ shining; merry, insolent. + {gel[i]ch} ({gl[i]ch}), _aj._ like, same, straight, even, 9.7; + _av._ {gel[i]che}, equally, in like manner. + {gel[i]chen}, _refl. wv._ be like, be equal; resemble. + {gelieben}, _wv._ love, make dear, please. + {geligen}, _sv._ V, succumb, be ruined. + {gelimpfen}, _wv._ be meet, 23.2. + {gelingen}, _sv._ III, succeed, 81; + {mir gelingt wol}, I have good success. + {gelit}, {glit} ({-des}), _sn._ member, 9.7. + {geloube}, _wm._ faith. + {gelouben}, {gel[o:]uben}, _wv._ believe, think, 10, 33, 90. + {g[e:]lt} ({-des}), _sn._ money. + {g[e:]lten}, _sv._ III, pay, requite; procure, 9.4 note, 81. + {gel[u:]cke}, _sn._ good fortune, happiness. + {gelust}, _sm._ wish, desire; joy, pleasure. + {gemach}, _smn._, rest, ease; bedroom. + {gemachen}, _wv._ make. + {gemahele}, _wf._ bride. + {gemeine}, _aj._ common, familiar. + {gemeit}, _aj._ happy, joyful. + {gem[e]ren}, _wv._ increase. + {gem[i]den}, _sv._ I, avoid, keep at a distance. + {gem[i]ten}, _sv._ I, shun, avoid. + {gem[u:]ete}, _sn._ disposition, desire, longing; heart. + {gemuot}, _aj._ minded, disposed, inclined. + {gen[a]de}, {gn[a]de}, _sf._ grace, favour, kindness, 9.7; + in addressing a person: be gracious; + {gen[a]de sagen}, thank; + {[u]f gen[a]de}, graciously. + {gen[a]del[o]s}, _aj._ unhappy, without grace. + {gen[a]den}, _wv._ to thank. + {gen[ae]dic}, _aj._ gracious, merciful. + {gen[ae]me}, _aj._ beloved, dear, pleasant. + {genanne}, {gnanne}, _wm._ namesake, 9.7. + {gen[e:]sen}, _sv._ V, recover, become well _or_ free, 30, 83. + {genieten}, _wv. refl._ rejoice, be glad, become satisfied with. + {genie[z]en}, _sv._ II _c. gen._, enjoy, have advantage of; + make use of, use as food. + {genisb[ae]re}, _aj._ healable, curable. + {genisl[i]ch}, _aj._ healable, curable. + {genist}, _sf._ recovery. + {gen[o][z]}, _sm._ companion. + {gen[o][z]en} ({hin ze}), _wv._ compare, compare with. + {gen[u:]egen}, _wv._ be sufficient, suffice; + {mich gen[u:]eget d[e:]s}, that is enough for me. + {genuoc}, {gnuoc}, _aj._ and _av._ enough, 9.7; + _pl._ many; + as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ enough. + {gen[u:]ogen} = {gen[u:]egen}. + {gequeln}, _wv._ plague, torment. + {g[e:]r}, {gir}, _sf._ longing, eager desire. + {ger[a]de}, {gr[a]de}, _aj._ quick, 9.7. + {ger[a]ten} (_pret._ {-riet}), _sv._ VII, advise; come at; + prosper, thrive, succeed. + {ger[e:]ch}, {gr[e:]ch}, _aj._ straight, 9.7. + {gerich}, _sm._ revenge, vengeance. + {gerihte}, _sn._ jurisdiction. + {gerincl[i]chen}, _av._ small, easily. + {geringen}, _sv._ III, struggle, strive. + {geriute}, _sn._ arable land. + {geriuwen}, _wv._ repent, lament. + {g[e:]rn} (with _gen._ and _dat._), _wv._ long for, yearn for, desire, + want, hanker after. + {g[e:]rne}, _av._ willingly, gladly. + {gerte}, _swf._ rod. + {ger[u]men}, _wv._ leave, make room. + {geruochen}, _wv._ be pleased, hold good for. + {gesagen}, _wv._ say, tell. + {geschaffen}, _sv._ VI, provide, care for, create. + {geschaft}, _sf._ creature, 28. + {gesch[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, happen, fall to one's lot _or_ share, + 19, 34, 83. + {geschiht}, _sf._ occurrence, event. + {geschl[a:]hte}, _sn._ race, generation, 10. + {ges[e:]gen}, _wv._ bless. + {ges[e:]hen} = {s[e:]hen}. + {geselle}, _wm._ companion. + {geselleschaft}, _sf._ company. + {ges[i]n} = {s[i]n}. + {gesinde}, _sn._ retinue; + _wm._ retainer. + {gesingen} = {singen}. + {gesitzen} = {sitzen}. + {gesmac}, _sm._ taste, smell. + {gesorgen}, _wv._ trouble oneself; fear, dread. + {gespile}, _wm._ play-mate, comrade. + {gespr[e:]chen} = {spr[e:]chen}. + {gest[a]n}, _sv._ VI, remain. + {gesteine}, _sn._ precious stones. + {gestern}, _av._ yesterday. + {gestr[i]ten}, _sv._ I, quarrel, fight, strive. + {ges[u]men}, _wv._ stay, delay, let one wait. + {gesunde} ({gesunt}), _aj._ healthy, alive. + {gesunt}, _sm._ health. + {gesweigen}, _wv._ bring to silence. + {gesw[i]chen}, _sv._ I, weary, tire; leave in the lurch. + {getar} = {tar}, see {turren}. + {getragen} = {tragen}. + {getriul[i]ch}, _aj._ through, owing to faithfulness. + {getriuten}, _wv._ love, like, be fond of. + {getriuwe}, _aj._ faithful, good. + {getriuwen}, {getr[u]wen}, _wv._ trust, confide in. + {getr[oe]sten}, _wv. refl._ bear with patience, forget. + {getr[u]ren}, _wv._ mourn, grieve, be downcast. + {getr[u]wen}, see {getriuwen}. + {getuon} = {tuon}. + {geturren}, _pret. pres._ dare, venture. + {getweln}, _wv._ dwell, stay. + {gevallen}, _sv._ VII, fall to one's lot, please. + {gevangen(e)}, _wm._ prisoner, 50. + {gevar}, _aj._ having colour. + {gevarn}, _sv._ VI, go, travel; + {wol gevarn}, make a successful journey. + {gevolgen}, _wv._ obey. + {gev[u:]ege}, {gef[u:]ege}, _aj._ courteous, well-bred. + {gew[ae]te}, _sn._ clothing. + {gew[a:]henen}, _sv._ VI, mention, 86. + {gewalt}, _smf._ power, might, command. + {gewaltecl[i]ch}, _aj._ violent, mighty; + _av._ {gewaltecl[i]che}. + {gewaltic}, _aj._ powerful, mighty. + {gewant}, _sn._ clothing. + {gewant} (_pp._ of {wenden}), conditioned, circumstanced; + {so gewante sache}, of such a nature; + {[e:][z] ist als[o] gewant}, it is important; + {[e:][z] ist niht als[o] gewant}, the matter is not so. + {gewar(e)}, _aj._ sensible, mindful. + {geweinen}, _wv._ weep, cry. + {gewenen}, _wv._ accustom. + {gewenken}, _wv._ waver, vacillate; bend, turn. + {gew[e:]rbe}, _sn._ activity. + {gew[e:]rn}, _wv._ perceive, perform. + {gew[e:]rren}, _sv._ III, be troublesome, hinder. + {gewin} ({-nnes}), _sm._ gain, advantage. + {gewinnen}, _sv._ III, get, gain, obtain, receive, 81; + {f[u:]r sich gewinnen}, get for oneself. + {gewis} ({-sses}), _aj._ certain, sure, 31. + {gewisse}, _av._ surely, truly, certainly. + {gewonheit}, _sf._ custom. + {gew[u:]rme}, _sn._ worm, insect; reptile, creeping creature. + {gez[e:]men}, _sv._ IV, become, beseem; + {mich gezimt d[e:]s}, that pleases me. + {gezierde}, _sf._ adornment. + {gezwicken}, _wv._ pinch, pull, pluck. + {gie[z]en}, _sv._ II, pour, 28, 78. + {gift}, _sf._ gift, 28. + {giht}, _third pers. sing._ of {j[e:]hen}. + {gir}, see {g[e:]r}. + {g[i]st} = {gibest}, 37. + {g[i]t} = {gibet}, 37. + {glast}, _sm._ splendour. + {gl[i]chnisse}, _sn._ parable. + {glocke}, _sf._ bell. + {gnanne}, see {genanne}. + {golt}, _sn._ gold, 3, 15. + {got}, _sm._ God, 5, 10, 11. + {gotel[i]ch}, _aj._ divine. + {gotesh[u]s}, _sn._ church, monastery. + {gotheit}, _sf._ godhead. + {g[o:]tinne}, _sf._ goddess, 5, 10. + {gotvar} ({-wes}), _aj._ godlike, divine. + {gouch}, _sm._ cuckoo; fool. + {gr[a]} ({-wes}), _aj._ grey, 55. + {graben}, _sv._ VII, dig, 10, 12, 85. + {gram}, _aj._ hostile. + {grap} ({-bes}), _sn._ grave, 46. + {gras}, _sn._ grass. + {gr[i]fen}, _sv._ I, seize, grasp, touch, feel. + {grim} ({-mmes}), _sm._ rage, fury. + {grimme} ({grimmic}), _aj._ fearful, angry; great. + {grimmen}, _sv._ III, rage. + {gr[i]s} ({gr[i]se}), _aj._ grey, old, 55. + {gr[oe][z]l[i]ch}, _aj._ great. + {gr[oe][z]l[i]chen}, _av._ greatly, very. + {gr[o][z]}, _aj._ great, large, 9.2, 57. + {gr[u:]en(e)}, _aj._ green, 5, 10, 55. + {gr[u:]e[z]en}, _wv._ greet, 39; also _sn._ + {grunt} ({-des}), _sm._ bottom. + {gruo[z]}, _sm._ greeting, salutation. + {g[u:]ete}, _sf._ goodness, kindness, 5, 10. + {g[u:]etlich}, _aj._ friendly; + _av._ {g[u:]etl[i]chen}. + {gugel}, _sf._ cowl; cape, hood. + {guld[i]n}, _aj._ golden, 3, 15. + {gun[e]ren}, _wv._. dishonour, disgrace. + {gunnen}, {g[u:]nnen} (_pres. sing._ {gan}; _pret._ {gunde}, + _pret. subj._ {gunde}, {g[u:]nde}), _pret. pres._ grant, bestow, + not to grudge, 9.7, 93. + {guot}, _aj._ good, 9.2, 25, 55, 58; + {da[z] guot}, wealth, property; + {ze guote}, to the good. + {g[u:]rtel}, _sm._ girdle, belt, sash. + {g[u:]sse}, _sf._ inundation, 28. + {g[u:]tinne}, _sf._ goddess, 48. + +H. + {habe}, _sf._ possession. + {habedanc}, _sm._ thanks with words. + {haben} ({h[a]n}), _wv._ have, hold, 3, 99; + {haben sich an d[e:]r witze kraft}, collect all one's wits together. + {hacken}, _sm._ hook, fetter; footprint. + {haft}, _sm._ bond, fetter. + {hagel}, _sm._ hail; misfortune, destruction. + {Hagene}, _pn._, 54. + {h[a]hen} ({h[a]n}), _sv._ VII, hang, 29, 30, 38, 87. + {halde}, _wf._ slope, declivity. + {halm}, _sm._ blade, stalk. + {halp} ({-bes}), _aj._ half. + {halsen}, _sv._ VII, embrace, 87. + {halten} ({halden}), _sv._ VII, hold, keep; + stop, keep from, 5, 10, 11, 40, 87. + {h[a]n}, see {haben}. + {handeln}, _wv._ do, perform. + {handelunge}, _sf._ action, 8. + {han(e)}, _wm._ cock, 9.4, 31.3. + {hant} (_pl._ {hende}), hand, 49. + {h[a]r}, _sn._ hair. + {h[a]rbant}, _sn._ head-band. + {harnasch}, _smn._ harness. + {harpfen}, _wv._ play the harp. + {hart}, _aj._ hard, 19. + {harte}, _av._ very, very great, 60; + _comp._ {harter}, more; more seriously. + {hase}, _wm._ hare, 7, 30. + {ha[z]}, _sm._ hate, hatred, enmity; indignation, anger, wrath, 19. + {ha[z]l[i]ch}, _aj._ full of hate, hostile. + {ha[zz]en}, _wv._ hate. + {heben} ({heven}), _sv._ VI, raise, 30, 86; + {sich (an) heben}, betake oneself, begin. + {hei}, _interj._ an exclamation of joy, grief, or wonder. + {heide}, _sf._, heath, uncultivated land; meadow. + {heiden}, _sm._ heathen, 9.2. + {heil}, _sn._ happiness, welfare, good fortune. + {heilant}, _sm._ Saviour, 8. + {heilic} ({-ec}), holy, 7, 8, 55. + {heiliggeist}, _sm._ holy ghost. + {heim}, _smn._ home; + {heime}, _av._ at home. + {heiml[i]ch} ({-lich}), _aj._ homely, familiar. + {heimsuochen}, _wv._ visit; attack with evil intent. + {heimsuochunge}, _sf._ disturbance of domestic peace and security. + {heimvart}, _sf._ homeward journey. + {hei[z]}, _aj._ hot, 31.3. + {hei[z]en}, _sv._ VII, call, be called, named; bid, 11, 17, 23.1, 87. + {h[e:]l} ({-lles}), _aj._ resounding. + {h[e:]lfe}, _sf._ help. + {h[e:]lfen}, _sv._ III, help, 3, 11, 12, 14.2, 15, 23.2, 81. + {helle}, _sf._ hell. + {hellem[o]r}, _sm._ devil. + {hellen[o]t}, _sf._ necessity of hell. + {helm}, _sm._ helm, helmet, 11. + {helme}, _wm._ warrior. + {h[e:]ln} (with double _acc._), _sv._ IV, hide, conceal. + {helt} (_gen._ {heldes}, {heledes}), _sm._ hero, protector, brave + warrior. + {hemede}, {hemde}, _sn._ shirt. + {hendelinc} ({-ges}), _sm._ glove, 8. + {hengen}, _wv._ hang, 30. + {henne}, _swf._ hen, 31.3. + {h[e]r}, {h[e]re}, _aj._ and _av._ high, proud, haughty, agreeable, 55. + {her}, _sn._ army, host. + {h[e:]r(e)}, _av._ hither, this way. + {herb[e:]rge}, _sf._ lodging. + {h[e]rl[i]ch}, _aj._ agreeable, distinguished; + _av._ {h[e]rl[i]chen}. + {h[e]rre}, {h[e:]rre}, {h[e:]r}, _wm._ master, lord, 9.3, 9.6. + {h[e:]rren}, _wv._ to make as master. + {h[e]rsen}, {h[e:]rsen}, _wv._ rule, govern, 9.2. + {herte} ({hart}), _aj._ hard, difficult, 