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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Middle High German Primer
+       Third Edition
+
+Author: Joseph Wright
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22636]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Transcriber’s Note:
+
+  This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8
+  (Unicode) text readers:
+
+    ā ē ī ō ū (long vowels, printed with macron/overline)
+    ẹ (e with dot under, used in reading selections)
+    ȥ (z with hook)
+
+  If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if
+  the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the
+  quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your
+  text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode
+  (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. Depending on
+  available fonts, some inflectional tables may not line up vertically.
+  See the end of the file for possible character substitutions. As a
+  last resort, use the ASCII-7 version of this file instead.
+
+  A few additional characters are used mainly in the historical
+  introduction, and may be disregarded if they present problems,
+  as may the two or three Greek words:
+
+    ƀ, ʒ, χ, ŋ (b with line through stem; ezh; chi; eng)
+    ā̆, ī̆, ē̆, ō̆ (a, e, i, o with both macron and breve)
+    ǖ, ǣ (ü, æ with macron)
+
+  Italics are marked with _lines_. Boldface type is shown with {braces}.
+  Boldface markings have generally been omitted from tables to aid
+  readability.
+
+  Punctuation in the Glossary has been silently regularized. Other
+  typographical errors are listed at the end of the text.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       A
+
+               MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN
+                     PRIMER
+
+                      with
+          Grammar, Notes, And Glossary
+
+                       by
+                 JOSEPH WRIGHT
+      M.A., Ph.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D.
+
+         Fellow of the British Academy
+Corpus Christi Professor of Comparative Philology
+          in the University of Oxford
+
+
+                 THIRD EDITION
+            Re-Written And Enlarged
+
+
+                     OXFORD
+             AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
+                      1917
+
+
+
+
+            OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
+
+      London  Edinburgh  Glasgow  New York
+          Toronto   Melbourne  Bombay
+
+                HUMPHREY MILFORD
+          Publisher to the University
+
+
+
+
+  EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES
+  TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS
+
+
+The present book has been written in the hope that it will serve as an
+elementary introduction to the larger German works on the subject from
+which I have appropriated whatever seemed necessary for the purpose. In
+the grammar much aid has been derived from Paul’s _Mittelhochdeutsche
+Grammatik_, second edition, Halle, 1884, and Weinhold’s
+_Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik_, second edition, Paderborn, 1883. The
+former work, besides containing by far the most complete syntax, is also
+the only Middle High German Grammar which is based on the present state
+of German Philology.... I believe that the day is not far distant when
+English students will take a much more lively interest in the study of
+their own and the other Germanic languages (especially German and Old
+Norse) than has hitherto been the case. And if this little book should
+contribute anything towards furthering the cause, it will have amply
+fulfilled its purpose.
+
+  LONDON: _January, 1888._
+
+
+When I wrote the preface to the first edition of this primer in 1888,
+I ventured to predict that the interest of English students in the
+subject would grow and develop as time went on, but I hardly expected
+that it would grow so much that a second edition of the book would be
+required within so short a period. It has been revised throughout, and
+several changes have been made in the phonology, but I have not thought
+it advisable to alter the general plan and scope of the former edition.
+After many years of personal experience as a teacher and examiner in the
+older periods of the German language, I have become firmly convinced
+that the larger books on the subject contain too many details for
+beginners. I feel sure that the easiest and best way to acquire a
+thorough knowledge of Middle High German is to start with an elementary
+book like the present, and then to learn the details of the grammar,
+especially the phonology of the various dialects, from a more advanced
+work.
+
+  OXFORD: _December, 1898._
+
+
+  PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
+
+In the preparation of the new edition, I have steadily kept in view the
+class of students for whom the book was originally written. When the
+first edition appeared twenty-eight years ago, there were very few
+students in this country who took up the serious study of the older
+periods of the various Germanic languages at the Universities. In late
+years, however, the interest in the study of these languages has grown
+so much that Honour Courses and Examinations in them have been
+established at all our Universities. The result is that a book even
+intended for beginners can now reasonably be expected to be of a higher
+standard than the previous editions of this Primer. The grammatical
+introduction has accordingly been entirely rewritten and expanded to
+more than twice its original size. The texts have also been nearly
+doubled by the addition of eighteen poems from Walther von der
+Vogelweide, and selections from Reinmar, Ulrich von Lichtenstein, and
+Wolfram von Eschenbach.
+
+The greater part of Middle High German literature is so excellent and
+interesting that most students, who have mastered the grammatical
+introduction and read the texts in the Primer, will doubtless desire to
+continue the subject. Such students should procure a copy of either the
+_Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik_ by Hermann Paul, eighth edition, Halle,
+1911, or the _Mittelhochdeutsches Elementarbuch_ by Victor Michels,
+second edition, Heidelberg, 1912, where the Grammar, especially the
+phonology and syntax, can be studied in greater detail. They should also
+procure a copy of the _Mittelhochdeutsches Taschenwörterbuch_ by
+Matthias Lexer, tenth edition, Leipzig, 1910, and also have access to
+the two standard Middle High German dictionaries-- _Mittelhochdeutsches
+Wörterbuch mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Georg Friedrich Benecke_,
+ausgearbeitet von Wilhelm Müller und Friedrich Zarncke, drei Bände,
+Leipzig, 1854-61, and _Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch_, von Matthias
+Lexer, zugleich als Supplement und alphabetischer Index zum
+_Mittelhochdeutschen Wörterbuch_ von Benecke-Müller-Zarncke, drei Bände,
+Leipzig, 1872-78. An excellent bibliography of the best editions of the
+Middle High German texts-- classified according to the dialects in which
+they were written-- will be found on pp. 20-35 of Michels’
+_Elementarbuch_.
+
+May the new edition of the Primer continue to further the study of the
+subject in the future to the same extent as it has done in the past!
+
+  JOSEPH WRIGHT.
+
+    OXFORD,
+    _October, 1916._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+             Pages
+
+INTRODUCTION ... 1
+
+  The classification of the MHG. dialects (§1).
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+The Vowels ... 2-22
+
+  The MHG. alphabet (§2). Pronunciation of the MHG. vowels (§3).
+  Phonetic survey of the MHG. vowel-system (§4). The OHG.
+  equivalents of the MHG. vowels (§5). The characteristic
+  differences between OHG. and MHG. (§6). The weakening of
+  unaccented vowels (§§7-8). The loss of unaccented vowels (§9).
+  Umlaut (§10). The MHG. equivalents of the OHG. vowels (§11).
+  Ablaut (§12). Other vowel changes (§§13-18).
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+The Consonants ... 22-35
+
+  Pronunciation of the consonants (§§19-20). Phonetic survey of the
+  MHG. consonants (§21). Characteristic differences between High
+  German and the other West Germanic languages (§22). The High
+  German sound-shifting (§§23-7). The interchange between {pf, b}
+  and {f}; {k, g} and {h}; {ȥȥ, ȥ} and {ss, s} (§28). The loss
+  of the guttural nasal {ŋ} (§29). Verner’s Law (§30). The doubling
+  of consonants (§31). The simplification of double consonants
+  (§32). The interchange between the lenes and the fortes (§33).
+  Interchange between medial {h} and final {ch} (§34). Initial and
+  medial {j} (§35). Medial and final {w} (§36). The loss of
+  intervocalic {b, d, g} (§37). The loss of intervocalic {h}
+  (§38). The loss of final {r} (§39). The change of medial {t} to
+  {d} after nasals and {l} (§40).
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+Declension of Nouns ... 36-46
+
+  Introductory remarks (§41).
+  A. The vocalic or strong declension:-- Masculine nouns (§§42-5);
+       Neuter nouns (§§46-7); Feminine nouns (§§48-9).
+  B. The weak declension (§§50-3).
+  C. Declension of proper names (§54).
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+Adjectives ... 46-52
+
+  A. The declension of adjectives (§§55-6).
+  B. The comparison of adjectives (§§57-9).
+  C. The formation of adverbs from adjectives (§§60-1).
+  D. Numerals (§§62-4).
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+Pronouns ... 53-57
+
+  Personal (§65). Reflexive (§66). Possessive (§67).
+  Demonstrative (§68). Relative (§69). Interrogative (§70).
+  Indefinite (§71).
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+Verbs ... 57-75
+
+  Classification of MHG. verbs (§72).
+  A. Strong verbs:-- The conjugation of the model strong verb
+       {nëmen} (§§73-4). Class I (§§76-7). Class II (§§78-80).
+       Class III (§81). Class IV (§82). Class V (§§83-4).
+       Class VI (§§85-6). Class VII (§87).
+  B. Weak Verbs:-- Classification of MHG. weak verbs (§§88-9).
+       Class I (§90). Class II (§92).
+  C. Minor groups.-- Preterite-presents (§93). Anomalous verbs
+       (§§94-8). Contracted verbs (§99).
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+Syntax ... 75-78
+
+  Cases (§§100-2). Adjectives (§103). Pronouns (§104).
+  Verbs (§§105-7). Negation (§108).
+
+
+TEXTS:--
+
+     I. Berthold von Regensburg                  79-83
+    II. The Swabian Lantrehtbuoch                83-85
+   III. Hartman von Ouwe                        86-116
+    IV. Walther von der Vogelweide             116-133
+     V. Reinmar                                133-139
+    VI. Ulrich von Lichtenstein                140-148
+   VII. Das Nibelungen-Lied                    149-158
+  VIII. Wolfram von Eschenbach                 158-168
+
+
+NOTES ... 169-171
+
+
+GLOSSARY ... 172-213
+
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
+
+
+  Goth.    = Gothic
+  Gr.      = Greek
+  HG.      = High German
+  Lat.     = Latin
+  MHG.     = Middle High German
+  NHG.     = New High German
+  OE.      = Old English
+  OHG.     = Old High German
+  OS.      = Old Saxon
+  P. Germ. = Primitive Germanic
+  UF.      = Upper Franconian
+  UG.      = Upper German
+
+The asterisk * prefixed to a word denotes a theoretical form, as MHG.
+{wärmen} from {*warmjan}, to warm.
+
+In representing prehistoric forms the following signs are used:--
+{þ} (= {th} in Engl. {thin}), {ð} (= {th} in Engl. {then}), {ƀ}
+(= a bilabial spirant, which may be pronounced like the {v} in Engl.
+{vine}), {ʒ} (= {g} often heard in German {sagen}), {χ} (= NHG. {ch} and
+the {ch} in Scotch {loch}), {ŋ} (= {n} in Engl. {sunk}).
+
+
+
+
+GRAMMAR
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+§1.
+
+MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN
+
+Middle High German (MHG.) embraces the High German language from about
+the year 1100 to 1500. It is divided into three great dialect-groups:
+Upper German, Franconian, and East Middle German.
+
+1. Upper German is divided into: (_a_) Alemanic, embracing High Alemanic
+(Switzerland), and Low Alemanic (South Baden, Swabia, and Alsace).
+(_b_) Bavarian, extending over Bavaria and those parts of Austria where
+German is spoken.
+
+2. Franconian (West Middle German), which is subdivided into Upper
+Franconian and Middle Franconian. Upper Franconian consists of East
+Franconian (the old duchy of Francia Orientalis) and Rhenish Franconian
+(the old province of Francia Rhinensis), Middle Franconian extending
+over the district along the banks of the Moselle and of the Rhine from
+Coblence to Düsseldorf.
+
+3. East Middle German, extending over: Thuringia, Upper Saxony, and
+Silesia.
+
+Since it is impossible to deal with all these dialects in an elementary
+book like the present, we shall confine ourselves almost exclusively to
+Upper German, and shall only deal with that period of Middle High German
+which extends from about 1200 to 1300.
+
+
+
+
+PHONOLOGY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+
+THE VOWELS
+
+§2.
+
+MHG. had the following simple vowels and diphthongs:--
+
+  Short vowels  a, ä, ë, e, i, o, u, ö, ü.
+  Long    „     ā, æ,    ē, ī, ō, ū, œ, iu.
+  Diphthongs             ei, ie, ou, uo, öu (eu), üe.
+
+  NOTE.--{ë} represents primitive Germanic {e} (= Gr. ε, Lat. {e}, as
+  in Gr. δέκα, Lat. {decem}, MHG. {zëhen}, _ten_) and is generally
+  written {ë} in Old and Middle High German grammars, in order to
+  distinguish it from the OHG. umlaut-{e} (§10). The former was an
+  open sound like the {e} in English {bed}, whereas the latter was a
+  close sound like the {é} in French {été}. {ä} was a very open sound
+  nearly like the {a} in English {hat}, and arose in MHG. from the
+  {i}-umlaut of {a} (§10). Good MHG. poets do not rhyme Germanic {ë}
+  with the umlaut-{e}, and the distinction between the two sounds is
+  still preserved in many NHG. dialects. In like manner the modern
+  Bavarian and Austrian dialects still distinguish between {ä} and
+  {ë}. In the MHG. period {ä, ë}, and {e} were kept apart in
+  Bavarian, but in Alemanic and Middle German {ä} and {ë} seem to have
+  fallen together in {ë} or possibly {ä}, as the two sounds frequently
+  rhyme with each other in good poets. MHG. texts do not always
+  preserve in writing the distinction between the old umlaut-{e} and
+  the MHG. umlaut-{ä}, both being often written {e} in the same text.
+
+[**non-UTF-8]
+  NOTE.--{ë} represents primitive Germanic {e} (= Gr. [epsilon], Lat.
+  {e}, as in Gr. [deka], Lat. {decem}, MHG. {zëhen}, _ten_) and is
+  generally written {ë} in Old and Middle High German grammars, in
+  order to distinguish it from the OHG. umlaut-{e} (§10). The former
+  was an open sound like the {e} in English {bed}, whereas the latter
+  was a close sound like the {é} in French {été}. {ä} was a very open
+  sound nearly like the {a} in English {hat}, and arose in MHG. from
+  the {i}-umlaut of {a} (§10). Good MHG. poets do not rhyme Germanic
+  {ë} with the umlaut-{e}, and the distinction between the two sounds
+  is still preserved in many NHG. dialects. In like manner the modern
+  Bavarian and Austrian dialects still distinguish between {ä} and
+  {ë}. In the MHG. period {ä, ë}, and {e} were kept apart in
+  Bavarian, but in Alemanic and Middle German {ä} and {ë} seem to have
+  fallen together in {ë} or possibly {ä}, as the two sounds frequently
+  rhyme with each other in good poets. MHG. texts do not always
+  preserve in writing the distinction between the old umlaut-{e} and
+  the MHG. umlaut-{ä}, both being often written {e} in the same text.
+
+
+PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOWELS.
+
+§3.
+
+The approximate pronunciation of the above vowels and diphthongs was as
+follows:--
+
+  a  as in NHG. m_a_nn     man, _man_.
+  ā  „  „  Engl. f_a_ther  hāt, _has_.
+  ä  „  „   „    m_a_n     mähte, _powers_.
+  æ  „  „   „    _ai_r     lære, _empty_.
+  ë  „  „   „    m_e_n     hëlfen, _to help_.
+  e  „  „  Fr. _é_t_é_     geste, _guests_.
+  ē  „  „  NHG. r_e_h      sē, _sea_.
+  i  „  „  Engl. b_i_t     biten, _to beg_.
+  ī  „  „   „    w_ee_n    wīn, _wine_.
+  o  „  „   „    p_o_t     golt, _gold_.
+  ō  „  „  NHG. t_o_t      tōt, _dead_.
+  u  „  „  Engl. p_u_t     guldīn, _golden_.
+  ū  „  „   „    f_oo_l    hūs, _house_.
+  ö  „  „  NHG. l_ö_cher   löcher, _holes_.
+  œ  „  „   „   sch_ö_n    schœne, _beautiful_.
+  ü  „  „   „   f_ü_llen   vüllen, _to fill_.
+  iu „  „   „   m_ü_de     hiuser, _houses_.
+       ei = e + i          stein, _stone_.
+       ie = i + e          knie, _knee_.
+       ou = o + u          ouge, _eye_.
+  öu (eu) = ö _or_ e + ü   dröuwen, _to threaten_.
+       üe = ü + e          grüeȥen, _to greet_.
+       uo = u + o          bruoder, _brother_.
+
+To the above list should be added the MHG. {e} in unaccented syllables,
+which mostly arose from the weakening of the OHG. full vowels, as OHG.
+{zunga}, _tongue_, {hirti}, _shepherd_, {namo}, _name_, {fridu}, _peace_
+= MHG. {zunge}, {hirte}, {name}, {fride}; OHG. {habēn}, _to have_,
+{scōnī}, _beauty_, {salbōn}, _to anoint_, {zungūn}, _tongues_ = MHG.
+{haben}, {schœne}, {salben}, {zungen}. The {e} in this position was
+pronounced like the {-e} in NHG. {zunge}, {name}, {friede}, &c.
+
+
+PHONETIC SURVEY OF THE MHG. VOWEL-SYSTEM.
+
+§4.
+
+  Palatal  { Short ä, ë, e, i, ö, ü.
+           { Long  æ,    ē, ī, œ, iu (= ü).
+
+  Guttural { Short a, o, u.
+           { Long  ā, ō, ū.
+
+
+THE OHG. EQUIVALENTS OF THE MHG. VOWELS.
+
+§5.
+
+The following are the OHG. equivalents of the MHG. short vowels, long
+vowels and diphthongs of accented syllables:--
+
+1. The short vowels a, ë, e, i, o, u = the corresponding OHG. short
+vowels, as {tac}, _day_, {gast}, _guest_, {bant}, _he bound_, {gap}, _he
+gave_ = OHG. {tag}, {gast}, {bant}, {gab}.
+
+{wëc}, _way_, {nëmen}, _to take_, {zëhen}, _ten_ = OHG. {wëg}, {nëman},
+{zëhan}.
+
+{geste}, _guests_, {lember}, _lambs_, {vert}, _he goes_ = OHG. {gesti},
+{lembir}, {ferit}.
+
+{wiȥȥen}, _to know_, {hilfe}, _I help_, {visch}, _fish_ = OHG. {wiȥȥan},
+{hilfu}, {fisk}.
+
+{got}, _God_, {wol}, _well_, {geholfen}, _helped_ = OHG. {got}, {wola},
+{giholfan}.
+
+{sun}, _son_, {wurm}, _worm_, {gebunden}, _bound_ = OHG. {sunu}, {wurm},
+{gibuntan}.
+
+{ä} is the umlaut of {a} before certain consonant combinations which
+prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as {mähte}, _powers_,
+{hältet}, _he holds_, {wärmen}, _to warm_ = OHG. {mahti}, {haltit},
+{warmen} from {*warmjan} (§10). It also occurs in derivatives ending in
+{-līch} and {-līn}, as {mänlīch}, _manly_, {tägelīch}, _daily_,
+{väterlīn}, dim. of {vater}, _father_; and in words which originally had
+an {i} in the third syllable, the vowel of the second syllable having
+become {i} by assimilation, as {mägede}, _maids_, {zäher(e)}, _tears_ =
+OHG. {magadi}, {zahari}.
+
+{ö} is the umlaut of OHG. {o}, as {löcher}, _holes_, {möhte}, _I might_
+= OHG. {lohhir}, {mohti}; {götinne}, _goddess_, beside {got}, _God_.
+
+{ü} is the umlaut of OHG. {u}, as {dünne}, _thin_, {süne}, _sons_,
+{züge}, _I might draw_ = OHG. {dunni}, {suni}, {zugi}.
+
+2. The long vowels ā, ē, ī, ō, ū = the corresponding OHG. long vowels,
+as {sāt}, _seed_, {slāfen}, _to sleep_, {nāmen}, _we took_, {dāhte}, _he
+thought_ = OHG. {sāt}, {slāfan}, {nāmum}, {dāhta}.
+
+{sēle}, _soul_, {mēre}, _more_, {lēren}, _to teach_ = OHG. {sēla},
+{mēro}, {lēren}.
+
+{wīp}, _wife_, {sīn}, _his_, {bīȥen}, _to bite_ = OHG. {wīb}, {sīn},
+{bīȥan}.
+
+{ōre}, _ear_, {tōt}, _death_, {kōs}, _I chose_ = OHG. {ōra}, {tōd},
+{kōs}.
+
+{hūs}, _house_, {tūsent}, _thousand_, {dūhte}, _it seemed_ = OHG. {hūs},
+{dūsunt}, {dūhta}.
+
+{æ} is the umlaut of OHG. {ā}, as {lære}, _empty_, {næme}, _thou
+tookest_ = OHG. {lāri}, {nāmi}.
+
+{œ} is the umlaut of OHG. {ō}, as {schœne}, _beautiful_, {hœher},
+_higher_, {hœren}, _to hear_ = OHG. {scōni}, {hōhiro}, {hōren} from
+{*hōrjan} older {*hausjan}.
+
+iu = (1) OHG. {iu} (diphthong), as {liute}, _people_,
+         {kiuset}, _he chooses_ = OHG. {liuti}, {kiusit}.
+
+   = (2) the umlaut of OHG. {ū}, as {hiuser}, _houses_,
+         {briute}, _brides_ = OHG. {hūsir}, {brūti}.
+
+3. The diphthongs ei, ou, uo = the corresponding OHG. diphthongs, as
+{bein}, _bone_, {leiten}, _to lead_, {schreip}, _I wrote_ = OHG. {bein},
+{leiten}, {screib}.
+
+{ouge}, _eye_, {houbet}, _head_, {bouc}, _I bent_ = OHG. {ouga},
+{houbit}, {boug}.
+
+{bruoder}, _brother_, {stuont}, _I stood_, {vuor}, _I went_ = OHG.
+{bruoder}, {stuont}, {fuor}.
+
+ie = (1) OHG. {ie} (diphthong) older {ia}, {ea, ē} (Germanic {ē}),
+         as {hier}, _here_, {miete}, _pay, reward_, {gienc}, _I went_
+         = OHG. {hier}, {mieta}, {gieng}.
+
+   = (2) OHG. {io} (Germanic {eu}), as {bieten}, _to offer_, {liep},
+         _dear_ = OHG. {biotan}, {liob}.
+
+   = (3) the OHG. {io} which occurs in the preterite of the old
+         reduplicated verbs whose presents have {ou}, {ō, uo} (§87),
+         as inf. {loufen}, _to run_, {stōȥen}, _to push_, {ruofen},
+         _to call_, preterite {lief}, {stieȥ}, {rief} = OHG. {liof},
+         {stioȥ}, {riof}.
+
+   = (4) Upper German {iu} (OHG. {io}) before labials and gutturals,
+         as {liup}, _dear_, {tiuf}, _deep_, {siuch}, _sick_,
+         {liugen}, _to tell a lie_ = {liep}, {tief}, {siech},
+         {liegen}.
+
+{öu} ({eu}) is the umlaut of OHG. {ou}, as {löuber}, _leaves_, {löufel},
+_runner_ = OHG. {loubir}, {loufil}.
+
+{üe} is the umlaut of OHG. {uo}, as {grüene}, _green_, {güete},
+_goodness_, {vüere}, _thou didst go_ = OHG. {gruoni}, {guotī}, {fuori}.
+
+
+UNACCENTED VOWELS AND UMLAUT.
+
+§6.
+
+The two most characteristic differences between OHG. and MHG. are: (1)
+the spread of umlaut (§10); (2) the weakening and partial loss of vowels
+in unaccented syllables.
+
+
+1. THE WEAKENING OF UNACCENTED VOWELS.
+
+§7.
+
+The short vowels a, i, o, u, and the long vowels ē, ī, ō, ū were
+weakened to {e}. This {e} was pronounced like the final {-e} in NHG.
+{leute}, see §3. Examples are:--
+
+{gëba}, _gift_, {hërza}, _heart_, {zunga}, _tongue_, {taga}, _days_ =
+MHG. {gëbe}, {hërze}, {zunge}, {tage}; {heilag}, _holy_, neut.
+{blindaȥ}, _blind_, {nëman}, _to take_ = MHG. {heilec}, {blindeȥ},
+{nëmen}.
+
+{kunni}, _race, generation_, {gesti}, _guests_ = MHG. {künne}, {geste};
+{kuning}, _king_, {beȥȥisto}, _best_, dat. pl. {gestim}, _to guests_,
+gen. pl. {lembiro}, _of lambs_, {nimit}, _he takes_ = MHG. {künec},
+{beȥȥest} ({beste}), {gesten}, {lember(e)}, {nimet}.
+
+{haso}, _hare_, nom. acc. pl. fem. {blinto}, _blind_, gen. pl. {tago},
+_of days_ = MHG. {hase}, {blinde}, {tage}; acc. sing. {hason}, _hare_ =
+MHG. {hasen}.
+
+{fridu}, _peace_, dat. sing. {gëbu}, _to a gift_, {nimu}, _I take_ =
+MHG. {fride}, {gëbe}, {nime}; dat. pl. {tagum}, _to days_, {nāmum}, _we
+took_ = MHG. {tagen}, {nāmen}.
+
+Nom. sing. masc. {blintēr}, _blind_, {unsēr}, _our_, {habēn}, _to have_,
+{nëmēm}, _we may take_ = MHG. {blinder}, {unser}, {haben}, {nëmen}.
+
+{scōnī}, _beauty_ = MHG. {schœne}; {sālīg}, _blessed_, {nāmīm}, _we
+might take_ = MHG. {sælec}, {næmen}.
+
+{salbōn}, _to anoint_, {suohtōs(t)}, _thou soughtest_, dat. pl. {gëbōm},
+{hërzōm} = MHG. {salben}, {suohtes(t)}, {gëben}, {hërzen}.
+
+Gen. dat. acc. sing., nom. acc. pl. {zungūn} = MHG. {zungen}.
+
+
+§8.
+
+The vowel in suffixal and derivative syllables was generally weakened to
+{e} just as in the inflexional syllables, but in some suffixal and
+derivative syllables which had a secondary accent the vowel was not
+weakened to {e}. This was especially the case with derivatives in {-ære}
+(denoting nomina agentis), {-inne}, {-inc} ({-ing}), {linc} ({-ling}),
+diminutives in {-īn} and {-līn}, abstract nouns in {-nisse} ({-nusse},
+{-nüsse}), {-unge}. In others the vowel fluctuated between the full
+vowel and {e}, as in {-isch} beside {-esch}; {-ic} (= OHG. {-ag}, and
+{-ī̆g}) beside {-ec}; superlative of adjectives {-ist} (= OHG. {-ist})
+beside {-est} (= OHG. {-ōst}); {-sal} beside {-sel}. Beside the full
+forms {-līch}, {-rīch} occurred the shortened forms {-lich}, {-rich}.
+
+The OHG. endings of the present participle {-anti}, {-enti}, {-ōnti},
+{ēnti} regularly became {-ende}, but {-ant} occurs in a few old
+participles which had become nouns, as {heilant}, _Saviour_, {wīgant},
+_warrior_, {vīant} beside {vīent} ({vīnt}), _fiend, enemy_. Examples
+are: {gartenære}, _gardener_, {schepfære}, _creator_, {schrībære},
+_scribe_.
+
+{küneginne}, _queen_, {vriundinne}, _female friend_, {wirtinne},
+_mistress_.
+
+{edelinc}, _son of a nobleman_, {hendelinc}, _glove_, {vingerlinc},
+_ring_; {müedinc}, _unhappy man_.
+
+{magedīn}, _little girl_, {vingerīn}, _ring_; {kindelīn}, _little
+child_, {vogelīn}, _little bird_.
+
+{hindernisse}, _hindrance_, {verdërbnisse}, _destruction_,
+{vinsternisse}, _darkness_, {vancnüsse}, _captivity_.
+
+{beȥȥerunge}, _improvement_, {handelunge}, _action_, {mëldunge},
+_announcement_.
+
+{himelisch}, _heavenly_, {irdisch}, _earthly_, {kindisch}, _childish_,
+beside {-esch}.
+
+{heilic} (OHG. {heilag}), _holy_, {honic} (OHG. {honag}, {honig}),
+_honey_, {künic} (OHG. {cuning}, {cunig}), _king_, {manic} (OHG.
+{manag}), _many a_, {sælic} (OHG. {sālīg}), _blessed_, beside {-ec}.
+
+{oberist} beside {oberest}, _highest_.
+
+{kumbersal}, _distress_, {trüebsal}, _gloom_, {wëhsal} beside {wëhsel},
+_change_.
+
+{bitterlīch}, _bitterly_, {sicherlīch}, _surely_, {wīslīch}, _wisely_,
+beside {-lich}.
+
+{Dietrīch}, {Heinrīch}, beside {-rich}.
+
+The OHG. pronominal ending of the nom. sing. fem. and the nom. acc. pl.
+neuter remained unweakened, as OHG. {blintiu} = MHG. {blindiu} (§55).
+
+
+2. THE LOSS OF UNACCENTED VOWELS.
+
+§9.
+
+The weakened {e} regularly disappeared:--
+
+1. After {l} and {r} in dissyllables with short stems, as {ar}, older
+{are} (OHG. {aro}), _eagle_, acc. gen. dat. {arn}, beside {name},
+_name_, {namen}; {wol}, older {wole} (OHG. {wola}), _well_; {gar} (OHG.
+{garo}), _ready_, {milch} (OHG. {milih}), _milk_, {zal} (OHG. {zala}),
+_number_; {kil}, _quill_, gen. {kil(e)s}, dat. {kil}, pl. nom. acc.
+{kil}, dat. {kil(e)n}, beside {tac}, _day_, gen. {tages}, dat. {tage},
+pl. nom. acc. {tage}, dat. {tagen}; {bërn}, _to bear_, {stëln}, _to
+steal_, {nern}, _to rescue_, pres. sing. {stil}, {stils(t)}, {stilt};
+{ner}, {ners(t)}, {nert}, beside {hœren}, _to hear_, pres. sing. {hœre},
+{hœres(t)}, {hœret}.
+
+2. After liquids and nasals in trisyllabic and polysyllabic forms with
+long stems, as {sælde} (OHG. {sālida}), _blessedness_, {hērsen},
+{hërsen} (OHG. {hērisōn}), _to rule_, {zierde} (OHG. {ziarida}),
+_adornment_, {wandelte} (OHG. {wantalōta}), _I wandered_, {zwīfeln}
+(OHG. {zwīfalōn}), _to doubt_, {wundern} (OHG. {wuntarōn}), _to wonder_,
+{schœnste} (OHG. {scōnisto}), _most beautiful_, {diente}, {diende} (OHG.
+{dionōta}), _I served_; {dienest}, _service_, gen. {dienstes}; {engel},
+_angel_, gen. {engel(e)s}, dat. {engel(e)}, pl. nom. acc. gen.
+{engel(e)}, dat. {engel(e)n}, and similarly with words like {acker},
+_acre_, {lūter}, _clear_, {buosem}, _bosom_, {heiden}, _heathen_;
+{grœȥer} (OHG. {grōȥiro}), _greater_, fem. dat. sing. {grœȥer} (OHG.
+{grōȥiru}); dat. sing. {blindem(e)}, _blind_, {guotem(e)}, _good_ = OHG.
+{blintemu}, {guotemu}; gen. pl. {blinder(e)} = OHG. {blintero}. After
+the analogy of forms with long stems it was also dropped in forms with
+short stems, as pl. {nagel}, _nails_, {vogel}, _birds_, beside {nagele},
+{vogele}; {wider} beside {widere} (OHG. {widaro}), _wether_, dat. sing.
+{disem(e)}, _this_, {vadem(e)}, _thread_, gen. {vadem(e)s}.
+
+There was however a strong tendency in MHG. for the medial vowel to
+disappear in trisyllabic forms with long stems irrespectively as to
+whether they contained a liquid or a nasal, as {market}, _market_, gen.
+{marktes}; {rīchsen} (OHG. {rīchisōn}), _to rule_, {ahte} (OHG.
+{ahtōta}), _he observed_, {wartte}, {warte} (OHG. {wartēta}), _he
+waited_, {vrāgte} beside {vrāgete} (OHG. {frāgēta}), _he asked_,
+{dancte} beside {dankete} (OHG. {dankōta}), _he thanked_. See §92.
+
+3. In the medial syllable of trisyllabic forms with long stems having
+liquids or nasals in successive syllables, as {dīme} beside {dīneme}
+(OHG. {dīnemu}), dat. of {dīn}, _thy_; {eime} beside {ein(e)me} (OHG.
+{einemu}), dat. of {ein}, _one_; {hērre}, {hërre} (OHG. {hēriro}),
+_master_; {minre} beside {minner(e)} (OHG. {minniro}), _less_; {tiurre}
+(OHG. {tiuriro}), _dearer_.
+
+4. Finally after a nasal, and medially after a nasal before a following
+{t}, in forms with short stems, as {han(e)}, _cock_, {nam(e)}, _name_,
+{sun} (OHG. {sun}, {sunu}), _son_, {won(e)}, _I dwell_; {man(e)t}, _he
+admonishes_, {won(e)t}, _he dwells_, {scham(e)t}, _he shames_,
+{nim(e)t}, _he takes_, {nëm(e)t}, _ye take_; pret. {won(e)te},
+{scham(e)te}. In these and similar forms the {e} was often restored
+through the influence of forms which regularly preserved the {e}.
+
+  NOTE.--The {e}, when not preceded by a nasal, was sometimes dropped
+  in verbal forms ending in {t}. This was especially the case in
+  {wirst}, {wirt} older {wirdes(t)}, {wirdet}; {siht}, _he sees_,
+  {sëht}, _ye see_, older {sihet}, {sëhet}; and often in forms like
+  {gilt}, {vint}, {spricht}, {sticht} beside {giltet}, {vindet},
+  {sprichet}, {stichet}.
+
+5. The superlative of adjectives often has double forms, the one with
+the loss of the medial {e}, and the other with the loss of the final
+{e}, as {beste}, _best_, {ērste}, _first_, {grœste}, _greatest_,
+{leste}, _last_, {min(ne)ste}, _least_, {wir(se)ste}, _worst_, beside
+{beȥȥest(e)}, {ērest(e)}, {grœȥest(e)}, {leȥȥest(e)}, {minnest(e)},
+{wirsest(e)}, OHG. {beȥȥisto}, {ēristo}, {grōȥisto}, {leȥȥisto},
+{minnisto}, {wirsisto}.
+
+6. In the unstressed forms of dissyllables, as adv. {ane}, {abe},
+{mite}, {obe} beside the prepositions {an}, _on_, {ab}, _of_, {mit},
+_with_, {ob}, _over_; dat. sing. {dëme}, {wëme}, {ime}, beside {dëm},
+{wëm}, {im}; {unde}, _and_, {wande}, _for_, _because_, beside {und}
+({unt}), {wan(d)}; {hërre}, {vrouwe}, beside {hër}, {vrou} before proper
+names and titles.
+
+7. The {e} in the unaccented verbal prefixes {be-}, {ge-} often
+disappeared before {l, n, r}, as {blīben}, _to remain_, {glīch}, _like_,
+{glit}, _member_, {glouben}, _to believe_, {gnāde}, _favour_, {gnanne},
+_namesake_, {gnuoge}, _many_, {grade}, _quick_, {grëch}, _straight_,
+beside {belīben}, {gelīch}, {gelit}, {gelouben}, {genāde}, {genanne},
+{genuoge}, {gerade}, {gerëch}; it disappeared before vowels during the
+OHG. period, as {bange}, _anxious_: {ange}, _anxiously_, {gëȥȥan} p.p.
+of {ëȥȥan}, _to eat_, {gunnan}, MHG. {gunnen}, {günnen}, _to grant_.
+
+
+3. UMLAUT.
+
+§10.
+
+By umlaut is meant the modification (palatalization) of an accented
+vowel through the influence of an {ī̆} or {j} which originally stood in
+the following syllable. The only vowel which underwent this change in
+OHG. was {a}, which became close {e} (§2, note).
+
+The change is first met with in OHG. monuments about the middle of the
+eighth century. In the ninth century the process was practically
+complete except when the {a} was followed by certain consonant
+combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place. These consonant
+combinations were:--
+
+1. {ht}, {hs}, or consonant + {w}, as {maht}, _power_, pl. {mahti;
+wahsit}, _he grows_, inf. {wahsan}; {bi-scatwen} from {*-scatwjan}, _to
+shade_.
+
+2. In Upper German before {l} + consonant, before {hh}, {ch} (= Germanic
+{k}), and often before {r} + consonant, and before {h} (= Germanic {h}),
+as Upper German {haltit} beside Upper Franconian {heltit}, _he holds_,
+inf. {haltan}; UG. {altiro} beside UF. {eltiro}, _older_; UG. {sachit}
+beside UF. {sehhit}, _he quarrels_, inf. {sachan}, Goth. {sakan}; UG.
+{warmen} beside {wermen}, Goth. {warmjan}, _to warm_; UG. {slahit}
+beside {slehit}, _he strikes_, inf. OHG. {slahan}, Goth. {slahan}.
+
+3. In words ending in {-nissi}, {-nissa}, or {-līh}, as {firstantnissi},
+_understanding_; {infancnissa}, _assumption_; {kraftlīh}, _strong_;
+{tagalīh}, _daily_.
+
+Umlaut must have taken place earlier in the spoken language than it is
+expressed in late OHG. and early MHG. manuscripts, because the {ī̆}
+which caused the umlaut was weakened to {e} in MHG. (§7) and {j} had
+disappeared except between vowels. The vowels and diphthongs which
+underwent umlaut in MHG. are a, o, u, ā, ō, ū, ou, uo. The umlaut of all
+these sounds was completed by about the year 1200.
+
+a > e: {gast}, _guest_, pl. {geste} (OHG. {gesti}); {lamp}, _lamb_, pl.
+{lember} (OHG. {lembir}); inf. {graben}, _to dig_, pres. second and
+third pers. sing. {grebes(t)}, {grebet} (OHG. {grebis}, {grebit});
+{lanc}, _long_, beside {lenge} (OHG. {lengī}), _length_; {brennen},
+Goth. {brannjan}, _to burn_; {bette} (OHG. {betti}), _bed_.
+
+a > ä: From the twelfth century onwards the umlaut of {a} also
+occurs--often beside forms without umlaut--in words containing the
+consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG.,
+as pl. {mähte} (OHG. {mahti}), _powers_; {geslähte} (OHG. {gislahti}),
+_race_, _generation_; {wähset} (OHG. {wahsit}), _he grows_; {wärmen}
+(OHG. {warmen}, older {*warmjan}), _to warm_; Upper German {älter} (OHG.
+{altiro}), _older_; {kälte} (OHG. {kaltī}), _coldness_; {hältet} (OHG.
+{haltit}), _he holds_; {äher} (OHG. {ahir}), _ear of corn_; {slähet}
+(OHG. {slahit}), _he strikes_. It also occurs in derivatives ending in
+{-līch}, {-līn}, as {mänlīch}, _manly_, {schämelīch}, _shameful_,
+{tägelīch}, _daily_, {väterlīch}, _fatherly_, {väterlīn}, dim. of
+{vater}, _father_. It is likewise met with in MHG. words which
+originally had an {i} in the third syllable, the vowel of the second
+syllable having become {i} by assimilation, as {frävele} (OHG.
+{frafali}), _bold_, pl. {mägede} (OHG. {magadi}), _maids_, pl.
+{zäher(e)} (OHG. {zahari}), _tears_. See §2, Note.
+
+o > ö: Although {ö}, the umlaut of {o}, is common in MHG. and still
+commoner in NHG., yet all words containing this umlaut are really new
+formations due to levelling or analogy, because primitive Germanic {u}
+(§15) did not become {o} in OHG. when followed by an {ī̆} or {j} in the
+next syllable. Examples are: {boc}, _he-goat_, beside dim. {böcklīn}
+(OHG. {pochilī}); {dorf}, _village_, beside pl. {dörfer}; {got}, _God_,
+beside {götinne}, _goddess_; {hof}, _court_, beside {hövesch},
+_courtly_; {loch} (OHG. {loh}), _hole_, beside pl. {löcher} (OHG.
+{lohhir}); {tohter}, _daughter_, beside dim. {töhterlīn}; pret. subj.
+{möhte} (OHG. {mohti}), _I might_; {törste} (OHG. {torsti}), _I might
+dare_.
+
+u > ü: {dünne} (OHG. {dunni}), _thin_; {künne} (OHG. {kunni}), _race_,
+_generation_; pl. {süne} (OHG. {suni}), _sons_; {tür} (OHG. {turi}),
+_door_; pret. subj. {züge} (OHG. {zugi}), inf. {ziehen}, _to draw_.
+
+  NOTE.--In Upper German certain consonant combinations often
+  prevented umlaut from taking place where it might be expected. Of
+  these the principal are:--
+
+  1. Before a liquid + consonant, as {hulde} (OHG. {huldī}), _favour_;
+  {schuldec} (OHG. {sculdīg}), _guilty_; {gedultec} (OHG. {gidultīg}),
+  _indulgent_; {burge} (OHG. {burgi}), dat. of {burc}, _city_;
+  {sturbe} (OHG. {sturbi}), pret. subj. of {stërben}, _to die_;
+  {wurfe} (OHG. {wurfi}), pret. subj. of {wërfen}, _to throw_, cp.
+  2 above.
+
+  2. {u} fluctuates with {ü} when followed by a nasal + consonant,
+  as {dunken}, _to seem_, {umbe}, _about_, {wunne}, _joy_, beside
+  {dünken}, {ümbe} (OHG. {umbi}), {wünne}. This fluctuation is
+  especially common in the pret. subjunctive, as {bunde}, {sunge},
+  beside {bünde}, {sünge}, inf. {binden}, _to bind_, {singen}, _to
+  sing_.
+
+  3. {u} fluctuates with {ü} when followed by {gg}, {ck}, {pf}, {tz},
+  {ȥȥ}, {st}, {ch}, and {g}, as {brugge}, {brügge}, {brucke},
+  {brücke}, _bridge_; {mugge}, {mügge}, {mucke}, {mücke}, _midge_;
+  {drucken}, {drücken}, _to press_; {hupfen}, {hüpfen}, _to hop_;
+  {schupfen}, {schüpfen}, _to push_; {nutzen}, {nützen}, _to use_;
+  pret. subj. {fluȥȥe}, {flüȥȥe}; {schuȥȥe}, {schüȥȥe}, inf.
+  {flieȥen}, _to flow_, {schieȥen}, _to shoot_; pl. {bruste},
+  {brüste}, _breasts_; {kuchen}, {küchen}, _kitchen_; pret. subj.
+  {fluge}, {flüge}, inf. {fliegen}, _to fly_.
+
+ā > æ: {lære} (OHG. {lāri}), _empty_; {mære} (OHG. {māri}), _renowned_;
+{sæjen} (OHG. {sājan}), _to sow_; pret. subj. {næme} (OHG. {nāmi}), pl.
+{næmen} (OHG. {nāmīm}), inf. {nëmen}, _to take_.
+
+ō > œ: {hœher} (OHG. {hōhiro}), _higher_; {hœhest} (OHG. {hōhisto}),
+_highest_; {hœren} (OHG. {hōren}, from older {*hōrjan}), _to hear_;
+{schœne} (OHG. {scōni}), _beautiful_.
+
+ū > iu: pl. {briute} (OHG. {brūti}), _brides_; {hiuser} (OHG. {hūsir}),
+_houses_.
+
+Traces of the umlaut of {ū}, written {iu} (= {ǖ}), occur in late OHG.
+monuments of the tenth century. It is common in the writings of Notker
+(† 1022), as {hiute} older {hūti}, _skins_; {chriuter} older {chrūtir},
+_herbs_. In other writings of the tenth to the twelfth century the
+umlaut of {ū} is seldom found. Umlaut did not take place in Upper German
+before a following {m}, as {rūmen} from {*rūmjan}, _to make room_;
+{sūmen} from {*sūmjan}, _to tarry_.
+
+ou > öu, often written {eu}, rarely {oi}, {öi}: {löufel} (OHG.
+{loufil}), _runner_; {löuber} (OHG. {loubir}), _leaves_.
+
+Umlaut of {ou} did not take place in the combination {ouw} = OHG. {ouw},
+{auw}, West Germanic {aww}, primitive Germanic {awj}, as {frouwe} (OHG.
+{frouwa}, prim. Germanic {*frawjō-}), _woman_; {ouwe} (OHG. {ouwa},
+{auwia}, prim. Germanic {*a(ʒ)wjō-}), _meadow_; {frouwen} (OHG.
+{frouwen}, prim. Germanic {*frawjan}), _to rejoice_, and similarly
+{douwen}, _to digest_, {drouwen}, _to threaten_, {strouwen}, _to strew_.
+Forms like {fröuwen}, {döuwen}, {dröuwen}, {ströuwen} were analogical
+formations due to the influence of the pres. second and third pers.
+singular and the preterite which regularly had umlaut; see the Author’s
+Historical German Grammar, §232.
+
+Umlaut of {ou} did not take place in Upper German before labials and
+{g}, as {erlouben}, _to allow_, {gelouben}, _to believe_, {houbet},
+_head_, {koufen}, _to buy_, {troumen}, _to dream_, {toufen}, _to
+baptize_, {bougen}, _to bend_, {ougen}, _to show_, beside Middle German
+{erlöuben}, {gelöuben}, {höubet}, {köufen}, {tröumen}, {töufen},
+{böugen}, {öugen}.
+
+uo > üe: {grüene} (OHG. {gruoni}), _green_; {güete} (OHG. {guotī}),
+_goodness_; {vüeȥe} (OHG. {fuoȥi}), _feet_; pret. pl. subj. {vüeren}
+(OHG. {fuorīm}), _we might go_, inf. {varn}, _to fare_, _go_; {buoch},
+_book_, dim. {büechlīn}; {muoter}, _mother_, dim. {müeterlīn}.
+
+
+THE MHG. EQUIVALENTS OF THE OHG. VOWELS.
+
+§11.
+
+OHG. had the following short vowels, long vowels, and diphthongs:--
+
+  Short Vowels  a, e, ë,      i,         o,    u.
+  Long    „     ā, ē,         ī,         ō,    ū.
+  Diphthongs       ei,   ie (ia, ea), ou (au), uo.
+                         io (eo),
+                         iu.
+
+The following are the MHG. equivalents of the above simple vowels and
+diphthongs in accented syllables:--
+
+1. The short vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. {a}
+to {ä, o} to {ö, u} to {ü} (§10), and of {ë} to {e} before certain
+consonants, the OHG. short vowels remained in MHG., as
+
+a = (1) MHG. a, as OHG. {fater}, _father_, {tag}, _day_, {faran},
+        _to go_ = MHG. {vater}, {tac}, {varn}.
+
+  = (2) MHG. ä, in words containing the consonant combinations which
+        prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as OHG. {mahti},
+        _powers_, {kaltī}, _coldness_, {ahir}, _ear of corn_, {warmen},
+        _to warm_ = MHG. {mähte}, {kälte}, {äher}, {wärmen}, see §10.
+
+e = MHG. e, as OHG. {gesti}, _guests_, {lembir}, _lambs_, {brennen},
+    _to burn_ = MHG. {geste}, {lember}, {brennen}.
+
+ë = (1) MHG. ë, as OHG. {wëg}, _way_, {hëlfan}, _to help_, {stëlan},
+        _to steal_ = MHG. {wëc}, {hëlfen}, {stëln}.
+
+  = (2) MHG. e, before {st}, {sch}, and palatal {g}, as OHG. {nëst},
+        _nest_, {swëster}, _sister_ = MHG. {nest}, {swester}; and
+        similarly, {gestern}, _yesterday_, {deste}, _all the more_,
+        {weste}, _I knew_, {dreschen}, _to thrash_, {leschen},
+        _to go out_, {degen}, _warrior_; and also in a few words
+        before a following {l}, as {helm}, _helmet_, {vels}, _rock_,
+        {welch}, _which_, &c.
+
+i = MHG. i, as OHG. {fisk}, _fish_, {nimu}, _I take_, {wiȥȥan},
+    _to know_ = MHG. {visch}, {nime}, {wiȥȥen}.
+
+o = (1) MHG. o, as OHG. {got}, _God_, p.p. {giholfan}, _helped_,
+        {tohter}, _daughter_ = MHG. {got}, {geholfen}, {tohter}.
+  = (2) MHG. ö, as OHG. {lohhir}, _holes_, {mohti}, _I might_ = MHG.
+        {löcher}, {möhte}.
+
+u = (1) MHG. u, as OHG. {sunu}, {sun}, _son_, {butum}, _we offered_,
+        {buntum}, _we bound_ = MHG. {sun}, {buten}, {bunden}.
+  = (2) MHG. ü, as OHG. {dunni}, _thin_, {suni}, _sons_ = MHG. {dünne},
+        {süne}.
+
+2. The long vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. {ā} to
+{æ, ō} to {œ}, and {ū} to {iu} (§10), the OHG. long vowels remained in
+MHG., as
+
+ā = (1) MHG. ā, as OHG. {sāt}, _seed_, {slāfan}, _to sleep_, {dāhta},
+        _I thought_ = MHG. {sāt}, {slāfen}, {dāhte}.
+  = (2) MHG. æ, as OHG {lāri}, _empty_, {nāmi}, _I might take_
+        = MHG. {lære}, {næme}.
+
+ē = MHG. ē, as OHG. {ēra}, _honour_, {lēren}, _to teach_, {sēla},
+    _soul_ = MHG. {ēre}, {lēren}, {sēle}.
+
+ī = MHG. ī, as OHG. {sīn}, _his_, {wīb}, _woman_, {snīdan}, _to cut_
+    = MHG. {sīn}, {wīp}, {snīden}.
+
+ō = (1) MHG. ō, as OHG. {ōra}, _ear_, {tōd}, _death_, {kōs},
+        _I chose_ = MHG. {ōre}, {tōt}, {kōs}.
+  = (2) MHG. œ, as OHG. {hōhiro}, _higher_, {hōren}, _to hear_,
+        {scōni}, _beautiful_ = MHG. {hœher}, {hœren}, {schœne}.
+
+ū = (1) MHG. ū, as OHG. {hūs}, _house_, {rūm}, _room_, {dūhta},
+        _it seemed_ = MHG. {hūs}, {rūm}, {dūhte}.
+
+  = (2) MHG. iu, as OHG. {hūsir}, _houses_, {brūti}, _brides_
+        = MHG. {hiuser}, {briute}.
+
+3. The diphthongs:
+
+ei = MHG. ei, as OHG. {bein}, _bone_, {leiten}, _to lead_, {sneid},
+     _I cut_ = MHG. {bein}, {leiten}, {sneit}.
+
+ie (older ia, ea = Germanic ē) = MHG. ie, as OHG. {hier}, _here_,
+     {mieta}, _reward_, {hielt}, _I held_, {hieȥ}, _I called_, {slief},
+     _I slept_ = MHG. {hier}, {miete}, {hielt}, {hieȥ}, {slief}.
+
+io (eo) = Germanic eu (§16), and the io (eo) in the preterites of the
+          old reduplicated verbs whose presents have ou, ō, uo (§87).
+        = MHG. ie, as OHG. {liob}, _dear_, {biotan}, _to offer_
+          = MHG. {liep}, {bieten}; OHG. {liof}, _I ran_, {stioȥ},
+          _I pushed_, {riof}, _I called_ = MHG. {lief}, {stieȥ},
+          {rief}.
+
+iu = MHG. ǖ written iu, as OHG. {liuti}, _people_, {kiusit}, _he
+     chooses_ = MHG. {liute}, {kiuset}.
+
+ou (older au) = (1) MHG. ou, as OHG. {ouga}, _eye_, {boug}, _I bent_,
+                    {loufan}, _to run_ = MHG. {ouge}, {bouc}, {loufen}.
+              = (2) MHG. öu (eu), as OHG. {loubir}, _leaves_,
+                    {loufil}, _runner_ = MHG. {löuber}, {löufel}.
+
+uo = (1) MHG. uo, as OHG. {bruoder}, _brother_, {muoter}, _mother_,
+         {stuont}, _I stood_ = MHG. {bruoder}, {muoter}, {stuont}.
+   = (2) MHG. üe, as OHG. {gruoni}, _green_, {fuoȥi}, _feet_,
+         = MHG. {grüene}, {vüeȥe}.
+
+
+ABLAUT (VOWEL GRADATION).
+
+§12.
+
+By ablaut is meant the gradation of vowels both in stem and suffix,
+which was chiefly caused by the primitive Indo-Germanic system of
+accentuation. See the Author’s Historical German Grammar, §23.
+
+The vowels vary within certain series of related vowels, called
+ablaut-series. In MHG. there are six such series, which appear most
+clearly in the stem-forms of strong verbs. Four stem-forms are to be
+distinguished in a MHG. strong verb which has vowel gradation as the
+characteristic mark of its different stems:--(1) the present stem, to
+which belong all the forms of the present, (2) the stem of the first or
+third person of the preterite singular, (3) the stem of the preterite
+plural, to which belong the second person of the preterite singular and
+the whole of the preterite subjunctive, (4) the stem of the past
+participle.
+
+By arranging the vowels according to these four stems we arrive at the
+following system:--
+
+        i.       ii.      iii.      iv.
+
+    I.  ī        ei, ē     i         i
+   II.  ie       ou, ō     u         o
+  III.  i, ë     a         u         u, o
+   IV.  ë        a         ā         o
+    V.  ë        a         ā         ë
+   VI.  a        uo        uo        a
+
+  NOTE.--1. On the difference between {ei} and {ē}, see §17; {ou} and
+  {ō}, §18; and in Series III {i} and {ë}, §14; {u} and {o}, §15.
+
+  2. Strong verbs belonging to Series II have {iu} in the indicative
+  pres. singular; and strong verbs belonging to Series III-V with {ë}
+  in the infinitive have {i} in the indicative pres. singular
+  (§§14, 16).
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+    I. snīden, _to cut_     snīde     sneit    sniten    gesniten;
+       līhen, _to lend_     līhe      lēch     lihen     gelihen.
+   II. biegen, _to bend_    biuge     bouc     bugen     gebogen;
+       sieden, _to seethe_  siude     sōt      suten     gesoten.
+  III. binden, _to bind_    binde     bant     bunden    gebunden;
+       hëlfen, _to help_    hilfe     half     hulfen    geholfen.
+   IV. nëmen, _to take_     nime      nam      nāmen     genomen.
+    V. gëben, _to give_     gibe      gap      gāben     gegëben.
+   VI. graben, _to dig_     grabe     gruop    gruoben   gegraben.
+
+For further examples see the various classes of strong verbs §§76-86.
+Class VII of strong verbs embracing the old reduplicated verbs (§87) has
+been omitted from the ablaut-series, because the exact relation in which
+the vowel of the present stands to that of the preterite has not yet
+been satisfactorily explained.
+
+
+OTHER VOWEL CHANGES.
+
+§13.
+
+Most of the following vowel changes took place in prehistoric times; but
+as they play an important part in the verbs and word-formation, &c., we
+shall give them here.
+
+
+§14.
+
+ë (= Indo-Germanic e) became i in the prehistoric period of all the
+Germanic languages:--
+
+1. Before a nasal + consonant, as OE. {wind}, OHG. MHG. {wint}, Lat.
+{ventus}, _wind_; OHG. {fimf}, {finf}, Gr. πέντε, _five_. This explains
+why verbs like MHG. {binden}, _to bind_, {rinnen}, _to run_, {singen},
+_to sing_, belong to the same ablaut-series as {hëlfen}, _to help_,
+{wërden}, _to become_.
+
+[**non-utf-8]
+1. Before a nasal + consonant, as OE. {wind}, OHG. MHG. {wint}, Lat.
+{ventus}, _wind_; OHG. {fimf}, {finf}, Gr. [pente], _five_. This
+explains why verbs like MHG. {binden}, _to bind_, {rinnen}, _to run_,
+{singen}, _to sing_, belong to the same ablaut-series as {hëlfen}, _to
+help_, {wërden}, _to become_.
+
+2. Before other consonants when followed by an {ī̆} or {j} in the next
+syllable, and further in OHG. when followed by an {u} in the next
+syllable, as OHG. MHG. {ist}, Gr. ἐστί, _is_; OHG. {fihu}, Lat. {pecu},
+_cattle_; {ërde} (OHG. {ërda}), _earth_, but {irdīn}, _earthen_; {ligen}
+(OHG. {liggen} from {*ligjan}), _to lie down_, {sitzen} (OHG. {sitzen}
+from {*sitjan}), _to sit_, but p.p. {gelëgen} (OHG. {gilëgan}),
+{gesëȥȥen} (OHG. {gisëȥȥan}). This explains why strong verbs belonging
+to the fourth (§§12, 82) and fifth (§§12, 83) ablaut-series have {i}
+throughout the present singular, and similarly in verbs belonging to the
+third (§§12, 81) series with {ë} in the infinitive, as
+
+  OHG. nëman,  _to take_, three persons sing. nimu, nimis(t), nimit.
+  MHG. nëmen,       „       „      „     „    nime, nimes(t), nimet.
+  OHG. gëban,  _to give_,   „      „     „    gibu, gibis(t), gibit.
+  MHG. gëben,       „       „      „     „    gibe, gibes(t), gibet.
+  OHG. hëlfan, _to help_,   „      „     „    hilfu, hilfis(t), hilfit.
+  MHG. hëlfen,      „       „      „     „    hilfe, hilfes(t), hilfet.
+
+
+§15.
+
+{u}, followed originally by an {ā̆}, {ō̆}, or {ē} in the next syllable,
+became {o} when not protected by a nasal + consonant or an intervening
+{ī̆} or {j}; hence the interchange between {u} and {o} in the preterite
+plural and past participle of verbs belonging to the second
+ablaut-series (§§12, 78), as {bugen} (OHG. {bugum}), _we bent_, p.p.
+{gebogen} (OHG. {gibogan}); in the p.p. of verbs belonging to the third
+ablaut-series (§§12, 81), as {gebunden} (OHG. {gibuntan}), but
+{geholfen} (OHG. {giholfan}); in weak verbs as {fürhten} (OHG. {furhten}
+from {*furhtjan}), _to fear_, beside pret. {vorhte} (OHG. {forhta});
+{hügen} (OHG. {huggen} from {*hugjan}) beside {hogen} (OHG. {hogēn}),
+_to think_; in preterite presents like {durfen} (OHG. {durfum}), _we
+dare_, beside pret. {dorfte} (OHG. {dorfta}); in many nouns and
+adjectives, as {wolle} (OHG. {wolla}), _wool_, beside {wüllīn},
+{wullīn}, _woollen_; {wolf} (stem {*wulfo-}), _wolf_, beside {wülpinne},
+_she-wolf_; {vol}, _full_, beside {vülle} (OHG. {fullī}), _fulness_;
+{golt}, _gold_, beside {guldīn}, _golden_.
+
+
+§16.
+
+From primitive Germanic {eu} were developed two different diphthongs in
+OHG., viz. {eu} became {eo} (cp. §15), later {io}, when originally
+followed by an {ā̆}, {ō̆}, or {ē} in the next syllable, and this {io}
+was regularly developed to {ie} in MHG.; whereas {eu} became {iu} in
+OHG. when originally followed by an {ī̆, j} or {u} in the next syllable,
+and this {iu} became {ǖ} (written {iu}) in MHG., even after the {ī̆, j}
+or {u} had been weakened to {e}. This law explains the difference
+between the diphthong {ie} in the infinitive and the simple vowel {iu}
+(= {ǖ}) in the three persons singular of the present indicative of
+verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (§§12, 78), as
+
+  OHG. biogan, _to bend_, pres. sing. biugu, biugis(t), biugit;
+  MHG. biegen,      „       „     „   biuge, biuges(t), biuget.
+
+Cp. further {tief} (OHG. {tiof}), _deep_, beside OHG. {tiufī}, _depth_;
+{lieht} (OHG. {lioht}), _a light_, beside {liuhten} (OHG. {liuhten} from
+{*liuhtjan}), _to light_.
+
+  NOTE.--The {iu} in the above and similar examples must not be
+  confounded with the {iu} in the OHG. and MHG. combination {iuw}
+  which arose from prim. Germanic {eww} (= {euw}), and {ewj}, as
+  {triuwe} (OHG. {triuwi}, Goth. {triggws}), _true_; {triuwen},
+  {trūwen}, _to trust_, pret. {triuete}, {triute}, {trūte}; {riuwe}
+  (OHG. {riuwa}), _regret_, {bliuwen} (OHG. {bliuwan}, Goth.
+  {bliggwan}), _to strike_, and similarly, {briuwen}, _to brew_,
+  {kiuwen}, _to chew_, {riuwen}, _to regret_; {niuwe} (OHG. {niuwi},
+  Goth. {niujis}, prim. Germanic stem-form {*newja-}), _new_. This
+  {iu} before {w} never interchanged with MHG. {ie} from prim.
+  Germanic {eu}, and explains why the strong verbs {bliuwen}, &c. have
+  {iu} in all forms of the present.
+
+
+§17.
+
+Accented primitive Germanic {ai} (= Goth. {ái}) became {ē} in OHG.
+before {r, w}, Germanic {h} (cp. §23, 1), and finally; in MHG. it
+appears also as {ē} before the same consonants and finally, as {mēre},
+{mēr} (OHG. {mēro}, Goth. {máiza}), _more_, {lēren} (OHG. {lēren}, Goth.
+{láisjan}), _to teach_; {sēle} (OHG. {sēla}, older {sēula}, Goth.
+{sáiwala}), _soul_; {snē} (OHG. {snēo}, Goth. {snáiws}), _snow_, gen.
+OHG. and MHG. {snēwes}; {spīwen}, _to spit_, pret. {spē} (OHG. {spēo},
+Goth. {spáiw}); {dīhen}, _to thrive_, pret. {dēch} (OHG. {dēh}, Goth.
+{dáih}); {wē} (OHG. {wē}, Goth. {wái}), _woe!_; in all other cases {ai}
+became {ei} in both OHG. and MHG., as {stein} (Goth. {stáins}), _stone_,
+{heiȥen} (OHG. {heiȥan}, Goth. {háitan}), _to call_; {snīden}, _to cut_,
+pret. {sneit} (OHG. {sneid}, Goth. {snáiþ}). This accounts for the
+difference between the {ei} and {ē} in the preterite singular of strong
+verbs belonging to the first ablaut-series (§§12, 76).
+
+
+§18.
+
+Primitive Germanic {au} became {ō} in OHG. before the consonants
+{d, t}, {ȥ, s}, {n, r, l}, and Germanic {h} (cp. 23, 1). Before other
+consonants and finally {au} became {ou} in the ninth century. Hence the
+difference between {ō} and {ou} in the preterite singular of strong
+verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (§§12, 78), as:--
+
+  Infinitive bieten, _to offer_,  pret. sing. bōt
+      „      sieden, _to seethe_,   „     „   sōt
+      „      kiesen, _to choose_,   „     „   kōs
+      „      dieȥen, _to roar_,     „     „   dōȥ
+      „      vliehen, _to flee_,    „     „   vlōch (OHG. flōh);
+  but „      biegen, _to bend_,     „     „   bouc
+      „      klieben, _to cleave_   „     „   kloup.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE CONSONANTS
+
+
+1. PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS.
+
+§19.
+
+The MHG. consonant-system was represented by the following letters:
+  b, c, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r,
+  s, sch, t, v, w, (x), z, ȥ.
+
+The letters k, l, m, n, p, t, w, (x) had nearly the same sound-values as
+in English. The remaining letters require special attention.
+
+When the pronunciation of consonants merely differs in the intensity or
+force with which they are produced, they are called fortes or lenes
+according as they are produced with more or less intensity or force. In
+MHG. the consonants {b, d, g} were not voiced explosives like English
+{b, d, g}, but were voiceless lenes, and only differed from the fortes
+{p, t, k} in being produced with less intensity or force, see §33.
+A similar difference in pronunciation existed between antevocalic and
+intervocalic {v, s} and final {f, s}, see §33.
+
+{c} and {k} represented the same sound. The latter was generally used at
+the beginning, and the former at the end of a syllable, as {kunst},
+_art_; {trinken}, _to drink_, {senken}, _to sink_ (trans.), pret.
+{tranc}, {sancte}.
+
+{ch} had the same sound as in NHG. {nacht}, {noch}, as {sprechen}, _to
+speak_, pret. {sprach}; {hōch}, _high_.
+
+{f} had a twofold pronunciation in the oldest HG. It was a labiodental
+when it arose from Germanic {f} (cp. OHG. {fater}, English {father}),
+and bilabial when it arose from Germanic {p} (cp. inf. OHG. {slāfan},
+English {sleep}), but during the OHG. period the bilabial {f} became
+labiodental. The two kinds of {f} did not however completely fall
+together in pronunciation. {f} = Germanic {f} became a lenis initially
+before and medially between vowels, and was often written {v} in the
+former and generally {v} in the latter position, but remained a
+fortis--written {f}--when final. In MHG. it was also often written {f}
+initially before {l, r, u}, as {fliehen}, _to flee_, {fride}, _peace_,
+{fünf}, _five_, beside {vliehen}, {vride}, {vünf}. On the other hand {f}
+= Germanic {p} (§23, 1), which only occurred medially and finally, was a
+fortis and was always written {f} ({ff}), as {slāfen}, _to sleep_, pret.
+{slief}; {tief}, _deep_, {schif} (gen. {schiffes}), _ship_, {offen},
+_open_. The two {f} sounds thus fell together when final, but the
+distinction between the two sounds was still preserved in MHG. in the
+intervocalic position, as {hof}, _court_, {schif}, _ship_, but gen.
+{hoves}, {schiffes}.
+
+{h} before and after consonants was pronounced like {ch}, as {fuhs},
+_fox_, {naht}, _night_, {bevëlhen}, _to confide._ In other cases it had
+the same sound as the {h} in English {hat}.
+
+{j} had nearly the same sound as the {y} in English {yet}, as {jār},
+_year_, {junc}, _young_; {blüejen}, _to blossom._
+
+{q} occurred only in combination with {u} as in English, as {quëc},
+_quick, alive_, {quëden}, _to say._
+
+{r} was a trilled sound in all positions like Scotch {r}, as {rōt},
+_red_, {hart}, _hard_, {bërn}, _to bear_, {vater}, _father._
+
+{s} was a lenis medially between vowels and probably also initially
+before vowels, but a fortis in other positions, as {sun}, _son_,
+{wësen}, _to be_, pret. {was}, {bresten}, _to burst_. It may be
+pronounced like the {s} in English {sit}.
+
+{sch} was like the {sh} in English {ship}, as {schif}, _ship_,
+{geschëhen}, _to happen_, {visch}, _fish._
+
+{v} was a voiceless lenis, and may be pronounced like the {v} in NHG.
+{voll}. See {f}.
+
+{w} was pronounced like the {w} in English {wet}, as {wīn}, _wine_,
+{bliuwen}, _to strike._
+
+{z} and {ȥ} were not distinguished in MHG. manuscripts, both being
+written {z}. Both {z} and {ȥ} (but {ȥȥ} medially between vowels when the
+first vowel was short) arose from Germanic {t} (see §23). {z} had the
+sound-value of {ts} (= NHG. {z}): (_a_) always initially, as {zīt},
+_time_; (_b_) medially and finally after consonants ({l, m}, {n, r}), as
+{holz} (gen. {holzes}), _wood_, {hërze}, _heart_, {smërze}, _pain_,
+{ganz}, _whole_; (_c_) finally after vowels (= Germanic {tt}) in those
+words which change final {z} to {tz} when it becomes medial, as {schaz}
+(gen. {schatzes}), OE. {sceatt}, _money, treasure_. MHG. intervocalic
+{tz} always arose from older {tt}, as {setzen} = OE. {settan}, _to set_.
+{ȥ} was a kind of lisped {s} and only occurred medially between and
+finally after vowels, as {bīȥen}, _to bite_, {ëȥȥen}, _to eat_, {haȥ},
+_hatred_. It should be noted that good MHG. poets never rhymed pairs of
+words like {was}, _was_, and {waȥ}, _what_; {missen}, _to miss_, and
+{wiȥȥen}, _to know_.
+
+{ph} and {pf} represent the same sound, viz. the {pf} in NHG. {pfund},
+_pound_.
+
+
+§20.
+
+MHG. has the following double consonants medially between vowels: {bb,
+gg}; {p, tt, ck}; {ff, ss, ȥȥ}; {mm, nn}; {ll, rr}. They were always
+pronounced long as in Italian and Swedish, as {bit-ter}, _bitter_,
+{ëȥ-ȥen}, _to eat_, {küs-sen}, _to kiss_, {müg-ge}, _midge_, {rin-nen},
+_to run_. In NHG. double consonants are never long, they merely indicate
+that the preceding vowel is short.
+
+
+§21.
+
+{Phonetic Survey of the MHG. Consonants.}
+
+                 LABIAL.         DENTAL.            GUTTURAL.
+
+  Voiceless     { fortis p, pp    t, tt              k, ck
+    explosives  { lenis  b, bb    d                  g, gg
+
+  Spirants      { fortis f, ff  { s, ss, sch, ȥ, ȥȥ   h (ch)
+                { lenis  v      { s
+
+  Nasals          m, mm           n, nn               n (= ŋ)
+
+  Liquids                         l, ll; r, rr
+
+  Semi-vowels     w, j (palatal)
+
+To the above must be added the aspirate {h} and the affricatae (i.e. an
+explosive + a homorganic spirant) {z} (i.e. {ts}) and {pf} ({ph}).
+
+
+2. CONSONANT CHANGES.
+
+§22.
+
+The most characteristic difference between High German and the other
+West Germanic languages is the shifting which the consonants {p, t, k,
+þ}; {pp, tt, kk, þþ}; {b (ƀ), d, g (ʒ)}; {bb, dd, gg} underwent partly
+in the prehistoric and partly in the historic period of Old High German.
+In the following treatment of what is generally called the High German
+sound-shifting only such points are considered as are of importance for
+the purposes of this book. See Old High German Primer, §§82-6.
+
+
+§23.
+
+The voiceless explosives p, t, k underwent a two-fold treatment
+according to their position in the word: (1) Medially or finally after
+vowels; (2) Initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n,
+r), and when doubled.
+
+  NOTE.--p, t, k remained unshifted in the combinations sp,
+  st, sk as also t in the combinations tr, ht, ft.
+
+1. Single p, t, k were shifted to the voiceless double spirants ff, ȥȥ,
+hh (also written ch) = MHG. ff (f), ȥȥ (ȥ), ch.
+
+p > ff. OE. {open}, OHG. {offan}, MHG. {offen}, _open_; OE. {slǣpan},
+OHG. {slāffan}, MHG. {slāfen}, _to sleep_; OE. {ūp}, OHG. MHG. {ūf},
+_up_.
+
+t > ȥȥ. OE. {etan}, OHG. {ëȥȥan}, MHG. {ëȥȥen}, _to eat_; OE. {hātan},
+OHG. {heiȥȥan}, MHG. {heiȥen}, _to call_; OE. {hwæt}, OHG. {hwaȥ}, MHG.
+{waȥ}, _what_. In a few cases the {ȥ, ȥȥ} became {s} in MHG. before {t}
+or {st}, as pret. {saste} from {saȥte}: {setzen}, _to set_; {beste},
+_best_, {leste}, _last_ = OHG. {beȥȥisto}, {leȥȥisto}.
+
+k > hh. OE. {ic}, OHG. {ih}, MHG. {ich}, _I_; OE. {sprecan} ({specan}),
+OHG. {sprëhhan}, MHG. {sprëchen}, _to speak_; OE. {tācen}, OHG.
+{zeihhan}, MHG. {zeichen}, _token_. This {ch} must not be confused with
+the MHG. {h, ch} which corresponded to Indo-Germanic {k} (= Germanic
+{h}), as {ziehen}, _to draw, lead_, pret. {zōch}, cp. Lat. {dūcō}, _I
+lead_, see §34.
+
+The double consonants were simplified in OHG. and MHG. according to §32.
+
+2. {p}, {t} initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n,
+r), and when doubled, were shifted to the affricatae {pf} (also written
+{ph}), {tz} (generally written {zz} and {z}) = MHG. {pf} ({ph}), {tz}
+({z}).
+
+p > pf. OE. {pund}, OHG. MHG. {pfunt}, _pound_; OE. {gelimpan}, OHG.
+{gilimpfan}, MHG. {gelimpfen}, _to be meet_; OE. {scieppan}, OHG.
+{skepfen}, MHG. {schepfen}, _to create_. The {pf} became {f} after {l}
+and {r} already in OHG., as {hëlfan}, MHG. {hëlfen}, OE. {helpan}, _to
+help_; {wërfan}, MHG. {wërfen}, OE. {weorpan}, _to throw_.
+
+t > z. OE. {tunge}, OHG. {zunga}, MHG. {zunge}, _tongue_; OE. {heorte},
+OHG. {hërza}, MHG. {hërze}, _heart_; OE. {sealt}, OHG. MHG. {salz},
+_salt_; OE. {sittan}, OHG. {sizzen}, {sitzen}, MHG. {sitzen}, _to sit_;
+OE. {sceatt}, OHG. {scaz} (gen. {scazzes}, {scatzes}), MHG. {schaz}
+(gen. {schatzes}), _money, treasure_.
+
+{k}, {kk} (written {ck}) remained unshifted (except in High Alemanic),
+as OE. {corn}, OHG. MHG. {korn}, _corn_; OE. {cnēo}, OHG. {kneo}, MHG.
+{knie}, _knee_; OE. {sincan}, OHG. {sinkan}, MHG. {sinken}, _to sink_,
+pret. {sanc}; OE. {þeccan}, OHG. MHG. {decken}, _to cover_.
+
+
+§24.
+
+{þ} became {d}, and {þþ} became {tt}, as OE. {þorn}, OHG. MHG. {dorn},
+_thorn_; OE. {brōþor}, OHG. MHG. {bruoder}, _brother_. OE. {smiþþe},
+OHG. {smitta}, MHG. {smitte}, _smithy_; OE. {moþþe}, late MHG. {motte},
+_moth_.
+
+
+§25.
+
+The voiced explosives {b, d, g}, and the voiced spirants {ƀ, ʒ} did not
+undergo the same universal shifting as the voiceless explosives. {ƀ, ʒ}
+became {b, g}. {b, g} remained, and {d} became {t}, as OE. {brōþor},
+OHG. MHG. {bruoder}, _brother_; OE. {bēodan}, OHG. {biotan}, MHG.
+{bieten}, _to offer_; Goth. {giban} (= {giƀan}), OHG. {gëban}, MHG.
+{gëben}, _to give_. OE. {dohtor}, OHG. MHG. {tohter}, _daughter_; OE.
+{bēodan}, OHG. {biotan}, MHG. {bieten}, _to offer_; OE. {dēad}, OHG.
+MHG. {tōt}, _dead_. OE. {gōd}, OHG. MHG. {guot}, _good_; OE. {flēogan},
+OHG. {fliogan}, MHG. {fliegen}, _to fly_.
+
+
+§26.
+
+The double consonants {bb, dd, gg} = OHG. {pp (bb), tt, cc (gg)}, and
+MHG. {pp (b), {tt, ck (gg)}, as OE. {sibb}, OHG. {sippa} ({sibba}), MHG.
+{sippe} ({sibbe}), _relationship_; OE. {cribb}, OHG. {krippa}
+({kribba}), MHG. {krippe (kribbe)}, _crib_. OE. {biddan}, OHG. {bitten},
+MHG. {bitten}, later {biten}, _to request_; OE. {þridda}, OHG. {dritto},
+MHG. {dritte}, later {drite}, _third_. OE. {brycg}, OHG. {brucca
+(brugga)}, MHG. {brücke} ({brügge}), _bridge_. The fluctuation in the
+writing of {pp} and {bb}, {ck} and {gg} is merely orthographical, and
+does not represent a difference in pronunciation. Both pairs were used
+to express the lenes medially between vowels. For other examples see
+§31.
+
+
+§27.
+
+The summary of the consonantal changes in §§23-6 may be expressed as
+follows:--
+
+  WEST GERMANIC.                     MHG.
+  p; t; k; þ      = ff (f), pf; ȥȥ (ȥ), z;  ch; d.
+  pp; tt; kk; þþ  =         pf;    tz (z);  ck; tt.
+  b (ƀ); d; g (ʒ) = b;           t;         g.
+  bb; dd; gg      = pp (bb);    tt;         ck (gg).
+
+
+§28.
+
+The following sound-changes took place in primitive Germanic:--Every
+labial + {t} became {ft}; every guttural + {t} became {ht}; every dental
++ {t} became {ss}, which was simplified to {s} after long vowels. This
+explains the frequent interchange in MHG. between {pf, b} and {f};
+between {k, g} and {h}; and between {ȥȥ, ȥ} and {ss, s} in forms which
+are etymologically related.
+
+{pf}, {b}--{f}. {schepfen}, _to create_: {geschaft}, _creature_;
+{gëben}, _to give_: {gift}, _gift_; {wëben}, _to weave_: English {weft}.
+
+{k}, {g}--{h}. {würken}, _to work_: pret. {worhte}; {denken}, _to
+think_: pret. {dāhte}; {mugen} ({mügen}), _to be able_: pret. {mohte};
+{bringen}, _to bring_: pret. {brāhte}.
+
+{ȥȥ}, {ȥ}--{ss}, {s}. {gieȥen}, _to pour_: {güsse}, _inundation_;
+{wiȥȥen}, _to know_: pret. {wisse (wiste): wīs}, _wise_; {muoȥ}, _must_:
+pret. {muose} ({muoste}); {ëȥȥen}, _to eat_: {ās}, _carrion_. Preterites
+like {wiste}, {muoste} were formed after the analogy of preterites like
+{worhte}, {dāhte}, where the {t} was regular.
+
+
+§29.
+
+The guttural nasal {ŋ} (written n) only occurred in the combinations
+{nk} ({nc}) and {ng}. It disappeared before {h} (= prim. Germanic {χ})
+in primitive Germanic with lengthening of a preceding short vowel, as
+{vāhen} from prim. Germanic {*faŋχanan}, _to seize, catch_, beside p.p.
+{gevangen}; and similarly {hāhen}, _to hang_, p.p. {gehangen}; pret.
+{brāhte}, {dāhte}, {dūhte}, beside {bringen}, _to bring_, {denken}, _to
+think_, {dunken}, _to seem_.
+
+The guttural nasal disappeared in an unstressed syllable when preceded
+by an {n} in a stressed syllable in the course of the OHG. and MHG.
+period, as OHG. {honag}, MHG. {honec}, beside OHG. {honang}, _honey_;
+OHG. {kunig}, MHG. {künec}, beside OHG. {kuning}, _king_; OHG.
+{pfennig}, MHG. {pfennic}, beside OHG. {pfenning}, MHG. {pfenninc},
+penny. And similarly with dental {n}, as {senede} beside {senende},
+_longing, yearning_.
+
+
+§30.
+
+Strong verbs, which have a medial {v} ({f}), {d, h, s} in the present,
+have respectively {b, t, g} ({ng}), {r} in the second person sing. pret.
+indicative, the preterite plural indicative, the pret. subjunctive and
+the past participle. This interchange of consonants is called Verner’s
+Law, see OHG. Primer, §§72, 87:--
+
+                  INF.               PRET. PL.    P.P.
+  v(f)--b.      heven, _to raise_     huoben    gehaben.
+  d--t.         mīden, _to avoid_     miten     gemiten.
+                snīden, _to cut_      sniten    gesniten.
+  h--g.         dīhen, _to thrive_    digen     gedigen.
+                ziehen, _to draw_     zugen     gezogen.
+                slahen, _to strike_   sluogen   geslagen.
+  h--ng (§29).  hāhen, _to hang_      hiengen   gehangen.
+                vāhen, _to catch_     viengen   gevangen.
+  s--r.         rīsen, _to fall_      rirn      gerirn.
+                kiesen, _to choose_   kurn      gekorn.
+
+This law has, however, many exceptions in MHG. owing to levelling having
+taken place with the infinitive, present indicative and preterite
+singular, as {risen}, {gerisen} beside {rirn}, {gerirn}.
+
+The same interchange of consonants exists between strong verbs and their
+corresponding causative weak verbs, as {līden}, _to go_: {leiten}, _to
+lead_; {hāhen}, _to hang_: {hengen}, _to hang_ (trans.); {ge-nësen}, _to
+be saved_: {nern}, _to save_; and in nouns, &c., as {hof} (gen.
+{hoves}), _court_: {hübesch}, _courtly_; {tōt} (gen. {tōdes}), _death_:
+{tōt} (gen. {tōtes}), _dead_; {swëher}, _father-in-law_: {swiger},
+_mother-in-law_; {hase}: English {hare}.
+
+
+§31.