60; + _av._ {harte} ({herte}), 60. + {h[e:]rze}, _wn._ heart, 7, 19, 23.2, 50, 52. + {h[e:]rzeleit}, _sn._ heart-sore, grief. + {h[e:]rzel[i]ch}, _aj._ dear, affectionate. + {h[e:]rzeliep}, _sn._ heart's joy. + {H[e:]rzeloyde}, _pn._ the name of Parzival's mother. + {h[e:]rzenl[i]ch}, _aj._ hearty, dear, affectionate; + _av._ {h[e:]rzenl[i]chen}. + {h[e:]rzeriuwe}, _sf._ great grief, sadness of heart, pain. + {h[e:]rzes[e]re}, _sf._ great sorrow, grief. + {heven}, see {heben}. + {hey}, _interj._, hey! + {hie}, {hier}, _av._ here, 5, 11, 39; + {hie b[i]}, herewith, hereby; + {hie vor(e)}, formerly, in former times. + {hierunder}, _av._ hereunder, 39. + {himel}, _sm._ heaven, sky. + {himelisch}, _aj._ heavenly, 8. + {himelkr[o]ne}, _sf._ heavenly crown. + {himelr[i]ch}, _sn._ kingdom of heaven. + {hin}, {hinnen}, _av._ from here, hence, away; + {hin f[u:]r}, without, out of doors; + {hin heim}, away home. + {hinder}, _aj._ hinder; + _prep._ behind, 59. + {hindernisse}, _snf._ hindrance, 8. + {hinderste}, _aj._ hindmost, 59. + {h[i]nte}, {h[i]nt}, {h[i]naht}, _av._ to-night, 34. + {h[i]r[a]t}, _sm._ marrying, marriage. + {hirte}, _sm._ shepherd, 3, 43. + {hirtel[o]s}, _aj._ shepherdless. + {hir[z]} (OHG. {hiru[z]}) beside {hirz} (OHG. {hirz}), _sm._ stag. + {hitze}, _sf._ heat, warmth, 31.3. + {hiute}, _av._ to-day; + {hiute morgen}, this morning. + {h[o]ch} (_comp._ {h[oe]her}, _superl._ {h[oe]hst}, {h[o]hst}), _aj._ high, + 5, 10, 11, 19, 34, 57, 60. + {h[o]chgeborn}, _aj._ of gentle birth; noble. + {h[o]chgemuot}, _aj._ noble, high-minded; lofty, proud; + joyful, in high spirits. + {h[o]chgez[i]t}, _sfn._ festival, feast, highest joy. + {h[o]chmuot}, _sm._ consciousness, pride, well-being. + {h[o]chvart}, _sf._ pride, haughtiness. + {h[oe]ne}, _aj._ haughty; contemptible. + {h[oe]nen}, _wv._ dishonour, calumniate. + {h[oe]ren}, _wv._ hear; be requisite, be necessary, require; listen; + belong to, 5, 10, 11, 90. + {hof} ({-ves}), _sm._ court, 19, 30, 33, 42. + {hogen}, _wv._ think, consider. + {h[o]he}, {h[o]}, _av._ highly, 60. + {h[o]hgem[u:]ete}, _sn._ joyousness, joyfulness. + {hol}, _aj._ hollow, 55. + {holn}, _wv._ fetch; + {tiefen siuft holn}, sigh deeply. + {holt} ({-des}), _aj._ kind, affectionate, well-disposed. + {holz}, _sn._ wood, 19. + {honic}, {honec} ({-ges}), _smn._ honey, 29. + {hornunc} ({-ges}), _sm._ February; frost; chilblain. + {houbet}, _sn._ head, 5, 10. + {houwen}, _sv._ VII, hew, 36, 87. + {hovel[i]ch}, _aj._ courtly, court-like. + {hovel[i]chen}, _av._ courtly, in the manner of the court. + {h[u:]besch}, _aj._ noble, courtly, chivalrous, 30. + {h[u:]eten}, _wv._ protect, shield, hold, keep, guard. + {huge}, _sm._ thought, 43. + {h[u:]gen}, _wv._ consider, 15. + {hulde}, _sf._ grace, favour, kindness, permission, 10 note 1. + {hundertste}, _num._ hundredth, 62. + {hundertstunt}, _num._ hundred times. + {hunger}, _sm._ hunger. + {hunt}, {hundert}, _num._ hundred, 62, 64. + {huobe}, _sf._ a piece (hide) of land. + {huofslac} (_dat. pl._ {huofslegen}), _sm._ horseshoe. + {huon} (_pl._ {h[u:]ener}), _sn._ hen, 47. + {huote}, _sf._ care, guardianship. + {hupfen}, {h[u:]pfen}, _wv._ hop, 10 note 3. + {h[u]s} (_pl._ {hiuser}), _sn._ house, 3, 5, 10, 11, 33. + {h[u]t} (_dat. pl._ {hiuten}), _sf._ skin, hide. + + + I + + {ich}, _pr._ I, 23, 65. + {ie}, _av._ ever. + {iedoch}, _av._ however. + {iegel[i]ch}, {iegesl[i]ch} ({iegl[i]ch}, {iesl[i]ch}), _pr._ each, 71. + {ieman}, {iemen}, _pr._ anyone, no one, someone, somebody, 71. + {iemer}, {immer}, _av._ ever, always, at any time, never. + {ietw[e:]der}, _pr. aj._ each of two, 71. + {iew[e:]der}, _pr._ each, 71. + {iewel[)i]ch}, _pr._ each, 71. + {iewiht}, _pr._ anything, 71. + {iezuo}, _av._ now, directly. + {iht}, _pr._ anything; + _av._ not, 71. + {[i]len}, _wv._ hasten. + {Im[a]ne}, _fpn._ + {in}, _prep._ in, into. + {in}, _pr. acc._ him. + {[i]n}, {in}, _av._ in, into, from out here. + {in}, {ine} = {ich ne}, I not. + {i'n} = {ich in}. + {ingesinde}, _sn._ household, family; followers. + {inme}, {imme} = {in d[e:]me}. + {innecl[i]ch}, _aj._ inward; + _av._ {innecl[i]chen}, at heart. + {innen}, {inne}, _av._ within, inwardly; + {inne bringen}, observe, let understand, convince; + {inne w[e:]rden}, hear of, learn of. + {ir}, _pr._ her, their, ye, 71. + {irdenisch}, _aj._ earthly. + {ird[i]n}, _aj._ earthen, 14.2. + {irdisch}, _aj._ earthly, 8. + {irre}, _aj._ astray; + {d[e:]s r[i]ches irre}, astray in regard to the kingdom. + {irren}, _wv._ put out, confound, hinder, interrupt, stop. + {irs} = {ir [e:]s}. + {[i]ser}, _sn._ iron, iron weapon, armour. + {iuwer} ({iwer}), _pr._ your, 67. + {i[z]} = {[e:][z]}, 65 note 1. + + + J + + {j[a]}, _interj._ forsooth. + {j[ae]merl[i]ch}, _aj._ pitiable, sad, sorrowful; + _av._ {j[ae]merl[i]che(n)}. + {jagen}, _wv._ pursue, follow, hunt. + {j[a]mer}, _sm._ grief, pain; + {j[a]mers balt}, courageous in grief. + {j[a]merhaft}, _aj._ painful, sorrowful. + {j[a]r}, _sn._ year; age, 19. + {j[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, say, speak; assure, grant, concede, 35, 83. + {jener}, _pr._ that, 68. + {jenhalp}, _av._ on that side, the other side. + {j[e:]sen}, _sv._ V, ferment, 35, 83. + {j[e:]ten}, _sv._ V, weed, 35. + {joch}, _av._ and _conj._ also, even, yet. + {jude}, _wm._ Jew. + {jugent}, _sf._ youth, 49. + {junc} ({-ges}), _aj._ young, 19, 57. + {juncfrouwe}, _wf._ maiden. + {junch[e]rre}, _wm._ young sir. + {junger}, _sm._ disciple. + + + K + + {kal} ({-wes}), _aj._ bald, 55. + {k[a]le}, see {qu[a]le}, 36. + {kalp} (_pl._ {k[a:]lber}), _sn._ calf, 47. + {kalt}, _aj._ cold. + {k[a:]lte}, _sf._ coldness, 11. + {kamer[ae]re}, _sm._ chamberlain, guard of the treasure, _or_ bed-room. + {kampfl[i]ch}, _aj._ warlike. + {kapfen}, _wv._ stare, gape, look on with astonishment. + {Karnahkarnanz}, {Karnachkarnanz}, _pn._ Count of Unterlec. + {kastel[a]n}, _sn._ Castilian horse. + {k[e:]c}, see {qu[e:]c}. + {kein}, _pr._ no, none, 71. + {keiser}, _sm._ emperor. + {keiserl[i]ch}, _aj._ imperial. + {kelber[i]n}, _aj._ of a calf. + {kemen[a]te}, _sf._ room, bed-room. + {kennen}, _wv._ know, 90. + {k[e]ren}, _wv._ turn, go, 90; + {sich k[e]ren}, turn; + {ze gote k[e]ren}, apply to God's service. + {kerze}, {k[e:]rze}, _wf._ candle. + {kiesen}, _sv._ II, test, try, choose, elect, 5, 11, 18, 30, 33, 78. + {kil}, _sm._ quill, 9.1, 42. + {kindel[i]n}, _sn._ little child, 8. + {kindisch}, _aj._ childish, 8. + {kinne}, _sn._ chin. + {kint} ({-des}), _sn._ child, 33. + {kintl[i]ch}, _aj._ childish. + {kirchhof}, _sm._ churchyard. + {k[i]t} = {qu[i]t}, 36. + {kiusch(e)}, _aj._ chaste, modest, pure, spotless; maidenly. + {kiuwen}, _sv._ II, chew, 16 note, 36, 79. + {klage}, _sf._ complaint, lamentation. + {klagen}, _wv._ complain, bewail, 92; + {klagede[z] h[e:]rze}, mournful heart. + {kl[a]r}, _aj._ clear, bright, beautiful, pure. + {kl[e]} ({-wes}), _sm._ clover, trefoil. + {kl[e:]ben}, _wv._ stick, 92. + {kleiden}, _wv._ clothe, dress. + {klein(e)}, _aj._ little, neat, insignificant; + _av._ {kleine}. + {kleit} (_pl._ {kleit} or {kleider}), _sn._ dress. + {klieben}, _sv._ II, cleave, 18, 78. + {klingen}, _sv._ III, ring, toll. + {kl[o]sen[ae]re}, _sm._ hermit, recluse. + {kl[o]ster}, _sn._ cloister, monastery. + {kl[u]s}, _sf._ cell, hermitage. + {knabe}, _wm._ boy, youth, 31.1. + {knappe}, _wm._ a youth who has not yet become a knight, 31.1. + {kn[e:]ht}, _sm._ boy, candidate for knighthood, attendant; warrior. + {kn[e:]ten}, _sv._ V, knead, 83. + {knie} (_gen._ {kniewes}), _sn._ knee, 3, 23.2, 36, 46. + {komen}, _sv._ IV (_pres._ {kume}, {kum}; _pret._ {quam}, {kom}; + _pret. subj._ {qu[ae]me}, _pp._ {komen}), come, 36, 82. + {kopf}, _sm._ head. + {k[o]r}, _sm._ choir. + {korder}, {k[o:]rder}, see {qu[e:]rder}, 36. + {korn}, _sn._ corn, 23.2. + {korp} ({-bes}), _sm._ basket. + {koufen}, {k[o:]ufen}, _wv._ buy, acquire; earn, 10, 90. + {kr[a]}, {kr[a]we}, _sf._ crow. + {kraft}, _sf._ strength, might; multitude. + {kranc}, _sm._ weakness. + {kranc}, _aj._ impotent, weak; little; worthless. + {kranz}, _sm._ garland, wreath. + {kr[e]atiure}, {kr[e]at[u]r(e)}, _sf._ creature. + {kreftic}, _aj._ strong, powerful. + {kriec} ({-ges}), _sm._ resistance, strife, quarrel. + {kriechen}, _sv._ II, creep, crawl, 78. + {Kriemhilt}, _pn._ 54. + {krippe} ({kribbe}), _swf._, manger (cradle), crib, 26. + {Krist}, _sm._ Christ. + {kristen}, _aj._ and _sb._ christian. + {kristenheit}, _sf._ christianity, christian faith. + {kriuze}, _sn._ cross. + {kr[oe]nen}, _wv._ crown, adorn. + {kr[o]ne}, _swf._ crown. + {kuchen}, {k[u:]chen}, _sf._ kitchen, 10 note 3. + {k[u:]ele}, _aj._ cool. + {k[u:]en(e)}, _aj._ bold, warlike. + {kumber}, _sm._ grief, trouble. + {kumberl[i]che}, _av._ with grief, with oppression. + {kumbersal}, _sn._ distress, 8. + {k[u]me}, _av._ scarcely, hardly. + {k[u:]nde}, _sf._ acquaintance, knowledge; + {kunde haben} (with _gen._), know. + {kunde}, see {k[u:]nnen}. + {k[u:]nden}, _wv._ announce, promise. + {k[u:]ndic}, _aj._ known. + {k[u:]necl[i]ch}, _aj._ kingly, royal. + {k[u:]nic} ({-ec}), _sm._ king, 7, 8, 29. + {k[u:]nne}, race, generation; relationship, 7, 10, 46. + {k[u:]n(n)egin(ne)}, {k[u:]neg[i]n}, _sf._ queen, king's daughter, 8, 48. + {k[u:]nnen}, {kunnen} (_pret._ {kunde}, {konde}), _pret. pres._ know, + understand, can, 93. + {kunst}, _sf._ art, skill, 19. + {kunt} ({-des}), _aj_. known. + {kuo} (_pl._ {k[u:]eje}, {k[u:]ewe}), _sf._ cow, 49. + {kupfer}, _sn._ copper, 31.2. + {kurz}, _aj._ short, small; + {vor kurzer stunt}, recently. + {kurzew[i]le}, _sf._ pastime, entertainment. + {kus} ({-sses}), _smn._ kiss, 32.1. + {k[u:]ssen}, _wv._ kiss, 20, 32.2, 90. + + + L + + {l[a]}, _imperative_ of {l[a][z]en}, q.v. + {lachen}, _wv._ laugh, laugh at; + also _sn._ + {laden}, _sv._ VI, load, 85. + {laden}, _wv._ invite, 92. + {l[ae]re}, _aj._ empty, 3, 5, 10, 11, 55. + {L[a:]hel[i]n}, _mpn._ + {lam}, _aj._ lame, weak in the limbs. + {lamp} (_pl._ {lember}), lamb, 5, 10, 11, 33, 47. + {l[a]n}, see {l[a][z]en}. + {lanc}, _aj._ long, 10, 60; + _av._ {lange}, 60. + {lancl[e:]ben}, _sn._ long life. + {lancl[i]p}, _sm._ long life. + {lant} ({-des}), _sn._ land, country. + {lantliut}, _sn._ country folk, vassalage; + _pl._ inhabitants. + {lantr[e:]htbuoch}, _sn._ book of common _or_ land laws. + {lants[ae][z]e}, _wm._ freeholder. + {last}, _sm._ burden. + {laster}, _sn._ ignominy, disgrace. + {la[z]} ({-[zz]es}), _aj._ feeble, languid, faint, exhausted; weary. + {l[a][z]en}, {l[a]n}, _sv._ VII, let, leave, give up; stop, avoid, 87, 99; + {l[a]n niht ze w[e] s[i]n}, not to worry too much; + {l[a][z]en s[i]n}, cease, stop; + {l[a] st[a]n}, cease! stop! + {l[e:]ben}, _wv._ live, cause to live, 92. + {l[e:]ben}, _sn._ life. + {l[e:]bendic} ({-ec}), _aj._ living, alive. + {legen} ({leggen}, {lecken}), _wv._ lay, place, put, 31.3, 92; + {arbeit dar an legen}, expend much trouble on a thing. + {leh} (= {le} or {li}) {cons}, Count. + {l[e]hen}, _sn._ feudal tenure, loan, fee, feod. + {leich}, _sm._ song consisting of strophes of unequal length. + {leide}, _av._ painfully, sorrowfully; + _comp._ {leider}, greater pain, grief, trouble. + {leiden}, _wv._ be repugnant, odious, _or_ offensive; + render disagreeable, do harm; + {mir leidet [e:][z]}, it is repugnant to me. + {leider}, _av._ and _interj._ unfortunately, alas! + {leie}, _wm._ layman. + {leischieren}, _wv._ give a horse its head. + {leisten} (_pret. subj._ {leiste} = {leistete}), _wv._ follow the + trace of, follow, perceive; + {leisten geselleschaft}, accompany. + {leit} ({-des}), _aj._ sorrowful, bitter, painful, disagreeable; + hateful, vexatious. + {leit} ({-des}), _sn._ grief, pain. + {leit} = {leget}, 37. + {leiten} (_pret._ {leite}), _wv._ to lead, 5, 11, 30, 32.4, 90. + {leitest[e:]rne}, _wm._ loadstar. + {lenge}, _sf._ length, 10. + {l[e]re}, _sf._ teaching, instruction, precept, guidance, advice; + saying. + {l[e]ren} ({l[e]rn}), _wv._ teach, 5, 11, 17. + {l[e:]rnen}, _wv._ learn. + {leschen}, _sv._ IV, be extinguished, go out, 11, 82. + {leschen}, _wv._ extinguish, put out. + {l[e:]sen}, _sv._ V, gather, read, 33, 83. + {leste}, _aj._ last, 9.5, 23.1. + {lesterl[i]ch}, _aj._ disgraceful, ignominious. + {letzen}, _wv._ injure, prejudice; forsake. + {le[zz]este}, {leste}, _aj._ last, 59. + {l[i]den}, _sv._ I, suffer, endure, 30, 76. + {liebe}, _sf._ love, joy. + {lieben}, _wv._ give pleasure, gladden; present with. + {liegen}, _sv._ II, lie, tell a lie, 5, 78. + {lieht}, _sn._ light, 16. + {lieht}, _aj._ bright; + _av._ liehte. + {liep} ({-bes}), _aj._ dear, pleasant, friendly, 5, 11; + _sn._ what is lovable; dearest joy; lover. + {liet} ({-des}), _sn._ song, poem. + {ligen} ({liggen}, {licken}), _sv._ V, lie, lie down, 14.2, 31.3, 84. + {l[i]hen}, _sv._ I, lend, 12, 76. + {l[i]hte}, _aj._ light, easy, worthless; + _av._ easily, perhaps; + {l[i]hte noch}, still now-a-days. + {lin}, {line}, _swf._ window with balcony. + {linde}, _wf._ linden-tree. + {l[i]p} ({-bes}), _sm._ life, body, person, 33. + {list}, _sm._ prudence, wisdom, advice; means, art; + artfulness, cunning. + {l[i]st} = {liges(t)}, 37. + {lit} ({-des}), _sn._ limb, member. + {l[i]t} = {liget}, 37. + {liuhten}, _wv._ light, shine, shed lustre, 16. + {liut}, _sn._ folk, people, army, 5, 11. + {liuten}, _wv._ ring. + {liuterl[i]ch}, _av._ expressly, quite, entirely. + {Liutpolt}, _pn._ Leopold of Austria. + {lobel[i]ch}, _aj._ praiseworthy. + {loben}, _wv._ praise, 92. + {lobesam}, _aj._ praiseworthy, glorious. + {loch} (_pl._ {l[o:]cher}), _sn._ hole, 5, 10, 31.3. + {l[oe]sen}, _wv._ loose, 33, 90. + {l[o]n}, _sm._ pay, reward. + {l[o]nen}, _wv._ reward. + {lop} ({-bes}), _smn._ praise, glorification; price. + {l[o]sen}, _wv._ be rid, released of; + {hin ze einem l[o]sen}, flatter. + {l[o]t}, _sn._ weight. + {l[o:]ufel}, _sm._ runner, 5, 10. + {loufen}, _sv._ VII, run, 5, 11, 87. + {lougen}, _sn._ a denying, denial; + {[a]ne lougen}, truly. + {loup} (_pl._ {l[o:]uber}), _sn._ foliage, leaf, 5, 10, 11. + {l[u]chen}, _sv._ II, shut, 80. + {l[u:]cke}, _swf._ gap, hole, 31.3. + {luft}, _smf._ air, firmament. + {luoder}, _sn._ bait, 46. + {l[u]t}, _aj._ loud; + {l[u]t w[e:]rden} (_c. gen._), give to understand, mention, be heard. + {l[u]te}, _av._ aloud, loudly. + {l[u]ter}, _aj._ clear, bright, 9.2; + _av._ {l[u]terl[i]che}. + {l[u:]tzel}, _aj._ and _av._ little, small, 31.2, 58; + {l[u:]tzel ieman}, nobody, no one; + as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._, little. + + + M + + {mac}, see {m[u:]gen}. + {m[a]c} ({-ges}), _sm._ relation. + {machen}, _wv._ make. + {m[ae]re}, _sn._ story, tidings, report. + {m[ae]re}, _aj._ known, renowned, 10. + {maged[i]n}, _sn._ maid, maiden, 8. + {magen}, {megen}, see {mugen}. + {maget} (_pl._ {m[a:]gede}, {megde}), _sf._ girl, maiden, 5, 10, 37, 49. + {maht} (_pl._ {m[a:]hte}), _sf._ strength, power, might, 5, 11. + {mahtu} = {maht d[u]}. + {m[a]len}, _wv._ paint, draw. + {maln}, _sv._ VI, grind, 85. + {man}, _sm._ man, 3, 32.1, 45; + _pr._ one, 71. + {manb[ae]re}, _aj._ marriageable. + {m[a]ne}, _wm._ moon. + {manen}, _wv._ urge on, remind, admonish. + {manic}, {manec} ({manc}), _aj._ many, much, 8; + _pr._ many a, 71; + {maneger hande}, {slahte}, _or_ {leie}, in many ways, manifoldly; + {maneger vil}, very many. + {manicvalt}, _aj._ manifold, variegated. + {manl[i]ch}, _aj._ manly, brave, 5, 10. + {mantel}, _sm._ mantle, 42. + {manunge}, _sf._ exhortation, admonition. + {marc}, _sf._ half pound of gold _or_ silver. + {marder}, _sm._ marten; skin of a marten. + {market}, _sm._ market, 9.2. + {marter}, _sf._ martyr; torture. + {m[a][z]e}, _sf._ measure, manner; moderation, propriety, fitness; + {ze einer m[a][z]e}, little, moderate; + {ze m[a][z]e}, fairly, sufficiently; + {ze r[e:]hter m[a][z]e}, to the right length. + {m[e]}, {m[e]re}, _aj._ and _av._ more, further, 5, 17, 39, 61; + as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ more. + {meie}, _wm._ May; spring of the year, 35. + {meien}, _wv._ become May; be joyful, make merry. + {meier} ({meiger}), _sm._ farmer. + {meierin}, _sf._ farmer's wife. + {meinen}, _wv._ mean, mean well, have in view; cause. + {meist}, {meiste}, _aj._ and _av._ most, greatest, 58, 61. + {meister}, _sm._ master. + {meisterschaft}, _sf._ skill in an art, mastery, order. + {meit} = {maget}, 37. + {mei[z]en}, _sv._ VII, cut, 87. + {m[e:]l} ({-wes}), _sn._ meal, 36, 46. + {m[e:]lden}, _wv._ announce, make known; betray. + {m[e:]ldunge}, _sf._ announcement, 8. + {Meljahkanz}, _pn._ + {m[e:]lken}, _sv._ III, milk. + {mensch(e)}, _wsmn._ man ('homo'). + {menschenbluot}, _sn._ human blood. + {menschlich}, _aj._ human. + {mer}, _sn._ sea. + {m[e]re}, see {m[e]}. + {m[e]ren}, _wv._ increase. + {m[e]rer}, {m[e]r(r)e}, _aj._ more, 58. + {merken} (_pret._ {markte}), _wv._ observe, perceive, understand. + {merze}, _wm._ March. + {m[e:]sse}, _sf._ mass; + {m[e:]ssez[i]t}, _sf._ time for mass. + {m[e:]te}, _sm._ mead, 43. + {mett[i]ne}, _sf._ matins, primes. + {m[e:][zz]en}, _sv._ V, measure, 32.1, 32.4, 83. + {m[e:][zz]er}, _sn._ knife. + {michel}, _aj._ great; + {michels}, _av._ by far, 55, 58. + {m[i]den}, _sv._ I, avoid, shun, do without, 30, 76. + {miete}, _sf._ pay, reward, present, 5, 11. + {milch}, _sf._ milk, 9.1. + {milt} ({-des}), _aj._ generous; + _av._ {miltl[i]che}, {miltecl[i]che}. + {milte}, _aj._ generous, bounteous. + {milte}, _sf._ liberality, generosity; grace, favour. + {min}, _av._ less, 61. + {m[i]n}, _pr._ my, 67. + {minne}, _sf._ love; loving memory, remembrance. + {minnecl[i]ch}, _aj._ dear, lovely, loving, kind. + {minnen}, _wv._ love, value, 92. + {minner}, {minre}, {min}, _aj._ and _av._ less, 9.3, 57, 58; + as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ less. + {minnest}, {min(ne)ste}, _aj._ and _av._ least, 9.5, 57, 58, 61. + {mirs} = {mir [e:]s}. + {miselsuht}, _sf._ leprosy. + {misl[i]ch}, _aj._ sundry, uneven, different. + {misselingen}, _sv._ III, not to succeed. + {missesagen}, _wv._ deceive, lie. + {misset[a]t}, _sf._ misdeed, offence. + {missewende}, _sf._ mistake, fault, blot. + {mist}, _sm._ dung, dirt. + {mit}, {mite}, _prep._ and _av._ with, by, through, 9.6; + {mit sorgen}, sorrowfully; + {mit triuwen}, faithful, faithfully; + {mit willen}, gladly, willingly; + {mit witze}, reasonably, sensibly, cleverly, prudently, wisely; + {mit z[u:]hten}, politely. + {mitte}, _aj._ middle; + _av._ {mitten}. + {morgen} ({morne}), _sm._ morning, 42; + {d[e:]s morgens}, in the morning. + {mortl[i]ch}, _aj._ murderous; + _av._ {mortl[i]che}. + {mortmeile}, _aj._ blood-stained, blood-guilty. + {motte}, _swf._ moth, 24. + {m[u:]edinc}, _sm._ unhappy man, 8. + {m[u:]el[i]ch}, _aj._ and _av._ painful, troublesome. + {m[u:]en} ({m[u:]ejen}, {m[u:]ewen}), _wv._ torment, trouble, distress, + grieve, 35, 90. + {m[u:]eterl[i]ch}, _aj._ motherly. + {m[u:]eterl[i]n}, _sn._ little mother, 10. + {m[u:]e[z]en}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres. sing._ {muo[z]}, _pret._ {muoste}, + {muose}), must, 28, 93. + {m[u:]e[z]ic}, _aj._ idle, at leisure. + {m[u:]g(e)lich}, _aj._ possible. + {m[u:]gen}, {mugen}, {magen}, {megen} (_pres. sing._ {mac}, _pret._ + {mohte}, _pret. subj._ {m[o:]hte}), _pret.-pres._ may, can, + 10, 11, 28, 93. + {mugge}, {m[u:]gge} ({mucke}, {m[u:]cke}), _wf._ midge, fly, 10 note 3, 20. + {m[u:]l}, _sf._ mill. + {m[u]l}, _sn._ mule. + {m[u:]nich}, _sm._ monk. + {m[u:]nster}, _sn._ minster. + {munt} ({-des}), _sm._ mouth. + {muot}, _sm._ sense, mind, spirits, mood, feeling, courage, + disposition, sentiment; + {r[i]ches muotes w[e:]rden}, be in good spirits. + {muoten}, _wv. c. gen._ desire, long for. + {muoter}, _sf._ mother, 10, 11, 49. + + + N + + {nac} ({-ckes}), _sm._ back part of the head. + {n[a]ch}, _prep._ after, according to, on account of, at, for, to, 34; + {nach d[e:]m guote}, about wealth _or_ money; + {n[a]ch [e]ren}, honourably; + {n[a]ch s[i]nen beinen}, made to fit his legs; + {n[a]ch w[u:]nsche}, to perfection, all that one could wish for; + {vil n[a]ch}, nearly. + {nacket}, _aj._ naked. + {nagel}, _sm._ nail, 9.2, 44. + {nagen}, _sv._ VI, gnaw, 85. + {n[a]he} ({n[a]ch}), _av._ near, nigh, 34; + {n[a]he tragen}, take to heart; + {n[a]he g[a]n}, go closely, touch; + {n[a]hen}, near by. + {n[a]hen}, _wv._ draw near, come near, approach, be near. + {n[a]hgeb[u]re}, _wm._ neighbour. + {naht}, _sf._ night, 19, 49; + _av._ {nahtes}, by night. + {nahtigale}, {nahtegal(e)}, _sf._ nightingale. + {nam(e)}, _wm._ name, position, 3, 9.1, 9.4. + {namen}, _wv._ name, 92. + {napf}, _sm._ basin, 31. + {nar}, _sf._ food, 48. + {n[a]t}, _sf._ seam. + {na[z]} ({-[zz]es}), _aj._ wet, 31.3. + {ne}, {n'}, _neg. particle_, generally used before the verb with + and without {niht}, _not_, 108. + {n[e:]bel}, _sm._ fog, mist, + {nehein}, _pr._ no, none, 71. + {neigen}, _wv._ bow, bend down. + {nei[z]w[e:]r}, _pr._ anyone, 70. + {n[e:]men}, _sv._ IV, take; + _c. dat. pers._ take away, rob, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14.2, 74, 82. + {nennen}, _wv._ name, mention the name of, 32.2, 40, 90. + {nern} ({nerigen}, {nerjen}), _wv._ nourish, rescue, keep alive, + _refl._ subsist on, 9.1, 30, 35, 90. + {nest}, {n[e:]st}, _sn._ nest, 11. + {netze}, _sn._ net, 46. + {netzen}, _wv._ make wet, 31.3. + {n[e:]ve}, _wm._ nephew, 33. + {n[i]den}, _sv._ I, hate, envy, 76. + {nider}, _av._ down; + {sich