+
+The doubling of consonants took place under certain well-defined rules
+partly in prim. Germanic and partly in prim. West Germanic, see the
+Author’s Hist. Germ. Grammar, §§202, 213-14. Examples of words which had
+double consonants in prim. Germanic are: {kopf}, head; {napf} (OE.
+{hnæp}, gen. {hnæppes}), _basin_; {boc} (OE. {bucca}), _buck_, gen.
+{bockes}; {rinnen}, _to run_; {swimmen}, _to swim_; {vol} (gen.
+{volles}), _full_; {vërre}, _far_; {gewisser}, _certain_.
+
+The chief cases in which double consonants arose in prim. West Germanic
+were:--
+
+1. The assimilation of {ƀn, ʒn, pn} to {bb, gg, pp} = MHG. {pp, ck (gg),
+pf}, as {knappe}: {knabe}, _boy_; {rappe}: {rabe}, _raven_; {rocke}:
+{rogge}, _rye_; {tropfe}, _drop_: {triefen}, _to drip_.
+
+2. {p, t, k} were doubled before a following {r} or {l}. The doubling
+regularly took place in the inflected forms, and was then extended to
+the uninflected forms by levelling, as {apfel} (OE. {æppel}), _apple_;
+{kupfer} (Lat. {cuprum}), _copper_; {bitter} (Goth. {báitrs}), _bitter_,
+see §23 note; {lützel} (OS. {luttil}), _little_; {acker} (Goth. {akrs}),
+_field_; {wacker} (OE. {wæccer}), _watchful_. See §23, 2.
+
+3. All single consonants, except {r}, were doubled after a short vowel
+when there was originally a {j} in the next syllable. The {bb}, {dd},
+{gg}; {pp}, {tt}, {kk}, which thus arose, became {pp} ({bb}), {tt}, {ck}
+({gg}); {pf}, {tz}, {ck} in MHG. (§§23,2, 26), as {sippe} ({sibbe}),
+Goth. {sibja}, _relationship_; {bitten}, later {biten}, Goth. {bidjan},
+_to request_; {tretten} (_wv._): {trëten} _(sv.), to tread_; {brücke}
+({brügge}), _bridge_; {ecke} ({egge}), _edge_; {mücke} ({mügge}),
+_midge_; {rücke} ({rügge}), _ridge, back_. {schepfen}, Goth. {skapjan},
+_to create_; {hitze}, _heat_: {heiȥ}, _hot_; {netzen}, _to wet_: {naȥ},
+_wet_; {setzen}, Goth. {satjan}, _to set_; {sitzen}, _to sit_: pret.
+{saȥ}, p.p. {gesëȥȥen}; {decken}, _to cover_: {dach}, _cover_; {lücke},
+_gap_: {loch}, _hole_. {zellen}, later {zeln}, _to count_: {zal},
+_number_. {vremmen}, later {vremen} (OE. {fremman}), _to perform_.
+{henne}, _hen_: {hane}, _cock_.
+
+In MHG. the double consonants in verbs were often simplified through the
+levelling out of forms which regularly had a single consonant, e.g.
+regular forms were: {vremmen}, _to perform_, sing. {vremme}, {vremes(t),
+vremet}, pl. {vremmen}, {vremmet}, {vremment}, pret. {vremete}, p.p.
+{gevremet}, then the stem-form with single {m} was levelled out into all
+the forms, and similarly with many other verbs, as {denen}, _to
+stretch_; {seln}, _to hand over_; {weln}, _to choose_; {wenen}, _to
+accustom_; {legen} beside {lecken} ({leggen}), _to lay_; and the strong
+verbs {biten}, _to beg_; {ligen} beside {licken (liggen)}, _to lie
+down_.
+
+
+§32.
+
+Double consonants were simplified:--
+
+1. When they became final, as {boc}, _buck_, {kus}, _kiss_, {man},
+_man_, {schif}, _ship_, {stum}, _dumb_, {vël}, _hide_, beside gen.
+{bockes}, {kusses}, {mannes}, {schiffes}, {stummes}, {vëlles}; pret.
+{maȥ}, {ran}, {traf}, beside {mëȥȥen}, _to measure_, {rinnen}, _to run_,
+{trëffen}, _to hit_.
+
+2. Before other consonants, as pret. {dacte (dahte), nante (nande),
+kuste}, beside {decken}, _to cover_, {nennen}, _to name_, {küssen}, _to
+kiss_.
+
+3. After consonants, as pret. {sante} ({sande}) from {*santte}, {wante}
+({wande}) from {*wantte}, beside {senden}, _to send_, {wenden}, _to
+turn_.
+
+4. After long vowels and diphthongs, as pret. sing. {leite} from
+{*leitte}, pret. pl. {māȥen}, {trāfen}, {vielen}, beside {leiten}, _to
+lead_, {mëȥȥen}, _to measure_, {trëffen}, _to hit_, {vallen}, _to fall_.
+This simplification of double consonants took place during the OHG.
+period, as {slāfan}, _to sleep_, {heiȥan}, _to call_, {loufan}, _to
+run_, {zeichan}, _token_, beside older OHG. {slāffan}, {heiȥȥan},
+{louffan}, {zeihhan}.
+
+
+§33.
+
+In MHG. the lenes {b, d, g} became the fortes {p, t, c (k)} when they
+ended a syllable, that is when they came to stand finally, or medially
+before a voiceless consonant. Traces of this law existed already in OHG.
+The interchange between the lenes and fortes includes two independent
+processes, viz. the change of the medial lenes {b, d, g} to the final
+fortes {p, t, k}, and the change of the final {f, s} to the medial
+intervocalic lenes {v} and to what is written {s} (cp. also NHG.
+{lesen}, {las}). It must be noted that in MHG. the interchanging pairs
+of consonants were all voiceless and that the difference merely
+consisted in the intensity or force with which the sounds were produced.
+This is quite different from NHG. where the interchange is between
+voiced and voiceless sounds except in the case of {f} which is voiceless
+in all positions in native words. Examples are: {gëben}, _to give_,
+{gelouben}, _to believe_, {wërben}, _to turn_, beside pret. {gap},
+{geloupte}, {warp}; gen. {lībes}, {lambes}, beside nom. {līp}, _life_,
+{lamp}, _lamb_. {binden}, _to bind_, {wërden}, _to become_, beside pret.
+{bant}, {wart}; gen. {kindes}, {tōdes}, beside nom. {kint}, _child_,
+{tōt}, _death_. {biegen}, _to bend_, {singen}, _to sing_, {zeigen}, _to
+show_, beside pret. {bouc}, {sanc}, {zeicte}; gen. {tages}, {bërges},
+beside nom. {tac}, _day_, {bërc}, _mountain_. {nëve}, _nephew_, beside
+{niftel}, _niece_; gen. {hoves}, {brieves}, beside nom. {hof}, _court_,
+{brief}, _letter_. {kiesen}, _to choose_, {lësen}, _to gather_, {lœsen},
+_to loose_, beside pret. {kōs}, {las}, {lōste}; pl. {hiuser}, beside
+sing. {hūs}, _house_.
+
+
+§34.
+
+Final {ch} after vowels interchanged with medial {h}, as {schuoch},
+_shoe_, gen. {schuohes}; {hōch}, _high_, gen. {hōhes}; {nāch}, _near_,
+adv. {nāhe}; pret. {geschach}, {sach}, beside {geschëhen}, _to happen_,
+{sëhen}, _to see_.
+
+The medial combinations {lh}, {rh} were written {lch}, {rch} when they
+came to stand finally, as {bevëlhen}, _to confide_, pret. {bevalch};
+gen. {schëlhes}, {twërhes}, beside nom. {schëlch}, {twërch}, _askew_,
+see §19. {h} (= {ch}) and {ch} often disappeared in unstressed syllables
+and particles, as {ē̆t}, _only_, {hīnte}, {hīnt}, _to-night_, {niet},
+_not_, {dur}, _through_, beside {ëht}, {hīnaht}, {niht}, {nieht},
+{durch}.
+
+
+§35.
+
+Initial {j} became or was written {g} before a following {i}, as
+{gihet}, _he assures_, beside inf. {jëhen}, pret. {jach}, and similarly
+{jësen}, _to ferment_, {jëten}, _to weed_. In the verba pura forms with
+and without the intervocalic glide {j} existed side by side in OHG. and
+MHG., as {blüejen} (OHG. {bluojen}) beside {blüen} (OHG. {bluoen}), _to
+bloom_; and similarly {dræjen}, _to twist_, {müejen}, _to trouble_,
+{sæjen}, _to sow_, beside {dræn}, {müen}, {sæn}. In a few words forms
+with and without intervocalic {j (g)} existed side by side, as gen.
+{blīges} beside nom. {blī}, _lead_; {eijer}, {eiger} beside {eier},
+_eggs_; {frījen}, {frīgen} beside {frīen}, _to free_; {meige}, {meie},
+_May_; {nerigen}, {nerjen} beside {nern}, _to save_, _rescue_;
+{swerigen}, {swerjen} beside {swern}, _to swear_; gen. {zwīges},
+{zwīes}, nom. {zwī}, _twig_; gen. {zweiger}, {zweier}, _of two_.
+
+
+§36.
+
+In OHG. {w} became vocalized to {o} when it came to stand at the end of
+a word or syllable, and then generally disappeared after long vowels,
+but the medial {w} regularly remained in OHG. and MHG. when it was at
+the beginning of a syllable, as {blā} (OHG. {blāo}, {blā}), _blue_, gen.
+{blāwes}; {snē} (OHG. {snēo}, {snē}), _snow_, gen. {snēwes}; {strō}
+(OHG. {strao}, {strō} by contraction), _straw_, gen. {strōwes}; {knie}
+(OHG. {kneo}), _knee_, gen. {kniewes}, OHG. {knëwes}; {schate} (OHG.
+{scato}), _shadow_, gen. {schat(e)wes}; pret. {blou}, {hiu}, {kou},
+beside {bliuwen}, _to strike_, {houwen}, _to hew_, {kiuwen}, _to chew_;
+{fal} (OHG. {falo}), _fallow_, gen. {falwes}; {gar} (OHG. {garo}),
+_ready_, gen. {garwes}; {mël} (OHG. {mëlo}), _meal_, gen. {mëlwes};
+{smër} (OHG. {smëro}), _fat_; pret. {smirte}, {ströute}, beside
+{smirwen}, _to smear_, {ströuwen}, _to strew_. See §9, r.
+
+The {w} element sometimes disappeared in the initial combinations
+{qua-}, {quā-}, {quë-}, {qui-}, {quī-} partly with and partly without
+influencing the quality of the following vowel, as pret. sing. {kam},
+{kom} beside {quam}, _he came_, pret. pl. {kōmen}, {kāmen} beside
+{quāmen}; {kāle} beside {quāle}, _torture_; {këc} beside {quec},
+_alive_; {korder}, {körder} beside {quërder}, _bait_; {komen}, {kömen},
+{kumen} beside {quëmen}, _to come_; pres. sing. {kume}, {küm(e)s(t)},
+{kum(e)s(t)}, {küm(e)t}, {kum(e)t} = OHG. {quimu}, {quimis}, {quimit};
+{kücken} beside {quicken}, _to enliven_; {kīt} beside {quīt} = {quidet},
+_he says_.
+
+
+§37.
+
+Medial {-ibe-}, {-ide-}, {-ige-} were sometimes contracted to {ī}; and
+medial {-age-}, {-ege-} to {ei}, as {gīst}, _thou givest_, {gīt}, _he
+gives_, beside {gibes(t)}, {gibet}; {quīst}, _thou sayest_, {quīt}, _he
+says_, beside {quides(t)}, {quidet}; {līst}, _thou liest down_, {līt},
+_he lies down_, beside {liges(t)}, {liget}. {meit} beside {maget},
+_maid_; {seist}, _thou sayest_, {seit}, _he says_, beside {sages(t)},
+{saget}; {leist}, _thou layest_, {leit}, _he lays_, beside {leges(t)},
+{leget}; {eislīch} beside {egeslīch}, _terrible_; {gein} beside {gegen},
+_against_.
+
+
+§38.
+
+Intervocalic {h} often disappeared when the first vowel was long, and
+then the two vowels underwent contraction, as {hān}, _to hang_, {vān},
+_to catch_, {vlēn}, _to implore_, {hō} (adv.), _high_, beside {hāhen},
+{vāhen}, {vlēhen}, {hōhe}. Other contracted forms will be found in the
+Glossary.
+
+
+§39.
+
+The final {r} disappeared after long vowels in monosyllables when the
+next word began with a consonant, but was often restored analogically,
+as {dā} (OHG. {dār}), _there_: {dārinne}, _therein_; {wā} (OHG. {wār}),
+_where_: {wārinne}, _wherein_; {hie} (OHG. {hiar}): {hierunder},
+_hereunder_; adv. {mē} (OHG. {mēr}), _more_; {ē} (OHG. {ēr}),
+_formerly_; {sā} (OHG. {sār}), _at once_.
+
+
+§40.
+
+Medial {t} (§25) became {d} after nasals in late OHG. and early MHG., as
+{senden}, _to send_, gen. {blindes} (nom. {blint}, _blind_), pret.
+{nande}, _he named_, {rūmde}, _he left_, beside early MHG. {senten},
+{blintes}, {nante}, {rūmte}. It also occasionally became {d} after {l},
+as {halden} beside {halten}, _to hold_, {solde} beside {solte}, pret. of
+{suln}, _shall_.
+
+
+
+
+ACCIDENCE
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+
+DECLENSION OF NOUNS
+
+§41.
+
+MHG. nouns have two numbers: singular and plural; three genders:
+masculine, feminine, and neuter, as in OHG. and NHG., from which the
+gender of nouns in MHG. does not materially differ; four cases:
+nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. Traces of an old locative
+occur in what is called the uninflected dative singular of {hūs},
+_house_, beside {hūse}, and in proper names like {Engellant} beside
+{Engellande}. The vocative is like the nominative.
+
+In MHG., as in the older periods of the other Germanic languages, nouns
+are divided into two great classes, according as the stem originally
+ended in a vowel or a consonant, cp. the similar division of nouns in
+Latin and Greek. Nouns whose stems originally ended in a vowel belong to
+the vocalic or so-called strong declension. Those whose stems originally
+ended in {-n} belong to the so-called weak or {n-}declension. All other
+consonantal stems are generally put together under the general heading,
+‘Minor Declensions’. In OHG. nouns whose stems originally ended in a
+vowel are subdivided into the {a-}declension including pure {a-}stems,
+{ja-}stems, and {wa-}stems; the {ō-}declension including pure {ō-}stems,
+{jō-}stems, and {wō-}stems; the {ī̆-}declension, and the {u-}declension.
+All the nouns belonging to the {u-}declension went over into other
+declensions in MHG. (cp. §§43, 44, 49). But as all final vowels either
+disappeared (some of them already in OHG.) or were weakened to {e} in
+MHG. (see §§7, 8), it is no longer practicable to retain the OHG.
+subdivision fully without entering into the oldest and in many cases
+into the prehistoric period of the language, which would be quite out of
+place in a MHG. grammar. The old ‘Minor Declensions’ had begun to pass
+over into the vocalic, especially into the {i-} and {a-}, declensions in
+the oldest OHG. The remnants of the old inflexions preserved in MHG.
+will be noted in the following paragraphs. The neuter nouns whose stems
+originally ended in {-os}, {-es} (cp. §47) are in this Primer included
+in the strong declension.
+
+
+A. THE VOCALIC OR STRONG DECLENSION.
+
+1. {Masculine Nouns.}
+
+§42.
+
+{First declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns which
+form their plural in {-e} only. It includes: (a) the old masculine
+{a-}stems; (b) the old masculine {wa-}stems which lost their final {-w}
+after long vowels in OHG., as {sē}, _sea_, gen. {sēwes}, pl. {sēwe}, and
+similarly {bū}, _dwelling_, {rē} (also neuter), _corpse_, {snē}, _snow_,
+see §36; and (c) the old masculine {i-}stems which could not have umlaut
+in the plural (§44).
+
+                               SING.
+
+       Nom. Acc. tac, _day_    kil, _quill_        engel, _angel_
+            Gen. tages         kil(e)s             engel(e)s
+            Dat. tage          kil(e)              engel(e)
+
+                               PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. Gen. tage          kil(e)             engel(e)
+            Dat. tagen         kil(e)n            engel(e)n
+
+On the interchange between fortis and lenis, as in {tac}, _day_, {lop},
+_praise_, {sant}, _sand_, {hof}, _court_, gen. {tages}, {lobes},
+{sandes}, {hoves}, see §33.
+
+Like {tac} are also declined the old consonantal stems {vīent}, _enemy_,
+and {vriunt}, _friend_, but pl. {vriunde} beside the old plural
+{vriunt}.
+
+Like {kil} are declined all monosyllabic masculine nouns having a short
+stem-vowel and ending in {-l} or {-r} (§9, 1).
+
+Like {engel} are declined masculine polysyllabic nouns ending in {-el},
+{-em}, {-en}, {-er}, when their stem-syllable is long, as {mantel},
+_mantle_, {ātem}, _breath_, {morgen}, _morning_, {acker}, _field_.
+Those in {-em}, {-en} generally retain the {e} in the dative plural.
+Polysyllabic nouns with short stem-syllables fluctuate between the
+retention or loss of the {e}, as gen. sing. {vogeles} or {vogels}, dat.
+sing, and nom. acc. pl. {vogele} or {vogel}, and similarly {vadem},
+_thread_, {rëgen}, _rain_, {sumer}, _summer_, see §9,2.
+
+
+§43.
+
+{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns
+whose nom. and acc. singular end in {-e}, which is the only difference
+between this and the first declension. It includes: (a) the old
+masculine {ja-}stems; (b) many old {u-}stems with short stem-syllable,
+as {fride} (OHG. {fridu}), _peace_, {site} (OHG. {situ}), _custom_, and
+similarly {huge}, _thought_, {mëte}, _mead_, {sige} beside {sic},
+_victory_, {wite}, _wood_ (see §36); (c) the old short {i-}stem {wine},
+_friend_; and (d) the old masculine {wa-}stem {schate} (gen.
+{schat(e)wes} beside {schates}), _shadow_.
+
+                SING.                   PLUR.
+
+     Nom. Acc. hirte, _shepherd_        hirte
+          Gen. hirtes                   hirte
+          Dat. hirte                    hirten
+
+
+§44.
+
+{Third declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns
+which form their plural in {-e} and with umlaut of the stem-vowel.
+It includes: (a) the old masculine {i-}stems; (b) the old masculine
+{u-}stem {sun} (OHG. {sunu}, {sun}), _son_; and (c) the two old
+consonant stems {fuoȥ}, _foot_, {zant} (gen. {zandes}), {zan}, _tooth_.
+
+                SING.                      PLUR.
+            MHG.     OHG.              MHG.     OHG.
+
+  Nom. Acc. gast     gast, _guest_     geste    gesti
+       Gen. gastes   gastes            geste    gesteo, -io
+       Dat. gaste    gaste             gesten   gestim
+
+The singular of nouns of this declension was inflected like the
+{a-}stems (§42) already in OHG. And owing to the weakening of the
+case-endings of the plural in passing from OHG. to MHG. (§7), the only
+difference in the two declensions is the presence or absence of umlaut
+in the plural. The old masculine {i-}stems which could not have umlaut
+in the plural accordingly came to be inflected entirely like the old
+masculine {a-}stems, as {schrit}, _step_, {snit}, _cut_, {biȥ}, _bite_,
+pl. {schrite}, {snite}, {biȥȥe}. A further consequence of the singular
+being inflected alike in both declensions is that the old {a-}stems
+began to have umlaut in the plural after the analogy of the {i-}stems,
+as {gedenke}, _thoughts_, {nägele}, _nails_, {wägene}, _wagons_, beside
+{gedanke}, {nagele}, {wagene}.
+
+Nouns ending in the fortis {p, t, c}, or {f} (= Germanic {f}) regularly
+change the fortis to lenis in the inflected forms, as {korp}, _basket_,
+{walt}, _wood_, {slac}, _blow_, {brief}, _letter_, gen. {korbes},
+{waldes}, {stages}, {brieves}.
+
+
+§45.
+
+The old consonant stems {vater}, _father_, {bruoder}, _brother_, often
+remain uninflected in the singular, as gen. {vater}, {bruoder} beside
+{vaters}, {bruoders} (cp. §9, 2). In the plural they take umlaut, as
+{veter}, {brüeder}. The old consonant stem {man}, _man_, is either
+declined like {tac} (§42) or remains uninflected throughout, as
+
+            SING.            PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. man              manne, man
+       Gen. mannes, man      manne, man
+       Dat. manne, man       mannen, man
+
+The nom. plural {man}, now written {mann}, is still preserved in
+counting, as {hundert mann}, _a hundred men_.
+
+
+2. {Neuter Nouns.}
+
+§46.
+
+{First Declension.}--To this declension belong all neuter nouns which
+have their nominative case singular and plural alike. It includes three
+different types of nouns: (a) The old neuter {a-}stems like {wort},
+_word_, {venster}, _window_. (b) The old neuter {ja-}stems like {künne},
+_race_, _generation_, {bette}, _bed_, {netze}, _net_. The characteristic
+of this type of noun is that it has umlaut in all forms of the singular
+and plural when the stem-vowel is capable of it (cp. §31, 3). And (c)
+the old neuter {wa-}stems (cp. §36) like {knie}, _knee_, gen. {kniewes}.
+
+                        SING.
+
+  Nom. Acc. wort    venster   künne   knie
+       Gen. wortes  vensters  künnes  kniewes (knies)
+       Dat. worte   venster   künne   kniewe (knie)
+
+                         PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. wort    venster   künne   knie
+       Gen. worte   venster   künne   kniewe (knie)
+       Dat. worten  venstern  künnen  kniewen (knien)
+
+(a) On the interchange between the fortes {p, t, c} and the lenes {b, d,
+g}, as in {grap}, _grave_, {gëlt}, _money_, {dinc}, _thing_, gen.
+{grabes}, {gëldes}, {dinges}, see §33.
+
+Like {venster} are declined the neuter polysyllabic nouns ending in
+{-el}, {-em}, {-en}, {-er}, as {luoder}, _bait_, {wāfen}, {wāpen},
+_weapon_; {schapel}, _garland_, {gadem}, _house_, {wëter}, _weather_. On
+the endings, see §§9, 42.
+
+(b) Like {künne} is also declined the old neuter {u-}stem {vihe} (OHG.
+{fihu}), _cattle_.
+
+(c) Like {knie} are declined {mël}, _meal_, {rē} (also masc.), _corpse_,
+{smër}, _fat_, {strō}, _straw_, {tou}, _dew_, {wē}, _woe_, gen.
+{mëlwes}, {rēwes}, {smërwes}, {strōwes}, {touwes}, {wēwes}, see §36.
+
+
+§47.
+
+{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all neuter nouns which
+form their plural in {-er} and by umlaut of the stem-vowel when it is
+capable of it. This class of nouns corresponds to the Latin neuters in
+{-us}, as {genus}, gen. {generis}, pl. {genera}. The {-er} (OHG. {-ir})
+was originally a stem-forming suffix which came to be regarded as a
+plural ending. In the oldest period of the language only about
+half-a-dozen nouns belonged to this class, but during the MHG. period
+nearly twenty neuter {a-}stems passed into this declension, and in NHG.
+the number has increased to about a hundred.
+
+                SING.                      PLUR.
+            MHG.     OHG.             MHG.      OHG.
+
+  Nom. Acc. lamp     lamb, _lamb_     lember    lembir
+       Gen. lambes   lambes           lember    lembiro
+       Dat. lambe    lambe            lembern   lembirum
+
+On the loss of the {e} in the gen. and dat. plural, see §9, 2.
+
+Other examples are: {ei} (pl. {eiger}, {eijer}, {eier}, §35), _egg_,
+{huon}, _hen_, {kalp}, _calf_, {rat}, _wheel_, {rint}, _bullock_, {tal},
+_dale_.
+
+
+3. {Feminine Nouns.}
+
+§48.
+
+{First declension.}--To this declension belong all feminine nouns having
+their nominative case singular and plural alike. It includes: (a) the
+old feminine {ō-}stems, as {gëbe}, _gift_, {sēle}, _soul_, {zal},
+_number_; (b) the old feminine {jō-}stems, as {küneginne}, {künegin},
+{künegīn}, _queen_, and similarly {vriundinne}, _friend_, {gütinne},
+_goddess_; (c) the old feminine {wō-}stems with and without {w}, as
+{brāwe}, {brā}, _brow_, pl. {brā} beside weak pl. {brāwen}; {diuwe},
+{diu}, _servant_; (d) the old feminine abstract nouns in {-ī}, as
+{vinster} (OHG. {finstrī}), _darkness_, {schœne} (OHG. {scōnī}),
+_beauty_; and (e) the old consonant stem, {swester}, {swëster},
+_sister_.
+
+                       SING.
+
+  Nom. Acc. gëbe       zal       vinster
+       Gen. gëbe       zal       vinster
+       Dat. gëbe       zal       vinster
+
+                       PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. gëbe       zal       vinster
+       Gen. gëben      zaln      vinstern
+       Dat. gëben      zaln      vinstern
+
+On the endings in nouns declined like {zal}, _number_, {dol}, _pain_,
+{wal}, _choice_, {nar}, _food_, {schar}, _flock_, and {vinster}, see §9,
+1,2.
+
+The gen. plural had the ending of the weak declension already in the
+oldest period of the language. Through the nom. singular and the gen.
+and dat. plural having the same endings as the feminine weak declension
+(§53), {ō-}stems began in OHG. to be inflected after the analogy of the
+weak declension, especially in the plural. This process spread
+considerably in MHG. with concrete nouns, but not often with abstract
+nouns.
+
+
+§49.
+
+{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all feminine nouns
+which form their plural in {-e} and have umlaut in the stem-vowel. It
+includes: (a) the old feminine {i-}stems; (b) the old {u-}stem {hant},
+_hand_; and (c) several old consonantal stems, see below.
+
+                    SING.                           PLUR.
+            MHG.              OHG.              MHG.    OHG.
+
+  Nom. Acc. anst              anst, _favour_    enste    ensti
+       Gen. enste _or_ anst   ensti             enste    ensteo, -io
+       Dat. enste _or_ anst   ensti             ensten   enstim
+
+In {jugent} (OHG. {jugund}, pl. {jugundi}), _youth_, gen. dat. {jugende}
+beside {jugent}, pl. {jugende}, the original {-i} being in the third
+syllable did not cause umlaut in the stem-syllable; and similarly
+{tugent}, _valour_.
+
+{hant}, _hand_, originally belonged to the {u-}declension, which
+explains forms like gen. sing, and plural {hande} beside {hende}, dat.
+pl. {handen} beside {henden}. The old gen. plural has been preserved in
+NHG. {allerhand}, and the dat. plural in {abhanden}, {beihanden},
+{vorhanden}, {zuhanden}.
+
+Several old consonant stems went over partly or entirely into this
+declension, viz. {maget}, {meit} (§37), _maid_, pl. {mägede} or {meide};
+{kuo}, _cow_, pl. {küeje} or {küewe} (OHG. {kuoi}), {sū}, _sow_, pl.
+{siuwe} (OHG. {sūi}); both these nouns generally remained uninflected in
+the gen. and dat. singular. {naht}, _night_, has gen. and dat. singular
+{naht} beside {nähte}; pl. nom. acc. gen. {naht} beside {nähte}, dat.
+{nahten} beside {nähten}, cp. also NHG. {weihnachten}, MHG. {zën wīhen
+nahten}. The MHG. adverbial gen. {nahts}, {dës nahtes} was formed after
+the analogy of {dës tages}. Like {naht} were also inflected {brust},
+_breast_, and {burc}, _citadel_.
+
+{muoter}, _mother_, and {tohter}, _daughter_, remain uninflected in the
+singular. In the plural they have umlaut: {müeter}, {töhter}.
+
+
+B. THE WEAK DECLENSION (N-STEMS).
+
+§50.
+
+The weak declension contains a large number of masculine and feminine
+nouns, but only four neuter nouns, viz. {hërze}, _heart_, {ōre}, _ear_,
+{ouge}, _eye_, and {wange}, _cheek_; these nouns, especially {hërze},
+sometimes form their nom. acc. plural after the analogy of nouns like
+{künne} (§46). The original case endings of the weak declension had
+disappeared in the oldest period of the language except in the nom.
+singular (masc. {-o}, fem., and neut. {-a}), the gen. pl. ({ōno}) and
+dat. pl. ({-ōm}). Owing to the weakening of the {-o}, {-a} to {-e} in
+MHG. the nom. singular became alike in all genders. And similarly the
+endings {-ōno}, {-ōm} and the endings of the other oblique forms were
+all weakened to {-en} in MHG. (§7), so that the element which originally
+formed part of the stem came to be regarded as a case ending.
+
+On the loss of the final and medial {e} in nouns like {ar}, _eagle_,
+{bir} (fem.), _pear_, {gevangen(e)}, _prisoner_, beside the inflected
+forms {arn}, {birn}, {gevangen} from {*gevangen-en} through the
+intermediate stage {*gevangenn}, see §9, 1,2.
+
+
+§51.
+
+1. {Masculine Nouns.}
+
+                  SING.
+            MHG.        OHG.
+
+       Nom. bote        boto, _messenger_
+       Acc. boten       boton, -un
+       Gen. boten       boten, -in
+       Dat. boten       boten, -in
+
+                   PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. boten       boton, -un
+       Gen. boten       botōno
+       Dat. boten       botōm
+
+
+§52.
+
+2. {Neuter Nouns.}
+
+                    SING.
+             MHG.           OHG.
+
+  Nom. Acc. hërze        hërza, _heart_
+       Gen. hërzen       hërzen, -in
+       Dat. hërzen       hërzen, -in
+
+                     PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. hërzen       hërzun, -on
+       Gen. hërzen       hërzōno
+       Dat. hërzen       hërzōm
+
+
+§53.
+
+3. {Feminine Nouns.}
+
+                  SING.
+             MHG.           OHG.
+
+       Nom. zunge        zunga, _tongue_
+       Acc. zungen       zungūn
+       Gen. zungen       zungūn
+       Dat. zungen       zungūn
+
+                   PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. zungen       zungūn
+       Gen. zungen       zungōno
+       Dat. zunge        zungōm
+
+
+C. DECLENSION OF PROPER NAMES.
+
+§54.
+
+Names of persons ending in {e} in the nominative follow the weak
+declension. Masculine names of persons take {-es} in the genitive, {-e}
+in the dative, and {-en} in the accusative after the analogy of the
+strong adjectives. The accusative ending {-en} was sometimes extended to
+the dative, and the dative ending {-e} to the accusative. And sometimes
+both these cases were without endings. Names of countries ending in
+{-lant} often have no ending in the dative, as {Engellant} beside
+{Engellande}, see §41. Feminine names of persons ending in a consonant
+take {-e} in the genitive, dative and accusative, but occasionally
+remain uninflected throughout.
+
+                         MASCULINE.
+
+            Nom. Sīfrit              Hagene
+            Gen. Sīfrides            Hagenen
+       Dat. Acc. Sīfrit, Sīfride(n)  Hagenen
+
+                             FEMININE.
+
+            Nom. Kriemhilt               Uote
+  Gen. Dat. Acc. Kriemhilde, Kriemhilt   Uoten
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+ADJECTIVES
+
+
+A. THE DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES.
+
+1. {The Strong Declension.}
+
+§55.
+
+The MHG. adjectives are declined as strong or weak. They have three
+genders, and the same cases as nouns. The endings of the strong
+declension are partly nominal and partly pronominal. The nominal endings
+are: the accusative feminine singular, as {blinde} like {gëbe} (§48);
+and the genitive singular masculine and neuter, as {blindes} like
+{tages}, {wortes} (§§43, 46). All the other endings are pronominal. The
+so-called uninflected form of adjectives in the nom. singular masculine
+and feminine and the nom. acc. neuter is a remnant of the time when
+adjectives and nouns were declined alike, see the Author’s Hist. Germ.
+Grammar, §§399-400. The strong declension includes three different types
+of adjectives, all of which are declined alike: (a) The old {a-}stems,
+as {blint}, infl. form {blinter}, _blind_; {bar}, _bare_, {guot},
+_good_, {heilec}, _holy_, {hol}, _hollow_, {michel}, _great_, {vinster},
+_dark_, and similarly with a very large number of adjectives, including
+the past participles of strong and weak verbs. (b) The old {ja-}stems,
+as {lære} (OHG. {lāri}), infl. {lærer}, _empty_; {dünne}, _thin_,
+{enge}, _narrow_, {grüene}, _green_, {niuwe}, _new_, {reine}, _pure_,
+{schœne}, _beautiful_, {senfte}, _soft_, {wilde}, _wild_, and many
+others, including the present participles of strong and weak verbs. The
+{ja-}stems only differ from the {a-}stems in having {-e} in the
+uninflected form and umlaut in the stem-syllable when it is capable of
+it. (c) The old {wa-}stems, as {blā} (OHG. {blāo}, {blā}), infl. form
+{blāwer}, _blue_; {gar} (OHG. {garo}), infl. form {garwer} (see §§9,1,
+36), _ready_; {grā}, _grey_, {val}, _fallow_, {gël}, _yellow_, {kal},
+_bald_, &c., all of which have {w} in the inflected forms.
+
+The adjectival {i-} and {u-}stems had come to be declined like the
+{ja-}stems in the prehistoric period of the language, but a few remnants
+of such adjectives have survived in MHG. in forms without the final {-e}
+beside those with it, as {bereit}, {bereite}, _ready_, {dic}, {dicke},
+_thick_, {gāch}, {gæhe}, _quick_, {grīs}, {grīse}, _old_, _grey_, {hēr},
+{hēre}, _high_, _noble_, {rasch}, {resche}, _quick_, {rīch}, {rīche},
+_noble_, {swā}, {swære}, _heavy_, {was}, {wasse}, _sharp_.
+
+                           SING.
+       _Masc._            _Neut._      _Fem._
+
+  Nom. blinder, _blind_   blindeȥ      blindiu
+  Acc. blinden            blindeȥ      blinde
+  Gen. blindes            blindes      blinder(e)
+  Dat. blindem(e)         blindem(e)   blinder(e)
+
+                    PLUR.
+
+  Nom.  blinde            blindiu      blinde
+  Acc.  blinde            blindiu      blinde
+  Gen.  blinder(e)        blinder(e)   blinder(e)
+  Dat.  blinden           blinden      blinden
+
+On the loss of the {-e} in {blindem(e), blinder(e)}, see §9, 2. Umlaut
+caused by the {-iu} occurs in the nom. sing. feminine and nom. acc. pl.
+neuter of {al}, _all_, and {ander}, _other, second_, as {älliu},
+{ändriu}. This rarely happens in other words.
+
+                       SING.
+         _Masc._             _Neut._      _Fem._
+
+  Nom.  micheler, _great_    michel(e)ȥ   micheliu
+  Acc.  michel(e)n           michel(e)ȥ   michel(e)
+  Gen.  michel(e)s           michel(e)s   michelre,
+                                          micheler
+  Dat.  michelme,            michelme,    michelre,
+        michel(e)m           michel(e)m   micheler
+
+                       PLUR.
+
+  Nom.  michel(e)            micheliu     michel(e)
+  Acc.  michel(e)            micheliu     michel(e)
+  Gen.  michelre,            michelre,    michelre,
+        micheler             micheler     micheler
+  Dat.  michel(e)n           michel(e)n   michel(e)n
+
+Like {michel} are inflected monosyllabic adjectives ending in {-l}, {-r}
+with a short stem-vowel, and polysyllabic adjectives ending in {-el},
+{-en}, {-er}, as {bar}, _bare_, {hol}, _hollow_; {zwīvel}, _doubtful_,
+{eigen}, _own_, {tougen}, _secret_, {ander}, _other, second_, {bitter},
+_bitter_, {vinster}, _dark_; {ëben}, _even_, {übel}, _evil, bad_, &c.
+See §9, 1,2.
+
+
+2. {The Weak Declension.}
+
+§56.
+
+The weak declension of adjectives agrees exactly with that of the nouns.
+
+         SING.
+
+        _Masc._           _Neut._    _Fem._
+
+  Nom.  blinde, _blind_   blinde     blinde
+  Acc.  blinden           blinde     blinden
+  Gen.  blinden           blinden    blinden
+  Dat.  blinden           blinden    blinden
+
+  Plural {blinden} for all cases and genders.
+
+
+B. THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
+
+§57.
+
+The comparative was formed by means of the suffix {-er(e)} = OHG.
+{-iro}, {-ōro}, and the superlative by means of the suffix {-est(e)} =
+OHG. {-isto}, {-ōsto}. On the loss of the medial or final {e} in such
+forms as {tiurre}, _dearer_, {tiurste}; {minner}, {minre}, _less_,
+{minnest}, {min(ne)ste}, see §9, 3. Most monosyllables have umlaut in
+the comparative and superlative either exclusively or have mutated
+beside unmutated forms. The cause of these double forms is in a great
+measure due to the two OHG. double suffixes: comp. {-iro}, {-ōro} and
+superl. {-isto}, {-ōsto} having fallen together in {-er(e)} and
+{-est(e)} in MHG., as {elter}, _older_, {ermer}, _poorer_, {jünger},
+_younger_, {grœȥer}, _greater_, {hœher}, _higher_, beside {alter},
+{armer}, {junger}, {grōȥer}, {hōher}; superl. {eltest}, {ermest},
+{jüngest}, {grœȥest}, {hœhest}, beside {altest}, {armest}, {jungest},
+{grōȥest}, {hōhest}. Adjectives which have umlaut in the positive
+regularly preserve it in the comparative and superlative.
+
+The comparative is declined weak, but the superlative is declined strong
+and weak.
+
+
+§58.
+
+The following adjectives form their comparative and superlative from a
+different root than the positive:--
+
+  guot, _good_,     beȥȥer, beȥȥest, beste (§23).
+  übel, _bad_,      wirser, wirsest, wir(se)ste.
+  lützel, _little_, minner, minre (§9, 3), minnest, min(ne)ste.
+  michel, _great_,  mērer, mēr(r)e, meiste.
+
+
+§59.
+
+The following adjectives are defective:--
+
+  ērer, ērre, ërre, _former_,  ērest, ērste, _first_.
+  hinder, _hinder_,            hinderste, _hindmost_.
+  ober, _upper_,               oberste, _uppermost_.
+                               leȥȥeste, leste (§23), _last_.
+  vorder, _former_,            vorderste, _foremost_.
+
+
+C. FORMATION OF ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES.
+
+§60.
+
+1. By adding {-e} (= OHG. {-o}) to the adjective when this does not
+already end in {-e}, as {ëben}, _even_, {hōch}, _high_, {lanc}, _long_:
+adv. {ëbene}, {hōhe}, {lange}; {edele} (OHG. {edili}), _noble_, {übel}
+(OHG. {ubil}), _evil_: adv. {edele} (OHG. {edilo}), {übele} (OHG.
+{ubilo}).
+
+2. Dissyllabic adjectives ending in {-e} and containing a mutated
+stem-vowel change it to the corresponding unmutated vowel, when used as
+adverbs, as {schœne} (OHG. {scōni}), _beautiful_, {herte}, _hard_,
+{senfte}, _soft_, {süeȥe}, _sweet_, {swære}, _heavy_: adv. {schōne},
+{harte}, {sanfte}, {suoȥe}, {swāre}.
+
+3. By adding {-līche} or {-līchen} to the adjective, as {ganz}, _whole_,
+{vlīȥec}, _diligent_: adv. {ganzlīche(n), vlīȥeclīche(n)}.
+
+4. The comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs are the same as
+the corresponding uninflected forms of the adjectives without umlaut:--
+
+  Adjective lanc, _long_  lenger         lengest.
+  Adverb    lange         langer         langest
+                    (OHG. langōr)  (OHG. langōst).
+
+
+§61.
+
+The following are irregular:--
+
+  wol, _well_   baȥ, _better_                best(e), _best_.
+                wirs, _worse_                wirsest, wirste, _worst_.
+                min, minner, minre, _less_   minnest, minste, _least_.
+                mē, mēr, mēre, _more_        meist, meiste, _most_.
+                ē, _formerly_                ēr(e)st, ērste, _first_.
+
+
+§62.
+
+D. NUMERALS.
+
+  CARDINAL.                             ORDINAL.
+  ein, -er, -eȥ, -iu, _one_             ērste
+  zwei, _two_                           ander
+  drī, _three_                          dritte
+  vier, _four_                          vierde
+  fünf (finf), _five_                   fünfte, finfte
+  sëhs, _six_                           sëhste
+  siben, _seven_                        sibende, -te
+  ahte, _eight_                         ahtede, ahte
+  niun, _nine_                          niunde, -te
+  zëhen, _ten_                          zëhende, -te
+  einlif (eilif), _eleven_              ei(n)lifte, eilfte
+  zwelf, _twelve_                       zwelfte
+  drīzëhen, _thirteen_                  drīzëhende
+  vierzëhen, _fourteen_                 vierzëhende
+  fünfzëhen, _fifteen_                  fünfzëhende
+  sëh(s)zëhen, _sixteen_                së(h)szëhende
+  sibenzëhen, _seventeen_               sibenzëhende
+  ah(t)zëhen, _eighteen_                ah(t)zëhende
+  niunzëhen, _nineteen_                 niunzëhende
+  zweinzic (_or_ -zec), _twenty_        zweinzigeste
+  drīȥic           „    _thirty_        drīȥigeste
+  vierzic          „    _forty_         vierzigeste
+  fünfzic          „    _fifty_         fünfzigeste
+  sëhszic          „    _sixty_         sëhszigeste
+  sibenzic         „    _seventy_       sibenzigeste
+  ah(t)zic         „    _eighty_        ah(t)zigeste
+  niunzic          „    _ninety_        niunzigeste
+  zëhenzic              _hundred_       zëhenzigeste
+    _or_ hundert                           _or_ hundertste
+  zwei hunt             _two hundred_   zweihundertste
+    _or_ hundert
+  tūsent                _thousand_      tūsenste
+  zwei tūsent           _two thousand_  zweitūsentste
+
+
+§63.
+
+{Ein} follows the strong declension, when used as a numeral. The dat.
+{einme} is generally contracted to {eime} (§9, 3). When {ein} is used in
+the sense of _alone_, it follows the weak declension. On the inflexion
+of {ander}, _second_, see §55. {Zwei} and {drī} are declined as
+follows:--
+
+            _Masc._           _Neut._         _Fem._
+
+  Nom. Acc. zwēne             zwei            zwō, zwuo, zwā
+       Gen. zwei(g)er (§35)   zwei(g)er       zwei(g)er
+       Dat. zwein, zweien     zwein, zweien   zwein, zweien
+
+  Nom. Acc. drī, dr[i]e       driu            drī, drīe
+       Gen. drī(g)er (§35)    drī(g)er        drī(g)er
+       Dat. drī̆n, drīen       drī̆n, drī̆en     drī̆n, drīen
+
+
+§64.
+
+The other cardinals up to twelve are sometimes inflected; when such is
+the case the endings are:--
+
+       _Masc. and Fem._   _Neut._
+
+  Nom. Acc.  -e             -iu
+       Gen.  -er            -er
+       Dat.  -en            -en
+
+  {hundert} and {tūsent} are neuter nouns.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+
+PRONOUNS
+
+§65.
+
+1. PERSONAL.
+
+               SING.
+
+  Nom. ich, _I_         du, dū, _thou_
+  Acc. mich             dich
+  Gen. mīn              dīn
+  Dat. mir              dir
+
+                PLUR.
+
+  Nom. wir              ir
+  Acc. unsich, uns      iuch
+  Gen. unser            iuwer
+  Dat. uns              iu
+
+                         SING.
+
+      _Masc._     _Neut._           _Fem._
+
+  Nom. ër, _he_   ëȥ, _it, there_   si, sī, siu, sie, _she_
+  Acc. in         ëȥ                sie, si, sī
+  Gen. (ës)       ës                ir(e)
+  Dat. im(e)      im(e)             ir(e)
+
+                          PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. si, sī, sie (Neut. also siu), _they_
+       Gen. ir(e)
+       Dat. in
+
+  NOTE.--1. The gen. {ir} is often used as a possessive pronoun. For
+  {ëȥ} the form {iȥ} sometimes appears.
+
+  2. For the acc. pl. {unsich} the dat. {uns} is mostly used. {iu} is
+  often used for {iuch}, and _vice versa_. {im}, {ir} are more usual
+  than {ime}, {ire}.
+
+  3. The unstressed forms of personal pronouns are often attached to
+  other words, as {ichȥ}, {iȥ} = {ich ëȥ}; {ichne}, {ine}, {ichn}
+  = {ich ne} (_not_); {tuostu} = {tuost du}; {dune}, {dun} = {du ne}
+  (_not_); {tuoȥ} = {tuo ëȥ}; {eist}, {ēst} = {ëȥ ist}; {deiȥ}
+  = {daȥ ëȥ}; {mohter} = {mohte ër}; {baten} = {bat in}; {wirȥ}
+  = {wir ëȥ}, &c.
+
+
+§66.
+
+2. REFLEXIVE.
+
+          SING.         PLUR.
+
+  Acc.  sich             sich
+  Gen.  sīn  (fem. ir)   ir
+  Dat.  im, ir           in
+
+
+§67.
+
+3. POSSESSIVE.
+
+{mīn}, _my_; {dīn}, _thy_; {sīn}, _his_; {ir}, _her_; {unser}, _our_;
+{iuwer}, _your_; {ir}, _their_.
+
+They are declined like the strong adjective {michel}, _great_ (§55). The
+dat. sing. forms {dīnme}, {sīnme} are generally contracted to {dīme},
+{sīme}, see §9, 3.
+
+
+§68.
+
+4. DEMONSTRATIVE.
+
+                     SING.
+          _Masc._     _Neut._  _Fem._
+
+  Nom.    dër, _the_  daȥ      diu
+  Acc.    dën         daȥ      die
+  Gen.    dës         dës      dër(e)
+  Dat.    dëm(e)      dëm(e)   dër(e)
+  Instr.              diu
+
+                      PLUR.
+          _Masc._     _Neut._   _Fem._
+
+  Nom.    die         diu       die
+  Acc.    die         diu       die
+  Gen.    dër(e)      dër(e)    dër(e)
+  Dat.    dën         dën       dën
+
+Like {dër} is also declined {jener}, _that_, except that the Nom., Acc.
+sg. neut. ends in {-eȥ}. {dër}, &c., is used both as definite article
+and relative pronoun.
+
+  NOTE.--1. For the fem. nom. sing. and the neut. nom. acc. pl. {diu},
+  the form {die} was sometimes used; and conversely {diu} for {die} in
+  the fem. acc. singular. {diu} and {die} were sometimes weakened to
+  {de}, and to {d’} before words beginning with a vowel. {daȥ} was
+  sometimes weakened to {deȥ}, and still further to {ȥ} which was then
+  attached to a preceding word, as {lātȥ kind} = {lāt daȥ kint};
+  {anȥ} {inȥ} = {an}, {in daȥ}. {dēst}, {deis}, {dēs} = {daȥ ist}.
+
+  2. The various cases were often fused into one word with
+  prepositions, as {anme}, {ame}, {am} = {an dëme}; {zëme}, {zëm} = {ze
+  dëme}; {ūfme} = {ūf dëme}; {zër} = {ze dër} (fem.); {übern} = {über
+  dën}; {ūfën} = {ūf dën}; {zën} = {ze dën}.
+
+                          SING.
+       _Masc._                      _Neut._           _Fem._
+
+  Nom. dirre (diser, dise), _this_  ditze, diz, diȥ   disiu
+  Acc. disen                        ditze, diz, diȥ   dise
+  Gen. dises                        dises             dirre
+  Dat. disem(e)                     disem(e)          dirre
+
+                                   PLUR.
+
+  Nom. dise                         disiu             dise
+  Acc. dise                         disiu             dise
+  Gen. dirre                        dirre             dirre
+  Dat. disen                        disen             disen
+
+
+5. RELATIVE.
+
+§69.
+
+A relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the
+Germanic languages, and accordingly the separate languages expressed it
+in various ways. In MHG. the following pronouns and adverbial particles
+were used to express it:--
+
+1. {dër}, {daȥ} (also used as a conjunction), {diu}, also in combination
+with the particles {dar der dā}. 2. {sō}, {alsō} ({alse}, {als}), _as_;
+{sam} ({alsam}), _as_. 3. {dā(r)}, _where_, {dar}, _thither, whither_,
+{darinne}, _therein_, {dannen}, _wherefrom_, {darumbe}, _therefore_,
+{dō}, _when, as._ 4. Indefinite relatives, as {swër} (from {sō wër}),
+_whoever_, {swelch}, _each who_, {swëder}, _who of two_; {swā}, {swar},
+_wherever_, {swannen}, {swanne} ({swenne}), _whenever_, {swie},
+_however, howsoever._ 5. The conjunction {unde}, _and_.
+
+
+6. INTERROGATIVE.
+
+§70.
+
+The MHG. simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the
+feminine, and is declined in the singular only.
+
+          _Masc. Fem._    _Neut._
+
+  Nom.    wër, _who_        waȥ
+  Acc.    wën               waȥ
+  Gen.    wës               wës
+  Dat.    wëm(e)            wëm(e)
+  Instr.                    wiu
+
+In the same manner are declined the compounds:
+
+{swër} (from {sō wër}), _whoever_, {etewër}, {eteswër}, _anyone_,
+{neiȥwër} (= {ne weiȥ wër}, _I do not know who_), _anyone_.
+
+{wëder}, _who of two_, is declined like a strong adjective; {welīch}
+({welch}), _which_, is also declined like a strong adjective, but the
+nom. singular remains uninflected.
+
+
+7. INDEFINITE.
+
+§71.
+
+{ander}, _other_; {dechein}, {dehein}, {dekein}, _no, none_; {dewëder},
+_neither_; {ein}, _one, some one_: when {ein} is used with the meaning
+_alone_ it follows the weak declension; {etelīch}, {etlīch}, {eteslīch},
+{etslīch}, _anyone, many a_, pl. = _some_; {etewër}, {eteswër},
+_anyone_; {etewaȥ}, _anything_; {iegelīch}, {ieslīch}, {iegeslīch},
+_each_; {ieman}, {iemen}, _someone, somebody_; {iewëder}, {ietwëder},
+_each_; {iewelīch}, {iewelich}, _each_; {iewiht}, {iht}, _anything_;
+{kein}, _no_; {man}, _one_; {manec}, _many a_, declined {maneger},
+{manegeȥ}, {manegiu}, &c.; {nehein}, _no, none_; {niht}, _nothing_;
+{solch}, _such_, declined like {manec}; {sum}, _any one at all_, pl.
+_some_; {sumelīch}, {sumlīch}, _many a_; {swelch}, _each who_; {swër},
+_whoever_; {wëder}, _which of two_; {welīch} ({welch}), _which_,
+declined like {manec}.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+
+VERBS
+
+§72.
+
+The MHG. verb has the following independent forms:--one voice (active),
+two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and preterite), two
+complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter originally the
+optative), besides an imperative which is only used in the present
+tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive, and the gerund,
+generally called the inflected infinitive), a present participle with
+active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past participle).
+
+The MHG. verbs are divided into two great classes:--Strong and Weak. The
+strong verbs form their preterite (originally the perfect) and past
+participle by means of ablaut (§12). The weak verbs form their preterite
+by the addition of the syllable {-te}, and their past participle by
+means of a {t}-suffix. The strong verbs were originally further
+sub-divided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. The
+reduplication had, however, entirely disappeared in the oldest period of
+the language. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes
+according to the six ablaut-series (§12). The originally reduplicated
+verbs are put together here and called Class VII. Besides these two
+great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others which
+will be treated under the general heading _Minor Groups_.
+
+
+A. STRONG VERBS.
+
+§73.
+
+We are able to conjugate a MHG. strong verb when we know the four stems,
+as seen in (1) the infinitive or first pers. sing. of the present
+indicative, (2) the first or third pers. sing. of the preterite
+indicative, (3) the first pers. plural of the preterite indicative, (4)
+the past participle. The pret. subjunctive and the second pers. pret.
+indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret. plural indicative.
+
+
+§74.
+
+The conjugation of {nëmen}, OHG. {nëman}, _to take_, will serve as a
+model for all strong verbs.
+
+                              _Present._
+
+             INDIC.                           SUBJ.
+           MHG.           OHG.              MHG.      OHG.
+  Sing. 1. nime           nimu              nëme      nëme
+        2. nimes(t)       nimis(t)          nëmes(t)  nëmēs(t)
+        3. nimet          nimit             nëme      nëme
+  Plur. 1. nëmen          nëmemēs, -ēm      nëmen     nëmēm
+        2. nëmet          nëmet             nëmet     nëmēt
+        3. nëment         nëmant            nëmen     nëmēn
+
+             IMPER.                           INFIN.
+           MHG.           OHG.              MHG.      OHG.
+  Sing. 2. nim            nim               nëmen     nëman
+  Plur. 1. nëmen          nëmemēs, -ēm
+        2. nëmet, (-ent)  nëmet
+
+                                                      GERUND.
+                                                 MHG.        OHG.
+                                          Gen. nëmen(n)es  nëmannes
+                                          Dat. nëmen(n)e   nëmanne
+
+                                               PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
+                                               nëmende     nëmanti
+
+                            _Preterite._
+
+             INDIC.            SUBJ.
+           MHG.    OHG.      MHG.        OHG.
+  Sing. 1. nam     nam       næme      nāmi
+        2. næme    nāmi      næmes(t)  nāmīst
+        3. nam     nam       næme      nāmi
+  Plur. 1. nāmen   nāmum     næmen     nāmīm
+        2. nāmet   nāmut     næmet     nāmīt
+        3. nāmen   nāmun     næmen     nāmīn
+
+              PAST PARTICIPLE.
+
+           MHG.       OHG.
+           genomen    ginoman
+
+  NOTE.--The {e} in the endings is regularly lost according to the
+  rule given in §9,1, as sing. {stil}, {stilst}, {stilt}, inf.
+  {stëln}, _to steal_; sing. {var}, {verst}, {vert}, inf. {varn}, _to
+  go_. It was also frequently lost in the third pers. sing. pres.
+  indicative of other verbs, as {vint} = {vindet}, {siht} = {sihet},
+  see §9,4 note. The {n} in the first pers. plural was sometimes
+  dropped when the pronoun came after the verb, as {nëme wir} = {nëmen
+  wir}.
+
+  The imperative singular sometimes has {-e} after the analogy of weak
+  verbs (§90).
+
+  The OHG. forms given above show in what forms umlaut regularly took
+  place, viz. in the second and third pers. singular of the pres.
+  indicative, when possible, in the second pers. singular of the pret.
+  indicative, and in the pret. subjunctive. The second pers. singular
+  of the pret. indicative always has the same stem-vowel as the pret.
+  subjunctive. On the absence of umlaut in the pret. subjunctive of
+  certain types of verbs, see §10, note. Forms without and with umlaut
+  are found in the second and third pers. singular of the present in
+  verbs belonging to Class VII, as {slāfes(t)}, {slāfet} beside
+  {slæfes(t)}, {slæfet}.
+
+  Concerning the changes between {i, ë}; {u, o}; {iu}, {ie}; {ei, ē};
+  {ou, ō} in the various classes of strong verbs, see §§14-17.
+
+
+THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE STRONG VERBS.
+
+§75.
+
+We shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation
+of vowels and consonant changes. All other verbs occurring in the texts
+will be found in the Glossary referred to their proper class.
+
+
+CLASS I.
+
+§76.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the first ablaut-series (§12) and
+therefore have {ī} in all forms of the present; {ei} in the first and
+third pers. sing. of the preterite, but {ē} before {ch} (= Germanic {h},
+§23), and finally (§17); and {i} in the preterite plural and past
+participle, thus:--
+
+  bīten, _to wait_        beit   biten   gebiten
+  swīgen, _to be silent_  sweic  swigen  geswigen
+  trīben, _to drive_      treip  triben  getriben
+
+And similarly {belīben}, _to remain_, {bīȥen}, _to bite_, {rīben}, _to
+rub_, {rīten}, _to ride_, {schīnen}, _to shine_, {schrīben}, _to write_,
+{sīgen}, _to sink_, {strīten}, _to quarrel_.
+
+  snīden, _to cut_    sneit   sniten         gesniten
+  dīhen, _to thrive_  dēch    digen          gedigen
+  rīsen, _to fall_    reis    rirn (risen)   gerirn (gerisen)
+
+And similarly {līden}, _to suffer_, {mīden}, _to avoid_, {nīden}, _to
+envy_, {līhen}, _to lend_, {zīhen}, _to accuse_. See §30.
+
+
+§77.
+
+The following two verbs which are also used as weak verbs have mixed
+forms in the preterite and past participle:--
+
+  schrīen, _to scream_  schrē   schriuwen  geschriuwen
+                        schrei  schrūwen   geschrūwen
+                                schrirn    geschrirn
+  spīwen, _to vomit_    spē     spiwen     gespiwen
+                        spei    spiuwen    gespiuwen
+                                spūwen     gespūwen
+                                spirn      gespirn
+
+
+CLASS II.
+
+§78.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the second ablaut-series (§12) and
+therefore have {ie} in the present, but {iu} in the present singular
+(§16); {ou} in the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, but {ō}
+before {t, ȥ, s} and {ch} (= Germanic {h}), §18; {u} in the pret.
+plural; and {o} in the past participle, thus:--
+
+  biegen, _to bend_      biuge     bouc    bugen      gebogen
+  triefen, _to drop_     triufe    trouf   truffen    getroffen
+  bieten, _to offer_     biute     bōt     buten      geboten
+  schieȥen, _to shoot_   schiuȥe   schōȥ   schuȥȥen   geschoȥȥen
+
+And similarly {klieben}, _to cleave_, {kriechen}, _to creep_, {liegen},
+_to lie_, {riechen}, _to smell_, {schieben}, _to shove_, {vliegen}, _to
+fly_; {dieȥen}, _to roar_, {gieȥen}, _to pour_, {vlieȥen}, _to flow_.
+
+  sieden, _to seethe_  siude  sōt   suten  gesoten
+  ziehen, _to draw_    ziuhe  zōch  zugen  gezogen
+  kiesen, _to choose_  kius   kōs   kurn   gekorn
+
+And similarly {vliehen}, _to flee_, {niesen}, _to sneeze_, {verliesen},
+_to lose_, {vriesen}, _to freeze_. See §30.
+
+
+§79.
+
+On the stem-vowels in the following verbs, see §16, note and §36:--
+
+  bliuwen, _to strike_  bliuwe  blou  blūwen
+                                      bliuwen   gebliuwen
+                                      blouwen   geblouwen
+
+And similarly {briuwen}, _to brew_, {kiuwen}, _to chew_, {riuwen}, _to
+pain_.
+
+
+§80.
+
+To this class also belong the three aorist presents:--
+
+  lūchen, _to shut_       liuche    louch  luchen  gelochen
+                           (lūche)
+  sūfen, _to gulp down_   sūfe      souf   suffen  gesoffen
+  sūgen, _to suck_        sūge      souc   sugen   gesogen
+
+
+CLASS III.
+
+§81.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the third ablaut-series (§12), and
+include the strong verbs having a medial nasal or a liquid + consonant.
+Those with nasal + consonant have {i} throughout the present tense and
+{u} in the past participle; the others have {i} in the present singular,
+{ë} in the plural, and {o} in the past participle (see §§14, 15),
+thus:--
+
+  binden, _to bind_  binde   bant   bunden   gebunden
+  rinnen, _to run_   rinne   ran    runnen   gerunnen
+  singen, _to sing_  singe   sanc   sungen   gesungen
+
+And similarly {brinnen}, _to burn_, {dringen}, _to press_, {entrinnen},
+_to escape_, {gelingen}, _to succeed_, {gewinnen}, _to gain_,
+{schrinden}, _to split_, {sinken}, _to sink_, {sinnen}, _to reflect_,
+{spinnen}, _to spin_, {swimmen}, _to swim_, {trinken}, _to drink_,
+{vinden} (p.p. {vunden}), _to find_, {winden}, _to wind_. {beginnen},
+_to begin_, pret. sing. {began} beside {begunde}, {begonde}, pl.
+{begunden}, p.p. {begunnen}.
+
+  bërgen, _to hide_    birge    bare    burgen    geborgen
+  hëlfen, _to help_    hilfe    half    hulfen    geholfen
+  stërben, _to die_    stirbe   starp   sturben   gestorben
+
+And similarly {bevëlhen}, _to order_, {emphëlhen}, {enphëlhen}, _to
+recommend_, {gëlten}, _to pay_, {mëlken}, _to milk_, {schëlten}, _to
+revile_, {swëllen}, _to swell_, {verdërben}, _to destroy_, {wërfen}, _to
+throw_, {wërren}, _to confuse_, {wërden}, _to become_, pret. pl.
+{wurten}, {wurden}, p.p. {worten}, {(ge)worden}, see §30.
+
+
+CLASS IV.
+
+§82.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the fourth ablaut-series (§12). They
+include those strong verbs which have a liquid or a nasal before or
+after the stem-vowel, and a few others, thus:--
+
+    ë                   i             a       ā         o
+  nëmen, _to take_     nime          nam     nāmen     genomen
+  bërn, _to bear_      bir (§9, 1)   bar     bāren     geborn
+  stëln, _to steal_    stil (§9, 1)  stal    stālen    gestoln
+  brëchen, _to break_  briche        brach   brāchen   gebrochen
+  vëhten, _to fight_   vihte         vaht    vāhten    gevohten
+
+And similarly {schërn}, _to shear_, {schrëcken}, _to frighten_,
+{sprëchen}, _to speak_, {vlëhten}, _to plait_, {zëmen} (p.p. also
+{gezëmen}), _to be befitting_, {stëchen}, _to prick_, {trëffen} (p.p.
+{troffen}), _to hit_; {dreschen}, _to thrash_, {leschen}, _to be
+extinguished_, see §11, 1. {komen} (OHG. {quëman}), _to come_, {kume},
+{quam}, {quāmen}, {komen}; on other forms of this verb, see §36.
+
+
+CLASS V.
+
+§83.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-series (§12). They
+include the strong verbs containing a medial consonant other than a
+nasal or liquid, thus:--
+
+    {ë}              {i}         {a}    {ā}     {ë}
+  gëben, _to give_   gibe        gap    gāben   gegëben
+  jëhen, _to say_    gihe (§35)  jach   jāhen   gejëhen
+  sëhen, _to see_    sihe        sach   sāhen   gesëhen
+  wëgen, _to move_   wige        wac    wāgen   gewëgen
+
+And similarly {geschëhen}, _to happen_, {knëten}, _to knead_, {mëȥȥen},
+_to measure_, {pflëgen}, _to be accustomed_, {trëten}, _to tread_,
+{vergëȥȥen}, _to forget_, {wëben}, _to weave_.
+
+  wësen, _to be_   wise   was   wāren   gewësen
+
+And similarly {genësen} (pret. pl. also {genāsen}), _to recover_,
+{jësen}, _to ferment_, {lësen} (pret. pl. also {lāsen}), _to gather,
+read_. See §30.
+
+  ëȥȥen, _to eat_        iȥȥe     āȥ(aȥ)   āȥen     gëȥȥen (§9,7)
+  vrëȥȥen, _to devour_   vriȥȥe   vrāȥ     vrāȥen   vrëȥȥen
+
+These verbs had a long vowel in the pret. singular in the oldest period
+of all the Germanic languages, cp. also Lat. {ēdī}.
+
+
+§84.
+
+To this class also belong the three verbs:--
+
+  bit(t)en, _to beg_     bite    bat   bāten   gebëten
+  ligen, _to lie down_   lige    lac   lāgen   gelëgen
+  sitzen, _to sit_       sitze   saȥ   sāȥen   gesëȥȥen
+
+{bit(t)en}, OHG. {bitten} from {*bidjan}; {ligen}, OHG. {liggen} from
+{*ligjan}; {sitzen}, OHG. {sitzen} from {*sitjan}, see §§14, 31,3. The
+inf. {ligen} is sometimes contracted to {līn}, see §37.
+
+
+CLASS VI.
+
+§85.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-series (§12), and
+accordingly have {a} in the present; {uo} in the pret. singular and
+plural; and {a} in the past participle. They have umlaut in the second
+and third pers. singular, as {grebes(t)}, {grebet}; {verst}, {vert}. See
+§10.
+
+  graben, _to dig_     gruop   gruoben   gegraben
+  tragen, _to carry_   truoc   truogen   getragen
+  maln, _to grind_     muol    muolen    gemaln
+  varn, _to go_        vuor    vuoren    gevarn
+
+And similarly {laden}, _to load_, {nagen}, _to gnaw_, {schaffen}, _to
+create_, {spanen}, _to entice_, {waschen}, _to wash_, {wahsen}, _to
+grow_, {waten}, _to wade_.
+
+  slahen, _to strike_   sluoc   sluogen   geslagen
+  twahen, _to wash_     twuoc   twuogen   getwagen
+
+See §30. The pret. sing. {sluoc}, {twuoc} for {*sluoch}, {*twuoch} were
+formed after the analogy of the pret. plural.
+
+
+§86.
+
+To this class also belong:--
+
+  stān, stēn (§96),
+    _to stand_                stuont    stuonden    gestanden
+  entseben (older entseven),
+    _to perceive_             entsuop   entsuoben   entsaben
+  gewähenen,
+    _to mention_              gewuoc    gewuogen    gewagen
+  heben (older heven),
+    _to raise_                huop      huoben      gehaben
+  swern (see §35),
+    _to swear_                swuor     swuoren     geswarn}
+                                                    gesworn}
+
+The pret. singular {stuont}, {entsuop}, {gewuoc}, {huop} for {*stuot}
+(cp. Engl. {stood}), {*entsuof}, {*gewuoch}, {*huof} were formed after
+the analogy of the pret. plural. On the {b, g} in the pret. plural, see
+§30. The last four verbs in the list originally had a {j} in the
+present, which accounts for the umlaut, cp. OHG. {heffen}, Goth.
+{hafjan}, _to raise_. {heben} had its {b} from forms where it was
+regular.
+
+
+CLASS VII.
+
+§87.
+
+To this class belong the verbs which originally had reduplicated
+preterites. The present and past participle have the same stem-vowel;
+and the preterite singular and plural have {ie}. In OHG. the verbs which
+had {a, ā} or {ei} in the present had {ia} (older {ea, ē}) in the
+preterite; and those which had {ou (ō)}, {uo} in the present had {io}
+(older {eo}) in the preterite. But in MHG. the {ia} and {io} regularly
+fell together in {ie} (§11, 3), so that all the preterites had {ie}.
+
+  bannen, _to banish_   bien    bienen    gebannen
+  halten, _to hold_     hielt   hielten   gehalten
+  slāfen, _to sleep_    slief   sliefen   geslāfen
+  heiȥen, _to call_     hieȥ    hieȥen    geheiȥn
+  loufen, _to run_      lief    liefen    geloufen
+  ruofen, _to call_     rief    riefen    geruofen
+
+And similarly {halsen}, _to embrace_, {salzen}, _to salt_, {spalten},
+_to split_, {spannen}, _to span_, {vallen}, _to fall_, {valten}, _to
+fold_, {wallen}, _to bubble_; {bāgen}, _to quarrel_, {blāsen}, _to
+blow_, {brāten}, _to roast_, {lāȥen} (see also §99), _to let_, _leave_,
+{rāten}, _to advise_; {meiȥen}, _to cut_, {scheiden}, _to separate_,
+{sweifen}, _to rove_; {bōȥen}, _to strike_, {stōȥen}, _to push_,
+{houwen} (pret. {hiu} and {hie}, pl. {hiuwen}, {hiewen}), _to hew_,
+{wuofen}, _to bewail_.
+
+  gān, gēn, _to go_          gienc (gie)  giengen  (ge)gangen
+  hāhen (§29) }
+  hān (§38)   }, _to hang_   hienc (hie)  hiengen  gehangen
+  vāhen (§29) }
+  vān (§38)   }, _to catch_  vienc (vie)  viengen  gevangen
+  erren, ern, _to plough_    ier          ieren     gearn
+
+On the interchange between {h} and {ng}, see §30; {erren}, {ern} from
+older {*arjan}.
+
+
+B. WEAK VERBS.
+
+§88.
+
+The OHG. weak verbs were divided into three great classes according as
+the infinitive ended in {-en} from older {*-jan}, {-on}, or {-ēn}.
+
+The characteristic endings of the three OHG. classes were:--
+
+                       _Present._
+               CLASS I.            CLASS II.   CLASS III.
+
+  Indic. sing.  -u,                  -ōn,        -ēn
+                -is(t)               -ōs(t)      -ēs(t)
+                -it                  -ōt         -ēt
+    „    plur.  -ēn                  -ōn         -ēn
+                -et                  -ōt         -ēt
+                -ent                 -ōnt        -ēnt
+
+  Subj. sing.   -e                   -o          -e
+                -ēs(t)               -ōs(t)      -ēs(t)
+                -e                   -o          -e
+    „   plur.   -ēn                  -ōn         -ēn
+                -ēt                  -ōt         -ēt
+                -ēn                  -ōn         -ēn
+
+  Imper. sing.  -i                   -o          -e
+    „    plur.  -ēn                  -ōn         -ēn
+                -et                  -ōt         -ēt
+
+                       _Preterite._
+
+  Indic. sing.  -ta,     -ita,       -ōta,       -ēta,
+                -tōs(t), -itōs(t)    -ōtōs(t)    -ētōs(t)
+                -ta,     -ita        -ōta        -ēta
+    „    plur.  -tun,    -itun       -ōtun       -ētun
+                -tut,    -itut       -ōtut       -ētut
+                -tun,    -itun       -ōtun       -ētun
+
+  Subj. sing.   -ti,     -iti        -ōti        -ēti
+                -tīs(t), -itīs(t)    -ōtīs(t)    -ētīs(t)
+                -ti,     -iti        -ōti        -ēti
+    „   plur.   -tīn,    -itīn       -ōtīn        -ētīn
+                -tīt,    -itīt       -ōtīt        -ētīt
+                -tīn,    -itīn       -ōtīn        -ētīn
+
+                     _Past Participle._
+
+  Uninfl. form  -it                  -ōt          -ēt
+
+  Infl.    „    -tēr,  -itēr         -ōtēr        -ētēr
+
+                      _Infinitive._
+
+                -en                  -ōn          -ēn
+
+In OHG. the verbs of Class I were divided into two sub-divisions:
+(_a_) polysyllabic verbs and those containing an old long stem-syllable;
+(_b_) those which originally had a short stem-syllable (cp. §31, 3). The
+former formed their preterite in {-ta}, and the latter in {-ita}; and
+similarly in the inflected form of the past participle. In MHG. all the
+unaccented vowels {i, e}, {a, o}, {u, ī}, {ē, ō} regularly fell together
+in {e} (§7), so that the old distinction between the endings of the
+three classes of verbs was to a great extent obliterated. The OHG. verbs
+with a short stem-syllable belonging to Classes II and III came in MHG.
+to be inflected entirely like sub-division (_b_) of Class I; and those
+with a long stem-syllable mostly came to be inflected like sub-division
+(_a_) of Class I, see §§9,2, 92.
+
+Owing to all the OHG. unaccented vowels being weakened to {e} the MHG.
+endings are:--
+
+                      Sing.                   Plur.
+  Pres. Indic.:   -e, -es(t), -et        -en, -et, -ent
+    „    Subj.:   -e, -es(t), -e         -en, -et, -en
+
+  Pret. Indic. }  -te, -tes(t), -te   }  -ten, -tet, -ten    }
+    and Subj.: }  -ete, -etes(t) -ete }  -eten, -etet, -eten }
+
+  Imper.          -e                     -en, -et
+
+  P.P. Uninfl. form  -et
+       Infl.    „    -ter  }
+                     -eter }
+
+  Infin.  -en.
+
+Final {-n} in the first pers. sing. of the pres. indicative of the old
+Classes II and III remained in early MHG., but during the MHG. period
+the first person was remodelled after the analogy of Class I.
+
+  NOTE.--Old forms with {ō̆} ({u}) for later {e} occasionally occur in
+  verbs originally belonging to the OHG. Class II; and in like manner
+  {ī̆} for {e} in the pret. subjunctive.
+
+
+§89.
+
+The MHG. weak verbs are divided into two classes, according as the
+preterite is formed in {-te} or {-ete} (see however §40). The inflexion
+of the present is the same in both classes.
+
+
+CLASS I.
+
+§90.
+
+To this class belong (1) verbs which have old long stem-syllables. Those
+having a mutated vowel in the present have the corresponding unmutated
+vowel in the preterite. The {i} which would have caused umlaut in the
+preterite disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language. The
+past participle generally has two forms: one with a mutated vowel, and
+the other without it, properly from the old inflected form which did not
+have umlaut. (2) Verbs having a short stem-vowel followed by a single
+consonant ({l, r}), and trisyllabic verbs containing an {l, n}, or {r}
+in the second syllable, as {zeln}, older {zellen} (§31,3), _to count_,
+pret. {zelte} beside {zalte}, p.p. {gezelt} beside {gezalt}; {nern}, _to
+rescue_, pret. {nerte} (OHG. {nerita}), p.p. {genert}; and similarly
+{doln} (OHG. {dolōn}), _to tolerate_, {seln}, _to hand over_, {spiln},
+_to play_, {weln}, _to choose_; {wern}, _to defend_; {wandeln} (OHG.
+{wantalōn}), _to change_, pret. {wandelte}; {vordern} (OHG. {fordarōn}),
+_to further_, pret. {vorderte}; {sëgenen} (OHG. {sëganōn}), _to bless_,
+pret. {sëgente}. See §§9, 1,2, 92.
+
+              _Present._
+
+           INDIC.     SUBJ.      IMPER.
+  Sing. 1. kenne      kenne
+        2. kennes(t)  kennes(t)  kenne
+        3. kennet     kenne
+  Plur. 1. kennen     kennen     kennen
+        2. kennet     kennet     kennet, (-ent)
+        3. kennent    kennen
+
+              _Preterite._
+
+  Sing. 1. kante      kante
+        2. kantes(t)  kantes(t)
+        3. kante      kante
+  Plur. 1. kanten     kanten
+        2. kantet     kantet
+        3. kanten     kanten
+
+Infin. {kennen}, _to know_; Pres. Part. {kennende}; Past Part.
+{gekennet}, {gekant}.
+
+And similarly with a large number of verbs, as {blüemen}, _to bloom_,
+{brennen}, _to burn_, {füllen}, _to fill_, {grüeȥen}, _to greet_,
+{hœren}, _to hear_, {küssen}, _to kiss_, {lœsen}, _to loose_, {nennen},
+_to name_, {rennen}, _to run_, {senden} (pret. {sante}), _to send_,
+{senken}, _to sink_, {setzen} (pret. {satte}, {sazte}, p.p. {gesat},
+{gesazt}, {gesetzt}), _to set_, {stellen}, _to place_, {süeȥen}, _to
+sweeten_, {vellen}, _to fell_, {wǣnen}, _to fancy_, {wünschen}, _to
+wish_; {gelouben}, _to believe_, {kēren}, _to turn_, {koufen}, _to buy_,
+{leiten} (pret. {leite}), _to lead_, {ougen}, _to show_, {suochen}, _to
+seek_. The verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite, as
+{dræjen}, {dræn} (§35), _to turn_, pret. {drāte} beside the new
+formation {dræjete}, {dræte}, and similarly {blüejen}, _to bloom_,
+{müejen}, _to trouble_, {rüejen}, _to row_, {sæjen}, _to sow_, {wæjen},
+_to blow_. Verbs with medial {ck} have double preterites, as {decken},
+_to cover_, pret. {dacte} beside {dahte}, and similarly {drücken},
+{drucken}, _to press_, {smecken}, _to taste_, {wecken}, _to awake_. See
+also §92.
+
+
+§91.
+
+The following are irregular:--
+
+    _Infin._                  _Pret._   _P.P._
+  denken, _to think_           dāhte    gedāht (§§28, 29)
+  dunken, dünken, _to seem_    dūhte    gedūh (§§28, 29)
+  furhten, fürhten, _to fear_  vorhte   gevorht
+  wurken, würken, _to work_    worhte   geworht
+  bringen, _to bring_          brāhte   gebrāht (§§28, 29)
+
+  NOTE.--The second pers. sing. of {brāhte} is {bræhte} or
+  {brāhtes(t)}, pret. subj. {bræhte}; and similarly with {dāhte}; the
+  subj. of {dūhte} is {dūhte} or {diuhte}.
+
+
+CLASS II.
+
+§92.
+
+The verbs belonging to this class form their preterite in {-ete} and
+their past participle in {-et}. In other respects Class II has the same
+endings as Class I.
+
+It includes: (_a_) The dissyllabic verbs, having a short stem-vowel
+followed by a single consonant other than {l, r}, which in OHG. belonged
+to Classes II and III, as {loben} (OHG. {lobōn}), _to praise_, pret.
+{lobete}, p.p. {gelobet}; {lëben} (OHG. {lëbēn}), _to live_, pret.
+{lëbete}, p.p. {gelëbet} (see §88). (_b_) The dissyllabic verbs of OHG.
+Class I with a short stem-vowel followed by double consonants other than
+{ll} (see §31, 3), as {legen}, older {leggen} (OHG. {leggen}), _to lay_,
+pret. {legete} or {leite} (§37), p.p. {geleget} or {geleit}; {denen},
+older {dennen} (OHG. {dennen}), _to stretch_, pret. {denete}, p.p.
+{gedenet}.
+
+Other examples belonging to Class II are: {bëten}, _to pray_, {dagen},
+_to be silent_, {klagen}, _to complain_, {klëben}, _to stick_, {laden},
+_to invite_, {namen}, _to name_, {sagen}, _to say_, pret. {sagete} and
+{seite} (§37).
+
+The verbs with a long stem-syllable, which belonged to OHG. Classes II
+and III, went over in MHG. either into Class I (1), see §90, or had
+preterites in {-te} beside {-ete}, as {danken}, _to thank_, pret.
+{dancte} beside {dankete}, p.p. {gedanct} beside {gedanket}; {vrāgen},
+_to ask_, pret. {vrāgte} beside {vrāgete}, p.p. {gevrāgt} beside
+{gevrāget}, and similarly {ahten}, _to observe_, {minnen}, _to love_,
+{trahten}, _to strive_, &c., see §§9,2, 90; {dienen}, _to serve_, pret.
+{diende} (§40), &c.
+
+
+C. MINOR GROUPS.
+
+1. {Preterite-Presents.}
+
+§93.
+
+These have strong preterites with a present meaning, from which new weak
+preterites have been formed. The 2nd pers. sg. ends in {-t}, and has the
+same stem-vowel as the 1st and 3rd pers. sg. The following verbs belong
+to this class:--
+
+{weiȥ}, _I know_, 2nd pers. sg. {weist}; pl. {wiȥȥen}; inf. {wiȥȥen};
+pres. p. {wiȥȥende}; pret. {wisse}, {wesse}, {wiste} _or_ {weste}; p.p.
+{gewist} _or_ {gewest}.
+
+{touc}, _I am of use_, inf. and pl. {tugen} _or_ {tügen}; pret. {tohte};
+subj. {töhte}.
+
+{gan}, _I grant_, 2nd pers. sg. {ganst}; inf. and pl. {gunnen} _or_
+{günnen}; pret. {gunde}; subj. {gunde} _or_ {günde}; p.p. {gegunnen},
+{gegunnet}, _or_ {gegunst}.
+
+{kan}, _I know_, 2nd pers. sg. {kanst}; inf. and pl. {kunnen} _or_
+{künnen}; pret. {kunde} ({konde}); subj. {kunde} _or_ {künde}.
+
+{darf}, _I need_, 2nd pers. sg. {darft}; pl. {durfen} _or_ {dürfen};
+pret. {dorfte}; subj. {dörfte}; infin. and p.p. only in {bedürfen},
+{bedorft}.
+
+{tar}, _I dare_, _venture_, 2nd pers. sg. {tarst}; inf. and pl. {turren}
+_or_ {türren}; pret. {torste}; subj. {törste}.
+
+{sol}, _I shall_, 2nd pers. sg. {solt}; inf. and pl. {suln} _or_ {süln};
+pret. {solde} _or_ {solte}.
+
+{mac}, _I can_, 2nd pers. sg. {maht}; pl. {magen}, {megen}, {mugen},
+_or_ {mügen}; pret. {mahte} _or_ {mohte}; subj. {mehte (mahte)} _or_
+{möhte}.
+
+{muoȥ}, _I must_, 2nd pers. sg. {muost}; pl. {müeȥen}; pret. {muoste}
+_or_ {muose}; subj. {müeste} _or_ {müese}.
+
+
+2. {Anomalous Verbs.}
+
+§94.
+
+(1) {tuon}, _to do_.
+
+               _Present._
+          INDIC.         SUBJ.
+
+        1. tuon (tuo)     tuo
+  Sing. 2. tuos(t)        tuos(t)
+        3. tuot           tuo
+
+        1. tuon           tuon
+  Plur. 2. tuot (tuont)   tuot
+        3. tuont          tuon
+
+           INFIN.   tuon
+           IMPER.   tuo
+           PRES. P. tuonde
+
+               _Preterite._
+
+        1. tëte (tët)      tæte (tëte)
+  Sing. 2. tæte            tætes(t)
+        3. tëte (tët)      tæte
+
+  Plur.    tāten, (tæten, tëten)  tæten
+
+            P.P. getān
+
+
+§95.
+
+(2) {gān}, _to go_.
+
+                _Present._
+          INDIC.            SUBJ.
+
+        1. gān, gēn         gē (gā, gange)
+  Sing. 2. gās(t), gēs(t)   gēs(t) (gās(t), ganges(t))
+        3. gāt, gēt         gē (gā, gange)
+
+  Plur.    gān, gēn         gēn (gān, gangen)
+
+           INFIN.   gān, gēn
+           IMPER.   ganc, genc, ginc (gā, gē)
+           PRES. P. gānde, gēnde
+
+                 _Preterite._
+
+            Sing. gienc _or_ gie
+            Plur. giengen
+            P.P.  (ge)gangen _or_ gegān
+
+
+§96.
+
+(3) {stān}, _to stand_.
+
+                 _Present._
+           INDIC.                  SUBJ.
+
+        1. stān, stēn, stā, stē   stā, stē (stande),
+  Sing. 2. stās(t), stēs(t)         &c.
+        3. stāt, stēt
+
+  Plur.    stān, stēn
+
+           INFIN. stān, stēn
+           IMPER. stā, stē, stant
+
+                _Preterite._
+
+                  stuont
+            P.P.  gestanden _or_ gestān
+
+
+§97.
+
+(4) {sīn}, {wësen}, _to be_.
+
+                _Present._
+          INDIC.          SUBJ.
+
+        1. bin             sī (sīge, sīe)
+  Sing. 2. bis(t)          sīs(t) (sīges(t), sīes(t))
+        3. ist             sī (sīge, sīe)
+        1. birn, sīn       sīn (sīgen, sīen)
+  Plur. 2. birt, sīt       sīt (sīget, sīet)
+        3. sint            sīn (sīgen, sīen)
+
+           INFIN. sīn, wësen.
+
+  Indic. Pret. Sing. was;   pl. wāren (§30)
+  Subj.     „     „  wære;  pl. wæren
+               P.P.  gewësen (gewëset)
+
+
+§98.
+
+(5) {wellen}, _to will_.
+
+                     _Present._
+           INDIC.          SUBJ.
+  Sing. 1. wil             welle
+        2. wil, wilt       welles(t)
+        3. wil             welle
+  Plur. 1. wellen, weln    wellen
+        2. wellet, welt    wellet
+        3. wellen, weln    wellen
+
+  Pret.  wolte _or_ wolde (§40)  wolte _or_ wölte
+  Infin. wellen.
+
+
+3. {Contracted Verbs.}
+
+§99.
+
+(1) {lān} = {lāȥen}, _to let_, _leave_.
+
+  Pres. Sing. lān, lās(t), læs(t), lāt (læt)
+   „    Plur. lān, lāt,            lān
+  Pret. lie _or_ lieȥ (§87).
+
+                 Imper. lā, lāt
+
+  Infin. lān.    P.P. (ge)lān
+
+(2) hān = haben, _to have_.
+
+  Pres. Sing. hān, hās(t), hāt
+    „   Plur. hān, hāt, hān
+  Pret.       hāte (hëte, hēt(e), hiet(e), hæte), hātes(t), &c.
+  Subj. pres. habe, habes(t), &c.
+    „   pret. hæte, hete, hēte, hiete, hatte, &c.
+
+  Infin. hān.    P.P. gehabet, gehapt, gehāt.
+
+The contracted form {hān}, &c., is mostly used as an auxiliary.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+SYNTAX
+
+
+CASES.
+
+§100.
+
+{Accusative.} The accusative has much the same function as in NHG. It is
+sometimes used, however, where the dat. or a preposition would be
+required in NHG.:--{ër vuor waȥȥer unde wëge}, _he went by water and
+land_. The acc. is used after {wol}, _well_, when used as an
+interjection, as {wol mich}. A double accusative is required not only
+after {lēren}, _to teach_, but also after {hëln}, {verhëln}, _to
+conceal_, {verdagen}, {verswīgen}, _to keep secret_.
+
+
+§101.
+
+{Dative.} {ruofen}, _to call_, and {schirmen}, _to protect_, take the
+dative. The dative is often used adverbially: {allenthalben}, _on all
+sides_, {wīlen(t)}, _formerly_, &c.
+
+
+§102.
+
+{Genitive.} The genitives {hande}, {slahte}, {leie} = _manner_ are used
+adverbially: {maneger hande}, {slahte}, _or_ {leie}, _in many ways_,
+_manifoldly_.
+
+The gen. is used in combination with the comparative of adjectives, as
+{dicker eines dūmes}, _thicker by the breadth of a thumb_. Indefinite
+and interrogative pronouns, used substantively, take the genitive:
+{iemen armer liute}, _any poor people_; {niht schœneres}, _nothing more
+beautiful_; {dës enmac niht sīn}, _that cannot be_; {waȥ mannes ër
+wære}, _what kind of man he was_. In the same manner the rel. {swaȥ} may
+take the genitive: {swaȥ man vant dër armen}, _whatever poor people one
+found_.
+
+The genitive may be used predicatively:--{sīt sī dës goteshūses sint},
+_since they belong to the house of God_; {diu sorge ist mīn eines niht},
+_I am not the only one who has sorrow_.
+
+Impersonal verbs often take the genitive: {mich genüeget dës}, _that is
+enough for me_; {mich gezimt dës}, _that pleases me_.
+
+The genitives {dës} and {wës} may be used adverbially in the sense of
+_therefore_, _wherefore_; and likewise many nouns: {tages}, _by day_;
+{dës sëlben tages}, _the same day_; {nahtes}, _by night_.
+
+Interjections usually take the genitive: {owē mir mīnes leides!} _alas!
+for my grief_. {vil}, _much_, _many_; {mē(re)}, _more_; {wēnic},
+{lützel}, _little_; {minner}, {minre}, _less_; and {genuoc}, _enough_,
+used as indeclinable substantives, are followed by the genitive.
+Cardinal numerals, used substantively, are also followed by the
+genitive: {zweinzec starker man}, _twenty strong men_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+§103.
+
+The weak and strong forms are used in the same manner as in Mod. HG.
+{dirre}, _this_, is followed by the weak or strong form; {aller}, _all_,
+usually by the strong. The strong or weak form can be used after
+pronouns, as {ich armer} or {ich arme}, _I poor ..._ In the vocative the
+weak form without the article is used, as {guoten liute}, _(ye) good
+people_. When the same adjective refers to nouns of different gender, it
+is put in the neuter plural.
+
+{ein} and the possessive pronouns are followed by the strong form in the
+Nom. and Acc. singular; by the strong or weak form in the pl. and Gen.
+and Dative singular.
+
+The possessive pronouns are declined strong.
+
+The uninflected form of the adjective is used side by side with the
+inflected in the Nom. singular, all genders, and Acc. singular neuter,
+when the adjective comes before the noun: {ein guot man}, _a good man_.
+When the adjective stands after the noun the uninflected form may be
+used without reference to number, gender, or case, {ein}, {dehein}, and
+the possessive pronouns have the uninflected form in the Nom. for all
+genders, and Acc. neuter. The uninflected form of {al}, _all_, can be
+used before all forms of the definite article: {in al dër wërlte}, _in
+all the world_. See §55.
+
+
+PRONOUNS.
+
+§104.
+
+{im}, {ir}, pl. {in}, are used to express the dative of the reflexive
+pronoun. {dër} is sometimes used pleonastically, as {dër brunne}, {dër
+was küele}, _the spring was cool_. {man} used as an indefinite pronoun
+can take the definite article along with it.
+
+
+VERBS.
+
+§105.
+
+{Number.} The verb can be used in the singular after a compound subject,
+as {Volkēr und Hagene sō sēre wüeten began}, _... began to rage so
+furiously_.
+
+
+§106.
+
+{Tenses.} The fut. simple is expressed by {sol}, {muoȥ}, {wil} and the
+infin., or simply by the pres., as in OE.: {ich sol gān}, _I shall go_;
+{bin ich gnislīch}, {sō genise ich}, _if I am curable_, _I shall
+recover_. For the fut. pf. the pf. is used: {daȥ ist schiere getān},
+_that will soon have been done_. The pf. is expressed either by the
+simple pret. or the p.p. and the verbs {hān}, {sīn}; in subordinate
+sentences the pret. often has the meaning of the pluperfect: {dō du von
+ir schiede, zehant sie starp}, _she died immediately after thou hadst
+taken leave of her_.
+
+The preterite acquires a pluperfect, and the present a future perfect
+meaning when the prefix {ge} is added to them: {swenne iuwer sun
+gewahset}, _when your son (shall have) has grown up_; {dō ich in
+gesach}, _when I had seen him_. The present participle with {sīn} is
+sometimes used as in English, see ‘Arme Heinrich,’ l. 24.
+
+
+§107.
+
+{Voice.} The present and preterite passive are expressed by {wërden} and
+the p.p., and the corresponding perfect tenses by {sīn} and the p.p.
+
+  Pres.  ich wirde gelobet.
+  Pret.  ich wart    „
+  Perf.  ich bin     „
+  Plupf. ich was     „
+
+  Inf.   gelobet sīn.
+
+
+§108.
+
+{Negation.} Negation in sentences is expressed by {ne} ({en, n}) before
+the verb, and {niht} after it: {ër enist guot}, _he is not good_. {niht}
+is frequently omitted, especially after the preterite presents, the
+verbs {wellen}, {lān}, sentences containing negative pronouns or
+adverbs, and in subordinate sentences.
+
+{en} without {niht} is used with the subjunctive in subordinate
+sentences in the sense of _unless_, _if not_, _except that_, _when
+that_, _that not_, &c.: {dën līp wil ich verliesen, si enwërde mīn wīp},
+_I will die if she will not become my wife_; {ich wæne nieman in dër
+wërlte lëbe, ërn habe ein leit}, _I believe no one lives in the world
+who has not his trouble_.
+
+{en} is further also used in the sense of Latin ‘quin’: {ich mac daȥ
+niht bevarn, mirn wërde mīn ritterschaft benomen}, _I cannot prevent my
+knighthood being taken away from me_.
+
+
+
+
+TEXTS
+
+  [Transcriber’s Note:
+
+  Line numbers have been removed from the prose passages. Note
+  references are marked as [1], [2]...
+
+  In the verse passages, some unstressed e’s, and a few i’s, were
+  printed with an under-dot: ẹ ị. This usage is not explained. Some
+  under-dots may be flyspecks, and a few umlauts were uncertain.]
+
+
+  I
+
+BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG.
+
+  His name was properly Berthold Lech. He was the most celebrated
+  preacher of the thirteenth century. He died in Regensburg in 1272.
+  The following extract is from a sermon on Matt. v. 8.
+
+
+‘Sælic sint die armen: wan daȥ himelrīch ist ir,’ etc. Mit disen
+aht tugenden sint alle die ze himelrīche komen, die dā sint, und
+mit den selben aht tugenden müeȥent noch alle die dar komen, die
+iemer mēr dar komen süln. Nū wil ich die siben under wegen lān
+und wil niuwen von ir einer sagen, wan alse vil guoter dinge an
+ir ieglīcher ist; und von ir ieglīcher wære gar vil und gar lanc
+sunderlīchen ze sagenne; und wie manigiu untugent uns an disen
+ahte tugenden irret, daȥ würde eht von ieglīcher gar lanc ze
+sagenne. Wan man eȥ alleȥ in einer predigen niht verenden mac,
+noch in vieren, noch in zehenen, sō wil ich iu hiute niuwen
+sagen von den, die ein reine herze habent, und von den man hiute
+dā liset in dem heiligen ewangelio ‘sælic sint, die reines
+herzen sint: die werdent got sehende.’[1] Die sint wol von rehte
+sælic, die dā got sehent. Ein übergülde ist eȥ aller der
+sælikeit, diu ie wart oder iemer mēr eht werden mac, swer got
+ansehende eht wirt, alsō süeȥe und alsō wünneclich ist diu
+gesiht, die man an got siht. Sō wart nie deheiner muoter ir kint
+nie sō liep, ān unser frouwen, und solte si eȥ drīe tage ane
+sehen ān underlāȥ, daȥ si anders niht enpflæge,[2] wan eht si ir
+liebeȥ kint solte an sehen: si æȥe an dem vierden tage vil
+gerner ein stücke brōtes. Und wolte ich vil gerner, daȥ ich alsō
+ein guot mensche wære, als daȥ wār ist, daȥ ich iezuo reden wil.
+Ob daȥ alsō wære, daȥ man zuo einem menschen spræche, der iezuo
+bī gote ist, ‘du hāst zehen kint ūf ertrīche, und du solt in
+koufen allen samt, daȥ sie ēre und guot haben unz an ir tōt, dā
+mit, daȥ du einigen ougenblic von gotes angesiht tuost, niuwen
+als lange als einȥ sīn hant möht umbe kēren, und sich danne
+wider zuo gote, und du solt dīn ougen niemer mēr von im kēren’:
+der mensche entæte sīn niht. Alse wār, herre, dīn wārheit ist,
+alse wār ist disiu rede, daȥ er disiu zehen kint unze an ir tōt
+ē nāch dem almuosen lieȥe gēn, ē danne er sich die kleine wīle
+von gote wolte wenden. In habent die engel wol sehzic hundert
+jār an gesehen, und sehent in hiute als gerne als des ērsten
+tages. Und sie sint ouch alle samt sam des ērsten tages, dō sie
+got an sehende wurden. Dō wart ir deheiner sīt nie eltlīcher
+danne des ērsten tages, und sint doch sider wol sehzic hundert
+jār alt. Swelher hundert jār alt würde under uns, der wære den
+liuten alse smæhe an ze sehenne von ungestaltheit und von dem
+gebresten, den daȥ alter an im hæte gemaht: sō mālet man die
+engele--dā sehet ir wol, swā man sie mālt, daȥ man sie eht
+anders niht enmālt wan als ein kint von fünf jāren, als
+junclich, oder von sehsen. Wan alle, die got sehent, die werdent
+niemer eltlīcher, die in in himelrīche sehent in sīnen freuden
+und in sīnen ēren. Ūf ertrīche sehen wir in alle tage in sīnem
+gewalte. Dehein irdenischer muot noch irdenisch līp möhte daȥ
+niht erlīden, daȥ in dehein irdenisch ouge iemer an gesehen
+möhte in sīnen freuden und in sīnen ēren, als er ze himelrīche
+ist. Wir sagen iu ettewenne ein glīchnisse, wie schœne got sī.
+Seht, alleȥ daȥ wir iemer gesagen künnen oder mügen, daȥ ist
+rehte dem glīche, als obe ein kint uns solte sagen, ob eȥ
+müglich wære, von aller der wirde und von aller der gezierde,
+die diu werlt hāt, von der liehten sunnen, von den liehten
+sternen, von edelre gesteine craft und von ir maniger slahte
+varwe, von der edelen würze craft und von dem edelen gesmacke,
+und von der rīchen gezierde, die man ūȥer sīden und ūȥer golde
+machet in dirre werlte, und von maniger hande süeȥen stimme, die
+diu werlt hāt, von vögelīn sange und von seitenspil, und von
+maniger hande bluomen varwe, und von aller der gezierde, die
+disiu werlt hāt. Alse unmügelich unde alse unkuntlīchen eime
+kinde dā von ze redenne ist, als unkunt ist ouch uns dā von ze
+redenne, von der unsegelīchen wünne, diu dā ze himel ist, und
+von dem wünneclīchen antlütze des lebendigen gotes. Wan alliu
+diu freude, diu dā ze himele ist, der ist niht wan von dem
+schīne, der von unsers herren antlütze gēt. Und rehte als alle
+sternen ir lieht von der sunnen nement, alsō habent alle
+heiligen ir gezierde und ir schōnheit von gote, und engele und
+alleȥ himelische her. Reht als alle die sternen des himeles, der
+māne und die planēten, grōȥ und kleine, die habent alle samt ir
+lieht von der sunnen, diu uns dā liuhtet: und alsō hāt alleȥ
+himelischeȥ her, engel und heiligen, die hœhsten und die
+minnesten, die habent alle samt ir freude und ir wünne und ir
+gezierde und die ēre und die wirde und ouch die schœnde, daȥ
+habent sie alle samt von der angesihte gotes, daȥ sie got an
+sehent. Die engele, die dā unser hüetent, die sehent in ze aller
+zīt an, als ob sie bī im wæren. Wan alliu diu freude, diu in
+himelrīche ist, diu diuhte sie ze nihte, solten sie got niht an
+sehen. Und dā von ‘sælic sint, die reines herzen sint; wan sie
+werdent got sehende.’ Nu sehent, wie sælic die sint, die dā
+reineȥ herze tragent. Ir, junge werlt, die noch unbewollen sint
+mit sünden, behaltent iuwer herze vor allen tœtlīchen sünden, sō
+werdent ir got sehende in solīchen freuden und in sō grōȥen
+ēren, die ouge nie gesach oder ōre nie gehōrte, alse sant Paulus
+dā sprichet; und alse sant Johannes sprichet: ‘wær eȥ mügelich,
+daȥ man eȥ alleȥ samt geschrīben möhte, sō möhte diu werlt diu
+buoch in ir niht behalten, dā eȥ an gestüende, daȥ ich gesach.
+Und alleȥ, daȥ ich gesach, daȥ was niht wan got alleine.’ Und
+dar umbe möhten wir doch gerne ze dem himelrīche komen und
+drumbe arbeiten. Ob uns niht diu minne und diu liebe dar twünge,
+der wir gote schuldic sīn, seht, sō möhten wir dar umbe dar
+komen, durch daȥ wunder, daȥ dā ist. Eȥ ist maniger vor mir: der
+im von sō getāner freude[3] seite, daȥ si jenhalp meres wære, er
+füere gar gerinclīchen dar von hinnen über mer, niuwen daȥ erȥ
+gesæhe. Sō möhtent ir hundertstunt gerner dar umb arbeiten, daȥ
+irȥ iemer mēre ēwiclīchen nieȥen soltet. Die vil wünneclīchen
+angesiht des almehtigen gotes und der himelischen küniginne ze
+der zeswen sīner sīten in guldīner wæte, die möhtet ir gerne an
+sehen. Wan würde iu einiger anblic, sō wære in alliu diu freude
+und diu ēre und aller der wollust, den diu werlt ie gewan, daȥ
+wær iu hinne für als widerzæme und ouch alse unmære, reht als
+sant Paulus dā sprach. Nu hœret wie er sprach; er sprach: ‘alliu
+diu ēre und diu freude und daȥ gemach, diu disiu werlt ie gewan
+von keisern und von künigen, wider der freude, diu in himelrīch
+ist; als widerzæme einem wære ein diep an einem galgen, als
+kurz einem diu wīle dā mite wære, daȥ er einen erhangen man
+triuten solte, wider aller der freude, die diu werlt hāt: alse
+widerzæme ist mir diu freude aller der werlte wider der ēwigen
+freude.’ Ei wol iuch wart, daȥ iuch iuwer muoter ie getruoc, die
+sō getāne freude süln besitzen. Der ist, ob got wil, vil maniger
+vor mīnen ougen. Ouch ist maniger, der vil kleine freude dar für
+nimt hie ūf ertrīche, und daȥ dem guoten sante Paulen gar
+versmāhte, des wirt im der tūsentste teil niht. Und die habent
+übel kouft, die sō übergrōȥe freude gebent umb ein sō kurzeȥ
+freudelīn in dirre werlte. Die habent übel gevarn; wan sie
+habent weder hie noch dort niht. Als ich iezuo sprach, rehte in
+glīcher wīse, rehte alse alle sternen des himeles ir lieht von
+der sunnen habent, alsō hāt alleȥ himelisch her ir lieht von dem
+wāren sunnen, sīt danne unser herre der wāre sunne und daȥ wāre
+lieht ist, alse der guote sant Johannes dā sprichet. Der hei et
+in daȥ wāre lieht; als ouch daȥ vil wār ist: wan er ist daȥ wāre
+lieht, daȥ niemer mēr verlischet. Und alle, die von sīme
+gotvarwen liehte enzündet werdent, die erleschent ouch niemer
+mēre von der schōnheit, die sie von dem wāren sunnen hānt. Und
+als vil diu sunne liehter und gelpfer ist, danne wir dā sehen,
+rehte als vil diu liehtes und glastes über alle sterne hāt, die
+an dem himel stēnt: als vil hāt der wāre sunne in himelrīche
+schīnes und glastes mēr über alle engele und ist geschœnet und
+gewirdet an allen ēren, alse billich ist. Und dā von sint sie
+sælic, die ein reineȥ herze habent; wan si werdent got sehende.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE SWABIAN LANTREHTBUOCH.
+
+  This work was compiled by David von Augsburg, about 1280 A.D.
+
+
+HIE HEBET SICH AN DAZ̧ LANTREHTBUOCH.
+
+Herre got, himelischer vater, durch dīne milte güete geschüefe
+du den menschen in drīvaltiger werdikeit. Diu ērste, daȥ er nāch
+dir gebildet ist. Daȥ ist ouch ein alsō hōhiu werdikeit, der dir
+alleȥ menschlich künne sunderlīchen immer danken sol. Wan des
+haben wir gar michel reht, vil lieber herre, himelischer vater,
+sīt du uns zuo dīner hōhen gotheit alsō werdiclīchen geedelt
+hāst. Diu ander werdikeit, dā du, herre got, almähtic schepfer,
+den menschen zuo geschaffen hāst, daȥ ist diu, daȥ du alle dise
+werelt, die sunnen unde den mānen, die sterne unde diu vier
+element, viur, waȥȥer, luft unde die erden, die vogel in den
+lüften, die vische in dem wāge, diu tier in dem walde, die würme
+in der erden, golt unde edel gesteine, der edeln würze süeȥen
+smac, der bluomen liehte varwe, der boume fruht unde ēt alle
+crēatūre: daȥ hāst du, herre, alleȥ dem menschen ze nutze unde
+ze dienste geschaffen durch die triuwe unde durch die minne, die
+du ze dem menschen hetest. Diu dritte werdikeit, dā du, herre,
+den menschen mit gewirdet unde geedelt hāst, daȥ ist diu, daȥ
+der mensche die wirde unde die ēre, die vreude unde die wünne
+immer mit dir ēwiclīchen nieȥen sol. Der werelde dienst unde nuz
+hāst du, herre, dem menschen umbe sust gegeben ze einer manunge
+unde ze einem vorbilde. Sīt des sō vil ist, des du, herre, dem
+menschen umbe sust gegeben hāst, dā bī sol der mensche nu
+trahten, sō mege[4] des wol gar übermæȥiclīchen vil sīn, des du
+dem menschen umbe sīnen dienst geben wilt. Unde dar umbe sol
+ein iegelīch mensche got dienen mit ganzen triuwen; wan der lōn
+ist alsō übermæȥiclīchen grōȥ, daȥ in herzen sin nie betrahten
+möhte noch menschen zunge nie gesprechen möhte, noch ougen sehen
+künde in nie beliuhten, noch ōre nie gehœren. Daȥ wir nu got der
+hōhen werdikeit gedanken unde den grōȥen lōn verdienen, des
+helfe uns der almähtige got. āmen.
+
+Sīt uns got in sō hōher werdikeit geschaffen hāt, sō wil er
+ouch, daȥ wir werdeȥ leben haben, unde daȥ wir einander wirde
+unde ēre erbieten, triuwe unde wārheit, niht haȥ unde nīt
+einander tragen. Wir sullen mit fride unde mit suone under
+einander leben. Fridlich leben hāt unser herre got liep. Wan er
+kom von himelrīche ūf erderīche durch anders niht wan durch den
+rehten fride, daȥ er uns einen rehten fride schüefe vor der
+ēwigen marter, ob wir selben wellen. Unde dā von sungen die
+engel ob der krippen: ‘_Gloria in excelsis deo et in terra pax
+hominibus bonae voluntatis_’--‘Gots ēre in dem himel unde guot
+fride ūf der erden allen den, die guoten willen habent ūf
+erderīche!’ Dō unser herre got hie ūf erderīche gie, sō was daȥ
+ie sīn ellich wort: ‘_Pax vobis!_’ daȥ sprichet: ‘der fride sī
+mit iu!’ unde alsō sprach er alle zīt zuo sīnen jungern unde zuo
+andern liuten. Unde dā bī suln wir merken, wie rehte liep der
+almehtige got den rehten vride hāt. Wan dō er von erderīche
+wider ūf zuo himel fuor, dō sprach er aber zuo sīnen jungern:
+‘der vride sī mit iu!’ unde enphalh dem guoten Sant Pēter, daȥ
+er phleger wære über den rehten fride, unde gap im den gewalt,
+daȥ er den himel ūf slüȥȥe allen den, die den fride hielten,
+unde swer den fride bræche, daȥ er dem den himel vor beslüȥȥe.
+Daȥ ist alsō gesprochen: ēt alle, die diu gebot unsers herren
+zebrechent, die habent ouch den rehten fride gebrochen. Daȥ ist
+ouch von gote reht, swer diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, daȥ
+man dem den himel vor besliuȥet, sīt uns got nu geholfen hāt,
+daȥ wir mit rehtem leben unde mit fridlīchem leben daȥ himelrīch
+verdienen mügen. Wan daȥ was niht vor gotes geburt, swie wol der
+mensche tæt in aller der werelde, sō mohte er doch ze dem
+himelrīch niht komen. Got geschuof des ērsten himel unde erden,
+dar nāch den menschen unde sazte in in daȥ paradys. Der zebrach
+die gehōrsam uns allen ze schaden; dar umbe gienge wir irre sam
+diu hirtelōsen schāf, daȥ wir in daȥ himelrīch niht mohten, unz
+an die zīt, daȥ uns got den wec dar wīste mit sīner marter, unde
+dar umbe solde wir got immer loben unde ēren von allem unserm
+herzen unde von aller unserre sēle unde von aller unserre maht,
+daȥ wir nu sō wol ze den ēwigen freuden kæmen, ob wir wolden;
+daȥ hie vor manigen heiligen patriarken unde prophēten tiure
+was. Diu genāde unde diu sælikeit ist uns kristen liuten nu
+widervaren, daȥ wir nu wol daȥ himelrīch mugen verdienen. Unde
+swer des niht entuot unde diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, daȥ
+richet er billīchen an im.
+
+
+VON VRĪEN LIUTEN.
+
+Wir zelen drīer hande vrīen. Der heiȥent eine sempervrīen:[5]
+daȥ sint die vrīen herren, als fürsten unde die ander frīen ze
+man hānt. Sō heiȥent die andern miter[6] vrīen: daȥ sint die,
+die der hōhen vrīen man sint. Die driten vrīen daȥ sint die
+vrīen lantsæȥen, die gebūren, die dā vrī sint. Der hāt ieglīcher
+sīn sunder reht, als wir her nāch wol bescheiden.
+
+
+VON TIUTSCHER LIUTE ĒREN.
+
+Die tiutschen kiesent den künic: daȥ erwarb in der künic Karl.
+Swenne er gewīhet wirt unt ūf den stuol ze Ache gesetzet wirt
+mit der willen, die in erwelt hānt, sō hāt er küniclīchen gewalt
+unde namen.--Den künic kiuset man ze rihter umbe eigen unde umbe
+lēhen unde über ieglīches menschen līp unde umbe alleȥ, daȥ vür
+in ze klagen kumet. Der keiser mac in allen landen niht gesīn,
+unde mac alleȥ ungerihte niht verrihten. Dā von līhet er den
+fürsten unde andern herren wereltlīch gerihte. An die vierten
+hant mac dehein gerihte nimmer komen mit rehte, dā man umbe
+menschenbluot rihten sol ode umbe alle vrevel.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+HARTMAN VON OUWE.
+
+  He was born somewhere between 1160-1170, in the neighbourhood of
+  Rottenburg in Swabia, and died about 1220.
+
+  The following extract is taken from Paul’s edition: Der Arme
+  Heinrich, Halle, 1882.
+
+
+  Ein ritter sō gelēret was
+  daȥ er an den buochen las
+  swaȥ er dar an geschriben vant.
+  der was Hartman genant,
+  dienstman was er ze Ouwe.                    5
+  er nam im mange schouwe
+  an mislīchen buochen:
+  dar an begunde er suochen
+  ob er iht des funde
+  dā mite er swære stunde                     10
+  möhte senfter machen,
+  und von sō gewanten sachen
+  daȥ gotes ēren töhte
+  und dā mite er sich möhte
+  gelieben den liuten.                        15
+  nu beginnet er in diuten
+  ein rede die er geschriben vant.
+  dar umbe hāt er sich genant,
+  daȥ er sīner arbeit
+  die er dar an hāt geleit                    20
+  iht āne lōn belībe,
+  und swer nāch sīnem lībe
+  sī hœre sagen oder lese,
+  daȥ er im bittende wese
+  der sēle heiles hin ze gote.                25
+  man seit, er sī sīn selbes bote
+  unde erlœse sich dā mite,
+  swer über des andern schulde bite.
+
+    Er las ditze mære,
+  wie ein herre wære                          30
+  ze Swāben geseȥȥen:
+  an dem enwas vergeȥȥen
+  deheiner der tugende
+  die ein ritter in sīner jugende
+  ze vollem lobe haben sol.                   35
+  man sprach dō niemen alsō wol
+  in allen den landen.
+  er hete ze sīnen handen
+  geburt und dar zuo rīcheit:
+  ouch was sīn tugent vil breit.              40
+  swie ganz sīn habe wære,
+  sīn geburt unwandelbære
+  und wol den fürsten gelīch,
+  doch was er unnāch alsō rīch
+  der gebürte und des guotes                  45
+  sō der ēren und des muotes.
+
+    Sīn name der was erkennelich,
+  und hieȥ der herre Heinrich,
+  und was von Ouwe geborn.
+  sīn herze hāte versworn                     50
+  valsch und alle törperheit,
+  und behielt ouch vaste den eit
+  stæte unz an sīn ende.
+  ān alle missewende
+  stuont sī ēre und sīn leben.                55
+  im was der rehte wunsch gegeben
+  ze werltlīchen ēren:
+  die kunde er wol gemēren
+  mit aller hande reiner tugent.
+  er was ein bluome der jugent,               60
+  der werlte fröude ein spiegelglas.
+  stæter triuwe ein adamas,
+  ein ganziu krōne der zuht.
+  er was der nōthaften fluht,
+  ein schilt sīner māge,                      65
+  der milte ein glīchiu wāge:
+  im enwart über noch gebrast.
+  er truoc den arbeitsamen last
+  der ēren über rücke.
+  er was des rātes brücke,                    70
+  und sanc vil wol von minnen.
+  alsus kund er gewinnen
+  der werlte lop unde prīs.
+  er was hübesch und dar zuo wīs.
+
+    Dō der herre Heinrich                     75
+  alsō geniete sich
+  ēren unde guotes
+  und frœlīches muotes
+  und werltlīcher wünne
+  (er was für al sīn künne                    80
+  geprīset unde geēret),
+  sīn hōher muot wart verkēret
+  in ein leben gar geneiget.
+  an im wart erzeiget,
+  also ouch an Absolōne,                      85
+  daȥ diu üppige krōne
+  werltlīcher süeȥe
+  vellet under füeȥe
+  ab ir besten werdekeit,
+  als uns diu schrift hāt geseit.             90
+  eȥ spricht an einer stete dā,
+  ‘mēdiā vītā
+  in morte sumus’:
+  daȥ bediutet sich alsus,
+  daȥ wir in dem tōde sweben                  95
+  sō wir aller beste wænen leben.
+
+     Dirre werlte veste,
+  ir stæte, unde ir beste
+  unde ir grœste magenkraft,
+  diu stāt āne meisterschaft.                100
+  des muge wir an der kerzen sehen
+  ein wāreȥ bilde geschehen,
+  daȥ sī zeiner aschen wirt
+  enmitten dō sī lieht birt.
+  wir sīn von brœden sachen.                 105
+  nū sehent wie unser lachen
+  mit weinen erlischet.
+  unser süeȥe ist vermischet
+  mit bitterre gallen.
+  unser bluome der muoȥ vallen               110
+  so er allergrüenest wænet sīn.
+  an hern Heinrīche wart wol schīn,
+  der in dem hœhsten werde
+  lebet ūf dirre erde,
+  derst der versmæhete vor gote.             115
+  er viel von sīme gebote
+  ab sīner besten werdekeit
+  in ein versmæhelīcheȥ leit:
+  in ergreif diu miselsuht.
+  dō man die swæren gotes zuht               120
+  gesach an sīnem lībe,
+  manne unde wībe
+  wart er dō widerzæme.
+  nū sehent wie genæme
+  er ē der werlte wære,                      125
+  und wart nū alse unmære
+  daȥ in niemen gerne an sach:
+  alse ouch Jōbe geschach,
+  dem edeln und dem rīchen,
+  der ouch vil jæmerlīchen                   130
+  dem miste wart ze teile
+  mitten in sīme heile.
+
+    Und dō der arme Heinrich
+  alrēst verstuont sich
+  daȥ er der werlte widerstuont,             135
+  als alle sīne gelīchen tuont,
+  dō schiet in sīn bitter leit
+  von Jōbes gedultikeit.
+  wan eȥ leit Jōb der guote
+  mit gedultigem muote,                      140
+  do eȥ ime ze līdenne geschach,
+  durch der sēle gemach.
+  den siechtuom und die smācheit
+  die er von der werlte leit,
+  des lobet er got und fröute sich.          145
+  dō tet der arme Heinrich
+  leider niender alsō:
+  wan er was trūrec unde unfrō.
+  sīn swebendeȥ herze daȥ verswanc,
+  sīn swimmendiu fröude ertranc,             150
+  sīn hōchvart muoste vallen,
+  sīn honic wart ze gallen,
+  ein swinde vinster donreslac
+  zerbrach im sīnen mitten tac,
+  ein trüebeȥ wolken unde dic                155
+  bedaht’ im sīner sunnen blic.
+  er sente sich vil sēre
+  daȥ er sō manege ēre
+  hinder im müeste lāȥen.
+  verfluochet und verwāȥen                   160
+  wart vil ofte der tac
+  dā sīn geburt ane lac.
+
+    Ein wēnic fröuwet er sich doch
+  von eime trōste dannoch:
+  wan im wart dicke geseit                   165
+  daȥ disiu selbe siecheit
+  wære vil mislich
+  und etelīchiu gnislich.
+  des wart vil maneger slahte
+  sīn gedinge und sīn ahte.                  170
+  er gedāhte daȥ er wære
+  vil līhte genisbære,
+  und fuor alsō drāte
+  nāch der arzāte rāte
+  gegen Munpasiliere.                        175
+  dā vant er vil schiere
+  niht wan den untrōst
+  daȥ er niemer würde erlōst.
+
+    Daȥ hōrte er vil ungerne,
+  und fuor gegen Sālerne                     180
+  und suochte ouch dā durch genist
+  der wīsen arzāte list.
+  den besten meister er dā vant.
+  der seite ime zehant
+  ein seltsæne mære,                         185
+  daȥ er genislich wære
+  und wære doch iemer ungenesen.
+  dō sprach er ‘wie mac daȥ wesen?
+  diu rede ist harte unmügelich.
+  bin ich gnislich, sō genise ich:           190
+  und swaȥ mir für wirt geleit
+  von guote oder von arbeit,
+  daȥ trūwe ich vollebringen.’
+  ‘nū lāt daȥ gedingen’
+  sprach der meister aber dō:                195
+  ‘iuwẹrre sühte ist alsō
+  (waȥ frumet daȥ ichȥ iu kunt tuo?):
+  dā hœret arzenīe zuo:
+  des wæret ir genislīch.
+  nu enist ab nieman sō rīch                 200
+  noch von sō starken sinnen
+  der sī müge gewinnen.
+  des sint ir iemer ungenesen,
+  got enwellẹ der arzāt wesen.’
+
+    Dō sprach der arme Heinrich              205
+  ‘war umbe untrœstent ir mich?
+  jā hān ich guotes wol die kraft:
+  ir enwellent iuwer meisterschaft
+  und iuwer reht ouch brechen
+  und dar zuo versprechen                    210
+  beidiu mīn silber und mīn golt,
+  ich mache iuch mir alsō holt
+  daȥ ir mich harte gerne ernert.’
+  ‘mir wærẹ der wille unrewert’
+  sprach der meister aber dō:                215
+  ‘und wærẹ der arzenīe alsō
+  daȥ man sī veile funde
+  oder daȥ man sī kunde
+  mit deheinen dingẹn erwerben,
+  ich enlieȥe iuch niht verderben.           220
+  nu enmac des leider niht sīn:
+  dā von muoȥ iu diu helfe mīn
+  durch alle nōt sīn versaget.
+  ir müesent haben eine maget
+  diu vollen ērbære                          225
+  und ouch des willen wære
+  daȥ sī den tōt durch iuch lite.
+  nu enist eȥ niht der liute site
+  daȥ eȥ iemen gerne tuo.
+  sō hœrt ouch anders niht dar zuo           230
+  niwan der megede herzen bluot:
+  daȥ wærẹ für iuwer suht guot.’
+
+    Nu erkantẹ der arme Heinrich
+  daȥ daȥ wære unmügelich
+  daȥ iemen den erwürbe                      235
+  der gerne für in stürbe.
+  alsus was im der trōst benomen
+  ūf den er dar was komen,
+  und dar nāch für die selben frist
+  hāt er ze sīner genist                     240
+  dehein gedinge mēre.
+  des wart sīn herzesēre
+  alsō kreftic unde grōȥ
+  daȥ in des aller meist verdrōȥ,
+  ob er langer solte leben.                  245
+  nū fuor er heim und begunde geben
+  sīn erbe und ouch sīn varnde guot,
+  als in dō sīn selbes muot
+  und wīser rāt lērte,
+  da erȥ aller bestẹ bekērte.                250
+  er begundẹ bescheidenlīchen
+  sīn armen friunde rīchen
+  und trōste ouch frömde armen,
+  daȥ sich got erbarmen
+  geruochte über der sēle heil:              255
+  gotes hiusern viel daȥ ander teil.
+  alsus sō tet er sich abe
+  bescheidenlīchen sīner habe
+  unz an ein geriute:
+  dar flōch er die liute.                    260
+  disiu jæmerlīchẹ geschiht
+  diu was sīn eines klage niht:
+  in klageten elliu diu lant
+  dā er inne was erkant,
+  und ouch von vrömden landen                265
+  die in nāch sage erkanden.
+
+    Der ē ditz geriute
+  und der eȥ dannoch biute,
+  daȥ was ein frīer būman
+  der vil selten ie gewan                    270
+  dehein grōȥ ungemach,
+  daȥ andẹrn gebūren doch geschach,
+  die wirs geherret wāren,
+  und sī die niht verbāren
+  beidiu mit stiure und mit bete.            275
+  swaȥ dirrẹ gebūre gerne tete,
+  des dūhte sīnen herren gnuoc:
+  dar zuo er in übertruoc
+  daȥ er dehein arbeit
+  von frömdem gewalte leit.                  280
+  des was deheiner sīn gelīch
+  in dem lande alsō rīch.
+  zuo deme zōch sich
+  sīn herrẹ, der arme Heinrich.
+  swaȥ er in het ē gespart,                  285
+  wie wol daȥ nū gedienet wart
+  und wie schōne er sīn genōȥ!
+  wan in vil lützel des verdrōȥ
+  swaȥ im geschach durch in.
+  er hete die triuwe und ouch den sin        290
+  daȥ er vil willeclīche leit
+  den kumber und die arbeit
+  diu ime ze līdenne geschach.
+  er schuof ime rīch gemach.
+
+    Got hete dem meiger gegeben              295
+  nāch sīner ahte ein reineȥ leben.
+  er hete ein wol erbeiten līp
+  und ein wol werbendeȥ wīp,
+  dar zuo het er schœniu kint,
+  diu gar des mannes fröude sint,            300
+  unde hete, sō man saget,
+  undẹr den kinden eine maget,
+  ein kint von ahte jāren:
+  daȥ kunde wol gebāren
+  sō rehte güetlīchen:                       305
+  sī wolte nie entwīchen
+  von ir herren einen fuoȥ:
+  umb sīne hulde und sīnen gruoȥ
+  sō diente si ime alle wege
+  mit ir güetlīchen pflege.                  310
+  sī was ouch sō genæme
+  daȥ sī wol gezæme
+  ze kinde deme rīche
+  an ir wætlīche.
+
+    Die andern heten den sin                 315
+  daȥ sī ze rehter māȥe in
+  wol gemīden kunden:
+  sō flōch sī zallen stunden
+  zuo ime und niender anders war.
+  sī was sīn kurzewīle gar.                  320
+  sī hete gar ir gemüete
+  mit reiner kindes güete
+  an ir herren gewant,
+  daȥ man sī zallen zīten vant
+  undẹr ir herren fuoȥe.                     325
+  mit süeȥer unmuoȥe
+  wonte sī ir herren bī.
+  dar zuo sō liebte er ouch sī
+  swā mite sō er mohte,
+  und daȥ der meide tohte                    330
+  zuo ir kintlīchen spil,
+  des gab der herre ir vil.
+  ouch half in sēre daȥ diu kint
+  sō līhte ze gewenenne sint.
+  er gewan ir swaȥ er veile vant,            335
+  spiegel unde hārbant,
+  gürtel unde vingerlīn
+  und swaȥ kinden liep solte sīn.
+  mit dienste brāhte er s’ ūf die vart
+  daȥ sī im alsō heimlich wart               340
+  daȥ er sī sīn gemahele hieȥ.
+  diu guote maget in lieȥ
+  belīben selten eine:
+  er dūhte sī vil reine.
+  swie starke ir daȥ geriete                 345
+  diu kindische miete,
+  iedoch geliebte irȥ aller meist
+  von gotes gebe ein süeȥer geist.
+
+    Ir dienst war sō güetlich.
+  dō dō der arme Heinrich                    350
+  driu jār dā getwelte
+  unde im got gequelte
+  mit grōȥem jāmer den līp,
+  nū saȥ der meier und sīn wīp
+  unde ir tohter, diu maget                  355
+  von der ich iu ē hān gesaget,
+  bī im in ir unmüeȥekeit
+  und begunden klagen ir herren leit.
+  diu klage tet in michel nōt:
+  wan sī vorhten daȥ sīn tot                 360
+  sī sēre solte letzen
+  und vil gar entsetzen
+  ēren unde guotes
+  und daȥ herters muotes
+  würde ein ander herre.                     365
+  si gedāhten alsō verre
+  unz dirre selbe būman
+  alsus frāgen began.
+
+    Er sprach ‘lieber herre mīn,
+  möht eȥ mit iuwern hulden sīn,             370
+  ich frāgte vil gerne,
+  sō vil ze Sālerne
+  von arzenīen meister ist,
+  wie kumet daȥ ir deheines list
+  ze iuwerme ungesunde                       375
+  niht gerāten kunde?
+  herre, des wundert mich.’
+  dō holtẹ der arme Heinrich
+  tiefen sūft von herzen
+  mit bitterlīchem smerzen:                  380
+  mit solher riuwe er dō sprach
+  daȥ ime der sūft daȥ wort zerbrach.
+
+    ‘Ich hān disen schemelīchen spot
+  vil wol gedienet umbe got.
+  wan dū sæhe wol hie vor                    385
+  daȥ hōh offen stuont mīn tor
+  nāch werltlīcher wünne
+  und daȥ niemen in sīnem künne
+  sīnen willen baȥ hete dan ich:
+  und was daȥ doch unmügelich,               390
+  wan ich enhete niht gar.
+  dō nam ich sīn vil kleine war
+  der mir daȥ selbe wunschleben
+  von sīnen gnāden hete gegeben.
+  daȥ herze mir dō alsō stuont               395
+  als alle werlttōren tuont,
+  den daȥ saget ir muot
+  daȥ sī ēre unde guot
+  āne got mügen hān.
+  sus troug ouch mich mīn tumber wān,        400
+  wan ich in lützel ane sach
+  von des genāden mir geschach
+  vil ēren unde guotes.
+  dō dō des hōhen muotes
+  den hōhen portenærẹ bedrōȥ,                405
+  die sælden porte er mir beslōȥ.
+  dane kum ich leider niemer in:
+  daȥ verworhte mir mīn tumber sin.
+  got hāt durch rāche an mich geleit
+  ein sus gewante siecheit                   410
+  die niemen mag erlœsen,
+  nū versmæhent mich die bœsen,
+  die biderben ruochent mīn niht.
+  swie bœse er ist der mich gesiht,
+  des boeser muoȥ ich dannoch sīn.           415
+  sīn unwert tuot er mir schīn:
+  er wirfẹt diu ougen abe mir.
+  nū schīnet ērste an dir
+  dīn triuwe die dū hāst,
+  daȥ dū mich siechen bī dir lāst            420
+  und von mir niht enfliuhest.
+  swie dū mich niht enschiuhest,
+  swie ich niemen liep sī danne dir,
+  swie vil dīns heiles stē an mir,
+  du vertrüegest doch wol mīnen tōt.         425
+  nū wes unwert und wes nōt
+  wart ie zer werlte merre?
+  hie vor was ich dīn herre
+  und bin dīn dürftige nū.
+  mīn lieber friunt, nu koufest dū           430
+  und mīn gemahele und dīn wīp
+  an mir den ēwigen līp
+  daȥ dū mich siechen bī dir lāst.
+  des dū mich gefrāget hāst,
+  daȥ sage ich dir vil gerne.                435
+  ichn kunde ze Sālerne
+  einen meister niender vinden
+  der sich mīn underwinden
+  getörste oder wolte.
+  wan dā mite ich solte                      440
+  mīner sühte genesen,
+  daȥ müeste ein solhiu sache wesen
+  die in der werlte nieman
+  mit nihte gewinnen kan.
+  mir wart niht anders dā gesaget            445
+  wan ich müeste haben eine maget
+  diu vollen manbære
+  und ouch des willen wære
+  daȥ sī den tōt durch mich lite
+  und man sī zuo dem herzen snite,           450
+  und mir wærẹ niht anders guot
+  wan von ir herzen daȥ bluot.
+  nū ist genuoc unmügelich
+  daȥ ir deheiniu durch mich
+  gerne līde den tōt.                        455
+  des muoȥ, ich schemelīche nōt
+  tragen unz an mīn ende.
+  daȥ mirȥ got schiere sende!’
+
+    Daȥ er dem vater hete gesagt,
+  daȥ erhōrte ouch diu reine magt:           460
+  wan eȥ hete diu vil süeȥe
+  ir lieben herren füeȥe
+  stānde in ir schōȥen,
+  man möhte wol genōȥen
+  ir kintlīch gemüete                        465
+  hin ze der engel güete.
+  sīner rede nam sī war
+  unde marhte sī ouch gar:
+  sī enkam von ir herzen nie
+  unz man des nahtes slāfen gie.             470
+  dō sī zir vater füeȥen lac
+  und ouch ir muoter, sō sī pflac,
+  und sī beide entsliefen,
+  manegen sūft tiefen
+  holte sī von herzen.                       475
+  umbe ir herren smerzen
+  wart ir riuwe alsō grōȥ
+  daȥ ir ougen regen begōȥ
+  der slāfenden füeȥe,
+  sus erwahte sī diu süeȥe.                  480
+
+    Dō sī der trehene enpfunden,
+  si erwachten und begunden
+  sī frāgen waȥ ir wære
+  und welher hande swære
+  sī alsō stille möhte klagen.               485
+  nu enwolte sī es in niht sagen,
+  wan daȥ ir vater aber tete
+  vil manege drō unde bete
+  daȥ sī eȥ ime wolte sagen.
+  sī sprach ‘ir möhtent mit mir klagen.      490
+  waȥ möhte uns mē gewerren
+  danne umb unsern herren,
+  daȥ wir den suln verliesen
+  und mit ime verkiesen
+  beide guot und ēre?                        495
+  wir gewinnen niemer mēre
+  deheinen herren alsō guot
+  der uns tuo daȥ er uns tuot.’
+
+    Sī sprāchen ‘tohter, dū hāst wār.
+  nū frumet uns leider niht ein hār          500
+  unser riuwe und dīn klage:
+  liebeȥ kint, dā von gedage.
+  eȥ ist uns alsō leit sō dir.
+  leider nū enmuge wir
+  ime ze keinen staten komen.                505
+  got der hāt in uns benomen:
+  het eȥ iemen anders getān,
+  der müese unsern fluoch hān.’
+
+    Alsus gesweigẹten sī sī dō.
+  die naht beleip sī unfrō                   510
+  und morne allen den tac.
+  swes iemen anders pflac,
+  diz enkam von ir herzen nie
+  unz man des andern nahtes gie
+  slāfen nāch gewonheit.                     515
+  dō sī sich hete geleit
+  an ir alte bettestat,
+  sī bereite aber ein bat
+  mit weinenden ougen:
+  wan sī truoc tougen                        520
+  nāhe in ir gemüete
+  die aller meisten güete
+  die ich von kinde ie vernam.
+  welch kint getete ouch ie alsam?
+  des einen sī sich gar verwac,              525
+  gelebetẹ sī morne den tac,
+  daȥ sī benamen ir leben
+  umbe ir herren wolte geben.
+
+    Von dem gedanke wart sī dō
+  vil ringes muotes unde frō,                530
+  und hete deheine sorge mē,
+  wan ein vorhtẹ diu tete ir wē,
+  sō sīȥ ir herren sagte,
+  daȥ er dar an verzagte,
+  und swenne sīȥ in allen drin               535
+  getæte kunt, daȥ sī an in
+  der gehenge niht enfunde
+  daȥ mans ir iht gunde.
+
+    Des wart sō grōȥ ir ungehabe
+  daȥ ir muoter dar abe                      540
+  unde ir vater wart erwaht
+  als ouch an der vordern naht.
+  sī rihten sich ūf zuo ir
+  und sprāchen ‘sich, waȥ wirret dir?
+  dū bist vil alwære                         545
+  daȥ du dich sō manege swære
+  von solher klage hāst an genomen
+  der niemen mac zeim ende komen.
+  war umbẹ lāstu uns niht slāfen?’
+  sus begunden sī sī strāfen.                550
+  waȥ ir diu klage töhte,
+  die niemen doch enmöhte
+  verenden noch gebüeȥen?
+  sus wānden sī die süeȥen
+  gesweigen an der selben stunt:             555
+  dō was ir wille in vil unkunt.
+
+    Sus antwurte in diu maget.
+  ‘als uns mīn herre hāt gesaget,
+  sō mac man in vil wol ernern.
+  zewāre, ir welt mirȥ danne wern,           560
+  sō bin ich ze der arzenīe guot.
+  ich bin ein maget und hān den muot,
+  ē ich in sihe verderben,
+  ich wil ē für in sterben.’
+
+    Von dirre rede wurden dō                 565
+  trūric unde unfrō
+  beide muoter unde vater.
+  sīne tohter die bat er
+  daȥ sī die rede lieȥe
+  und ir herren gehieȥe                      570
+  daȥ sī geleisten möhte,
+  wand ir diz niht entöhte.
+
+    Er sprach ‘tohter, du bist ein kint
+  und dīne triuwe die sint
+  ze grōȥ an disen dingen.                   575
+  du enmaht es niht für bringen
+  als dū uns hie hāst verjehen.
+  dū hāst des tōdes niht gesehen.
+  swenn eȥ dir kumet ūf die frist
+  daȥ des dehein rāt ist,                    580
+  dū enmüeȥest sterben,
+  und möhtest dūȥ erwerben,
+  dū lebetest gerner dannoch:
+  wan dun kæme nie in leider loch.
+  dā von tuo zuo dīnen munt:                 585
+  und wirstū für dise stunt
+  der rede iemer mēre lūt,
+  eȥ gāt dir ūf dīne hūt.’
+
+    Alsus sō wānde er sī dō
+  bēdiu mit bete und mit drō                 590
+  gesweigen: dō enmohter.
+  sus antwurt ime sīn tohter.
+
+    ‘Vater mīn, swie tump ich sī,
+  mir wonet iedoch diu witze bī
+  daȥ ich von sage wol die nōt               595
+  erkenne daȥ des lībes tōt
+  ist starc unde strenge.
+  swer ouch dannẹ die lenge
+  mit arbeiten leben sol,
+  dem ist iedoch niht ze wol.                600
+  wan swenne er hie geringet
+  und ūf sīn alter bringet
+  den līp mit michelre nōt,
+  sō muoȥ er līden doch den tōt.
+  ist ime diu sēle dannẹ verlorn,            605
+  sō wære er beȥȥer ungeborn.
+  eȥ ist mir komen ūf daȥ zil,
+  des ich got iemer loben wil,
+  daȥ ich den jungen līp mac geben
+  umbẹ daȥ ēwige leben.                      610
+  nū sult ir mirȥ niht leiden.
+  ich wil mir unde iu beiden
+  vil harte wol mite varn.
+  ich mag iuch eine wol bewarn
+  vor schaden und vor leide,                 615
+  als ich iu nū bescheide.
+  ir hānt ēre unde guot:
+  daȥ meinet mīnes herren muot;
+  wan er iu leit nie gesprach
+  und ouch daȥ guot nie abe gebrach.         620
+  die wīle daȥ er leben sol
+  sō stēt iuwer sache wol:
+  und lāȥe wir den sterben,
+  sō müeȥen wir verderben.
+  den wil ich uns fristen                    625
+  mit alsō schœnen listen
+  dā mite wir alle sīn genesen.
+  nū gunnet mirs, wan eȥ muoȥ wesen.’
+
+    Diu muoter weinende sprach,
+  dō sī der tohter ernst ersach,             630
+  ‘gedenke, tohter, liebeȥ kint,
+  wie grōȥ die arbeite sint
+  die ich durch dich erliten hān,
+  und lā mich beȥȥern lōn enpfān
+  dan ich dich hœre sprechen.                635
+  dū wilt mīn herze brechen.
+  senfte mir der rede ein teil.
+  jā wiltū alleȥ dīn heil
+  an uns verwürken wider got.
+  wan gedenkest dū an sīn gebot?             640
+  jā gebōt er unde bat er
+  daȥ man muoter unde vater
+  minne und ēre biete,
+  und geheiȥet daȥ ze miete
+  daȥ der sēle rāt werde                     645
+  und lanclīp ūf der erde.
+  dū gihst, dū wellest dīn leben
+  umb unser beider fröude geben:
+  dū wilt uns beiden
+  daȥ leben vaste leiden.                    650
+  daȥ dīn vater unde ich
+  gerne leben, daȥ ist durch dich.
+  waȥ solte uns līp unde guot,                 a
+  waȥ solte uns werltlich muot,                b
+  swenne wir dīn enbæren?                      c
+  dune  . . . . . .                            d
+  jā soltū, liebiu tohter mīn,
+  unser beider fröude sīn,
+  gar unsers lībes wünne,                    655
+  ein bluome in dīme künne,
+  unsers alters ein stap.
+  und lāstū uns über dīn grap
+  gestēn von dīnen schulden,
+  dū muost von gotes hulden                  660
+  iemer sīn gescheiden:
+  daȥ koufest an uns beiden.’
+  ‘wiltu uns tohter wesen guot,                a
+  sō soltū rede und den muot                   b
+  durch unsers herren hulde lān,               c
+  die ich von dir vernomen hān.’               d
+
+    Si sprach ‘muoter, ich getrūwe dir
+  und mīnem vater her ze mir
+  aller der genāden wol                      665
+  der vater unde muoter sol
+  leisten ir kinde,
+  als ich eȥ wol bevinde
+  an iu allertegelich.
+  von iuwern gnāden hān ich                  670
+  die sēle und einen schœnen līp.
+  mich lobet man unde wīp,
+  und alle die mich sehende sint,
+  ich sī daȥ schœneste kint
+  daȥ sī zir lebene haben gesehen.           675
+  wem soll ich der genāden jehen
+  niuwan iu zwein nāch gote?
+  des sol ich ze iuwerm gebote
+  iemer vil gerne stān:
+  wie michel reht ich des hān!               680
+  muoter, sæligeȥ wīp,
+  sīt ich nū sēle unde līp
+  von iuwern genāden hān,
+  sō lāntȥ an iuwern hulden stān
+  daȥ ich ouch die beide                     685
+  von dem tiuvel scheide
+  und mich gote müeȥe geben.
+  jā ist dirre werlte leben
+  niuwan der sēle verlust.
+  ouch hāt mich werltlīch gelust             690
+  unz her noch niht berüeret,
+  der hin zer helle füeret.
+  nū wil ich gote genāde sagen
+  daȥ er in mīnen jungen tagen
+  mir die sinne hāt gegeben                  695
+  daȥ ich ūf diz brœde leben
+  ahte harte kleine.
+  ich wil mich alsus reine
+  antwürtẹn in gotes gewalt.
+  ich fürhte, solt ich werden alt,           700
+  daȥ mich der werlte süeȥe
+  zuhte under füeȥe,
+  als sī vil manegen hāt gezogen
+  den ouch ir süeȥe hāt betrogen:
+  sō würde ich līhte gote entsaget.          705
+  gote müeȥe eȥ sīn geklaget
+  daȥ ich unz morne leben sol:
+  mir behaget diu werlt niht sō wol.
+  ir meiste liep ist herzeleit
+  (daȥ sī iu für wār geseit),                710
+  ir süeȥer lōn ein bitter nōt,
+  ir lancleben ein gæher tōt.
+  wir hān niht gewisses mē
+  wan hiute wol und morne wē
+  und ie ze jungest der tōt.                 715
+  daȥ ist ein jæmerlīchiu nōt.
+  eȥ enschirmet geburt noch guot,
+  schœne, sterke, hōher muot,
+  eȥ enfrumt tugent noch ēre
+  für den tōt niht mēre                      720
+  dann ungeburt und untugent.
+  unser leben und unser jugent
+  ist ein nebel unde ein stoup,
+  unser stæte bibent als ein loup.
+  er ist ein vil verschaffen gouch           725
+  der gerne in sich vaȥȥt den rouch,
+  eȥ sī wīp oder man,
+  der diz niht wol bedenken kan
+  und ouch der werlt nāch volgende ist.
+  wan uns ist über den fūlen mist            730
+  der pfeller hie gespreitet:
+  swen nū der blic verleitet,
+  der ist zuo der hellẹ geborn
+  unde enhāt niht mē verlorn
+  wan beidiu sēle unde līp.                  735
+  nu gedenkent, sæligeȥ wīp,
+  müeterlīcher triuwe
+  und senftent iuwer riuwe
+  die ir dā habent umbe mich:
+  so bedenket ouch der vater sich.           740
+  ich weiȥ wol daȥ er mir heiles gan.
+  er ist ein alsō biderber man
+  daȥ er erkennet wol daȥ ir
+  unlange doch mit mir
+  iuwer fröude mügent hān,                   745
+  ob ich joch lebende bestān.
+  belībe ich āne man bī iu
+  zwei jār oder driu,
+  sō ist mīn herre līhte tōt,
+  und kument in sō grōȥe nōt                 750
+  vil līhte von armuot
+  daȥ ir mir alsolheȥ guot
+  zeinem man niht mugent geben,
+  ich enmüeȥe alse swache leben
+  daȥ ich iu lieber wære tōt.                755
+  nu verswīgẹ wir aber der nōt,
+  daȥ uns niht enwerre
+  und uns mīn lieber herre
+  were und alsō lange lebe
+  unz daȥ man mich zeim manne gebe           760
+  der rīche sī unde wert:
+  sō ist geschehen des ir dā gert
+  und wænent mir sī wol geschehen.
+  anders hāt mir mīn muot verjehen.
+  wirt er mir liep, daȥ ist ein nōt:         765
+  wirt er mir leit, daȥ ist der tōt.
+  wan sō hān ich iemer leit
+  und bin mit ganzer arbeit
+  gescheiden von gemache
+  mit maneger hande sache                    770
+  diu den wīben wirret
+  und sī ze fröuden irret.
+  nū setzt mich in den vollen rāt
+  der dā niemer zergāt.
+  mīn gert ein frīer būman                   775
+  dem ich wol mīnes lībes gan.
+  zwāre, dem sult ir mich geben,
+  sō ist geschaffet wol mīn leben.
+  im gēt sīn pfluoc harte wol,
+  sīn hof ist alles rātes vol,               780
+  da enstirbet ros noch daȥ rint,
+  da enmüent diu weinenden kint,
+  da enist ze heiȥ noch ze kalt,
+  dā wirt von jāren niemen alt,
+  der alte wirt junger,                      785
+  da enist frost noch hunger,
+  da enist deheiner slahte leit,
+  da ist ganziu fröude ān arbeit.
+  ze dem wil ich mich ziehen
+  und solhen bū fliehen                      790
+  den daȥ fiur und der hagel sleht
+  und der wāc abe tweht,
+  mit dem man ringet unde ie ranc.
+  swaȥ man daȥ jār alse lanc
+  dar ūf gearbeiten mac,                     795
+  daȥ verliuset schiere ein halber tac.
+  den bū den wil ich lāȥen:
+  er sī von mir verwāȥen.
+  ir minnent mich: deist billich.
+  nū sihe ich gerne daȥ mich                 800
+  iuwer minne iht unminne.
+  ob ir iuch rehter sinne
+  an mir verstān kunnent
+  und ob ir mir gunnent
+  beide guotes unde ēren,                    805
+  sō lāȥet mich kēren
+  ze unserm herren Jēsū Krist,
+  des gnāde alsō stæte ist
+  daȥ sī niemer zergāt,
+  unde ouch zuo mir armen hāt                810
+  alsō grōȥe minne
+  als zeiner küniginne.
+  ich sol von mīnen schulden
+  ūȥ iuwern hulden
+  niemer komen, wil eȥ got.                  815
+  eȥ ist gewisse sīn gebot
+  daȥ ich iu sī undertān,
+  wan ich den līp von iu hān:
+  daȥ leist ich āne riuwe.
+  ouch sol ich māne triuwe                   820
+  an mir selber niht brechen.
+  ich hōrte ie daȥ sprechen,
+  swer den andern fröuwet sō
+  daȥ er selbe wirt unfrō,
+  und swer den andern krœnet                 825
+  und sich selben hœnet,
+  der triuwen sī ze vil.
+  wie gerne ich iu des volgen wil
+  daȥ ich iu triuwe leiste,
+  mir selber doch die meiste.                830
+  welt ir mir wenden mīn heil,
+  sō lāȥ ich iuch ein teil
+  ē nāch mir geweinen,
+  ich enwelle mir erscheinen
+  wes ich mir selber schuldic bin.           835
+  ich wil iemer dā hin
+  da ich volle fröude vinde.
+  ir hānt doch mē kinde:
+  diu lānt iuwer fröude sīn
+  und getrœstent ir iuch mīn.                840
+  wan mir mac daȥ nieman erwern,
+  zwāre, ich enwelle ernern
+  mīnen herren unde mich.
+  muoter, jā hōrte ich dich
+  klagen unde sprechen ē,                    845
+  eȥ tæte dīme herzen wē,
+  soltest dū ob mīme grabe stān.
+  des wirst du harte wol erlān:
+  dū stāst ob mīme grabe niht.
+  wan dā der tōt geschiht,                   850
+  daȥ enlāt dich niemen sehen:
+  eȥ sol ze Sālerne geschehen.
+  dā sol uns viere der tōt                     a
+  lœsẹen von aller slahte nōt.                 b
+  des tōdes des genese wir,
+  und ich doch verre baȥ dan ir.’
+
+    Dō sī daȥ kint dō sāhen                  855
+  ze dem tōde sō gāhen,
+  und eȥ sō wīslīchen sprach
+  unde menschlich reht zerbrach,
+  si begunden ahten under in
+  daȥ die wīsheit und den sin                860
+  niemer erzeigen kunde
+  dehein zunge in kindes munde.
+  sī jāhen daȥ der heiliggeist
+  der rede wære ir volleist,
+  der ouch sante Niklauses pflac             865
+  dō er in der wagen lac
+  und in die wīsheit lērte
+  daȥ er ze gote kērte
+  sīne kintlīche güete:
+  und bedāhtẹn sich in ir gemüete            870
+  daȥ sī niht enwolden
+  sī wenden noch ensolden
+  des sī sich hete an genomen:
+  der willẹ sī ir von gote komen.
+  von jāmẹr erkalte in der līp,              875
+  dō der meiger und sīn wīp
+  an dem bette sāȥen
+  und vil gar vergāȥen
+  durch des kindes minne
+  der zungen und der sinne                   880
+  sā ze der selben stunde.
+  ir enwederȥ enkunde
+  einic wort gesprechen.
+  daȥ gegihtẹ begunde brechen
+  die muoter von leide.                      885
+  sus gesāȥen sī beide
+  riuwic unde unfrō
+  unz sī sich bedāhten dō
+  waȥ in ir trūren töhte:
+  sō man ir doch niht enmöhte                890
+  benemen ir willen unde ir muot,
+  sō enwære in niht alsō guot
+  sō daȥ sī irs wol gunden,
+  wan sī doch niht enkunden
+  ir niemer werden āne baȥ;                  895
+  enpfiengen sī der rede haȥ,
+  eȥ möhte in umbe ir herren
+  vil harte wol gewerren,
+  und verviengen anders niht dā mite.
+  mit vil willeclīchem site                  900
+  sprāchen sī beide dō
+  daȥ sī der rede wæren frō.
+
+    Des fröute sich diu reine maget.
+  dō eȥ vil kūme was getaget
+  dō gie sī dā ir herre slief.               905
+  sīn trūtgemahele ime rief,
+  sī sprach ‘herre, slāfent ir?’
+  ‘nein ich, gemahele, sage mir,
+  wie bistū hiute alsō fruo?’
+  ‘herrẹ, dā twinget mich derzuo             910
+  der jāmer iuwerr siecheit.’
+  er sprach ‘gemahelẹ, daȥ ist dir leit:
+  daȥ erzeigest du an mir wol,
+  als eȥ dir got vergelten sol.
+  nune mag es dehein rāt sīn.’               915
+  ‘entriuwen, lieber herre mīn,
+  iuwer wirt vil guot rāt.
+  sīt eȥ alsus umbe iuch stāt
+  daȥ man iu gehelfen mac,
+  ichn gesūme iuch niemer tac.               920
+  herre, ir hānt uns doch gesaget,
+  ob ir hetent eine maget
+  diu gernẹ den tōt durch iuch lite,
+  dā soltent ir genesen mite.
+  diu wil ich weiȥgot selbe sīn:             925
+  iuwer leben ist nützer dan daȥ mīn.’
+
+    Dō gnādẹte ir der herre
+  des willen harte verre.
+  und ervollẹten im diu ougen
+  von jāmer alsō tougen.                     930
+  er sprach ‘gemahelẹ, ja ist der tōt
+  iedoch niht ein senftiu nōt,
+  als dū dir līhte hāst gedāht.
+  du hāst mich des wol innen brāht,
+  möhtestū, dū hülfest mir.                  935
+  des genüegẹt mich wol von dir.
+  ich erkenne dīnen süeȥen muot:
+  dīn wille ist reine unde guot.
+  ichn sol ouch niht mē von dir gern.
+  dū maht mich des niht wol gewern           940
+  daȥ dū dā gesprochen hāst.
+  die triuwe die du an mir begāst,
+  die sol dir vergelten got.
+  ditz wærẹ der lantliute spot,
+  swaȥ ich mich für dise stunde              945
+  arzenīen underwunde,
+  und mich doch niht vervienge
+  wan als eȥ doch ergienge.
+  gemahele, dū tuost als diu kint
+  diu dā gæhes muotes sint:                  950
+  swaȥ den kumet in den muot,
+  eȥ sī übel oder guot,
+  dar zuo ist in allen gāch,
+  und geriuwẹt sī sēre dar nāch.
+  gemahele, alsō tuost ouch dū.              955
+  der rede ist dir ze muote nū:
+  der die von dir nemen wolte,
+  sō manȥ danne enden solte,
+  so geriuweȥ dich vil līhte doch.’
+  und daȥ sī sich ein teil noch              960
+  baȥ bedæhte des bat er.
+  er sprach ‘dīn muoter und dīn vater
+  die enmugen dīn niht wol enbern.
+  ich sol ouch niht ir leides gern
+  die mir ie gnāde tāten.                    965
+  swaȥ sī dir beide rāten,
+  liebẹ gemahele, daȥ tuo.’
+  hie mite lachete er dar zuo,
+  wan er lützel sich versach
+  daȥ doch sider dō geschach.                970
+
+    Sus sprach er zuo der guoter.
+  der vater und diu muoter
+  sprāchen ‘lieber herre,
+  ir hānt uns vil verre
+  geliebet und geēret:                       975
+  daȥ enwærẹ niht wol bekēret,
+  wir engültenȥ iu mit guote.
+  unser tohter ist ze muote
+  daȥ sī den tōt durch iuch dol:
+  des gunne wir ir harte wol.                980
+  eȥ ist hiutẹ der dritte tac
+  daȥ sī uns alleȥ ane lac
+  daȥ wir ir sīn gunden:
+  nū hāt sīȥ an uns funden.
+  nū lāȥe iuch got mit ir genesen:           985
+  wir wellen ir durch iuch entwesen.’
+
+    Do im sīn gemahele dō bōt
+  für sīnen siechtuom ir tōt
+  und man ir ernest ersach,
+  dō wart dō michel ungemach                 990
+  und jæmerlīch gebærde.
+  manc mislīchiu beswærde
+  huop sich dō under in,
+  zwischẹn dem herren unde in drin.
+  ir vater unde ir muoter die                995
+  erhuoben michel weinen hie:
+  des weinens tet in michel nōt
+  umb ir vil lieben kindes tōt.
+  nū begunde ouch der herre
+  gedenken alsō verre                       1000
+  an des kindes triuwe,
+  und begreif in ein riuwe,
+  daȥ er sēre weinen began,
+  und zwīvelte vaste dran
+  weder eȥ beȥȥer getān                     1005
+  möhte sīn oder verlān.
+  von vorhten weinte ouch diu maget:
+  sī wānde er wære dran verzaget.
+  sus wārens alle unfrō.
+  sī gerten keines dankes dō.               1010
+
+    Ze jungest dō bedāhte sich
+  ir herrẹ, der arme Heinrich,
+  und begunde sagen in
+  grōȥe gnāde allen drin
+  der triuwen und des guotes                1015
+  (diu maget wart rīches muotes
+  daȥ ers gevolgẹte gerne),
+  und bereitẹ sich ze Sālerne
+  sō er schiereste mohte.
+  swaȥ ouch der megede tohte,               1020
+  daȥ wart vil schiere bereit:
+  schœniu pfert und rīchiu kleit,
+  diu sī getruoc nie vor der zīt:
+  hermin unde samīt,
+  den besten zobel den man vant,            1025
+  daȥ was der megede gewarit.
+
+    Nū wer möhte volgesagen
+  die herzeriuwe und daȥ klagen,
+  der muoter grimmigeȥ leit
+  und ouch des vater arbeit?                1030
+  eȥ wærẹ wol undẹr in beiden
+  ein jæmerliīcheȥ scheiden,
+  dō sī ir liebeȥ kint von in
+  gefrumten sō gesundeȥ hin
+  niemer mē ze sehenne in den tōt,          1035
+  wan daȥ in senftet ir nōt
+  diu reine gotes güete,
+  von der doch daȥ gemüete
+  ouch dem jungen kinde quam
+  daȥ eȥ den tōt gerne nam.                 1040
+  eȥ was āne ir rāt kōmen:
+  dā von wart von ir herzẹn genomen
+  alliu klage und swære,
+  wan eȥ anders wunder wære
+  daȥ in ir herze niht zerbrach.            1045
+  ze liebe wart ir ungemach,
+  daȥ sī dar nāch deheine nōt
+  liten umbe ir kindes tōt.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE.
+
+  The exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. His chief poems
+  were written between the years 1187 and 1230.
+
+  The best edition of his works is: Walther von der Vogelweide,
+  herausgegeben und erklärt von W. Wilmanns, Halle, 1883 (2nd edit.).
+
+
+1.
+
+    Ir sult sprechen: ‘willekomen!’
+  der iu mære bringet, daȥ bin ich.
+    Alleȥ daȥ ir habt vernomen,
+  daȥ ist gar ein wint: nū frāget mich.
+    Ich wil aber miete:                                    5
+  wirt mīn lōn iht guot,
+  sō sage ich iu vil līhte, daȥ in sanfte tuot.
+  seht, waȥ man mir ēren biete.
+
+    Ich wil tiuschen frouwen sagen
+  solhiu mære, daȥ si deste baȥ                           10
+    Al der werlte suln behagen:
+  āne grōȥe miete tuon ich daȥ.
+    Waȥ wold’ ich ze lōne?
+  si sint mir ze hēr;
+  sō bin ich gefüege und bite si nihtes mēr               15
+  wan daȥ si mich grüeȥen schōne.
+
+    Ich hān lande vil gesehen
+  unde nam der besten gerne war:
+    Übel müeȥe mir geschehen,
+  künde ich ie mīn herze bringen dar,                     20
+    Daȥ im wol gevallen
+  wolde fremeder site.
+  nū waȥ hülfe mich, ob ich unrehte strite?
+  tiuschiu zuht gāt vor in allen.
+
+    Von der Elbe unz an den Rīn                           25
+  und her wider unz an Ungerlant
+    Mügen wol die besten sīn,
+  die ich in der werlte hān erkant.
+    Kan ich rehte schouwen
+  guot gelāȥ und līp,                                     30
+  sam mir got, sō swüere ich wol, daȥ hie diu wīp
+  beȥȥer sint danne ander frouwen.
+
+    Tiusche man sint wol gezogen,
+  rehte als engel sint diu wīp getān.
+    Swer si schiltet, derst betrogen:                     35
+  ich enkan sīn anders niht verstān.
+    Tugent und reine minne,
+  swer die suochen wil,
+  der sol komen in unser lant: da ist wünne vil:
+  lange müeȥe ich leben dar inne!                         40
+
+
+2.
+
+  Owē war sint verswunden / alliu mīniu jār!
+  ist mir mīn leben getroumet / oder ist eȥ wār?
+  daȥ ich ie wānde, daȥ / iht wære, was daȥ iht?
+  dar nāch hān ich geslāfen / und enweiȥ es niht.                 45
+    Nū bin ich erwachet, / und ist mir unbekant,
+  daȥ mir hie vor was kündic / als mīn ander hant.
+  liut unde lant, dā ich / von kinde bin erzogen,
+  die sint mir fremde worden, / reht’ als eȥ sī gelogen:
+    Die mīne gespilen wāren, / die sint træge und alt;            50
+  bereitet ist daȥ velt, / verhouwen ist der walt:
+  wan daȥ daȥ waȥȥer fliuȥet, / als eȥ wīlent flōȥ,
+  für wār ich wāndẹ / mīn ungelücke würde grōȥ.
+  mich grüeȥet maneger trāge, / der mich bekande ē wol.
+  diu werlt ist allenthalben / ungenāden vol.                     55
+  als ich gedenke an manegen / wünneclīchen tac,
+  die sint mir enpfallen gar / als in daȥ mer ein slac,
+  iemer mēre owē!
+    Owē wie jæmerlīche / junge liute tuont!
+  den vil unriuweclīche / ir gemüete stuont,                      60
+  die kunnen niuwan sorgen: / owē wie tuont si sō?
+  swar ich zer werlte kēre, / dā ist nieman frō:
+    Tanzen unde singen / zergāt mit sorgen gar.
+  nie kristenman gesach / sō jæmerlīchiu jār.
+  nū merket, wie den frouwen / ir gebende stāt;                   65
+  die stolzen ritter tragent / dörperlīche wāt.
+    Uns sint unsenfte brieve / her von Rōme komen,
+  uns ist erloubet trūren / und fröude gar benomen.
+  daȥ müet mich inneclīchen / (wir lebten ē vil wol),
+  daȥ ich nū für mīn lachen / weinen kiesen sol.                  70
+  diu wilden vogellīn / betrüebet unser klage:
+  waȥ wunders ist, ob ich / dā von vil gar verzage?
+  waȥ spriche ich tumber man / durch mīnen bœsen zorn?
+  swer dirre wünne volget, der / hāt jene dort verlorn
+  iemer mēre, owē!                                                75
+    Owē wie uns mit süeȥen / dingen ist vergeben!
+  ich sihe die gallen mitten / in dem honege sweben.
+  diu werlt ist ūȥen schœne, / wīȥ, grüen’ unde rōt
+  und innen swarzer varwe, / vinster sam der tōt.
+    Swen si nū habe verleitet, / der schouwe sīnen trōst:         80
+  er wirt mit swacher buoȥe / grōȥer sünde erlōst.
+  dar an gedenket, ritter! / eȥ ist iuwer dinc;
+  ir traget die liehten helme / und manegen herten rinc,
+    Dar zuo die vesten schilte / und diu gewīhten swert.
+  wolte got, wær ich / der sigenünfte wert,                       85
+  sō wolte ich nōtic man / verdienen rīchen solt.
+  joch meine ich niht die huoben / noch der hērren golt:
+  ich wolte selbe krōne / ēweclīchen tragen;
+  die möhte ein soldenære / mit sīme sper bejagen.
+  möht ich die lieben reise / gevaren über sē,                    90
+  sō wolte ich denne singen ‘wol’ / und niemer mēre ‘owē,’
+  niemer mēre ‘owē!’
+
+
+3.
+
+  Dō der sumer komen was
+  und die bluomen durch daȥ gras
+  wünneclīche ensprungen,
+  aldā die vogele sungen,                     95
+  dār kom ich gegangen
+  an einen anger langen,
+  dā ein lūter brunne entspranc;
+  vor dem walde was sīn ganc,
+  dā diu nahtegale sanc.                     100
+
+  Bī dem brunnen stuont ein boum,
+  dā gesach ich einen troum.
+  ich was zuo dem brunnen
+  gegangen von der sunnen,
+  daȥ diu linde mære                         105
+  den küelen schaten bære.
+  bī dem brunnen ich gesaȥ:
+  mīner swære ich gar vergaȥ,
+  schiere entslief ich umbe daȥ.
+
+  Dō bedūhte mich zehant,                    110
+  wie mir dienten elliu lant,
+  wie mīn sēle wære
+  ze himel āne swære
+  und der līp hie solte
+  gebāren swie er wolte.                     115
+  dā enwas mir niht ze wē.
+  got der waldes, swie’ȥ ergē:
+  schœner troum enwart nie mē.
+
+  Gerne sliefe ich iemer dā,
+  wan ein unsæligiu krā,                     120
+  diu begonde schrīen.
+  daȥ alle krā gedīen
+  alse ich in des günne!
+  si nam mir michel wunne.
+  von ir schrīenne ich erschrac:             125
+  wan daȥ dā niht steines lac,
+  sō wær’ eȥ ir suontac.
+
+  Wan ein wunderalteȥ wīp
+  diu getrōste mir den līp.
+  die begonde ich eiden.                     130
+  nū hāt si mir bescheiden
+  waȥ der troum bediute.
+  daȥ merken wīse liute;
+  zwēne und einer daȥ sint drī;
+  dannoch seitẹ si mir dā bī,                135
+  daȥ mīn dūme ein vinger sī.
+
+
+4.
+
+  Ich saȥ ūf eime steine
+  und dahte bein mit beine;
+  dar ūf satzt ich den ellenbogen;
+  ich hete in mīne hant gesmogen             140
+  daȥ kinne und ein mīn wange:
+  dō dāhte ich mir vil ange,
+  wie man zer werlte solte leben.
+  deheinen rāt kond ich gegeben,
+  wie man driu dinc erwürbe,                 145
+  der keineȥ niht verdürbe.