nider la[z]en}, settle, establish oneself. + {n[i]det[a]t}, _sf._ spiteful action. + {nie}, _av._ never. + {nieman}, {niemen}, _pr._ nobody, no one, 71. + {niem[e]r} ({niemer}, {nimer}, {nimmer}), _av._ never. + {niender}, _av._ by no means. + {niene}, _av._ not, not at all. + {niesen}, _sv._ II, sneeze, 78. + {nieten} (_refl._ with _gen._), _wv._ be eager _or_ zealous for. + {nie[z]en} = {genie[z]en}. + {niftel}, _sf._ niece, 33. + {niht}, {nieht}, {niet}, _av._ not; + _pr._ nothing, 71; + _indecl. sb. c. gen._ nothing. + {nine} = {niene}, not at all. + {n[i]t} ({-des}), _sm._ hatred, anger, hostility. + {niun}, _num._ nine, 62. + {niunte} ({-de}), _num._ ninth, 62. + {niunz[e:]hen}, _num._ nineteen, 62. + {niunz[e:]hende}, _num._ nineteenth, 62. + {niunzic} ({-ec}), _num._ ninety, 62. + {niunzigeste}, ninetieth, 62. + {niuwan} ({niwan}, {niuwen}), _av._ nothing but, only; + _cj._ except, except that. + {niuwe}, _aj._ new, 16 note, 55. + {niuwet}, _av._ not. + {noch}, _av._ still; + {noch en noch}, neither--nor. + {Norg[a]ls}, _pn._ the country belonging to Herzeloyde. + {n[o]t}, _sf._ need, danger, trouble, distress. + {n[o]thaft}, _aj._ needy, poor, + {n[o]tic}, _aj._ in distress, hasty. + {n[o]tnunft}, _sf._ abduction by violence. + {n[u]} ({nu}), _av._ now; + {nu wol dan}, well then be off there! + {nutz} ({nuz}), _sm._ use, advantage. + {n[u:]tze}, _aj._ useful. + {nutzen}, {n[u:]tzen}, _wv._ to use, 10 note 3. + + + O + + {ob}, {obe}, {op}, _prep._ and _av._ over, above; + _conj._ if, in case that, whether, 9.6. + {oben} ({e}), _av._ from above, above. + {ober}, _aj._ upper, 59. + {oberste}, {oberist}, {oberest}, _aj._ highest, uppermost, 8, 59. + {oder}, {ode}, _conj._ or. + {offen}, _aj._ and _av._ open, 23.1. + {offenb[a]re}, _av._ openly. + {ofte}, _av._ often. + {ohse}, _wm._ ox. + {opfer}, _sn._ offering. + {orden}, _sm._ order, rule; rank; + {r[i]ters orden}, knightly order. + {ordenunge}, _sf._ order, rule. + {[o]re}, _wn._ ear, 5, 11, 50. + {op} = {ob}. + {[O]sterr[i]ch}, _pn._ Austria. + {ot}, see {[e:]ht}. + {ouch}, {[)o]ch}, _av._ also; henceforward. + {ouge}, _wn._ eye, 3, 5, 11, 50. + {ougen}, _wv._ show, 10, 90. + {ougenweide}, _sf._ delight of the eyes, sight, appearance. + {ouw[e]}, _sf._ water; meadow, 10. + {ow[e]}, {ouw[e]}, {[)o]w[i]}, _interj._ woe! alas! ah!; + {ow[e] mir m[i]nes leides!} alas! for my grief; + {[o]w[i] wan}, used to express a wish: would that; + {ow[e] d[e:]s}, alas for that! + {[o]wol}, _interj._ well! + + + P + + {palas}, _sn._ hall. + {paradys}, _sn._ paradise. + {pfaffe}, _wm._ priest. + {pfeller}, {pfellel}, _sm._ carpet, silk cloth. + {pfennic}, {pfenninc} ({-ges}), _sm._ penny, 29. + {pfert} ({-des}), _sn._ horse. + {pfl[e:]ge}, _sf._ care, fostering. + {pfl[e:]gen} ({phl[e:]gen}), _sv._ V, be accustomed, use, practise, + care for, 83. + {pfluoc}, {phluoc} ({-ges}), _sm._ plough; ploughman. + {pfunt}, _sn._ pound, 23.2. + {phat} ({-des}), _smn._ path, footway. + {phel} ({phelle}) = {pfeller}. + {Philip}, {Philippes} (_dat._ {Philippe}), _pn._ Philip. + {phl[e:]ger}, _sm._ guardian, protector. + {pin} = {bin}. + {p[i]nen} (with {sich} and {[u]f}), _wv._ exert oneself for. + {pl[a]n}, _smf._, {pl[a]ne}, _sf._ plain, open space, meadow. + {plan[e]te}, _wm._ planet. + {porte}, _sf._ door, gate. + {porten[ae]re}, _sm._ porter, door-keeper. + {pr[e:]dige}, _wf._ sermon. + {pr[i]s}, _sm._ praise, renown, reputation; price. + {pr[i]sen}, _wv._ value, praise, extol. + {proph[e]te}, _wm._ prophet. + {pr[u:]stel[i]n}, _sn._ breast, chest. + + + Q + + {qu[a]le} ({k[a]le}), _sf._ torture, 36. + {qu[e:]c} ({k[e:]c}), _aj._ quick, alive, 19, 36. + {qu[e:]den}, _sv._ V, say, 19, 36. + {qu[e:]rder} ({korder}, {k[o:]rder}), _smn._ bait, 36. + {quicken} ({k[u:]cken}), _wv._ enliven, 36. + {qu[i]st} = {quides(t)}, 37. + + + R + + {rabe}, _wm._ raven, 31.1. + {r[a]che}, _sf._ revenge, punishment. + {ragen}, _wv._ strike, knock, hit. + {rappe}, _wm._ raven, 31.1. + {rasch} ({rasche}), _aj._ quick, 55. + {rat} ({-des}), _sn._ wheel, 47. + {r[a]t}, _sm._ (_pl._ {r[ae]te}), advice, care, resolution; + {r[a]t w[e:]rden}, be helped. + {r[a]ten}, _sv._ VII, advise, devise, 87. + {r[e]} ({-wes}), _smn._ corpse; bier, hearse, 42, 46. + {r[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, avenge, punish. + {r[e:]de}, _sf._ speech, answer, story, saying. + {r[e:]gen}, _sm._ rain, 42. + {r[e:]ht}, _aj._ and _sn._ right, proper, just; right, duty, law. + {r[e:]hte}, _av._ rightly, properly; very. + {reine}, {rein}, _aj._ pure, spotless, perfect, 55. + {reise}, _sf._ journey, march. + {rei[z]en}, _wv._ irritate; entice, allure. + {rennen}, _wv._ run, 90. + {ribbal[i]n}, _sn._ foot-covering, shoe. + {r[i]ben}, _sv._ I, rub, 76. + {r[i]ch}, {r[i]che}, _aj._ powerful, mighty, noble, great, fine, rich, + free, 55. + {r[i]che}, _sn._ kingdom. + {r[i]cheit}, _sf._ wealth, power. + {r[i]chen}, _wv._ make rich, enrich, present with. + {r[i]chsen}, _wv._ rule, 9.2. + {riechen}, _sv._ II, smell, 78. + {r[i]fe}, _wm._ hoar-frost. + {rigel}, _sm._ bolt, bar. + {rihten}, _wv._ put right, confirm, judge; + _refl._ get up. + {rinc} ({-ges}), _sm._ ring. + {ringe}, _aj._ easy, light, small; consumed. + {ringen}, _sv._ III, strive, struggle; busy oneself, wrestle; + {ringen n[a]ch}, strive for _or_ after. + {rinnen}, _sv._ III, run, 20, 31, 32.1, 81. + {rint} (_pl._ {rinder}), _sn._ cow, heifer. + {r[i]sen}, _sv._ I, fall, 30, 76. + {r[i]ten}, _sv._ I, ride, 76. + {r[i]ter}, {ritter}, _sm._ rider; knight, the name of knight. + {r[i]terl[i]ch}, _aj._ knightly. + {r[i]terschaft}, _sf._ knighthood, customs and manners of knights. + {ritterl[i]chen}, _av._ in knightly manner. + {riuschen}, _wv._ rush, move noisily. + {riuten}, _wv._ root out, clear the land, bring the land into + cultivation. + {riuwe}, _sf._ sadness, grief, pity, regret, 16 note. + {riuwen}, _wv._ grieve, grieve for, regret. + {riuwen}, _sv._ II, pain, grieve, regret, 16 note, 78. + {riuwic}, _aj._ sorrowful, repentant. + {rivier}, _sm._ brook, stream. + {rocke}, {rogge}, _wm._ rye, 31.1. + {R[o]me}, _pn._ Rome. + {r[o]r}, _sn._ reed. + {ros}, _sn._ horse. + {r[o]t}, _aj._ red, 19. + {rouben}, _wv._ rob. + {rouch}, _sm._ smoke. + {roufen}, _wv._ pluck, pull up, pull at, lug; + _refl._ tear _or_ pull out one's hair. + {roup} ({-bes}), _sm._ robbery; + {roubes}, _av._ by robbery. + {r[u]ch}, _aj._ raw; coarse. + {rucke}, {r[u:]gge}, _swm._ back. + {ruejen}, _wv._ row, 90. + {r[u:]emen}, _wv._ praise, commend. + {rueren} (_pret._ {ruorte}), _wv._ drive, urge on; + with {ros} understood: run. + {r[u]m}, _sm._ room, 11. + {r[u]men}, _wv._ make room, 10, 40. + {ruochen}, _wv._ trouble oneself about a thing, observe; + with _gen._ deign, will, wish. + {ruofen}, _sv._ VII, call, 5, 11, 87. + + + S + + {s[a]}, {s[a]n}, _av._ presently, at once, forthwith, immediately, + quickly. + {sache}, _sf._ thing. + {sactuoch}, _sn._ sacking, sackcloth. + {s[ae]jen}, {s[ae]wen}, {s[ae]n}, sow, 10, 35, 90. + {s[ae]lde}, _sf._ happiness, good fortune, excellence, blessedness, 9.2. + {s[ae]lic}, {s[ae]lec} ({-ges}), _aj._ blessed, happy, 7, 8. + {s[ae]likeit}, _sf._ blessedness. + {sage}, _sf._ saying, statement, report; + {n[a]ch sage}, by hear-say. + {sagen}, _wv._ say, tell, 37, 92; + {sagen m[ae]re}, relate what has happened. + {sal}, _sm._ room, hall; house. + {salben}, _wv._ anoint. + {Salom[o]n}, _sm._ Solomon. + {salz}, _sn._ salt, 23.2. + {salzen}, _sv._ VII, salt, 87. + {same}, {sam}, _av._ so, as, like, just as, even as, 69. + {sam[i]t}, _sm._ velvet. + {samt}, _av._ together. + {s[a]n}, see {s[a]}. + {sanc} ({-ges}), _sm._ song, singing. + {sanfte}, _av._ softly, slowly, pleasantly, 60. + {sant} ({-des}), _sm._ sand, 42. + {sant(e)}, _aj._ holy; holy one. + {sarc}, _sm._ coffin. + {sarken}, {serken}, _wv._ put into the coffin. + {s[a]t}, _sf._ seed, 5, 11. + {satzt(e)}, _pret._ of {setzen}. + {s[a][z]e}, _sf._ ambush, trap, snare. + {sazte}, _pret._ of {setzen}. + {sch[a]ch[ae]re}, _sm._ robber. + {schade}, _wm._ injury, loss. + {schaden} (_pret._ {schadete}, {sch[a]te}), _wv._ injure, harm. + {sch[a]f}, _sn._ sheep. + {schaffen}, _sv._ VI, create, exercise, institute, 85. + {schaffen}, _wv._ do, perform, provide. + {schal} ({-lles}), _sm._ sound, noise, loud tone; singing. + {schalchaft}, _aj._ malicious, mischievous. + {schallen}, _wv._ be noisy; bluster; exult, boast, swagger. + {schame}, _wf._ shame. + {sch[a:]melich}, _aj._ shameful, 10. + {schamen}, _wv._ shame; + _c. gen._ be ashamed, 9.4. + {schande}, _sf._ disgrace, disgracefulness, shamefulness, shameful + _or_ disgraceful act. + {schapel}, _sn._ garland, 46. + {schar}, _sf._ crowd, flock, 48. + {scharpf}, _aj._ sharp. + {schart}, _aj._ jagged, hacked, hewn, battered. + {schate} (_gen._ {schat(e)wes}), _sm._ shade, shadow, 36, 43. + {schaz} (_gen._ {schatzes}), _sm._ treasure, 19, 23.2. + {schedel[i]che}, _av._ injuriously. + {scheiden}, _sv._ VII, sever, separate, deprive; go away, 87; + {sich scheiden}, come to an end, be decided. + {sch[e:]lch} (_gen._ {sch[e:]lhes}), _aj._ askew, 34. + {schelle}, _wf._ little bell. + {sch[e:]lten}, _sv._ III, abuse, revile, mock, 81; + also as _sn._ + {schemel[i]ch}, _aj._ disgraceful. + {schepfen} (_pret._ {schuof}, _pp._ {geschaffen}), _sv._ VI, create, + 23.2, 28, 31.3. + {schepf[ae]re}, {schepfer}, _sm._ creator, 8. + {sch[e:]rn}, _sv._ IV, shear, 82. + {schicken} (with _acc._), _wv._ become, suit, fit. + {schieben}, _sv._ II, shove, 78. + {schiere}, _av._ quickly, soon. + {schie[z]en}, _sv._ II, shoot; + _sn._ shooting, 10 note 3, 78. + {schif} ({-ffes}), _sn._ ship, 19, 32.1. + {schilt} ({-des}), _sm._ shield, protection; + {schildes ambet}, knight-service, chivalry. + {schimpfen}, _wv._ make fun of, jest; + also as _sn._ + {sch[i]n}, _aj._ visible, clear; + {sch[i]n tuon}, make clear, show; + _sm._ splendour. + {sch[i]nen}, _sv._ I, shine, become evident or manifest, 76. + {schirmen}, _wv. c. dat._ protect. + {schiuhen}, _wv._ fear, shun. + {sch[oe]nde}, _sf._ beauty. + {sch[oe]ne}, _aj._ beautiful, fine, 3, 5, 9.2, 55, 60. + {sch[oe]ne}, _sf._ beauty, 3, 48. + {sch[oe]nen}, _wv._ make beautiful. + {sch[o]ne}, _av._ beautifully, 60. + {schouwen}, _wv._ see, behold, look, inspect, survey. + {schr[e:]cken}, _sv._ IV, frighten, 82. + {schr[i]b[ae]re}, _sm._ scribe, 8. + {schr[i]ben}, _sv._ I, write, 5, 76. + {schr[i]en} ({scr[i]en}), _sv._ I, cry, cry out, scream; croak, 77; + also as _sn._ + {schrift}, _sf._ writing (Bible). + {schr[i]n}, _sm._ box. + {schrinden}, _sv._ III, split, 81. + {schrit}, _sm._ step, 44. + {schrunde}, _wf._ scratch, tear, slit. + {sch[u]ften}, _wv._ gallop, canter. + {schulde}, _sf._ reason, cause; + {von welhen schulden}, wherefore. + {schuldic} ({-ec}), _aj._ guilty, 10 note 1; + {schuldic s[i]n}, owe. + {schuoch} (_gen._ {schuohes}), _sm._ shoe, 34. + {schupfen}, {sch[u:]pfen}, _wv._ push, 10 note 3. + {schuz} ({-tzes}), _sm._ protection. + {se} = {sie}. + {s[e]} ({-wes}), _sm._ sea, lake, 3, 42. + {s[e:]genen}, _wv._ bless, 90. + {s[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, see, look, 9.4 note, 34, 74 note, 83. + {s[e:]hs}, _num._ six, 62. + {s[e:]hste}, _num._ sixth, 62. + {s[e:]h(s)z[e:]hen}, _num._ sixteen, 62. + {s[e:]h(s)zeh[e:]nde}, _num._ sixteenth, 62. + {s[e:]h(s)zic} ({-ec}), _num._ sixty, 62. + {s[e:]h(s)zigeste}, _num._ sixtieth, 62. + {seist} = {sages(t)}, 37. + {seit} = {saget}, 37. + {seite}, _wm._ string. + {seite} = {sagete}. + {seitenspil}, _sn._ playing of stringed instrument. + {sele}, _sf._ soul, 5, 11, 17, 48. + {seln}, _wv._ hand over, 90. + {s[e:]lp} ({-bes}), _pr._ self. + {s[e:]lten}, _av._ seldom. + {s[e:]lts[ae]ne}, _aj._ rare, strange. + {senden} (_pret._ {sante}), _wv._ send, 32.3, 40, 90. + {senede}, {sende}, _pp._ of {senen}, painfully longing, yearning, + love-sick, 29. + {senen}, _wv. refl._ fret oneself, be sick at heart. + {senfte}, _sf._ softening. + {senfte}, _aj._ soft, gentle, tender, mild, easy; quiet, 55, 60. + {senften}, _wv._ appease, soften. + {senken}, _wv._ sink, 19, 90. + {s[e]r}, _snm._ pain; grief, trouble; sore. + {s[e]re}, _av._ sorely, violently; very. + {setzen} (_pret._ {satzte}), _wv._ put, set, place, appoint, 19, + 23.1, 31.3, 90. + {si}, {s[i]}, {siu}, {sie}, _pr._ she, 65. + {siben}, _num._ seven, 62. + {sibende}, _num._ seventh, 62. + {sibenz[e:]hen}, _num._ seventeen, 62. + {sibenz[e:]hende}, _num._ seventeenth, 62. + {sibenzic} ({-ec}), seventy, 62. + {sibenzigste}, seventieth, 62. + {sich}, _refl. pr._ himself, themselves, 66. + {sicherheit}, _sf._ assurance. + {sicherl[i]ch(e)}, _av._ certainly, surely, assuredly, 8. + {s[i]de}, _sf._ silk. + {sider}, _av._ since, afterwards. + {siech}, _aj._ sick, ill, 5. + {siecheit}, _sf._, {siechtuom}, _sm._ sickness. + {sieden}, _sv._ II, seethe, 12, 18, 78. + {S[i]frit}, _pn._, 54. + {sige} ({sic}), _sm._ victory, 43. + {s[i]gen}, _sv._ I, sink, 76. + {sigenunft}, _sf._ victory. + {s[i]hte}, _aj._ shallow. + {silber}, _sn._ silver. + {sim} = {si im}. + {sin}, _sm._ sense, mind, feeling; courage. + {s[i]n}, _pr._ his; + {s[i]n s[e:]lbes}, of himself, 5, 11, 67. + {s[i]n}, _anom. v._ be, 97. + {sin} = {si in}. + {sincw[i]se}, _sf._ song. + {singen}, _sv._ III, sing; + also as _sn._ song, lay, 10 note 2, 33, 81. + {sinken}, _sv._ III, sink, 23.2, 81. + {sinne}, _sf._ sense, mind; + {ze sinne wider komen}, recover consciousness, become conscious + again. + {sinnecl[i]ch}, _aj._ sensible, reasonable. + {sinnel[o]s}, _aj._ unconscious. + {sinnen}, _sv._ III, reflect, 81. + {sint} = {s[i]t}. + {sippe} ({sibbe}), _sf._ consanguinity, relationship, 26, 31.3. + {s[i]t} ({s[i]d}, {sint}), _av._ and _conj._ afterwards, since, because. + {site}, _sm._ custom, habit; bearing, demeanour, behaviour, 43. + {s[i]te}, _swf._ side. + {sitzen} (_pret._ {sa[z]}, _pp._ {ges[e:][zz]en}), sit, 14.2, 23.2, 31.3, 84. + {si[z]} = {s[i] [e:][z]}. + {slac} ({-ges}), _sm._ blow; misfortune, 44. + {sl[a]f}, _sm._ sleep. + {sl[a]fen}, _sv._ VII, sleep, 5, 11, 19, 23.1, 74 note, 87. + {slahen}, _sv._ VI, beat, strike, slay, 10, 30, 85. + {slahte}, _sf._ manner; race. + {sl[e:]ht}, _aj._ straight; straight-forward, honest. + {slie[z]en}, _sv._ II, close, shut. + {smac} ({-ckes}), _sm._ taste, smell. + {sm[a]cheit}, _sf._ shameful treatment. + {sm[ae]he}, _aj._ little, despicable, disgusting. + {smal}, _aj._ small, little. + {smecken}, _wv._ taste, 90. + {sm[e:]r} ({-wes}), _smn._ fat, 36, 47. + {sm[e:]rze}, _wm._ pain, 19. + {smiegen}, _sv._ II, bend, incline; press close. + {smielen}, _wv._ smile. + {smirwen}, _wv._ smear, 36. + {smit} ({-des}), _sm._ smith, metal worker, goldsmith. + {smitte}, _swf._ smithy, 24. + {sn[e]} ({-wes}), _sm._ snow, 17, 36, 42. + {sn[e:]l} ({-lles}), _aj._ quick, eager, alert; blithe. + {sn[e:]lheit}, _sf._ haste, quickness. + {sn[i]den}, _sv._ I, cut, injure, wound, 11, 12, 17, 30, 76. + {snit}, _sm._ cut, slice, 44. + {snuor} (_pl._ {sn[u:]ere}), _sf._ string. + {s[o]}, {so}, _av._ and _conj._ as, so, if, whereas, on the other hand, + thus, as it was, 69. + {solch}, {s[o:]lch} ({solich}), _pr._ such, of such a nature, 71. + {solden[ae]re}, _sm._ hired soldier, mercenary. + {solt} ({-des}), _sm._ pay. + {Solt[a]ne}, _pn._ + {soltu} = {solt d[u]}. + {son} = {so ne}. + {sorge}, _swf._ care, grief, sorrow. + {sorgel[o]s}, _aj._ free from cares. + {sorgen}, _wv._ be anxious, fear, dread. + {sp[a]he}, _av._ elegantly, neatly. + {spalten}, _sv._ VII, split, 87. + {sp[a]n}, _sm._ chip, shaving; notched stick, tally; + degree of relationship. + {spanen}, _sv._ VI, entice, 85. + {spange}, _swf._ clasp, buckle. + {spannen}, _sv._ VII, span, 87. + {sparn}, _wv._ spare, forbear. + {sp[e:]hen}, _wv._ look at, observe. + {sp[e:]r}, _sn._ spear, lance. + {spiegel}, _sm._ mirror, looking-glass; model, pattern. + {spiegelglas}, _sn._ lovely image, picture. + {spil}, _sn._ game, play; joke, fun; pleasure, delight. + {spiln} (_pres. part._ {spilende}, {spilede}), _wv._ play; + glitter, glisten, 90. + {spinnen}, _sv._ III, spin, 81. + {sp[i]se}, _sf._ food. + {sp[i]wen}, _sv._ I, vomit, 17, 77. + {spore}, {spor}, _wm._ spur. + {spot}, _sm._ scoff, scorn, mockery; joke, fun; + {[a]ne spot}, sincerely, candidly. + {spotten}, _wv._ (with _gen._), mock, scoff at, scorn. + {spr[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, speak, say, talk, 9.4 note, 19, 23.1, 82. + {spreiten}, _wv._ spread. + {springen}, _sv._ III, spring, leap. + {st[ae]te}, _sf._ duration, continuance, constancy, steadfastness. + {st[ae]te}, _aj._ constant, firm, steadfast; + _av._ {st[ae]tecl[i]chen}. + {st[ae]tekeit}, {st[ae]tikeit}, _sf._ firmness, constancy. + {stahel}, _sm._ steel. + {stam} ({-mmes}), _sm._ stem; prop, model. + {st[a]n}, {st[e]n}, _sv._ VI, stand; befit, become, suit, 11, 86, 96. + {stap} ({-bes}), _sm._ stick, staff. + {starc}, _aj._ strong, heavy, hard, severe; + _av._ {starke}. + {stat}, _sf._ abode, place, spot; opportunity. + {state}, _sf._ suitable _or_ comfortable place; opportunity; + {ze staten komen}, help. + {st[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, prick, 9.4 note, 82. + {st[e:]greif}, _sm._ stirrup. + {stein}, _sm._ stone, precious stone, grindstone, millstone, 3, 17. + {st[e:]ln}, _sv._ IV, steal, 9.1, 11, 74 note, 82. + {stellen}, _wv._ place, 90. + {st[e:]rben}, _sv._ III, die, 10 note 1, 81; + _sn._ dying, death. + {sterke}, _sf._ strength, bravery. + {st[e:]rne}, _wm._ star. + {st[i]c} ({-ges}), _sm._ path, way. + {stich}, _sm._ stab, thrust. + {st[i]gen}, _sv._ I, rise, mount, + {stille}, _aj._ still, quiet, secret. + {stimme}, _sf._ voice. + {stinken} (_pret._ {stanc}), _sv._ III, stink, exhale a disagreeable + odour. + {stiure}, _sf._ gift, tax. + {st[oe]ren}, _wv._ hinder, overthrow, destroy. + {st[o]le}, _sf._ stole, surplice. + {stolz}, _aj._ stately. + {stoup} ({-bes}), _sm._ dust. + {st[o][z]en}, _sv._ VII, push, shove, thrust, 5, 11, 87. + {str[a]fen}, _wv._ blame, set right. + {str[a][z]e}, _swf._ way, road, + {str[e:]ben}, _sv._ V, exert oneself, strive. + {strenge}, _aj._ strict, unfriendly. + {str[i]chen}, _sv._ I, strike, stroke, rub. + {str[i]t}, _sm._ strife, quarrel, fight. + {str[i]tecl[i]chen}, _av._ eagerly, zealously. + {str[i]ten}, _sv._ I, quarrel, fight, strive, 76. + {str[o]} ({-wes}), _sn._ straw; blade, stalk, 36, 46. + {strouwen}, {str[o:]uwen}, _wv._ strew, 10, 36. + {st[u:]cke}, _sn._ piece. + {stum}, _aj._ dumb, 32.1. + {stunde}, _sf._ hour, time. + {stunt}, _indecl. fem._ time. + {stuol}, _sm._ seat of a judge, papal power; throne. + {sturm}, _sm._ fight, battle. + {s[u]}, _sf._ sow, pig, 49. + {s[u:]e[z]e}, _aj._ sweet, lovely, 60. + {s[u:]e[z]e}, _sf._ loveliness, alluring enticement. + {s[u:]e[z]en}, _wv._ sweeten, 90. + {s[u]fen}, _sv._ II, gulp down liquids, 80. + {s[u]ft}, _sm._ sigh, groan. + {s[u]gen}, _sv._ II, suck, 80. + {suln}, {s[u:]ln}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {sol},_pret._ {solte}, should, +ought), shall, 40, 93. + {sum}, _pr._ any one at all; + _pl._ some, 71. + {sumel[i]ch}, _pr._ many a, whoever; + _pl._ some, 71. + {s[u]men}, _wv._ tarry, 10. + {sumer}, _sm._ summer, 42. + {sumerl[i]ch}, _aj._ summerlike. + {sumerz[i]t}, _sf._ summer time. + {sun}, _sm._ son, 5, 9.4, 10, 19, 44. + {s[u:]nde}, _sf._ sin. + {sunder}, _prep._ without, against; + {sunder spot}, seriously, in earnest; + _av._ {sunderl[i]che(n)}, especially, separately. + {sunne}, _wmf._ sun. + {suochen}, _wv._ seek, 90. + {suone}, _sf._ atonement. + {suon(e)tac} ({-ges}), _sm._ day of judgement. + {suo[z]e}, _av._ sweetly, 60. + {sus} ({sust}), _av._ so, thus, in such a way. + {sw[a]}, {swar}, _av._ wherever, 69. + {swach(e)}, _aj._ worthless, bad. + {swacheit}, _sf._ dishonour, disgrace. + {swachen}, _wv._ weaken. + {swachl[i]ch}, _aj._ weak. + {sw[-ae]re}, _aj._ painful, sad, unpleasant, burdensome; + weighty, heavy, 60; + {da[z] sw[ae]re}, such a weight. + {sw[ae]re}, _sf._ burden, trouble, grief, sadness. + {swanc} ({-ges}, {-kes}), _sm._ swinging movement, hurling, throwing. + {swannen}, {swanne}, _av._ and _conj._ whenever, 69. + {swar}, see {sw[a]}. + {sw[a]r} ({sw[ae]re}), _aj._ heavy, 55; + _av._ {sw[a]re}, 60. + {swarz}, _aj._ black. + {sw[e:]ben}, _wv._ hover, move to and fro. + {sw[e:]der}, _pr._ who of two, 69. + {sw[e:]her}, _sm._ father-in-law, 30. + {sweifen}, _sv._ VII, rove, 87. + {swelch} ({swel}), _pr._ each who, whoever, what sort, whatever, + 69, 71. + {sw[e:]llen}, _sv._ III, swell, 81. + {swenne} (see {swannen}), _conj._ whenever, if, whilst, 69. + {sw[e:]r}, _pr._ who, whoever, whosoever; + _neut._ {swa[z]}, 69, 70, 71. + {swern} ({swerigen}, {swerjen}), _sv._ VI, swear, 35, 86. + {sw[e:]rt}, _sn._ sword. + {sw[e:]rtslac} (_pl._ {-slege}), _sm._ sword-cut. + {swester}, {sw[e:]ster}, _sf._ sister, 11, 48. + {swie}, _av._ and _conj._, as, how, however, howsoever; though, 69. + {sw[i]gen}, _sv._ I, be silent, keep silent, 76. + {swiger}, _sf._ mother-in-law, 30. + {swimmen}, _sv._ III, swim, 31, 81. + {swinde}, _aj._ powerful, strong, angry; + _av._ quickly. + {swinden}, _sv._ III, vanish, disappear. + {swingen}, _sv._ III, swing. + + + T + + {tac} ({-ges}), _sm._ day, 5, 11, 33, 42; + _av._ {tages}, by day. + {t[a:]gel[i]ch}, _aj._ daily, 5, 10. + {tagen}, _wv._ become day, dawn. + {tagez[i]t}, _sf._ space of a day. + {tal} (_pl._ {teler}), _sn._ dale, 47. + {tanz}, _sm._ dance. + {tanzen}, _wv._ dance. + {tanzw[i]se}, _sf._ a song which is sung to the accompaniment of + dancing. + {teil}, _smn._ portion; + {ein teil}, something, a little. + {teilen}, _wv._ divide, distribute. + {tief}, _aj._ deep, 15, 19. + {tier}, _sn._ animal. + {tisch}, _sm._ table. + {tiure}, {tiuwer}, _aj._ and _av._ dear, precious; + noble, excellent, 9.3, 57. + {tiuren}, {tiuwern}, _wv._ esteem highly, honour, confer honour. + {tiutsch}, {tiusch}, _aj._ German; + {tiuschiu zunge}, German language, Germany. + {tiuvel}, _sm._ devil. + {t[oe]risch}, {t[oe]rsch}, _aj._ foolish, silly. + {t[oe]tl[i]ch}, _aj._ deadly. + {tohter}, _sf._ daughter, 10, 25, 49. + {t[o:]hterl[i]n}, _sn._ little daughter, 10. + {tor}, _sn._ gate, door. + {t[o]re}, {t[o]r}, _wm._ fool. + {t[o:]rperheit}, _sf._ impoliteness, vulgarity. + {t[o]t}, _aj._ dead, 3, 25, 30. + {t[o]t} ({-des}), _sm._ death, 5, 11, 30, 33; + {in d[e:]m t[o]de sw[e:]ben}, be on the peril of losing one's life. + {tou} ({-wes}), _sn._ dew, 46. + {toufen}, _wv._ baptize, 10. + {tougen}, _sfn._ secret, wonder; + _aj._ dark, secret; + _av._ secretly, 55. + {tougenl[i]ch}, _aj._ secret; + _av._ {tougenl[i]che}. + {tr[ae]ge}, _aj._ slow, weary, lazy; + _av._ {tr[a]ge}. + {tragen}, _sv._ VI, bear, carry; wear; have, 85. + {trahen} (_pl._ {trehene}), _sm._ drop, tear. + {trahten}, _wv._ think, strive, 92. + {tr[e:]ffen}, _sv._ IV, hit, 32, 82. + {treit} = {traget}. + {tr[e:]ten}, _sv._ V, tread, step, enter, 83; + {tr[e:]ten hinder sich}, step back. + {tretten}, _wv._ tread, 31.3. + {tr[i]ben}, _sv._ I, drive; play, carry on, 76. + {triefen}, _sv._ II, drop, drip, 31.1, 78. + {triegen}, _sv._ II, deceive, plot, intrigue. + {trinken}, _sv._ III, drink, 19, 81. + {triuten}, _wv._ caress, like, love; greet. + {triuwe}, _aj._ true, 16 note; + _sf._ fidelity, faithfulness; + {mit triuwen} ({triwen}), faithfully. + {triuwen}, {tr[u]wen}, _wv._ believe, trust, hope, 16 note. + {tr[oe]stel[i]n}, _sn._ consolation, hope. + {tr[oe]sten}, _wv._ console, comfort; help. + {tropfe}, _wm._ drop, 31.3. + {tr[o]st}, _sm._ consolation, hope. + {troum}, _sm._ dream. + {troumen}, _wv._ dream, 10. + {tr[u:]ebe}, _aj._ gloomy. + {tr[u:]ebsal}, _sn._ gloom, 8. + {tr[u]rec}, _aj._ sad; + _av._ {tr[u]recl[i]che}. + {tr[u]ren}, _wv._ mourn, be sad, downcast; + also _sn._ + {tr[u]t}, _aj._ dear, beloved. + {tr[u]tgemahele}, _sf._ bride. + {tugen}, {t[u:]gen}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {touc}, _pret._ {tohte}), + be fit for, good for, of use, 93. + {tugenhaft}, _aj._ fit, hearty, noble. + {tugent}, {tugende}, _sf._ virtue, good qualities, strength, power, + valour, 49. + {tugentl[i]chen}, _av._ with noble demeanour. + {tump} ({-bes}), _aj._ inexperienced, silly, young. + {tumpheit}, _sf._ folly, foolish action; inexperience; + {tumpheit walten}, show or have great inexperience. + {tunkel}, _aj._ dark. + {tuon}, _anom. v._ do, make, form, shape; cause, 94; + {tuon enblecken}, cause to become visible; + {ze leide tuon}, cause grief, pain, _or_ injury to; + {w[e:]r h[a]t dir get[a]n?} who has done anything to you?; + {als ein got get[a]n}, like a god. + {t[u:]r}, _sf._ door. + {Turkent[a]ls}, _pn._ one of Parzival's princes. + {turren}, {t[u:]rren}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {tar}, _pret._ {torste}), + dare, venture, 10, 93. + {t[u]senste}, _num._ thousandth, 62. + {t[u]sent}, _num._ thousand, 5, 62, 64. + {twahen} (_pret._ {twuoc}), _sv._ VI, wash, 85. + {tw[e:]rch} (_gen._ {tw[e:]rhes}), askew, 34. + {twingen}, _sv._ III, compel, force, subdue, overcome; + {sich twingen l[a][z]en}, let oneself be compelled. + + + U + + {[u:]bel}, _aj._ evil, bad, 55, 58, 60; + _av._ {[u:]bele}. + {[u:]ber}, _prep._ over, because of, for. + {[u:]bergr[o][z]}, _aj._ very great. + {[u:]berg[u:]lde}, _sn._ gilding, raising of value. + {[u:]bergulde}, _sf._ that which surpasses something else in value. + {[u:]berm[ae][z]l[i]chen}, _av._ beyond measure. + {[u:]berm[u:]ete}, _sf._ insolence, haughtiness. + {[u:]bermuot}, _sm._ haughtiness, insolence. + {[u:]bern} = {[u:]ber d[e:]n}, 68 note 2. + {[u:]bers[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, overlook, not observe. + {[u:]berstr[i]ten}, _sv._ I, gain the victory over, conquer. + {[u:]bertragen}, _sv._ VI, spare, discharge something. + {[u:]berwinden}, _sv._ III, overcome, get over. + {[u]f}, {[u]fe}, _prep._ and _av._ up, up to, on, to, upwards, 23.1; + {[u]f gen[a]de}, in firm confidence; + {[u]f die triwe m[i]n}, upon my faith _or_ troth; + {[u]f slie[z]en}, open. + {[u]fem}, {[u]fme} = {[u]f d[e:]m}, 68 note 2. + {[u]fen} = {[u]f d[e:]n}, 68 note 2. + {Ulterlec}, _pn._ + {umbe}, {[u:]mbe}, {umb}, {um}, _prep._ and _av._ about, around, upon, + for, 10 note 2; + {dar umbe}, therefore; + {umbe sust}, for nothing; + {um wa[z]}, why, for what reason; + {umbe da[z]}, on account of that, for that, therefore; + {umbe g[a]n}, turn _or_ go round. + {umbeslie[z]en}, _sv._ II, embrace, surround. + {umbev[a]hen}, _sv._ VII, embrace. + {unbewollen}, _part. aj._ unspotted. + {und}, {unde}, {unt}, _cj._ and _av._ and; + again, on the other hand, 9.6, 69. + {unden}, _av._ below, beneath. + {under} ({undr}), _prep._ under, beneath, between, among; + {under in}, among themselves; + {under w[e:]gen l[a]n}, omit; + {under stunden}, at times, now and then, sometimes; + {under w[i]len}, from time to time, at times, sometimes. + {underl[a][z]}, _sm._ interruption. + {underscheiden}, _sv._ VII, relate; explain fully. + {undersn[i]den}, _sv._ I, interrupt, intermingle. + {underst[a]n}, _sv._ VI, step in between, hinder. + {undert[ae]nic}, _aj._ humble, subject, submissive. + {undert[a]n}, _part. aj._ humble, submissive. + {underwinden}, _sv._ III, _refl._ undertake. + {unfuoge} (also used as a proper noun), _sf._ unseemliness, + indecorum, misconduct; coarseness. + {unfuore}, _wf._ badness, roughness; wicked mode of life. + {ungeb[ae]re}, _sf._ despairing lamentation. + {ungebant}, _aj._ unbeaten, untrodden. + {ungebatten}, _aj._ useless, worthless. + {ungeborn}, _part. aj._ unborn. + {ungeburt}, _sf._ low birth. + {ungef[u:]ege}, _aj._ very great, powerful; + bad, unbecoming, coarse, uncouth, rude; + _av._ {ungefuoge}. + {ungehabe}, _sf._ sorrow, grief. + {ungel[i]che}, _av._ immeasurably, incomparably. + {ungel[o]net}, _aj._ unrewarded. + {ungelouplich}, _aj._ incredible. + {ungel[u:]cke}, _sn._ misfortune. + {ungemach}, _sn._ misfortune, discomfort, sorrow. + {ungem[u:]ete}, _snf._ mourning, grief, sorrow. + {ungen[a]de}, _sf._ disfavour, hatred, harm. + {ungen[ae]me}, _aj._ unpleasant. + {ungen[e:]sen}, _aj._ unhealed, uncured. + {ungerihte}, _sn._ fault, crime. + {ung[e:]rne}, _av._ unwillingly. + {ungesammet}, _aj._ not united, not unanimous. + {ungeschriben}, _part. aj._ that which cannot be written. + {ungestaltheit}, _sf._ deformity. + {ungesunt}, ({-des}), _sm._ sickness, illness. + {unh[o:]vesch}, _aj._ uncourtly, coarse, low, vulgar. + {unkraft}, _sf._ fainting fit, swoon. + {unkunt} ({unkuntl[i]ch}), _aj._ unknown. + {unlange}, _av._ in a short time. + {unm[ae]re}, _aj._ not worth mentioning, little observed, worthless, + disgusting; undervalued. + {unm[ae][z]l[i]ch}, _aj._ immoderate, excessive. + {unm[a][z]en}, _av._ immeasurably. + {unminnen}, _wv._ treat in an unloving manner. + {unmue[z]ekeit}, _sf._ work, trouble. + {unmugel[i]ch}, _aj._ impossible. + {unmuo[z]e}, _sf._ occupation, restlessness. + {unn[a]ch}, _av._ by no means. + {unn[o]t}, _sf._ without danger _or_ need. + {unrewert} = {unerwert}, _part. aj._ unprohibited. + {unriuwecl[i]che}, _av._ without trouble _or_ care. + {uns[ae]lekeit}, _sf._ unhappiness; misfortune. + {uns[ae]lic} ({-ec}), _aj._ unhappy, cursed. + {unschulde}, _sf._ innocence. + {unschuldigen}, _wv._ proclaim one's innocence. + {unsegel[i]ch}, _aj._ unspeakable. + {unsenfte}, _aj._ painful, hard. + {unser}, _pr._ our, 7, 67. + {unst[ae]te}, _aj._ inconstant, fickle. + {unst[ae]te}, _sf._ inconstancy, fickleness. + {untriuwe}, _sf._ faithlessness, deceit. + {untr[oe]sten}, _wv._ dishearten, discourage. + {untr[o]st}, _sm._ despondency, discouragement. + {untugent}, _sf._ lack of good training. + {unversunnen}, _pp._ unconscious. + {unvr[o]}, {unfr[o]}, _aj._ unhappy, sad, mournful. + {unwandelb[ae]re}, _aj._ steadfast, unchangeable. + {unwendic} ({-ec}), _aj._ unchangeable. + {unw[e:]rt}, _sm._ unworthiness, contempt for, scorn. + {unw[i]p}, ({-bes}), _sn._ bad woman; unwomanly creature; + unworthy the name of Weib. + {unw[i]se}, _sf._ false tone _or_ sound; bad style. + {unze}, {unz}, _prep._ and _conj._ till, until, up to, down to, to; + {unz her}, hitherto; + {unz enmitten an}, right down to. + {unzerworht}, _aj._ undivided, undissected, not cut up. + {Uote}, _pn._ 54. + {[u:]ppic}, _aj._ unnecessary, superfluous; proud. + {[u][z]}, _prep._ and _av._ out, out of, of, from; + {[u][z]en}, _av._; + {[u][z]erwelt}, select, chosen. + {[u][z]er}, _prep._ out of, from. + {[u][z]reise}, _sf._ marching, going out _or_ off; departure; + song sung by knights on the march. + +V (F) + {vadem}, _sm._ thread, 9.2, 42. + {v[a]hen}, {f[a]hen} ({v[a]n}), _sv._ VII, catch, seize, take, 29, 30, + 38, 87. + {val} ({-wes}), _aj._ yellow, 36. + {vallen}, _sv._ VII, fall, fall down, fall to one's lot, 32.4, 87. + {valsch}, _aj._ false, deceitful. + {valsch}, _sm._ fault, spot, impurity, deceit; + {valsches la[z]}, free from deceit _or_ falseness. + {valten}, _sv._ VII, fold, 87. + {vancn[u:]sse}, _sf._ captivity, 8. + {var}, {vare} ({-wes}), _aj._ coloured; formed, looking. + {v[a]ren}, _wv._ place behind, watch, lie in wait. + {varn}, _sv._ VI, go, fare, betake oneself, 5, 10, 74 note, 85; + {varnde[z] guot}, movable property. + {vart}, _sf._ way, march, journey. + {varwe}, _sf._ colour, form, appearance. + {vaste}, _av._ fast, quickly, strongly, firmly; very. + {vater}, _sm._ (_pl._ {veter}, {v[a:]ter}), father, 11, 19, 45. + {v[a:]terl[i]ch}, _aj._ fatherly, 10. + {v[a:]terl[i]n}, _dim._ of {vater}, 5, 10. + {va[zz]en}, _wv._ seize, take, gather. + {v[e:]hten}, _sv._ IV, fight, 82. + {veile}, _aj._ cheap, purchasable. + {v[e:]l} ({-lles}), _sn._ hide, skin, 32.1. + {vellen}, _wv._ fell, kill, 90. + {vels}, _swm._ rock, 11. + {velschen}, _wv._ falsify; make faithless. + {v[e:]lt} ({-des}), _sn._ field. + {venster}, _sn._ window, 46. + {verb[e:]rgen}, _sv._ III, hide, conceal. + {verb[e:]rn}, _sv._ IV, spare, abstain from, forbear, avoid, keep from, + give up. + {verbieten}, _sv._ II, forbid, hinder, prevent, obstruct; ward off. + {verdagen}, _wv._ keep secret, conceal. + {verd[e:]rben}, perish, spoil, destroy, 81. + {verd[e:]rbnisse}, _sfn._ destruction, 