+  diu zwei sint ēre und varnde guot,
+  daȥ dicke einander schaden tuot;
+  daȥ dritte ist gotes hulde,
+  der zweier übergulde.                      150
+  die wolte ich gerne in einen schrīn;
+  jā leider des enmac niht sīn,
+  daȥ guot und werltlīch ēre
+  und gotes hulde mēre
+  zesamene in ein herze komen.               155
+  stīg’ unde wege sint in benomen:
+  untriuwe is in der sāȥe,
+  gewalt vert ūf der strāȥe,
+  fride unde reht sint sēre wunt.
+  diu driu enhabent geleites niht,           160
+  diu zwei enwerden ē gesunt.
+
+
+5.
+
+  Ich hōrte ein waȥȥer dieȥen
+  und sach die vische flieȥen;
+  ich sach swaȥ in der werlte was,
+  velt unde walt, loup rōr und gras;         165
+  swaȥ kriuchet unde fliuget
+  und bein zer erden biuget,
+  daȥ sach ich unde sage iu daȥ:
+  der keineȥ lebet āne haȥ.
+  daȥ wilt und daȥ gewürme                   170
+  die strītent starke stürme,
+  sam tuont die vogel under in;
+  wan daȥ sie habent einen sin:
+  sie diuhten sich ze nihte,
+  sie enschüefen starc gerihte:              175
+  sie kiesent künege unde reht,
+  sie setzent hērren unde kneht.
+  sō wē dir, tiuschiu zunge,
+  wie stēt dīn ordenunge,
+  daȥ nū diu mucke ir künic hāt              180
+  und daȥ dīn ēre alsō zergāt!
+  bekērā dich, bekēre!
+  die zirken sint ze hēre,
+  die armen künege dringent dich:
+  Philippe setze en weisen ūf
+          und heiȥ sie treten hinder sich!
+
+
+6.
+
+  Ich sach mit mīnen ougen
+  man unde wībe tougen,
+  dā ich gehōrte und gesach
+  swaȥ iemen tet, swaȥ iemen sprach.
+  ze Rōme hōrte ich liegen                   190
+  und zwēne künege triegen.
+  dā von huop sich der meiste strīt,
+  der ē was oder iemer sīt,
+  daȥ sich begonden zweien
+  die pfaffen unde leien.                    195
+  daȥ was ein nōt vor aller nōt:
+  līp unde sēle lac dā tōt,
+  die pfaffen striten sēre:
+  doch wart der leien mēre.
+  diu swert sie legeten dernider             200
+  und griffen zuo der stōle wider:
+  sie bienen die sie wolten
+  und niuwet den sie solten.
+  dō stōrte man diu goteshūs.
+  ich hōrte verre in einer klūs              205
+  vil michel ungebære:
+  dā weinde ein klōsenære,
+  er klagete gote sīniu leit:
+  ‘ōwē, der bābest ist ze junc:
+          hilf, hērre, dīner Kristenheit!’
+
+
+7.
+
+  Diu krōne ist elter dan der künec Philippes sī:        210
+  dā muget ir alle schouwen wol ein wunder bī,
+  wie s’ ime der smit sō ebene habe gemachet.
+  sīn keiserlicheȥ houbet zimt ir alsō wol,
+  daȥ sie ze rehte nieman guoter scheiden sol.
+  ir dwedereȥ daȥ ander niht enswachet.                  215
+  sie liuhtent beide ein ander an,
+  daȥ edele gesteine wider den jungen man:
+  die ougenweide sehent die fürsten gerne.
+  swer nū des rīches irre gē,
+  der schouwe, wem der weise ob sīme nacke stē:          220
+  der stein ist aller fürsten leitesterne.
+
+
+8.
+
+  Mir ist verspart der sælden tor:
+  dā stēn ich als ein weise vor,
+  mich hilfet niht swaȥ ich dar an geklopfe.
+  wie möhte ein wunder grœȥer sīn?                       225
+  eȥ regent beidenthalben mīn,
+  daȥ mir des alles niht enwirt ein tropfe.
+  des fürsten milte ūȥ Ōsterrīche
+  freut dem süeȥen regen gelīche
+  beidiu liute und ouch daȥ lant.                        230
+  er ist ein schœne wol gezieret heide,
+  dar abe man bluomen brichet wunder:
+  und bræche mir ein blat dar under
+  diu sīn vil milte rīchiu hant,
+  sō möhte ich loben die süeȥen ougenweide.              235
+  hie bī sī er an mich gemant.
+
+
+9.
+
+  Ich hān mīn lēhen, al die werlt! ich hān mīn lēhen!
+  nū enfürhte ich niht den hornunc an die zēhen
+  und wil alle bœse hērren deste minre vlēhen.
+  der edel künec, der milte künec hāt mich berāten,              240
+  daȥ ich den sumer luft und in dem winter hitze hān.
+  mīn’ nāhgebūren dunke ich verre baȥ getān:
+  sie sehent mich niht mēr an in butzen wīs, alsō sie tāten.
+  ich bin ze lange arm gewesen ān’ mīnen danc.
+  ich was sō volle scheltens, daȥ mīn ātem stanc.                245
+  daȥ hāt der künec gemachet reine und dar zuo mīnen sanc.
+
+
+10.
+
+  Ōwē hovelīcheȥ singen,
+  daȥ dich ungefüege dœne
+  solten ie ze hove verdringen!
+  daȥ sie schiere got gehœne!                250
+  ōwē, daȥ dīn wirde alsō geliget,
+  des sint alle dīne friunde unfrō.
+  daȥ muoȥ eht sō sīn, nū sī alsō:
+  frō Unfuoge, ir habt gesiget.
+
+    Der uns freude wider bræhte,             255
+  diu reht und gefüege wære,
+  hei wie wol man des gedæhte,
+  swā man von im seite mære!
+  eȥ wær’ ein vil hovelīcher muot,
+  des ich iemer gerne wünschen sol.          260
+  frouwen unde hērren zæme eȥ wol:
+  ōwē daȥ eȥ nieman tuot!
+
+    Die daȥ rehte singen stœrent,
+  der ist ungelīche mēre
+  danne die eȥ gerne hœrent.                 265
+  des volg’ ich der alten lēre:
+  ich enwil niht werben ze der mül;
+  dā der stein sō riuschend’ umbe gāt
+  und daȥ rat sō manegẹ unwīse hāt,
+  merket wer dā harpfen sül!                 270
+
+    Die sō frevellīchen schallent,
+  der muoȥ ich vor zorne lachen,
+  daȥ s’ in selben wol gevallent
+  mit als ungefüegen sachen.
+  die tuont sam die frösche in eime sē,      275
+  den ir schrīen alsō wol behaget,
+  daȥ diu nahtegal dā von verzaget,
+  sō si gerne sunge mē.
+
+    Der unfuoge swīgen hieȥe,
+  waȥ man noch von freuden sunge,            280
+  und sie abe den bürgen stieȥe,
+  daȥ si dā die frōn iht twunge!
+  wurden ir die grōȥen höve benomen,
+  daȥ wær’ alleȥ nāch dem willen mīn:
+  bien gebūren lieȥe ich sie wol sīn,        285
+  dannen ist s’ ouch here komen.
+
+
+11.
+
+  Der rīfe tet den kleinen vogelen wē,
+  daȥ sie niht ensungen.
+  nū hōrte ich s’aber wünneclīche als ē:
+  nū ist diu heide entsprungen.                      290
+  dā sach ich bluomen strīten wider den klē,
+  weder ir lenger wære.
+  mīner frouwen seite ich disiu mære.
+
+  Uns hāt der winter kalt und ander nōt
+  vil getān ze leide.                                295
+  ich wānde, daȥ ich iemer bluomen rōt
+  sæhe an grüener heide.
+  joch schāte eȥ guoten liuten, wære ich tōt,
+  die nāch freuden rungen
+  und ie gerne tanzten unde sprungen.                300
+
+  Versūmde ich disen wünneclīchen tac,
+  sō wær’ ich verwāȥen
+  und wære an freude ein angestlīcher slac:
+  dennoch müese ich lāȥen
+  al mīne freude, der ich wīlent pflac.              305
+  got gesegen’ iuch alle:
+  wünschet noch, daȥ mir ein heil gevalle.
+
+
+12.
+
+  Wīp muoȥ ēt iemer sīn der wībe hōhste name
+  und tiuret baȥ dan frouwe, als ich’ȥ erkenne.
+  swā nū deheiniu sī, diu sich ir wīpheit schame,                    310
+  diu merke disen sanc und kiese denne.
+  under frouwen sint unwīp,
+  under wīben sint sie tiure:
+  wībes name und wībes līp
+  die sint beide vil gehiure.                                        315
+  swie’ȥ umb’ alle frouwen var,
+  wīp sint alle frouwen gar.
+  zwīvellop daȥ hœnet,
+  als under wīlen frouwe: wīp dēst ein name der s’alle krœnet.
+
+
+13.
+
+  Sō die bluomen ūȥ dem grase dringent,          320
+  same sie lachen gegen der spileden sunnen,
+  in einem meien an dem morgen fruo,
+  und diu kleinen vogellīn wol singent
+  in ir besten wīse die sie kunnen,
+  waȥ wünne mac sich dā genōȥen zuo?             325
+  eȥ ist wol halb ein himelrīche.
+  suln wir sprechen, waȥ sich deme gelīche,
+  sō sage ich, waȥ mir dicke baȥ
+  in mīnen ougen hāt getān,
+  und tæte ouch noch, gesæhe ich daȥ.            330
+
+  Swā ein edeliu schœne frouwe reine
+  wol gekleidet unde wol gebunden
+  durch kurzewīle zuo vil liuten gāt,
+  hovelīchen hōchgemuot, niht eine,
+  umbe sehendẹ ein wēnic under stunden:          335
+  alsam der sunne gegen den sternen stāt:
+  der meie bringe uns al sīn wunder,
+  waȥ ist dā sō wünneclīches under
+  als ir vil minneclīcher līp?
+  wir lāȥen alle bluomen stān,                   340
+  und kapfen an daȥ werde wīp.
+
+  Nū wol dan, welt ir die wārheit schouwen,
+  gēn wir zuo des meien hōchgezīte!
+  der ist mit aller sīner krefte komen.
+  seht an in und seht an werde frouwen,          345
+  wedereȥ daȥ ander überstrīte,
+  daȥ beȥȥer spil ob ich daȥ habe genomen.
+  ōwē der mich dā welen hieȥe,
+  deich daȥ eine durch daȥ ander lieȥe,
+  wie rehte schiere ich danne küre!              350
+  hēr Meie, ir müeset merze sīn,
+  ē ich mīne frouwen dā verlüre.
+
+
+14.
+
+  Swie wol der heide ir manicvaltiu varwe stāt,
+  sō wil ich doch dem walde jehen,
+  daȥ er vil mēre wünneclīcher dinge hāt.                355
+  noch ist dem velde baȥ geschehen.
+  sō wol dir, sumer, sus getāner emȥekeit!
+  sumer, daȥ ich iemer lobe dīne tage,
+  mīn trōst, sō trœste ouch mīne klage:
+  ich sage dir, waȥ mir wirret:                          360
+  diu mir ist liep, der bin ich leit.
+
+  Ich mac der guoten niht vergeȥȥen noch ensol,
+  diu mir sō vil gedanke nimet.
+  die wīle ich singe, wil ich vinden iemer wol
+  ein niuwe lop, daȥ ir gezimet.                         365
+  nū habe ir diȥ für guot (sō lobe ich danne mē):
+  eȥ tuot in den ougen wol, daȥ man sie siht,
+  und daȥ man ir vil tugende giht,
+  daȥ tuot wol in den ōren.
+  sō wol ir des! sō wē mir, wē!                          370
+
+
+15.
+
+  In einen zwīvellīchen wān
+  was ich geseȥȥen und gedāhte,
+  ich wolte von ir dienste gān,
+  wan daȥ ein trōst mich wider brāhte.
+  trōst mag eȥ rehte niht geheiȥen, ouwē des!            375
+  eȥ ist vil kūme ein kleineȥ trœstelīn,
+  sō kleine, swenne ich’ȥ iu gesage, ir spottet mīn;
+  doch fröwet sich lützel ieman, er enwiȥȥe wes.
+
+  Mich hāt ein halm gemachet frō:
+  er giht, ich süle genāde vinden.                       380
+  ich maȥ daȥ selbe kleine strō,
+  als ich hie vore sach von kinden.
+  nū hœret unde merket, ob si’ȥ denne tuo:
+  ‘si tuot, si entuot, si tuot, si entuot, si tuot.’
+  swie dicke ich’ȥ tete, sō was ie daȥ ende guot.        385
+  daȥ trœstet mich: dā hœret ouch geloube zuo.
+
+
+16.
+
+  Nieman kan beherten
+  kindes zuht mit gerten:
+  den man z’ēren bringen mac,
+  dem ist ein wort als ein slac.             390
+  dem ist ein wort als ein slac,
+  den man z’ēren bringen mac:
+  kindes zuht mit gerten
+  nieman kan beherten.
+
+    Hüetet iuwer zungen,                     395
+  daȥ zimt wol den jungen;
+  stōȥ den rigel für die tür,
+  lā kein bœse wort dar für.
+  lā kein bœse wort dar für,
+  stōȥ den rigel für die tür:                400
+  daȥ zimt wol den jungen,
+  hüetet iuwer zungen.
+
+    Hüetet iuwer ougen
+  offenbāre und tougen:
+  lāt sie guote site spehen                  405
+  und die bœsen übersehen;
+  und die bœsen übersehen
+  lāt sie, guote site spehen:
+  offenbāre und tougen
+  hüetet iuwer ougen.                        410
+
+  Hüetet iuwer ōren,
+  oder ir sīt tōren:
+  lāt ir bœsiu wort dar in,
+  daȥ gunēret iu den sin.
+  daȥ gunēret in den sin,                    415
+  lāt ir bœsiu wort dar in,
+  oder ir sīt tōren:
+  hüetet iuwer ōren.
+
+  Hüetet wol der drīer
+  leider alze frīer:                         420
+  zungen ougen ōren sint
+  dicke schalchaft, z’ēren blint.
+  dicke schalchaft, z’ēren blint
+  zungen ougen ōren sint:
+  leider alze frīer                          425
+  hüetet wol der drīer.
+
+
+17.
+
+  Junc man, in swelher aht dū bist,
+  ich wil dich lēren einen list:
+  dū lā dir niht ze wē sīn nāch dem guote:
+  lā dir’ȥ ouch niht z’unmære sīn.                   430
+  und volges dū der lēre mīn,
+  sō wis gewis, eȥ frumt dir an dem muote.
+  die rede wil ich dir baȥ bescheiden.
+  lāst dū dir’ȥ ze sēre leiden,
+  zergāt eȥ so ist dīn freude tōt:                   435
+  wilt aber dū daȥ guot ze sēre minnen,
+  dū maht verliesen sēle und ēre.
+  dā von sō volge mīner lēre:
+  leg’ ūf die wāge ein rehteȥ lōt
+  und wig ouch dar mit allen dīnen sinnen,           440
+  als eȥ diu māȥe eht ie gebōt.
+
+
+18.
+
+    Die väter hānt ir kint erzogen,
+  dar an sie beide sint betrogen:
+  sie brechent dicke Salomōnes lēre:
+  der sprichet, swer den besmen spar,                445
+  daȥ der den sun versūme gar:
+  des sint die ungebatten gar ān’ ēre.
+  hie vor dō was diu werlt sō schœne,
+  nū ịst sie worden alsō hœne.
+  des enwas niht wīlent ē:                           450
+  die jungen hānt die alten sō verdrungen.
+  nū spottet alse dar der alten!
+  eȥ wirt iu selben noch behalten.
+  beitet unz iuwer jugent zergē:
+  swaȥ ir nū tuot, daȥ rechent iuwer jungen,         455
+  daȥ weiȥ ich wol und weiȥ noch mē.
+
+
+19.
+
+  Wer zieret nū der ēren sal?
+  der jungen ritter zuht ist smal,
+  sō pflegent die knehte gar unhövescher dinge
+  mit worten und mit werken ouch.                    460
+  swer zühte hāt, der ist ir gouch.
+  nemt war, wie gar unfuoge für sich dringe!
+  hie vor dō berte man die jungen,
+  die dā pflāgen frecher zungen;
+  nū ist eȥ ir werdekeit:                            465
+  sie schallent unde scheltent reine frouwen.
+  wē ir hiuten unde ir hāren,
+  die niht kunnen frō gebāren
+  sunder wībe herzeleit!
+  dā mac man sünde bī der schande schouwen,          470
+  die maneger ūf sich selben leit.
+
+
+20.
+
+  Swer āne vorhte, hērre got,
+  wil sprechen dīniu zehen gebot
+  und brichet diu, daȥ ist niht rehtiu minne.
+  dich heiȥet vater maneger vil:                     475
+  swer mīn ze bruoder niht enwil,
+  der sprichet starkiu wort ūȥ krankem sinne.
+  wir wahsen ūȥ gelīchem dinge:
+  spīse frumet uns, diu wirt ringe,
+  sō si durch den munt gevert.                       480
+  wer kan den hērren von dem knehte scheiden
+  swa ẹr ir gebeine blōȥeȥ fünde,
+  und hæte er ir joch lebender künde,
+  sō gewürme daȥ fleisch verzert?
+  im dienent kristen, juden unde heiden,             485
+  der elliu lebendiu wunder nert.
+
+
+21.
+
+  Ōwē daȥ wīsheit unde tugent,
+  des mannes schœne noch sīn jugent
+  niht erben sol, sō ie der līp erstirbet!
+  daȥ mac wol klagen ein wīser man,                                  490
+  der sich des schaden versinnen kan.
+  Reinmār, waȥ guoter kunst an dir verdirbet!
+  dū solt von schulden iemer des genieȥen,
+  daȥ dich des tages wolte nie verdrieȥen,
+  du’n spræches ie den frouwen wol und guoten wībes siten.           495
+  des suln sie iemer danken dīner zungen.
+  und hætest niht wan eine rede gesungen:
+  ‘sō wol dir, wīp, wie reine ein nam!’, dū hætest an gestriten
+  ir lobe, daȥ elliu wīp dir iemer gnāden solten biten.
+
+
+22.
+
+  Dēswār, Reinmār, dū riuwes mich                                    500
+  michels harter denne ich dich,
+  obe dū lebtes unde ich wære erstorben
+  ich wil’ȥ bī mīnen triuwen sagen:
+  dich selben wil ich lützel klagen,
+  ich klage dīn edelen kunst, daȥ s’ist verdorben.                   505
+  dū kundest al der werlte freude mēren,
+  sō du’ȥ ze guoten dingen woltest kēren.
+  mich riuwet dīn wol redender munt und dīn vil süeȥer sanc,
+  daȥ der verdorben ist bī mīnen zīten.
+  daȥ dū niht eine wīle mohtest bīten!                               510
+  sō leiste ich dir geselleschaft: mīn singen ist niht lanc.
+  dīn sēle müeȥe wol gevarn und habe dīn zunge danc.
+
+
+V
+
+REINMAR.
+
+  Reinmar, often called Reinmar der Alte, was by birth an Alsatian.
+  He spent many years of his active life as Court poet at Vienna,
+  where he was extremely popular. Next to his rival Walther von der
+  Vogelweide he was the most prolific and important lyrical poet of
+  his period, cp. ll. 487-512, pp. 132-3. He died some time during the
+  first decade of the thirteenth century. See Burdach, Reinmar der
+  Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide, Leipzig, 1880, and Bartsch,
+  Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften his vierzehnten Jahrhunderts,
+  Stuttgart, 1879.
+
+
+1
+
+  ‘Sī koment underwīlen her
+  die baȥ dā heime möhten sīn.
+  Ein ritter des ich lange ger,
+  bedæhte er baȥ den willen mīn,
+  sō wære er z’allen zīten hie,                    5
+  als ich in gerne sæhe.
+  owē des, waȥ suochent die
+  die nīdent daȥ ob iemen guot geschæhe?’
+
+    Mir ist geschehen daȥ ich niht bin
+  langer vrō wan unz ich lebe.                    10
+  sī wundert wer mir schœnen sin
+  und daȥ hōhgemüete gebe
+  daȥ ich zer werlte niht getar
+  ze rehte alsō gebāren,
+  nie genam ich vrowen war,                       15
+  ich wære in holt die mir ze māȥe wāren.
+
+
+2
+
+  Ein rede der liute tuot mir wē:
+  da enkan ich niht gedulteclīchen zuo gebāren.
+  nu tuont si’ȥ alle deste mē:
+  sī frāgent mich ze vil von mīner frouwen jāren              20
+  und sprechent welher tage sī sī,
+  dur daȥ ich ir sō lange bin gewesen mit triuwen bī;
+  sī jehent daȥ es möhte mich verdrieȥen.
+  nu lā daȥ aller beste wīp
+  ir zühtelōser vrāge mich genieȥen.                          25
+
+
+3
+
+  Sī jehent, der sumer der sī hie,
+  diu wunne diu sī komen
+  und daȥ ich mich wol gehabe als ē.
+  nu rātet unde sprechet wie:
+  der tōt hāt mir benomen                                     30
+  daȥ ich niemer überwinde mē.
+  waȥ bedarf ich wunneclīcher zīt,
+  sīt aller vröuden hērre Liutpolt in der erde līt,
+  den ich nie tac getrūren sach?
+  eȥ hāt diu werlt an ime verlorn                             35
+  daȥ ir an manne nie
+  sō jæmerlīcher schade geschach.
+
+  ‘Mir armen wībe was ze wol,
+  dō ich gedāhte an in
+  wie mīn heil an sīnem lībe lac.                             40
+  daȥ ich des nū niht haben sol,
+  des gāt mit sorgen hin
+  swaȥ ich iemer mē geleben mac.
+  mīner wunnen spiegel derst verlorn
+  den ich mir hete ze sumerlīcher ougen weide erkorn,         45
+  des muoȥ ich leider ænic sīn.
+  dō man mir seite er wære tōt,
+  zehant wiel mir daȥ bluot
+  von herzen ūf die sēle mīn.
+
+    Die fröide mir verboten hāt                               50
+  mīns lieben hērren tōt
+  alsō deich ir mēr enberen sol.
+  sīt des nu niht mac werden rāt,
+  in ringe mit der nōt,
+  daȥ mīn klagedeȥ herze ist jāmers vol,                      55
+  diu in iemer weinet, daȥ bin ich,
+  wan er vil sælic man, jā trōste er wol ze lebenne mich.
+  der ist nu hin: waȥ töhte ich hie?
+  wis ime genædic, hērre got,
+  wan tugenthafter gast                                       60
+  kam in dīn ingesinde nie.’
+
+
+4
+
+  Ich welte ūf guoter liute sage
+  und ouch durch mīnes herzen rāt
+  ein wīp von der ich dicke trage
+  vil manige nōt diu nāhe gāt.                65
+  die swære ich z’allen zīten klage,
+  wand eȥ mir kumberlīche stāt.
+  ich tet ir schīn den dienst mīn:
+  wie möhte ein grœȥer wunder sīn,
+  daȥ sī mich des engelten lāt?               70
+
+    Ze rehter māȥe sol ein man
+  beidiu daȥ herze und al den sin
+  ze stæte wenden, ob er kan:
+  daȥ wirt im līhte ein guot gewin.
+  swem dā von ie kein leit bekan,             75
+  der weiȥ wol wie’ch gebunden bin.
+  ich gloube im wol, als er mir sol.
+  von schulden ich den kumber dol:
+  ich brāhte selbe mich dar in.
+
+
+5
+
+  ‘Er hāt ze lange mich gemiten                                       80
+  den ich mit triuwen nie gemeit.
+  von sīner schulde ich hān erliten
+  daȥ ich nie grœȥer nōt erleit.
+  sō lebt mīn līp nāch sīnem lībe.
+  ich bin ein wīp, daȥ im von wībe                                    85
+  nie liebes mē geschach, swie mir von im geschæhe.
+  mīn ouge in gerner nie gesach dann ich in hiute sæhe.’
+
+    Mir ist vil liebe nu geschehen,
+  daȥ mir sō liebe nie geschach.
+  sō gerne hān ich sī gesehen                                         90
+  daȥ ich sī gerner nie gesach.
+  ich scheide ir muot von schwachem muote:
+  sī ist sō guot, ich wil mit guote
+  ir lōnen, ob ich kan, als ich doch gerne kunde.
+  vil mēre fröiden ich ir gan dann ich mir selben gunde.              95
+
+
+6
+
+  Wol mich lieber mære,
+  diu ich hān vernomen,
+  daȥ der winter swære
+  welle ze ende komen.
+  kūme ich des erbeiten mac,                 100
+  want ich fröide niht enpflac
+  sīt der kalte rīfe lac.
+
+    Mich enhaȥȥet niemen,
+  ob ich bin gemeit.
+  Weiȥ got, tuot eȥ iemen,                   105
+  deist unsælekeit,
+  wande ich schaden niht enkan.
+  swes ot sī mir wole gan,
+  waȥ wil des ein ander man?
+
+    Solte ich mīne liebe                     110
+  bergen unde heln,
+  sō müest ich ze diebe
+  werden unde steln.
+  sinneclīch ich daȥ bewar.
+  mīn gewerbe ist anderswar,                 115
+  ich gē dannen oder dar.
+
+    Sō sī mit dem balle
+  trībet kindes spot,
+  daȥ’s iht sēre valle,
+  daȥ verbiete got.                          120
+  megde, lāt iur dringen sīn:
+  stōȥet ir mīn frouwelīn,
+  so’st der schade halber mīn.
+
+
+7
+
+  Ich sach vil wunneclīche stān
+  die heide mit den bluomen rōt,             125
+  der vīol der ist wol getān:
+  des hāt diu nahtegal ir nōt
+  wol überwunden diu sī twanc.
+  zergangen ist der winter lanc.
+  ich hōrte ir sanc.                         130
+
+    Dō ich daȥ grüene loup ersach,
+  dō lieȥ ich vil der swære mīn.
+  von einem wībe mir geschach
+  daȥ ich muoȥ iemer mēre sīn
+  vil wunneclīchen wol gemuot.               135
+  eȥ sol mich alleȥ dunken guot
+  swaȥ sī mir tuot.
+
+    Sī schiet von sorgen mīnen līp,
+  daȥ ich dekeine swære hān.
+  wan āne sī vier tūsent wīp                 140
+  dien heten’s alle niht getān.
+  ir güete wendet mīniu leit.
+  ich hān sī mir ze friunt bereit,
+  swaȥ iemen seit.
+
+    Mir’n mac niht leides widerstān:         145
+  des wil ich gar ān angest sīn.
+  ergienge eȥ als ich willen hān,
+  sō læge’s an dem arme mīn.
+  daȥ mir der schœnen wurde ein teil,
+  daȥ diuhte mich ein michel heil,           150
+  und wære ouch geil.
+
+    Deich ir sō holdeȥ herze trage,
+  daȥ ist in sumelīchen leit.
+  dar umbe ich niemer sō verzage:
+  sī vliesent alle ir arebeit.               155
+  waȥ hilfet sī ir arger list?
+  si’n wiȥȥen wie’ȥ ergangen ist
+  in kurzer frist.
+
+
+8
+
+  Mīn ougen wurden liebes alsō vol,
+  dō ich die minneclīchen ērst gesach,                   160
+  daȥ eȥ mir hiute und iemer mē tuot wol.
+  ein minneclīcheȥ wunder dō geschach:
+  sī gie mir alse sanfte dur mīn ougen
+  daȥ sī sich in der enge niene stieȥ.
+  in mīnem herzen sī sich nider lieȥ:                    165
+  dā trage ich noch die werden inne tougen.
+
+    Lā stān, lā stān! waȥ tuost du, sælic wīp,
+  daȥ du mich heimesuochest an der stat,
+  dar sō gewalteclīche wībes līp
+  mit starker heimesuoche nie getrat?                    170
+  genāde, frowe! ich mac dir niht gestrīten.
+  mīn herze ist dir baȥ veile danne mir:
+  eȥ solde sīn bī mir, nu’st eȥ bī dir:
+  des muoȥ ich ūf genāde lōnes bīten.
+
+
+9
+
+  Ze fröiden nāhet alle tage                 175
+  der werlte ein wunneclīchiu zīt,
+  ze senfte maniges herzen klage
+  die nu der swære winter gīt.
+  von sorge ich dicke sō verzage,
+  swenn alsō jæmerlīche līt                  180
+  diu heide breit. daȥ ist mir leit.
+  diu nahtegal uns schiere seit
+  daȥ sich gescheiden hāt der strīt.
+
+
+10
+
+  Sō wol dir, wīp, wie reine ein nam!
+  wie sanfte er doch z’erkennen und ze nennen ist!                   185
+  eȥ wart nie niht sō lobesam,
+  swā du’ȥ an rehte güete kērest, sō dū bist.
+  dīn lop mit rede nieman wol volenden kan.
+  swes dū mit triuwen pfligest wol, der ist ein sælic man
+  und mac vil gerne leben.                                           190
+  dū gīst al der werlte hohen muot:
+  maht dū ouch mir ein wēnic freude geben?
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+ULRICH VON LICHTENSTEIN.
+
+  Ulrich von Lichtenstein came of a better-class Styrian family, and
+  was born about the year 1200 and died in 1275 or 1276. He was one of
+  the best representatives of the later Court lyrical poets. For
+  editions of his works, see Lachmann, Ausgabe der Dichtungen Ulrichs
+  von Lichtenstein, Berlin, 1841; Bechstein, Ulrichs von Lichtenstein
+  Frauendienst, Leipzig, 1887. The following extracts are taken from
+  Bartsch, Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften bis vierzehnten
+  Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1889.
+
+
+1
+
+{Ein tanzwīse, und ist diu vierde wīse.}
+
+  In dem walde süeȥe dœne
+  singent kleiniu vogellīn.
+  an der heide bluomen schœne
+  blüejent gegen des meien schīn.
+  alsō blüet mīn hōher muot                    5
+  mit gedanken gegen ir güete,
+  diu mir rīchet mīn gemüete
+  sam der troum den armen tuot.
+
+    Eȥ ist ein vil hōch gedinge
+  den ich gegen ir tugenden trage,            10
+  daȥ mir noch an ir gelinge,
+  daȥ ich sælde an ir bejage.
+  des gedingen bin ich vrō.
+  god geb’ daȥ ich’ȥ wol verende,
+  daȥ sie mir den wān iht wende               15
+  der mich freut sō rehte hō.
+
+    Sie vil süeȥe, valsches āne,
+  vrī vor allem wandel gar,
+  lāȥe mich in liebem wāne
+  die wīl eȥ niht baȥ envar;                  20
+  daȥ diu vreude lange wer,
+  daȥ ich weinens iht erwache,
+  daȥ ich gegen dem trōste lache
+  des ich von ir hulden ger.
+
+    Wünschen unde wol gedenken                25
+  dēst diu meiste vreude mīn.
+  des sol mir ir trōst niht wenken,
+  sie enlāȥe mich ir sīn
+  mit den beiden nāhen bī,
+  sō daȥ sie mit willen gunne                 30
+  mir von ir sō werder wunne
+  daȥ sie sælic immer sī.
+
+    Sælic meie, du aleine
+  trœstest al die welde gar.
+  du und al diu werlt gemeine                 35
+  vreut mich min dann umb ein hār.
+  wie möht’ ir mir vreude geben
+  āne die vil lieben guoten?
+  von der sol ich trōstes muoten;
+  wan ir trōstes muoȥ ich leben.              40
+
+
+2
+
+{Ein sincwīse, und ist diu sibende wīse.}
+
+  Wē war umbe sul wir sorgen?
+  vreude ist guot.
+  von den wīben sol man borgen
+  hōhen muot.
+  wol im der in kan gewinnen                  45
+  von in! der’st ein sælic man.
+  freude sol man durch sie minnen,
+  wan dā līt vil ēren an.
+
+  Wir suln tanzen singen lachen
+  durch diu wīp.                              50
+  dā mit mac ein man gemachen
+  daȥ sīn līp
+  wirdet wert, ob er mit triuwen
+  dienet guoter wībe gruoȥ.
+  swen sīn dienest wil geriuwen,              55
+  dem wirt selten kumbers buoȥ.
+
+    Mit dem waȥȥer man daȥ, fiuwer
+  laschet gar:
+  vinster ist der sunnen tiuwer.
+  beidiu wār                                  60
+  sint diu mære: ir hœret mēre.
+  habet für wār ūf minen līp:
+  rehten man von herzen sēre
+  scheidet nieman wan diu wīp.
+
+    Owē owē, frowe Minne,                     65
+  mir ist wē.
+  nu grīf her wie sēre ich brinne.
+  kalder snē
+  müeste von der hitze brinnen
+  diu mir an dem herzen līt.                  70
+  kanstu, Minne, triuwe minnen,
+  sō hilfestu mir enzīt.
+
+
+3
+
+{Daȥ ist ein ūȥreise.}
+
+  Wil iemen nāch ēren die zīt wol vertrīben,
+  ze sælden sich kēren, bī freuden belīben,
+  der diene ze flīȥe mit triuwen vil schōne                   75
+  nāch der minne lōne: der ist süeȥe, reine,
+  vil guot und aleine den guoten gemeine.
+
+    Swer volget dem schilde, der sol eȥ enblanden
+  dem lībe, dem guote, dem herzen, den handen.
+  des lōnet vil hōhe mit guotem gewinne                       80
+  diu vil werde Minne: diu gīt freud’ und ēre.
+  wol ir süeȥen lēre! sie kan trœsten sēre.
+
+    Der schilt wil mit zühten vil baltlīcheȥ ellen:
+  er haȥȥet, er schiuhet Schand’ und ir gesellen.
+  got des niht enwelle daȥ man bī im vinde                    85
+  sō swachlīch gesinde, er wil daȥ die sīnen
+  ūf ēre sich pīnen, in tugenden erschīnen.
+
+    Erg’ unde unfuoge und unfuore diu wilde
+  gezimt niht dem helme und touc niht dem schilde,
+  der schilt ist ein dach daȥ niht schande kan decken.        90
+  sīn blic tæt’ enblecken an ēren die weichen,
+  von vorhten erbleichen: diu varwe ist ir zeichen.
+
+    Hōchgemuote frouwen, ir sült wol gedenken:
+  getriuwen gesellen vil stæte āne wenken
+  den minnet, den meinet, mit herzen, mit muote,              95
+  daȥ in iwer huote behalte, behüete
+  mit liebe, mit güete, vrī vor ungemüete.
+
+    Sie ist āne schulde mir haȥlīch erbolgen
+  der ich ze dienste dem schilde wil volgen.
+  nu hān ich für zürnen noch für herzen sēre                 100
+  niht ander schilt mēre wan den trōst aleine,
+  daȥ ich sie baȥ meine dann ie wīp deheine.
+
+    Gein ir langen kriege setz’ ich mīn gedulde:
+  sō stē gein ir haȥȥe ze wer mīn unschulde.
+  mīn wer gein den valschen daȥ sol sīn mīn triuwe           105
+  vil süeȥe āne riuwe: mīn kampflīch gewæte
+  für ir nīdetæte daȥ sol sīn mīn stæte.
+
+
+4
+
+{Ditz ist der leich.}
+
+  Got füege mir’ȥ ze guote:
+  ich bin noch in dem muote
+  daȥ ich wil guoten wīben                                           110
+  mit dienest āne valschen muot immer bī belīben.
+  dā von rāt’ ich einen rāt
+  der allen wol gemuoten mannen tugentlīchen stāt.
+
+    Ich rāt’ iu, ēre gerende man,
+  mit triuwen, als ich beste kan:                                    115
+  ob ir welt werende freude hān,
+  sō sīt den wīben undertān
+  mit triwen āne valschen muot.
+  ir güete ist alsō rehte guot,
+  swer in mit triwen dienest tuot,                                   120
+  den kunnen sie wol machen frō.
+  der werlde heil gar an in līt:
+  ir güete ist freuden hōchgezīt,
+  ir schœne sō vil freuden gīt,
+  dā von diu herze stīgent hō.                                       125
+
+    Werdekeit
+  sunder leit
+  kunnen sie wol friunden geben.
+  swem sō sī
+  witze bī,                                                          130
+  der sol nāch ir hulden streben
+  unde zinsen in sīn leben:
+  daȥ rāte ich ūf die triwe mīn.
+  swer ēren sælic welle sīn
+  und rīche an hōhem muote,                                          135
+  der sol mit triwen guotiu wīp
+  reht minnen als sīn selbes līp.
+  vil guot vor allem guote
+  ist der wībe güete, unde ir schœne schœne ob aller schœne.
+  ir schœne ir güete ir werdikeit ich immer gerne krœne.             140
+  an ir schœne und an ir güete stāt mīn heil und ouch mīn wunne.
+  wær’ guoter wībe schœne niht, wie selten ich gewunne
+  deheinen ēren gernden muot.
+  wol mich daȥ sie sint alsō guot,
+  daȥ man hāt von ir güete                                           145
+  sō hōhen trōst für senediu leit.
+  ir schœne, ir güete, ir werdikeit
+  gīt mir vil hōch gemüete.
+
+    Mīn muot von wīben hōhe stāt.
+  waȥ danne ob mir ir einiu hāt                                      150
+  erzeiget hōhe missetāt?
+  dēswār des mac wol werden rāt.
+
+    Waȥ sie gegen mir hāt getān,
+  daȥ wil ich gerne wiȥȥen lān
+  mit zühten, als ich beste kan,                                     155
+  ūf genāde guotiu wīp.
+  ich hān ir driu und zehen jār
+  gedienet sunder wenken gar,
+  bī mīnen triwen, daȥ ist wār,
+  daȥ in der zīt mīn seneder līp                                     160
+  nie gewan
+  sölhen wān,
+  des mīn stæte wurde kranc.
+  al mīn gir
+  was gein ir                                                        165
+  sleht mit triwen āne wanc.
+  nu vert entwer ir habedanc
+  reht als ein rat daȥ umbe gāt
+  und als ein marder den man hāt
+  in eine lin gebunden.                                              170
+  kund’ ich als sie unstæte sīn,
+  sō hæt’ ich nāch dem willen mīn
+  ān sie ein frowen funden.
+
+  Ē daz ich mīn ritterlīche stæte bræch’ an guoten wīben
+  ich wold’ ē immer valscher wībe hulde vrī belīben.                 175
+  ich muoȥ in der stæten wībe dienest sunder lōn verderben
+  oder ich muoȥ ir stæten herzen liebe alsus erwerben
+  daȥ ich gewenke nimmer wanc
+  von in. ir hōhen habedanc,
+  und mag ich den erringen,                                          180
+  sō hān ich alleȥ daȥ ich wil,
+  süeȥ’ ougen wunne, herzen spil,
+  vil wunne an allen dingen.
+
+    Nu waȥ bedarf mīn seneder līp
+  genāden mēr, ob ich ein wīp                                        185
+  ze frowen vinde alsō gemuot,
+  diu sich vor wandel hāt behuot
+  und niht wan daȥ beste tuot?
+  der sol mīn dienest sīn bereit
+  immer mē,                                                          190
+  swie’ȥ ergē,
+  sunder valsch mit stætikeit.
+  dā von gewinne ich werdikeit
+  und alsō freuderīchen sin,
+  des ich getiuret immer bin                                         195
+  an aller hande dingen.
+
+    Vind’ ich sie, ich sol sō ritterlīchen nāch ir hulden ringen.
+  daȥ mir von ir stætikeit muoȥ hō an ir gelingen.
+  sie muoȥ abr ūf die triwe mīn
+  gar vrī vor allem wandel sīn,                                      200
+  diech mēr mich lāȥe twingen
+  und ouch in kumber bringen.
+  jā gehœret man mich nimmer mē
+  deheines valschen wībes lop gesprechen noch gesingen.
+
+
+5
+
+  In dem lufte süeȥem meien,                 205
+  sō der walt gekleidet stāt,
+  sō siht man sich schōne zweien
+  alleȥ daȥ iht liebes hāt,
+  unde ist mit ein ander vrō.
+  daȥ ist reht: diu zīt wil sō.              210
+
+    Swā sich liep ze liebe zweiet,
+  hōhen muot diu liebe gīt.
+  in der beider herzen meiet
+  eȥ mit vreuden alle zīt.
+  trūrens wil diu liebe niht,                215
+  swā man liep bī liebe siht.
+
+    Swā zwei liep ein ander meinent
+  herzenlīchen āne wanc
+  und sich beidiu sō vereinent
+  daȥ ir liebe ist āne kranc,                220
+  die hāt got zesamne geben
+  ūf ein wunneclīcheȥ leben.
+
+    Stætiu liebe heiȥet minne.
+  liebe, minne, ist al ein:
+  die kan ich in mīnem sinne                 225
+  niht gemachen wol zuo zwein.
+  liebe muoȥ mir minne sīn
+  immer in dem herzen mīn.
+
+  Swā ein stæteȥ herze vindet
+  stæte liebe, stæten muot,                  230
+  dā von al sīn trūren swindet.
+  stætiu liebe ist alsō guot
+  daȥ sie stæte freude gīt
+  stætem herzen alle zīt.
+
+    Möhte ich stæte liebe vinden,            235
+  der wold’ ich sō stæte sīn
+  daȥ ich dā mit überwinden
+  wolde gar die sorge mīn.
+  stæter liebe wil ich gern
+  unde unstæte gar verbern.                  240
+
+
+6
+
+  Disiu liet diu heiȥent vrowen tanz:
+  diu sol niemen singen, er’n sī vrō.
+  swer mit zühten treit der freuden kranz,
+  und dem sīn muot stāt von wīben hō,
+  dem erloube ich sie ze singen wol:                 245
+  blīdeclīchen man sie tanzen sol.
+
+    Trūren ist ze wāre niemen guot
+  wan dem einen der sīn sünde klaget,
+  hōhen lop erwirbet hōher muot.
+  guoten wīben hōchmuot wol behaget:                 250
+  dā von wil ich immer mēre sīn
+  hōchgemuot durch dich, guot vrowe mīn.
+
+    Vreude gibt mir dīn wol redender munt,
+  hōhen muot dīn reine senfte sit’:
+  vreuden tou mir ūȥ des herzen grunt                255
+  kumt von dir in elliu mīniu lit.
+  got hāt sīnen vlīȥ an dich geleit,
+  dā von dī lop ēren krōne treit.
+
+  Liehtiu ougen, dā bī brūne brā,
+  hāstu und zwei rōtiu wängelīn.                     260
+  schœne bistu hie und schœne dā.
+  brūn rōt wīȥ, der drīer varwe schīn
+  treit dīn hōchgeborner schœner līp.
+  tugende hāstu vil, guot wīplīch wīp.
+
+    Daȥ du alsō manege tugende hāst,                 265
+  dā von bin ich alles trūrens vrī.
+  sō du alsō schœniu vor mir gāst,
+  sō ist mir als ich in dem himel sī.
+  got sō schœnen engel nie gewan
+  den ich für dich wolde sehen an.                   270
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED.
+
+
+  B. Text. ĀVENTIURE XVII.
+
+WIE KRIEMHILT IR MAN KLAGTE UND WIE ER BEGRABEN WART.
+
+  The following extract is from Bartsch’s edition, Leipzig, 1879.
+
+
+  Dō erbiten si der nahte / und fuoren über Rīn.
+  von heleden kunde nimmer / wirs gejaget sīn.
+  ein tier daȥ si dā sluogen, / daȥ weinden edeliu kint.
+  jā muosen sīn engelten / vil guote wīgande sint.                     4
+
+  Von grōȥer übermüete / muget ir hœren sagen,
+  und von eislīcher rāche. / dō hieȥ Hagene tragen
+  Sīfriden alsō tōten / von Nibelunge lant
+  für eine kemenāten / dā man Kriemhilde vant.                         8
+
+  Er hieȥ in tougenlīchen / legen an die türe,
+  daȥ sin dā solde vinden / so si gienge derfüre
+  him zer mettīne / ē daȥ eȥ wurde tac,
+  der diu vrouwe Kriemhilt / vil selten keine verlac.                 12
+
+  Man lūte dā zem münster / nāch gewoneheit.
+  vrou Kriemhilt diu schœne / wahte manige meit:
+  ein lieht bat si ir bringen / und ouch ir gewant.
+  dō kom ein kamerære / dā er Sīfriden vant.                          16
+
+  Er sah in bluotes rōten: / sīn wāt was elliu naȥ.
+  daȥ eȥ sīn herre wære, / nine wesse er daȥ.
+  hin zer kemenāten / daȥ lieht truog an der hant
+  von dem vil leider mære / diu vrouwe Kriemhilt ervant.              20
+
+  Dō si mit ir vrouwen / zem münster wolde gān,
+  dō sprach der kamerære / ‘jā sult ir stille stān:
+  eȥ līt vor dem gademe / ein ritter tōt erslagen.’
+  dō begonde Kriemhilt / vil harte unmæȥlīche klagen.                 24
+
+  Ē daȥ si rehte erfunde / daȥ iȥ wære ir man,
+  an die Hagenen vrāge / denken si began,
+  wie er in solde vristen: / dō wart ir ērste leit.
+  von ir was allen vreuden / mit sīme tōde widerseit.                 28
+
+  Dō seic si zuo der erden, / daȥ si niht ensprach:
+  die schœnen vreudelōsen / ligen man dō sach.
+  Kriemhilde jāmer / wart unmāȥen grōȥ:
+  do ẹrschrē si nāch unkrefte / daȥ al diu kemenāte erdōȥ.            32
+
+  Dō sprach daȥ gesinde: / ‘waȥ ob eȥ ist ein gast?’
+  daȥ bluot ir ūȥ dem munde / von herzen jāmer brast.
+  dō sprach si ‘eȥ ist Sīfrit, / der mīn vil lieber man:
+  eȥ hāt gerāten Prünhilt, / daȥ eȥ hat Hagene getān.’                36
+
+  Diu vrouwe bat sich wīsen / dā si den helt vant.
+  si huop sīn schœne houbet / mit ir vil wīȥen hant.
+  swie rōt eȥ was von bluote, / si het in schiere erkant.
+  dō lac vil jæmerlīche / der helt von Nibelunge lant.                40
+
+  Dō rief vil trūreclīche / diu küneginne milt:
+  ‘owē mir mīnes leides! / nu ist dir dīn schilt
+  mit swerten niht verhouwen: / du līst ermorderōt.
+  unt wesse ich wer iȥ het getān, / ich riete im immer sīnen tōt.’    44
+
+  Alleȥ ir gesinde / klagete und scrē
+  mit ir lieben vrouwen, / wand’ in was harte wē
+  umb’ ir vil edelen herren, / den si dā heten verlorn.
+  dō het gerochen Hagene / harte Prünhilde zorn.                      48
+
+  Dō sprach diu jāmerhafte: / ‘ir sult hine gān
+  und wecket harte balde / die Sīfrides man.
+  ir sult ouch Sigemunde / mīnen jāmer sagen,
+  ob er mir helfen welle / den küenen Sīfriden klagen.’               52
+
+  Dō lief ein bote balde / da ẹr si ligen vant,
+  die Sīfrides helede / von Nibelunge lant.
+  mit den vil leiden mæren / ir vreude er in benam.
+  si wolden’ȥ niht gelouben / unz man daȥ weinen vernam.              56
+
+  Der bote kom ouch schiere / dā der künic lac.
+  Sigemunt der herre / des slāfes niht enpflac:
+  ich wæn’ sīn herze im sagete / daȥ im was geschehen,
+  ern möhte sīnen lieben sun / lebenden nimmer gesehen.               60
+
+  ‘Wachet, herre Sigemunt. / mich bat nāch iu gān
+  Kriemhilt mīn vrouwe. / der ist ein leit getān
+  daȥ ir vor allen leiden / an ir herze gāt:
+  daȥ sult ir klagen helfen, / wand’ eȥ iuch sēre bestāt.’            64
+
+  Ūf rihte sich dō Sigemunt; / er sprach: ‘waȥ sint diu leit
+  der schœnen Kriemhilde, / diu du mir hāst geseit?’
+  der bote sprach mit weinen: / ‘ine kan iu niht verdagen:
+  jā ist von Niderlanden / der küene Sīfrit erslagen.’                68
+
+  Dō sprach der herre Sigemunt: / ‘lāt daȥ schimpfen sīn
+  und alsō bœsiu mære / durch den willen mīn,
+  daȥ ir daȥ saget iemen / daȥ er sī erslagen:
+  wand’ ine kunde in nimmer / unz an mīn ende verklagen.’             72
+
+  ‘Welt ir mir niht gelouben / daȥ ir mich hœret sagen,
+  sō muget ir selbe hœren / Kriemhilde klagen
+  unt alleȥ ir gesinde / den Sīfrides tōt.’
+  vil sēre erscrac dō Sigemunt: / des gie im wærlīchen nōt.           76
+
+  Mit hundert sīnen mannen / er von den betten spranc.
+  si zuhten zuo den handen / diu scharpfen wāfen lanc,
+  si liefen zuo dem wuofe / vil jāmerliche dan.
+  dō kōmen tūsent recken / des küenen Sīfrides man.                   80
+
+  Dō si sō jæmerlīche / die vrouwen hōrten klagen,
+  dō wānden sumelīche, / si solden kleider tragen.
+  janẹ mohten si der sinne / vor leide niht gehaben:
+  in wart vil michel swære / in ir herzen begraben.                   84
+
+  Dō kom der künec Sigemunt / da ẹr Kriemhilde vant.
+  er sprach: ‘owē der reise / here in ditze lant.
+  wer hāt mich mīnes kindes / und iuch des iuwern man
+  bī alsō guoten friunden / sus mortlīch āne getān?’                  88
+
+  ‘Hey solde ich den bekennen,’ / sprach daȥ vil edele wīp,
+  ‘holt enwurde im nimmer / mīn herze unt ouch mīn līp:
+  ich geriete im alsō leide / daȥ die friunde sīn
+  von den mīnen schulden / müesen weinende sīn.’                      92
+
+  Sigemunt der herre / den fürsten umbeslōȥ.
+  dō wart von sīnen vriunden / der jāmer alsō grōȥ
+  daȥ von dem starken wuofe / palas unde sal
+  und ouch diu stat ze Wormeȥ / von ir weinen erschal.                96
+
+  Donẹ kunde niemen trœsten / daȥ Sīfrides wīp.
+  man zōch ūȥ den kleidern / den sīnen schœnen līp.
+  man wuosch im sīne wunden / unt leit’ in ūf den rē.
+  dō was sīnen liuten / von grōȥem jāmere wē.                        100
+
+  Dō sprāchen sīne recken / von Nibelunge lant:
+  ‘in sol immer rechen / mit willen unser hant.
+  er ist in dirre bürge, / der iȥ hāt getān.’
+  dō īlten nāch wāfen / alle Sīfrides man.                           104
+
+  Die ūȥ erwelten degene / mit schilden kōmen dar,
+  einlef hundert recken: / die hete an sīner schar
+  Sigemunt der herre. / sīnes sunes tōt
+  den wolde er gerne rechen: / des gie im wærlīchen nōt.             108
+
+  Sinẹ wessen wen si solden / mit strīte dō bestān,
+  sīne tæten’ȥ Gunther / unde sīne man,
+  mit den der herre Sīfrit / an daȥ gejegede reit.
+  Kriemhilt sach si gewāfent: / daȥ was ir grœȥlīche leit.           112
+
+  Swie michel wær’ ir jāmer / und swie starc ir nōt,
+  dō vorhte si harte / der Nibelunge tōt
+  von ir bruoder mannen, / daȥ si eȥ understuont.
+  si warnt’ si güetlīche / sō vriunde liebe vriunde tuont.           116
+
+  Dō sprach diu jāmers rīche: / ‘mīn her Sigemunt,
+  wes welt ir beginnen? / iu ist niht rehte kunt.
+  jā hāt der künic Gunther / sō manigen küenen man:
+  ir welt iuch alle vliesen, / welt ir die recken bestān.’           120
+
+  Mit ūf erbürten schilden / in was ze strīte nōt.
+  diu edel küneginne / bat und ouch gebōt
+  daȥ siȥ mīden solden, / die recken vil gemeit.
+  dō siȥ niht lāȥen wolden, / daȥ was ir wærlīchen leit.             124
+
+  Si sprach: ‘herre Sigemunt, / ir sult iȥ lāȥen stān
+  unz eȥ sich baȥ gefüege: / sō wil ich mīnen man
+  immer mit iu rechen. / der mir in hāt benomen,
+  wirde ich des bewīset, / ich sol im schedelīche komen.             128
+
+  Eȥ ist der übermüeten / hie bī Rīne vil:
+  dā von ich iu des strītes / rāten niht enwil.
+  si habent wider einen / ie wol drīȥec man.
+  nu lāȥ’ in got gelingen / als si umb uns gedienet hān.             132
+
+  Ir sult hie belīben, / unt dolt mit mir diu leit;
+  als iȥ tagen beginne, / ir helde vil gemeit,
+  sō helfet mir besarken / den mīnen lieben man.’
+  dō sprāchen die degene: / ‘daȥ sol werden getān.’                  136
+
+  Iu enkunde niemen / daȥ wunder volsagen
+  von rittern unt von vrouwen, / wie man die hōrte klagen,
+  sō daȥ man des wuofes / wart in der stat geware.
+  die edelen burgære / die kōmen gāhende dare.                       140
+
+  Si klageten mit den gesten, / want in was harte leit.
+  die Sīfrides schulde / in niemen het geseit,
+  durch waȥ der edele recke / verlüre den sīnen līp.
+  dō weinden mit den vrouwen / der guoten burgære wīp.               144
+
+  Smide hieȥ man gāhen, / wurken einen sarc,
+  von silber und von golde, / vil michel unde starc.
+  man hieȥ in vaste spengen / mit stahel, der was guot.
+  dō was al den liuten / harte trūrec der muot.                      148
+
+  Diu naht was zergangen: / man sagte eȥ wolde tagen.
+  dō hieȥ diu edele vrouwe / zuo den münster tragen
+  Sīfrit den herren, / ir vil lieben man.
+  swaȥ er dā vriunde hēte, / die sach man weinende gān.              152
+
+  Dō sị in zem munster brāhten, / vil der gloken klanc.
+  dō hōrt’ man allenthalben / vil maniges pfaffen sanc.
+  dō kom der künic Gunther / mit den sīnen man
+  und ouch der grimme Hagene / zuo dem wuofe gegān.                  156
+
+  Er sprach: ‘vil liebiu swester, / owē der leide dīn,
+  daȥ wir niht mohten āne / des grōȥen schaden sīn.
+  wir müeȥen klagen immer / den Sīfrides līp.’
+  ‘daȥ tuot ir āne schulde’, / sprach daȥ jāmerhafte wīp.            160
+
+  ‘Wær’ iu dar umbe leide, / son wær’ es niht geschehen.
+  ir hetet mīn vergeȥȥen, / des mag ich wol jehen,
+  da ịch dā wart gescheiden / von mīme lieben man.
+  daȥ wolde got’, sprach Kriemhilt, / ‘wær’ iȥ mir selber getān.’    164
+
+  Si buten vaste ir lougen. / Kriemhilt begonde jehen
+  ‘swelher sich unschuldige, / der lāȥe daȥ gesehen;
+  der sol zuo der bāre / vor den liuten gēn.
+  dā bī mac man die wārheit / harte schiere verstēn.’                168
+
+  Daȥ ist ein michel wunder: / vil dicke eȥ noch geschiht,
+  swā man den mortmeilen / bī dem tōten siht,
+  sō bluotent im die wunden: / als ouch dā gescach.
+  dā von man die sculde / dā ze Hagenen gesach.                      172
+
+  Die wunden vluȥȥen sēre / alsam si tāten ē.
+  die ē dā sēre klageten, / des wart nu michel mē.
+  dō sprach der künic Gunther / ‘ich wil’ȥ iuch wiȥȥen lān.
+  in sluogen schāchære: / Hagene hāt es niht getān.’                 176
+
+  ‘Mir sint die schāchære’, / sprach si, ‘vil wol bekant.
+  nu lāȥe eȥ got errechen / noch sīner vriunde hant.
+  Gunther unde Hagene, / jā habet ir iȥ getān.’
+  die Sīfrides degene / heten dō ze strīte wān.                      180
+
+  Dō sprach aber Kriemhilt: / ‘nu habt mit mir die nōt.’
+  dō kōmen dise beide / dā si in funden tōt,
+  Gērnōt ir bruoder / und Gīselher daȥ kint.
+  in triuwen si in klageten / mit den anderen sint.                  184
+
+  Si weinden inneclīche / den Kriemhilde man.
+  man solde messe singen: / zuo dem münster dan
+  giengen allenthalben / man wīp unde kint.
+  die sīn doch līhte enbāren, / die weinden Sīfriden sint.           188
+
+  Gērnōt und Gīselher / sprāchen: ‘swester mīn,
+  nu trœste dich nāch tōde, / als iȥ doch muoȥ sīn.
+  wir wellen dich’s ergetzen / die wīle unt wir geleben.’
+  donẹ kunde ir trōst deheinen / zer werlde niemen gegeben.          192
+
+  Sīn sarc der was bereitet / wol umbe’n mitten tac.
+  man huop in von der bāre / dā er ūfe lac.
+  in wolde noch diu frouwe / lāȥen niht begraben.
+  des muosen al die liute / michel arebeite haben.                   196
+
+  In einen rīchen pfellel / man den tōten want.
+  ich wæne man dā iemen / āne weinen vant.
+  dō klagete herzenlīche / Uote, ein edel wīp,
+  und alleȥ ir gesinde / den sīnen wætlīchen līp.                    200
+
+  Dō man daȥ gehōrte, / daȥ man zem münster sanc,
+  unt in gesarket hēte, / dō huop sich grōȥ gedranc:
+  durch willen sīner sēle / waȥ opfers man dō truoc!
+  er hete bī den vīnden / doch guoter vriunde genuoc.                204
+
+  Kriemhilt diu arme / zir kameræren sprach:
+  ‘si suln durch mīne liebe / līden ungemach,
+  die im iht guotes günnen / und mir wesen holt;
+  durch Sīfrides sēle / sol man teilen sīn golt.’                    208
+
+  Dehein kint was sō kleine / daȥ witze mohte haben,
+  daȥ muose gēn zem opfer. / ē ẹr wurde begraben,
+  baȥ danne hundert messe / man dā des tages sanc.
+  von Sīfrides vriunden / wart dō grōȥer gedranc.                    212
+
+  Dō man dā hete gesungen, / daȥ volc huop sich von dan.
+  dō sprach diu vrouwe Kriemhilt / ‘irn sult niht eine lān
+  hīnte mich bewachen / den ūȥ erwelten degen.
+  eȥ ist an sīme lībe / al mīn vreude gelegen.                       216
+
+  Drī tage und drī nahte / wil ich in lāȥen stān,
+  unz ich mich geniete / mīns vil lieben man.
+  waȥ ob daȥ got gebiutet / daȥ mich ouch nimet der tōt?
+  sō wære wol verendet / mīn armer Kriemhilde nōt.’                  220
+
+  Zen herbergen giengen / die liute von der stat.
+  pfaffen unde müniche / si belīben bat
+  und alleȥ sīn gesinde, / daȥ des heldes pflac.
+  si heten naht vil arge / unt vil müelīchen tac.                    224
+
+  Ān eȥȥen und ān trinken / beleip dā manic man.
+  die eȥ nemen wolden, / den wart daȥ kunt getān,
+  daȥ man’s in den vollen gæbe: / daȥ schuof Sigemunt.
+  dō was den Nibelungen / vil michel arebeite kunt.                  228
+
+  Die drīe tagezīte, / sō wir hœren sagen,
+  die dā kunden singen, / daȥ si muosen tragen
+  vil der arebeite. / waȥ man in opfers truoc!
+  die vil arme wāren, / die wurden rīche genuoc.                     232
+
+  Swaȥ man vant der armen / die es niht mohten hān,
+  die hieȥ man doch zem opfer / mit dem golde gān
+  ūȥ sīn selbes kamere. / do ẹr niht solde leben,
+  umbe sīne sēle / wart manic tūsent marc gegeben.                   236
+
+  Urbor ūf der erden / teilte s’in diu lant,
+  swā sō man diu klōster / und guote liute vant.
+  silber unde wæte / gap man den armen gnuoc.
+  si tet dem wol gelīche / daȥ sim holden willen truoc.              240
+
+  An dem dritten morgen / ze rehter messezīt
+  sō was bī dem münster / der kirchof alsō wīt
+  von den lantliuten / weinens alsō vol:
+  si dienden im nāch tōde / als man lieben vriunden sol.             244
+
+  In den tagen vieren, / man hāt gesaget daȥ,
+  ze drīȥec tūsent marken, / oder dannoch baȥ,
+  wart durch sīne sēle / den armen dā gegeben.
+  dō was gelegen ringe / sīn grōȥiu schœne und ouch sīn leben.       248
+
+  Dō gote dā wart gedienet / und daȥ man vol gesanc,
+  mit ungefüegem leide / vil des volkes ranc.
+  man hieȥ in ūȥ dem münster / zuo dem grabe tragen.
+  die sīn ungern enbāren, / die sah man weinen unde klagen.          252
+
+  Vil lūte scrīende / daȥ liut gie mit im dan:
+  vrō enwas dā niemen, / weder wīp noch man.
+  ē daȥ man in begrüebe, / man sanc unde las:
+  hey waȥ guoter pfaffen / ze sīner pīfilde was!                     256
+
+  Ē daȥ zem grabe kœme / daȥ Sīfrides wīp,
+  dō ranc mit solhem jāmer / der ir getriuwer līp,
+  daȥ man si mit dem brunnen / vil dicke dā vergōȥ.
+  eȥ was ir ungemüete / vil harte unmæȥlīchen grōȥ.                  260
+
+  Eȥ was ein michel wunder / daȥ si ie genas.
+  mit klage ir helfende / manic vrouwe was.
+  dō sprach diu küneginne: / ‘ir Sīfrides man,
+  ir sult durch iuwer triuwe / an mir genāde begān.                  264
+
+  Lāt mir nāch mīme leide / daȥ kleine liep geschehen,
+  daȥ ich sīn schœne houbet / noch eines müeȥe sehen.’
+  dō bat si’s alsō lange / mit jāmers sinnen starc,
+  daȥ man zebrechen muose / den vil hērlīchen sarc.                  268
+
+  Dō brāhte man die vrouwen / dā si in ligen vant.
+  si huop sīn schœne houbet / mit ir vil wīȥen hant;
+  dō kuste s’ alsō tōten / den edelen ritter guot.
+  ir vil liehten ougen / vor leide weineten bluot.                   272
+
+  Ein jæmerlīcheȥ scheiden / wart dō dā getān.
+  dō truoc man si von dannen: / sine mohte niht gegān.
+  dō vant man sinnelōse / daȥ hērlīche wīp.
+  vor leide möht’ ersterben / der ir vil wünneclīcher līp.           276
+
+  Dō man den edelen herren / hete nu begraben,
+  leit āne māȥe / sah man die alle haben
+  die mit im komen wāren / von Nibelunge lant.
+  vil selten vrœlīchen / man dō Sigemunden vant.                     280
+
+  Dō was der etelīcher / der drīer tage lanc
+  vor dem grōȥem leide / niht aȥ noch entranc.
+  doch mohten si dem lībe / sō gar geswīchen niht:
+  si nerten sich nāch sorgen, / sō noch genuogen geschiht.           284
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH.
+
+  Wolfram von Eschenbach was a native of Bavaria. Of his life little
+  is known, not even the exact dates of his birth and death. He
+  flourished in the latter part of the twelfth and early part of the
+  thirteenth century, and was by far the best and most extensive
+  representative of the Court epic poetry. He is best known by his
+  Parzival, which contains 24,812 lines divided up into sixteen books.
+  The following extract is taken from Book III. For editions of his
+  works, see Lachmann, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Berlin, 1833, fifth
+  edition, Berlin, 1891; Bartsch, Wolfram’s von Eschenbach Parzival
+  und Titurel, Leipzig, 1875.
+
+
+    Sich zōch diu frouwe jāmers balt
+  ūȥ ir lande in einen walt,
+  zer waste in Soltāne;
+  niht durch bluomen ūf die plāne,
+  ir herzen jāmer was sō ganz,                         5
+  sinẹ kērte sich an keinen kranz,
+  er wære rōt oder val.
+  sie brāhte dar durch flühtesal
+  des werden Gahmuretes kint.
+  liute, die bī ir dā sint,                           10
+  müeȥen būwen unde riuten.
+  sie kunde wol getriuten
+  ir sun. ē daȥ sich der versan,
+  ir volc sie gar für sich gewan:
+  eȥ wære man oder wīp,                               15
+  den gebōt sie allen an den līp,
+  daȥ se iemer rīters wurden lūt.
+  ‘wan friesche daȥ mīns herzen trūt,
+  welch rīters leben wære,
+  daȥ wurde mir vil swære.                            20
+  nu habet iuch an der witze kraft,
+  und helt in alle rīterschaft.’
+
+    Der site fuor angestlīche vart.
+  der knappe alsus verborgen wart
+  zer waste in Soltāne erzogen,                       25
+  an küneclīcher fuore betrogen;
+  eȥ ẹnmöhte an eime site sīn:
+  bogen unde bölzelīn
+  die sneit er mit sīn selbes hant,
+  und schōȥ vil vogele die er vant.                   30
+  swenne ab er den vogel erschōȥ,
+  des schal von sange ē was sō grōȥ,
+  sō weinde er unde roufte sich,
+  an sīn hār kērt’ er gerich.
+  sīn līp was klār unde fier:                         35
+  ūf dem plān am rivier
+  twuog er sich alle morgen.
+  er’n kunde niht gesorgen,
+  eȥ ẹnwære ob im der vogelsanc,
+  die suoȥe in sīn herze dranc:                       40
+  daȥ erstracte im sīniu prüstelīn.
+  al weinde er lief zer künegīn.
+  sō sprach sie ‘wer hāt dir getān?
+  du wær’ hin ūȥ ūf den plān.’
+  er’n kunde es ir gesagen niht,                      45
+  als kinden līhte noch geschiht.
+  dem mære gienc sie lange nāch.
+  eins tages sie in kapfen sach
+  ūf die boume nāch der vogele schal.
+  sie wart wol innen daȥ zeswal                       50
+  von der stimme ir kindes brust.
+  des twang in art und sīn gelust.
+  frou Herzeloyde kērte ir haȥ
+  an die vogele, sine wesse um waȥ:
+  sie wolte ir schal verkrenken.                      55
+  ir būliutẹ und ir enken
+  die hieȥ sie vaste gāhen,
+  vogele würgen unde vāhen.
+  die vogele wāren baȥ geriten:
+  etslīches sterben wart vermiten:                    60
+  der bleip dā lebendic ein teil,
+  die sīt mit sange wurden geil.
+
+    Der knappe sprach zer künegīn
+  ‘waȥ wīȥet man den vogelīn?’
+  er gerte in frides sā zestunt.                      65
+  sīn muoter kuste in an den munt:
+  diu sprach ‘wes wende ich sīn gebot,
+  der doch ist der hœhste got?
+  suln vogele durch mich fröude lān?’
+  der knappe sprach zer muoter sān                    70
+  ‘owē muoter, waȥ ist got?’
+  ‘sun, ich sage dir’ȥ āne spot.
+  er ist noch liehter denn’ der tag,
+  der antlitzes sich bewac
+  nāch menschen antlitze.                             75
+  sun, merke eine witze,
+  und flēhe in umbe dīne nōt:
+  sīn triwe der werlde ie helfe bōt.
+  sō heiȥet einẹr der helle wirt:
+  der ịst swarz, untriuwe in niht verbirt.            80
+  von dem kēr’ dīne gedanke,
+  und och von zwīvels wanke.’
+  sīn muoter underschiet im gar
+  daȥ vinster unt daȥ lieht gevar.
+  dar nāch sīn snelheit verre spranc.                 85
+  er lerntẹ den gabylōtes swanc,
+  dā mite er manegen hirz erschōȥ:
+  des sīn muoter und ir volc genōȥ.
+  eȥ wære æber oder snē,
+  dem wilde tet’ sīn schieȥen wē.                     90
+  nu hœret fremdiu mære.
+  swenne er’rschōȥ daȥ swære,
+  des wære ein mūl geladen genuoc,
+  als unzerworht hin heim er’ȥ truoc.
+
+    Eins tages gieng er den weideganc                 95
+  an einer halden, diu was lanc:
+  er brach durch blates stimme ‘en zwīc.
+  dā nāhen bī im gienc ein stīc:
+  dā hōrt’ er schal von huofslegen.
+  sīn gabylōt begund’er wegen:                       100
+  dō sprach er ‘waȥ hān ich vernomen?
+  wan wolte et nu der tiuvel komen
+  mit grimme zorneclīche!
+  den bestüende ich sicherlīche.
+  mīn muoter freisen von im saget:                   105
+  ich wæne ir ellen sī verzaget.’
+  alsus stuont er in strītes ger.
+  nu seht, dort kom geschūftet her
+  drī rīter nāch wunsche var,
+  von fuoȥe ūf gewāpent gar.                         110
+  der knappe wānde sunder spot,
+  daȥ ieslīcher wære ein got.
+  dō stuont ouch er niht langer hie,
+  in’ȥ phat viel er ūf sīniu knie.
+  lūte rief der knappe sān                           115
+  ‘hilf, got: du maht wol helfe hān.’
+  der vorder zornes sich bewac,
+  dō der knappe im phade lac:
+  ‘dirre tœrsche Wāleise
+  unsich wendet gāher reise.’                        120
+  ein prīs den wir Beier tragen,
+  muoȥ ich von Wāleisen sagen:
+  die sint tœrscher denne beiersch her,
+  und doch bī manlīcher wer.
+  swer in den zwein landen wirt,                     125
+  gefuoge ein wunder an im birt.
+
+    Dō kom geleischieret
+  und wol gezimieret
+  ein rīter, dem was harte gāch.
+  er reit in strīteclīchen nāch,                     130
+  die verre wāren von im komen:
+  zwēn’ rīter heten im genomen
+  ein’ frouwen in sīm’ lande,
+  den helt eȥ dūhte schande:
+  in müetẹ der juncfrouwen leit,                     135
+  diu jæmerlīche vor in reit.
+  dise drī wāren sīne man.
+  er reit ein schœne kastelān:
+  sīns schildes was vil wēnic ganz.
+  er hieȥ Karnahkarnanz                              140
+  leh cons Ulterlec.
+  er sprach ‘wer irret uns den wec?’
+  sus fuor er zuome knappen sān.
+  den dūhte er als ein got getān:
+  er’n het’ ē sō liehtes niht erkant.                145
+  ūfẹm towe der wāpenroc erwant.
+  mit guldīn schellen kleine
+  vor ietwederem beine
+  wārn die stegreife erklenget
+  unt ze rehter māȥe erlenget.                       150
+  sīn zeswer arm von schellen klanc,
+  swar er’n bōt oder swanc.
+  der was durch swertslege sō hel:
+  der helt was gein prīse snel.
+  sus fuor der fürste rīche,                         155
+  gezimiert wünneclīche.
+
+    Aller manne schœne ein bluomen kranz,
+  den vrāgte Karnahkarnanz
+  ‘junchērre, sāht ir für iuch varen
+  zwēn’ rīter die sich niht bewaren                  160
+  kunnen an rīterlīcher zunft?
+  sie ringent mit der nōtnunft
+  und sint an werdekeit verzaget:
+  sie füerent roubes eine maget.’
+  der knappe wānde, swaȥ er sprach,                  165
+  eȥ wære got, als ime verjach
+  frou Herzeloyd’ diu künegīn,
+  do s’im underschiet den liehten schīn.
+  dō rief er lūte sunder spot
+  ‘nu hilf mir, helfe rīcher got.’                   170
+  vil dicke viel an sīn gebet
+  fil li roy Gahmuret.
+  der fürste sprach ‘ich pin niht got,
+  ich leiste ab gerne sīn gebot.
+  du maht his vier rīter sehen,                      175
+  ob du ze rehte kundest spehen.’
+  der knappe frāgte fürbaȥ
+  ‘du nennest rīter: waȥ ist daȥ?
+  hāstu niht gotelīcher kraft,
+  sō sage mir, wer gīt rīterschaft.’                 180
+  ‘daȥ tuot der künec Artūs.
+  junchērre, komet ir in des hūs,
+  der bringet iuch an rīters namen,
+  daȥ ir’s iuch niemer durfet schamen.
+  ir muget wol sīn von rīters art.’                  185
+  von den helden er geschouwet wart:
+  dō lac diu gotes kunst an ime.
+  von der āventiurẹ ich daȥ nime,
+  diu mich mit wārheit des beschiet:
+  nie mannes varwe baȥ geriet                        190
+  vor ime sīt Adāmes zīt.
+  des wart sīn lop von wīben wīt.
+
+    Aber sprach der knappe sān
+  dā von ein lachen wart getān.
+  ‘ay rīter got, waȥ mahtu sīn?                      195
+  du hāst sus manec vingerlīn
+  an dīnen līp gebunden,
+  dort oben unt hie unden.’
+  aldā begreif des knappen hant
+  swaȥ er īsers ame fürsten vant:                    200
+  des harnasch begunder schouwen.
+  ‘mīner muoter juncfrouwen
+  ir vingerīn an snüeren tragent,
+  diu niht sus an ein ander ragent.’
+  der knappe sprach durch sīnen muot                 205
+  ‘war zuo ist ditze guot,
+  daȥ dich sō wol kan schicken?
+  i’ne mages niht abe gezwicken.’
+  der fürste im zeigete sā sīn swert:
+  ‘nu sich, swer an mich strītes gert,               210
+  des selben wer ich mich mit slegen:
+  für die sīne muoȥ ich an mich legen,
+  und für den schuȥ und für den stich
+  muoȥ ich alsus wāpen mich.’
+  aber sprach der knappe snel                        215
+  ‘ob die hirze trüegen sus ir vel,
+  son’ verwunt’ ir niht mīn gabylōt.
+  der vellet manger vor mir tōt.’
+
+    Die rīter zurnden daȥ er hielt
+  bi dem knappen der vil tumpheit wielt.             220
+  der fürste sprach ‘got hüete dīn.
+  ōwī wan wær’ dīn schœne mīn!
+  dir hete got den wunsch gegeben,
+  ob du mit witzen soldest leben.
+  diu gotes kraft dir virre leit.’                   225
+  die sīne und och er selbe reit,
+  unde gāheten balde
+  z’einem velde in dem walde.
+  dā vant der gefüege
+  frōn Herzeloyden phlüege.                          230
+  ir volke leider nie geschach;
+  die er balde eren sach:
+  si bẹgunden sæn, dar nāch egen,
+  ir gart ob starken ohsen wegen.
+  der fürste in guoten morgen bōt,                   235
+  und frāgte sẹ, op sie sæhen nōt
+  eine juncfrouwen līden,
+  sine kunden niht vermiden,
+  swes er vrāgt’, daȥ wart gesaget.
+  ‘zwēne rīter und ein maget                         240
+  dā riten hiute morgen.
+  diu frouwe fuor mit sorgen:
+  mit sporen sie vaste ruorten,
+  die die juncfrouwen fuorten.’
+  eȥ was Meljahkanz.                                 245
+  den ergāhte Karnachkarnanz,
+  mit strīte er ime die frouwen nam:
+  diu was dā vor fröuden lam.
+  sie hieȥ Īmāne
+  von der Bēāfontāne.                                250
+
+    Die būliute verzageten,
+  dō die helde für sie jageten.
+  sie sprāchen ‘wie’st uns sus geschehen?
+  hāt unser junchērre ersehen
+  ūf disen rītern helme schart,                      255
+  sonẹ hān wir uns niht wol bewart.
+  wir sulen der küneginne haȥ
+  von schulden hœren umbe daȥ,
+  wand’ er mit uns dā her lief
+  hiute morgen dō sie dannoch slief.’                260
+  der knappe enruochte ouch wer dō schōȥ
+  die hirze kleine unde grōȥ:
+  er huop sich gein der muoter wider,
+  und sagete ir mær’. dō viel sie nider:
+  sīner worte sie sō sēre erschrac,                  265
+  daȥ sị unversunnen vor im lac.
+  dō diu küneginne
+  wider kom z’ir sinne,
+  swie sie dā vor wær’ verzaget,
+  dō sprach sie ‘sun, wer hāt gesaget                270
+  dir von rīters orden?
+  wā bist du’s innen worden?’
+  ‘muoter, ich sach vier man
+  noch liehter danne got getān:
+  die sageten mir von rīterschaft.                   275
+  Artūses küneclīchiu kraft
+  sol mich nāch rīters ēren
+  an schildes ambet kēren.’
+  sich huop ein niuwer jāmer hie.
+  diu frouwe enwesse rehte, wie                      280
+  daȥ sie ir den list erdæhte
+  unde in von dem willen bræhte.
+
+    Der knappe tump unde wert
+  iesch von der muoter dicke ein pfert.
+  daȥ begunde sẹ in ir herzen klagen.                285
+  sie dāhte ‘i’n wil im niht versagen:
+  eȥ muoȥ aber vil bœse sīn.’
+  dō gedāhte mēr diu künegīn
+  ‘der liute vil bī spotte sint.
+  tōren kleider sol mīn kint                         290
+  ob sīme liehten lībe tragen.
+  wirt er geroufet unt geslagen,
+  sō kumet er mir her wider wol.’
+  ōwē der jæmerlīchen dol!
+  diu frouwe nam ein sactuoch:                       295
+  sie sneit im hemede unde bruoch,
+  daȥ doch an eime stücke erschein,
+  unz enmitten an sīn blankeȥ bein.
+  daȥ wart für tōren kleit erkant.
+  ein gugel man obene drūfe vant.                    300
+  al frisch rūch kelberīn
+  von einer hūt zwei ribbalīn
+  nāch sīnen beinen wart gesniten.
+  dā wart grōȥ jāmer niht vermiten.
+  diu künegīn was alsō bedāht,                       305
+  sie bat belīben in die naht.
+  ‘dunẹ solt niht hinnen kēren,
+  ich wil dich list ē lēren.
+  an ungebanten strāȥen
+  soltu tunkel fürte lāȥen:                          310
+  die sīhte unde lūter sīn,
+  dā solte al balde rīten īn.
+  du solt dich site nieten,
+  der werelde grüeȥen bieten.
+  ob dich ein grā wīse man                           315
+  zuht wil lērn als er wol kan,
+  dem soltu gerne volgen,
+  und wis im niht erbolgen.
+  sun, lā dir bevolhen sīn,
+  swa du guotes wībes vingerlīn                      320
+  mügest erwerben unt ir gruoȥ,
+  daȥ nim: eȥ tuot dir kumbers buoȥ.
+  du solt z’ir kusse gāhen
+  und ir līp vast’ umbevāhen:
+  daȥ gīt gelücke und hōhen muot,                    325
+  op sie kiusche ist unde guot.
+  du solt och wiȥȥen, sun mīn,
+  der stolze küene Lähelīn
+  dīnen fürsten abe ervaht zwei lant,
+  diu sollen dienen dīner hant,                      330
+  Wāleis und Norgāls.
+  ein dīn fürste Turkentals
+  den tōt von sīner hende enphienc:
+  dīn volc er sluoc unde vienc.’
+  ‘diz riche ich, muoter, ruocht es got:             335
+  in verwundet noch mīn gabylōt.’
+
+    Des morgens dō der tag erschein,
+  der knappe balde wart enein,
+  im was gein Artūse gāch.
+  frou Herzeloyde in kuste und lief im nāch.         340
+  der werelde riuwe aldā geschach.
+  dō sie ir sun niht langer sach
+  (der reit enwec: wem’st deste baȥ?),
+  dō viel diu frouwe valsches laȥ
+  ūf die erde, aldā sie jāmer sneit                  345
+  dō daȥ se ein sterben niht vermeit.
+  ir vil getriulīcher tōt
+  der frouwen wert’ die hellenōt.
+  ōwol sie daȥ se ie muoter wart!
+  sus fuor die lōnes bernden vart                    350
+  ein wurzel der güete
+  und ein stam der diemüete.
+  ōwē daȥ wir nu niht enhān
+  ir sippe unz an den eilften spān!
+  des wirt gevelschet manec līp.                     355
+  doch solten nu getriuwiu wīp
+  heiles wünschen disem knaben,
+  der sich hie von ir hāt erhaben.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+  [Transcriber’s Note:
+  Notes to the prose passages are identified by numbers [1]-[6].
+  The following bracketed sentence is from the original text.]
+
+[The references refer to the paragraphs in the Grammar.]
+
+
+I. BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG
+
+[1] p. 79, l. 13. {werdent sehende}, will see.
+
+[2] p. 79, l. 19. {daȥ si anders niht enpflæge}, see §§102, 108.
+
+[3] p. 81, l. 34. {von sō getāner freude}, of joy of such a beautiful
+kind.
+
+
+II. LANTREHTBUOCH
+
+[4] p. 83, l. 26. {mege}, pres. subj. of {mac}, see §93.
+
+[5] p. 85, l. 15. {sempervrīen}, from {sentbærevrīen}, the highest class
+of freemen.
+
+[6] p. 85, l. 17. {miter} = {mitter(e)}, _aj. nom. pl._, middle, see
+§9, 2.
+
+
+III. DER ARME HEINRICH
+
+l. 6. {im}, is reflexive, see §§66, 104.
+
+ll. 24-5. That this one (er) may pray to God for the salvation of
+Heinrich’s soul.
+
+l. 31. {ze Swāben} = in the country of the Swabians, i.e. Swabia.
+
+l. 38. {ze handen haben}, possess.
+
+l. 50. {versworn}, _pp._ of {verswern}, §86.
+
+l. 101. {des muge wir}: {des} is dependent on {ein wāreȥ bilde}; for
+{muge}, see §74, note.
+
+l. 106. {sehent} = {sehet}, imperative.
+
+l. 133-4. {dō . . . alrēst}, as soon as.
+
+l. 164. {eime} = {eineme}, see §9, 3.
+
+l. 190. {gnislich} = {genislich}, cp. §9, 7.
+
+l. 239. {für die selben frist}, since then.
+
+ll. 240-1. no longer any hopes of being healed.
+
+l. 257. {sich abe tuon}, renounce, resign.
+
+l. 351. {getwelte}, had dwelt, see §106.
+
+ll. 372-3. The construction is {sō ze Salerne vil meister} (_gen._) {von
+arzenīen ist}, see §102.
+
+l. 376. {kunde} for {kundet}.
+
+l. 486. {es} _gen._ is dependent on {niht}.
+
+l. 547. {sich ein dinc an nemen}, to take a thing to heart.
+
+l. 591. {mohter} = {mohte er}, see §65, note 3.
+
+l. 621. {die wīle daȥ}, so long as.
+
+l. 640. {wan} = {waȥ ne}, why not.
+
+l. 756. {verswīge wir} is the imperative, cp. also note to l. 101.
+
+l. 846. {dīme} = {dīneme}, see §9, 3.
+
+
+IV. WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE
+
+l. 144. {kond} _pret._ of {kan}.
+
+ll. 174-5. They would imagine themselves ruined if they did not exercise
+a stern rule. On the omission of the negative see §108.
+
+l. 178. {tiuschiu zunge}, German language, i.e. Germany.
+
+l. 182. {bekērā}, see {ā} in the Glossary.
+
+l. 185. {Philippe} is _dative_; {en} = {den}.
+
+l. 187. {man . . . wībe} are the _gen. plural_.
+
+l. 214. {guoter} is _gen. plural_.
+
+l. 232. {bluomen . . . wunder}, a great multitude of flowers.
+
+l. 250. {daȥ sie schiere got gehœne!} may God curse them soon.
+
+l. 255. {Der uns freude wider bræhte}, if anyone would bring us joy
+again.
+
+l. 285. {bien} = {bī den}.
+
+l. 292. {weder ir}, which of the two.
+
+l. 308. {hōhste} (weak form) {name}, the most beautiful _or_ precious
+name.
+
+l. 429. {du lā dir niht ze wē sīn nāch dem guote}, do not worry yourself
+too much about wealth.
+
+ll. 475-6. Very many call thee father, who will not recognize me as
+their brother.
+
+ll. 498-9. See Extracts from Reinmar, ll. 184-192.
+
+
+V. REINMAR
+
+l. 33. {Liutpolt}: Duke Leopold VI of Austria.
+
+l. 75. {bekan} = {bekam}.
+
+
+VII. DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED
+
+l. 28. {sīme} = {sīneme}, see §9,3; {widerseit} = {widersaget}, §37.
+
+l. 32. {nāch unkrefte}, after she had regained her consciousness.
+
+l. 37. {bat sich wīsen}, asked them to lead her to.
+
+l. 43. {ermorderōt}, older form of _pp._ of {ermordern}, see §88, note.
+
+l. 88. {āne tuon}, with _gen._ and _acc._, bereave, rob.
+
+l. 92. {weinende sīn} = {weinen}, see §106.
+
+l. 213. {huop sich von dan}, betook themselves away.
+
+
+VIII.   PARZIVAL
+
+l. 17. that they should never mention the word ‘knight’. On the omission
+of the negative see §108.
+
+l. 42. {weinde} = {weinende}, see §29.
+
+ll. 83-4. The mother explained to him fully the difference between
+darkness and light, i.e. between the Devil and God.
+
+l. 141. {leh cons} = {le (li) cons}, the Count.
+
+ll. 157-8. K. asked him, who was the perfection of human beauty.
+
+l. 172. {fil li roy}, son of the king.
+
+l. 243. Supply {ros} as object.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+
+_ABBREVIATIONS_
+
+  _sm._, _sf._, _sn._, = strong masculine, &c.
+  _sv._ = strong verb.
+  _wm._, _wf._, _wn._, = weak masculine, &c.
+  _wv._ = weak verb.
+  _pret.-pres._ = preterite-present.
+  _pn._ = proper name.
+
+  The remaining abbreviations need no explanation.
+
+  The Roman numeral after a verb indicates the class to which the
+  verb belongs. The ordinary numerals after a word indicate the
+  paragraph in the Grammar where the word either occurs or some
+  peculiarity of it is explained.
+
+
+  A
+
+  {ā}, _interj._ added to the imperative, nouns, and particles;
+    {neinā}, certainly not.
+  {ab}, {abe}, _prep. c. dat._ of, from;
+    _av._ away, away from, 9.6.
+  {aber}, {abr}, {ab}, _av._ and _cj._ again, once more, but;
+    {aber sprëchen}, answer, reply.
+  {acker}, _sm._ field, acre, 9.2, 31.2, 42.
+  {Adām}, _pn._ Adam.
+  {adamas}, _sm._ diamond.
+  {æber}, _sn._ place where the snow has melted away.
+  {ænic} (with _gen._), _aj._ bereft.
+  {äher} (OHG. {ahir}), _sn._ ear of corn.
+  {aht(e)}, _num._ eight, 62.
+  {aht(e)}, _sf._ attention, meditation; station, position.
+  {ahtede}, _num._ eighth, 62.
+  {ahten}, _wv._ observe, consider, deliberate.
+  {ah(t)zëhen}, _num._ eighteen, 62.
+  {ah(t)zëhende}, _num._ eighteenth, 62.
+  {ah(t)zic} ({-ec}), _num._ eighty, 62.
+  {ah(t)zigeste}, _num._ eightieth, 62.
+  {al} (_infl._ {aller}, {alleȥ}, {alliu} ({älliu}, {elliu})), _aj._
+      all;
+    {al dā}, there, thereupon;
+    {al dō}, as soon as;
+    {al ein}, all one, the same;
+    {aller hande}, of all kinds;
+    {alle wëge}, everywhere, 55.
+  {aleine}, _av._ alone.
+  {allenthalben}, _av._ on all sides.
+  {allertegelīch}, _av._ daily.
+  {alleȥ}, _av._ always, already.
+  {allmahtic} ({almähtic}, {almehtic}), _aj._ all-powerful, almighty.
+  {almuosen}, _sn._ alms, charity.
+  {alrēst} = {aller ērst}, at first.
+  {als}, see {alsō}.
+  {alsam}, _av._ as, just as, 69.
+  {alsō} ({alse}, {als}), _av._ as, just as, so, likewise, 69;
+    {alse dar}, always, all the time.
+  {alsolch} = {solch}.
+  {alsus} ({alsust}), _av._ in this manner, so, thus.
+  {alt}, _aj._ old, former, 10, 57.
+  {alter}, _sn._ age.
+  {alwære}, _aj._ foolish.
+  {alze}, _av._ too, too much.
+  {alzehant}, _av._ on the spot, at once, immediately.
+  {am} = {an dëm}.
+  {ambet}, _sn._ service, office, calling.
+  {anblic}, _sm._ look.
+  {ander}, _num._ and _pr._ other, second, 55, 62, 71.
+  {anders}, _av._ otherwise, else;
+    {niht anderswan}, nothing but.
+  {anderswar}, _av._ elsewhere.
+  {ane} ({an}), _prep. c. dat._ or _acc._ on, by, in; of;
+      along with; until, 9.6;
+    {an dën līp}, by (their) life, on the penalty of (their) life;
+    {an dër stat}, at once, on the spot.
+  {āne} ({ān}), _av._ alone, free, deprived of;
+    {eines āne wërden}, to lose;
+    _cj._ except;
+    _prep. c. acc._ or _gen._ without, except, next to.
+  {ange}, _av._ narrowly, exactly, carefully, anxiously, 9.7.
+  {anger}, _sm._ grass plot.
+  {angesiht}, _sf._ sight.
+  {angest}, _smf._ care, sorrow, anxiety.
+  {anges(t)lich}, _aj._ anxious, fearful, dangerous, terrible.
+  {anme}, {amme}, {ame}, {am} = {an dëme}, 68, note 2.
+  {ansëhen}, _sv._ V, look at, behold.
+  {anst} (_pl._ {enste}), _sf._ favour, 49.
+  {antlütze}, {antlitze}, _sn._ face, countenance.
+  {antwürten} (_pret._ {antwurte}), _wv._ answer.
+  {apfel}, _sm._ apple, 31, 2.
+  {ar}, _wm._ eagle, 9.1, 50.
+  {arbeit} ({arebeite}), _sf._ work, trouble, grief.
+  {arbeitsam}, _aj._ painful, troublesome.
+  {arc} ({-ges}), _aj._ bad, mischievous, wicked.
+  {arm}, _aj._ poor, helpless, unhappy, 57.
+  {arm}, _sm._ arm.
+  {armuot}, _sf._ poverty, want.
+  {art}, _smf._ inborn manner, nature, quality; origin, descent.
+  {Artūs}, _pn._ Arthur, king of Britain.
+  {arzāt}, _sm._ physician.
+  {arzenīe}, _sf._ medicine, remedy.
+  {ās}, _sn._ carrion, 28.
+  {ātem}, _sm._ breath, 42.
+  {āventiure}, _sf._ wonderful event
+  {ay}, _interj._ ah! alas!
+
+
+  B
+
+  {bābest}, _sm._ pope.
+  {bāgen}, _sv._ VII, quarrel, 87.
+  {bal} ({-lles}), _sm._ ball.
+  {balde}, _av._ boldly, bravely, valiantly; quickly;
+    {balde wërden enein}, be quickly resolved.
+  {balt}, _aj._ courageous, full of courage, firm, unyielding.
+  {baltlīch}, _aj._ courageous.
+  {bange}, _aj._ anxious, 9.7.
+  {bannen}, _sv._ VII, banish, expel, put under the ban, 87.
+  {bar}, _aj._ bare, 55.
+  {bāre}, _sf._ bier.
+  {bat} ({-des}), _sn._ bath, flood of tears.
+  {baȥ}, _av._ better, more, 61;
+    {baȥ geriten}, quicker;
+    {baȥ veile}, of less value;
+    {wëm’st deste baȥ?}, who feels joy at this parting?
+  {Bēāfontāne}, _pn._
+  {bedāht}, _p.p._ thoughtful, intent.
+  {bēde} = {beide}.
+  {bedecken} (_pret._ {-dacte}, {-dahte}), _wv._ cover, 90.
+  {bedenken} (_pret._ {-dāhte}, _subj. pret._ {-dæhte}), think over,
+      consider;
+    {sich dës willen bedenken}, decide upon a thing.
+  {bediuten}, _wv._ expound;
+    _refl._ mark, denote.
+  {bedrieȥen}, _sv._ II, seem troublesome _or_ irksome.
+  {bedunken} (_pret._ {-dūhte}), _wv._ seem, appear.
+  {bedurfen}, {bedürfen} (_pr. sing._ {-darf}), _pret. pres._, need,
+      require;
+    see {durfen}.
+  {begān}, _anom. v._ to do a thing;
+    _refl._ live;
+    see {gān}.
+  {begieȥen}, _sv._ II, pour over, moisten.
+  {beginnen}, _sv._ III (_pret._ also weak {begunde}, {begonde}),
+      begin, 81.
+  {begraben}, _sv._ VI, bury, inter.
+  {begrīfen}, _sv._ I, grasp, understand.
+  {begunder} = {begunde ër}.
+  {behagen}, _wv._ please, delight, suit.
+  {behalten}, _sv._ VII, hold, keep, preserve, reserve, store up.
+  {beherten}, _wv._ harden, enforce.
+  {behüeten}, _wv._ keep, preserve, protect.
+  {behuot}, _p.p._ of {behüeten}.
+  {beide} ({bēde}), _num._, _neut._ {beidiu}, both;
+    {beide--und}, both--and.
+  {beidenthalben}, _av._ on both sides.
+  {Beier}, _pn._ people of Bavaria, Bavarians.
+  {beier(i)sch}, _aj._ Bavarian.
+  {bein}, _sn._ bone, leg, 5, 11.
+  {beiten}, _wv._ wait;
+    _sn._ a waiting.
+  {bejagen}, _wv._ acquire, get.
+  {bejëhen}, _sv._ V, assure.
+  {bekan} = {bekam}.
+  {bekennen} (_pret._ {-kante}), _wv._ know, recognize, get to know.
+  {bekēren}, _wv._ employ, turn;
+    {bekēren sich}, turn round.
+  {bekomen}, _sv._ IV, get, obtain.
+  {belīben} ({blīben}), _sv._ I, remain, 9.7, 76;
+    {under wëgen belīben}, be left undone, cease.
+  {beliuhten}, _wv._ illumine, explain, make manifest.
+  {benamen} = {bī namen}, in the true sense of the word.
+  {benëmen}, _sv._ IV, take, take away;
+    _c. gen._ exempt.
+  {berāten}, _sv._ VII, consider, arrange, provide for;
+    _refl._ consider, reflect.
+  {bërc} ({-ges}), _sm._ mountain.
+  {bereit} ({bereite}), _aj._ ready, willing;
+    _av._ readily, willingly, 55.
+  {bereiten} (_pret._ {-reite}), _wv._ plough, make arable, prepare,
+      make ready.
+  {bërgen}, _sv._ III, hide, 81.
+  {bërn}, _sv._ IV, bear, carry, bring forth, 9.1, 19, 82.
+  {bern} (_pret._ {berte}), _wv._ beat, strike.
+  {berouben}, _wv._ bereave, rob.
+  {berüeren}, _wv._ touch, move.
+  {besarken} ({beserken}), _wv._ put into the coffin.
+  {beschëhen}, _sv._ V, happen.
+  {bescheiden}, _sv._ VII, make clear, explain.
+  {bescheiden} ({bescheidenlīch}), _aj._ sensible, prudent.
+  {bescheidenheit}, _sf._ understanding, sense, prudence.
+  {bescheidenlīchen}, _av._ definitely, clearly, sensibly.
+  {beschern}, _wv._ bestow upon, divide, let out.
+  {bëseme}, _wm._ besom; rod.
+  {besitzen} (_pret._ {-saȥ}), _sv._ V, take possession of.
+  {beslieȥen}, _sv._ II, close, shut.
+  {besorgen}, _wv._ provide, be conscious of; requite.
+  {bestān}, _anom. v._ remain; attack, assail;
+    {einen bestān}, concern, belong to.
+  {beste}, _aj._ and _av._ best, 9.5, 23.1, 61.
+  {besunder}, _av._ apart.
+  {beswærde}, _sf._ affliction, grief, sadness.
+  {beswæren}, _wv._ afflict, grieve.
+  {beswern} (_pret._ {-swuor}, _pp._ {-sworn}), _sv_. VI, take an oath,
+      swear to.
+  {bëte}, _sf._ request, command.
+  {bëten}, _wv._ pray, 92.
+  {betrahten}, _wv._ view, consider.
+  {betriegen}, _sv._ II, deceive.
+  {betrüeben}, _wv._ make gloomy _or_ angry.
+  {bette}, _sn._ bed, 10, 46.
+  {bettestat}, _sf._ couch, place of rest.
+  {bevëlhen}, _sv._ III, order, recommend;
+    bring home to a person, 19, 34, 81.
+  {bevinden}, _sv._ III, become sensible of, get to know.
+  {bewachen}, _wv._ watch, guard.
+  {bewarn}, _wv._ protect, guard against, preserve;
+    avert, ward off, prevent.
+  {bewëgen} ({sich} with _gen._), _sv._ V, resolve to _or_ upon,
+      take upon oneself; part with, cast off.
+  {bewenden} (_pp._ {-want}), _wv._ turn to, use.
+  {bewīsen}, _wv._ put right, inform, instruct.
+  {beȥȥer} (_superl._ {beȥȥest}, {beste}), _aj._ better, 58.
+  {beȥȥern}, _wv. refl._ get better, improve.
+  {beȥȥerunge}, _sf._ improvement, 8.
+  {bī}, _prep._ and _av._ near, near by, with, beside; thereby;
+    {bī sīn} with _dat._ of person: be near, have;
+    {bī mīnen triuwen}, in truth, upon my word!;
+    {bī mīnen zīten}, during my lifetime;
+    {bī spotte sīn}, like mockery;
+    {bī wësen}, remain.
+  {bibenen} ({biben}, _pp._ {bibent}), _wv._ quake, tremble.
+  {biderbe}, _aj._ noble, active, good.
+  {biegen}, _sv._ II, bow, bend, 5, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 33, 78.
+  {bien} = {bī dën}.
+  {bieten}, _sv._ II, offer, show, 5, 11, 18, 25, 78.
+  {bilde}, _sn._ example, comparison.
+  {bilden}, _wv._ form.
+  {billich}, _aj._ becoming, right.
+  {billīchen}, _av._ rightly, properly, befittingly.
+  {bin}, am, 97.
+  {binden}, _sv._ III, bind, fasten, 10 note 2, 11, 12, 15, 33, 81;
+    {wol gebunden}, with the hair neatly braided and decked out.
+  {bir}, _swf._ pear, 50.
+  {bīten}, _sv._ I, wait, put off, delay, 76.
+  {bit(t)en} (_pret._ {bat}), _sv._ V, ask, beg, request, command,
+      3, 26, 31.3, 84.
+  {bitter}, _aj._ bitter, 20, 31.2, 55.
+  {bitterlīch}, _aj._ bitter, 8.
+  {bitterlīchen}, _av._ bitterly.
+  {biȥ}, _sm._ bite, 44.
+  {bīȥen}, _sv._ I, bite, 5, 19, 76.
+  {blā} ({-wes}), _aj._ blue, 36, 55.
+  {blanc}, _aj._ white, shining, beautiful.
+  {blāsen}, _sv._ VII, blow, 87.
+  {blat}, _sn._ leaf.
+  {blī} ({-ges}), _snm._ lead, 35.
+  {blīben} = {belīben}.
+  {blic} ({-ckes}), _sm._ glance, look; splendour.
+  {blīdeclīchen}, _av._ blithely, joyfully.
+  {blint} ({-des}), _aj._ blind, 7, 9.2, 55, 56.
+  {bliuwen}, _sv._ II, strike, 16 note, 19, 36, 79.
+  {blōȥ}, _aj._ bare, naked; only.
+  {blüejen}, {blüewen}, {blüen}, _wv._ bloom, 19, 35, 90.
+  {blüemen}, _wv._ bloom, 90.
+  {bluome}, _wmf._ flower, blossom.
+  {bluot}, _sn._ blood.
+  {bluoten}, _wv._ bleed.
+  {boc} ({-ckes}), _sm._ he-goat, 10, 32.1.
+  {böcklīn}, _sn._ little he-goat, 10.
+  {bœse}, _aj._ bad, worthless, despicable.
+  {boge}, _wm._ bow.
+  {bölzelīn}, _sn._ little cross-bow, bolt _or_ arrow.
+  {borgen}, _wv._ borrow.
+  {bote}, _wm._ messenger, 51.
+  {bougen}, {böugen}, _wv._ bend, 10.
+  {boum}, _sm._ tree.
+  {bōȥen}, _sv._ VII, beat, strike, 87.
+  {brā} ({brāwe}), _swf._, brow, eyebrow; eyelash, 48.
+  {brāten}, _sv._ VII, roast, 87.
+  {brëchen}, _sv._ IV, break, pluck, gather; neglect, 82.
+  {breit}, _aj._ wide, broad.
+  {brennen}, _wv._ burn, 10, 11, 90.
+  {bresten}, _sv._ IV, break, burst, be deficient, want, lack, 19.
+  {brief} ({-ves}), _sm._ letter, 33, 44.
+  {bringen} (_pret._ {brāhte}, _pret. subj._ {bræhte}), bring,
+      28, 29, 91;
+    {sich bringen lāȥen}, let oneself be brought;
+    {vür bringen}, carry out.
+  {brinnen}, _sv._ III, burn, 81.
+  {briuwen}, _sv._ II, brew, 16 note, 79.
+  {brœde}, _aj._ breakable, perishable.
+  {brōt}, _sn._ bread.
+  {brugge}, {brügge} ({brucke}, {brücke}), _sf._ bridge, 10 note 3,
+      26, 31.3.
+  {brūn}, _aj._ brown; dark-coloured.
+  {brunne}, _wm._ spring, well, brook.
+  {bruoch}, _sf._ covering for the upper part of the thigh.
+  {bruoder}, _sm._ brother, 3, 5, 11, 24, 25, 45.
+  {brust} (_pl._ {bruste}, {brüste}), _sf._ breast, bosom,
+      10 note 3, 49.
+  {brūt} (_pl._ {briute}), bride, 5, 10, 11.
+  {bū} ({-wes}), _smn._ cultivated land; farmhouse;
+    dwelling, abode, 42.
+  {büechlīn}, _sn._ little book, 10.
+  {būman} (_pl._ {būliute}), _sm._ peasant, farmer, farm labourer.
+  {buoch}, _sn._ book, 10.
+  {buosem}, _sm._ bosom, 9.2.
+  {buoȥ}, _sm._ remedy, compensation, reparation;
+    {buoȥ tuon} _c gen._, free from, liberate from.
+  {būr}, _sm._ peasant.
+  {burc} ({-ge}), _sf._ castle, town, 10 note 1, 49.
+  {burgære}, _sm._ citizen, parishioner.
+  {burt}, _sf._ birth, of good family.
+  {butze}, _wm._ hobgoblin, bug-bear;
+    {in butzen wīs}, like a ghostly hobgoblin.
+  {būwen}, {biuwen} (_pret._ {biute}), _wv._ till, cultivate, plant.
+
+
+  C
+
+  For {c} see {k}.
+
+
+  D
+
+  {dā}, {dār}, _av._ there, where, 39, 69;
+    {dā mite}, therewith;
+    {dā von}, thereby;
+    {dā vor}, before it _or_ that;
+    {dā zuo}, thereby, therewith, thereto.
+  {dach}, _sn._ covering, 31.3.
+  {dagen}, _wv._ be silent, 92.
+  {dahte}, see {decken}.
+  {danc} ({-kes}), _sm._. thanks, wish;
+    {sunder} _or_ {an’ mīnen danc}, against my wish.
+  {danken}, _wv._ thank, 9.2.
+  {danne}, {denne} ({dan}), _av._ then;
+    _after the comparative_, than as;
+    in conditional sentences with or without {ne} = unless.
+  {dannen}, _av._ from there, thence; wherefrom, 69.
+  {dannoch} ({dennoch}), _av._ however, even, still;
+    besides, in addition to this; moreover.
+  {dar}, {dare}, _av._ thither, whither, 69;
+    {dar an}, thereon, in that, therein;
+    {dar für}, before it;
+    {dar nāch}, thereupon, after that;
+    {dar umbe}, therefore, 69;
+    {dar under}, amongst them, in between;
+    {dar zuo}, besides, in addition.
+  {dārinne}, {darinne}, _av._ therein.
+  {daȥ} _cj._ that.
+  {dechein}, _pr._ no, none, 71.
+  {decken} (_pret._ {dacte}, {dahte}), _wv._ cover, 23.2, 31.3,
+      32.2, 90.
+  {dëgen}, _sm._ warrior, vassal, 11.
+  {dehein}, {dekein}, _pr._ any one; no, none, 71.
+  {deich} = {daȥ ich}.
+  {deist} = {daȥ ist}.
+  {denen} ({dennen}), _wv._ stretch, 92.
+  {denken} (_pret._ {dāhte}), think, 5, 11, 28, 29, 91.
+  {denne} = {danne}.
+  {dennoch}, see {dannoch}.
+  {dër}, {daȥ}, {diu}, _def. art._, _dem. pr._, and _rel. pr._, the,
+      who; 9.6, 68, 69;
+    {dës}, _av._ with which, thereby, therefore, wherefore.
+  {derfüre}, _av._ out.
+  {dernider}, _av._ down.
+  {dërst} = {dër ist}.
+  {dēst}, {deis}, {dēs} = {daȥ ist}, 68 note 1.
+  {deste}, _av._ the more, all the more;
+    _before comparatives_, the, so much, 11.
+  {dēswār} (= {daȥ ist wār}), _av._ truly, in truth, indeed.
+  {dewëder}, {dwëder}, _pr._ one of two, neither of two, 71.
+  {deȥ} = {daȥ}.
+  {dic} ({dicke}), _aj._ thick, dark, 55;
+    _av._ {dicke}, often;
+    {dicke baȥ}, often still better.
+  {die} = Middle Germ. form of {dër}.
+  {diech} = {daȥ ich}.
+  {diemüete}, _sf._ humility.
+  {dien} = {die en}.
+  {dienen}, _wv._ serve, earn, deserve; requite, 9.2, 92.
+  {dienest} ({dienst}), _sm._ service, serviceableness; devotion, 9.2;
+    {ze dienste}, out of devotion.
+  {dienstman}, _sm._ servant, feoffee.
+  {diep} ({-bes}), _sm._ thief;
+    {ze diebe wërden}, become a thief.
+  {dieȥen}, _sv._ II, resound, roar, rush, 18, 78.
+  {dīhen} (_pret._ {dēch}, _pp._ {gedigen}), _sv._ I, thrive,
+      17, 30, 76.
+  {dīn}, _pr._ thy, 9.3, 67.
+  {dinc} ({-ges}), _sn._ thing, affair, 46.
+  {dingen}, _wv._ speak, make a contract.
+  {dirre}, {diser}, {dise} (_neut._ {ditze}, {diz}, {diȥ};
+      _fem._ {disiu}), _pr._ this, 68.
+  {diuhen}, _wv._ change, remove; press, shove.
+  {diuten}, _wv._ intimate, relate, display.
+  {diuwe} ({diw}), _sf._ servant, 48.
+  {dō}, {do}, _av._ and _cj._ then, when, as, 69.
+  {doch}, _av._ yet, however, nevertheless.
+  {dol}, _sf._ suffering, pain, distress, misery, 48.
+  {doln}, _wv._ endure, tolerate, suffer, 90.
+  {dōn}, {tōn} (_pl._ {dœne}), _sm._ sound, melody, song.
+  {donreslac} ({-ges}), _sm._ thunder-clap, lightning,
+  {dorf} (_pl._ {dörfer}), _sn._ village, hamlet, 10.
+  {dorn}, _sm._ thorn, 24.
+  {dörperlīch}, _aj._ peasant-like, rustic.
+  {dort}, _av._ there, yonder.
+  {douwen}, {döuwen}, _wv._ digest, 10.
+  {dræjen} ({dræn}), _wv._ turn, 35, 90.
+  {drāte}, _av._ quickly, immediately;
+    {alsō drāte}, directly, forthwith.
+  {dreschen}, _sv._ IV, thrash, 11, 82.
+  {drī} (_neut._ {driu}), _num._ three, 62, 63;
+    {drīer hande}, of three kinds.
+  {dringen}, _sv._ III, press, throng, shoot up, also _sn._, 81;
+    {für sich dringen}, press forwards, spread.
+  {drīstunt}, _av._ thrice.
+  {dritte}, {drite}, _num._ third, 26, 62.
+  {drīvaltic}, _aj._ threefold.
+  {drīȥic} ({-ec}), _num._ thirty, 62.
+  {drīzëhen}, _num._ thirteen, 62.
+  {drīzëhende}, _num._ thirteenth, 62.
+  {drīȥigeste}, _num._ thirtieth, 62.
+  {drouwe} ({drowe}, {drō}), _sf._ threat, threatening.
+  {drouwen}, {dröuwen}, _wv._ threaten, 3, 10.
+  {drucken}, {drücken}, _wv._ press, 10 note 3, 90.
+  {drūfe} = {dar ūfe}.
+  {drumb(e)}, _av._ to that end, therefore.
+  {drunder} = {dar under}.
+  {dū}, {du}, _pr._ thou;
+    _gen._ {dīn};
+    _dat._ {dir};
+    _acc._ {dich};
+    _pl. nom._ {ir};
+    _gen._ {iuwer};
+    _dat._ {iu};
+    _acc._ {iuch}, 65.
+  {dulden}, _wv._ endure.
+  {dūme}, _wm._ thumb.
+  {dunken}, {dünken} (_pret._ {dūhte}, _pret. subj._ {diuhte}), seem,
+      appear, 5, 10 note 2, 11, 29, 91;
+    {sich ze nihte dunken}, to imagine oneself undone.
+  {dünne}, _aj._ thin, 5, 10, 11, 55.
+  {durch} ({dur}), _prep._ through, on account of, for, for the sake
+      of, 34;
+    {dur daȥ}, on this account, for that reason, therefore;
+    {durch plates stimme}, for drawing sounds _or_ notes from the
+      leaf; for making a whistling sound on the leaf;
+    {durch sīnen muot}, through his (childish) mind.
+  {durfen}, {dürfen} (_pres. sing._ {darf}, _pret._ {dorfte},
+      _pret. subj._ {dörfte}), _pret. pres._ need, 16, 93.
+  {durftige}, _wm._ beggar, one in want of help.
+  {dūȥ} = {du ëȥ}.
+
+
+  E
+
+  {ē, ēr}, _av._ formerly, rather, sooner, before, 39, 61
+  {ëben}, _aj._ even, 55, 60.
+  {ëbene}, _av._ evenly, smoothly, well-fitting, 60.
+  {ecke}, _swf., sn._ corner, 31, 3.
+  {edel(e)}, _aj._ and _av._ noble, 60.
+  {edelinc}, _sm._ son of a nobleman, 8.
+  {edeln}, _wv._ ennoble.
+  {egen}, _wv._ harrow.
+  {egeslīch} ({eislīch}), _aj._ fearful, terrible, 37.
+  {ëht} ({ē̆t}, {ō̆t}), _av._ only; even, at any rate, 34.
+  {ei} (_pl._ {eijer}, {eiger}, {eier}), _sn._ egg, 35, 47
+  {ei}, _interj._ ah.
+  {eiden}, _wv._ take an oath, pledge.
+  {eigen}, _aj._ own, 55.
+  {eigen}, _sn._ property;
+    {ze eigen gëben}, present.
+  {eilfte}, _aj._ eleventh, 62.
+  {ein}, _num._ and _indef. art._ one; a, an, 9.3, 62, 63;
+    _indef, pr._ one, some one, 71.
+  {einander}, _pr._ one another.
+  {eine}, _av._ alone.
+  {eines}, _av._ once.
+  {einic} ({-ec}), _aj._ only, single.
+  {einlif}, {einlef} ({eilif}), _num._ eleven, 62.
+  {ei(n)lifte} ({eilfte}), _num._ eleventh, 62.
+  {eischen}, _sv._ VII, ask, demand.
+  {eislīch}, see {egeslīch}.
+  {eit} ({-des}), _sm._ oath.
+  {element}, _sn._ element.
+  {ēlīch}, _aj._ legal, conjugal.
+  {ellen}, _sn._courage, valour; manliness.
+  {ellenboge}, _wm._ elbow.
+  {ellenden}, _wv._ go abroad.
+  {ellich}, _aj._ universal, constant.
+  {elter}, _aj._ older.
+  {eltlīch}, _aj._ elderly, old.
+  {emphëlhen}, _sv._ III, recommend, 81.
+  {emzekeit}, _sf._ activity, diligence, industry.
+  {en}, _neg. particle_, generally used before the verb with or
+      without {niht} after the verb, _not_.
+    {en} in subordinate sentences with the subjunctive, _unless_,
+      _if not_, _except that_, _when that_, _that not_, &c.
+  {en} = {in}; shortened form of {dën}.
+  {enbërn}, _sv._ IV, be without a thing, do without.
+  {enbieten}, _sv._ II, bid, announce, summon.
+  {enblanden}, _sv._ VII, let be painful _or_ irksome to.
+  {enblecken}, _wv._ make visible, expose.
+  {ende}, _sn._ end.
+  {endelīchen}, _av._ throughout, entirely.
+  {enden}, _wv._ end, finish.
+  {enein} = {in ein}.
+  {enge}, _aj._ narrow, 55.
+  {enge}, _sf._ narrow place, strait, difficulty.
+  {engel}, _sm._ angel, 9.2, 42.
+  {Engellant}, _pn._ England, 54.
+  {engëlten}, _sv._ III, pay, requite.
+  {enges(t)līch}, _aj._ anxious, timid, dangerous.
+  {enke}, _wm._ man who tends the cattle.
+  {enmitten}, _av._ in the midst;
+    {enmitten dō}, during, whilst.
+  {enpfāhen}, {enpfān}, _sv._ VII, accept, receive.
+  {enpfallen}, _sv._ VII, pass away, perish.
+  {enpfinden}, _sv._ III, perceive, become conscious of.
+  {enpflëgen}, _sv._ V, care for, cherish.
+  {enphëlhen}, _sv._ III, order, recommend, 81.
+  {entrinnen}, _sv._ III, escape.
+  {entsagen}, _wv._ free, remove, withdraw.
+  {entseben} ({-seven}), _sv._ VI, perceive, 86.
+  {entsetzen}, _wv._ bereave, rob.
+  {entslāfen}, _sv._ VII, fall asleep.
+  {en(t)springen}, _sv._ III, spring up, shoot up, shoot forth.
+  {entstān}, _sv._ VI, understand.
+  {entwër}, {entwërch}, _av._ athwart; perversely.
+  {entwësen}, _sv._ V, be without, do without.
+  {entwīchen}, _sv._ I, yield, go away.
+  {enwëc}, _av._ away.
+  {enzīt}, _av._ by times, soon.
+  {enzünden}, _wv._ light, kindle.
+  {enzwischen}, _prep._ between.
+  {ër}, {si} ({sī}, {siu}, {sie}), {ëȥ}, _pr._ he, she, it;
+    _gen._ {sīn} ({ës}), {ir}, {ës};
+    _dat._ {im(e)}, {ir}, {im(e)};
+    _acc._ {in}, {sie} ({si}, {sī}), {ëȥ} ({iȥ});
+    _pl. nom. acc._ {si}, {sī}, {sie}, _neut._ also {siu};
+    _gen._ {ir(e)};
+    _dat._ {in}, 65.
+  {ērbære}, _aj._ honourable, decent, modest.
+  {erbarmen}, _wv._ move to pity.
+  {erbe}, _sn._ inherited property, inheritance.
+  {erbeit} = {arbeit}.
+  {erbeiten}, _wv._ work, have trouble;
+    _c. gen._ wait for.
+  {erbëlgen}, _sv._ III, become angry, grow angry.
+  {erben}, _wv._ be hereditary, descend from generation to generation.
+  {erbieten}, _sv._ II, show, manifest.
+  {erbīten}, _sv._ I, wait.
+  {erbleichen}, _wv._ become pale.
+  {erbolgen}, _pp._ angered, angry with.
+  {erbürn}, _wv._ raise, lift up.
+  {ërde}, _wf._ earth, world, 14.2.
+  {erdenken} (_pret._ {erdāhte}, _pret. subj._ {erdæhte}), _wv._
+      think out, devise, contrive.
+  {ërderīch} = {ërtrīch}.
+  {erdieȥen}, _sv._ II, resound, re-echo.
+  {erdringen}, _sv._ III, gain by force.
+  {erdröuwen}, _wv._ compel by threats.
+  {ēre}, _wf._ honour, renown, 11.
+  {ēren}, _wv._ honour.
+  {ērest}, {ērste}, _aj._ first, 59.
+  {ergāhen}, _wv._ overtake, go to meet.
+  {ergān}, _sv._ VII, come out, happen.
+  {erge}, _sf._ wickedness.
+  {ergëben}, _sv._ V, submit, devote.
+  {ergetzen}, _wv._ cause to forget, compensate.
+  {ergrīfen}, _sv._ I, seize.
+  {erhāhen}, {erhān}, _sv._ VII, hang.
+  {erheben}, _sv_. VI, raise;
+    _refl._ rise.
+  {erhœren}, _wv._ hear.
+  {erkalten}, _wv._ become cold.
+  {erkant}, _aj._ known.
+  {erkennelich}, _aj._ well-known, renowned.
+  {erkennen} (_pret._ {-kante}, {-kande}), _wv._ recognize, perceive,
+      understand; know.
+  {erkiesen}, _sv._ II, elect, select, choose.
+  {erklengen}, _wv._ make resonant _or_ sonorous.
+  {erlāȥen}, {erlān}, _sv._ VII, release, forgive.
+  {erlengen}, _wv._ lengthen.
+  {erleschen}, _sv._ IV, extinguish.
+  {erlīden}, _sv._ I, suffer.
+  {erlouben}, {erlöuben}, _wv._ allow, permit, 10.
+  {erlœsen} (_pp._ {erlōst}), _wv._ remove, free, deliver.
+  {ermordern}, _wv._ murder.
+  {ern}, {eren}, {erren} (_pret._ {ier}, _pp._ {gearn}), _sv._ VII,
+      till, plough, 87.
+  {ërn} = {ër ne}.
+  {ernern}, _wv._ rescue, heal, cure.
+  {erniuwen}, _wv._ renew.
+  {ërnst}, _sm._ fervour.
+  {errëchen}, _sv._ IV, avenge.
+  {ērrer}, {ērre}, {ërre}, _aj._ former, 59.
+  {erringen}, _sv._ III, gain, obtain, get.
+  {erscheinen}, _wv._ show, make to appear.
+  {erschëllen}, _sv._ III, resound.
+  {erschieȥen}, _sv._ II, shoot, shoot through, pierce to death.
+  {erschīnen}, _sv._ I, appear; dawn.
+  {erschrëcken}, _sv._ IV, frighten, become frightened;
+    _refl. c. gen._ become frightened at.
+  {erschrīen} (_pret._ {-schrē}), _sv._ I, shriek, cry out.
+  {ersëhen}, _sv._ V, see, perceive.
+  {erslahen}, {erslān}, _sv._ VI, slay, kill.
+  {ēr(e)st}, {ērste}, _av._ at first, so soon as, 61.
+  {ērste}, _num._ first, 9.5, 62.
+  {erstërben}, _sv._ III, die.
+  {erstrecken} (_pret._ {erstracte}), _wv._ expand, spread out.
+  {ërtrīch} ({ërderīch}), _sn._ earth, world.
+  {ertrinken}, _sv._ III, drown, perish.
+  {ervëhten}, _sv._ IV, gain by fighting;
+    with {abe} and _dat._: win _or_ gain from by fighting.
+  {ervinden}, _sv._ III, experience, get to know.
+  {ervollen}, _wv._ become full.
+  {ervröuwen}, _wv._ rejoice, make glad.
+  {erwachen}, _wv._ awake.
+  {erwecken} (_pret._ {-wahte}), _wv._ waken, awaken.
+  {erweln}, _wv._ elect, choose.
+  {erwërben}, _sv._ III, reach, attain, acquire, beget.
+  {erwern}, _wv._ prevent, hinder.
+  {erwinden}, _sv._ III, turn round; be thrown back, be reflected.
+  {erzeigen}, _wv._ show, prove.
+  {erziehen}, _sv._ II, bring up, educate.
+  {esche}, _wf._ ash.
+  {ët}, {ēt} = {ëht}.
+  {etelīch}, {eteslīch} ({etlīch}, {etslīch}), _pr._ many a one,
+      any one;
+    _pl._ some, 71.
+  {etewër}, {eteswër}, _pr._ any _or_ some one;
+    _neut._ {etewaȥ}, anything, something, 70, 71.
+  {ettewanne} ({eteswenne}, {ettewenne}), _av._ sometimes.
+  {ēvangēlium}, _sn._ gospel.
+  {ēwic}, _aj._ everlasting.
+  {ēwiclīchen}, _av._ ever, everlastingly.
+  {ëȥ}, _pr._ it, 65.
+  {ëȥȥen} (_pp._ {gëȥȥen}), _sv._ V, eat, 9.7, 19, 20, 23.1, 28, 83.
+
+
+  F
+
+  For {f} see {v}.
+
+
+  G
+
+  {gābe}, _sf._ gift.
+  {gabylōt}, {gabilōt}, _sn._ small javelin _or_ dart.
+  {gāch} ({-hes}), _aj._ quick, rapid, 55;
+    {gāch wësen} (with _dat._ of pers.), be in a hurry;
+    {mir ist gāch}, I hasten;
+    _gen._ {gāhes} as _av._
+  {gadem}, _sn._ room, bed-room; house, 46.
+  {gæhe}, _aj._ quick, hasty.
+  {gāhelōs}, _aj._ fickle, wanton.
+  {gāhen}, {gæhen}, _wv._ hasten, hurry.
+  {Gahmuret}, _pn._ the name of Parzival’s father.
+  {galge}, _wm._ gallows, scaffold.
+  {galle}, _swf._ gall, bitterness, grief.
+  {gan}, see {gunnen}.
+  {gān}, {gēn}, _sv._ VII, go, 87, 95;
+    {umbe gān}, go _or_ turn round.
+  {ganz}, _aj._ whole, entire, complete, 19, 60.3.
+  {ganzlīche(n)}, _av._ completely, 60.3.
+  {gar} ({-wes}), _aj._ ready, prepared, 9.1, 36, 55.
+  {gar}, _av._ fully, entirely, completely.
+  {gart}, _sm._ goad, whip.
+  {gartenære}, _sm._ gardener, 8.
+  {gast} (_pl._ {geste}), stranger, guest, 3, 5, 10, 11, 44.
+  {gearbeiten}, _wv._ work.
+  {gebærde}, _sf._ countenance.
+  {gebāren}, _wv._ behave, conduct oneself.
+  {gëbe}, _sf._ gift, 7, 48.
+  {gebeine}, _sn._ bones, remains.
+  {gëben}, _sv._ V, give, grant, 5, 12, 14.2, 25, 28, 33, 83.
+  {gëben}, _pp._ = {gegëben}.
+  {gebende}, _sn._ head-dress.
+  {gebët}, _sn._ prayer.
+  {gebieten}, _sv._ II, order, command.
+  {gebot}, _sn._ command, order, commandment.
+  {gebrëchen} = {brëchen}.
+  {gebreste}, _wm._ defect, waste.
+  {gebresten} = {bresten}.
+  {gebüeȥen}, _wv._ atone for, improve.
+  {gebūre}, _wm._ peasant, citizen.
+  {geburt}, _sf._ birth, noble birth.
+  {gedagen}, _wv._ keep silent.
+  {gedanc}, _sm._ thought, 44.
+  {gedanken} = {danken}.
+  {gedenken} (_pret._ {-dāhte}), _wv._ think, intend, strive;
+    bear in mind, remember.
+  {gedienen}, _wv._ earn, deserve, obtain.
+  {gedīhen} ({gedīen}), _sv._ I, thrive, speed well, advance.
+  {gedinge}, _wm._ or _sfn._ hope, confidence; thought; contract.
+  {gedingen}, _wv._ negotiate.
+  {gedranc} ({-ges}), _sm._ thronging, crowd.
+  {gedulde}, {gedult}, _sf._ patience.
+  {gedulteclīchen}, _av._ patiently.
+  {gedultic} ({-ec}), _aj._ patient, indulgent, 10 note 1.
+  {gedultikeit}, _sf._ patience.
+  {geenden}, _wv._ end, finish.
+  {gefüege}, _aj._ befitting, suitable, seemly.
+  {gefuoge}, _sf._ fitness, good breeding.
+  {gegān} = {gān}.
+  {gegëben} = {gëben}.
+  {gëgen} ({gein}), _prep._ against, opposite to, towards, to;
+    at, for, 37.
+  {gegihte}, _sn._ gout, cramp.
+  {gegrüeȥen}, _wv._ greet, salute.
+  {gehaben} (_refl._), _wv._ be, fare, feel.
+  {geheiȥen}, _sv._ VII, promise; call, name.
+  {gehëlfen} = {hëlfen}.
+  {gehenge}, _sf._ permission.
+  {gehiure}, _aj._ lovely, charming, gracious.
+  {gehœnen}, _wv._ dishonour, abuse, revile, curse.
+  {gehœren}, _wv._ hear.
+  {gehōrsam(e)}, _sf._ obedience.
+  {geil}, _aj._ joyous, joyful, gay.
+  {geist}, _sm._ spirit, mind, ghost.
+  {gejegede}, _sn._ hunt.
+  {geklopfen}, _wv._ knock.
+  {gël} ({-wes}), _aj._ yellow, 55.
+  {gelāȥ}, _snm._ formation, figure, shape.
+  {gelëben}, _wv._ live, live to see.
+  {geleischiert}, _pp._ with or having the reins of the horse slack;
+    see {leischieren}.
+  {geleisten} = {leisten}.
+  {geleit} = {geleget}.
+  {geleite}, _sn._ protection, retinue;
+    _wm._ attendant, companion.
+  {gëlf} ({gëlph}), _aj._ shining; merry, insolent.
+  {gelīch} ({glīch}), _aj._ like, same, straight, even, 9.7;
+    _av._ {gelīche}, equally, in like manner.
+  {gelīchen}, _refl. wv._ be like, be equal; resemble.
+  {gelieben}, _wv._ love, make dear, please.
+  {geligen}, _sv._ V, succumb, be ruined.
+  {gelimpfen}, _wv._ be meet, 23.2.
+  {gelingen}, _sv._ III, succeed, 81;
+    {mir gelingt wol}, I have good success.
+  {gelit}, {glit} ({-des}), _sn._ member, 9.7.
+  {geloube}, _wm._ faith.
+  {gelouben}, {gelöuben}, _wv._ believe, think, 10, 33, 90.
+  {gëlt} ({-des}), _sn._ money.
+  {gëlten}, _sv._ III, pay, requite; procure, 9.4 note, 81.
+  {gelücke}, _sn._ good fortune, happiness.
+  {gelust}, _sm._ wish, desire; joy, pleasure.
+  {gemach}, _smn._, rest, ease; bedroom.
+  {gemachen}, _wv._ make.
+  {gemahele}, _wf._ bride.
+  {gemeine}, _aj._ common, familiar.
+  {gemeit}, _aj._ happy, joyful.
+  {gemēren}, _wv._ increase.
+  {gemīden}, _sv._ I, avoid, keep at a distance.
+  {gemīten}, _sv._ I, shun, avoid.
+  {gemüete}, _sn._ disposition, desire, longing; heart.
+  {gemuot}, _aj._ minded, disposed, inclined.
+  {genāde}, {gnāde}, _sf._ grace, favour, kindness, 9.7;
+    in addressing a person: be gracious;
+    {genāde sagen}, thank;
+    {ūf genāde}, graciously.
+  {genādelōs}, _aj._ unhappy, without grace.
+  {genāden}, _wv._ to thank.
+  {genædic}, _aj._ gracious, merciful.
+  {genæme}, _aj._ beloved, dear, pleasant.
+  {genanne}, {gnanne}, _wm._ namesake, 9.7.
+  {genësen}, _sv._ V, recover, become well _or_ free, 30, 83.
+  {genieten}, _wv. refl._ rejoice, be glad, become satisfied with.
+  {genieȥen}, _sv._ II _c. gen._, enjoy, have advantage of;
+    make use of, use as food.
+  {genisbære}, _aj._ healable, curable.
+  {genislīch}, _aj._ healable, curable.
+  {genist}, _sf._ recovery.
+  {genōȥ}, _sm._ companion.
+  {genōȥen} ({hin ze}), _wv._ compare, compare with.
+  {genüegen}, _wv._ be sufficient, suffice;
+    {mich genüeget dës}, that is enough for me.
+  {genuoc}, {gnuoc}, _aj._ and _av._ enough, 9.7;
+    _pl._ many;
+    as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ enough.
+  {genüogen} = {genüegen}.
+  {gequeln}, _wv._ plague, torment.
+  {gër}, {gir}, _sf._ longing, eager desire.
+  {gerāde}, {grāde}, _aj._ quick, 9.7.
+  {gerāten} (_pret._ {-riet}), _sv._ VII, advise; come at;
+    prosper, thrive, succeed.
+  {gerëch}, {grëch}, _aj._ straight, 9.7.
+  {gerich}, _sm._ revenge, vengeance.
+  {gerihte}, _sn._ jurisdiction.
+  {gerinclīchen}, _av._ small, easily.
+  {geringen}, _sv._ III, struggle, strive.
+  {geriute}, _sn._ arable land.
+  {geriuwen}, _wv._ repent, lament.
+  {gërn} (with _gen._ and _dat._), _wv._ long for, yearn for, desire,
+      want, hanker after.
+  {gërne}, _av._ willingly, gladly.
+  {gerte}, _swf._ rod.
+  {gerūmen}, _wv._ leave, make room.
+  {geruochen}, _wv._ be pleased, hold good for.
+  {gesagen}, _wv._ say, tell.
+  {geschaffen}, _sv._ VI, provide, care for, create.
+  {geschaft}, _sf._ creature, 28.
+  {geschëhen}, _sv._ V, happen, fall to one’s lot _or_ share,
+      19, 34, 83.
+  {geschiht}, _sf._ occurrence, event.
+  {geschlähte}, _sn._ race, generation, 10.
+  {gesëgen}, _wv._ bless.
+  {gesëhen} = {sëhen}.
+  {geselle}, _wm._ companion.
+  {geselleschaft}, _sf._ company.
+  {gesīn} = {sīn}.
+  {gesinde}, _sn._ retinue;
+    _wm._ retainer.
+  {gesingen} = {singen}.
+  {gesitzen} = {sitzen}.
+  {gesmac}, _sm._ taste, smell.
+  {gesorgen}, _wv._ trouble oneself; fear, dread.
+  {gespile}, _wm._ play-mate, comrade.
+  {gesprëchen} = {sprëchen}.
+  {gestān}, _sv._ VI, remain.
+  {gesteine}, _sn._ precious stones.
+  {gestern}, _av._ yesterday.
+  {gestrīten}, _sv._ I, quarrel, fight, strive.
+  {gesūmen}, _wv._ stay, delay, let one wait.
+  {gesunde} ({gesunt}), _aj._ healthy, alive.
+  {gesunt}, _sm._ health.
+  {gesweigen}, _wv._ bring to silence.
+  {geswīchen}, _sv._ I, weary, tire; leave in the lurch.
+  {getar} = {tar}, see {turren}.
+  {getragen} = {tragen}.
+  {getriulīch}, _aj._ through, owing to faithfulness.
+  {getriuten}, _wv._ love, like, be fond of.
+  {getriuwe}, _aj._ faithful, good.
+  {getriuwen}, {getrūwen}, _wv._ trust, confide in.
+  {getrœsten}, _wv. refl._ bear with patience, forget.
+  {getrūren}, _wv._ mourn, grieve, be downcast.
+  {getrūwen}, see {getriuwen}.
+  {getuon} = {tuon}.
+  {geturren}, _pret. pres._ dare, venture.
+  {getweln}, _wv._ dwell, stay.
+  {gevallen}, _sv._ VII, fall to one’s lot, please.
+  {gevangen(e)}, _wm._ prisoner, 50.
+  {gevar}, _aj._ having colour.
+  {gevarn}, _sv._ VI, go, travel;
+    {wol gevarn}, make a successful journey.
+  {gevolgen}, _wv._ obey.
+  {gevüege}, {gefüege}, _aj._ courteous, well-bred.
+  {gewæte}, _sn._ clothing.
+  {gewähenen}, _sv._ VI, mention, 86.
+  {gewalt}, _smf._ power, might, command.
+  {gewalteclīch}, _aj._ violent, mighty;
+    _av._ {gewalteclīche}.
+  {gewaltic}, _aj._ powerful, mighty.
+  {gewant}, _sn._ clothing.
+  {gewant} (_pp._ of {wenden}), conditioned, circumstanced;
+    {so gewante sache}, of such a nature;
+    {ëȥ ist alsō gewant}, it is important;
+    {ëȥ ist niht alsō gewant}, the matter is not so.
+  {gewar(e)}, _aj._ sensible, mindful.
+  {geweinen}, _wv._ weep, cry.
+  {gewenen}, _wv._ accustom.
+  {gewenken}, _wv._ waver, vacillate; bend, turn.
+  {gewërbe}, _sn._ activity.
+  {gewërn}, _wv._ perceive, perform.
+  {gewërren}, _sv._ III, be troublesome, hinder.
+  {gewin} ({-nnes}), _sm._ gain, advantage.
+  {gewinnen}, _sv._ III, get, gain, obtain, receive, 81;
+    {für sich gewinnen}, get for oneself.
+  {gewis} ({-sses}), _aj._ certain, sure, 31.
+  {gewisse}, _av._ surely, truly, certainly.
+  {gewonheit}, _sf._ custom.
+  {gewürme}, _sn._ worm, insect; reptile, creeping creature.
+  {gezëmen}, _sv._ IV, become, beseem;
+    {mich gezimt dës}, that pleases me.
+  {gezierde}, _sf._ adornment.
+  {gezwicken}, _wv._ pinch, pull, pluck.
+  {gieȥen}, _sv._ II, pour, 28, 78.
+  {gift}, _sf._ gift, 28.
+  {giht}, _third pers. sing._ of {jëhen}.
+  {gir}, see {gër}.
+  {gīst} = {gibest}, 37.
+  {gīt} = {gibet}, 37.
+  {glast}, _sm._ splendour.
+  {glīchnisse}, _sn._ parable.
+  {glocke}, _sf._ bell.
+  {gnanne}, see {genanne}.
+  {golt}, _sn._ gold, 3, 15.
+  {got}, _sm._ God, 5, 10, 11.
+  {gotelīch}, _aj._ divine.
+  {goteshūs}, _sn._ church, monastery.
+  {gotheit}, _sf._ godhead.
+  {götinne}, _sf._ goddess, 5, 10.
+  {gotvar} ({-wes}), _aj._ godlike, divine.
+  {gouch}, _sm._ cuckoo; fool.
+  {grā} ({-wes}), _aj._ grey, 55.
+  {graben}, _sv._ VII, dig, 10, 12, 85.
+  {gram}, _aj._ hostile.
+  {grap} ({-bes}), _sn._ grave, 46.
+  {gras}, _sn._ grass.
+  {grīfen}, _sv._ I, seize, grasp, touch, feel.
+  {grim} ({-mmes}), _sm._ rage, fury.
+  {grimme} ({grimmic}), _aj._ fearful, angry; great.
+  {grimmen}, _sv._ III, rage.
+  {grīs} ({grīse}), _aj._ grey, old, 55.
+  {grœȥlīch}, _aj._ great.
+  {grœȥlīchen}, _av._ greatly, very.
+  {grōȥ}, _aj._ great, large, 9.2, 57.
+  {grüen(e)}, _aj._ green, 5, 10, 55.
+  {grüeȥen}, _wv._ greet, 39; also _sn._
+  {grunt} ({-des}), _sm._ bottom.
+  {gruoȥ}, _sm._ greeting, salutation.
+  {güete}, _sf._ goodness, kindness, 5, 10.
+  {güetlich}, _aj._ friendly;
+    _av._ {güetlīchen}.
+  {gugel}, _sf._ cowl; cape, hood.
+  {guldīn}, _aj._ golden, 3, 15.
+  {gunēren}, _wv._. dishonour, disgrace.
+  {gunnen}, {günnen} (_pres. sing._ {gan}; _pret._ {gunde},
+      _pret. subj._ {gunde}, {günde}), _pret. pres._ grant, bestow,
+      not to grudge, 9.7, 93.
+  {guot}, _aj._ good, 9.2, 25, 55, 58;
+    {daȥ guot}, wealth, property;
+    {ze guote}, to the good.
+  {gürtel}, _sm._ girdle, belt, sash.
+  {güsse}, _sf._ inundation, 28.
+  {gütinne}, _sf._ goddess, 48.
+
+H.
+  {habe}, _sf._ possession.
+  {habedanc}, _sm._ thanks with words.
+  {haben} ({hān}), _wv._ have, hold, 3, 99;
+    {haben sich an dër witze kraft}, collect all one’s wits together.
+  {hacken}, _sm._ hook, fetter; footprint.
+  {haft}, _sm._ bond, fetter.
+  {hagel}, _sm._ hail; misfortune, destruction.
+  {Hagene}, _pn._, 54.
+  {hāhen} ({hān}), _sv._ VII, hang, 29, 30, 38, 87.
+  {halde}, _wf._ slope, declivity.
+  {halm}, _sm._ blade, stalk.
+  {halp} ({-bes}), _aj._ half.
+  {halsen}, _sv._ VII, embrace, 87.
+  {halten} ({halden}), _sv._ VII, hold, keep;
+    stop, keep from, 5, 10, 11, 40, 87.
+  {hān}, see {haben}.
+  {handeln}, _wv._ do, perform.
+  {handelunge}, _sf._ action, 8.
+  {han(e)}, _wm._ cock, 9.4, 31.3.
+  {hant} (_pl._ {hende}), hand, 49.
+  {hār}, _sn._ hair.
+  {hārbant}, _sn._ head-band.
+  {harnasch}, _smn._ harness.
+  {harpfen}, _wv._ play the harp.
+  {hart}, _aj._ hard, 19.
+  {harte}, _av._ very, very great, 60;
+    _comp._ {harter}, more; more seriously.
+  {hase}, _wm._ hare, 7, 30.
+  {haȥ}, _sm._ hate, hatred, enmity; indignation, anger, wrath, 19.
+  {haȥlīch}, _aj._ full of hate, hostile.
+  {haȥȥen}, _wv._ hate.
+  {heben} ({heven}), _sv._ VI, raise, 30, 86;
+    {sich (an) heben}, betake oneself, begin.
+  {hei}, _interj._ an exclamation of joy, grief, or wonder.
+  {heide}, _sf._, heath, uncultivated land; meadow.
+  {heiden}, _sm._ heathen, 9.2.
+  {heil}, _sn._ happiness, welfare, good fortune.
+  {heilant}, _sm._ Saviour, 8.
+  {heilic} ({-ec}), holy, 7, 8, 55.
+  {heiliggeist}, _sm._ holy ghost.
+  {heim}, _smn._ home;
+    {heime}, _av._ at home.
+  {heimlīch} ({-lich}), _aj._ homely, familiar.
+  {heimsuochen}, _wv._ visit; attack with evil intent.
+  {heimsuochunge}, _sf._ disturbance of domestic peace and security.
+  {heimvart}, _sf._ homeward journey.
+  {heiȥ}, _aj._ hot, 31.3.
+  {heiȥen}, _sv._ VII, call, be called, named; bid, 11, 17, 23.1, 87.
+  {hël} ({-lles}), _aj._ resounding.
+  {hëlfe}, _sf._ help.
+  {hëlfen}, _sv._ III, help, 3, 11, 12, 14.2, 15, 23.2, 81.
+  {helle}, _sf._ hell.
+  {hellemōr}, _sm._ devil.
+  {hellenōt}, _sf._ necessity of hell.
+  {helm}, _sm._ helm, helmet, 11.
+  {helme}, _wm._ warrior.
+  {hëln} (with double _acc._), _sv._ IV, hide, conceal.
+  {helt} (_gen._ {heldes}, {heledes}), _sm._ hero, protector, brave
+      warrior.
+  {hemede}, {hemde}, _sn._ shirt.
+  {hendelinc} ({-ges}), _sm._ glove, 8.
+  {hengen}, _wv._ hang, 30.
+  {henne}, _swf._ hen, 31.3.
+  {hēr}, {hēre}, _aj._ and _av._ high, proud, haughty, agreeable, 55.
+  {her}, _sn._ army, host.
+  {hër(e)}, _av._ hither, this way.
+  {herbërge}, _sf._ lodging.
+  {hērlīch}, _aj._ agreeable, distinguished;
+    _av._ {hērlīchen}.
+  {hērre}, {hërre}, {hër}, _wm._ master, lord, 9.3, 9.6.
+  {hërren}, _wv._ to make as master.
+  {hērsen}, {hërsen}, _wv._ rule, govern, 9.2.
+  {herte} ({hart}), _aj._ hard, difficult, 60;
+    _av._ {harte} ({herte}), 60.
+  {hërze}, _wn._ heart, 7, 19, 23.2, 50, 52.
+  {hërzeleit}, _sn._ heart-sore, grief.
+  {hërzelīch}, _aj._ dear, affectionate.
+  {hërzeliep}, _sn._ heart’s joy.
+  {Hërzeloyde}, _pn._ the name of Parzival’s mother.
+  {hërzenlīch}, _aj._ hearty, dear, affectionate;
+    _av._ {hërzenlīchen}.
+  {hërzeriuwe}, _sf._ great grief, sadness of heart, pain.
+  {hërzesēre}, _sf._ great sorrow, grief.
+  {heven}, see {heben}.
+  {hey}, _interj._, hey!
+  {hie}, {hier}, _av._ here, 5, 11, 39;
+    {hie bī}, herewith, hereby;
+    {hie vor(e)}, formerly, in former times.
+  {hierunder}, _av._ hereunder, 39.
+  {himel}, _sm._ heaven, sky.
+  {himelisch}, _aj._ heavenly, 8.
+  {himelkrōne}, _sf._ heavenly crown.
+  {himelrīch}, _sn._ kingdom of heaven.
+  {hin}, {hinnen}, _av._ from here, hence, away;
+    {hin für}, without, out of doors;
+    {hin heim}, away home.
+  {hinder}, _aj._ hinder;
+    _prep._ behind, 59.
+  {hindernisse}, _snf._ hindrance, 8.
+  {hinderste}, _aj._ hindmost, 59.
+  {hīnte}, {hīnt}, {hīnaht}, _av._ to-night, 34.
+  {hīrāt}, _sm._ marrying, marriage.
+  {hirte}, _sm._ shepherd, 3, 43.
+  {hirtelōs}, _aj._ shepherdless.
+  {hirȥ} (OHG. {hiruȥ}) beside {hirz} (OHG. {hirz}), _sm._ stag.
+  {hitze}, _sf._ heat, warmth, 31.3.
+  {hiute}, _av._ to-day;
+    {hiute morgen}, this morning.
+  {hōch} (_comp._ {hœher}, _superl._ {hœhst}, {hōhst}), _aj._ high,
+      5, 10, 11, 19, 34, 57, 60.
+  {hōchgeborn}, _aj._ of gentle birth; noble.
+  {hōchgemuot}, _aj._ noble, high-minded; lofty, proud;
+    joyful, in high spirits.
+  {hōchgezīt}, _sfn._ festival, feast, highest joy.
+  {hōchmuot}, _sm._ consciousness, pride, well-being.
+  {hōchvart}, _sf._ pride, haughtiness.
+  {hœne}, _aj._ haughty; contemptible.
+  {hœnen}, _wv._ dishonour, calumniate.
+  {hœren}, _wv._ hear; be requisite, be necessary, require; listen;
+    belong to, 5, 10, 11, 90.
+  {hof} ({-ves}), _sm._ court, 19, 30, 33, 42.
+  {hogen}, _wv._ think, consider.
+  {hōhe}, {hō}, _av._ highly, 60.
+  {hōhgemüete}, _sn._ joyousness, joyfulness.
+  {hol}, _aj._ hollow, 55.
+  {holn}, _wv._ fetch;
+    {tiefen siuft holn}, sigh deeply.
+  {holt} ({-des}), _aj._ kind, affectionate, well-disposed.
+  {holz}, _sn._ wood, 19.
+  {honic}, {honec} ({-ges}), _smn._ honey, 29.
+  {hornunc} ({-ges}), _sm._ February; frost; chilblain.
+  {houbet}, _sn._ head, 5, 10.
+  {houwen}, _sv._ VII, hew, 36, 87.
+  {hovelīch}, _aj._ courtly, court-like.
+  {hovelīchen}, _av._ courtly, in the manner of the court.
+  {hübesch}, _aj._ noble, courtly, chivalrous, 30.
+  {hüeten}, _wv._ protect, shield, hold, keep, guard.
+  {huge}, _sm._ thought, 43.
+  {hügen}, _wv._ consider, 15.
+  {hulde}, _sf._ grace, favour, kindness, permission, 10 note 1.
+  {hundertste}, _num._ hundredth, 62.
+  {hundertstunt}, _num._ hundred times.
+  {hunger}, _sm._ hunger.
+  {hunt}, {hundert}, _num._ hundred, 62, 64.
+  {huobe}, _sf._ a piece (hide) of land.
+  {huofslac} (_dat. pl._ {huofslegen}), _sm._ horseshoe.
+  {huon} (_pl._ {hüener}), _sn._ hen, 47.
+  {huote}, _sf._ care, guardianship.
+  {hupfen}, {hüpfen}, _wv._ hop, 10 note 3.
+  {hūs} (_pl._ {hiuser}), _sn._ house, 3, 5, 10, 11, 33.
+  {hūt} (_dat. pl._ {hiuten}), _sf._ skin, hide.
+
+
+  I
+
+  {ich}, _pr._ I, 23, 65.
+  {ie}, _av._ ever.
+  {iedoch}, _av._ however.
+  {iegelīch}, {iegeslīch} ({ieglīch}, {ieslīch}), _pr._ each, 71.
+  {ieman}, {iemen}, _pr._ anyone, no one, someone, somebody, 71.
+  {iemer}, {immer}, _av._ ever, always, at any time, never.
+  {ietwëder}, _pr. aj._ each of two, 71.
+  {iewëder}, _pr._ each, 71.
+  {iewelī̆ch}, _pr._ each, 71.
+  {iewiht}, _pr._ anything, 71.
+  {iezuo}, _av._ now, directly.
+  {iht}, _pr._ anything;
+    _av._ not, 71.
+  {īlen}, _wv._ hasten.
+  {Imāne}, _fpn._
+  {in}, _prep._ in, into.
+  {in}, _pr. acc._ him.
+  {īn}, {in}, _av._ in, into, from out here.
+  {in}, {ine} = {ich ne}, I not.
+  {i’n} = {ich in}.
+  {ingesinde}, _sn._ household, family; followers.
+  {inme}, {imme} = {in dëme}.
+  {inneclīch}, _aj._ inward;
+    _av._ {inneclīchen}, at heart.
+  {innen}, {inne}, _av._ within, inwardly;
+    {inne bringen}, observe, let understand, convince;
+    {inne wërden}, hear of, learn of.
+  {ir}, _pr._ her, their, ye, 71.
+  {irdenisch}, _aj._ earthly.
+  {irdīn}, _aj._ earthen, 14.2.
+  {irdisch}, _aj._ earthly, 8.
+  {irre}, _aj._ astray;
+    {dës rīches irre}, astray in regard to the kingdom.
+  {irren}, _wv._ put out, confound, hinder, interrupt, stop.
+  {irs} = {ir ës}.
+  {īser}, _sn._ iron, iron weapon, armour.
+  {iuwer} ({iwer}), _pr._ your, 67.
+  {iȥ} = {ëȥ}, 65 note 1.
+
+
+  J
+
+  {jā}, _interj._ forsooth.
+  {jæmerlīch}, _aj._ pitiable, sad, sorrowful;
+    _av._ {jæmerlīche(n)}.
+  {jagen}, _wv._ pursue, follow, hunt.
+  {jāmer}, _sm._ grief, pain;
+    {jāmers balt}, courageous in grief.
+  {jāmerhaft}, _aj._ painful, sorrowful.
+  {jār}, _sn._ year; age, 19.
+  {jëhen}, _sv._ V, say, speak; assure, grant, concede, 35, 83.
+  {jener}, _pr._ that, 68.
+  {jenhalp}, _av._ on that side, the other side.
+  {jësen}, _sv._ V, ferment, 35, 83.
+  {jëten}, _sv._ V, weed, 35.
+  {joch}, _av._ and _conj._ also, even, yet.
+  {jude}, _wm._ Jew.
+  {jugent}, _sf._ youth, 49.
+  {junc} ({-ges}), _aj._ young, 19, 57.
+  {juncfrouwe}, _wf._ maiden.
+  {junchērre}, _wm._ young sir.
+  {junger}, _sm._ disciple.
+
+
+  K
+
+  {kal} ({-wes}), _aj._ bald, 55.
+  {kāle}, see {quāle}, 36.
+  {kalp} (_pl._ {kälber}), _sn._ calf, 47.
+  {kalt}, _aj._ cold.
+  {kälte}, _sf._ coldness, 11.
+  {kamerære}, _sm._ chamberlain, guard of the treasure, _or_ bed-room.
+  {kampflīch}, _aj._ warlike.
+  {kapfen}, _wv._ stare, gape, look on with astonishment.
+  {Karnahkarnanz}, {Karnachkarnanz}, _pn._ Count of Unterlec.
+  {kastelān}, _sn._ Castilian horse.
+  {këc}, see {quëc}.
+  {kein}, _pr._ no, none, 71.
+  {keiser}, _sm._ emperor.
+  {keiserlīch}, _aj._ imperial.
+  {kelberīn}, _aj._ of a calf.
+  {kemenāte}, _sf._ room, bed-room.
+  {kennen}, _wv._ know, 90.
+  {kēren}, _wv._ turn, go, 90;
+    {sich kēren}, turn;
+    {ze gote kēren}, apply to God’s service.
+  {kerze}, {kërze}, _wf._ candle.
+  {kiesen}, _sv._ II, test, try, choose, elect, 5, 11, 18, 30, 33, 78.
+  {kil}, _sm._ quill, 9.1, 42.
+  {kindelīn}, _sn._ little child, 8.
+  {kindisch}, _aj._ childish, 8.
+  {kinne}, _sn._ chin.
+  {kint} ({-des}), _sn._ child, 33.
+  {kintlīch}, _aj._ childish.
+  {kirchhof}, _sm._ churchyard.
+  {kīt} = {quīt}, 36.
+  {kiusch(e)}, _aj._ chaste, modest, pure, spotless; maidenly.
+  {kiuwen}, _sv._ II, chew, 16 note, 36, 79.
+  {klage}, _sf._ complaint, lamentation.
+  {klagen}, _wv._ complain, bewail, 92;
+    {klagedeȥ hërze}, mournful heart.
+  {klār}, _aj._ clear, bright, beautiful, pure.
+  {klē} ({-wes}), _sm._ clover, trefoil.
+  {klëben}, _wv._ stick, 92.
+  {kleiden}, _wv._ clothe, dress.
+  {klein(e)}, _aj._ little, neat, insignificant;
+    _av._ {kleine}.
+  {kleit} (_pl._ {kleit} or {kleider}), _sn._ dress.
+  {klieben}, _sv._ II, cleave, 18, 78.
+  {klingen}, _sv._ III, ring, toll.
+  {klōsenære}, _sm._ hermit, recluse.
+  {klōster}, _sn._ cloister, monastery.
+  {klūs}, _sf._ cell, hermitage.
+  {knabe}, _wm._ boy, youth, 31.1.
+  {knappe}, _wm._ a youth who has not yet become a knight, 31.1.
+  {knëht}, _sm._ boy, candidate for knighthood, attendant; warrior.
+  {knëten}, _sv._ V, knead, 83.
+  {knie} (_gen._ {kniewes}), _sn._ knee, 3, 23.2, 36, 46.
+  {komen}, _sv._ IV (_pres._ {kume}, {kum}; _pret._ {quam}, {kom};
+      _pret. subj._ {quæme}, _pp._ {komen}), come, 36, 82.
+  {kopf}, _sm._ head.
+  {kōr}, _sm._ choir.
+  {korder}, {körder}, see {quërder}, 36.
+  {korn}, _sn._ corn, 23.2.
+  {korp} ({-bes}), _sm._ basket.
+  {koufen}, {köufen}, _wv._ buy, acquire; earn, 10, 90.
+  {krā}, {krāwe}, _sf._ crow.
+  {kraft}, _sf._ strength, might; multitude.
+  {kranc}, _sm._ weakness.
+  {kranc}, _aj._ impotent, weak; little; worthless.
+  {kranz}, _sm._ garland, wreath.
+  {krēatiure}, {krēatūr(e)}, _sf._ creature.
+  {kreftic}, _aj._ strong, powerful.
+  {kriec} ({-ges}), _sm._ resistance, strife, quarrel.
+  {kriechen}, _sv._ II, creep, crawl, 78.
+  {Kriemhilt}, _pn._ 54.
+  {krippe} ({kribbe}), _swf._, manger (cradle), crib, 26.
+  {Krist}, _sm._ Christ.
+  {kristen}, _aj._ and _sb._ christian.
+  {kristenheit}, _sf._ christianity, christian faith.
+  {kriuze}, _sn._ cross.
+  {krœnen}, _wv._ crown, adorn.
+  {krōne}, _swf._ crown.
+  {kuchen}, {küchen}, _sf._ kitchen, 10 note 3.
+  {küele}, _aj._ cool.
+  {küen(e)}, _aj._ bold, warlike.
+  {kumber}, _sm._ grief, trouble.
+  {kumberlīche}, _av._ with grief, with oppression.
+  {kumbersal}, _sn._ distress, 8.
+  {kūme}, _av._ scarcely, hardly.
+  {künde}, _sf._ acquaintance, knowledge;
+    {kunde haben} (with _gen._), know.
+  {kunde}, see {künnen}.
+  {künden}, _wv._ announce, promise.
+  {kündic}, _aj._ known.
+  {küneclīch}, _aj._ kingly, royal.
+  {künic} ({-ec}), _sm._ king, 7, 8, 29.
+  {künne}, race, generation; relationship, 7, 10, 46.
+  {kün(n)egin(ne)}, {künegīn}, _sf._ queen, king’s daughter, 8, 48.
+  {künnen}, {kunnen} (_pret._ {kunde}, {konde}), _pret. pres._ know,
+      understand, can, 93.
+  {kunst}, _sf._ art, skill, 19.
+  {kunt} ({-des}), _aj_. known.
+  {kuo} (_pl._ {küeje}, {küewe}), _sf._ cow, 49.
+  {kupfer}, _sn._ copper, 31.2.
+  {kurz}, _aj._ short, small;
+    {vor kurzer stunt}, recently.
+  {kurzewīle}, _sf._ pastime, entertainment.
+  {kus} ({-sses}), _smn._ kiss, 32.1.
+  {küssen}, _wv._ kiss, 20, 32.2, 90.
+
+
+  L
+
+  {lā}, _imperative_ of {lāȥen}, q.v.
+  {lachen}, _wv._ laugh, laugh at;
+    also _sn._
+  {laden}, _sv._ VI, load, 85.
+  {laden}, _wv._ invite, 92.
+  {lære}, _aj._ empty, 3, 5, 10, 11, 55.
+  {Lähelīn}, _mpn._
+  {lam}, _aj._ lame, weak in the limbs.
+  {lamp} (_pl._ {lember}), lamb, 5, 10, 11, 33, 47.
+  {lān}, see {lāȥen}.
+  {lanc}, _aj._ long, 10, 60;
+    _av._ {lange}, 60.
+  {lanclëben}, _sn._ long life.
+  {lanclīp}, _sm._ long life.
+  {lant} ({-des}), _sn._ land, country.
+  {lantliut}, _sn._ country folk, vassalage;
+    _pl._ inhabitants.
+  {lantrëhtbuoch}, _sn._ book of common _or_ land laws.
+  {lantsæȥe}, _wm._ freeholder.
+  {last}, _sm._ burden.
+  {laster}, _sn._ ignominy, disgrace.
+  {laȥ} ({-ȥȥes}), _aj._ feeble, languid, faint, exhausted; weary.
+  {lāȥen}, {lān}, _sv._ VII, let, leave, give up; stop, avoid, 87, 99;
+    {lān niht ze wē sīn}, not to worry too much;
+    {lāȥen sīn}, cease, stop;
+    {lā stān}, cease! stop!
+  {lëben}, _wv._ live, cause to live, 92.
+  {lëben}, _sn._ life.
+  {lëbendic} ({-ec}), _aj._ living, alive.
+  {legen} ({leggen}, {lecken}), _wv._ lay, place, put, 31.3, 92;
+    {arbeit dar an legen}, expend much trouble on a thing.
+  {leh} (= {le} or {li}) {cons}, Count.
+  {lēhen}, _sn._ feudal tenure, loan, fee, feod.
+  {leich}, _sm._ song consisting of strophes of unequal length.
+  {leide}, _av._ painfully, sorrowfully;
+    _comp._ {leider}, greater pain, grief, trouble.
+  {leiden}, _wv._ be repugnant, odious, _or_ offensive;
+    render disagreeable, do harm;
+    {mir leidet ëȥ}, it is repugnant to me.
+  {leider}, _av._ and _interj._ unfortunately, alas!
+  {leie}, _wm._ layman.
+  {leischieren}, _wv._ give a horse its head.
+  {leisten} (_pret. subj._ {leiste} = {leistete}), _wv._ follow the
+      trace of, follow, perceive;
+    {leisten geselleschaft}, accompany.
+  {leit} ({-des}), _aj._ sorrowful, bitter, painful, disagreeable;
+    hateful, vexatious.
+  {leit} ({-des}), _sn._ grief, pain.
+  {leit} = {leget}, 37.
+  {leiten} (_pret._ {leite}), _wv._ to lead, 5, 11, 30, 32.4, 90.
+  {leitestërne}, _wm._ loadstar.
+  {lenge}, _sf._ length, 10.
+  {lēre}, _sf._ teaching, instruction, precept, guidance, advice;
+    saying.
+  {lēren} ({lērn}), _wv._ teach, 5, 11, 17.
+  {lërnen}, _wv._ learn.
+  {leschen}, _sv._ IV, be extinguished, go out, 11, 82.
+  {leschen}, _wv._ extinguish, put out.
+  {lësen}, _sv._ V, gather, read, 33, 83.
+  {leste}, _aj._ last, 9.5, 23.1.
+  {lesterlīch}, _aj._ disgraceful, ignominious.
+  {letzen}, _wv._ injure, prejudice; forsake.
+  {leȥȥeste}, {leste}, _aj._ last, 59.
+  {līden}, _sv._ I, suffer, endure, 30, 76.
+  {liebe}, _sf._ love, joy.
+  {lieben}, _wv._ give pleasure, gladden; present with.
+  {liegen}, _sv._ II, lie, tell a lie, 5, 78.
+  {lieht}, _sn._ light, 16.
+  {lieht}, _aj._ bright;
+    _av._ liehte.
+  {liep} ({-bes}), _aj._ dear, pleasant, friendly, 5, 11;
+    _sn._ what is lovable; dearest joy; lover.
+  {liet} ({-des}), _sn._ song, poem.
+  {ligen} ({liggen}, {licken}), _sv._ V, lie, lie down, 14.2, 31.3, 84.
+  {līhen}, _sv._ I, lend, 12, 76.
+  {līhte}, _aj._ light, easy, worthless;
+    _av._ easily, perhaps;
+    {līhte noch}, still now-a-days.
+  {lin}, {line}, _swf._ window with balcony.
+  {linde}, _wf._ linden-tree.
+  {līp} ({-bes}), _sm._ life, body, person, 33.
+  {list}, _sm._ prudence, wisdom, advice; means, art;
+    artfulness, cunning.
+  {līst} = {liges(t)}, 37.
+  {lit} ({-des}), _sn._ limb, member.
+  {līt} = {liget}, 37.
+  {liuhten}, _wv._ light, shine, shed lustre, 16.
+  {liut}, _sn._ folk, people, army, 5, 11.
+  {liuten}, _wv._ ring.
+  {liuterlīch}, _av._ expressly, quite, entirely.
+  {Liutpolt}, _pn._ Leopold of Austria.
+  {lobelīch}, _aj._ praiseworthy.
+  {loben}, _wv._ praise, 92.
+  {lobesam}, _aj._ praiseworthy, glorious.
+  {loch} (_pl._ {löcher}), _sn._ hole, 5, 10, 31.3.
+  {lœsen}, _wv._ loose, 33, 90.
+  {lōn}, _sm._ pay, reward.
+  {lōnen}, _wv._ reward.
+  {lop} ({-bes}), _smn._ praise, glorification; price.