8. + {verdienen}, _wv._ deserve, earn. + {verdrie[z]en} (_impers. c. gen._), _sv._ III, grieve, fret, vex. + {verdringen}, _sv._ III, crowd out, suppress, displace, + push on one side. + {vereinen}, _wv. refl._ unite. + {verenden}, _wv._ end. + {verg[e:]ben}, _sv._ V, poison, infect. + {verg[e:]lten}, _sv._ III, repay, requite. + {verg[e:][zz]en}, _sv._ V, forget, 83. + {vergie[z]en}, _sv._ II, pour over, sprinkle with water. + {verh[e:]ln}, _sv._ IV, conceal. + {verhouwen} (_pret._ {-hiu} and {-hie}, also weak {-houte}), + _sv._ VII, hew in pieces, cut asunder. + {verj[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, say, tell, relate; give to understand, assure. + {verk[e]ren}, _wv._ change, turn round; destroy. + {verkiesen}, _sv._ II, give up, forgo, forget. + {verklagen}, _wv._ cease to mourn, bear with patience. + {verkrenken}, _wv._ destroy. + {verl[a][z]en} ({verl[a]n}), _sv._ VII, leave off, forsake. + {verleiten}, _wv._ lead astray. + {verleschen}, _sv._ IV, become extinguished, extinguish. + {verliesen} ({vliesen}), _sv._ II, lose, 78. + {verligen}, _sv._ V, miss through sleeping too long, over-sleep. + {verlust}, _sm._ loss. + {verm[i]den}, (_pp._ {vermiten}), _sv._ I, avoid, omit, not to take + place, keep aloof from. + {vermischen}, _wv._ mix, mingle. + {vern[e:]men}, _sv._ IV, perceive, observe, get to know. + {v[e:]rre}, _aj._ and _av._ far, far away, distant, 31. + {verrihten}, _wv._ settle, pass sentence upon. + {versagen}, _wv._ refuse, deny. + {verschaffen}, _sv._ VI, do _or_ act in a bad manner, spoil, destroy. + {verschulden}, _wv._ pay back. + {vers[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, observe, recognize; + _refl._ hope, dread. + {versinnen} ({sich}), _sv._ III, arrive at years of discretion; + _c. gen._ become conscious of. + {versm[ae]hel[i]ch}, _aj._ disgraceful, ignominious. + {versm[ae]hen}, _wv._ despise, mock. + {versperren} (_pret._ {versparte}), _wv._ shut, close. + {verspr[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, decline, spurn. + {verst[a]n} ({-st[e]n}), _sv._ VI, perceive, understand. + {verst[o][z]en}, _sv._ VII, drive away. + {vers[u]men}, _wv._ neglect, let slip, spoil. + {versuochen}, _wv._ try, test. + {verswern}, _sv._ VI, abjure, deny by an oath. + {versw[i]gen}, _sv._ I, forbear talking. + {verswinden}, _sv._ III, disappear, flee. + {vertragen}, _sv._ VI, endure, bear. + {vertr[i]ben}, _sv._ I, drive away, make to pass. + {verv[a]hen}, {verf[a]hen}, _sv._ VII, reach, bring to pass; + {mich verv[ae]het}, it is of use _or_ advantage to me. + {vervluochen}, {-fluochen}, _wv._ curse. + {verw[a][z]en}, _sv._ VII, ruin; imprecate, curse. + {verw[e:]gen}, _sv._ V, resolve. + {verweinen}, _wv._ exhaust by weeping. + {verwunden}, _wv._ wound. + {verw[u:]rken} (_pret._ {-worhte}), _wv._ lose, forfeit, commit. + {verzagen}, _wv._ lose courage, withdraw, despair, despond. + {verzern}, _wv._ consume; destroy. + {veste}, _sf._ firmness, constancy. + {v[i]ant}, {v[i]ent}, {v[i]nt}, _sm._ enemy, fiend, 8, 42. + {vier}, _num._ four, 62. + {vier}, {fier}, _aj._ proud, stately, majestic, beautiful; + _av._ {viere}. + {vierde}, _num._ fourth, 62. + {vierz[e:]hen}, _num._ fourteen, 62. + {vierz[e:]hende}, _num._ fourteenth, 62. + {vierzic} ({-ec}), _num._ forty, 62. + {vierzigeste}, _num._ fortieth. + {vihe}, _sn._ cattle, 46. + {vil}, _aj._ much, many; + _av._ very; + _indecl. sb. c. gen._ much, many; + {vil w[e]nic ganz} _c. gen._ not at all complete _or_ whole. + {vinden}, {finden}, _sv._ III, find, 9.4 note, 81. + {vinger}, _sm._ finger. + {vingerl[i]n}, {vinger[i]n}, _sn._ ring, 8. + {vingerlinc}, _sm._ ring. + {vinster}, _sf._ darkness, 48. + {vinster}, _aj._ dark, gloomy, 55. + {vinsternisse}, _sfn._ darkness, 8. + {vint} = {vindet}, 74 note. + {v[i]nt}, see {v[i]ant}. + {v[i]ol}, _sm._ violet. + {virren}, _wv._ keep away from. + {visch}, _sm._ fish, 11, 19. + {viur}, {fiuwer}, _sn._ fire; lightning. + {vl[e]hen}, {fl[e]hen} ({vl[e]n}), _wv._ beseech, implore, 38. + {vl[e:]hten}, _sv._ IV, plait, 82. + {fleisch}, _sn._ flesh. + {vliegen}, {fliegen}, _sv._ II, fly, 10 note 3, 25, 78. + {vliehen}, {fliehen}, _sv._ II, flee, 18, 19, 78. + {vliesen} = {verliesen}. + {vlie[z]en}, {flie[z]en}, _sv._ II, flow, swim; + ruin, destroy, 10 note 3, 78. + {vl[i][z]}, {fl[i][z]}, _sm._ assiduity, zeal, eagerness, care; + {ze fl[i][z]e}, diligently, carefully. + {vl[i][z]ec}, _aj._ diligent, 60.3. + {vl[i][z]ecl[i]che(n)}, _av._ diligently, 60.3. + {vluht}, _sf._ refuge. + {fl[u:]htesal}, _sf._ flight, escape; security. + {vluoch} (_pl._ {vl[u:]eche}), _sm._ curse. + {vogel}, _sm._ bird, 9.2, 42. + {vogel[i]n}, {vogel(l)[i]n}, _sn._ little bird, 8. + {vogelsanc}, _sm._ song of birds. + {vol} ({-lles}), _aj._ full, 15, 31. + {volc}, _sn._ folk, people. + {volenden}, _wv._ bring to an end. + {volgen}, _wv._ follow, accompany. + {volgesagen}, _wv._ tell fully. + {volle}, _wm._ abundance, completeness. + {vollebringen} (_pret._ {-br[a]hte}), _wv._ perfect, carry out. + {vollecl[i]chen}, _av._ fully, entirely. + {volleist}, _sm._ assistance, succour. + {von}, _prep._ from, away from, with, about, through, by; + {von schulden}, rightly, properly. + {vonme}, {vomme} = {von d[e:]me}. + {vor}, _prep._ before, for. + {vorbilde}, _sn._ pattern, model. + {vorder}, _aj._ former, front, 59. + {vordern}, _wv._ further, 90. + {vorderste}, _aj._ foremost, 59. + {vorht}, _sf._ fear, dread. + {vr[a]ge}, _sf._ question. + {vr[a]gen}, _wv._ ask, 9.2, 92. + {fr[a:]vele}, _aj._ bold, 10. + {fr[e:]ch}, _aj._ courageous, daring, bold, brave; saucy, impudent. + {freischen}, _sv._ VII, come to know, learn, be told. + {vreise}, {freise}, _swf._ horror, what is dreadful _or_ horrible. + {vremde}, {fremde} ({vr[o:]mde}), _aj._ strange, wonderful; unknown. + {vremen}, _wv._ perform, 31.3. + {vreude}, {vr[o:]ude}, {fr[o:]ide}, {freude}, {fr[o:]ude}, _swf._ joy, + gladness; + {fr[o:]uden} (_gen. pl._) {lam}, bereft of joys, pleasures. + {vreudel[o]s}, _aj._ joyless. + {freuder[i]che}, _aj._ rich in joy, very gratifying. + {vreuwen}, {vrewen}, {vreun}, {freuwen}, {frewen}, {freun}, + _wv._ cause to rejoice, rejoice, gladden, give pleasure to, + be glad. + See {vr[o:]uwen}. + {vrevel}, _sf._ audacity, insolence. + {frevell[i]chen}, _av._ insolently, boldly, with impudence. + {vr[e:][zz]en}, _sv._ V, devour, 83. + {vr[i]}, _aj._ free, unrestrained, unmarried. + {vride}, {fride}, _sm._ peace, truce; protection, safety, 3, 19, 43. + {vrid(e)lich}, _aj._ peaceful. + {vr[i]e}, _sf._ freedom. + {vr[i]e}, _wm._ freeman. + {fr[i]en}, {fr[i]jen}, {fr[i]gen}, _wv._ free, 35. + {vriesen}, _sv._ II, freeze, 78. + {vrisch}, {frisch}, _aj._ fresh, new. + {vrist}, _sf._ time. + {vristen}, _wv._ keep alive, protect, rescue. + {vriundinne}, _sf._ female friend, 8, 48. + {vriunt}, {friunt}, _sm._ friend, 42. + {vr[o]}, {fr[o]}, _aj._ and _av._ glad, joyful. + {vr[oe]l[i]ch}, _aj._ joyful; + _av._ {vr[oe]l[i]chen}. + {vr[o:]mde} = {vremde}. + {vr[o:]mede}, _sf._ absence. + {frosch}, _sm._ frog. + {vr[o:]uen}, {vr[o:]uwen}, {fr[o:]wen}, _wv._ gladden, give pleasure to; + be glad, 10. + See {vreuwen}. + {vrouwe}, {frouwe}, {frowe} ({vrou}, {frou}, {fr[o]}, before proper + names), _wf._ lady, madam, 9.6, 10; + {ze frowen}, as wife. + {vr[o:]uwel[i]n}, {frouwel[i]n}, _sn._ little girl, maid, miss. + {vruht}, _sf._ fruit. + {vrum}, _aj._ brave, active, excellent, useful. + {vrumen}, {frumen}, _wv._ benefit, be of use _or_ advantage. + {vruo}, _av._ early. + {v[u:]egen}, {f[u:]egen}, _wv._ procure, bring to pass; grant. + {v[u:]eren}, {f[u:]eren} (_pret._ {fuorte}), _wv._ lead, carry, remove. + {fuhs}, _sm._ fox, 19. + {v[u]l}, _aj._ bad, rotten. + {v[u:]lle}, _sf._ fulness, 15. + {f[u:]llen}, _wv._ fill, 90. + {funden}, _pp._ of {finden}. + {v[u:]nf}, {f[u:]nf}, {finf}, _num._ five, 19, 62. + {f[u:]nfte}, {finfte}, _num._ fifth, 62. + {vuoge}, _sf._ becomingness, decency. + {fuore}, _sf._ manner of life; way of acting. + {vuo[z]}, {fuo[z]} (_pl._ {v[u:]e[z]e}), _sm._ foot, 10, 44. + {v[u:]r}, {f[u:]r}, _prep._ and _av._ for, before, over, against; + {f[u:]r guot haben}, be content with, put up with; + {f[u:]r iuch}, past you; + {f[u:]r sie}, past them; + {f[u:]r t[o]ren kleit}, as fool's clothing; + {v[u:]r w[a]r}, in truth, truly. + {v[u:]rba[z]}, {f[u:]rba[z]}, _av._ further. + {v[u:]rhten}, {f[u:]rhten} (_pret._ {vorhte}), _wv._ fear, dread, 15, 90. + {v[u:]rnames}, _av._ in the full sense of the word. + {v[u:]rste}, {f[u:]rste}, _wm._ prince; + {ein d[i]n f[u:]rste}, one of thy princes. + {vurt}, {furt} (_pl._ {f[u:]rte}), _sm._ ford, bed of a river. + + + W + + {w[a]}, _av._ where, whither, 39. + {w[a]c} ({-ges}), _sn._ moving water, flood. + {wacker}, _aj._ watchful, 31.2. + {w[ae]jen} ({w[ae]n}), _wv._ blow, 90. + {w[ae]enen} (_pret._ {w[a]nde}), _wv._ think, fancy, 90. + {w[ae]rl[i]chen}, _av._ in truth, truly. + {w[ae]tl[i]ch}, _aj._ beautiful. + {w[ae]tl[i]che}, _sf._ beauty. + {w[a]fen}, _sn._ weapon, sword. + {w[a]fenen}, {w[a]penen}, _wv._ arm, equip, array. + See {w[a]pen}. + {wage}, _wf._ cradle. + {w[a]ge}, _sf._ balance, scale. + {wagen}, _sm._ wagon, 49. + {wahsen}, _sv._ VI, grow, 10, 85. + {wal}, _sf._ choice, 48. + {walden}, _sv._ VII, have power over. + See {walten}. + {W[a]leis}, _pn._ Valois in France, inhabitant of Valois. + {wallen} (_pret._ {wiel}), _sv._ VII, boil, bubble, 87. + {walt} ({-des}), _sm._ wood, forest. + {walten} (with _gen._), _sv._ VII, have power. + {wan}, _aj._ empty, bereft of. + {wan}, _av._ besides, but only; + {niht wan}, only, nothing but; + {wan da[z]}, only that, if--not; + {wan unz}, whilst, as long as; + {wan d[e:]m einen}, except for the one. + {wan} ({wande}, {want}), _conj._ for, if, because, then, 9.6. + {w[a]n}, _sm._ faith, hope, mood. + {wanc} ({-kes}), _sm._ inconstancy, disloyalty, unfaithfulness, + changeableness. + {wandel}, _smn._ change, fickleness; fault, defect, failing. + {wandeln}, _wv._ wander, 9.2, 90. + {wange}, _wn._ cheek, 50. + {w[a:]ngel[i]n}, _sn._ little cheek. + {want}, _sf._ wall. + {w[a]pen} (with {sich}), _wv._ arm oneself. + See {w[a]fenen}. + {w[a]pen}, _sn._ weapon, 46. + {w[a]penen}, see {w[a]fenen}. + {w[a]penroc}, _sm._ upper-garment drawn over the coat of mail. + {war}, _av._ where, whither; + {war umbe}, wherefore, why; + {war zuo}, for what purpose. + {war}, _sf._ attention, observation; + {war n[e:]men}, give attention. + {w[a]r}, _sn._ truth; right; + {w[a]r haben}, be right. + {w[a]r}, _aj._ true, right, real. + {w[a]rheit}, _sf._ truth. + {w[a]rinne}, _av._ wherein, 39. + {w[a:]rmen}, _wv._ to warm, 5, 10. + {warnen}, _wv._ equip, prepare. + {warten} (_pret._ {warte}), _wv._ wait; look, view, 