+  {lōsen}, _wv._ be rid, released of;
+    {hin ze einem lōsen}, flatter.
+  {lōt}, _sn._ weight.
+  {löufel}, _sm._ runner, 5, 10.
+  {loufen}, _sv._ VII, run, 5, 11, 87.
+  {lougen}, _sn._ a denying, denial;
+    {āne lougen}, truly.
+  {loup} (_pl._ {löuber}), _sn._ foliage, leaf, 5, 10, 11.
+  {lūchen}, _sv._ II, shut, 80.
+  {lücke}, _swf._ gap, hole, 31.3.
+  {luft}, _smf._ air, firmament.
+  {luoder}, _sn._ bait, 46.
+  {lūt}, _aj._ loud;
+    {lūt wërden} (_c. gen._), give to understand, mention, be heard.
+  {lūte}, _av._ aloud, loudly.
+  {lūter}, _aj._ clear, bright, 9.2;
+    _av._ {lūterlīche}.
+  {lützel}, _aj._ and _av._ little, small, 31.2, 58;
+    {lützel ieman}, nobody, no one;
+    as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._, little.
+
+
+  M
+
+  {mac}, see {mügen}.
+  {māc} ({-ges}), _sm._ relation.
+  {machen}, _wv._ make.
+  {mære}, _sn._ story, tidings, report.
+  {mære}, _aj._ known, renowned, 10.
+  {magedīn}, _sn._ maid, maiden, 8.
+  {magen}, {megen}, see {mugen}.
+  {maget} (_pl._ {mägede}, {megde}), _sf._ girl, maiden, 5, 10, 37, 49.
+  {maht} (_pl._ {mähte}), _sf._ strength, power, might, 5, 11.
+  {mahtu} = {maht dū}.
+  {mālen}, _wv._ paint, draw.
+  {maln}, _sv._ VI, grind, 85.
+  {man}, _sm._ man, 3, 32.1, 45;
+    _pr._ one, 71.
+  {manbære}, _aj._ marriageable.
+  {māne}, _wm._ moon.
+  {manen}, _wv._ urge on, remind, admonish.
+  {manic}, {manec} ({manc}), _aj._ many, much, 8;
+    _pr._ many a, 71;
+    {maneger hande}, {slahte}, _or_ {leie}, in many ways, manifoldly;
+    {maneger vil}, very many.
+  {manicvalt}, _aj._ manifold, variegated.
+  {manlīch}, _aj._ manly, brave, 5, 10.
+  {mantel}, _sm._ mantle, 42.
+  {manunge}, _sf._ exhortation, admonition.
+  {marc}, _sf._ half pound of gold _or_ silver.
+  {marder}, _sm._ marten; skin of a marten.
+  {market}, _sm._ market, 9.2.
+  {marter}, _sf._ martyr; torture.
+  {māȥe}, _sf._ measure, manner; moderation, propriety, fitness;
+    {ze einer māȥe}, little, moderate;
+    {ze māȥe}, fairly, sufficiently;
+    {ze rëhter māȥe}, to the right length.
+  {mē}, {mēre}, _aj._ and _av._ more, further, 5, 17, 39, 61;
+    as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ more.
+  {meie}, _wm._ May; spring of the year, 35.
+  {meien}, _wv._ become May; be joyful, make merry.
+  {meier} ({meiger}), _sm._ farmer.
+  {meierin}, _sf._ farmer’s wife.
+  {meinen}, _wv._ mean, mean well, have in view; cause.
+  {meist}, {meiste}, _aj._ and _av._ most, greatest, 58, 61.
+  {meister}, _sm._ master.
+  {meisterschaft}, _sf._ skill in an art, mastery, order.
+  {meit} = {maget}, 37.
+  {meiȥen}, _sv._ VII, cut, 87.
+  {mël} ({-wes}), _sn._ meal, 36, 46.
+  {mëlden}, _wv._ announce, make known; betray.
+  {mëldunge}, _sf._ announcement, 8.
+  {Meljahkanz}, _pn._
+  {mëlken}, _sv._ III, milk.
+  {mensch(e)}, _wsmn._ man (’homo’).
+  {menschenbluot}, _sn._ human blood.
+  {menschlich}, _aj._ human.
+  {mer}, _sn._ sea.
+  {mēre}, see {mē}.
+  {mēren}, _wv._ increase.
+  {mērer}, {mēr(r)e}, _aj._ more, 58.
+  {merken} (_pret._ {markte}), _wv._ observe, perceive, understand.
+  {merze}, _wm._ March.
+  {mësse}, _sf._ mass;
+    {mëssezīt}, _sf._ time for mass.
+  {mëte}, _sm._ mead, 43.
+  {mettīne}, _sf._ matins, primes.
+  {mëȥȥen}, _sv._ V, measure, 32.1, 32.4, 83.
+  {mëȥȥer}, _sn._ knife.
+  {michel}, _aj._ great;
+    {michels}, _av._ by far, 55, 58.
+  {mīden}, _sv._ I, avoid, shun, do without, 30, 76.
+  {miete}, _sf._ pay, reward, present, 5, 11.
+  {milch}, _sf._ milk, 9.1.
+  {milt} ({-des}), _aj._ generous;
+    _av._ {miltlīche}, {milteclīche}.
+  {milte}, _aj._ generous, bounteous.
+  {milte}, _sf._ liberality, generosity; grace, favour.
+  {min}, _av._ less, 61.
+  {mīn}, _pr._ my, 67.
+  {minne}, _sf._ love; loving memory, remembrance.
+  {minneclīch}, _aj._ dear, lovely, loving, kind.
+  {minnen}, _wv._ love, value, 92.
+  {minner}, {minre}, {min}, _aj._ and _av._ less, 9.3, 57, 58;
+    as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ less.
+  {minnest}, {min(ne)ste}, _aj._ and _av._ least, 9.5, 57, 58, 61.
+  {mirs} = {mir ës}.
+  {miselsuht}, _sf._ leprosy.
+  {mislīch}, _aj._ sundry, uneven, different.
+  {misselingen}, _sv._ III, not to succeed.
+  {missesagen}, _wv._ deceive, lie.
+  {missetāt}, _sf._ misdeed, offence.
+  {missewende}, _sf._ mistake, fault, blot.
+  {mist}, _sm._ dung, dirt.
+  {mit}, {mite}, _prep._ and _av._ with, by, through, 9.6;
+    {mit sorgen}, sorrowfully;
+    {mit triuwen}, faithful, faithfully;
+    {mit willen}, gladly, willingly;
+    {mit witze}, reasonably, sensibly, cleverly, prudently, wisely;
+    {mit zühten}, politely.
+  {mitte}, _aj._ middle;
+    _av._ {mitten}.
+  {morgen} ({morne}), _sm._ morning, 42;
+    {dës morgens}, in the morning.
+  {mortlīch}, _aj._ murderous;
+    _av._ {mortlīche}.
+  {mortmeile}, _aj._ blood-stained, blood-guilty.
+  {motte}, _swf._ moth, 24.
+  {müedinc}, _sm._ unhappy man, 8.
+  {müelīch}, _aj._ and _av._ painful, troublesome.
+  {müen} ({müejen}, {müewen}), _wv._ torment, trouble, distress,
+      grieve, 35, 90.
+  {müeterlīch}, _aj._ motherly.
+  {müeterlīn}, _sn._ little mother, 10.
+  {müeȥen}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres. sing._ {muoȥ}, _pret._ {muoste},
+      {muose}), must, 28, 93.
+  {müeȥic}, _aj._ idle, at leisure.
+  {müg(e)lich}, _aj._ possible.
+  {mügen}, {mugen}, {magen}, {megen} (_pres. sing._ {mac}, _pret._
+      {mohte}, _pret. subj._ {möhte}), _pret.-pres._ may, can,
+      10, 11, 28, 93.
+  {mugge}, {mügge} ({mucke}, {mücke}), _wf._ midge, fly, 10 note 3, 20.
+  {mül}, _sf._ mill.
+  {mūl}, _sn._ mule.
+  {münich}, _sm._ monk.
+  {münster}, _sn._ minster.
+  {munt} ({-des}), _sm._ mouth.
+  {muot}, _sm._ sense, mind, spirits, mood, feeling, courage,
+      disposition, sentiment;
+    {rīches muotes wërden}, be in good spirits.
+  {muoten}, _wv. c. gen._ desire, long for.
+  {muoter}, _sf._ mother, 10, 11, 49.
+
+
+  N
+
+  {nac} ({-ckes}), _sm._ back part of the head.
+  {nāch}, _prep._ after, according to, on account of, at, for, to, 34;
+    {nach dëm guote}, about wealth _or_ money;
+    {nāch ēren}, honourably;
+    {nāch sīnen beinen}, made to fit his legs;
+    {nāch wünsche}, to perfection, all that one could wish for;
+    {vil nāch}, nearly.
+  {nacket}, _aj._ naked.
+  {nagel}, _sm._ nail, 9.2, 44.
+  {nagen}, _sv._ VI, gnaw, 85.
+  {nāhe} ({nāch}), _av._ near, nigh, 34;
+    {nāhe tragen}, take to heart;
+    {nāhe gān}, go closely, touch;
+    {nāhen}, near by.
+  {nāhen}, _wv._ draw near, come near, approach, be near.
+  {nāhgebūre}, _wm._ neighbour.
+  {naht}, _sf._ night, 19, 49;
+    _av._ {nahtes}, by night.
+  {nahtigale}, {nahtegal(e)}, _sf._ nightingale.
+  {nam(e)}, _wm._ name, position, 3, 9.1, 9.4.
+  {namen}, _wv._ name, 92.
+  {napf}, _sm._ basin, 31.
+  {nar}, _sf._ food, 48.
+  {nāt}, _sf._ seam.
+  {naȥ} ({-ȥȥes}), _aj._ wet, 31.3.
+  {ne}, {n’}, _neg. particle_, generally used before the verb with
+      and without {niht}, _not_, 108.
+  {nëbel}, _sm._ fog, mist,
+  {nehein}, _pr._ no, none, 71.
+  {neigen}, _wv._ bow, bend down.
+  {neiȥwër}, _pr._ anyone, 70.
+  {nëmen}, _sv._ IV, take;
+    _c. dat. pers._ take away, rob, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14.2, 74, 82.
+  {nennen}, _wv._ name, mention the name of, 32.2, 40, 90.
+  {nern} ({nerigen}, {nerjen}), _wv._ nourish, rescue, keep alive,
+      _refl._ subsist on, 9.1, 30, 35, 90.
+  {nest}, {nëst}, _sn._ nest, 11.
+  {netze}, _sn._ net, 46.
+  {netzen}, _wv._ make wet, 31.3.
+  {nëve}, _wm._ nephew, 33.
+  {nīden}, _sv._ I, hate, envy, 76.
+  {nider}, _av._ down;
+    {sich nider laȥen}, settle, establish oneself.
+  {nīdetāt}, _sf._ spiteful action.
+  {nie}, _av._ never.
+  {nieman}, {niemen}, _pr._ nobody, no one, 71.
+  {niemēr} ({niemer}, {nimer}, {nimmer}), _av._ never.
+  {niender}, _av._ by no means.
+  {niene}, _av._ not, not at all.
+  {niesen}, _sv._ II, sneeze, 78.
+  {nieten} (_refl._ with _gen._), _wv._ be eager _or_ zealous for.
+  {nieȥen} = {genieȥen}.
+  {niftel}, _sf._ niece, 33.
+  {niht}, {nieht}, {niet}, _av._ not;
+    _pr._ nothing, 71;
+    _indecl. sb. c. gen._ nothing.
+  {nine} = {niene}, not at all.
+  {nīt} ({-des}), _sm._ hatred, anger, hostility.
+  {niun}, _num._ nine, 62.
+  {niunte} ({-de}), _num._ ninth, 62.
+  {niunzëhen}, _num._ nineteen, 62.
+  {niunzëhende}, _num._ nineteenth, 62.
+  {niunzic} ({-ec}), _num._ ninety, 62.
+  {niunzigeste}, ninetieth, 62.
+  {niuwan} ({niwan}, {niuwen}), _av._ nothing but, only;
+    _cj._ except, except that.
+  {niuwe}, _aj._ new, 16 note, 55.
+  {niuwet}, _av._ not.
+  {noch}, _av._ still;
+    {noch en noch}, neither--nor.
+  {Norgāls}, _pn._ the country belonging to Herzeloyde.
+  {nōt}, _sf._ need, danger, trouble, distress.
+  {nōthaft}, _aj._ needy, poor,
+  {nōtic}, _aj._ in distress, hasty.
+  {nōtnunft}, _sf._ abduction by violence.
+  {nū} ({nu}), _av._ now;
+    {nu wol dan}, well then be off there!
+  {nutz} ({nuz}), _sm._ use, advantage.
+  {nütze}, _aj._ useful.
+  {nutzen}, {nützen}, _wv._ to use, 10 note 3.
+
+
+  O
+
+  {ob}, {obe}, {op}, _prep._ and _av._ over, above;
+    _conj._ if, in case that, whether, 9.6.
+  {oben} ({e}), _av._ from above, above.
+  {ober}, _aj._ upper, 59.
+  {oberste}, {oberist}, {oberest}, _aj._ highest, uppermost, 8, 59.
+  {oder}, {ode}, _conj._ or.
+  {offen}, _aj._ and _av._ open, 23.1.
+  {offenbāre}, _av._ openly.
+  {ofte}, _av._ often.
+  {ohse}, _wm._ ox.
+  {opfer}, _sn._ offering.
+  {orden}, _sm._ order, rule; rank;
+    {rīters orden}, knightly order.
+  {ordenunge}, _sf._ order, rule.
+  {ōre}, _wn._ ear, 5, 11, 50.
+  {op} = {ob}.
+  {Ōsterrīch}, _pn._ Austria.
+  {ot}, see {ëht}.
+  {ouch}, {ō̆ch}, _av._ also; henceforward.
+  {ouge}, _wn._ eye, 3, 5, 11, 50.
+  {ougen}, _wv._ show, 10, 90.
+  {ougenweide}, _sf._ delight of the eyes, sight, appearance.
+  {ouwē}, _sf._ water; meadow, 10.
+  {owē}, {ouwē}, {ō̆wī}, _interj._ woe! alas! ah!;
+    {owē mir mīnes leides!} alas! for my grief;
+    {ōwī wan}, used to express a wish: would that;
+    {owē dës}, alas for that!
+  {ōwol}, _interj._ well!
+
+
+  P
+
+  {palas}, _sn._ hall.
+  {paradys}, _sn._ paradise.
+  {pfaffe}, _wm._ priest.
+  {pfeller}, {pfellel}, _sm._ carpet, silk cloth.
+  {pfennic}, {pfenninc} ({-ges}), _sm._ penny, 29.
+  {pfert} ({-des}), _sn._ horse.
+  {pflëge}, _sf._ care, fostering.
+  {pflëgen} ({phlëgen}), _sv._ V, be accustomed, use, practise,
+      care for, 83.
+  {pfluoc}, {phluoc} ({-ges}), _sm._ plough; ploughman.
+  {pfunt}, _sn._ pound, 23.2.
+  {phat} ({-des}), _smn._ path, footway.
+  {phel} ({phelle}) = {pfeller}.
+  {Philip}, {Philippes} (_dat._ {Philippe}), _pn._ Philip.
+  {phlëger}, _sm._ guardian, protector.
+  {pin} = {bin}.
+  {pīnen} (with {sich} and {ūf}), _wv._ exert oneself for.
+  {plān}, _smf._, {plāne}, _sf._ plain, open space, meadow.
+  {planēte}, _wm._ planet.
+  {porte}, _sf._ door, gate.
+  {portenære}, _sm._ porter, door-keeper.
+  {prëdige}, _wf._ sermon.
+  {prīs}, _sm._ praise, renown, reputation; price.
+  {prīsen}, _wv._ value, praise, extol.
+  {prophēte}, _wm._ prophet.
+  {prüstelīn}, _sn._ breast, chest.
+
+
+  Q
+
+  {quāle} ({kāle}), _sf._ torture, 36.
+  {quëc} ({këc}), _aj._ quick, alive, 19, 36.
+  {quëden}, _sv._ V, say, 19, 36.
+  {quërder} ({korder}, {körder}), _smn._ bait, 36.
+  {quicken} ({kücken}), _wv._ enliven, 36.
+  {quīst} = {quides(t)}, 37.
+
+
+  R
+
+  {rabe}, _wm._ raven, 31.1.
+  {rāche}, _sf._ revenge, punishment.
+  {ragen}, _wv._ strike, knock, hit.
+  {rappe}, _wm._ raven, 31.1.
+  {rasch} ({rasche}), _aj._ quick, 55.
+  {rat} ({-des}), _sn._ wheel, 47.
+  {rāt}, _sm._ (_pl._ {ræte}), advice, care, resolution;
+    {rāt wërden}, be helped.
+  {rāten}, _sv._ VII, advise, devise, 87.
+  {rē} ({-wes}), _smn._ corpse; bier, hearse, 42, 46.
+  {rëchen}, _sv._ IV, avenge, punish.
+  {rëde}, _sf._ speech, answer, story, saying.
+  {rëgen}, _sm._ rain, 42.
+  {rëht}, _aj._ and _sn._ right, proper, just; right, duty, law.
+  {rëhte}, _av._ rightly, properly; very.
+  {reine}, {rein}, _aj._ pure, spotless, perfect, 55.
+  {reise}, _sf._ journey, march.
+  {reiȥen}, _wv._ irritate; entice, allure.
+  {rennen}, _wv._ run, 90.
+  {ribbalīn}, _sn._ foot-covering, shoe.
+  {rīben}, _sv._ I, rub, 76.
+  {rīch}, {rīche}, _aj._ powerful, mighty, noble, great, fine, rich,
+      free, 55.
+  {rīche}, _sn._ kingdom.
+  {rīcheit}, _sf._ wealth, power.
+  {rīchen}, _wv._ make rich, enrich, present with.
+  {rīchsen}, _wv._ rule, 9.2.
+  {riechen}, _sv._ II, smell, 78.
+  {rīfe}, _wm._ hoar-frost.
+  {rigel}, _sm._ bolt, bar.
+  {rihten}, _wv._ put right, confirm, judge;
+    _refl._ get up.
+  {rinc} ({-ges}), _sm._ ring.
+  {ringe}, _aj._ easy, light, small; consumed.
+  {ringen}, _sv._ III, strive, struggle; busy oneself, wrestle;
+    {ringen nāch}, strive for _or_ after.
+  {rinnen}, _sv._ III, run, 20, 31, 32.1, 81.
+  {rint} (_pl._ {rinder}), _sn._ cow, heifer.
+  {rīsen}, _sv._ I, fall, 30, 76.
+  {rīten}, _sv._ I, ride, 76.
+  {rīter}, {ritter}, _sm._ rider; knight, the name of knight.
+  {rīterlīch}, _aj._ knightly.
+  {rīterschaft}, _sf._ knighthood, customs and manners of knights.
+  {ritterlīchen}, _av._ in knightly manner.
+  {riuschen}, _wv._ rush, move noisily.
+  {riuten}, _wv._ root out, clear the land, bring the land into
+      cultivation.
+  {riuwe}, _sf._ sadness, grief, pity, regret, 16 note.
+  {riuwen}, _wv._ grieve, grieve for, regret.
+  {riuwen}, _sv._ II, pain, grieve, regret, 16 note, 78.
+  {riuwic}, _aj._ sorrowful, repentant.
+  {rivier}, _sm._ brook, stream.
+  {rocke}, {rogge}, _wm._ rye, 31.1.
+  {Rōme}, _pn._ Rome.
+  {rōr}, _sn._ reed.
+  {ros}, _sn._ horse.
+  {rōt}, _aj._ red, 19.
+  {rouben}, _wv._ rob.
+  {rouch}, _sm._ smoke.
+  {roufen}, _wv._ pluck, pull up, pull at, lug;
+    _refl._ tear _or_ pull out one’s hair.
+  {roup} ({-bes}), _sm._ robbery;
+    {roubes}, _av._ by robbery.
+  {rūch}, _aj._ raw; coarse.
+  {rucke}, {rügge}, _swm._ back.
+  {ruejen}, _wv._ row, 90.
+  {rüemen}, _wv._ praise, commend.
+  {rueren} (_pret._ {ruorte}), _wv._ drive, urge on;
+    with {ros} understood: run.
+  {rūm}, _sm._ room, 11.
+  {rūmen}, _wv._ make room, 10, 40.
+  {ruochen}, _wv._ trouble oneself about a thing, observe;
+    with _gen._ deign, will, wish.
+  {ruofen}, _sv._ VII, call, 5, 11, 87.
+
+
+  S
+
+  {sā}, {sān}, _av._ presently, at once, forthwith, immediately,
+      quickly.
+  {sache}, _sf._ thing.
+  {sactuoch}, _sn._ sacking, sackcloth.
+  {sæjen}, {sæwen}, {sæn}, sow, 10, 35, 90.
+  {sælde}, _sf._ happiness, good fortune, excellence, blessedness, 9.2.
+  {sælic}, {sælec} ({-ges}), _aj._ blessed, happy, 7, 8.
+  {sælikeit}, _sf._ blessedness.
+  {sage}, _sf._ saying, statement, report;
+    {nāch sage}, by hear-say.
+  {sagen}, _wv._ say, tell, 37, 92;
+    {sagen mære}, relate what has happened.
+  {sal}, _sm._ room, hall; house.
+  {salben}, _wv._ anoint.
+  {Salomōn}, _sm._ Solomon.
+  {salz}, _sn._ salt, 23.2.
+  {salzen}, _sv._ VII, salt, 87.
+  {same}, {sam}, _av._ so, as, like, just as, even as, 69.
+  {samīt}, _sm._ velvet.
+  {samt}, _av._ together.
+  {sān}, see {sā}.
+  {sanc} ({-ges}), _sm._ song, singing.
+  {sanfte}, _av._ softly, slowly, pleasantly, 60.
+  {sant} ({-des}), _sm._ sand, 42.
+  {sant(e)}, _aj._ holy; holy one.
+  {sarc}, _sm._ coffin.
+  {sarken}, {serken}, _wv._ put into the coffin.
+  {sāt}, _sf._ seed, 5, 11.
+  {satzt(e)}, _pret._ of {setzen}.
+  {sāȥe}, _sf._ ambush, trap, snare.
+  {sazte}, _pret._ of {setzen}.
+  {schāchære}, _sm._ robber.
+  {schade}, _wm._ injury, loss.
+  {schaden} (_pret._ {schadete}, {schāte}), _wv._ injure, harm.
+  {schāf}, _sn._ sheep.
+  {schaffen}, _sv._ VI, create, exercise, institute, 85.
+  {schaffen}, _wv._ do, perform, provide.
+  {schal} ({-lles}), _sm._ sound, noise, loud tone; singing.
+  {schalchaft}, _aj._ malicious, mischievous.
+  {schallen}, _wv._ be noisy; bluster; exult, boast, swagger.
+  {schame}, _wf._ shame.
+  {schämelich}, _aj._ shameful, 10.
+  {schamen}, _wv._ shame;
+    _c. gen._ be ashamed, 9.4.
+  {schande}, _sf._ disgrace, disgracefulness, shamefulness, shameful
+      _or_ disgraceful act.
+  {schapel}, _sn._ garland, 46.
+  {schar}, _sf._ crowd, flock, 48.
+  {scharpf}, _aj._ sharp.
+  {schart}, _aj._ jagged, hacked, hewn, battered.
+  {schate} (_gen._ {schat(e)wes}), _sm._ shade, shadow, 36, 43.
+  {schaz} (_gen._ {schatzes}), _sm._ treasure, 19, 23.2.
+  {schedelīche}, _av._ injuriously.
+  {scheiden}, _sv._ VII, sever, separate, deprive; go away, 87;
+    {sich scheiden}, come to an end, be decided.
+  {schëlch} (_gen._ {schëlhes}), _aj._ askew, 34.
+  {schelle}, _wf._ little bell.
+  {schëlten}, _sv._ III, abuse, revile, mock, 81;
+    also as _sn._
+  {schemelīch}, _aj._ disgraceful.
+  {schepfen} (_pret._ {schuof}, _pp._ {geschaffen}), _sv._ VI, create,
+      23.2, 28, 31.3.
+  {schepfære}, {schepfer}, _sm._ creator, 8.
+  {schërn}, _sv._ IV, shear, 82.
+  {schicken} (with _acc._), _wv._ become, suit, fit.
+  {schieben}, _sv._ II, shove, 78.
+  {schiere}, _av._ quickly, soon.
+  {schieȥen}, _sv._ II, shoot;
+    _sn._ shooting, 10 note 3, 78.
+  {schif} ({-ffes}), _sn._ ship, 19, 32.1.
+  {schilt} ({-des}), _sm._ shield, protection;
+    {schildes ambet}, knight-service, chivalry.
+  {schimpfen}, _wv._ make fun of, jest;
+    also as _sn._
+  {schīn}, _aj._ visible, clear;
+    {schīn tuon}, make clear, show;
+    _sm._ splendour.
+  {schīnen}, _sv._ I, shine, become evident or manifest, 76.
+  {schirmen}, _wv. c. dat._ protect.
+  {schiuhen}, _wv._ fear, shun.
+  {schœnde}, _sf._ beauty.
+  {schœne}, _aj._ beautiful, fine, 3, 5, 9.2, 55, 60.
+  {schœne}, _sf._ beauty, 3, 48.
+  {schœnen}, _wv._ make beautiful.
+  {schōne}, _av._ beautifully, 60.
+  {schouwen}, _wv._ see, behold, look, inspect, survey.
+  {schrëcken}, _sv._ IV, frighten, 82.
+  {schrībære}, _sm._ scribe, 8.
+  {schrīben}, _sv._ I, write, 5, 76.
+  {schrīen} ({scrīen}), _sv._ I, cry, cry out, scream; croak, 77;
+    also as _sn._
+  {schrift}, _sf._ writing (Bible).
+  {schrīn}, _sm._ box.
+  {schrinden}, _sv._ III, split, 81.
+  {schrit}, _sm._ step, 44.
+  {schrunde}, _wf._ scratch, tear, slit.
+  {schūften}, _wv._ gallop, canter.
+  {schulde}, _sf._ reason, cause;
+    {von welhen schulden}, wherefore.
+  {schuldic} ({-ec}), _aj._ guilty, 10 note 1;
+    {schuldic sīn}, owe.
+  {schuoch} (_gen._ {schuohes}), _sm._ shoe, 34.
+  {schupfen}, {schüpfen}, _wv._ push, 10 note 3.
+  {schuz} ({-tzes}), _sm._ protection.
+  {se} = {sie}.
+  {sē} ({-wes}), _sm._ sea, lake, 3, 42.
+  {sëgenen}, _wv._ bless, 90.
+  {sëhen}, _sv._ V, see, look, 9.4 note, 34, 74 note, 83.
+  {sëhs}, _num._ six, 62.
+  {sëhste}, _num._ sixth, 62.
+  {sëh(s)zëhen}, _num._ sixteen, 62.
+  {sëh(s)zehënde}, _num._ sixteenth, 62.
+  {sëh(s)zic} ({-ec}), _num._ sixty, 62.
+  {sëh(s)zigeste}, _num._ sixtieth, 62.
+  {seist} = {sages(t)}, 37.
+  {seit} = {saget}, 37.
+  {seite}, _wm._ string.
+  {seite} = {sagete}.
+  {seitenspil}, _sn._ playing of stringed instrument.
+  {sele}, _sf._ soul, 5, 11, 17, 48.
+  {seln}, _wv._ hand over, 90.
+  {sëlp} ({-bes}), _pr._ self.
+  {sëlten}, _av._ seldom.
+  {sëltsæne}, _aj._ rare, strange.
+  {senden} (_pret._ {sante}), _wv._ send, 32.3, 40, 90.
+  {senede}, {sende}, _pp._ of {senen}, painfully longing, yearning,
+      love-sick, 29.
+  {senen}, _wv. refl._ fret oneself, be sick at heart.
+  {senfte}, _sf._ softening.
+  {senfte}, _aj._ soft, gentle, tender, mild, easy; quiet, 55, 60.
+  {senften}, _wv._ appease, soften.
+  {senken}, _wv._ sink, 19, 90.
+  {sēr}, _snm._ pain; grief, trouble; sore.
+  {sēre}, _av._ sorely, violently; very.
+  {setzen} (_pret._ {satzte}), _wv._ put, set, place, appoint, 19,
+      23.1, 31.3, 90.
+  {si}, {sī}, {siu}, {sie}, _pr._ she, 65.
+  {siben}, _num._ seven, 62.
+  {sibende}, _num._ seventh, 62.
+  {sibenzëhen}, _num._ seventeen, 62.
+  {sibenzëhende}, _num._ seventeenth, 62.
+  {sibenzic} ({-ec}), seventy, 62.
+  {sibenzigste}, seventieth, 62.
+  {sich}, _refl. pr._ himself, themselves, 66.
+  {sicherheit}, _sf._ assurance.
+  {sicherlīch(e)}, _av._ certainly, surely, assuredly, 8.
+  {sīde}, _sf._ silk.
+  {sider}, _av._ since, afterwards.
+  {siech}, _aj._ sick, ill, 5.
+  {siecheit}, _sf._, {siechtuom}, _sm._ sickness.
+  {sieden}, _sv._ II, seethe, 12, 18, 78.
+  {Sīfrit}, _pn._, 54.
+  {sige} ({sic}), _sm._ victory, 43.
+  {sīgen}, _sv._ I, sink, 76.
+  {sigenunft}, _sf._ victory.
+  {sīhte}, _aj._ shallow.
+  {silber}, _sn._ silver.
+  {sim} = {si im}.
+  {sin}, _sm._ sense, mind, feeling; courage.
+  {sīn}, _pr._ his;
+    {sīn sëlbes}, of himself, 5, 11, 67.
+  {sīn}, _anom. v._ be, 97.
+  {sin} = {si in}.
+  {sincwīse}, _sf._ song.
+  {singen}, _sv._ III, sing;
+    also as _sn._ song, lay, 10 note 2, 33, 81.
+  {sinken}, _sv._ III, sink, 23.2, 81.
+  {sinne}, _sf._ sense, mind;
+    {ze sinne wider komen}, recover consciousness, become conscious
+      again.
+  {sinneclīch}, _aj._ sensible, reasonable.
+  {sinnelōs}, _aj._ unconscious.
+  {sinnen}, _sv._ III, reflect, 81.
+  {sint} = {sīt}.
+  {sippe} ({sibbe}), _sf._ consanguinity, relationship, 26, 31.3.
+  {sīt} ({sīd}, {sint}), _av._ and _conj._ afterwards, since, because.
+  {site}, _sm._ custom, habit; bearing, demeanour, behaviour, 43.
+  {sīte}, _swf._ side.
+  {sitzen} (_pret._ {saȥ}, _pp._ {gesëȥȥen}), sit, 14.2, 23.2, 31.3, 84.
+  {siȥ} = {sī ëȥ}.
+  {slac} ({-ges}), _sm._ blow; misfortune, 44.
+  {slāf}, _sm._ sleep.
+  {slāfen}, _sv._ VII, sleep, 5, 11, 19, 23.1, 74 note, 87.
+  {slahen}, _sv._ VI, beat, strike, slay, 10, 30, 85.
+  {slahte}, _sf._ manner; race.
+  {slëht}, _aj._ straight; straight-forward, honest.
+  {slieȥen}, _sv._ II, close, shut.
+  {smac} ({-ckes}), _sm._ taste, smell.
+  {smācheit}, _sf._ shameful treatment.
+  {smæhe}, _aj._ little, despicable, disgusting.
+  {smal}, _aj._ small, little.
+  {smecken}, _wv._ taste, 90.
+  {smër} ({-wes}), _smn._ fat, 36, 47.
+  {smërze}, _wm._ pain, 19.
+  {smiegen}, _sv._ II, bend, incline; press close.
+  {smielen}, _wv._ smile.
+  {smirwen}, _wv._ smear, 36.
+  {smit} ({-des}), _sm._ smith, metal worker, goldsmith.
+  {smitte}, _swf._ smithy, 24.
+  {snē} ({-wes}), _sm._ snow, 17, 36, 42.
+  {snël} ({-lles}), _aj._ quick, eager, alert; blithe.
+  {snëlheit}, _sf._ haste, quickness.
+  {snīden}, _sv._ I, cut, injure, wound, 11, 12, 17, 30, 76.
+  {snit}, _sm._ cut, slice, 44.
+  {snuor} (_pl._ {snüere}), _sf._ string.
+  {sō}, {so}, _av._ and _conj._ as, so, if, whereas, on the other hand,
+      thus, as it was, 69.
+  {solch}, {sölch} ({solich}), _pr._ such, of such a nature, 71.
+  {soldenære}, _sm._ hired soldier, mercenary.
+  {solt} ({-des}), _sm._ pay.
+  {Soltāne}, _pn._
+  {soltu} = {solt dū}.
+  {son} = {so ne}.
+  {sorge}, _swf._ care, grief, sorrow.
+  {sorgelōs}, _aj._ free from cares.
+  {sorgen}, _wv._ be anxious, fear, dread.
+  {spāhe}, _av._ elegantly, neatly.
+  {spalten}, _sv._ VII, split, 87.
+  {spān}, _sm._ chip, shaving; notched stick, tally;
+    degree of relationship.
+  {spanen}, _sv._ VI, entice, 85.
+  {spange}, _swf._ clasp, buckle.
+  {spannen}, _sv._ VII, span, 87.
+  {sparn}, _wv._ spare, forbear.
+  {spëhen}, _wv._ look at, observe.
+  {spër}, _sn._ spear, lance.
+  {spiegel}, _sm._ mirror, looking-glass; model, pattern.
+  {spiegelglas}, _sn._ lovely image, picture.
+  {spil}, _sn._ game, play; joke, fun; pleasure, delight.
+  {spiln} (_pres. part._ {spilende}, {spilede}), _wv._ play;
+    glitter, glisten, 90.
+  {spinnen}, _sv._ III, spin, 81.
+  {spīse}, _sf._ food.
+  {spīwen}, _sv._ I, vomit, 17, 77.
+  {spore}, {spor}, _wm._ spur.
+  {spot}, _sm._ scoff, scorn, mockery; joke, fun;
+    {āne spot}, sincerely, candidly.
+  {spotten}, _wv._ (with _gen._), mock, scoff at, scorn.
+  {sprëchen}, _sv._ IV, speak, say, talk, 9.4 note, 19, 23.1, 82.
+  {spreiten}, _wv._ spread.
+  {springen}, _sv._ III, spring, leap.
+  {stæte}, _sf._ duration, continuance, constancy, steadfastness.
+  {stæte}, _aj._ constant, firm, steadfast;
+    _av._ {stæteclīchen}.
+  {stætekeit}, {stætikeit}, _sf._ firmness, constancy.
+  {stahel}, _sm._ steel.
+  {stam} ({-mmes}), _sm._ stem; prop, model.
+  {stān}, {stēn}, _sv._ VI, stand; befit, become, suit, 11, 86, 96.
+  {stap} ({-bes}), _sm._ stick, staff.
+  {starc}, _aj._ strong, heavy, hard, severe;
+    _av._ {starke}.
+  {stat}, _sf._ abode, place, spot; opportunity.
+  {state}, _sf._ suitable _or_ comfortable place; opportunity;
+    {ze staten komen}, help.
+  {stëchen}, _sv._ IV, prick, 9.4 note, 82.
+  {stëgreif}, _sm._ stirrup.
+  {stein}, _sm._ stone, precious stone, grindstone, millstone, 3, 17.
+  {stëln}, _sv._ IV, steal, 9.1, 11, 74 note, 82.
+  {stellen}, _wv._ place, 90.
+  {stërben}, _sv._ III, die, 10 note 1, 81;
+    _sn._ dying, death.
+  {sterke}, _sf._ strength, bravery.
+  {stërne}, _wm._ star.
+  {stīc} ({-ges}), _sm._ path, way.
+  {stich}, _sm._ stab, thrust.
+  {stīgen}, _sv._ I, rise, mount,
+  {stille}, _aj._ still, quiet, secret.
+  {stimme}, _sf._ voice.
+  {stinken} (_pret._ {stanc}), _sv._ III, stink, exhale a disagreeable
+      odour.
+  {stiure}, _sf._ gift, tax.
+  {stœren}, _wv._ hinder, overthrow, destroy.
+  {stōle}, _sf._ stole, surplice.
+  {stolz}, _aj._ stately.
+  {stoup} ({-bes}), _sm._ dust.
+  {stōȥen}, _sv._ VII, push, shove, thrust, 5, 11, 87.
+  {strāfen}, _wv._ blame, set right.
+  {strāȥe}, _swf._ way, road,
+  {strëben}, _sv._ V, exert oneself, strive.
+  {strenge}, _aj._ strict, unfriendly.
+  {strīchen}, _sv._ I, strike, stroke, rub.
+  {strīt}, _sm._ strife, quarrel, fight.
+  {strīteclīchen}, _av._ eagerly, zealously.
+  {strīten}, _sv._ I, quarrel, fight, strive, 76.
+  {strō} ({-wes}), _sn._ straw; blade, stalk, 36, 46.
+  {strouwen}, {ströuwen}, _wv._ strew, 10, 36.
+  {stücke}, _sn._ piece.
+  {stum}, _aj._ dumb, 32.1.
+  {stunde}, _sf._ hour, time.
+  {stunt}, _indecl. fem._ time.
+  {stuol}, _sm._ seat of a judge, papal power; throne.
+  {sturm}, _sm._ fight, battle.
+  {sū}, _sf._ sow, pig, 49.
+  {süeȥe}, _aj._ sweet, lovely, 60.
+  {süeȥe}, _sf._ loveliness, alluring enticement.
+  {süeȥen}, _wv._ sweeten, 90.
+  {sūfen}, _sv._ II, gulp down liquids, 80.
+  {sūft}, _sm._ sigh, groan.
+  {sūgen}, _sv._ II, suck, 80.
+  {suln}, {süln}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {sol},_pret._ {solte}, should,
+ought), shall, 40, 93.
+  {sum}, _pr._ any one at all;
+    _pl._ some, 71.
+  {sumelīch}, _pr._ many a, whoever;
+    _pl._ some, 71.
+  {sūmen}, _wv._ tarry, 10.
+  {sumer}, _sm._ summer, 42.
+  {sumerlīch}, _aj._ summerlike.
+  {sumerzīt}, _sf._ summer time.
+  {sun}, _sm._ son, 5, 9.4, 10, 19, 44.
+  {sünde}, _sf._ sin.
+  {sunder}, _prep._ without, against;
+    {sunder spot}, seriously, in earnest;
+    _av._ {sunderlīche(n)}, especially, separately.
+  {sunne}, _wmf._ sun.
+  {suochen}, _wv._ seek, 90.
+  {suone}, _sf._ atonement.
+  {suon(e)tac} ({-ges}), _sm._ day of judgement.
+  {suoȥe}, _av._ sweetly, 60.
+  {sus} ({sust}), _av._ so, thus, in such a way.
+  {swā}, {swar}, _av._ wherever, 69.
+  {swach(e)}, _aj._ worthless, bad.
+  {swacheit}, _sf._ dishonour, disgrace.
+  {swachen}, _wv._ weaken.
+  {swachlīch}, _aj._ weak.
+  {swǣre}, _aj._ painful, sad, unpleasant, burdensome;
+    weighty, heavy, 60;
+    {daȥ swære}, such a weight.
+  {swære}, _sf._ burden, trouble, grief, sadness.
+  {swanc} ({-ges}, {-kes}), _sm._ swinging movement, hurling, throwing.
+  {swannen}, {swanne}, _av._ and _conj._ whenever, 69.
+  {swar}, see {swā}.
+  {swār} ({swære}), _aj._ heavy, 55;
+    _av._ {swāre}, 60.
+  {swarz}, _aj._ black.
+  {swëben}, _wv._ hover, move to and fro.
+  {swëder}, _pr._ who of two, 69.
+  {swëher}, _sm._ father-in-law, 30.
+  {sweifen}, _sv._ VII, rove, 87.
+  {swelch} ({swel}), _pr._ each who, whoever, what sort, whatever,
+      69, 71.
+  {swëllen}, _sv._ III, swell, 81.
+  {swenne} (see {swannen}), _conj._ whenever, if, whilst, 69.
+  {swër}, _pr._ who, whoever, whosoever;
+    _neut._ {swaȥ}, 69, 70, 71.
+  {swern} ({swerigen}, {swerjen}), _sv._ VI, swear, 35, 86.
+  {swërt}, _sn._ sword.
+  {swërtslac} (_pl._ {-slege}), _sm._ sword-cut.
+  {swester}, {swëster}, _sf._ sister, 11, 48.
+  {swie}, _av._ and _conj._, as, how, however, howsoever; though, 69.
+  {swīgen}, _sv._ I, be silent, keep silent, 76.
+  {swiger}, _sf._ mother-in-law, 30.
+  {swimmen}, _sv._ III, swim, 31, 81.
+  {swinde}, _aj._ powerful, strong, angry;
+    _av._ quickly.
+  {swinden}, _sv._ III, vanish, disappear.
+  {swingen}, _sv._ III, swing.
+
+
+  T
+
+  {tac} ({-ges}), _sm._ day, 5, 11, 33, 42;
+    _av._ {tages}, by day.
+  {tägelīch}, _aj._ daily, 5, 10.
+  {tagen}, _wv._ become day, dawn.
+  {tagezīt}, _sf._ space of a day.
+  {tal} (_pl._ {teler}), _sn._ dale, 47.
+  {tanz}, _sm._ dance.
+  {tanzen}, _wv._ dance.
+  {tanzwīse}, _sf._ a song which is sung to the accompaniment of
+      dancing.
+  {teil}, _smn._ portion;
+    {ein teil}, something, a little.
+  {teilen}, _wv._ divide, distribute.
+  {tief}, _aj._ deep, 15, 19.
+  {tier}, _sn._ animal.
+  {tisch}, _sm._ table.
+  {tiure}, {tiuwer}, _aj._ and _av._ dear, precious;
+    noble, excellent, 9.3, 57.
+  {tiuren}, {tiuwern}, _wv._ esteem highly, honour, confer honour.
+  {tiutsch}, {tiusch}, _aj._ German;
+    {tiuschiu zunge}, German language, Germany.
+  {tiuvel}, _sm._ devil.
+  {tœrisch}, {tœrsch}, _aj._ foolish, silly.
+  {tœtlīch}, _aj._ deadly.
+  {tohter}, _sf._ daughter, 10, 25, 49.
+  {töhterlīn}, _sn._ little daughter, 10.
+  {tor}, _sn._ gate, door.
+  {tōre}, {tōr}, _wm._ fool.
+  {törperheit}, _sf._ impoliteness, vulgarity.
+  {tōt}, _aj._ dead, 3, 25, 30.
+  {tōt} ({-des}), _sm._ death, 5, 11, 30, 33;
+    {in dëm tōde swëben}, be on the peril of losing one’s life.
+  {tou} ({-wes}), _sn._ dew, 46.
+  {toufen}, _wv._ baptize, 10.
+  {tougen}, _sfn._ secret, wonder;
+    _aj._ dark, secret;
+    _av._ secretly, 55.
+  {tougenlīch}, _aj._ secret;
+    _av._ {tougenlīche}.
+  {træge}, _aj._ slow, weary, lazy;
+    _av._ {trāge}.
+  {tragen}, _sv._ VI, bear, carry; wear; have, 85.
+  {trahen} (_pl._ {trehene}), _sm._ drop, tear.
+  {trahten}, _wv._ think, strive, 92.
+  {trëffen}, _sv._ IV, hit, 32, 82.
+  {treit} = {traget}.
+  {trëten}, _sv._ V, tread, step, enter, 83;
+    {trëten hinder sich}, step back.
+  {tretten}, _wv._ tread, 31.3.
+  {trīben}, _sv._ I, drive; play, carry on, 76.
+  {triefen}, _sv._ II, drop, drip, 31.1, 78.
+  {triegen}, _sv._ II, deceive, plot, intrigue.
+  {trinken}, _sv._ III, drink, 19, 81.
+  {triuten}, _wv._ caress, like, love; greet.
+  {triuwe}, _aj._ true, 16 note;
+    _sf._ fidelity, faithfulness;
+    {mit triuwen} ({triwen}), faithfully.
+  {triuwen}, {trūwen}, _wv._ believe, trust, hope, 16 note.
+  {trœstelīn}, _sn._ consolation, hope.
+  {trœsten}, _wv._ console, comfort; help.
+  {tropfe}, _wm._ drop, 31.3.
+  {trōst}, _sm._ consolation, hope.
+  {troum}, _sm._ dream.
+  {troumen}, _wv._ dream, 10.
+  {trüebe}, _aj._ gloomy.
+  {trüebsal}, _sn._ gloom, 8.
+  {trūrec}, _aj._ sad;
+    _av._ {trūreclīche}.
+  {trūren}, _wv._ mourn, be sad, downcast;
+    also _sn._
+  {trūt}, _aj._ dear, beloved.
+  {trūtgemahele}, _sf._ bride.
+  {tugen}, {tügen}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {touc}, _pret._ {tohte}),
+      be fit for, good for, of use, 93.
+  {tugenhaft}, _aj._ fit, hearty, noble.
+  {tugent}, {tugende}, _sf._ virtue, good qualities, strength, power,
+      valour, 49.
+  {tugentlīchen}, _av._ with noble demeanour.
+  {tump} ({-bes}), _aj._ inexperienced, silly, young.
+  {tumpheit}, _sf._ folly, foolish action; inexperience;
+    {tumpheit walten}, show or have great inexperience.
+  {tunkel}, _aj._ dark.
+  {tuon}, _anom. v._ do, make, form, shape; cause, 94;
+    {tuon enblecken}, cause to become visible;
+    {ze leide tuon}, cause grief, pain, _or_ injury to;
+    {wër hāt dir getān?} who has done anything to you?;
+    {als ein got getān}, like a god.
+  {tür}, _sf._ door.
+  {Turkentāls}, _pn._ one of Parzival’s princes.
+  {turren}, {türren}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {tar}, _pret._ {torste}),
+      dare, venture, 10, 93.
+  {tūsenste}, _num._ thousandth, 62.
+  {tūsent}, _num._ thousand, 5, 62, 64.
+  {twahen} (_pret._ {twuoc}), _sv._ VI, wash, 85.
+  {twërch} (_gen._ {twërhes}), askew, 34.
+  {twingen}, _sv._ III, compel, force, subdue, overcome;
+    {sich twingen lāȥen}, let oneself be compelled.
+
+
+  U
+
+  {übel}, _aj._ evil, bad, 55, 58, 60;
+    _av._ {übele}.
+  {über}, _prep._ over, because of, for.
+  {übergrōȥ}, _aj._ very great.
+  {übergülde}, _sn._ gilding, raising of value.
+  {übergulde}, _sf._ that which surpasses something else in value.
+  {übermæȥlīchen}, _av._ beyond measure.
+  {übermüete}, _sf._ insolence, haughtiness.
+  {übermuot}, _sm._ haughtiness, insolence.
+  {übern} = {über dën}, 68 note 2.
+  {übersëhen}, _sv._ V, overlook, not observe.
+  {überstrīten}, _sv._ I, gain the victory over, conquer.
+  {übertragen}, _sv._ VI, spare, discharge something.
+  {überwinden}, _sv._ III, overcome, get over.
+  {ūf}, {ūfe}, _prep._ and _av._ up, up to, on, to, upwards, 23.1;
+    {ūf genāde}, in firm confidence;
+    {ūf die triwe mīn}, upon my faith _or_ troth;
+    {ūf slieȥen}, open.
+  {ūfem}, {ūfme} = {ūf dëm}, 68 note 2.
+  {ūfen} = {ūf dën}, 68 note 2.
+  {Ulterlec}, _pn._
+  {umbe}, {ümbe}, {umb}, {um}, _prep._ and _av._ about, around, upon,
+      for, 10 note 2;
+    {dar umbe}, therefore;
+    {umbe sust}, for nothing;
+    {um waȥ}, why, for what reason;
+    {umbe daȥ}, on account of that, for that, therefore;
+    {umbe gān}, turn _or_ go round.
+  {umbeslieȥen}, _sv._ II, embrace, surround.
+  {umbevāhen}, _sv._ VII, embrace.
+  {unbewollen}, _part. aj._ unspotted.
+  {und}, {unde}, {unt}, _cj._ and _av._ and;
+    again, on the other hand, 9.6, 69.
+  {unden}, _av._ below, beneath.
+  {under} ({undr}), _prep._ under, beneath, between, among;
+    {under in}, among themselves;
+    {under wëgen lān}, omit;
+    {under stunden}, at times, now and then, sometimes;
+    {under wīlen}, from time to time, at times, sometimes.
+  {underlāȥ}, _sm._ interruption.
+  {underscheiden}, _sv._ VII, relate; explain fully.
+  {undersnīden}, _sv._ I, interrupt, intermingle.
+  {understān}, _sv._ VI, step in between, hinder.
+  {undertænic}, _aj._ humble, subject, submissive.
+  {undertān}, _part. aj._ humble, submissive.
+  {underwinden}, _sv._ III, _refl._ undertake.
+  {unfuoge} (also used as a proper noun), _sf._ unseemliness,
+      indecorum, misconduct; coarseness.
+  {unfuore}, _wf._ badness, roughness; wicked mode of life.
+  {ungebære}, _sf._ despairing lamentation.
+  {ungebant}, _aj._ unbeaten, untrodden.
+  {ungebatten}, _aj._ useless, worthless.
+  {ungeborn}, _part. aj._ unborn.
+  {ungeburt}, _sf._ low birth.
+  {ungefüege}, _aj._ very great, powerful;
+    bad, unbecoming, coarse, uncouth, rude;
+    _av._ {ungefuoge}.
+  {ungehabe}, _sf._ sorrow, grief.
+  {ungelīche}, _av._ immeasurably, incomparably.
+  {ungelōnet}, _aj._ unrewarded.
+  {ungelouplich}, _aj._ incredible.
+  {ungelücke}, _sn._ misfortune.
+  {ungemach}, _sn._ misfortune, discomfort, sorrow.
+  {ungemüete}, _snf._ mourning, grief, sorrow.
+  {ungenāde}, _sf._ disfavour, hatred, harm.
+  {ungenæme}, _aj._ unpleasant.
+  {ungenësen}, _aj._ unhealed, uncured.
+  {ungerihte}, _sn._ fault, crime.
+  {ungërne}, _av._ unwillingly.
+  {ungesammet}, _aj._ not united, not unanimous.
+  {ungeschriben}, _part. aj._ that which cannot be written.
+  {ungestaltheit}, _sf._ deformity.
+  {ungesunt}, ({-des}), _sm._ sickness, illness.
+  {unhövesch}, _aj._ uncourtly, coarse, low, vulgar.
+  {unkraft}, _sf._ fainting fit, swoon.
+  {unkunt} ({unkuntlīch}), _aj._ unknown.
+  {unlange}, _av._ in a short time.
+  {unmære}, _aj._ not worth mentioning, little observed, worthless,
+      disgusting; undervalued.
+  {unmæȥlīch}, _aj._ immoderate, excessive.
+  {unmāȥen}, _av._ immeasurably.
+  {unminnen}, _wv._ treat in an unloving manner.
+  {unmueȥekeit}, _sf._ work, trouble.
+  {unmugelīch}, _aj._ impossible.
+  {unmuoȥe}, _sf._ occupation, restlessness.
+  {unnāch}, _av._ by no means.
+  {unnōt}, _sf._ without danger _or_ need.
+  {unrewert} = {unerwert}, _part. aj._ unprohibited.
+  {unriuweclīche}, _av._ without trouble _or_ care.
+  {unsælekeit}, _sf._ unhappiness; misfortune.
+  {unsælic} ({-ec}), _aj._ unhappy, cursed.
+  {unschulde}, _sf._ innocence.
+  {unschuldigen}, _wv._ proclaim one’s innocence.
+  {unsegelīch}, _aj._ unspeakable.
+  {unsenfte}, _aj._ painful, hard.
+  {unser}, _pr._ our, 7, 67.
+  {unstæte}, _aj._ inconstant, fickle.
+  {unstæte}, _sf._ inconstancy, fickleness.
+  {untriuwe}, _sf._ faithlessness, deceit.
+  {untrœsten}, _wv._ dishearten, discourage.
+  {untrōst}, _sm._ despondency, discouragement.
+  {untugent}, _sf._ lack of good training.
+  {unversunnen}, _pp._ unconscious.
+  {unvrō}, {unfrō}, _aj._ unhappy, sad, mournful.
+  {unwandelbære}, _aj._ steadfast, unchangeable.
+  {unwendic} ({-ec}), _aj._ unchangeable.
+  {unwërt}, _sm._ unworthiness, contempt for, scorn.
+  {unwīp}, ({-bes}), _sn._ bad woman; unwomanly creature;
+    unworthy the name of Weib.
+  {unwīse}, _sf._ false tone _or_ sound; bad style.
+  {unze}, {unz}, _prep._ and _conj._ till, until, up to, down to, to;
+    {unz her}, hitherto;
+    {unz enmitten an}, right down to.
+  {unzerworht}, _aj._ undivided, undissected, not cut up.
+  {Uote}, _pn._ 54.
+  {üppic}, _aj._ unnecessary, superfluous; proud.
+  {ūȥ}, _prep._ and _av._ out, out of, of, from;
+    {ūȥen}, _av._;
+    {ūȥerwelt}, select, chosen.
+  {ūȥer}, _prep._ out of, from.
+  {ūȥreise}, _sf._ marching, going out _or_ off; departure;
+    song sung by knights on the march.
+
+V (F)
+  {vadem}, _sm._ thread, 9.2, 42.
+  {vāhen}, {fāhen} ({vān}), _sv._ VII, catch, seize, take, 29, 30,
+      38, 87.
+  {val} ({-wes}), _aj._ yellow, 36.
+  {vallen}, _sv._ VII, fall, fall down, fall to one’s lot, 32.4, 87.
+  {valsch}, _aj._ false, deceitful.
+  {valsch}, _sm._ fault, spot, impurity, deceit;
+    {valsches laȥ}, free from deceit _or_ falseness.
+  {valten}, _sv._ VII, fold, 87.
+  {vancnüsse}, _sf._ captivity, 8.
+  {var}, {vare} ({-wes}), _aj._ coloured; formed, looking.
+  {vāren}, _wv._ place behind, watch, lie in wait.
+  {varn}, _sv._ VI, go, fare, betake oneself, 5, 10, 74 note, 85;
+    {varndeȥ guot}, movable property.
+  {vart}, _sf._ way, march, journey.
+  {varwe}, _sf._ colour, form, appearance.
+  {vaste}, _av._ fast, quickly, strongly, firmly; very.
+  {vater}, _sm._ (_pl._ {veter}, {väter}), father, 11, 19, 45.
+  {väterlīch}, _aj._ fatherly, 10.
+  {väterlīn}, _dim._ of {vater}, 5, 10.
+  {vaȥȥen}, _wv._ seize, take, gather.
+  {vëhten}, _sv._ IV, fight, 82.
+  {veile}, _aj._ cheap, purchasable.
+  {vël} ({-lles}), _sn._ hide, skin, 32.1.
+  {vellen}, _wv._ fell, kill, 90.
+  {vels}, _swm._ rock, 11.
+  {velschen}, _wv._ falsify; make faithless.
+  {vëlt} ({-des}), _sn._ field.
+  {venster}, _sn._ window, 46.
+  {verbërgen}, _sv._ III, hide, conceal.
+  {verbërn}, _sv._ IV, spare, abstain from, forbear, avoid, keep from,
+      give up.
+  {verbieten}, _sv._ II, forbid, hinder, prevent, obstruct; ward off.
+  {verdagen}, _wv._ keep secret, conceal.
+  {verdërben}, perish, spoil, destroy, 81.
+  {verdërbnisse}, _sfn._ destruction, 8.
+  {verdienen}, _wv._ deserve, earn.
+  {verdrieȥen} (_impers. c. gen._), _sv._ III, grieve, fret, vex.
+  {verdringen}, _sv._ III, crowd out, suppress, displace,
+      push on one side.
+  {vereinen}, _wv. refl._ unite.
+  {verenden}, _wv._ end.
+  {vergëben}, _sv._ V, poison, infect.
+  {vergëlten}, _sv._ III, repay, requite.
+  {vergëȥȥen}, _sv._ V, forget, 83.
+  {vergieȥen}, _sv._ II, pour over, sprinkle with water.
+  {verhëln}, _sv._ IV, conceal.
+  {verhouwen} (_pret._ {-hiu} and {-hie}, also weak {-houte}),
+      _sv._ VII, hew in pieces, cut asunder.
+  {verjëhen}, _sv._ V, say, tell, relate; give to understand, assure.
+  {verkēren}, _wv._ change, turn round; destroy.
+  {verkiesen}, _sv._ II, give up, forgo, forget.
+  {verklagen}, _wv._ cease to mourn, bear with patience.
+  {verkrenken}, _wv._ destroy.
+  {verlāȥen} ({verlān}), _sv._ VII, leave off, forsake.
+  {verleiten}, _wv._ lead astray.
+  {verleschen}, _sv._ IV, become extinguished, extinguish.
+  {verliesen} ({vliesen}), _sv._ II, lose, 78.
+  {verligen}, _sv._ V, miss through sleeping too long, over-sleep.
+  {verlust}, _sm._ loss.
+  {vermīden}, (_pp._ {vermiten}), _sv._ I, avoid, omit, not to take
+      place, keep aloof from.
+  {vermischen}, _wv._ mix, mingle.
+  {vernëmen}, _sv._ IV, perceive, observe, get to know.
+  {vërre}, _aj._ and _av._ far, far away, distant, 31.
+  {verrihten}, _wv._ settle, pass sentence upon.
+  {versagen}, _wv._ refuse, deny.
+  {verschaffen}, _sv._ VI, do _or_ act in a bad manner, spoil, destroy.
+  {verschulden}, _wv._ pay back.
+  {versëhen}, _sv._ V, observe, recognize;
+    _refl._ hope, dread.
+  {versinnen} ({sich}), _sv._ III, arrive at years of discretion;
+    _c. gen._ become conscious of.
+  {versmæhelīch}, _aj._ disgraceful, ignominious.
+  {versmæhen}, _wv._ despise, mock.
+  {versperren} (_pret._ {versparte}), _wv._ shut, close.
+  {versprëchen}, _sv._ IV, decline, spurn.
+  {verstān} ({-stēn}), _sv._ VI, perceive, understand.
+  {verstōȥen}, _sv._ VII, drive away.
+  {versūmen}, _wv._ neglect, let slip, spoil.
+  {versuochen}, _wv._ try, test.
+  {verswern}, _sv._ VI, abjure, deny by an oath.
+  {verswīgen}, _sv._ I, forbear talking.
+  {verswinden}, _sv._ III, disappear, flee.
+  {vertragen}, _sv._ VI, endure, bear.
+  {vertrīben}, _sv._ I, drive away, make to pass.
+  {vervāhen}, {verfāhen}, _sv._ VII, reach, bring to pass;
+    {mich vervæhet}, it is of use _or_ advantage to me.
+  {vervluochen}, {-fluochen}, _wv._ curse.
+  {verwāȥen}, _sv._ VII, ruin; imprecate, curse.
+  {verwëgen}, _sv._ V, resolve.
+  {verweinen}, _wv._ exhaust by weeping.
+  {verwunden}, _wv._ wound.
+  {verwürken} (_pret._ {-worhte}), _wv._ lose, forfeit, commit.
+  {verzagen}, _wv._ lose courage, withdraw, despair, despond.
+  {verzern}, _wv._ consume; destroy.
+  {veste}, _sf._ firmness, constancy.
+  {vīant}, {vīent}, {vīnt}, _sm._ enemy, fiend, 8, 42.
+  {vier}, _num._ four, 62.
+  {vier}, {fier}, _aj._ proud, stately, majestic, beautiful;
+    _av._ {viere}.
+  {vierde}, _num._ fourth, 62.
+  {vierzëhen}, _num._ fourteen, 62.
+  {vierzëhende}, _num._ fourteenth, 62.
+  {vierzic} ({-ec}), _num._ forty, 62.
+  {vierzigeste}, _num._ fortieth.
+  {vihe}, _sn._ cattle, 46.
+  {vil}, _aj._ much, many;
+    _av._ very;
+    _indecl. sb. c. gen._ much, many;
+    {vil wēnic ganz} _c. gen._ not at all complete _or_ whole.
+  {vinden}, {finden}, _sv._ III, find, 9.4 note, 81.
+  {vinger}, _sm._ finger.
+  {vingerlīn}, {vingerīn}, _sn._ ring, 8.
+  {vingerlinc}, _sm._ ring.
+  {vinster}, _sf._ darkness, 48.
+  {vinster}, _aj._ dark, gloomy, 55.
+  {vinsternisse}, _sfn._ darkness, 8.
+  {vint} = {vindet}, 74 note.
+  {vīnt}, see {vīant}.
+  {vīol}, _sm._ violet.
+  {virren}, _wv._ keep away from.
+  {visch}, _sm._ fish, 11, 19.
+  {viur}, {fiuwer}, _sn._ fire; lightning.
+  {vlēhen}, {flēhen} ({vlēn}), _wv._ beseech, implore, 38.
+  {vlëhten}, _sv._ IV, plait, 82.
+  {fleisch}, _sn._ flesh.
+  {vliegen}, {fliegen}, _sv._ II, fly, 10 note 3, 25, 78.
+  {vliehen}, {fliehen}, _sv._ II, flee, 18, 19, 78.
+  {vliesen} = {verliesen}.
+  {vlieȥen}, {flieȥen}, _sv._ II, flow, swim;
+    ruin, destroy, 10 note 3, 78.
+  {vlīȥ}, {flīȥ}, _sm._ assiduity, zeal, eagerness, care;
+    {ze flīȥe}, diligently, carefully.
+  {vlīȥec}, _aj._ diligent, 60.3.
+  {vlīȥeclīche(n)}, _av._ diligently, 60.3.
+  {vluht}, _sf._ refuge.
+  {flühtesal}, _sf._ flight, escape; security.
+  {vluoch} (_pl._ {vlüeche}), _sm._ curse.
+  {vogel}, _sm._ bird, 9.2, 42.
+  {vogelīn}, {vogel(l)īn}, _sn._ little bird, 8.
+  {vogelsanc}, _sm._ song of birds.
+  {vol} ({-lles}), _aj._ full, 15, 31.
+  {volc}, _sn._ folk, people.
+  {volenden}, _wv._ bring to an end.
+  {volgen}, _wv._ follow, accompany.
+  {volgesagen}, _wv._ tell fully.
+  {volle}, _wm._ abundance, completeness.
+  {vollebringen} (_pret._ {-brāhte}), _wv._ perfect, carry out.
+  {volleclīchen}, _av._ fully, entirely.
+  {volleist}, _sm._ assistance, succour.
+  {von}, _prep._ from, away from, with, about, through, by;
+    {von schulden}, rightly, properly.
+  {vonme}, {vomme} = {von dëme}.
+  {vor}, _prep._ before, for.
+  {vorbilde}, _sn._ pattern, model.
+  {vorder}, _aj._ former, front, 59.
+  {vordern}, _wv._ further, 90.
+  {vorderste}, _aj._ foremost, 59.
+  {vorht}, _sf._ fear, dread.
+  {vrāge}, _sf._ question.
+  {vrāgen}, _wv._ ask, 9.2, 92.
+  {frävele}, _aj._ bold, 10.
+  {frëch}, _aj._ courageous, daring, bold, brave; saucy, impudent.
+  {freischen}, _sv._ VII, come to know, learn, be told.
+  {vreise}, {freise}, _swf._ horror, what is dreadful _or_ horrible.
+  {vremde}, {fremde} ({vrömde}), _aj._ strange, wonderful; unknown.
+  {vremen}, _wv._ perform, 31.3.
+  {vreude}, {vröude}, {fröide}, {freude}, {fröude}, _swf._ joy,
+      gladness;
+    {fröuden} (_gen. pl._) {lam}, bereft of joys, pleasures.
+  {vreudelōs}, _aj._ joyless.
+  {freuderīche}, _aj._ rich in joy, very gratifying.
+  {vreuwen}, {vrewen}, {vreun}, {freuwen}, {frewen}, {freun},
+      _wv._ cause to rejoice, rejoice, gladden, give pleasure to,
+      be glad.
+    See {vröuwen}.
+  {vrevel}, _sf._ audacity, insolence.
+  {frevellīchen}, _av._ insolently, boldly, with impudence.
+  {vrëȥȥen}, _sv._ V, devour, 83.
+  {vrī}, _aj._ free, unrestrained, unmarried.
+  {vride}, {fride}, _sm._ peace, truce; protection, safety, 3, 19, 43.
+  {vrid(e)lich}, _aj._ peaceful.
+  {vrīe}, _sf._ freedom.
+  {vrīe}, _wm._ freeman.
+  {frīen}, {frījen}, {frīgen}, _wv._ free, 35.
+  {vriesen}, _sv._ II, freeze, 78.
+  {vrisch}, {frisch}, _aj._ fresh, new.
+  {vrist}, _sf._ time.
+  {vristen}, _wv._ keep alive, protect, rescue.
+  {vriundinne}, _sf._ female friend, 8, 48.
+  {vriunt}, {friunt}, _sm._ friend, 42.
+  {vrō}, {frō}, _aj._ and _av._ glad, joyful.
+  {vrœlīch}, _aj._ joyful;
+    _av._ {vrœlīchen}.
+  {vrömde} = {vremde}.
+  {vrömede}, _sf._ absence.
+  {frosch}, _sm._ frog.
+  {vröuen}, {vröuwen}, {fröwen}, _wv._ gladden, give pleasure to;
+    be glad, 10.
+    See {vreuwen}.
+  {vrouwe}, {frouwe}, {frowe} ({vrou}, {frou}, {frō}, before proper
+      names), _wf._ lady, madam, 9.6, 10;
+    {ze frowen}, as wife.
+  {vröuwelīn}, {frouwelīn}, _sn._ little girl, maid, miss.
+  {vruht}, _sf._ fruit.
+  {vrum}, _aj._ brave, active, excellent, useful.
+  {vrumen}, {frumen}, _wv._ benefit, be of use _or_ advantage.
+  {vruo}, _av._ early.
+  {vüegen}, {füegen}, _wv._ procure, bring to pass; grant.
+  {vüeren}, {füeren} (_pret._ {fuorte}), _wv._ lead, carry, remove.
+  {fuhs}, _sm._ fox, 19.
+  {vūl}, _aj._ bad, rotten.
+  {vülle}, _sf._ fulness, 15.
+  {füllen}, _wv._ fill, 90.
+  {funden}, _pp._ of {finden}.
+  {vünf}, {fünf}, {finf}, _num._ five, 19, 62.
+  {fünfte}, {finfte}, _num._ fifth, 62.
+  {vuoge}, _sf._ becomingness, decency.
+  {fuore}, _sf._ manner of life; way of acting.
+  {vuoȥ}, {fuoȥ} (_pl._ {vüeȥe}), _sm._ foot, 10, 44.
+  {vür}, {für}, _prep._ and _av._ for, before, over, against;
+    {für guot haben}, be content with, put up with;
+    {für iuch}, past you;
+    {für sie}, past them;
+    {für tōren kleit}, as fool’s clothing;
+    {vür wār}, in truth, truly.
+  {vürbaȥ}, {fürbaȥ}, _av._ further.
+  {vürhten}, {fürhten} (_pret._ {vorhte}), _wv._ fear, dread, 15, 90.
+  {vürnames}, _av._ in the full sense of the word.
+  {vürste}, {fürste}, _wm._ prince;
+    {ein dīn fürste}, one of thy princes.
+  {vurt}, {furt} (_pl._ {fürte}), _sm._ ford, bed of a river.
+
+
+  W
+
+  {wā}, _av._ where, whither, 39.
+  {wāc} ({-ges}), _sn._ moving water, flood.
+  {wacker}, _aj._ watchful, 31.2.
+  {wæjen} ({wæn}), _wv._ blow, 90.
+  {wæenen} (_pret._ {wānde}), _wv._ think, fancy, 90.
+  {wærlīchen}, _av._ in truth, truly.
+  {wætlīch}, _aj._ beautiful.
+  {wætlīche}, _sf._ beauty.
+  {wāfen}, _sn._ weapon, sword.
+  {wāfenen}, {wāpenen}, _wv._ arm, equip, array.
+    See {wāpen}.
+  {wage}, _wf._ cradle.
+  {wāge}, _sf._ balance, scale.
+  {wagen}, _sm._ wagon, 49.
+  {wahsen}, _sv._ VI, grow, 10, 85.
+  {wal}, _sf._ choice, 48.
+  {walden}, _sv._ VII, have power over.
+    See {walten}.
+  {Wāleis}, _pn._ Valois in France, inhabitant of Valois.
+  {wallen} (_pret._ {wiel}), _sv._ VII, boil, bubble, 87.
+  {walt} ({-des}), _sm._ wood, forest.
+  {walten} (with _gen._), _sv._ VII, have power.
+  {wan}, _aj._ empty, bereft of.
+  {wan}, _av._ besides, but only;
+    {niht wan}, only, nothing but;
+    {wan daȥ}, only that, if--not;
+    {wan unz}, whilst, as long as;
+    {wan dëm einen}, except for the one.
+  {wan} ({wande}, {want}), _conj._ for, if, because, then, 9.6.
+  {wān}, _sm._ faith, hope, mood.
+  {wanc} ({-kes}), _sm._ inconstancy, disloyalty, unfaithfulness,
+      changeableness.
+  {wandel}, _smn._ change, fickleness; fault, defect, failing.
+  {wandeln}, _wv._ wander, 9.2, 90.
+  {wange}, _wn._ cheek, 50.
+  {wängelīn}, _sn._ little cheek.
+  {want}, _sf._ wall.
+  {wāpen} (with {sich}), _wv._ arm oneself.
+    See {wāfenen}.
+  {wāpen}, _sn._ weapon, 46.
+  {wāpenen}, see {wāfenen}.
+  {wāpenroc}, _sm._ upper-garment drawn over the coat of mail.
+  {war}, _av._ where, whither;
+    {war umbe}, wherefore, why;
+    {war zuo}, for what purpose.
+  {war}, _sf._ attention, observation;
+    {war nëmen}, give attention.
+  {wār}, _sn._ truth; right;
+    {wār haben}, be right.
+  {wār}, _aj._ true, right, real.
+  {wārheit}, _sf._ truth.
+  {wārinne}, _av._ wherein, 39.
+  {wärmen}, _wv._ to warm, 5, 10.
+  {warnen}, _wv._ equip, prepare.
+  {warten} (_pret._ {warte}), _wv._ wait; look, view, 9.2.
+  {was}, {wasse}, _aj._ sharp, 55.
+  {waschen} ({weschen}), _sv._ VI, wash, 85.
+  {waste}, _sf._ desert.
+  {wāt}, _sf._ clothing, dress.
+  {waten}, _sv._ VI, wade, 85.
+  {waȥ}, _pr._ what, 19, 23.1, 70;
+    _av._ why, wherefore.
+  {wē} (_gen._ {wēwes}), _sn._ woe, pain;
+    {wē tuon}, hurt, 17, 46;
+    _interj._ {wehe}, {wē}, woe! alas!;
+    {mir ist wē}, I am sad.
+  {wëben}, _sv._ V, weave, 28, 83.
+  {wëc} ({-ges}), _sm._ way; homeward journey, 5, 11.
+  {wecken} (_pret._ {wacte}, {wahte}), _wv._ awake.
+  {wëder}, _pr._ who of two, which of two, 70, 71;
+    {wëder--noch}, neither--nor.
+  {wegen}, _wv._ move, swing.
+  {wëgen}, _sv._ V, weigh, poise; put in motion, 83.
+  {wëhsal} ({-el}), _smn._ change, 8.
+  {weich}, _aj._ weak.
+  {weideganc} ({-ges}), _sm._ hunting way _or_ path.
+  {weinen} (_pres. part._ {weinde} for {weinende}), _wv._ weep, bewail;
+    also _sn._
+  {weise}, _wm._ orphan; precious stone in the royal crown.
+  {weiȥgot}, _interj._ verily.
+  {welīch}, {welch}, _pr._ which, what kind of, 11, 70, 71.
+  {wellen} (_pres. sing._ {wil}, _pret._ {wolte}), _anom. v._ will,
+      wish, 98;
+    {got dës niht enwelle}, may God forbid it.
+  {weln}, {welen}, {wellen}, _wv._ choose, 90.
+  {wenden} (_pp._ {gewant}), _wv._ with _gen._ turn, prevent, hinder,
+      turn away, 32.3.
+  {wēnic}, _aj._ little, small;
+    _indecl. sb. c. gen._ little.
+  {wenke}, _sf._ turning, turn, change.
+  {wenken}, _wv._ totter, stagger, waver.
+  {wer}, _sf._ defence; protection; battle.
+  {wër}, _neut._ {waȥ}, _pr._ who, what;
+    {wës}, _av._ wherefore, 9.6, 70.
+  {wërben}, _sv._ III, turn, go to and fro, strive, work, be active, 33.
+  {wërde}, _aj._ worthy, noble.
+  {wërdekeit}, {wërdikeit}, _sf._ worthiness, respect, honour,
+      excellence.
+  {wërden}, _sv._ III, become, be, be born, 9.4 note, 38, 81;
+    {wërden wol innen}, perceive clearly;
+    {wërden buoȥ}, with _dat._ of pers. and _gen._ of thing:
+      {dëm wirt kumbers buoȥ}, he has compensation for his grief;
+    {wërden rāt}, _c. gen._ be a remedy.
+  {wërdiclīchen}, _av._ worthily.
+  {wërfen}, _sv._ III, throw, set in quick motion, 10 note, 23.2, 81.
+  {wërlt}, {wërelt}, {wëlt}, _sf._ world, people;
+    {dër wërelde riuwe}, great sadness _or_ grief, lit. sadness of the
+      world.
+  {wërltlīch}, _aj._ worldly, earthly.
+  {wërlttōre}, _wm._ one befooled by the world.
+  {wërltzage}, _wm._ arrant coward.
+  {wern} ({weren}), _wv._ check, ward off from, restrain, hinder, 90;
+    _c. gen._ and _sich_, protect _or_ defend oneself against.
+  {wern}, _wv._ last, hold out, continue.
+  {wërren} (with _dat._), _sv._ III, perplex, confuse, trouble,
+      disturb, be a hindrance, 81.
+  {wërt} ({-des}), _aj._ worthy, noble;
+    _snm._ respect, good fortune;
+    _av._ {wërde}.
+  {wës} (_gen._ of {waȥ}), _av._ why, wherefore.
+  {wësen}, _sv._ V, be, 19, 83;
+    {wësen gāch}, _c. gen._ of person: hasten, exert oneself, eagerly.
+  {wëter}, _sn._ weather, 46.
+  {wetzen}, _wv._ whet, sharpen.
+  {wider} ({widere}), _sm._ wether, 9.2.
+  {wider}, _prep._ against, to;
+    _av._ again, back.
+  {widersagen}, _wv._ renounce; proclaim war; contradict.
+  {widerstān}, _sv._ VI, resist, withstand, be opposed to.
+  {widervarn}, _sv._ VI, fall to the lot of.
+  {widerzæme}, _aj._ revolting, hateful, disgusting.
+  {wie}, _av._ and _conj._ how, as, that.
+  {wīgant} ({-des}), _sm._ warrior, 8.
+  {wīhen}, _wv._ consecrate, bless.
+  {wilde}, _aj._ untamed, wild, 55.
+  {wīle}, {wīl}, _sf._ time, while;
+    {die wīle}, meanwhile, in the meantime.
+  {wīlen(t)}, _av._ formerly, once upon a time.
+  {wille}, _wm._ will, wish, desire.
+  {willeclīch}, _aj._ willing, wishing;
+    _av._ {willeclīchen}.
+  {willekomen}, _aj._ and _av._ welcome.
+  {wilt} ({-des}), _sn._ wild animals, game.
+  {wīn}, _sm._ wine, 3, 19.
+  {winden}, _sv._ III, wind, bind up, 81.
+  {wine}, _sm._ friend.
+  {wint} ({-des}), _sm._ wind, 14.1.
+  {winter}, _sm._ winter.
+  {wīp} ({-bes}), _sn._ woman, wife, 5, 11.
+  {wīpheit}, _sf._ womanliness.
+  {wīplīch}, _aj._ womanly.
+  {wirde}, _sf._ worthiness, dignity, honour, honourableness.
+  {wirden}, _wv._ make valuable.
+  {wirs}, _av._ worse, 61.
+  {wirser}, _aj._ worse, 58.
+  {wirsest}, {wir(se)ste}, _aj._ and _av._ worst, 9.5, 58, 60, 61.
+  {wirt}, _sm._ head of a house, landlord;
+    {dër helle wirt}, devil.
+  {wirtinne}, _sf._ mistress, hostess, 8.
+  {wīse}, {wīs}, _aj._ wise, sensible, experienced, 28.
+  {wīse}, {wīs}, _sf._ manner, melody, song.
+  {wīsen}, _wv._ guide, direct.
+  {wīsheit}, _sf._ wisdom.
+  {wīslīch}, _aj._ wisely, 8;
+    _av._ {wīslīchen}.
+  {wīt}, _aj._ far, wide.
+  {witze}, _sf._ understanding, sense; reflection.
+  {wīȥ}, _aj._ white.
+  {wīȥen} (with _dat._), _sv._ I, reproach, blame.
+  {wiȥȥen}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {weiȥ}, _pret._ {weste}, {wiste},
+      {wesse}, {wisse}), know, 5, 11, 28, 92.
+  {wol}, {wole}, _av._ well, 5, 9.1, 61;
+    {wolgezogen}, well-mannered;
+    {wol getān}, beautiful;
+    {wol im}, happy _or_ lucky is he!;
+    {wol dir}, hail to thee;
+    {wol mich}, happy am I!;
+    {wol tuon}, _c. dat._ do good, please;
+    {wol ir dës}, good luck to her for that!
+  {wolf}, _sm._ wolf, 15.
+  {wolken}, _sn._ cloud.
+  {wolle}, _wf._ wool, 15.
+  {wollust}, _smf._ joy, bliss, happiness.
+  {wonen}, _wv._ dwell, live, 9.4;
+    {mir wont bī}, I possess.
+  {wort}, _sn._ word, speech, 46.
+  {wüllīn}, {wullīn}, _aj._ woollen, 15.
+  {wülpinne}, _sf._ she-wolf, 15.
+  {wunde}, _wf._ wound.
+  {wunder}, _sn._ wonder, marvel; a great amount _or_ number, abundance;
+    {bluomen wunder}, a great quantity of flowers.
+  {wunderalt}, _aj._ very old.
+  {wundern}, _wv._ wonder, wonder at, admire, 9.2.
+  {wünne}, {wunne}, _sf._ joy, pleasure, 10 note 2.
+  {wünneclīch}, {wunneclīch}, _aj._ joyful, delightful, beautiful,
+      pleasant;
+    _av._ {wünneclīche(n)}.
+  {wunsch}, _sm._ wish, ideal, perfection, highest perfection.
+  {wünschen} (with _gen._), _wv._ wish, desire, 90.
+  {wunschleben}, _sn._ such a life as one could wish for.
+  {wunt} ({-des}), _aj._ wounded.
+  {wuof}, _sm._ cry of woe.
+  {wuofen}, _sv._ VII, bewail, 87.
+  {würgen}, _wv._ take by the throat, choke, throttle.
+  {würken}, {wurken} (_pret._ {worhte}), _wv._ work, 28, 91.
+  {wurm}, _sm._ worm, snake, 5.
+  {wurze}, _wf._ root, plant.
+  {wurzel}, _swf._ root.
+
+
+
+  Z
+
+  {zageheit}, _sf._ cowardice.
+  {zaher}, _sm._ tear, 5, 10.
+  {zal}, _sf._ number, 9.1, 31.3, 48.
+  {zant}, {zan} (_gen._ {zandes}), _sm._ tooth, 43.
+  {ze} ({zuo}), _prep._ at, in, to, as much as, (undergoes contraction
+      with the def. art.);
+    {ze bruoder}, as brother;
+    {ze rëhte}, rightly, properly;
+    {ze handen haben}, possess;
+    _av._ too: {ze sēre}, too much.
+  {zebrëchen}, {zerbrëchen}, _sv._ IV, break, break in pieces.
+  {zehant}, _av._ at once, on the spot.
+  {zēhe}, _wf._ toe.
+  {zëhen}, _num._ ten, 5, 62.
+  {zëhente} ({-de}), _num._ tenth, 62.
+  {zëhenzic} ({-ec}), hundred, 62.
+  {zëhenzigeste}, _num._ hundredth, 62.
+  {zeichen}, _sn._ sign, mark, token, 23, 1.
+  {zeigen}, _wv._ show, 33.
+  {zeim} = {ze einem(e)}.
+  {zeln}, _wv._ reckon, count, 31.3, 90.
+  {zëme}, {zëm} = {ze dëme}, 68 note 2.
+  {zëmen}, _sv._ IV, suit, be becoming _or_ fitting, 82.
+  {zën} = {ze dën}, 68 note 2.
+  {zër} = {ze dër}, 68 note 2.
+  {zergān}, {-gēn}, _sv._ VII, vanish, stop, perish.
+  {zerren} (_pret._ {zarte}), _wv._ pull, tug, tear.
+  {zerwirken} (_pp._ {zerworht}), _wv._ cut up, dissect.
+  {zesamene}, _av._ together.
+  {zëse} ({-wes}), _aj._ right.
+  {zestunt}, _av._ on the spot.
+  {zeswëllen}, _sv._ III, swell to the utmost.
+  {zewāre}, {zwār}, _av._ in truth, truly.
+  {ziehen}, _sv._ II, draw;
+    _refl._ withdraw, 10, 23.1, 30, 78.
+  {zierde}, _sf._ adornment, 9.2.
+  {zieren}, _wv._ adorn, decorate.
+  {zīhen}, _sv._ I, accuse, 76.
+  {zil}, _sn._ aim, object.
+  {zimieren}, _wv._ furnish with knightly accoutrements.
+  {zinsen}, _wv._ give as interest, give away.
+  {zir} = {ze ir}.
+  {zirke}, _wm._ garland, circle, prince’s crown.
+  {zirkel}, _sm._ prince’s crown.
+  {zīt}, _sf._ time, 19.
+  {zobel}, _sm._ robe furred with sable.
+  {zorn}, _sm._ anger.
+  {zorneclīche}, _av._ angrily, violently.
+  {zücken} (_pret._ {zuhte}), _wv._ pull quickly, tear.
+  {zuht}, _sf._ bringing up, education;
+    good manners, politeness, demeanour; chastisement, punishment;
+    {mit zühten}, becomingly, gracefully, politely.
+  {zühtelōs}, _aj._ ill-bred, rude, insolent.
+  {zunft}, _sf._ propriety, dignity, good breeding.
+  {zunge}, _wf._ tongue, 3, 7, 23.2, 53
+  {zuo}, _av._ to, toward; to it;
+    {zuo zwein}, into two.
+    See {ze}.
+  {zuome} = {zuo dëme}.
+  {zürnen}, {zurnen}, _wv._ be angry.
+  {zwei}, _num._ two, 35, 62, 63.
+  {zweien} with {sich}, _wv._ fall out, quarrel; pair.
+  {zweinzic} ({-ec}), _num._ twenty, 62.
+  {zweinzigeste}, _num._ twentieth, 62.
+  {zwelf}, _num._ twelve, 62.
+  {zwelfte}, _num._ twelfth, 62.
+  {zwene}, {zwei}, {zwō} (_gen._ {zweier}, {zweiger}, _dat._ {zwein}),
+      two, 35, 63.
+  {zwī}, {zwic} (_gen._ {zwīges}, {zwīes}), _smn._ twig, bough, 35.
+  {zwīfeln}, _wv._ doubt, 9.2.
+  {zwischen}, _prep._ between.
+  {zwīvel}, {zwīfel}, _sm._ doubt, uncertainty;
+    _aj._ doubtful, 55.
+  {zwīvellīch}, _aj._ doubtful, uncertain, dejected.
+  {zwīvellop} ({-bes}), doubtful _or_ ambiguous praise.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Substitute Letters
+
+  If some of the special characters will not display in your text
+  reader, open the document in a word processor or text editor and
+  try these substitutions.
+
+    ā ē ī ō ū (a e i o u  with macron)
+      >> â ê î ô û (a e i o u  with circumflex accent)
+    ẹ (e with under-dot)
+      >> plain “e” (the under-dot is not explained in the primer)
+    ȥ (z  with hook at end of bottom line)
+      >> z̧ (z  with cedilla)
+      >> z (plain z: read §19 carefully before taking this step)
+
+
+Errors and Inconsistencies
+
+_Primer_
+
+  §3.  {ū}  „  „  „  f_oo_l  {hūs}, _house_.  [“l” italicized]
+  §19.  {f} ... {f} = Germanic {p} (§23, 1)  [§22, 1]
+
+_Readings_
+
+  III. Hartman von Ouwe
+  l. 417 er wirfẹt diu ougen abe mir  [“ẹ” may be flyspeck]
+  l. 841 wan mir mac daȥ nieman erwern  [“erwerṇ” or flyspeck]
+  l. 956 der d e von dir nemen wolte  [“der d e von” with space]
+
+  IV.17 Walther von der Vogelweide
+  l. 435 zergāt eȥ so ist dīn freude tōt  [possibly “zergān”]
+
+  VIII. Wolfram von Eschenbach
+  l. 266 daȥ si unversunnen vor im lac  [“sị” or flyspeck]
+
+
+_Glossary_
+
+  {lërnen}, _wv._ learn.  [ambiguous umlaut may be “lernen”]
+  {schate} (_gen._ {schat(e)wes})  [“gen.” not italicized]
+  {tugen}, {tügen}  [“tugen, tugen” without umlaut]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Middle High German Primer
+       Third Edition
+
+Author: Joseph Wright
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22636]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+<a name = "start" id = "start"> </a>
+
+<p>
+This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8
+(Unicode) file encoding:</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+ā ē ī ō ū (long vowels, printed with macron/overline)<br>
+ẹ (e with dot under, used in reading passages<br>
+ȥ (z with hook)</p>
+
+<p>A few additional characters are used only in the historical
+introduction, and may be disregarded if they present problems, as may
+the two or three Greek words:</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+ƀ, ʒ, χ, ŋ (b with line through stem; ezh; chi; eng)</p>
+
+<p>If any of these characters do not display properly&mdash;in
+particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the
+letter&mdash;or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph
+appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable
+fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file
+encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your
+browser’s default font.</p>
+
+<p>Punctuation in the Glossary has been silently regularized.
+Typographical errors are shown with <ins class = "correction" title =
+"like this">mouse-hover popups</ins>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "titlepage">
+
+<h1 class = "small">A</h1>
+
+<h1>MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN<br>
+PRIMER</h1>
+
+<h2 class = "smallest">WITH</h2>
+
+<h2 class = "smaller">GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h3 class = "smallest">BY</h3>
+
+<h3>JOSEPH WRIGHT</h3>
+
+<h3 class = "smallest">M.A., PH.D., D.C.L., LL.D., LITT.D.</h3>
+
+<h3 class = "smallest">FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY<br>
+CORPUS CHRISTI PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY<br>
+IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD</h3>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h5>THIRD EDITION</h5>
+
+<h5 class = "smaller">RE-WRITTEN AND ENLARGED</h5>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h5>OXFORD<br>
+AT THE CLARENDON PRESS<br>
+1917</h5>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr class = "mid">
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h5>OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS</h5>
+
+<h6>LONDON &nbsp; EDINBURGH &nbsp; GLASGOW &nbsp; NEW YORK<br>
+TORONTO &nbsp; MELBOURNE &nbsp; BOMBAY</h6>
+
+<h5>HUMPHREY MILFORD</h5>
+
+<h6>PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY</h6>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class = "mid">
+
+<div class = "preface">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">iii</span>
+<h3><a name = "preface" id = "preface">
+EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES</a><br>
+<span class = "smaller">TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS</span></h3>
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> present book has been written in
+the hope that it will serve as an elementary introduction to the larger
+German works on the subject from which I have appropriated whatever
+seemed necessary for the purpose. In the grammar much aid has been
+derived from Paul’s <i>Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik</i>, second edition,
+Halle, 1884, and Weinhold’s <i>Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik</i>, second
+edition, Paderborn, 1883. The former work, besides containing by far the
+most complete syntax, is also the only Middle High German Grammar which
+is based on the present state of German Philology.... I&nbsp;believe
+that the day is not far distant when English students will take a much
+more lively interest in the study of their own and the other Germanic
+languages (especially German and Old Norse) than has hitherto been the
+case. And if this little book should contribute anything towards
+furthering the cause, it will have amply fulfilled its purpose.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">London:</span> <i>January, 1888.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class = "section">
+<span class = "firstword">When</span> I wrote the preface to the first
+edition of this primer in 1888, I&nbsp;ventured to predict that the
+interest of English students in the subject would grow and develop as
+time went on, but I hardly expected that it would grow so much that a
+second edition of the book would be required within
+<span class = "pagenum">iv</span>
+so short a period. It has been revised throughout, and several changes
+have been made in the phonology, but I have not thought it advisable to
+alter the general plan and scope of the former edition. After many years
+of personal experience as a teacher and examiner in the older periods of
+the German language, I&nbsp;have become firmly convinced that the larger
+books on the subject contain too many details for beginners. I&nbsp;feel
+sure that the easiest and best way to acquire a thorough knowledge of
+Middle High German is to start with an elementary book like the present,
+and then to learn the details of the grammar, especially the phonology
+of the various dialects, from a more advanced work.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oxford:</span> <i>December, 1898.</i></p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">v</span>
+<h3>PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION</h3>
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">In</span> the preparation of the new
+edition, I have steadily kept in view the class of students for whom the
+book was originally written. When the first edition appeared
+twenty-eight years ago, there were very few students in this country who
+took up the serious study of the older periods of the various Germanic
+languages at the Universities. In late years, however, the interest in
+the study of these languages has grown so much that Honour Courses and
+Examinations in them have been established at all our Universities. The
+result is that a book even intended for beginners can now reasonably be
+expected to be of a higher standard than the previous editions of this
+Primer. The grammatical introduction has accordingly been entirely
+rewritten and expanded to more than twice its original size. The texts
+have also been nearly doubled by the addition of eighteen poems from
+Walther von der Vogelweide, and selections from Reinmar, Ulrich von
+Lichtenstein, and Wolfram von Eschenbach.</p>
+
+<p>The greater part of Middle High German literature is so excellent and
+interesting that most students, who have mastered the grammatical
+introduction and read the texts in the Primer, will doubtless desire to
+continue the subject. Such students should procure a copy of either the
+<i>Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik</i> by Hermann Paul, eighth edition,
+Halle, 1911, or the <i>Mittelhochdeutsches Elementarbuch</i> by Victor
+Michels, second edition, Heidelberg, 1912, where the
+<span class = "pagenum">vi</span>
+Grammar, especially the phonology and syntax, can be studied in greater
+detail. They should also procure a copy of the <i>Mittelhochdeutsches
+Taschenwörterbuch</i> by Matthias Lexer, tenth edition, Leipzig, 1910,
+and also have access to the two standard Middle High German
+dictionaries&mdash; <i>Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch mit Benutzung des
+Nachlasses von Georg Friedrich Benecke</i>, ausgearbeitet von Wilhelm
+Müller und Friedrich Zarncke, drei Bände, Leipzig, 1854-61, and
+<i>Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch</i>, von Matthias Lexer, zugleich als
+Supplement und alphabetischer Index zum <i>Mittelhochdeutschen
+Wörterbuch</i> von Benecke-Müller-Zarncke, drei Bände, Leipzig, 1872-78.
+An excellent bibliography of the best editions of the Middle High German
+texts&mdash; classified according to the dialects in which they were
+written&mdash; will be found on pp. 20-35 of Michels’
+<i>Elementarbuch</i>.</p>
+
+<p>May the new edition of the Primer continue to further the study of
+the subject in the future to the same extent as it has done in the
+past!</p>
+
+<p class = "right">JOSEPH WRIGHT.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oxford,</span><br>
+<span class = "inset"><i>October, 1916.</i></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr class = "mid">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">vii</span>
+<h3><a name = "contents" id = "contents">CONTENTS</a></h3>
+
+<table class = "toc" summary = "table of contents">
+<tr>
+<td></td><td></td>
+<td class = "right smaller">PAGES</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#intro">INTRODUCTION</a>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2">
+The classification of the MHG. dialects (<a href =
+"#para1">§&nbsp;1</a>).
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "chapnum">
+<a href = "#chapI">CHAPTER I</a>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">The Vowels</td>
+<td class = "number">2-22</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2">
+<p>The MHG. alphabet (<a href = "#para2">§ 2</a>). Pronunciation of the
+MHG. vowels (<a href = "#para3">§&nbsp;3</a>). Phonetic survey of the
+MHG. vowel-system (<a href = "#para4">§&nbsp;4</a>). The OHG.
+equivalents of the MHG. vowels (<a href = "#para5">§&nbsp;5</a>). The
+characteristic differences between OHG. and MHG. (<a href =
+"#para6">§&nbsp;6</a>). The weakening of unaccented vowels (<a href =
+"#para7">§§ 7-8</a>). The loss of unaccented vowels (<a href =
+"#para9">§&nbsp;9</a>). Umlaut (<a href = "#para10">§&nbsp;10</a>). The
+MHG. equivalents of the OHG. vowels (<a href = "#para11">§&nbsp;11</a>).
+Ablaut (<a href = "#para12">§&nbsp;12</a>). Other vowel changes (<a href
+= "#para13">§§ 13-18</a>).</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "chapnum">
+<a href = "#chapII">CHAPTER II</a>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">The Consonants</td>
+<td class = "number">22-35</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2">
+<p>Pronunciation of the consonants (<a href = "#para19">§§ 19-20</a>).
+Phonetic survey of the MHG. consonants (<a href =
+"#para21">§&nbsp;21</a>). Characteristic differences between High German
+and the other West Germanic languages (<a href =
+"#para22">§&nbsp;22</a>). The High German sound-shifting (<a href =
+"#para23">§§ 23-7</a>). The interchange between <b>pf</b>, <b>b</b> and
+<b>f</b>; <b>k</b>, <b>g</b> and <b>h</b>; <b>ȥȥ</b>, <b>ȥ</b> and
+<b>ss</b>, <b>s</b> (<a href = "#para28">§&nbsp;28</a>). The loss of the
+guttural nasal <b>ŋ</b> (<a href = "#para29">§&nbsp;29</a>). Verner’s
+Law (<a href = "#para30">§&nbsp;30</a>). The doubling of consonants (<a
+href = "#para31">§&nbsp;31</a>). The simplification of double consonants
+(<a href = "#para32">§&nbsp;32</a>). The interchange between the lenes
+and the fortes (<a href = "#para33">§&nbsp;33</a>). Interchange between
+medial <b>h</b> and final <b>ch</b> (<a href = "#para34">§&nbsp;34</a>).
+Initial and medial <b>j</b> (<a href = "#para35">§&nbsp;35</a>). Medial
+and final <b>w</b> (<a href = "#para36">§&nbsp;36</a>). The loss of
+intervocalic <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>g</b> (<a href =
+"#para37">§&nbsp;37</a>). The loss of intervocalic <b>h</b> (<a href =
+"#para38">§&nbsp;38</a>). The loss of final <b>r</b> (<a href =
+"#para39">§&nbsp;39</a>). The change of medial <b>t</b> to <b>d</b>
+after nasals and <b>l</b> (<a href = "#para40">§&nbsp;40</a>).</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">viii</span>
+</td>
+<td class = "chapnum">
+<a href = "#chapIII">CHAPTER III</a>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">Declension of Nouns</td>
+<td class = "number">36-46</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2">
+<p>Introductory remarks (<a href = "#para41">§ 41</a>).</p>
+
+<p>A. The vocalic or strong declension:&mdash; Masculine nouns (<a href
+= "#para42">§§ 42-5</a>); Neuter nouns (<a href =
+"#para46">§§&nbsp;46-7</a>); Feminine nouns (<a href =
+"#para48">§§&nbsp;48-9</a>).</p>
+
+<p>B. The weak declension (<a href = "#para50">§§ 50-3</a>).</p>
+
+<p>C. Declension of proper names (<a href = "#para54">§ 54</a>).</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "chapnum">
+<a href = "#chapIV">CHAPTER IV</a>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">Adjectives</td>
+<td class = "number">46-52</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2">
+<p>A. The declension of adjectives (<a href = "#para55">§§
+55-6</a>).</p>
+
+<p>B. The comparison of adjectives (<a href = "#para57">§§
+57-9</a>).</p>
+
+<p>C. The formation of adverbs from adjectives (<a href = "#para60">§§
+60-1</a>).</p>
+
+<p>D. Numerals (<a href = "#para62">§§ 62-4</a>).</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "chapnum">
+<a href = "#chapV">CHAPTER V</a>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">Pronouns</td>
+<td class = "number">53-57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2">
+<p>Personal (<a href = "#para65">§&nbsp;65</a>). Reflexive (<a href =
+"#para66">§ 66</a>). Possessive (<a href = "#para67">§&nbsp;67</a>).
+Demonstrative (<a href = "#para68">§&nbsp;68</a>). Relative (<a href =
+"#para69">§&nbsp;69</a>). Interrogative (<a href =
+"#para70">§&nbsp;70</a>). Indefinite (<a href =
+"#para71">§&nbsp;71</a>).</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "chapnum">
+<a href = "#chapVI">CHAPTER VI</a>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">Verbs</td>
+<td class = "number">57-75</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2">
+<p>Classification of MHG. verbs (<a href = "#para72">§ 72</a>).</p>
+
+<p>A. Strong verbs:&mdash; The conjugation of the model strong verb
+<b>nëmen</b> (<a href = "#para73">§§&nbsp;73-4</a>). Class I (<a href =
+"#para76">§§&nbsp;76-7</a>). Class II (<a href =
+"#para78">§§&nbsp;78-80</a>). Class III (<a href =
+"#para81">§&nbsp;81</a>). Class IV (<a href = "#para82">§&nbsp;82</a>).
+Class V (<a href = "#para83">§§&nbsp;83-4</a>). Class VI (<a href =
+"#para85">§§&nbsp;85-6</a>). Class VII (<a href =
+"#para87">§&nbsp;87</a>).</p>
+
+<p>B. Weak Verbs:&mdash;Classification of MHG. weak verbs (<a href =
+"#para88">§§&nbsp;88-9</a>). Class I (<a href =
+"#para90">§&nbsp;90</a>). Class II (<a href =
+"#para92">§&nbsp;92</a>).</p>
+
+<p>C. Minor groups.&mdash; Preterite-presents (<a href = "#para93">§
+93</a>). Anomalous verbs (<a href = "#para94">§§&nbsp;94-8</a>).
+Contracted verbs (<a href = "#para99">§&nbsp;99</a>).</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">ix</span>
+</td>
+<td class = "chapnum">
+<a href = "#chapVII">CHAPTER VII</a>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">Syntax</td>
+<td class = "number">75-78</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2">
+<p>Cases (<a href = "#para100">§§ 100-2</a>). Adjectives (<a href =
+"#para103">§ 103</a>). Pronouns (<a href = "#para104">§&nbsp;104</a>).
+Verbs (<a href = "#para105">§§ 105-7</a>). Negation (<a href =
+"#para108">§&nbsp;108</a>).</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "padding">
+<td class = "chapname" colspan = "3">
+<a href = "#texts">TEXTS:&mdash;</a></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">I.</td>
+<td><a href = "#textI">
+Berthold von Regensburg</a></td>
+<td class = "number">79-83</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">II.</td>
+<td><a href = "#textII">
+The Swabian Lantrehtbuoch</a></td>
+<td class = "number">83-85</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">III.</td>
+<td><a href = "#textIII">
+Hartman von Ouwe</a></td>
+<td class = "number">86-116</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">IV.</td>
+<td><a href = "#textIV">
+Walther von der Vogelweide</a></td>
+<td class = "number">116-133</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">V.</td>
+<td><a href = "#textV">
+Reinmar</a></td>
+<td class = "number">133-139</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">VI.</td>
+<td><a href = "#textVI">
+Ulrich von Lichtenstein</a></td>
+<td class = "number">140-148</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">VII.</td>
+<td><a href = "#textVII">
+Das Nibelungen-Lied</a></td>
+<td class = "number">149-158</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">VIII.</td>
+<td><a href = "#textVIII">
+Wolfram von Eschenbach</a></td>
+<td class = "number">158-168</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "padding">
+<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#textnotes">NOTES</a></td>
+<td class = "number">169-171</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "padding">
+<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#glossary">GLOSSARY</a></td>
+<td class = "number">172-213</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class = "primer">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">x</span>
+<h4><a name = "abbrev" id = "abbrev">
+ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.</a></h4>
+
+<table class = "abbr" summary = "list of abbreviations">
+<col>
+<col>
+<tr>
+<td>Goth.</td>
+<td>= Gothic</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gr.</td>
+<td>= Greek</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>HG.</td>
+<td>= High German</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lat.</td>
+<td>= Latin</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>= Middle High German</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>NHG.</td>
+<td>= New High German</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>OE.</td>
+<td>= Old English</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+<td>= Old High German</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>OS.</td>
+<td>= Old Saxon</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>P. Germ.</td>
+<td>= Primitive Germanic</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>UF.</td>
+<td>= Upper Franconian</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>UG.</td>
+<td>= Upper German</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The asterisk * prefixed to a word denotes a theoretical form, as MHG.
+<b>wärmen</b> from <b>*warmjan</b>, to warm.</p>
+
+<p>In representing prehistoric forms the following signs are
+used:&mdash;
+<b>þ</b> (=&nbsp;<b>th</b> in Engl. <b>thin</b>), <b>ð</b>
+(=&nbsp;<b>th</b> in Engl. <b>then</b>), <b>ƀ</b> (=&nbsp;a bilabial
+spirant, which may be pronounced like the <b>v</b> in Engl.
+<b>vine</b>), <b>ʒ</b> (=&nbsp;<b>g</b> often heard in German
+<b>sagen</b>), <b>χ</b> (=&nbsp;NHG. <b>ch</b> and the <b>ch</b> in
+Scotch <b>loch</b>), <b>ŋ</b> (=&nbsp;<b>n</b> in Engl.
+<b>sunk</b>).</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">1</span>
+<h3>GRAMMAR</h3>
+
+<h4><a name = "intro" id = "intro">
+INTRODUCTION</a></h4>
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para1" id = "para1"><b>§ 1.</b></a></p>
+
+<h5>MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN</h5>
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">Middle High German</span> (MHG.) embraces
+the High German language from about the year 1100 to 1500. It is divided
+into three great dialect-groups: Upper German, Franconian, and East
+Middle German.</p>
+
+<p>1. Upper German is divided into: (<i>a</i>) Alemanic, embracing High
+Alemanic (Switzerland), and Low Alemanic (South Baden, Swabia, and
+Alsace). (<i>b</i>) Bavarian, extending over Bavaria and those parts of
+Austria where German is spoken.</p>
+
+<p>2. Franconian (West Middle German), which is subdivided into Upper
+Franconian and Middle Franconian. Upper Franconian consists of East
+Franconian (the old duchy of Francia Orientalis) and Rhenish Franconian
+(the old province of Francia Rhinensis), Middle Franconian extending
+over the district along the banks of the Moselle and of the Rhine from
+Coblence to Düsseldorf.</p>
+
+<p>3. East Middle German, extending over: Thuringia, Upper Saxony, and
+Silesia.</p>
+
+<p>Since it is impossible to deal with all these dialects in an
+elementary book like the present, we shall confine ourselves almost
+exclusively to Upper German, and shall only deal with that period of
+Middle High German which extends from about 1200 to 1300.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">2</span>
+<h3>PHONOLOGY</h3>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapI" id = "chapI">CHAPTER I</a></h4>
+
+<h5>THE VOWELS</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para2" id = "para2"><b>§ 2.</b></a>
+MHG. had the following simple vowels and diphthongs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td>Short vowels</td>
+<td><b>a</b>, <b>ä</b>, <b>ë</b>,</td>
+<td><b>e</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>o</b>, <b>u</b>, <b>ö</b>, <b>ü</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Long vowels</td>
+<td><b>ā</b>, <b>æ</b>,</td>
+<td><b>ē</b>, <b>ī</b>, <b>ō</b>, <b>ū</b>, <b>œ</b>, <b>iu</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Diphthongs</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>ei</b>, <b>ie</b>, <b>ou</b>, <b>uo</b>, <b>öu (eu), üe</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para2n" id = "para2n"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>&mdash;
+<b>ë</b> represents primitive Germanic <b>e</b> (=&nbsp;Gr. <span class
+= "greek" title = "(epsilon)">ε</span>, Lat. <b>e</b>, as in Gr. <span
+class = "greek" title = "deka">δέκα</span>, Lat. <b>decem</b>, MHG.
+<b>zëhen</b>, <i>ten</i>) and is generally written <b>ë</b> in Old and
+Middle High German grammars, in order to distinguish it from the OHG.
+umlaut<b>-e</b> (<a href = "#para10">§&nbsp;<b>10</b></a>). The former
+was an open sound like the <b>e</b> in English <b>bed</b>, whereas the
+latter was a close sound like the <b>é</b> in French <b>été</b>.
+<b>ä</b> was a very open sound nearly like the <b>a</b> in English
+<b>hat</b>, and arose in MHG. from the <b>i-</b>umlaut of <b>a</b> (<a
+href = "#para10">§&nbsp;<b>10</b></a>). Good MHG. poets do not rhyme
+Germanic <b>ë</b> with the umlaut<b>-e</b>, and the distinction between
+the two sounds is still preserved in many NHG. dialects. In like manner
+the modern Bavarian and Austrian dialects still distinguish between
+<b>ä</b> and <b>ë</b>. In the MHG. period <b>ä</b>, <b>ë</b>, and
+<b>e</b> were kept apart in Bavarian, but in Alemanic and Middle German
+<b>ä</b> and <b>ë</b> seem to have fallen together in <b>ë</b> or
+possibly <b>ä</b>, as the two sounds frequently rhyme with each other in
+good poets. MHG. texts do not always preserve in writing the distinction
+between the old umlaut-<b>e</b> and the MHG. umlaut<b>-ä</b>, both being
+often written <b>e</b> in the same text.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">3</span>
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Pronunciation of the Vowels.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para3" id = "para3"><b>§ 3.</b></a>
+The approximate pronunciation of the above vowels and diphthongs was as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<col>
+<col>
+<col class = "padding">
+<tr>
+<td><b>a</b> as in&nbsp;</td>
+<td>NHG. m<i>a</i>nn</td>
+<td><b>man</b>, <i>man</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ā</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td>Engl. f<i>a</i>ther</td>
+<td><b>hāt</b>, <i>has</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ä</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>m<i>a</i>n</td>
+<td><b>mähte</b>, <i>powers</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>æ</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„</span><i>ai</i>r</td>
+<td><b>lære</b>, <i>empty</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ë</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>m<i>e</i>n</td>
+<td><b>hëlfen</b>, <i>to help</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>e</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td>Fr. <i>é</i>t<i>é</i></td>
+<td><b>geste</b>, <i>guests</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ē</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td>NHG. r<i>e</i>h</td>
+<td><b>sē</b>, <i>sea</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>i</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td>Engl. b<i>i</i>t</td>
+<td><b>biten</b>, <i>to beg</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ī</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>w<i>ee</i>n</td>
+<td><b>wīn</b>, <i>wine</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>o</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>p<i>o</i>t</td>
+<td><b>golt</b>, <i>gold</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ō</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td>NHG. t<i>o</i>t</td>
+<td><b>tōt</b>, <i>dead</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>u</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td>Engl. p<i>u</i>t</td>
+<td><b>guldīn</b>, <i>golden</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ū</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>f<i>oo</i><ins class = "correction"
+title = "printed italic">l&nbsp;</ins></td>
+<td><b>hūs</b>, <i>house</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ö</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td>NHG. l<i>ö</i>cher</td>
+<td><b>löcher</b>, <i>holes</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>œ</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>sch<i>ö</i>n</td>
+<td><b>schœne</b>, <i>beautiful</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ü</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>f<i>ü</i>llen</td>
+<td><b>vüllen</b>, <i>to fill</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>iu</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>m<i>ü</i>de</td>
+<td><b>hiuser</b>, <i>houses</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ei</b>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>= <b>e</b> + <b>i</b></td>
+<td><b>stein</b>, <i>stone</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ie</b>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>= <b>i</b> + <b>e</b></td>
+<td><b>knie</b>, <i>knee</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ou</b>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>= <b>o</b> + <b>u</b></td>
+<td><b>ouge</b>, <i>eye</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>öu</b> (<b>eu</b>)&nbsp;</td>
+<td>= <b>ö</b> <i>or</i> <b>e</b> + <b>ü</b></td>
+<td><b>dröuwen</b>, <i>to threaten</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>üe</b>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>= <b>ü</b> + <b>e</b></td>
+<td><b>grüeȥen</b>, <i>to greet</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>uo</b>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>= <b>u</b> + <b>o</b></td>
+<td><b>bruoder</b>, <i>brother</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>To the above list should be added the MHG. <b>e</b> in unaccented
+syllables, which mostly arose from the weakening of the OHG. full
+vowels, as OHG. <b>zunga</b>, <i>tongue</i>, <b>hirti</b>,
+<i>shepherd</i>, <b>namo</b>, <i>name</i>, <b>fridu</b>, <i>peace</i> =
+MHG. <b>zunge</b>, <b>hirte</b>, <b>name</b>, <b>fride</b>; OHG.
+<b>habēn</b>, <i>to have</i>, <b>scōnī</b>, <i>beauty</i>,
+<b>salbōn</b>, <i>to anoint</i>, <b>zungūn</b>, <i>tongues</i> = MHG.
+<b>haben</b>, <b>schœne</b>, <b>salben</b>, <b>zungen</b>. The <b>e</b>
+in this position was pronounced like the <b>-e</b> in NHG. <b>zunge</b>,
+<b>name</b>, <b>friede</b>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">4</span>
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Phonetic Survey of the MHG. Vowel-system.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para4" id = "para4"><b>§ 4.</b></a></p>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt">
+Palatal</td>
+<td>
+<p>Short <b>ä</b>, <b>ë</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>i</b>,
+<b>ö</b>,&nbsp;<b>ü</b>.</p>
+<p>Long <b>æ</b>, &nbsp; &nbsp;<b>ē</b>, <b>ī</b>, <b>œ</b>, <b>iu</b>
+(=&nbsp;<b>ü</b>).</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt">
+Guttural</td>
+<td>
+<p>Short <b>a</b>, <b>o</b>,&nbsp;<b>u</b>.</p>
+<p>Long <b>ā</b>, <b>ō</b>,&nbsp;<b>ū</b>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">The OHG. Equivalents of the MHG. Vowels.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para5" id = "para5"><b>§ 5.</b></a>
+The following are the OHG. equivalents of the MHG. short vowels, long
+vowels and diphthongs of accented syllables:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class = "space">
+1. The short vowels <b>a</b>, <b>ë</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>o</b>,
+<b>u</b> = the corresponding OHG. short vowels, as <b>tac</b>,
+<i>day</i>, <b>gast</b>, <i>guest</i>, <b>bant</b>, <i>he bound</i>,
+<b>gap</b>, <i>he gave</i> = OHG. <b>tag</b>, <b>gast</b>,
+<b>bant</b>,&nbsp;<b>gab</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wëc</b>, <i>way</i>, <b>nëmen</b>, <i>to take</i>, <b>zëhen</b>,
+<i>ten</i> = OHG. <b>wëg</b>, <b>nëman</b>, <b>zëhan</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>geste</b>, <i>guests</i>, <b>lember</b>, <i>lambs</i>,
+<b>vert</b>, <i>he goes</i> = OHG. <b>gesti</b>, <b>lembir</b>,
+<b>ferit</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wiȥȥen</b>, <i>to know</i>, <b>hilfe</b>, <i>I help</i>,
+<b>visch</b>, <i>fish</i> = OHG. <b>wiȥȥan</b>, <b>hilfu</b>,
+<b>fisk</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>got</b>, <i>God</i>, <b>wol</b>, <i>well</i>, <b>geholfen</b>,
+<i>helped</i> = OHG. <b>got</b>, <b>wola</b>, <b>giholfan</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sun</b>, <i>son</i>, <b>wurm</b>, <i>worm</i>, <b>gebunden</b>,
+<i>bound</i> = OHG. <b>sunu</b>, <b>wurm</b>, <b>gibuntan</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ä</b> is the umlaut of <b>a</b> before certain consonant
+combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as
+<b>mähte</b>, <i>powers</i>, <b>hältet</b>, <i>he holds</i>,
+<b>wärmen</b>, <i>to warm</i> = OHG. <b>mahti</b>, <b>haltit</b>,
+<b>warmen from *warmjan</b> (<a href = "#para10">§&nbsp;<b>10</b></a>).
+It also occurs in derivatives ending in <b>-līch</b> and <b>-līn</b>, as
+<b>mänlīch</b>, <i>manly</i>, <b>tägelīch</b>, <i>daily</i>,
+<b>väterlīn</b>, dim. of <b>vater</b>, <i>father</i>; and in words which
+originally had an <b>i</b> in the third syllable, the vowel of the
+second syllable having become <b>i</b> by assimilation, as
+<b>mägede</b>, <i>maids</i>, <b>zäher(e)</b>, <i>tears</i> = OHG.
+<b>magadi</b>, <b>zahari</b>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">5</span>
+<p><b>ö</b> is the umlaut of OHG. <b>o</b>, as <b>löcher</b>,
+<i>holes</i>, <b>möhte</b>, <i>I might</i> = OHG. <b>lohhir</b>,
+<b>mohti</b>; <b>götinne</b>, <i>goddess</i>, beside
+<b>got</b>,&nbsp;<i>God</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ü</b> is the umlaut of OHG. <b>u</b>, as <b>dünne</b>,
+<i>thin</i>, <b>süne</b>, <i>sons</i>, <b>züge</b>, <i>I might draw</i>
+= OHG. <b>dunni</b>, <b>suni</b>, <b>zugi</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "space">
+2. The long vowels <b>ā</b>, <b>ē</b>, <b>ī</b>, <b>ō</b>, <b>ū</b> =
+the corresponding OHG. long vowels, as <b>sāt</b>, <i>seed</i>,
+<b>slāfen</b>, <i>to sleep</i>, <b>nāmen</b>, <i>we took</i>,
+<b>dāhte</b>, <i>he thought</i> = OHG. <b>sāt</b>, <b>slāfan</b>,
+<b>nāmum</b>, <b>dāhta</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēle</b>, <i>soul</i>, <b>mēre</b>, <i>more</i>, <b>lēren</b>,
+<i>to teach</i> = OHG. <b>sēla</b>, <b>mēro</b>, <b>lēren</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīp</b>, <i>wife</i>, <b>sīn</b>, <i>his</i>, <b>bīȥen</b>, <i>to
+bite</i> = OHG. <b>wīb</b>, <b>sīn</b>, <b>bīȥan</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōre</b>, <i>ear</i>, <b>tōt</b>, <i>death</i>, <b>kōs</b>, <i>I
+chose</i> = OHG. <b>ōra</b>, <b>tōd</b>,&nbsp;<b>kōs</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hūs</b>, <i>house</i>, <b>tūsent</b>, <i>thousand</i>,
+<b>dūhte</b>, <i>it seemed</i> = OHG. <b>hūs</b>, <b>dūsunt</b>,
+<b>dūhta</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>æ</b> is the umlaut of OHG. <b>ā</b>, as <b>lære</b>,
+<i>empty</i>, <b>næme</b>, <i>thou tookest</i> = OHG. <b>lāri</b>,
+<b>nāmi</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>œ</b> is the umlaut of OHG. <b>ō</b>, as <b>schœne</b>,
+<i>beautiful</i>, <b>hœher</b>, <i>higher</i>, <b>hœren</b>, <i>to
+hear</i> = OHG. <b>scōni</b>, <b>hōhiro</b>, <b>hōren</b> from
+<b>*hōrjan</b> older <b>*hausjan</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>iu</b> = (1) OHG. <b>iu</b> (diphthong), as <b>liute</b>,
+<i>people</i>, <b>kiuset</b>, <i>he chooses</i> = OHG. <b>liuti</b>,
+<b>kiusit</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>iu</b></span>
+= (2) the umlaut of OHG. <b>ū</b>, as <b>hiuser</b>, <i>houses</i>,
+<b>briute</b>, <i>brides</i> = OHG. <b>hūsir</b>, <b>brūti</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "space">
+3. The diphthongs <b>ei</b>, <b>ou</b>, <b>uo</b> = the corresponding
+OHG. diphthongs, as <b>bein</b>, <i>bone</i>, <b>leiten</b>, <i>to
+lead</i>, <b>schreip</b>, <i>I wrote</i> = OHG. <b>bein</b>,
+<b>leiten</b>, <b>screib</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ouge</b>, <i>eye</i>, <b>houbet</b>, <i>head</i>, <b>bouc</b>,
+<i>I bent</i> = OHG. <b>ouga</b>, <b>houbit</b>, <b>boug</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bruoder</b>, <i>brother</i>, <b>stuont</b>, <i>I stood</i>,
+<b>vuor</b>, <i>I went</i> = OHG. <b>bruoder</b>, <b>stuont</b>,
+<b>fuor</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>ie</b> = (1) OHG. <b>ie</b> (diphthong) older <b>ia</b>, <b>ea</b>,
+<b>ē</b> (Germanic <b>ē</b>), as <b>hier</b>, <i>here</i>, <b>miete</b>,
+<i>pay, reward</i>, <b>gienc</b>, <i>I went</i> = OHG. <b>hier</b>,
+<b>mieta</b>, <b>gieng</b>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">6</span>
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>ie</b></span>
+= (2) OHG. <b>io</b> (Germanic <b>eu</b>), as <b>bieten</b>, <i>to
+offer</i>, <b>liep</b>, <i>dear</i> = OHG. <b>biotan</b>,
+<b>liob</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>ie</b></span>
+= (3) the OHG. <b>io</b> which occurs in the preterite of the old
+reduplicated verbs whose presents have <b>ou</b>, <b>ō</b>, <b>uo</b>
+(<a href = "#para87">§&nbsp;<b>87</b></a>), as inf. <b>loufen</b>, <i>to
+run</i>, <b>stōȥen</b>, <i>to push</i>, <b>ruofen</b>, <i>to call</i>,
+preterite <b>lief</b>, <b>stieȥ</b>, <b>rief</b> = OHG. <b>liof</b>,
+<b>stioȥ</b>, <b>riof</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>ie</b></span>
+= (4) Upper German <b>iu</b> (OHG. <b>io</b>) before labials and
+gutturals, as <b>liup</b>, <i>dear</i>, <b>tiuf</b>, <i>deep</i>,
+<b>siuch</b>, <i>sick</i>, <b>liugen</b>, <i>to tell a lie</i> =
+<b>liep</b>, <b>tief</b>, <b>siech</b>, <b>liegen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>öu</b> (<b>eu</b>) is the umlaut of OHG. <b>ou</b>, as
+<b>löuber</b>, <i>leaves</i>, <b>löufel</b>, <i>runner</i> = OHG.
+<b>loubir</b>, <b>loufil</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>üe</b> is the umlaut of OHG. <b>uo</b>, as <b>grüene</b>,
+<i>green</i>, <b>güete</b>, <i>goodness</i>, <b>vüere</b>, <i>thou didst
+go</i> = OHG. <b>gruoni</b>, <b>guotī</b>, <b>fuori</b>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Unaccented Vowels and Umlaut.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para6" id = "para6"><b>§ 6.</b></a>
+The two most characteristic differences between OHG. and MHG. are: (1)
+the spread of umlaut (<a href = "#para10">§&nbsp;<b>10</b></a>); (2) the
+weakening and partial loss of vowels in unaccented syllables.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">1. The Weakening of Unaccented Vowels.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para7" id = "para7"><b>§ 7.</b></a>
+The short vowels <b>a</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>o</b>, <b>u</b>, and the long
+vowels <b>ē</b>, <b>ī</b>, <b>ō</b>, <b>ū</b> were weakened to <b>e</b>.
+This <b>e</b> was pronounced like the final <b>-e</b> in NHG.
+<b>leute</b>, see <a href = "#para3">§&nbsp;<b>3</b></a>. Examples
+are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><b>gëba</b>, <i>gift</i>, <b>hërza</b>, <i>heart</i>, <b>zunga</b>,
+<i>tongue</i>, <b>taga</b>, <i>days</i> = MHG. <b>gëbe</b>,
+<b>hërze</b>, <b>zunge</b>, <b>tage</b>; <b>heilag</b>, <i>holy</i>,
+neut. <b>blindaȥ</b>, <i>blind</i>, <b>nëman</b>, <i>to take</i> = MHG.
+<b>heilec</b>, <b>blindeȥ</b>, <b>nëmen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kunni</b>, <i>race, generation</i>, <b>gesti</b>, <i>guests</i> =
+MHG. <b>künne</b>, <b>geste</b>; <b>kuning</b>, <i>king</i>,
+<b>beȥȥisto</b>, <i>best</i>, dat. pl. <b>gestim</b>, <i>to</i>
+<span class = "pagenum">7</span>
+<i>guests</i>, gen. pl. <b>lembiro</b>, <i>of lambs</i>, <b>nimit</b>,
+<i>he takes</i> = MHG. <b>künec</b>, <b>beȥȥest</b> (<b>beste</b>),
+<b>gesten</b>, <b>lember(e)</b>, <b>nimet</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>haso</b>, <i>hare</i>, nom. acc. pl. fem. <b>blinto</b>,
+<i>blind</i>, gen. pl. <b>tago</b>, <i>of days</i> = MHG. <b>hase</b>,
+<b>blinde</b>, <b>tage</b>; acc. sing. <b>hason</b>, <i>hare</i> = MHG.
+<b>hasen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fridu</b>, <i>peace</i>, dat. sing. <b>gëbu</b>, <i>to a gift</i>,
+<b>nimu</b>, <i>I take</i> = MHG. <b>fride</b>, <b>gëbe</b>,
+<b>nime</b>; dat. pl. <b>tagum</b>, <i>to days</i>, <b>nāmum</b>, <i>we
+took</i> = MHG. <b>tagen</b>, <b>nāmen</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Nom. sing. masc. <b>blintēr</b>, <i>blind</i>, <b>unsēr</b>,
+<i>our</i>, <b>habēn</b>, <i>to have</i>, <b>nëmēm</b>, <i>we may
+take</i> = MHG. <b>blinder</b>, <b>unser</b>, <b>haben</b>,
+<b>nëmen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>scōnī</b>, <i>beauty</i> = MHG. <b>schœne</b>; <b>sālīg</b>,
+<i>blessed</i>, <b>nāmīm</b>, <i>we might take</i> = MHG. <b>sælec</b>,
+<b>næmen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>salbōn</b>, <i>to anoint</i>, <b>suohtōs(t)</b>, <i>thou
+soughtest</i>, dat. pl. <b>gëbōm</b>, <b>hërzōm</b> = MHG.
+<b>salben</b>, <b>suohtes(t)</b>, <b>gëben</b>, <b>hërzen</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. dat. acc. sing., nom. acc. pl. <b>zungūn</b> = MHG.
+<b>zungen</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para8" id = "para8"><b>§ 8.</b></a>
+The vowel in suffixal and derivative syllables was generally weakened to
+<b>e</b> just as in the inflexional syllables, but in some suffixal and
+derivative syllables which had a secondary accent the vowel was not
+weakened to <b>e</b>. This was especially the case with derivatives in
+<b>-ære</b> (denoting nomina agentis), <b>-inne</b>, <b>-inc</b>
+(<b>-ing</b>), <b>linc</b> (<b>-ling</b>), diminutives in <b>-īn</b> and
+<b>-līn</b>, abstract nouns in <b>-nisse</b> (<b>-nusse</b>,
+<b>-nüsse</b>), <b>-unge</b>. In others the vowel fluctuated between the
+full vowel and <b>e</b>, as in <b>-isch</b> beside <b>-esch</b>;
+<b>-ic</b> (=&nbsp;OHG. <b>-ag</b>, and <b>-ī̆g</b>) beside <b>-ec</b>;
+superlative of adjectives <b>-ist</b> (=&nbsp;OHG. <b>-ist</b>) beside
+<b>-est</b> (=&nbsp;OHG. <b>-ōst</b>); <b>-sal</b> beside <b>-sel</b>.
+Beside the full forms <b>-līch</b>, <b>-rīch</b> occurred the shortened
+forms <b>-lich</b>, <b>-rich</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The OHG. endings of the present participle <b>-anti</b>,
+<b>-enti</b>, <b>-ōnti</b>, <b>ēnti</b> regularly became <b>-ende</b>,
+but <b>-ant</b> occurs in a few old participles which had become nouns,
+as <b>heilant</b>, <i>Saviour</i>, <b>wīgant</b>, <i>warrior</i>,
+<b>vīant</b> beside <b>vīent</b> (<b>vīnt</b>), <i>fiend</i>,
+<span class = "pagenum">8</span>
+<i>enemy</i>. Examples are: <b>gartenære</b>, <i>gardener</i>,
+<b>schepfære</b>, <i>creator</i>, <b>schrībære</b>, <i>scribe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>küneginne</b>, <i>queen</i>, <b>vriundinne</b>, <i>female
+friend</i>, <b>wirtinne</b>, <i>mistress</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>edelinc</b>, <i>son of a nobleman</i>, <b>hendelinc</b>,
+<i>glove</i>, <b>vingerlinc</b>, <i>ring</i>; <b>müedinc</b>, <i>unhappy
+man</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>magedīn</b>, <i>little girl</i>, <b>vingerīn</b>, <i>ring</i>;
+<b>kindelīn</b>, <i>little child</i>, <b>vogelīn</b>, <i>little
+bird</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hindernisse</b>, <i>hindrance</i>, <b>verdërbnisse</b>,
+<i>destruction</i>, <b>vinsternisse</b>, <i>darkness</i>,
+<b>vancnüsse</b>, <i>captivity</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>beȥȥerunge</b>, <i>improvement</i>, <b>handelunge</b>,
+<i>action</i>, <b>mëldunge</b>, <i>announcement</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>himelisch</b>, <i>heavenly</i>, <b>irdisch</b>, <i>earthly</i>,
+<b>kindisch</b>, <i>childish</i>, beside <b>-esch</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>heilic</b> (OHG. <b>heilag</b>), <i>holy</i>, <b>honic</b> (OHG.
+<b>honag</b>, <b>honig</b>), <i>honey</i>, <b>künic</b> (OHG.
+<b>cuning</b>, <b>cunig</b>), <i>king</i>, <b>manic</b> (OHG.
+<b>manag</b>), <i>many a</i>, <b>sælic</b> (OHG. <b>sālīg</b>),
+<i>blessed</i>, beside <b>-ec</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oberist</b> beside <b>oberest</b>, <i>highest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kumbersal</b>, <i>distress</i>, <b>trüebsal</b>, <i>gloom</i>,
+<b>wëhsal</b> beside <b>wëhsel</b>, <i>change</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bitterlīch</b>, <i>bitterly</i>, <b>sicherlīch</b>, <i>surely</i>,
+<b>wīslīch</b>, <i>wisely</i>, beside <b>-lich</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dietrīch</b>, <b>Heinrīch</b>, beside <b>-rich</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The OHG. pronominal ending of the nom. sing. fem. and the nom. acc.
+pl. neuter remained unweakened, as OHG. <b>blintiu</b> = MHG.
+<b>blindiu</b> (<a href = "#para55">§&nbsp;<b>55</b></a>).</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">2. The Loss of Unaccented Vowels.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para9" id = "para9"><b>§ 9.</b></a>
+The weakened <b>e</b> regularly disappeared:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para9_1" id = "para9_1">1.</a>
+After <b>l</b> and <b>r</b> in dissyllables with short stems, as
+<b>ar</b>, older <b>are</b> (OHG. <b>aro</b>), <i>eagle</i>, acc. gen.
+dat. <b>arn</b>, beside <b>name</b>, <i>name</i>, <b>namen</b>;
+<b>wol</b>, older <b>wole</b> (OHG. <b>wola</b>), <i>well</i>;
+<b>gar</b> (OHG. <b>garo</b>), <i>ready</i>, <b>milch</b> (OHG.
+<b>milih</b>), <i>milk</i>, <b>zal</b> (OHG. <b>zala</b>),
+<i>number</i>; <b>kil</b>, <i>quill</i>, gen. <b>kil(e)s</b>, dat.
+<b>kil</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">9</span>
+pl. nom. acc. <b>kil</b>, dat. <b>kil(e)n</b>, beside <b>tac</b>,
+<i>day</i>, gen. <b>tages</b>, dat. <b>tage</b>, pl. nom. acc.
+<b>tage</b>, dat. <b>tagen</b>; <b>bërn</b>, <i>to bear</i>,
+<b>stëln</b>, <i>to steal</i>, <b>nern</b>, <i>to rescue</i>, pres.
+sing. <b>stil</b>, <b>stils(t)</b>, <b>stilt; ner, ners(t), nert</b>,
+beside <b>hœren</b>, <i>to hear</i>, pres. sing. <b>hœre</b>,
+<b>hœres(t)</b>, <b>hœret</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para9_2" id = "para9_2">2.</a>
+After liquids and nasals in trisyllabic and polysyllabic forms with long
+stems, as <b>sælde</b> (OHG. <b>sālida</b>), <i>blessedness</i>,
+<b>hērsen</b>, <b>hërsen</b> (OHG. <b>hērisōn</b>), <i>to rule</i>,
+<b>zierde</b> (OHG. <b>ziarida</b>), <i>adornment</i>, <b>wandelte</b>
+(OHG. <b>wantalōta</b>), <i>I wandered</i>, <b>zwīfeln</b> (OHG.
+<b>zwīfalōn</b>), <i>to doubt</i>, <b>wundern</b> (OHG.
+<b>wuntarōn</b>), <i>to wonder</i>, <b>schœnste</b> (OHG.
+<b>scōnisto</b>), <i>most beautiful</i>, <b>diente</b>, <b>diende</b>
+(OHG. <b>dionōta</b>), <i>I served</i>; <b>dienest</b>, <i>service</i>,
+gen. <b>dienstes</b>; <b>engel</b>, <i>angel</i>, gen. <b>engel(e)s</b>,
+dat. <b>engel(e)</b>, pl. nom. acc. gen. <b>engel(e)</b>, dat.
+<b>engel(e)n</b>, and similarly with words like <b>acker</b>,
+<i>acre</i>, <b>lūter</b>, <i>clear</i>, <b>buosem</b>, <i>bosom</i>,
+<b>heiden</b>, <i>heathen</i>; <b>grœȥer</b> (OHG. <b>grōȥiro</b>),
+<i>greater</i>, fem. dat. sing. <b>grœȥer</b> (OHG. <b>grōȥiru</b>);
+dat. sing. <b>blindem(e)</b>, <i>blind</i>, <b>guotem(e)</b>,
+<i>good</i> = OHG. <b>blintemu</b>, <b>guotemu</b>; gen. pl.
+<b>blinder(e)</b> = OHG. <b>blintero</b>. After the analogy of forms
+with long stems it was also dropped in forms with short stems, as pl.
+<b>nagel</b>, <i>nails</i>, <b>vogel</b>, <i>birds</i>, beside
+<b>nagele</b>, <b>vogele</b>; <b>wider</b> beside <b>widere</b> (OHG.
+<b>widaro</b>), <i>wether</i>, dat. sing. <b>disem(e)</b>, <i>this</i>,
+<b>vadem(e)</b>, <i>thread</i>, gen. <b>vadem(e)s</b>.</p>
+
+<p>There was however a strong tendency in MHG. for the medial vowel to
+disappear in trisyllabic forms with long stems irrespectively as to
+whether they contained a liquid or a nasal, as <b>market</b>,
+<i>market</i>, gen. <b>marktes</b>; <b>rīchsen</b> (OHG.
+<b>rīchisōn</b>), <i>to rule</i>, <b>ahte</b> (OHG. <b>ahtōta)</b>,
+<i>he observed</i>, <b>wartte</b>, <b>warte</b> (OHG. <b>wartēta</b>),
+<i>he waited</i>, <b>vrāgte</b> beside <b>vrāgete</b> (OHG.
+<b>frāgēta</b>), <i>he asked</i>, <b>dancte</b> beside <b>dankete</b>
+(OHG. <b>dankōta</b>), <i>he thanked</i>. See <a href =
+"#para92">§&nbsp;<b>92</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para9_3" id = "para9_3">3.</a>
+In the medial syllable of trisyllabic forms with long stems having
+liquids or nasals in successive syllables, as <b>dīme</b> beside
+<b>dīneme</b> (OHG. <b>dīnemu</b>), dat. of <b>dīn</b>, <i>thy</i>;
+<span class = "pagenum">10</span>
+<b>eime</b> beside <b>ein(e)me</b> (OHG. <b>einemu</b>), dat. of
+<b>ein</b>, <i>one</i>; <b>hērre</b>, <b>hërre</b> (OHG. <b>hēriro</b>),
+<i>master</i>; <b>minre</b> beside <b>minner(e)</b> (OHG.
+<b>minniro</b>), <i>less</i>; <b>tiurre</b> (OHG. <b>tiuriro</b>),
+<i>dearer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para9_4" id = "para9_4">4.</a>
+Finally after a nasal, and medially after a nasal before a following
+<b>t</b>, in forms with short stems, as <b>han(e)</b>, <i>cock</i>,
+<b>nam(e)</b>, <i>name</i>, <b>sun</b> (OHG. <b>sun</b>, <b>sunu</b>),
+<i>son</i>, <b>won(e)</b>, <i>I dwell</i>; <b>man(e)t</b>, <i>he
+admonishes</i>, <b>won(e)t</b>, <i>he dwells</i>, <b>scham(e)t</b>,
+<i>he shames</i>, <b>nim(e)t</b>, <i>he takes</i>, <b>nëm(e)t</b>, <i>ye
+take</i>; pret. <b>won(e)te</b>, <b>scham(e)te</b>. In these and similar
+forms the <b>e</b> was often restored through the influence of forms
+which regularly preserved the&nbsp;<b>e</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para9_4n" id = "para9_4n"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>&mdash;
+The <b>e</b>, when not preceded by a nasal, was sometimes dropped in
+verbal forms ending in <b>t</b>. This was especially the case in
+<b>wirst</b>, <b>wirt</b> older <b>wirdes(t)</b>, <b>wirdet</b>;
+<b>siht</b>, <i>he sees</i>, <b>sëht</b>, <i>ye see</i>, older
+<b>sihet</b>, <b>sëhet</b>; and often in forms like <b>gilt</b>,
+<b>vint</b>, <b>spricht</b>, <b>sticht</b> beside <b>giltet</b>,
+<b>vindet</b>, <b>sprichet</b>, <b>stichet</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para9_5" id = "para9_5">5.</a>
+The superlative of adjectives often has double forms, the one with the
+loss of the medial <b>e</b>, and the other with the loss of the final
+<b>e</b>, as <b>beste</b>, <i>best</i>, <b>ērste</b>, <i>first</i>,
+<b>grœste</b>, <i>greatest</i>, <b>leste</b>, <i>last</i>,
+<b>min(ne)ste</b>, <i>least</i>, <b>wir(se)ste</b>, <i>worst</i>, beside
+<b>beȥȥest(e)</b>, <b>ērest(e)</b>, <b>grœȥest(e)</b>,
+<b>leȥȥest(e)</b>, <b>minnest(e)</b>, <b>wirsest(e)</b>, OHG.
+<b>beȥȥisto</b>, <b>ēristo</b>, <b>grōȥisto</b>, <b>leȥȥisto</b>,
+<b>minnisto</b>, <b>wirsisto</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para9_6" id = "para9_6">6.</a>
+In the unstressed forms of dissyllables, as adv. <b>ane</b>, <b>abe</b>,
+<b>mite</b>, <b>obe</b> beside the prepositions <b>an</b>, <i>on</i>,
+<b>ab</b>, <i>of</i>, <b>mit</b>, <i>with</i>, <b>ob</b>, <i>over</i>;
+dat. sing. <b>dëme</b>, <b>wëme</b>, <b>ime</b>, beside <b>dëm</b>,
+<b>wëm</b>, <b>im</b>; <b>unde</b>, <i>and</i>, <b>wande</b>,
+<i>for</i>, <i>because</i>, beside <b>und</b> (<b>unt</b>),
+<b>wan(d)</b>; <b>hërre</b>, <b>vrouwe</b>, beside <b>hër</b>,
+<b>vrou</b> before proper names and titles.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para9_7" id = "para9_7">7.</a>
+The <b>e</b> in the unaccented verbal prefixes <b>be-</b>, <b>ge-</b>
+often disappeared before <b>l</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>r</b>, as <b>blīben</b>,
+<i>to remain</i>, <b>glīch</b>, <i>like</i>, <b>glit</b>, <i>member</i>,
+<b>glouben</b>, <i>to believe</i>, <b>gnāde</b>, <i>favour</i>,
+<b>gnanne</b>, <i>namesake</i>, <b>gnuoge</b>, <i>many</i>,
+<b>grade</b>, <i>quick</i>, <b>grëch</b>, <i>straight</i>,
+<span class = "pagenum">11</span>
+beside <b>belīben</b>, <b>gelīch</b>, <b>gelit</b>, <b>gelouben</b>,
+<b>genāde</b>, <b>genanne</b>, <b>genuoge</b>, <b>gerade</b>,
+<b>gerëch</b>; it disappeared before vowels during the OHG. period, as
+<b>bange</b>, <i>anxious</i>: <b>ange</b>, <i>anxiously</i>,
+<b>gëȥȥan</b> p.p. of <b>ëȥȥan</b>, <i>to eat</i>, <b>gunnan</b>, MHG.
+<b>gunnen</b>, <b>günnen</b>, <i>to grant</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">3. Umlaut.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para10" id = "para10"><b>§ 10.</b></a>
+By umlaut is meant the modification (palatalization) of an accented
+vowel through the influence of an <b>ī̆</b> or <b>j</b> which originally
+stood in the following syllable. The only vowel which underwent this
+change in OHG. was <b>a</b>, which became close <b>e</b> (<a href =
+"#para2n">§&nbsp;<b>2</b>, note</a>).</p>
+
+<p>The change is first met with in OHG. monuments about the middle of
+the eighth century. In the ninth century the process was practically
+complete except when the <b>a</b> was followed by certain consonant
+combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place. These consonant
+combinations were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para10_1" id = "para10_1">1.</a>
+<b>ht</b>, <b>hs</b>, or consonant + <b>w</b>, as <b>maht</b>,
+<i>power</i>, pl. <b>mahti; wahsit</b>, <i>he grows</i>, inf.
+<b>wahsan</b>; <b>bi-scatwen</b> from <b>*-scatwjan</b>, <i>to
+shade</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para10_2" id = "para10_2">2.</a>
+In Upper German before <b>l</b> + consonant, before <b>hh</b>, <b>ch</b>
+(=&nbsp;Germanic <b>k</b>), and often before <b>r</b> + consonant, and
+before <b>h</b> (=&nbsp;Germanic <b>h</b>), as Upper German
+<b>haltit</b> beside Upper Franconian <b>heltit</b>, <i>he holds</i>,
+inf. <b>haltan</b>; UG. <b>altiro</b> beside UF. <b>eltiro</b>,
+<i>older</i>; UG. <b>sachit</b> beside UF. <b>sehhit</b>, <i>he
+quarrels</i>, inf. <b>sachan</b>, Goth. <b>sakan</b>; UG. <b>warmen</b>
+beside <b>wermen</b>, Goth. <b>warmjan</b>, <i>to warm</i>; UG.
+<b>slahit</b> beside <b>slehit</b>, <i>he strikes</i>, inf. OHG.
+<b>slahan</b>, Goth. <b>slahan</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para10_3" id = "para10_3">3.</a>
+In words ending in <b>-nissi, -nissa</b>, or <b>-līh</b>, as
+<b>firstantnissi</b>, <i>understanding</i>; <b>infancnissa</b>,
+<i>assumption</i>; <b>kraftlīh</b>, <i>strong</i>; <b>tagalīh</b>,
+<i>daily</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Umlaut must have taken place earlier in the spoken language than it
+is expressed in late OHG. and early
+<span class = "pagenum">12</span>
+MHG. manuscripts, because the <b>ī̆</b> which caused the umlaut was
+weakened to <b>e</b> in MHG. (<a href = "#para7">§&nbsp;<b>7</b></a>)
+and <b>j</b> had disappeared except between vowels. The vowels and
+diphthongs which underwent umlaut in MHG. are <b>a</b>, <b>o</b>,
+<b>u</b>, <b>ā</b>, <b>ō</b>, <b>ū</b>, <b>ou</b>, <b>uo</b>. The umlaut
+of all these sounds was completed by about the year 1200.</p>
+
+<p><b>a</b> &gt; <b>e</b>: <b>gast</b>, <i>guest</i>, pl. <b>geste</b>
+(OHG. <b>gesti</b>); <b>lamp</b>, <i>lamb</i>, pl. <b>lember</b> (OHG.
+<b>lembir</b>); inf. <b>graben</b>, <i>to dig</i>, pres. second and
+third pers. sing. <b>grebes(t)</b>, <b>grebet</b> (OHG. <b>grebis</b>,
+<b>grebit</b>); <b>lanc</b>, <i>long</i>, beside <b>lenge</b> (OHG.
+<b>lengī</b>), <i>length</i>; <b>brennen</b>, Goth. <b>brannjan</b>,
+<i>to burn</i>; <b>bette</b> (OHG. <b>betti</b>),&nbsp;<i>bed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>a</b> &gt; <b>ä</b>: From the twelfth century onwards the umlaut
+of <b>a</b> also occurs&mdash;often beside forms without umlaut&mdash;in
+words containing the consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from
+taking place in OHG., as pl. <b>mähte</b> (OHG. <b>mahti</b>),
+<i>powers</i>; <b>geslähte</b> (OHG. <b>gislahti</b>), <i>race</i>,
+<i>generation</i>; <b>wähset</b> (OHG. <b>wahsit</b>), <i>he grows</i>;
+<b>wärmen</b> (OHG. <b>warmen</b>, older <b>*warmjan</b>), <i>to
+warm</i>; Upper German <b>älter</b> (OHG. <b>altiro</b>), <i>older</i>;
+<b>kälte</b> (OHG. <b>kaltī</b>), <i>coldness</i>; <b>hältet</b> (OHG.
+<b>haltit</b>), <i>he holds</i>; <b>äher</b> (OHG. <b>ahir</b>), <i>ear
+of corn</i>; <b>slähet</b> (OHG. <b>slahit</b>), <i>he strikes</i>. It
+also occurs in derivatives ending in <b>-līch</b>, <b>-līn</b>, as
+<b>mänlīch</b>, <i>manly</i>, <b>schämelīch</b>, <i>shameful</i>,
+<b>tägelīch</b>, <i>daily</i>, <b>väterlīch</b>, <i>fatherly</i>,
+<b>väterlīn</b>, dim. of <b>vater</b>, <i>father</i>. It is likewise met
+with in MHG. words which originally had an <b>i</b> in the third
+syllable, the vowel of the second syllable having become <b>i</b> by
+assimilation, as <b>frävele</b> (OHG. <b>frafali</b>), <i>bold</i>, pl.
+<b>mägede</b> (OHG. <b>magadi</b>), <i>maids</i>, pl. <b>zäher(e)</b>
+(OHG. <b>zahari</b>), <i>tears</i>. See <a href =
+"#para2">§&nbsp;<b>2</b></a>, Note.</p>
+
+<p><b>o</b> &gt; <b>ö</b>: Although <b>ö</b>, the umlaut of <b>o</b>, is
+common in MHG. and still commoner in NHG., yet all words containing this
+umlaut are really new formations due to levelling or analogy, because
+primitive Germanic <b>u</b> (<a href = "#para15">§&nbsp;<b>15</b></a>)
+did not become <b>o</b> in OHG. when followed by an <b>ī̆</b> or
+<b>j</b> in
+<span class = "pagenum">13</span>
+the next syllable. Examples are: <b>boc</b>, <i>he-goat</i>, beside dim.
+<b>böcklīn</b> (OHG. <b>pochilī</b>); <b>dorf</b>, <i>village</i>,
+beside pl. <b>dörfer</b>; <b>got</b>, <i>God</i>, beside <b>götinne</b>,
+<i>goddess</i>; <b>hof</b>, <i>court</i>, beside <b>hövesch</b>,
+<i>courtly</i>; <b>loch</b> (OHG. <b>loh</b>), <i>hole</i>, beside pl.
+<b>löcher</b> (OHG. <b>lohhir</b>); <b>tohter</b>, <i>daughter</i>,
+beside dim. <b>töhterlīn</b>; pret. subj. <b>möhte</b> (OHG.
+<b>mohti</b>), <i>I might</i>; <b>törste</b> (OHG. <b>torsti</b>), <i>I
+might dare</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>u</b> &gt; <b>ü</b>: <b>dünne</b> (OHG. <b>dunni</b>),
+<i>thin</i>; <b>künne</b> (OHG. <b>kunni</b>), <i>race</i>,
+<i>generation</i>; pl. <b>süne</b> (OHG. <b>suni</b>), <i>sons</i>;
+<b>tür</b> (OHG. <b>turi</b>), <i>door</i>; pret. subj. <b>züge</b>
+(OHG. <b>zugi</b>), inf. <b>ziehen</b>, <i>to draw</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para10n" id = "para10n"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>&mdash;
+In Upper German certain consonant combinations often prevented umlaut
+from taking place where it might be expected. Of these the principal
+are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para10n1" id = "para10n1">1.</a> Before a liquid + consonant,
+as <b>hulde</b> (OHG. <b>huldī</b>), <i>favour</i>; <b>schuldec</b>
+(OHG. <b>sculdīg</b>), <i>guilty</i>; <b>gedultec</b> (OHG.
+<b>gidultīg</b>), <i>indulgent</i>; <b>burge</b> (OHG. <b>burgi</b>),
+dat. of <b>burc</b>, <i>city</i>; <b>sturbe</b> (OHG. <b>sturbi</b>),
+pret. subj. of <b>stërben</b>, <i>to die</i>; <b>wurfe</b> (OHG.
+<b>wurfi</b>), pret. subj. of <b>wërfen</b>, <i>to throw</i>, cp.
+<a href = "#para10_2">2 above</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para10n2" id = "para10n2">2.</a> <b>u</b> fluctuates with
+<b>ü</b> when followed by a nasal + consonant, as <b>dunken</b>, <i>to
+seem</i>, <b>umbe</b>, <i>about</i>, <b>wunne</b>, <i>joy</i>, beside
+<b>dünken</b>, <b>ümbe</b> (OHG. <b>umbi</b>), <b>wünne</b>. This
+fluctuation is especially common in the pret. subjunctive, as
+<b>bunde</b>, <b>sunge</b>, beside <b>bünde</b>, <b>sünge</b>, inf.
+<b>binden</b>, <i>to bind</i>, <b>singen</b>, <i>to sing</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para10n3" id = "para10n3">3.</a> <b>u</b> fluctuates with
+<b>ü</b> when followed by <b>gg</b>, <b>ck</b>, <b>pf</b>, <b>tz</b>,
+<b>ȥȥ</b>, <b>st</b>, <b>ch</b>, and <b>g</b>, as <b>brugge</b>,
+<b>brügge</b>, <b>brucke</b>, <b>brücke</b>, <i>bridge</i>;
+<b>mugge</b>, <b>mügge</b>, <b>mucke</b>, <b>mücke</b>, <i>midge</i>;
+<b>drucken</b>, <b>drücken</b>, <i>to press</i>; <b>hupfen</b>,
+<b>hüpfen</b>, <i>to hop</i>; <b>schupfen</b>, <b>schüpfen</b>, <i>to
+push</i>; <b>nutzen</b>, <b>nützen</b>, <i>to use</i>; pret. subj.
+<b>fluȥȥe</b>, <b>flüȥȥe</b>; <b>schuȥȥe</b>, <b>schüȥȥe</b>, inf.
+<b>flieȥen</b>, <i>to flow</i>, <b>schieȥen</b>, <i>to shoot</i>; pl.
+<b>bruste</b>, <b>brüste</b>, <i>breasts</i>; <b>kuchen</b>,
+<b>küchen</b>, <i>kitchen</i>; pret. subj. <b>fluge</b>, <b>flüge</b>,
+inf. <b>fliegen</b>, <i>to fly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ā</b> &gt; <b>æ</b>: <b>lære</b> (OHG. <b>lāri</b>), <i>empty</i>;
+<b>mære</b> (OHG. <b>māri</b>), <i>renowned</i>; <b>sæjen</b> (OHG.
+<b>sājan</b>), <i>to sow</i>; pret. subj. <b>næme</b> (OHG.
+<b>nāmi</b>), pl. <b>næmen</b> (OHG. <b>nāmīm</b>), inf. <b>nëmen</b>,
+<i>to take</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">14</span>
+<p><b>ō</b> &gt; <b>œ</b>: <b>hœher</b> (OHG. <b>hōhiro</b>),
+<i>higher</i>; <b>hœhest</b> (OHG. <b>hōhisto</b>), <i>highest</i>;
+<b>hœren</b> (OHG. <b>hōren</b>, from older <b>*hōrjan</b>), <i>to
+hear</i>; <b>schœne</b> (OHG. <b>scōni</b>), <i>beautiful</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ū</b> &gt; <b>iu</b>: pl. <b>briute</b> (OHG. <b>brūti</b>),
+<i>brides</i>; <b>hiuser</b> (OHG. <b>hūsir</b>), <i>houses</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Traces of the umlaut of <b>ū</b>, written <b>iu</b>
+(=&nbsp;<b>ǖ</b>), occur in late OHG. monuments of the tenth century.
+It is common in the writings of Notker (†&nbsp;1022), as <b>hiute</b>
+older <b>hūti</b>, <i>skins</i>; <b>chriuter</b> older <b>chrūtir</b>,
+<i>herbs</i>. In other writings of the tenth to the twelfth century the
+umlaut of <b>ū</b> is seldom found. Umlaut did not take place in Upper
+German before a following <b>m</b>, as <b>rūmen</b> from <b>*rūmjan</b>,
+<i>to make room</i>; <b>sūmen</b> from <b>*sūmjan</b>, <i>to
+tarry</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ou</b> &gt; <b>öu</b>, often written <b>eu</b>, rarely <b>oi</b>,
+<b>öi</b>: <b>löufel</b> (OHG. <b>loufil</b>), <i>runner</i>;
+<b>löuber</b> (OHG. <b>loubir</b>), <i>leaves</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Umlaut of <b>ou</b> did not take place in the combination <b>ouw</b>
+= OHG. <b>ouw</b>, <b>auw</b>, West Germanic <b>aww</b>, primitive
+Germanic <b>awj</b>, as <b>frouwe</b> (OHG. <b>frouwa</b>, prim.
+Germanic <b>*frawjō-</b>), <i>woman</i>; <b>ouwe</b> (OHG. <b>ouwa</b>,
+<b>auwia</b>, prim. Germanic <b>*a(ʒ)wjō-</b>), <i>meadow</i>;
+<b>frouwen</b> (OHG. <b>frouwen</b>, prim. Germanic <b>*frawjan</b>),
+<i>to rejoice</i>, and similarly <b>douwen</b>, <i>to digest</i>,
+<b>drouwen</b>, <i>to threaten</i>, <b>strouwen</b>, <i>to strew</i>.
+Forms like <b>fröuwen</b>, <b>döuwen</b>, <b>dröuwen</b>,
+<b>ströuwen</b> were analogical formations due to the influence of the
+pres. second and third pers. singular and the preterite which regularly
+had umlaut; see the Author’s Historical German Grammar,
+§&nbsp;<b>232</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Umlaut of <b>ou</b> did not take place in Upper German before labials
+and <b>g</b>, as <b>erlouben</b>, <i>to allow</i>, <b>gelouben</b>,
+<i>to believe</i>, <b>houbet</b>, <i>head</i>, <b>koufen</b>, <i>to
+buy</i>, <b>troumen</b>, <i>to dream</i>, <b>toufen</b>, <i>to
+baptize</i>, <b>bougen</b>, <i>to bend</i>, <b>ougen</b>, <i>to
+show</i>, beside Middle German <b>erlöuben</b>, <b>gelöuben</b>,
+<b>höubet</b>, <b>köufen</b>, <b>tröumen</b>, <b>töufen</b>,
+<b>böugen</b>, <b>öugen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>uo</b> &gt; <b>üe</b>: <b>grüene</b> (OHG. <b>gruoni</b>),
+<i>green</i>; <b>güete</b> (OHG. <b>guotī</b>), <i>goodness</i>;
+<b>vüeȥe</b> (OHG. <b>fuoȥi</b>), <i>feet</i>; pret. pl. subj.
+<span class = "pagenum">15</span>
+<b>vüeren</b> (OHG. <b>fuorīm</b>), <i>we might go</i>, inf.
+<b>varn</b>, <i>to fare</i>, <i>go</i>; <b>buoch</b>, <i>book</i>, dim.
+<b>büechlīn</b>; <b>muoter</b>, <i>mother</i>, dim.
+<b>müeterlīn</b>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">The MHG. Equivalents of the OHG. Vowels.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para11" id = "para11"><b>§ 11.</b></a>
+OHG. had the following short vowels, long vowels, and
+diphthongs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<col>
+<col>
+<col class = "padding">
+<col class = "padding">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<td>Short Vowels</td>
+<td class = "center"><b>a</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>ë</b>,</td>
+<td class = "center"><b>i</b>,</td>
+<td class = "center"><b>o</b>,</td>
+<td><b>u</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Long Vowels</td>
+<td><b>ā</b>, <b>ē</b>,</td>
+<td class = "center"><b>ī</b>,</td>
+<td class = "center"><b>ō</b>,</td>
+<td><b>ū</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Diphthongs</td>
+<td class = "center"><b>ei</b>,</td>
+<td><b>ie</b> (<b>ia</b>, <b>ea</b>),<br>
+<b>io</b> (<b>eo</b>),<br>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; <b>iu</b>.</td>
+<td><b>ou</b> (<b>au</b>),</td>
+<td><b>uo</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The following are the MHG. equivalents of the above simple vowels and
+diphthongs in accented syllables:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class = "space">
+<a name = "para11_1" id = "para11_1">1.</a>
+The short vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. <b>a</b>
+to <b>ä</b>, <b>o</b> to <b>ö</b>, <b>u</b> to <b>ü</b> (<a href =
+"#para10">§&nbsp;<b>10</b></a>), and of <b>ë</b> to <b>e</b> before
+certain consonants, the OHG. short vowels remained in MHG., as</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>a</b> = (1) MHG. <b>a</b>, as OHG. <b>fater</b>, <i>father</i>,
+<b>tag</b>, <i>day</i>, <b>faran</b>, <i>to go</i> = MHG. <b>vater</b>,
+<b>tac</b>, <b>varn</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>a</b></span>
+= (2) MHG. <b>ä</b>, in words containing the consonant combinations
+which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as OHG. <b>mahti</b>,
+<i>powers</i>, <b>kaltī</b>, <i>coldness</i>, <b>ahir</b>, <i>ear of
+corn</i>, <b>warmen</b>, <i>to warm</i> = MHG. <b>mähte</b>,
+<b>kälte</b>, <b>äher</b>, <b>wärmen</b>, see <a href =
+"#para10">§&nbsp;<b>10</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>e</b> = MHG. <b>e</b>, as OHG. <b>gesti</b>, <i>guests</i>,
+<b>lembir</b>, <i>lambs</i>, <b>brennen</b>, <i>to burn</i> = MHG.
+<b>geste</b>, <b>lember</b>, <b>brennen</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>ë</b> = (1) MHG. <b>ë</b>, as OHG. <b>wëg</b>, <i>way</i>,
+<b>hëlfan</b>, <i>to help</i>, <b>stëlan</b>, <i>to steal</i> = MHG.
+<b>wëc</b>, <b>hëlfen</b>, <b>stëln</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>ë</b></span>
+= (2) MHG. <b>e</b>, before <b>st</b>, <b>sch</b>, and palatal <b>g</b>,
+as OHG. <b>nëst</b>, <i>nest</i>, <b>swëster</b>, <i>sister</i> = MHG.
+<b>nest</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">16</span>
+<b>swester</b>; and similarly, <b>gestern</b>, <i>yesterday</i>,
+<b>deste</b>, <i>all the more</i>, <b>weste</b>, <i>I knew</i>,
+<b>dreschen</b>, <i>to thrash</i>, <b>leschen</b>, <i>to go out</i>,
+<b>degen</b>, <i>warrior</i>; and also in a few words before a following
+<b>l</b>, as <b>helm</b>, <i>helmet</i>, <b>vels</b>, <i>rock</i>,
+<b>welch</b>, <i>which</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>i</b> = MHG. <b>i</b>, as OHG. <b>fisk</b>, <i>fish</i>, <b>nimu</b>,
+<i>I take</i>, <b>wiȥȥan</b>, <i>to know</i> = MHG. <b>visch</b>,
+<b>nime</b>, <b>wiȥȥen</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>o</b> = (1) MHG. <b>o</b>, as OHG. <b>got</b>, <i>God</i>, p.p.
+<b>giholfan</b>, <i>helped</i>, <b>tohter</b>, <i>daughter</i> = MHG.
+<b>got</b>, <b>geholfen</b>, <b>tohter</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>o</b></span>
+= (2) MHG. <b>ö</b>, as OHG. <b>lohhir</b>, <i>holes</i>, <b>mohti</b>,
+<i>I might</i> = MHG. <b>löcher</b>, <b>möhte</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>u</b> = (1) MHG. <b>u</b>, as OHG. <b>sunu</b>, <b>sun</b>,
+<i>son</i>, <b>butum</b>, <i>we offered</i>, <b>buntum</b>, <i>we
+bound</i> = MHG. <b>sun</b>, <b>buten</b>, <b>bunden</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>u</b></span>
+= (2) MHG. <b>ü</b>, as OHG. <b>dunni</b>, <i>thin</i>, <b>suni</b>,
+<i>sons</i> = MHG. <b>dünne</b>, <b>süne</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "space">
+<a name = "para11_2" id = "para11_2">2.</a>
+The long vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. <b>ā</b>
+to <b>æ</b>, <b>ō</b> to <b>œ</b>, and <b>ū</b> to <b>iu</b> (<a href =
+"#para10">§&nbsp;<b>10</b></a>), the OHG. long vowels remained in MHG.,
+as</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>ā</b> = (1) MHG. <b>ā</b>, as OHG. <b>sāt</b>, <i>seed</i>,
+<b>slāfan</b>, <i>to sleep</i>, <b>dāhta</b>, <i>I thought</i> = MHG.
+<b>sāt</b>, <b>slāfen</b>, <b>dāhte</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>ā</b></span>
+= (2) MHG. <b>æ</b>, as OHG <b>lāri</b>, <i>empty</i>, <b>nāmi</b>, <i>I
+might take</i> = MHG. <b>lære</b>, <b>næme</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>ē</b> = MHG. <b>ē</b>, as OHG. <b>ēra</b>, <i>honour</i>,
+<b>lēren</b>, <i>to teach</i>, <b>sēla</b>, <i>soul</i> = MHG.
+<b>ēre</b>, <b>lēren</b>, <b>sēle</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>ī</b> = MHG. <b>ī</b>, as OHG. <b>sīn</b>, <i>his</i>, <b>wīb</b>,
+<i>woman</i>, <b>snīdan</b>, <i>to cut</i> = MHG. <b>sīn</b>,
+<b>wīp</b>, <b>snīden</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>ō</b> = (1) MHG. <b>ō</b>, as OHG. <b>ōra</b>, <i>ear</i>,
+<b>tōd</b>, <i>death</i>, <b>kōs</b>, <i>I chose</i> = MHG. <b>ōre</b>,
+<b>tōt</b>,&nbsp;<b>kōs</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>ō</b></span>
+= (2) MHG. <b>œ</b>, as OHG. <b>hōhiro</b>, <i>higher</i>, <b>hōren</b>,
+<i>to hear</i>, <b>scōni</b>, <i>beautiful</i> = MHG. <b>hœher</b>,
+<b>hœren</b>, <b>schœne</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>ū</b> = (1) MHG. <b>ū</b>, as OHG. <b>hūs</b>, <i>house</i>,
+<b>rūm</b>, <i>room</i>, <b>dūhta</b>, <i>it seemed</i> = MHG.