9.2. + {was}, {wasse}, _aj._ sharp, 55. + {waschen} ({weschen}), _sv._ VI, wash, 85. + {waste}, _sf._ desert. + {w[a]t}, _sf._ clothing, dress. + {waten}, _sv._ VI, wade, 85. + {wa[z]}, _pr._ what, 19, 23.1, 70; + _av._ why, wherefore. + {w[e]} (_gen._ {w[e]wes}), _sn._ woe, pain; + {w[e] tuon}, hurt, 17, 46; + _interj._ {wehe}, {w[e]}, woe! alas!; + {mir ist w[e]}, I am sad. + {w[e:]ben}, _sv._ V, weave, 28, 83. + {w[e:]c} ({-ges}), _sm._ way; homeward journey, 5, 11. + {wecken} (_pret._ {wacte}, {wahte}), _wv._ awake. + {w[e:]der}, _pr._ who of two, which of two, 70, 71; + {w[e:]der--noch}, neither--nor. + {wegen}, _wv._ move, swing. + {w[e:]gen}, _sv._ V, weigh, poise; put in motion, 83. + {w[e:]hsal} ({-el}), _smn._ change, 8. + {weich}, _aj._ weak. + {weideganc} ({-ges}), _sm._ hunting way _or_ path. + {weinen} (_pres. part._ {weinde} for {weinende}), _wv._ weep, bewail; + also _sn._ + {weise}, _wm._ orphan; precious stone in the royal crown. + {wei[z]got}, _interj._ verily. + {wel[i]ch}, {welch}, _pr._ which, what kind of, 11, 70, 71. + {wellen} (_pres. sing._ {wil}, _pret._ {wolte}), _anom. v._ will, + wish, 98; + {got d[e:]s niht enwelle}, may God forbid it. + {weln}, {welen}, {wellen}, _wv._ choose, 90. + {wenden} (_pp._ {gewant}), _wv._ with _gen._ turn, prevent, hinder, + turn away, 32.3. + {w[e]nic}, _aj._ little, small; + _indecl. sb. c. gen._ little. + {wenke}, _sf._ turning, turn, change. + {wenken}, _wv._ totter, stagger, waver. + {wer}, _sf._ defence; protection; battle. + {w[e:]r}, _neut._ {wa[z]}, _pr._ who, what; + {w[e:]s}, _av._ wherefore, 9.6, 70. + {w[e:]rben}, _sv._ III, turn, go to and fro, strive, work, be active, 33. + {w[e:]rde}, _aj._ worthy, noble. + {w[e:]rdekeit}, {w[e:]rdikeit}, _sf._ worthiness, respect, honour, + excellence. + {w[e:]rden}, _sv._ III, become, be, be born, 9.4 note, 38, 81; + {w[e:]rden wol innen}, perceive clearly; + {w[e:]rden buo[z]}, with _dat._ of pers. and _gen._ of thing: + {d[e:]m wirt kumbers buo[z]}, he has compensation for his grief; + {w[e:]rden r[a]t}, _c. gen._ be a remedy. + {w[e:]rdicl[i]chen}, _av._ worthily. + {w[e:]rfen}, _sv._ III, throw, set in quick motion, 10 note, 23.2, 81. + {w[e:]rlt}, {w[e:]relt}, {w[e:]lt}, _sf._ world, people; + {d[e:]r w[e:]relde riuwe}, great sadness _or_ grief, lit. sadness of the + world. + {w[e:]rltl[i]ch}, _aj._ worldly, earthly. + {w[e:]rltt[o]re}, _wm._ one befooled by the world. + {w[e:]rltzage}, _wm._ arrant coward. + {wern} ({weren}), _wv._ check, ward off from, restrain, hinder, 90; + _c. gen._ and _sich_, protect _or_ defend oneself against. + {wern}, _wv._ last, hold out, continue. + {w[e:]rren} (with _dat._), _sv._ III, perplex, confuse, trouble, + disturb, be a hindrance, 81. + {w[e:]rt} ({-des}), _aj._ worthy, noble; + _snm._ respect, good fortune; + _av._ {w[e:]rde}. + {w[e:]s} (_gen._ of {wa[z]}), _av._ why, wherefore. + {w[e:]sen}, _sv._ V, be, 19, 83; + {w[e:]sen g[a]ch}, _c. gen._ of person: hasten, exert oneself, eagerly. + {w[e:]ter}, _sn._ weather, 46. + {wetzen}, _wv._ whet, sharpen. + {wider} ({widere}), _sm._ wether, 9.2. + {wider}, _prep._ against, to; + _av._ again, back. + {widersagen}, _wv._ renounce; proclaim war; contradict. + {widerst[a]n}, _sv._ VI, resist, withstand, be opposed to. + {widervarn}, _sv._ VI, fall to the lot of. + {widerz[ae]me}, _aj._ revolting, hateful, disgusting. + {wie}, _av._ and _conj._ how, as, that. + {w[i]gant} ({-des}), _sm._ warrior, 8. + {w[i]hen}, _wv._ consecrate, bless. + {wilde}, _aj._ untamed, wild, 55. + {w[i]le}, {w[i]l}, _sf._ time, while; + {die w[i]le}, meanwhile, in the meantime. + {w[i]len(t)}, _av._ formerly, once upon a time. + {wille}, _wm._ will, wish, desire. + {willecl[i]ch}, _aj._ willing, wishing; + _av._ {willecl[i]chen}. + {willekomen}, _aj._ and _av._ welcome. + {wilt} ({-des}), _sn._ wild animals, game. + {w[i]n}, _sm._ wine, 3, 19. + {winden}, _sv._ III, wind, bind up, 81. + {wine}, _sm._ friend. + {wint} ({-des}), _sm._ wind, 14.1. + {winter}, _sm._ winter. + {w[i]p} ({-bes}), _sn._ woman, wife, 5, 11. + {w[i]pheit}, _sf._ womanliness. + {w[i]pl[i]ch}, _aj._ womanly. + {wirde}, _sf._ worthiness, dignity, honour, honourableness. + {wirden}, _wv._ make valuable. + {wirs}, _av._ worse, 61. + {wirser}, _aj._ worse, 58. + {wirsest}, {wir(se)ste}, _aj._ and _av._ worst, 9.5, 58, 60, 61. + {wirt}, _sm._ head of a house, landlord; + {d[e:]r helle wirt}, devil. + {wirtinne}, _sf._ mistress, hostess, 8. + {w[i]se}, {w[i]s}, _aj._ wise, sensible, experienced, 28. + {w[i]se}, {w[i]s}, _sf._ manner, melody, song. + {w[i]sen}, _wv._ guide, direct. + {w[i]sheit}, _sf._ wisdom. + {w[i]sl[i]ch}, _aj._ wisely, 8; + _av._ {w[i]sl[i]chen}. + {w[i]t}, _aj._ far, wide. + {witze}, _sf._ understanding, sense; reflection. + {w[i][z]}, _aj._ white. + {w[i][z]en} (with _dat._), _sv._ I, reproach, blame. + {wi[zz]en}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {wei[z]}, _pret._ {weste}, {wiste}, + {wesse}, {wisse}), know, 5, 11, 28, 92. + {wol}, {wole}, _av._ well, 5, 9.1, 61; + {wolgezogen}, well-mannered; + {wol get[a]n}, beautiful; + {wol im}, happy _or_ lucky is he!; + {wol dir}, hail to thee; + {wol mich}, happy am I!; + {wol tuon}, _c. dat._ do good, please; + {wol ir d[e:]s}, good luck to her for that! + {wolf}, _sm._ wolf, 15. + {wolken}, _sn._ cloud. + {wolle}, _wf._ wool, 15. + {wollust}, _smf._ joy, bliss, happiness. + {wonen}, _wv._ dwell, live, 9.4; + {mir wont b[i]}, I possess. + {wort}, _sn._ word, speech, 46. + {w[u:]ll[i]n}, {wull[i]n}, _aj._ woollen, 15. + {w[u:]lpinne}, _sf._ she-wolf, 15. + {wunde}, _wf._ wound. + {wunder}, _sn._ wonder, marvel; a great amount _or_ number, abundance; + {bluomen wunder}, a great quantity of flowers. + {wunderalt}, _aj._ very old. + {wundern}, _wv._ wonder, wonder at, admire, 9.2. + {w[u:]nne}, {wunne}, _sf._ joy, pleasure, 10 note 2. + {w[u:]nnecl[i]ch}, {wunnecl[i]ch}, _aj._ joyful, delightful, beautiful, + pleasant; + _av._ {w[u:]nnecl[i]che(n)}. + {wunsch}, _sm._ wish, ideal, perfection, highest perfection. + {w[u:]nschen} (with _gen._), _wv._ wish, desire, 90. + {wunschleben}, _sn._ such a life as one could wish for. + {wunt} ({-des}), _aj._ wounded. + {wuof}, _sm._ cry of woe. + {wuofen}, _sv._ VII, bewail, 87. + {w[u:]rgen}, _wv._ take by the throat, choke, throttle. + {w[u:]rken}, {wurken} (_pret._ {worhte}), _wv._ work, 28, 91. + {wurm}, _sm._ worm, snake, 5. + {wurze}, _wf._ root, plant. + {wurzel}, _swf._ root. + + + + Z + + {zageheit}, _sf._ cowardice. + {zaher}, _sm._ tear, 5, 10. + {zal}, _sf._ number, 9.1, 31.3, 48. + {zant}, {zan} (_gen._ {zandes}), _sm._ tooth, 43. + {ze} ({zuo}), _prep._ at, in, to, as much as, (undergoes contraction + with the def. art.); + {ze bruoder}, as brother; + {ze r[e:]hte}, rightly, properly; + {ze handen haben}, possess; + _av._ too: {ze s[e]re}, too much. + {zebr[e:]chen}, {zerbr[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, break, break in pieces. + {zehant}, _av._ at once, on the spot. + {z[e]he}, _wf._ toe. + {z[e:]hen}, _num._ ten, 5, 62. + {z[e:]hente} ({-de}), _num._ tenth, 62. + {z[e:]henzic} ({-ec}), hundred, 62. + {z[e:]henzigeste}, _num._ hundredth, 62. + {zeichen}, _sn._ sign, mark, token, 23, 1. + {zeigen}, _wv._ show, 33. + {zeim} = {ze einem(e)}. + {zeln}, _wv._ reckon, count, 31.3, 90. + {z[e:]me}, {z[e:]m} = {ze d[e:]me}, 68 note 2. + {z[e:]men}, _sv._ IV, suit, be becoming _or_ fitting, 82. + {z[e:]n} = {ze d[e:]n}, 68 note 2. + {z[e:]r} = {ze d[e:]r}, 68 note 2. + {zerg[a]n}, {-g[e]n}, _sv._ VII, vanish, stop, perish. + {zerren} (_pret._ {zarte}), _wv._ pull, tug, tear. + {zerwirken} (_pp._ {zerworht}), _wv._ cut up, dissect. + {zesamene}, _av._ together. + {z[e:]se} ({-wes}), _aj._ right. + {zestunt}, _av._ on the spot. + {zesw[e:]llen}, _sv._ III, swell to the utmost. + {zew[a]re}, {zw[a]r}, _av._ in truth, truly. + {ziehen}, _sv._ II, draw; + _refl._ withdraw, 10, 23.1, 30, 78. + {zierde}, _sf._ adornment, 9.2. + {zieren}, _wv._ adorn, decorate. + {z[i]hen}, _sv._ I, accuse, 76. + {zil}, _sn._ aim, object. + {zimieren}, _wv._ furnish with knightly accoutrements. + {zinsen}, _wv._ give as interest, give away. + {zir} = {ze ir}. + {zirke}, _wm._ garland, circle, prince's crown. + {zirkel}, _sm._ prince's crown. + {z[i]t}, _sf._ time, 19. + {zobel}, _sm._ robe furred with sable. + {zorn}, _sm._ anger. + {zornecl[i]che}, _av._ angrily, violently. + {z[u:]cken} (_pret._ {zuhte}), _wv._ pull quickly, tear. + {zuht}, _sf._ bringing up, education; + good manners, politeness, demeanour; chastisement, punishment; + {mit z[u:]hten}, becomingly, gracefully, politely. + {z[u:]htel[o]s}, _aj._ ill-bred, rude, insolent. + {zunft}, _sf._ propriety, dignity, good breeding. + {zunge}, _wf._ tongue, 3, 7, 23.2, 53 + {zuo}, _av._ to, toward; to it; + {zuo zwein}, into two. + See {ze}. + {zuome} = {zuo d[e:]me}. + {z[u:]rnen}, {zurnen}, _wv._ be angry. + {zwei}, _num._ two, 35, 62, 63. + {zweien} with {sich}, _wv._ fall out, quarrel; pair. + {zweinzic} ({-ec}), _num._ twenty, 62. + {zweinzigeste}, _num._ twentieth, 62. + {zwelf}, _num._ twelve, 62. + {zwelfte}, _num._ twelfth, 62. + {zwene}, {zwei}, {zw[o]} (_gen._ {zweier}, {zweiger}, _dat._ {zwein}), + two, 35, 63. + {zw[i]}, {zwic} (_gen._ {zw[i]ges}, {zw[i]es}), _smn._ twig, bough, 35. + {zw[i]feln}, _wv._ doubt, 9.2. + {zwischen}, _prep._ between. + {zw[i]vel}, {zw[i]fel}, _sm._ doubt, uncertainty; + _aj._ doubtful, 55. + {zw[i]vell[i]ch}, _aj._ doubtful, uncertain, dejected. + {zw[i]vellop} ({-bes}), doubtful _or_ ambiguous praise. + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +Errors and Inconsistencies + +_Primer_ + + Sec. 3. {[u]} " " " f_oo_l {h[u]s}, _house_. ["l" italicized] + Sec. 19. {f} ... {f} = Germanic {p} (Sec. 23, 1) [Sec. 22, 1] + +_Readings_ + + III. Hartman von Ouwe + l. 417 er wirf[e.]t diu ougen abe mir ["[e.]" may be flyspeck] + l. 841 wan mir mac da[z] nieman erwern [dot under last n, or flyspeck] + l. 956 der d e von dir nemen wolte ["der d e von" with space] + + IV.17 Walther von der Vogelweide + l. 435 zerg[a]t e[z] so ist d[i]n freude t[o]t [possibly "zerg[a]n"] + + VIII. Wolfram von Eschenbach + l. 266 da[z] si unversunnen vor im lac ["s[i.]" or flyspeck] + + +_Glossary_ + + {l[e:]rnen}, _wv._ learn. [ambiguous umlaut may be "lernen"] + {schate} (_gen._ {schat(e)wes}) ["gen." not italicized] + {tugen}, {t[u:]gen} ["tugen, tugen" without umlaut] + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMER *** + +***** This file should be named 22636.txt or 22636.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/6/3/22636/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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