+<b>hūs</b>, <b>rūm</b>, <b>dūhte</b>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">17</span>
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>ū</b></span>
+= (2) MHG. <b>iu</b>, as OHG. <b>hūsir</b>, <i>houses</i>, <b>brūti</b>,
+<i>brides</i> = MHG. <b>hiuser</b>, <b>briute</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "space">
+<a name = "para11_3" id = "para11_3">3.</a>
+The diphthongs:</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>ei</b> = MHG. <b>ei</b>, as OHG. <b>bein</b>, <i>bone</i>,
+<b>leiten</b>, <i>to lead</i>, <b>sneid</b>, <i>I cut</i> = MHG.
+<b>bein</b>, <b>leiten</b>, <b>sneit</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>ie</b> (older <b>ia</b>, <b>ea</b> = Germanic <b>ē</b>) = MHG.
+<b>ie</b>, as OHG. <b>hier</b>, <i>here</i>, <b>mieta</b>,
+<i>reward</i>, <b>hielt</b>, <i>I held</i>, <b>hieȥ</b>, <i>I
+called</i>, <b>slief</b>, <i>I slept</i> = MHG. <b>hier</b>,
+<b>miete</b>, <b>hielt</b>, <b>hieȥ</b>, <b>slief</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>io</b> (<b>eo</b>) = Germanic <b>eu</b> (<a href =
+"#para16">§&nbsp;<b>16</b></a>), and the <b>io</b> (<b>eo</b>) in the
+preterites of the old reduplicated verbs whose presents have <b>ou</b>,
+<b>ō</b>, <b>uo</b> (<a href = "#para87">§&nbsp;<b>87</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>io</b> (<b>eo</b>)</span>
+= MHG. <b>ie</b>, as OHG. <b>liob</b>, <i>dear</i>, <b>biotan</b>, <i>to
+offer</i> = MHG. <b>liep</b>, <b>bieten</b>; OHG. <b>liof</b>, <i>I
+ran</i>, <b>stioȥ</b>, <i>I pushed</i>, <b>riof</b>, <i>I called</i> =
+MHG. <b>lief</b>, <b>stieȥ</b>, <b>rief</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>iu</b> = MHG. <b>ǖ</b> written <b>iu</b>, as OHG. <b>liuti</b>,
+<i>people</i>, <b>kiusit</b>, <i>he chooses</i> = MHG. <b>liute</b>,
+<b>kiuset</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>ou</b> (older <b>au</b>) = (1) MHG. <b>ou</b>, as OHG. <b>ouga</b>,
+<i>eye</i>, <b>boug</b>, <i>I bent</i>, <b>loufan</b>, <i>to run</i> =
+MHG. <b>ouge</b>, <b>bouc</b>, <b>loufen</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>ou</b> (older <b>au</b>)</span>
+= (2) MHG. <b>öu</b> (<b>eu</b>), as OHG. <b>loubir</b>, <i>leaves</i>,
+<b>loufil</b>, <i>runner</i> = MHG. <b>löuber</b>, <b>löufel</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<b>uo</b> = (1) MHG. <b>uo</b>, as OHG. <b>bruoder</b>, <i>brother</i>,
+<b>muoter</b>, <i>mother</i>, <b>stuont</b>, <i>I stood</i> = MHG.
+<b>bruoder</b>, <b>muoter</b>, <b>stuont</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "deephang">
+<span class = "invisible"><b>uo</b></span>
+= (2) MHG. <b>üe</b>, as OHG. <b>gruoni</b>, <i>green</i>, <b>fuoȥi</b>,
+<i>feet</i>, = MHG. <b>grüene</b>, <b>vüeȥe</b>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Ablaut (Vowel Gradation).</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para12" id = "para12"><b>§ 12.</b></a>
+By ablaut is meant the gradation of vowels both in stem and suffix,
+which was chiefly caused by the primitive Indo-Germanic system of
+accentuation. See the Author’s Historical German Grammar,
+§&nbsp;<b>23</b>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">18</span>
+<p>The vowels vary within certain series of related vowels, called
+ablaut-series. In MHG. there are six such series, which appear most
+clearly in the stem-forms of strong verbs. Four stem-forms are to be
+distinguished in a MHG. strong verb which has vowel gradation as the
+characteristic mark of its different stems:&mdash;(1) the present stem,
+to which belong all the forms of the present, (2) the stem of the first
+or third person of the preterite singular, (3) the stem of the preterite
+plural, to which belong the second person of the preterite singular and
+the whole of the preterite subjunctive, (4) the stem of the past
+participle.</p>
+
+<p>By arranging the vowels according to these four stems we arrive at
+the following system:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inline padded" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>i.</td>
+<td>ii.</td>
+<td>iii.</td>
+<td>iv.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">I.</td>
+<td><b>ī</b></td>
+<td><b>ei</b>, <b>ē</b></td>
+<td><b>i</b></td>
+<td><b>i</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">II.</td>
+<td><b>ie</b></td>
+<td><b>ou</b>, <b>ō</b></td>
+<td><b>u</b></td>
+<td><b>o</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">III.</td>
+<td><b>i</b>, <b>ë</b></td>
+<td><b>a</b></td>
+<td><b>u</b></td>
+<td><b>u</b>, <b>o</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">IV.</td>
+<td><b>ë</b></td>
+<td><b>a</b></td>
+<td><b>ā</b></td>
+<td><b>o</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">V.</td>
+<td><b>ë</b></td>
+<td><b>a</b></td>
+<td><b>ā</b></td>
+<td><b>ë</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">VI.</td>
+<td><b>a</b></td>
+<td><b>uo</b></td>
+<td><b>uo</b></td>
+<td><b>a</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para12n1" id = "para12n1"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Note.</span>&mdash;1.</a>
+On the difference between <b>ei</b> and <b>ē</b>, see <a href =
+"#para17">§&nbsp;<b>17</b></a>; <b>ou</b> and <b>ō</b>, § <b>18</b>; and
+in Series III <b>i</b> and <b>ë</b>, § <b>14</b>; <b>u</b> and <b>o</b>,
+§&nbsp;<b>15</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para12n2" id = "para12n2">2.</a> Strong verbs belonging to
+Series II have <b>iu</b> in the indicative pres. singular; and strong
+verbs belonging to Series III-V with <b>ë</b> in the infinitive have
+<b>i</b> in the indicative pres. singular (§§&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href = "#para16"><b>16</b></a>).</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Examples.</h5>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">I.</td>
+<td><b>snīden</b>, <i>to cut</i></td>
+<td><b>snīde</b></td>
+<td><b>sneit</b></td>
+<td><b>sniten</b></td>
+<td><b>gesniten</b>;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><p><b>līhen</b>, <i>to lend</i></p></td>
+<td><b>līhe</b></td>
+<td><b>lēch</b></td>
+<td><b>lihen</b></td>
+<td><b>gelihen</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">II.</td>
+<td><p><b>biegen</b>, <i>to bend</i></p></td>
+<td><b>biuge</b></td>
+<td><b>bouc</b></td>
+<td><b>bugen</b></td>
+<td><b>gebogen</b>;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right"></td>
+<td><p><b>sieden</b>, <i>to seethe</i></p></td>
+<td><b>siude</b></td>
+<td><b>sōt</b></td>
+<td><b>suten</b></td>
+<td><b>gesoten</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">III.</td>
+<td><p><b>binden</b>, <i>to bind</i></p></td>
+<td><b>binde</b></td>
+<td><b>bant</b></td>
+<td><b>bunden</b></td>
+<td><b>gebunden</b>;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><p><b>hëlfen</b>, <i>to help</i></p></td>
+<td><b>hilfe</b></td>
+<td><b>half</b></td>
+<td><b>hulfen</b></td>
+<td><b>geholfen</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">
+<span class = "pagenum">19</span>
+IV.</td>
+<td><p><b>nëmen</b>, <i>to take</i></p></td>
+<td><b>nime</b></td>
+<td><b>nam</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmen</b></td>
+<td><b>genomen</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">V.</td>
+<td><p><b>gëben</b>, <i>to give</i></p></td>
+<td><b>gibe</b></td>
+<td><b>gap</b></td>
+<td><b>gāben</b></td>
+<td><b>gegëben</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">VI.</td>
+<td><p><b>graben</b>, <i>to dig</i></p></td>
+<td><b>grabe</b></td>
+<td><b>gruop</b></td>
+<td><b>gruoben</b></td>
+<td><b>gegraben</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>For further examples see the various classes of strong verbs §§
+<b>76</b>-<b>86</b>. Class VII of strong verbs embracing the old
+reduplicated verbs (<a href = "#para87">§&nbsp;<b>87</b></a>) has been
+omitted from the ablaut-series, because the exact relation in which the
+vowel of the present stands to that of the preterite has not yet been
+satisfactorily explained.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Other Vowel Changes.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para13" id = "para13"><b>§ 13.</b></a>
+Most of the following vowel changes took place in prehistoric times; but
+as they play an important part in the verbs and word-formation, &amp;c.,
+we shall give them here.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para14" id = "para14"><b>§ 14.</b></a>
+<b>ë</b> (= Indo-Germanic <b>e</b>) became <b>i</b> in the prehistoric
+period of all the Germanic languages:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para14_1" id = "para14_1">1.</a>
+Before a nasal + consonant, as OE. <b>wind</b>, OHG. MHG.
+<b>wint</b>, Lat. <b>ventus</b>, <i>wind</i>; OHG. <b>fimf</b>,
+<b>finf</b>, Gr. <span class = "greek" title = "pente">πέντε</span>,
+<i>five</i>. This explains why verbs like MHG. <b>binden</b>, <i>to
+bind</i>, <b>rinnen</b>, <i>to run</i>, <b>singen</b>, <i>to sing</i>,
+belong to the same ablaut-series as <b>hëlfen</b>, <i>to help</i>,
+<b>wërden</b>, <i>to become</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para14_2" id = "para14_2">2.</a>
+Before other consonants when followed by an <b>ī̆</b> or <b>j</b>
+in the next syllable, and further in OHG. when followed by an <b>u</b>
+in the next syllable, as OHG. MHG. <b>ist</b>, Gr. <span class = "greek"
+title = "esti">ἐστί</span>, <i>is</i>; OHG. <b>fihu</b>, Lat.
+<b>pecu</b>, <i>cattle</i>; <b>ërde</b> (OHG. <b>ërda</b>),
+<i>earth</i>, but <b>irdīn</b>, <i>earthen</i>; <b>ligen</b> (OHG.
+<b>liggen</b> from <b>*ligjan</b>), <i>to lie down</i>, <b>sitzen</b>
+(OHG. <b>sitzen</b> from <b>*sitjan</b>), <i>to sit</i>, but p.p.
+<b>gelëgen</b> (OHG. <b>gilëgan</b>), <b>gesëȥȥen</b> (OHG.
+<b>gisëȥȥan</b>). This explains why strong verbs belonging to the fourth
+(§§&nbsp;<a href = "#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href =
+"#para82"><b>82</b></a>) and fifth (§§&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href = "#para83"><b>83</b></a>)
+ablaut-series have <b>i</b> throughout the present singular, and
+similarly in verbs belonging to the third (§§&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href = "#para81"><b>81</b></a>) series with
+<b>ë</b> in the infinitive, as</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">20</span>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td>OHG. <b>nëman</b>, <i>to take</i>,</td>
+<td>three persons sing.</td>
+<td><b>nimu</b>, <b>nimis(t)</b>, <b>nimit</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>MHG. <b>nëmen</b>,<span class = "spread2">„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread3">„„„</span></td>
+<td><b>nime</b>, <b>nimes(t)</b>, <b>nimet</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>OHG. <b>gëban</b>, <i>to give</i>,</td>
+<td><span class = "spread3">„„„</span></td>
+<td><b>gibu</b>, <b>gibis(t)</b>, <b>gibit</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>MHG. <b>gëben</b>,<span class = "spread2">„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread3">„„„</span></td>
+<td><b>gibe</b>, <b>gibes(t)</b>, <b>gibet</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>OHG. <b>hëlfan</b>, <i>to help</i>,</td>
+<td><span class = "spread3">„„„</span></td>
+<td><b>hilfu</b>, <b>hilfis(t)</b>, <b>hilfit</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>MHG. <b>hëlfen</b>,<span class = "spread2">„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread3">„„„</span></td>
+<td><b>hilfe</b>, <b>hilfes(t)</b>, <b>hilfet</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para15" id = "para15"><b>§ 15.</b></a>
+<b>u</b>, followed originally by an <b>ā̆</b>, <b>ō̆</b>, or <b>ē</b> in
+the next syllable, became <b>o</b> when not protected by a nasal +
+consonant or an intervening <b>ī̆</b> or <b>j</b>; hence the interchange
+between <b>u</b> and <b>o</b> in the preterite plural and past
+participle of verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (§§&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href = "#para78"><b>78</b></a>), as
+<b>bugen</b> (OHG. <b>bugum</b>), <i>we bent</i>, p.p. <b>gebogen</b>
+(OHG. <b>gibogan</b>); in the p.p. of verbs belonging to the third
+ablaut-series (§§&nbsp;<a href = "#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href =
+"#para81"><b>81</b></a>), as <b>gebunden</b> (OHG. <b>gibuntan</b>), but
+<b>geholfen</b> (OHG. <b>giholfan</b>); in weak verbs as <b>fürhten</b>
+(OHG. <b>furhten</b> from <b>*furhtjan</b>), <i>to fear</i>, beside
+pret. <b>vorhte</b> (OHG. <b>forhta</b>); <b>hügen</b> (OHG.
+<b>huggen</b> from <b>*hugjan</b>) beside <b>hogen</b> (OHG.
+<b>hogēn</b>), <i>to think</i>; in preterite presents like <b>durfen</b>
+(OHG. <b>durfum</b>), <i>we dare</i>, beside pret. <b>dorfte</b> (OHG.
+<b>dorfta</b>); in many nouns and adjectives, as <b>wolle</b> (OHG.
+<b>wolla</b>), <i>wool</i>, beside <b>wüllīn</b>, <b>wullīn</b>,
+<i>woollen</i>; <b>wolf</b> (stem <b>*wulfo-</b>), <i>wolf</i>, beside
+<b>wülpinne</b>, <i>she-wolf</i>; <b>vol</b>, <i>full</i>, beside
+<b>vülle</b> (OHG. <b>fullī</b>), <i>fulness</i>; <b>golt</b>,
+<i>gold</i>, beside <b>guldīn</b>, <i>golden</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para16" id = "para16"><b>§ 16.</b></a>
+From primitive Germanic <b>eu</b> were developed two different
+diphthongs in OHG., viz. <b>eu</b> became <b>eo</b> (cp. <a href =
+"#para15">§&nbsp;<b>15</b></a>), later <b>io</b>, when originally
+followed by an <b>ā̆</b>, <b>ō̆</b>, or <b>ē</b> in the next syllable,
+and this <b>io</b> was regularly developed to <b>ie</b>
+<span class = "pagenum">21</span>
+in MHG.; whereas <b>eu</b> became <b>iu</b> in OHG. when originally
+followed by an <b>ī̆</b>, <b>j</b> or <b>u</b> in the next syllable, and
+this <b>iu</b> became <b>ǖ</b> (written <b>iu</b>) in MHG., even after
+the <b>ī̆</b>, <b>j</b> or <b>u</b> had been weakened to <b>e</b>. This
+law explains the difference between the diphthong <b>ie</b> in the
+infinitive and the simple vowel <b>iu</b> (=&nbsp;<b>ǖ</b>) in the
+three persons singular of the present indicative of verbs belonging to
+the second ablaut-series (§§&nbsp;<a href = "#para12"><b>12</b></a>,
+<a href = "#para78"><b>78</b></a>), as</p>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td>OHG. <b>biogan</b>, <i>to bend</i>,</td>
+<td>pres. sing.</td>
+<td><b>biugu</b>, <b>biugis(t)</b>, <b>biugit</b>;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>MHG. <b>biegen</b>,<span class = "spread2">„</span></td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td>
+<td><b>biuge</b>, <b>biuges(t)</b>, <b>biuget</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Cp. further <b>tief</b> (OHG. <b>tiof</b>), <i>deep</i>, beside OHG.
+<b>tiufī</b>, <i>depth</i>; <b>lieht</b> (OHG. <b>lioht</b>), <i>a
+light</i>, beside <b>liuhten</b> (OHG. <b>liuhten</b> from
+<b>*liuhtjan</b>), <i>to light</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para16n" id = "para16n"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>&mdash;
+The <b>iu</b> in the above and similar examples must not be confounded
+with the <b>iu</b> in the OHG. and MHG. combination <b>iuw</b> which
+arose from prim. Germanic <b>eww</b> (=&nbsp;<b>euw</b>), and
+<b>ewj</b>, as <b>triuwe</b> (OHG. <b>triuwi</b>, Goth. <b>triggws</b>),
+<i>true</i>; <b>triuwen</b>, <b>trūwen</b>, <i>to trust</i>, pret.
+<b>triuete</b>, <b>triute</b>, <b>trūte</b>; <b>riuwe</b> (OHG.
+<b>riuwa</b>), <i>regret</i>, <b>bliuwen</b> (OHG. <b>bliuwan</b>, Goth.
+<b>bliggwan</b>), <i>to strike</i>, and similarly, <b>briuwen</b>, <i>to
+brew</i>, <b>kiuwen</b>, <i>to chew</i>, <b>riuwen</b>, <i>to
+regret</i>; <b>niuwe</b> (OHG. <b>niuwi</b>, Goth. <b>niujis</b>, prim.
+Germanic stem-form <b>*newja-</b>), <i>new</i>. This <b>iu</b> before
+<b>w</b> never interchanged with MHG. <b>ie</b> from prim. Germanic
+<b>eu</b>, and explains why the strong verbs <b>bliuwen</b>, &amp;c.
+have <b>iu</b> in all forms of the present.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para17" id = "para17"><b>§ 17.</b></a>
+Accented primitive Germanic <b>ai</b> (=&nbsp;Goth. <b>ái</b>) became
+<b>ē</b> in OHG. before <b>r</b>, <b>w</b>, Germanic <b>h</b> (cp.
+<a href = "#para23_1">§&nbsp;<b>23</b>,&nbsp;1</a>), and finally; in MHG.
+it appears also as <b>ē</b> before the same consonants and finally, as
+<b>mēre</b>, <b>mēr</b> (OHG. <b>mēro</b>, Goth. <b>máiza</b>),
+<i>more</i>, <b>lēren</b> (OHG. <b>lēren</b>, Goth. <b>láisjan</b>),
+<i>to teach</i>; <b>sēle</b> (OHG. <b>sēla</b>, older <b>sēula</b>,
+Goth. <b>sáiwala</b>), <i>soul</i>; <b>snē</b> (OHG. <b>snēo</b>, Goth.
+<b>snáiws</b>), <i>snow</i>, gen. OHG. and MHG. <b>snēwes</b>;
+<b>spīwen</b>, <i>to spit</i>, pret. <b>spē</b> (OHG. <b>spēo</b>, Goth.
+<b>spáiw</b>); <b>dīhen</b>, <i>to thrive</i>, pret. <b>dēch</b> (OHG.
+<b>dēh</b>, Goth. <b>dáih</b>); <b>wē</b> (OHG. <b>wē</b>, Goth.
+<b>wái</b>), <i>woe!</i>; in all other cases <b>ai</b> became <b>ei</b>
+in both OHG. and MHG., as <b>stein</b>
+<span class = "pagenum">22</span>
+(Goth. <b>stáins</b>), <i>stone</i>, <b>heiȥen</b> (OHG. <b>heiȥan</b>,
+Goth. <b>háitan</b>), <i>to call</i>; <b>snīden</b>, <i>to cut</i>,
+pret. <b>sneit</b> (OHG. <b>sneid</b>, Goth. <b>snáiþ</b>). This
+accounts for the difference between the <b>ei</b> and <b>ē</b> in the
+preterite singular of strong verbs belonging to the first ablaut-series
+(§§&nbsp;<a href = "#para12"><b>12</b></a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para76"><b>76</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para18" id = "para18"><b>§ 18.</b></a>
+Primitive Germanic <b>au</b> became <b>ō</b> in OHG. before the
+consonants <b>d</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>ȥ</b>, <b>s</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>r</b>,
+<b>l</b>, and Germanic <b>h</b> (cp. <a href =
+"#para23_1"><b>23</b>,&nbsp;1</a>). Before other consonants and finally
+<b>au</b> became <b>ou</b> in the ninth century. Hence the difference
+between <b>ō</b> and <b>ou</b> in the preterite singular of strong verbs
+belonging to the second ablaut-series (§§&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href =
+"#para78"><b>78</b></a>),&nbsp;as:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td>Infinitive</td>
+<td><b>bieten</b>, <i>to offer</i>,</td>
+<td>pret. sing.</td>
+<td><b>bōt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class = "spread3">„</span></td>
+<td><b>sieden</b>, <i>to seethe</i>,</td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td>
+<td><b>sōt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class = "spread3">„</span></td>
+<td><b>kiesen</b>, <i>to choose</i>,</td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td>
+<td><b>kōs</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class = "spread3">„</span></td>
+<td><b>dieȥen</b>, <i>to roar</i>,</td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td>
+<td><b>dōȥ</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class = "spread3">„</span></td>
+<td><b>vliehen</b>, <i>to flee</i>,</td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td>
+<td><b>vlōch</b> (OHG. <b>flōh</b>);</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>but<span class = "spread1">„</span></td>
+<td><b>biegen</b>, <i>to bend</i>,</td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td>
+<td><b>bouc</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class = "spread3">„</span></td>
+<td><b>klieben</b>, <i>to cleave</i></td>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td>
+<td><b>kloup</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h4><a name = "chapII" id = "chapII">
+CHAPTER II</a></h4>
+
+<h5>THE CONSONANTS</h5>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">1. Pronunciation of the Consonants.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para19" id = "para19"><b>§ 19.</b></a>
+The MHG. consonant-system was represented by the following letters:
+<b>b</b>, <b>c</b>, <b>ch</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>f</b>, <b>g</b>, <b>h</b>,
+<b>j</b>, <b>k</b>, <b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>p</b>, <b>q</b>,
+<b>r</b>, <b>s</b>, <b>sch</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>v</b>, <b>w</b>,
+(<b>x</b>), <b>z</b>,&nbsp;<b>ȥ</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The letters <b>k</b>, <b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>p</b>,
+<b>t</b>, <b>w</b>, (<b>x</b>) had nearly the same sound-values as in
+English. The remaining letters require special attention.</p>
+
+<p>When the pronunciation of consonants merely differs in the intensity
+or force with which they are produced,
+<span class = "pagenum">23</span>
+they are called fortes or lenes according as they are produced with more
+or less intensity or force. In MHG. the consonants <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>,
+<b>g</b> were not voiced explosives like English <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>,
+<b>g</b>, but were voiceless lenes, and only differed from the fortes
+<b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b> in being produced with less intensity or
+force, see <a href = "#para33">§&nbsp;<b>33</b></a>. A&nbsp;similar
+difference in pronunciation existed between antevocalic and intervocalic
+<b>v</b>, <b>s</b> and final <b>f</b>, <b>s</b>, see <a href =
+"#para33">§&nbsp;<b>33</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>c</b> and <b>k</b> represented the same sound. The latter was
+generally used at the beginning, and the former at the end of a
+syllable, as <b>kunst</b>, <i>art</i>; <b>trinken</b>, <i>to drink</i>,
+<b>senken</b>, <i>to sink</i> (trans.), pret. <b>tranc</b>,
+<b>sancte</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ch</b> had the same sound as in NHG. <b>nacht</b>, <b>noch</b>, as
+<b>sprechen</b>, <i>to speak</i>, pret. <b>sprach</b>; <b>hōch</b>,
+<i>high</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>f</b> had a twofold pronunciation in the oldest HG. It was a
+labiodental when it arose from Germanic <b>f</b> (cp. OHG. <b>fater</b>,
+English <b>father</b>), and bilabial when it arose from Germanic
+<b>p</b> (cp. inf. OHG. <b>slāfan</b>, English <b>sleep</b>), but during
+the OHG. period the bilabial <b>f</b> became labiodental. The two kinds
+of <b>f</b> did not however completely fall together in pronunciation.
+<b>f</b> = Germanic <b>f</b> became a lenis initially before and
+medially between vowels, and was often written <b>v</b> in the former
+and generally <b>v</b> in the latter position, but remained a
+fortis&mdash;written <b>f</b>&mdash;when final. In MHG. it was also
+often written <b>f</b> initially before <b>l</b>, <b>r</b>, <b>u</b>, as
+<b>fliehen</b>, <i>to flee</i>, <b>fride</b>, <i>peace</i>, <b>fünf</b>,
+<i>five</i>, beside <b>vliehen</b>, <b>vride</b>, <b>vünf</b>. On the
+other hand <b>f</b> = Germanic <b>p</b> (<ins class = "correction" title
+= "text reads ‘22, 1’"><a href =
+"#para23_1">§&nbsp;<b>23</b>,&nbsp;1</a></ins>), which only occurred
+medially and finally, was a fortis and was always written <b>f</b>
+(<b>ff</b>), as <b>slāfen</b>, <i>to sleep</i>, pret. <b>slief</b>;
+<b>tief</b>, <i>deep</i>, <b>schif</b> (gen. <b>schiffes</b>),
+<i>ship</i>, <b>offen</b>, <i>open</i>. The two <b>f</b> sounds thus
+fell together when final, but the distinction between the two sounds was
+still preserved in MHG. in the intervocalic position, as <b>hof</b>,
+<i>court</i>, <b>schif</b>, <i>ship</i>, but gen. <b>hoves</b>,
+<b>schiffes</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>h</b> before and after consonants was pronounced like <b>ch</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">24</span>
+as <b>fuhs</b>, <i>fox</i>, <b>naht</b>, <i>night</i>, <b>bevëlhen</b>,
+<i>to confide.</i> In other cases it had the same sound as the <b>h</b>
+in English&nbsp;<b>hat</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>j</b> had nearly the same sound as the <b>y</b> in English
+<b>yet</b>, as <b>jār</b>, <i>year</i>, <b>junc</b>, <i>young</i>;
+<b>blüejen</b>, <i>to blossom.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>q</b> occurred only in combination with <b>u</b> as in English, as
+<b>quëc</b>, <i>quick, alive</i>, <b>quëden</b>, <i>to say.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>r</b> was a trilled sound in all positions like Scotch <b>r</b>,
+as <b>rōt</b>, <i>red</i>, <b>hart</b>, <i>hard</i>, <b>bërn</b>, <i>to
+bear</i>, <b>vater</b>, <i>father.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>s</b> was a lenis medially between vowels and probably also
+initially before vowels, but a fortis in other positions, as <b>sun</b>,
+<i>son</i>, <b>wësen</b>, <i>to be</i>, pret. <b>was</b>,
+<b>bresten</b>, <i>to burst</i>. It may be pronounced like the <b>s</b>
+in English&nbsp;<b>sit</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sch</b> was like the <b>sh</b> in English <b>ship</b>, as
+<b>schif</b>, <i>ship</i>, <b>geschëhen</b>, <i>to happen</i>,
+<b>visch</b>, <i>fish.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>v</b> was a voiceless lenis, and may be pronounced like the
+<b>v</b> in NHG. <b>voll</b>. See&nbsp;<b>f</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>w</b> was pronounced like the <b>w</b> in English <b>wet</b>, as
+<b>wīn</b>, <i>wine</i>, <b>bliuwen</b>, <i>to strike.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>z</b> and <b>ȥ</b> were not distinguished in MHG. manuscripts,
+both being written <b>z</b>. Both <b>z</b> and <b>ȥ</b> (but <b>ȥȥ</b>
+medially between vowels when the first vowel was short) arose from
+Germanic <b>t</b> (see <a href = "#para23">§&nbsp;<b>23</b></a>).
+<b>z</b> had the sound-value of <b>ts</b> (=&nbsp;NHG. <b>z</b>):
+(<i>a</i>) always initially, as <b>zīt</b>, <i>time</i>; (<i>b</i>)
+medially and finally after consonants (<b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>,
+<b>r</b>), as <b>holz</b> (gen. <b>holzes</b>), <i>wood</i>,
+<b>hërze</b>, <i>heart</i>, <b>smërze</b>, <i>pain</i>, <b>ganz</b>,
+<i>whole</i>; (<i>c</i>) finally after vowels (=&nbsp;Germanic
+<b>tt</b>) in those words which change final <b>z</b> to <b>tz</b> when
+it becomes medial, as <b>schaz</b> (gen. <b>schatzes</b>), OE.
+<b>sceatt</b>, <i>money, treasure</i>. MHG. intervocalic <b>tz</b>
+always arose from older <b>tt</b>, as <b>setzen</b> = OE. <b>settan</b>,
+<i>to set</i>. <b>ȥ</b> was a kind of lisped <b>s</b> and only occurred
+medially between and finally after vowels, as <b>bīȥen</b>, <i>to
+bite</i>, <b>ëȥȥen</b>, <i>to eat</i>, <b>haȥ</b>, <i>hatred</i>. It
+should be noted that good MHG. poets never rhymed pairs of words like
+<b>was</b>, <i>was</i>, and <b>waȥ</b>, <i>what</i>; <b>missen</b>,
+<i>to miss</i>, and <b>wiȥȥen</b>, <i>to know</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">25</span>
+<p><b>ph</b> and <b>pf</b> represent the same sound, viz. the <b>pf</b>
+in NHG. <b>pfund</b>, <i>pound</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para20" id = "para20"><b>§ 20.</b></a>
+MHG. has the following double consonants medially between vowels:
+<b>bb</b>, <b>gg</b>; <b>pp</b>, <b>tt</b>, <b>ck</b>; <b>ff</b>,
+<b>ss</b>, <b>ȥȥ; mm, nn</b>; <b>ll</b>, <b>rr</b>. They were always
+pronounced long as in Italian and Swedish, as <b>bit-ter</b>,
+<i>bitter</i>, <b>ëȥ-ȥen</b>, <i>to eat</i>, <b>küs-sen</b>, <i>to
+kiss</i>, <b>müg-ge</b>, <i>midge</i>, <b>rin-nen</b>, <i>to run</i>. In
+NHG. double consonants are never long, they merely indicate that the
+preceding vowel is short.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para21" id = "para21"><b>§ 21.</b></a>
+<b>Phonetic Survey of the MHG. Consonants.</b></p>
+
+<table class = "inline padded" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Labial.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Dental.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Guttural.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt">
+<p>Voiceless explosives</p></td>
+<td>fortis <b>p</b>, <b>pp</b><br>
+lenis <b>b</b>, <b>bb</b></td>
+<td><b>t</b>, <b>tt</b><br>
+<b>d</b></td>
+<td><b>k</b>, <b>ck</b><br>
+<b>g</b>, <b>gg</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt">Spirants</td>
+<td class = "bracket rt">
+fortis <b>f</b>, <b>ff</b><br>
+lenis <b>v</b></td>
+<td><b>s</b>, <b>ss</b>, <b>sch</b>, <b>ȥ</b>, <b>ȥȥ</b><br>
+<b>s</b></td>
+<td class = "middle"><b>h</b>, (<b>ch</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nasals</td>
+<td><b>m</b>, <b>mm</b></td>
+<td><b>n</b>, <b>nn</b></td>
+<td><b>n</b> (=&nbsp;<b>ŋ</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Liquids</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>l</b>, <b>ll</b>; <b>r</b>, <b>rr</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Semi-vowels</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>w</b>, <b>j</b> (palatal)</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>To the above must be added the aspirate <b>h</b> and the affricatae
+(i.e. an explosive + a homorganic spirant) <b>z</b> (i.e. <b>ts</b>) and
+<b>pf</b> (<b>ph</b>).</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">2. Consonant Changes.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para22" id = "para22"><b>§ 22.</b></a>
+The most characteristic difference between High German and the other
+West Germanic languages is the shifting which the consonants <b>p</b>,
+<b>t</b>, <b>k</b>, <b>þ</b>; <b>pp</b>, <b>tt</b>, <b>kk</b>, <b>þþ;
+b</b> (<b>ƀ</b>), <b>d</b>, <b>g</b> (<b>ʒ</b>); <b>bb</b>, <b>dd</b>,
+<b>gg</b> underwent partly in the prehistoric and partly in the historic
+period of Old High German. In the following treatment of what is
+generally called the High German sound-shifting only such points are
+considered as are of importance for the purposes of this book. See Old
+High German Primer, §§ <b>82-6.</b></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">26</span>
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para23" id = "para23"><b>§ 23.</b></a>
+The voiceless explosives <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b> underwent a
+two-fold treatment according to their position in the word:
+(1)&nbsp;Medially or finally after vowels; (2)&nbsp;Initially, medially
+and finally after consonants (<b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>r</b>),
+and when doubled.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para23n" id = "para23n"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>&mdash;
+<b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b> remained unshifted in the
+combinations <b>sp</b>, <b>st</b>, <b>sk</b> as also <b>t</b> in the
+combinations <b>tr</b>, <b>ht</b>,&nbsp;<b>ft</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para23_1" id = "para23_1">1.</a>
+Single <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b> were shifted to the voiceless double
+spirants <b>ff</b>, <b>ȥȥ</b>, <b>hh</b> (also written <b>ch</b>) = MHG.
+<b>ff (f), ȥȥ (ȥ), ch</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>p &gt; ff</b>. OE. <b>open</b>, OHG. <b>offan</b>, MHG.
+<b>offen</b>, <i>open</i>; OE. <b>slǣpan</b>, OHG. <b>slāffan</b>, MHG.
+<b>slāfen</b>, <i>to sleep</i>; OE. <b>ūp</b>, OHG. MHG.
+<b>ūf</b>,&nbsp;<i>up</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>t &gt; ȥȥ</b>. OE. <b>etan</b>, OHG. <b>ëȥȥan</b>, MHG.
+<b>ëȥȥen</b>, <i>to eat</i>; OE. <b>hātan</b>, OHG. <b>heiȥȥan</b>, MHG.
+<b>heiȥen</b>, <i>to call</i>; OE. <b>hwæt</b>, OHG. <b>hwaȥ</b>, MHG.
+<b>waȥ</b>, <i>what</i>. In a few cases the <b>ȥ</b>, <b>ȥȥ</b> became
+<b>s</b> in MHG. before <b>t</b> or <b>st</b>, as pret. <b>saste</b>
+from <b>saȥte</b>: <b>setzen</b>, <i>to set</i>; <b>beste</b>,
+<i>best</i>, <b>leste</b>, <i>last</i> = OHG. <b>beȥȥisto</b>,
+<b>leȥȥisto</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>k &gt; hh</b>. OE. <b>ic</b>, OHG. <b>ih</b>, MHG. <b>ich</b>,
+<i>I</i>; OE. <b>sprecan</b> (<b>specan</b>), OHG. <b>sprëhhan</b>, MHG.
+<b>sprëchen</b>, <i>to speak</i>; OE. <b>tācen</b>, OHG. <b>zeihhan</b>,
+MHG. <b>zeichen</b>, <i>token</i>. This <b>ch</b> must not be confused
+with the MHG. <b>h</b>, <b>ch</b> which corresponded to Indo-Germanic
+<b>k</b> (=&nbsp;Germanic <b>h</b>), as <b>ziehen</b>, <i>to draw,
+lead</i>, pret. <b>zōch</b>, cp. Lat. <b>dūcō</b>, <i>I lead</i>, see
+<a href = "#para34">§&nbsp;<b>34</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>The double consonants were simplified in OHG. and MHG. according to
+§&nbsp;<b>32</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "space">
+<a name = "para23_2" id = "para23_2">2.</a>
+<b>p</b>, <b>t</b> initially, medially and finally after consonants
+(<b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>r</b>), and when doubled, were shifted
+to the affricatae <b>pf</b> (also written <b>ph</b>), <b>tz</b>
+(generally written <b>zz</b> and <b>z</b>) = MHG. <b>pf</b> (<b>ph</b>),
+<b>tz</b> (<b>z</b>).</p>
+
+<p><b>p &gt; pf</b>. OE. <b>pund</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>pfunt</b>,
+<i>pound</i>; OE. <b>gelimpan</b>, OHG. <b>gilimpfan</b>, MHG.
+<b>gelimpfen</b>, <i>to be meet</i>;
+<span class = "pagenum">27</span>
+OE. <b>scieppan</b>, OHG. <b>skepfen</b>, MHG. <b>schepfen</b>, <i>to
+create</i>. The <b>pf</b> became <b>f</b> after <b>l</b> and <b>r</b>
+already in OHG., as <b>hëlfan</b>, MHG. <b>hëlfen</b>, OE.
+<b>helpan</b>, <i>to help</i>; <b>wërfan</b>, MHG. <b>wërfen</b>, OE.
+<b>weorpan</b>, <i>to throw</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>t &gt; z</b>. OE. <b>tunge</b>, OHG. <b>zunga</b>, MHG.
+<b>zunge</b>, <i>tongue</i>; OE. <b>heorte</b>, OHG. <b>hërza</b>, MHG.
+<b>hërze</b>, <i>heart</i>; OE. <b>sealt</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>salz</b>,
+<i>salt</i>; OE. <b>sittan</b>, OHG. <b>sizzen</b>, <b>sitzen</b>, MHG.
+<b>sitzen</b>, <i>to sit</i>; OE. <b>sceatt</b>, OHG. <b>scaz</b> (gen.
+<b>scazzes</b>, <b>scatzes</b>), MHG. <b>schaz</b> (gen.
+<b>schatzes</b>), <i>money, treasure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>k</b>, <b>kk</b> (written <b>ck</b>) remained unshifted (except in
+High Alemanic), as OE. <b>corn</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>korn</b>, <i>corn</i>;
+OE. <b>cnēo</b>, OHG. <b>kneo</b>, MHG. <b>knie</b>, <i>knee</i>; OE.
+<b>sincan</b>, OHG. <b>sinkan</b>, MHG. <b>sinken</b>, <i>to sink</i>,
+pret. <b>sanc</b>; OE. <b>þeccan</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>decken</b>, <i>to
+cover</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para24" id = "para24"><b>§ 24.</b></a>
+<b>þ</b> became <b>d</b>, and <b>þþ</b> became <b>tt</b>, as OE.
+<b>þorn</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>dorn</b>, <i>thorn</i>; OE. <b>brōþor</b>,
+OHG. MHG. <b>bruoder</b>, <i>brother</i>. OE. <b>smiþþe</b>, OHG.
+<b>smitta</b>, MHG. <b>smitte</b>, <i>smithy</i>; OE. <b>moþþe</b>, late
+MHG. <b>motte</b>, <i>moth</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para25" id = "para25"><b>§ 25.</b></a>
+The voiced explosives <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>g</b>, and the voiced
+spirants <b>ƀ</b>, <b>ʒ</b> did not undergo the same universal shifting
+as the voiceless explosives. <b>ƀ</b>, <b>ʒ</b> became <b>b</b>,
+<b>g</b>. <b>b</b>, <b>g</b> remained, and <b>d</b> became <b>t</b>, as
+OE. <b>brōþor</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>bruoder</b>, <i>brother</i>; OE.
+<b>bēodan</b>, OHG. <b>biotan</b>, MHG. <b>bieten</b>, <i>to offer</i>;
+Goth. <b>giban</b> (=&nbsp;<b>giƀan</b>), OHG. <b>gëban</b>, MHG.
+<b>gëben</b>, <i>to give</i>. OE. <b>dohtor</b>, OHG. MHG.
+<b>tohter</b>, <i>daughter</i>; OE. <b>bēodan</b>, OHG. <b>biotan</b>,
+MHG. <b>bieten</b>, <i>to offer</i>; OE. <b>dēad</b>, OHG. MHG.
+<b>tōt</b>, <i>dead</i>. OE. <b>gōd</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>guot</b>,
+<i>good</i>; OE. <b>flēogan</b>, OHG. <b>fliogan</b>, MHG.
+<b>fliegen</b>, <i>to fly</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para26" id = "para26"><b>§ 26.</b></a>
+The double consonants <b>bb</b>, <b>dd</b>, <b>gg</b> = OHG. <b>pp</b>
+(<b>bb</b>), <b>tt</b>, <b>cc</b> (<b>gg</b>), and MHG. <b>pp</b>
+(<b>bb</b>), <b>tt</b>, <b>ck</b> (<b>gg</b>), as OE. <b>sibb</b>, OHG.
+<b>sippa</b> (<b>sibba</b>), MHG. <b>sippe</b> (<b>sibbe</b>),
+<i>relationship</i>; OE. <b>cribb</b>, OHG. <b>krippa</b>
+(<b>kribba</b>), MHG. <b>krippe (kribbe)</b>, <i>crib</i>. OE.
+<b>biddan</b>, OHG. <b>bitten</b>, MHG. <b>bitten</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">28</span>
+later <b>biten</b>, <i>to request</i>; OE. <b>þridda</b>, OHG.
+<b>dritto</b>, MHG. <b>dritte</b>, later <b>drite</b>, <i>third</i>. OE.
+<b>brycg</b>, OHG. <b>brucca (brugga)</b>, MHG. <b>brücke</b>
+(<b>brügge</b>), <i>bridge</i>. The fluctuation in the writing of
+<b>pp</b> and <b>bb</b>, <b>ck</b> and <b>gg</b> is merely
+orthographical, and does not represent a difference in pronunciation.
+Both pairs were used to express the lenes medially between vowels. For
+other examples see <a href = "#para31">§&nbsp;<b>31</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para27" id = "para27"><b>§ 27.</b></a>
+The summary of the consonantal changes in §§ <b>23-6</b> may be
+expressed as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<th class = "smallcaps">West Germanic.</th>
+<th colspan = "3">MHG.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>p</b>; <b>t</b>; <b>k</b>; <b>þ</b></td>
+<td>= <b>ff (f), pf</b>;</td>
+<td><b>ȥȥ (ȥ), z</b>;</td>
+<td><b>ch</b>; <b>d</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>pp</b>; <b>tt</b>; <b>kk</b>; <b>þþ</b></td>
+<td>=<span class = "spread2">&nbsp;</span><b>pf</b>;</td>
+<td><span class = "spread1">&nbsp;</span><b>tz (z)</b>;</td>
+<td><b>ck</b>; <b>tt</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>b (ƀ)</b>; <b>d</b>; <b>g (ʒ)</b></td>
+<td>= <b>b</b>;</td>
+<td><b>t</b>;</td>
+<td><b>g</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>bb</b>; <b>dd</b>; <b>gg</b></td>
+<td>= <b>pp (bb)</b>;</td>
+<td><b>tt</b>;</td>
+<td><b>ck (gg)</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para28" id = "para28"><b>§ 28.</b></a>
+The following sound-changes took place in primitive
+Germanic:&mdash;Every labial + <b>t</b> became <b>ft</b>; every guttural
++ <b>t</b> became <b>ht</b>; every dental + <b>t</b> became <b>ss</b>,
+which was simplified to <b>s</b> after long vowels. This explains the
+frequent interchange in MHG. between <b>pf</b>, <b>b</b> and <b>f</b>;
+between <b>k</b>, <b>g</b> and <b>h</b>; and between <b>ȥȥ</b>, <b>ȥ</b>
+and <b>ss</b>, <b>s</b> in forms which are etymologically related.</p>
+
+<p><b>pf</b>, <b>b&mdash;f</b>. <b>schepfen</b>, <i>to create</i>:
+<b>geschaft</b>, <i>creature</i>; <b>gëben</b>, <i>to give</i>:
+<b>gift</b>, <i>gift</i>; <b>wëben</b>, <i>to weave</i>: English
+<b>weft</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>k</b>, <b>g&mdash;h</b>. <b>würken</b>, <i>to work</i>: pret.
+<b>worhte</b>; <b>denken</b>, <i>to think</i>: pret. <b>dāhte</b>;
+<b>mugen</b> (<b>mügen</b>), <i>to be able</i>: pret. <b>mohte</b>;
+<b>bringen</b>, <i>to bring</i>: pret. <b>brāhte</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ȥȥ</b>, <b>ȥ&mdash;ss, s</b>. <b>gieȥen</b>, <i>to pour</i>:
+<b>güsse</b>, <i>inundation</i>; <b>wiȥȥen</b>, <i>to know</i>: pret.
+<b>wisse (wiste): wīs</b>, <i>wise</i>; <b>muoȥ</b>, <i>must</i>: pret.
+<b>muose</b> (<b>muoste</b>); <b>ëȥȥen</b>, <i>to eat</i>: <b>ās</b>,
+<i>carrion</i>. Preterites like <b>wiste</b>, <b>muoste</b> were formed
+after the analogy of preterites like <b>worhte</b>, <b>dāhte</b>, where
+the <b>t</b> was regular.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para29" id = "para29"><b>§ 29.</b></a>
+The guttural nasal <b>ŋ</b> (written&nbsp;n) only occurred in
+<span class = "pagenum">29</span>
+the combinations <b>nk</b> (<b>nc</b>) and <b>ng</b>. It disappeared
+before <b>h</b> (=&nbsp;prim. Germanic <b>χ</b>) in primitive Germanic
+with lengthening of a preceding short vowel, as <b>vāhen</b> from prim.
+Germanic <b>*faŋχanan</b>, <i>to seize, catch</i>, beside p.p.
+<b>gevangen</b>; and similarly <b>hāhen</b>, <i>to hang</i>, p.p.
+<b>gehangen</b>; pret. <b>brāhte</b>, <b>dāhte</b>, <b>dūhte</b>, beside
+<b>bringen</b>, <i>to bring</i>, <b>denken</b>, <i>to think</i>,
+<b>dunken</b>, <i>to seem</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The guttural nasal disappeared in an unstressed syllable when
+preceded by an <b>n</b> in a stressed syllable in the course of the OHG.
+and MHG. period, as OHG. <b>honag</b>, MHG. <b>honec</b>, beside OHG.
+<b>honang</b>, <i>honey</i>; OHG. <b>kunig</b>, MHG. <b>künec</b>,
+beside OHG. <b>kuning</b>, <i>king</i>; OHG. <b>pfennig</b>, MHG.
+<b>pfennic</b>, beside OHG. <b>pfenning</b>, MHG. <b>pfenninc</b>,
+penny. And similarly with dental <b>n</b>, as <b>senede</b> beside
+<b>senende</b>, <i>longing, yearning</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para30" id = "para30"><b>§ 30.</b></a>
+Strong verbs, which have a medial <b>v (f), d, h, s</b> in the present,
+have respectively <b>b</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>g (ng), r</b> in the second
+person sing. pret. indicative, the preterite plural indicative, the
+pret. subjunctive and the past participle. This interchange of
+consonants is called Verner’s Law, see OHG. Primer, §§ <b>72</b>,
+<b>87</b>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inline padded" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Inf.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Pret. Pl.</th>
+<th>P.P.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>v(f)&mdash;b.</b></td>
+<td><p><b>heven</b>, <i>to raise</i></p></td>
+<td><b>huoben</b></td>
+<td><b>gehaben</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>d&mdash;t.</b></td>
+<td><p><b>mīden</b>, <i>to avoid</i></p></td>
+<td><b>miten</b></td>
+<td><b>gemiten</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><p><b>snīden</b>, <i>to cut</i></p></td>
+<td><b>sniten</b></td>
+<td><b>gesniten</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>h&mdash;g.</b></td>
+<td><p><b>dīhen</b>, <i>to thrive</i></p></td>
+<td><b>digen</b></td>
+<td><b>gedigen</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><p><b>ziehen</b>, <i>to draw</i></p></td>
+<td><b>zugen</b></td>
+<td><b>gezogen</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><p><b>slahen</b>, <i>to strike</i></p></td>
+<td><b>sluogen</b></td>
+<td><b>geslagen</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>h&mdash;ng</b> (<a href =
+"#para29">§&nbsp;<b>29</b></a>).</p></td>
+<td><p><b>hāhen</b>, <i>to hang</i></p></td>
+<td><b>hiengen</b></td>
+<td><b>gehangen</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><p><b>vāhen</b>, <i>to catch</i></p></td>
+<td><b>viengen</b></td>
+<td><b>gevangen</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>s&mdash;r.</b></td>
+<td><p><b>rīsen</b>, <i>to fall</i></p></td>
+<td><b>rirn</b></td>
+<td><b>gerirn</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><p><b>kiesen</b>, <i>to choose</i></p></td>
+<td><b>kurn</b></td>
+<td><b>gekorn</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>This law has, however, many exceptions in MHG. owing to levelling
+having taken place with the infinitive,
+<span class = "pagenum">30</span>
+present indicative and preterite singular, as <b>risen</b>,
+<b>gerisen</b> beside <b>rirn</b>, <b>gerirn</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The same interchange of consonants exists between strong verbs and
+their corresponding causative weak verbs, as <b>līden</b>, <i>to go</i>:
+<b>leiten</b>, <i>to lead</i>; <b>hāhen</b>, <i>to hang</i>:
+<b>hengen</b>, <i>to hang</i> (trans.); <b>ge-nësen</b>, <i>to be
+saved</i>: <b>nern</b>, <i>to save</i>; and in nouns, &amp;c., as
+<b>hof</b> (gen. <b>hoves</b>), <i>court</i>: <b>hübesch</b>,
+<i>courtly</i>; <b>tōt</b> (gen. <b>tōdes</b>), <i>death</i>: <b>tōt</b>
+(gen. <b>tōtes</b>), <i>dead</i>; <b>swëher</b>, <i>father-in-law</i>:
+<b>swiger</b>, <i>mother-in-law</i>; <b>hase</b>: English
+<b>hare</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para31" id = "para31"><b>§ 31.</b></a>
+The doubling of consonants took place under certain well-defined rules
+partly in prim. Germanic and partly in prim. West Germanic, see the
+Author’s Hist. Germ. Grammar, §§ <b>202</b>, <b>213-14</b>. Examples of
+words which had double consonants in prim. Germanic are: <b>kopf</b>,
+head; <b>napf</b> (OE. <b>hnæp</b>, gen. <b>hnæppes</b>), <i>basin</i>;
+<b>boc</b> (OE. <b>bucca</b>), <i>buck</i>, gen. <b>bockes</b>;
+<b>rinnen</b>, <i>to run</i>; <b>swimmen</b>, <i>to swim</i>; <b>vol</b>
+(gen. <b>volles</b>), <i>full</i>; <b>vërre</b>, <i>far</i>;
+<b>gewisser</b>, <i>certain</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The chief cases in which double consonants arose in prim. West
+Germanic were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para31_1" id = "para31_1">1.</a>
+The assimilation of <b>ƀn</b>, <b>ʒn</b>, <b>pn</b> to <b>bb</b>,
+<b>gg</b>, <b>pp</b> = MHG. <b>pp</b>, <b>ck (gg)</b>, <b>pf</b>, as
+<b>knappe</b>: <b>knabe</b>, <i>boy</i>; <b>rappe</b>: <b>rabe</b>,
+<i>raven</i>; <b>rocke</b><ins class = "correction" title =
+"text has , for :">: </ins><b>rogge</b>, <i>rye</i>; <b>tropfe</b>,
+<i>drop</i>: <b>triefen</b>, <i>to drip</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para31_2" id = "para31_2">2.</a>
+<b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b> were doubled before a following <b>r</b> or
+<b>l</b>. The doubling regularly took place in the inflected forms, and
+was then extended to the uninflected forms by levelling, as <b>apfel</b>
+(OE. <b>æppel</b>), <i>apple</i>; <b>kupfer</b> (Lat. <b>cuprum</b>),
+<i>copper</i>; <b>bitter</b> (Goth. <b>báitrs</b>), <i>bitter</i>, see
+<a href = "#para23n">§&nbsp;<b>23</b> note</a>; <b>lützel</b> (OS.
+<b>luttil</b>), <i>little</i>; <b>acker</b> (Goth. <b>akrs</b>),
+<i>field</i>; <b>wacker</b> (OE. <b>wæccer</b>), <i>watchful</i>. See
+<a href = "#para23_2">§&nbsp;<b>23</b>,&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para31_3" id = "para31_3">3.</a>
+All single consonants, except <b>r</b>, were doubled after a short vowel
+when there was originally a <b>j</b> in the next syllable. The
+<b>bb</b>, <b>dd</b>, <b>gg</b>; <b>pp</b>, <b>tt</b>, <b>kk</b>, which
+thus arose, became <b>pp</b> (<b>bb</b>), <b>tt</b>, <b>ck</b>
+(<b>gg</b>); <b>pf</b>, <b>tz</b>, <b>ck</b> in MHG. (§§&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para23"><b>23</b></a>,&nbsp;2,
+<span class = "pagenum">31</span>
+<b>26</b>), as <b>sippe</b> (<b>sibbe</b>), Goth. <b>sibja</b>,
+<i>relationship</i>; <b>bitten</b>, later <b>biten</b>, Goth.
+<b>bidjan</b>, <i>to request</i>; <b>tretten</b> (<i>wv.</i>):
+<b>trëten</b> <i>(sv.), to tread</i>; <b>brücke</b> (<b>brügge</b>),
+<i>bridge</i>; <b>ecke</b> (<b>egge</b>), <i>edge</i>; <b>mücke</b>
+(<b>mügge</b>), <i>midge</i>; <b>rücke</b> (<b>rügge</b>), <i>ridge,
+back</i>. <b>schepfen</b>, Goth. <b>skapjan</b>, <i>to create</i>;
+<b>hitze</b>, <i>heat</i>: <b>heiȥ</b>, <i>hot</i>; <b>netzen</b>, <i>to
+wet</i>: <b>naȥ</b>, <i>wet</i>; <b>setzen</b>, Goth. <b>satjan</b>,
+<i>to set</i>; <b>sitzen</b>, <i>to sit</i>: pret. <b>saȥ</b>, p.p.
+<b>gesëȥȥen</b>; <b>decken</b>, <i>to cover</i>: <b>dach</b>,
+<i>cover</i>; <b>lücke</b>, <i>gap</i>: <b>loch</b>, <i>hole</i>.
+<b>zellen</b>, later <b>zeln</b>, <i>to count</i>: <b>zal</b>,
+<i>number</i>. <b>vremmen</b>, later <b>vremen</b> (OE. <b>fremman</b>),
+<i>to perform</i>. <b>henne</b>, <i>hen</i>: <b>hane</b>,
+<i>cock</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In MHG. the double consonants in verbs were often simplified through
+the levelling out of forms which regularly had a single consonant, e.g.
+regular forms were: <b>vremmen</b>, <i>to perform</i>, sing.
+<b>vremme</b>, <b>vremes(t)</b>, <b>vremet</b>, pl. <b>vremmen</b>,
+<b>vremmet</b>, <b>vremment</b>, pret. <b>vremete</b>, p.p.
+<b>gevremet</b>, then the stem-form with single <b>m</b> was levelled
+out into all the forms, and similarly with many other verbs, as
+<b>denen</b>, <i>to stretch</i>; <b>seln</b>, <i>to hand over</i>;
+<b>weln</b>, <i>to choose</i>; <b>wenen</b>, <i>to accustom</i>;
+<b>legen</b> beside <b>lecken</b> (<b>leggen</b>), <i>to lay</i>; and
+the strong verbs <b>biten</b>, <i>to beg</i>; <b>ligen</b> beside
+<b>licken (liggen)</b>, <i>to lie down</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para32" id = "para32"><b>§ 32.</b></a>
+Double consonants were simplified:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para32_1">1.</a>
+When they became final, as <b>boc</b>, <i>buck</i>, <b>kus</b>,
+<i>kiss</i>, <b>man</b>, <i>man</i>, <b>schif</b>, <i>ship</i>,
+<b>stum</b>, <i>dumb</i>, <b>vël</b>, <i>hide</i>, beside gen.
+<b>bockes</b>, <b>kusses</b>, <b>mannes</b>, <b>schiffes</b>,
+<b>stummes</b>, <b>vëlles</b>; pret. <b>maȥ</b>, <b>ran</b>,
+<b>traf</b>, beside <b>mëȥȥen</b>, <i>to measure</i>, <b>rinnen</b>,
+<i>to run</i>, <b>trëffen</b>, <i>to hit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para32_2">2.</a>
+Before other consonants, as pret. <b>dacte (dahte), nante (nande),
+kuste</b>, beside <b>decken</b>, <i>to cover</i>, <b>nennen</b>, <i>to
+name</i>, <b>küssen</b>, <i>to kiss</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para32_3">3.</a>
+After consonants, as pret. <b>sante</b> (<b>sande</b>) from
+<b>*santte, wante</b> (<b>wande</b>) from <b>*wantte</b>, beside
+<b>senden</b>, <i>to send</i>, <b>wenden</b>, <i>to turn</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para32_4">4.</a>
+After long vowels and diphthongs, as pret. sing. <b>leite</b> from
+<b>*leitte</b>, pret. pl. <b>māȥen</b>, <b>trāfen</b>, <b>vielen</b>,
+beside <b>leiten</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">32</span>
+<i>to lead</i>, <b>mëȥȥen</b>, <i>to measure</i>, <b>trëffen</b>, <i>to
+hit</i>, <b>vallen</b>, <i>to fall</i>. This simplification of double
+consonants took place during the OHG. period, as <b>slāfan</b>, <i>to
+sleep</i>, <b>heiȥan</b>, <i>to call</i>, <b>loufan</b>, <i>to run</i>,
+<b>zeichan</b>, <i>token</i>, beside older OHG. <b>slāffan</b>,
+<b>heiȥȥan</b>, <b>louffan</b>, <b>zeihhan</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para33" id = "para33"><b>§ 33.</b></a>
+In MHG. the lenes <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>g</b> became the fortes
+<b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>c (k)</b> when they ended a syllable, that is
+when they came to stand finally, or medially before a voiceless
+consonant. Traces of this law existed already in OHG. The interchange
+between the lenes and fortes includes two independent processes, viz.
+the change of the medial lenes <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>g</b> to the final
+fortes <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b>, and the change of the final
+<b>f</b>, <b>s</b> to the medial intervocalic lenes <b>v</b> and to what
+is written <b>s</b> (cp. also NHG. <b>lesen</b>, <b>las</b>). It must be
+noted that in MHG. the interchanging pairs of consonants were all
+voiceless and that the difference merely consisted in the intensity or
+force with which the sounds were produced. This is quite different from
+NHG. where the interchange is between voiced and voiceless sounds except
+in the case of <b>f</b> which is voiceless in all positions in native
+words. Examples are: <b>gëben</b>, <i>to give</i>, <b>gelouben</b>,
+<i>to believe</i>, <b>wërben</b>, <i>to turn</i>, beside pret.
+<b>gap</b>, <b>geloupte</b>, <b>warp</b>; gen. <b>lībes</b>,
+<b>lambes</b>, beside nom. <b>līp</b>, <i>life</i>, <b>lamp</b>,
+<i>lamb</i>. <b>binden</b>, <i>to bind</i>, <b>wërden</b>, <i>to
+become</i>, beside pret. <b>bant</b>, <b>wart</b>; gen. <b>kindes</b>,
+<b>tōdes</b>, beside nom. <b>kint</b>, <i>child</i>, <b>tōt</b>,
+<i>death</i>. <b>biegen</b>, <i>to bend</i>, <b>singen</b>, <i>to
+sing</i>, <b>zeigen</b>, <i>to show</i>, beside pret. <b>bouc</b>,
+<b>sanc</b>, <b>zeicte</b>; gen. <b>tages</b>, <b>bërges</b>, beside
+nom. <b>tac</b>, <i>day</i>, <b>bërc</b>, <i>mountain</i>. <b>nëve</b>,
+<i>nephew</i>, beside <b>niftel</b>, <i>niece</i>; gen. <b>hoves</b>,
+<b>brieves</b>, beside nom. <b>hof</b>, <i>court</i>, <b>brief</b>,
+<i>letter</i>. <b>kiesen</b>, <i>to choose</i>, <b>lësen</b>, <i>to
+gather</i>, <b>lœsen</b>, <i>to loose</i>, beside pret. <b>kōs</b>,
+<b>las</b>, <b>lōste</b>; pl. <b>hiuser</b>, beside sing. <b>hūs</b>,
+<i>house</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para34" id = "para34"><b>§ 34.</b></a>
+Final <b>ch</b> after vowels interchanged with medial <b>h</b>, as
+<b>schuoch</b>, <i>shoe</i>, gen. <b>schuohes</b>; <b>hōch</b>,
+<i>high</i>, gen. <b>hōhes</b>; <b>nāch</b>, <i>near</i>, adv.
+<b>nāhe</b>; pret. <b>geschach</b>, <b>sach</b>, beside
+<b>geschëhen</b>, <i>to happen</i>, <b>sëhen</b>, <i>to see</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">33</span>
+
+<p>The medial combinations <b>lh</b>, <b>rh</b> were written <b>lch</b>,
+<b>rch</b> when they came to stand finally, as <b>bevëlhen</b>, <i>to
+confide</i>, pret. <b>bevalch</b>; gen. <b>schëlhes</b>, <b>twërhes</b>,
+beside nom. <b>schëlch</b>, <b>twërch</b>, <i>askew</i>, see <a href =
+"#para19">§&nbsp;<b>19</b></a>. <b>h</b> (=&nbsp;<b>ch</b>) and
+<b>ch</b> often disappeared in unstressed syllables and particles, as
+<b>ē̆t</b>, <i>only</i>, <b>hīnte</b>, <b>hīnt</b>, <i>to-night</i>,
+<b>niet</b>, <i>not</i>, <b>dur</b>, <i>through</i>, beside <b>ëht</b>,
+<b>hīnaht</b>, <b>niht</b>, <b>nieht</b>, <b>durch</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para35" id = "para35"><b>§ 35.</b></a>
+Initial <b>j</b> became or was written <b>g</b> before a following
+<b>i</b>, as <b>gihet</b>, <i>he assures</i>, beside inf. <b>jëhen</b>,
+pret. <b>jach</b>, and similarly <b>jësen</b>, <i>to ferment</i>,
+<b>jëten</b>, <i>to weed</i>. In the verba pura forms with and without
+the intervocalic glide <b>j</b> existed side by side in OHG. and MHG.,
+as <b>blüejen</b> (OHG. <b>bluojen</b>) beside <b>blüen</b> (OHG.
+<b>bluoen</b>), <i>to bloom</i>; and similarly <b>dræjen</b>, <i>to
+twist</i>, <b>müejen</b>, <i>to trouble</i>, <b>sæjen</b>, <i>to
+sow</i>, beside <b>dræn</b>, <b>müen</b>, <b>sæn</b>. In a few words
+forms with and without intervocalic <b>j (g)</b> existed side by side,
+as gen. <b>blīges</b> beside nom. <b>blī</b>, <i>lead</i>; <b>eijer</b>,
+<b>eiger</b> beside <b>eier</b>, <i>eggs</i>; <b>frījen</b>,
+<b>frīgen</b> beside <b>frīen</b>, <i>to free</i>; <b>meige</b>,
+<b>meie</b>, <i>May</i>; <b>nerigen</b>, <b>nerjen</b> beside
+<b>nern</b>, <i>to save</i>, <i>rescue</i>; <b>swerigen</b>,
+<b>swerjen</b> beside <b>swern</b>, <i>to swear</i>; gen. <b>zwīges</b>,
+<b>zwīes</b>, nom. <b>zwī</b>, <i>twig</i>; gen. <b>zweiger</b>,
+<b>zweier</b>, <i>of two</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para36" id = "para36"><b>§ 36.</b></a>
+In OHG. <b>w</b> became vocalized to <b>o</b> when it came to stand at
+the end of a word or syllable, and then generally disappeared after long
+vowels, but the medial <b>w</b> regularly remained in OHG. and MHG. when
+it was at the beginning of a syllable, as <b>blā</b> (OHG. <b>blāo</b>,
+<b>blā</b>), <i>blue</i>, gen. <b>blāwes</b>; <b>snē</b> (OHG.
+<b>snēo</b>, <b>snē</b>), <i>snow</i>, gen. <b>snēwes</b>; <b>strō</b>
+(OHG. <b>strao</b>, <b>strō</b> by contraction), <i>straw</i>, gen.
+<b>strōwes</b>; <b>knie</b> (OHG. <b>kneo</b>), <i>knee</i>, gen.
+<b>kniewes</b>, OHG. <b>knëwes</b>; <b>schate</b> (OHG. <b>scato</b>),
+<i>shadow</i>, gen. <b>schat(e)wes</b>; pret. <b>blou</b>, <b>hiu</b>,
+<b>kou</b>, beside <b>bliuwen</b>, <i>to strike</i>, <b>houwen</b>,
+<i>to hew</i>, <b>kiuwen</b>, <i>to chew</i>; <b>fal</b> (OHG.
+<b>falo</b>), <i>fallow</i>, gen. <b>falwes</b>; <b>gar</b> (OHG.
+<b>garo</b>), <i>ready</i>, gen. <b>garwes</b>; <b>mël</b> (OHG.
+<b>mëlo</b>), <i>meal</i>, gen. <b>mëlwes</b>; <b>smër</b> (OHG.
+<b>smëro</b>),
+<span class = "pagenum">34</span>
+<i>fat</i>; pret. <b>smirte</b>, <b>ströute</b>, beside <b>smirwen</b>,
+<i>to smear</i>, <b>ströuwen</b>, <i>to strew</i>. See <a href =
+"#para9">§&nbsp;<b>9</b></a>,&nbsp;r.</p>
+
+<p>The <b>w</b> element sometimes disappeared in the initial
+combinations <b>qua-</b>, <b>quā-</b>, <b>quë-</b>, <b>qui-</b>,
+<b>quī-</b> partly with and partly without influencing the quality of
+the following vowel, as pret. sing. <b>kam</b>, <b>kom</b> beside
+<b>quam</b>, <i>he came</i>, pret. pl. <b>kōmen</b>, <b>kāmen</b> beside
+<b>quāmen</b>; <b>kāle</b> beside <b>quāle</b>, <i>torture</i>;
+<b>këc</b> beside <b>quec</b>, <i>alive</i>; <b>korder</b>,
+<b>körder</b> beside <b>quërder</b>, <i>bait</i>; <b>komen</b>,
+<b>kömen</b>, <b>kumen</b> beside <b>quëmen</b>, <i>to come</i>; pres.
+sing. <b>kume</b>, <b>küm(e)s(t)</b>, <b>kum(e)s(t)</b>, <b>küm(e)t</b>,
+<b>kum(e)t</b> = OHG. <b>quimu</b>, <b>quimis</b>, <b>quimit</b>;
+<b>kücken</b> beside <b>quicken</b>, <i>to enliven</i>; <b>kīt</b>
+beside <b>quīt</b> = <b>quidet</b>, <i>he says</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para37" id = "para37"><b>§ 37.</b></a>
+Medial <b>-ibe-</b>, <b>-ide-</b>, <b>-ige-</b> were sometimes
+contracted to <b>ī</b>; and medial <b>-age-</b>, <b>-ege-</b> to
+<b>ei</b>, as <b>gīst</b>, <i>thou givest</i>, <b>gīt</b>, <i>he
+gives</i>, beside <b>gibes(t)</b>, <b>gibet</b>; <b>quīst</b>, <i>thou
+sayest</i>, <b>quīt</b>, <i>he says</i>, beside <b>quides(t)</b>,
+<b>quidet</b>; <b>līst</b>, <i>thou liest down</i>, <b>līt</b>, <i>he
+lies down</i>, beside <b>liges(t)</b>, <b>liget</b>. <b>meit</b> beside
+<b>maget</b>, <i>maid</i>; <b>seist</b>, <i>thou sayest</i>,
+<b>seit</b>, <i>he says</i>, beside <b>sages(t)</b>, <b>saget</b>;
+<b>leist</b>, <i>thou layest</i>, <b>leit</b>, <i>he lays</i>, beside
+<b>leges(t)</b>, <b>leget</b>; <b>eislīch</b> beside <b>egeslīch</b>,
+<i>terrible</i>; <b>gein</b> beside <b>gegen</b>, <i>against</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para38" id = "para38"><b>§ 38.</b></a>
+Intervocalic <b>h</b> often disappeared when the first vowel was long,
+and then the two vowels underwent contraction, as <b>hān</b>, <i>to
+hang</i>, <b>vān</b>, <i>to catch</i>, <b>vlēn</b>, <i>to implore</i>,
+<b>hō</b> (adv.), <i>high</i>, beside <b>hāhen</b>, <b>vāhen</b>,
+<b>vlēhen</b>, <b>hōhe</b>. Other contracted forms will be found in the
+Glossary.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para39" id = "para39"><b>§ 39.</b></a>
+The final <b>r</b> disappeared after long vowels in monosyllables when
+the next word began with a consonant, but was often restored
+analogically, as <b>dā</b> (OHG. <b>dār</b>), <i>there</i>:
+<b>dārinne</b>, <i>therein</i>; <b>wā</b> (OHG. <b>wār</b>),
+<i>where</i>: <b>wārinne</b>, <i>wherein</i>; <b>hie</b> (OHG.
+<b>hiar</b>): <b>hierunder</b>, <i>hereunder</i>; adv. <b>mē</b> (OHG.
+<b>mēr</b>), <i>more</i>; <b>ē</b> (OHG. <b>ēr</b>), <i>formerly</i>;
+<b>sā</b> (OHG. <b>sār</b>), <i>at once</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">35</span>
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para40" id = "para40"><b>§ 40.</b></a>
+Medial <b>t</b> (<a href = "#para25">§&nbsp;<b>25</b></a>) became
+<b>d</b> after nasals in late OHG. and early MHG., as <b>senden</b>,
+<i>to send</i>, gen. <b>blindes</b> (nom. <b>blint</b>, <i>blind</i>),
+pret. <b>nande</b>, <i>he named</i>, <b>rūmde</b>, <i>he left</i>,
+beside early MHG. <b>senten</b>, <b>blintes</b>, <b>nante</b>,
+<b>rūmte</b>. It also occasionally became <b>d</b> after <b>l</b>, as
+<b>halden</b> beside <b>halten</b>, <i>to hold</i>, <b>solde</b> beside
+<b>solte</b>, pret. of <b>suln</b>, <i>shall</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">36</span>
+<h3>ACCIDENCE</h3>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapIII" id = "chapIII">
+CHAPTER III</a></h4>
+
+<h5>DECLENSION OF NOUNS</h5>
+
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para41" id = "para41"><b>§ 41.</b></a>
+MHG. nouns have two numbers: singular and plural; three genders:
+masculine, feminine, and neuter, as in OHG. and NHG., from which the
+gender of nouns in MHG. does not materially differ; four cases:
+nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. Traces of an old locative
+occur in what is called the uninflected dative singular of <b>hūs</b>,
+<i>house</i>, beside <b>hūse</b>, and in proper names like
+<b>Engellant</b> beside <b>Engellande</b>. The vocative is like the
+nominative.</p>
+
+<p>In MHG., as in the older periods of the other Germanic languages,
+nouns are divided into two great classes, according as the stem
+originally ended in a vowel or a consonant, cp. the similar division of
+nouns in Latin and Greek. Nouns whose stems originally ended in a vowel
+belong to the vocalic or so-called strong declension. Those whose stems
+originally ended in <b>-n</b> belong to the so-called weak or
+<b>n-</b>declension. All other consonantal stems are generally put
+together under the general heading, ‘Minor Declensions’. In OHG. nouns
+whose stems originally ended in a vowel are subdivided into the
+<b>a-</b>declension including pure <b>a-</b>stems, <b>ja-</b>stems, and
+<b>wa-</b>stems; the <b>ō-</b>declension including pure <b>ō-</b>stems,
+<b>jō-</b>stems, and <b>wō-</b>stems; the <b>ī̆-</b>declension, and the
+<b>u-</b>declension. All the nouns belonging to the <b>u-</b>declension
+went over into other
+<span class = "pagenum">37</span>
+declensions in MHG. (cp. §§ <a href = "#para43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href =
+"#para44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href = "#para49"><b>49</b></a>). But as all
+final vowels either disappeared (some of them already in OHG.) or were
+weakened to <b>e</b> in MHG. (see §§ <a href = "#para7"><b>7</b></a>,
+<a href = "#para8"><b>8</b></a>), it is no longer practicable to retain the
+OHG. subdivision fully without entering into the oldest and in many
+cases into the prehistoric period of the language, which would be quite
+out of place in a MHG. grammar. The old ‘Minor Declensions’ had begun to
+pass over into the vocalic, especially into the <b>i-</b> and <b>a-</b>,
+declensions in the oldest OHG. The remnants of the old inflexions
+preserved in MHG. will be noted in the following paragraphs. The neuter
+nouns whose stems originally ended in <b>-os</b>, <b>-es</b> (cp.
+<a href = "#para47">§&nbsp;<b>47</b></a>) are in this Primer included in
+the strong declension.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">A. The Vocalic or Strong Declension.</h5>
+
+<p class = "center">1. <b>Masculine Nouns.</b></p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para42" id = "para42"><b>§ 42.</b></a>
+<b>First declension.</b>&mdash;To this declension belong all masculine
+nouns which form their plural in <b>-e</b> only. It includes: (a) the
+old masculine <b>a-</b>stems; (b) the old masculine <b>wa-</b>stems
+which lost their final <b>-w</b> after long vowels in OHG., as
+<b>sē</b>, <i>sea</i>, gen. <b>sēwes</b>, pl. <b>sēwe</b>, and similarly
+<b>bū</b>, <i>dwelling</i>, <b>rē</b> (also neuter), <i>corpse</i>,
+<b>snē</b>, <i>snow</i>, see <a href = "#para36">§&nbsp;<b>36</b></a>;
+and (c) the old masculine <b>i-</b>stems which could not have umlaut in
+the plural (<a href = "#para44">§&nbsp;<b>44</b></a>).</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Sing.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>tac</b>, <i>day</i></td>
+<td><b>kil</b>, <i>quill</i></td>
+<td><b>engel</b>, <i>angel</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>tages</b></td>
+<td><b>kil(e)s</b></td>
+<td><b>engel(e)s</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>tage</b></td>
+<td><b>kil(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>engel(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Plur.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc. Gen.</td>
+<td><b>tage</b></td>
+<td><b>kil(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>engel(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>tagen</b></td>
+<td><b>kil(e)n</b></td>
+<td><b>engel(e)n</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">38</span>
+<p>On the interchange between fortis and lenis, as in <b>tac</b>,
+<i>day</i>, <b>lop</b>, <i>praise</i>, <b>sant</b>, <i>sand</i>,
+<b>hof</b>, <i>court</i>, gen. <b>tages</b>, <b>lobes</b>,
+<b>sandes</b>, <b>hoves</b>, see <a href =
+"#para33">§&nbsp;<b>33</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Like <b>tac</b> are also declined the old consonantal stems
+<b>vīent</b>, <i>enemy</i>, and <b>vriunt</b>, <i>friend</i>, but pl.
+<b>vriunde</b> beside the old plural <b>vriunt</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Like <b>kil</b> are declined all monosyllabic masculine nouns having
+a short stem-vowel and ending in <b>-l</b> or <b>-r</b> (<a href =
+"#para9_1">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;1</a>).</p>
+
+<p>Like <b>engel</b> are declined masculine polysyllabic nouns ending in
+<b>-el</b>, <b>-em</b>, <b>-en</b>, <b>-er</b>, when their stem-syllable
+is long, as <b>mantel</b>, <i>mantle</i>, <b>ātem</b>, <i>breath</i>,
+<b>morgen</b>, <i>morning</i>, <b>acker</b>, <i>field</i>. Those in
+<b>-em</b>, <b>-en</b> generally retain the <b>e</b> in the dative
+plural. Polysyllabic nouns with short stem-syllables fluctuate between
+the retention or loss of the <b>e</b>, as gen. sing. <b>vogeles</b> or
+<b>vogels</b>, dat. sing, and nom. acc. pl. <b>vogele</b> or
+<b>vogel</b>, and similarly <b>vadem</b>, <i>thread</i>, <b>rëgen</b>,
+<i>rain</i>, <b>sumer</b>, <i>summer</i>, see <a href =
+"#para9_2">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para43" id = "para43"><b>§ 43.</b></a>
+<b>Second declension.</b>&mdash;To this declension belong all masculine
+nouns whose nom. and acc. singular end in <b>-e</b>, which is the only
+difference between this and the first declension. It includes: (a) the
+old masculine <b>ja-</b>stems; (b) many old <b>u-</b>stems with short
+stem-syllable, as <b>fride</b> (OHG. <b>fridu</b>), <i>peace</i>,
+<b>site</b> (OHG. <b>situ</b>), <i>custom</i>, and similarly
+<b>huge</b>, <i>thought</i>, <b>mëte</b>, <i>mead</i>, <b>sige</b>
+beside <b>sic</b>, <i>victory</i>, <b>wite</b>, <i>wood</i> (see <a href
+= "#para36">§&nbsp;<b>36</b></a>); (c) the old short <b>i-</b>stem
+<b>wine</b>, <i>friend</i>; and (d) the old masculine <b>wa-</b>stem
+<b>schate</b> (gen. <b>schat(e)wes</b> beside <b>schates</b>),
+<i>shadow</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>hirte</b>, <i>shepherd</i></td>
+<td><b>hirte</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>hirtes</b></td>
+<td><b>hirte</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>hirte</b></td>
+<td><b>hirten</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para44" id = "para44"><b>§ 44.</b></a>
+<b>Third declension.</b>&mdash;To this declension belong all masculine
+nouns which form their plural in <b>-e</b> and with
+<span class = "pagenum">39</span>
+umlaut of the stem-vowel. It includes: (a) the old masculine
+<b>i-</b>stems; (b) the old masculine <b>u-</b>stem <b>sun</b> (OHG.
+<b>sunu</b>, <b>sun</b>), <i>son</i>; and (c) the two old consonant
+stems <b>fuoȥ</b>, <i>foot</i>, <b>zant</b> (gen. <b>zandes</b>),
+<b>zan</b>, <i>tooth</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Sing.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Plur.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>gast</b></td>
+<td><b>gast</b>, <i>guest</i></td>
+<td><b>geste</b></td>
+<td><b>gesti</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>gastes</b></td>
+<td><b>gastes</b></td>
+<td><b>geste</b></td>
+<td><b>gesteo</b>, <b>-io</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>gaste</b></td>
+<td><b>gaste</b></td>
+<td><b>gesten</b></td>
+<td><b>gestim</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The singular of nouns of this declension was inflected like the
+<b>a-</b>stems (<a href = "#para42">§&nbsp;<b>42</b></a>) already in
+OHG. And owing to the weakening of the case-endings of the plural in
+passing from OHG. to MHG. (<a href = "#para7">§&nbsp;<b>7</b></a>), the
+only difference in the two declensions is the presence or absence of
+umlaut in the plural. The old masculine <b>i-</b>stems which could not
+have umlaut in the plural accordingly came to be inflected entirely like
+the old masculine <b>a-</b>stems, as <b>schrit</b>, <i>step</i>,
+<b>snit</b>, <i>cut</i>, <b>biȥ</b>, <i>bite</i>, pl. <b>schrite</b>,
+<b>snite</b>, <b>biȥȥe</b>. A&nbsp;further consequence of the singular
+being inflected alike in both declensions is that the old <b>a-</b>stems
+began to have umlaut in the plural after the analogy of the
+<b>i-</b>stems, as <b>gedenke</b>, <i>thoughts</i>, <b>nägele</b>,
+<i>nails</i>, <b>wägene</b>, <i>wagons</i>, beside <b>gedanke</b>,
+<b>nagele</b>, <b>wagene</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Nouns ending in the fortis <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>c</b>, or <b>f</b>
+(=&nbsp;Germanic <b>f</b>) regularly change the fortis to lenis in the
+inflected forms, as <b>korp</b>, <i>basket</i>, <b>walt</b>,
+<i>wood</i>, <b>slac</b>, <i>blow</i>, <b>brief</b>, <i>letter</i>, gen.
+<b>korbes</b>, <b>waldes</b>, <b>stages</b>, <b>brieves</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para45" id = "para45"><b>§ 45.</b></a>
+The old consonant stems <b>vater</b>, <i>father</i>, <b>bruoder</b>,
+<i>brother</i>, often remain uninflected in the singular, as gen.
+<b>vater</b>, <b>bruoder</b> beside <b>vaters</b>, <b>bruoders</b> (cp.
+<a href = "#para9_2">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;2</a>). In the plural they
+take umlaut, as <b>veter</b>, <b>brüeder</b>. The old consonant stem
+<b>man</b>, <i>man</i>, is either declined like <b>tac</b> (<a href =
+"#para42">§&nbsp;<b>42</b></a>) or remains uninflected throughout,
+as</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">40</span>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>man</b></td>
+<td><b>manne</b>, <b>man</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>mannes</b>, <b>man</b></td>
+<td><b>manne</b>, <b>man</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>manne</b>, <b>man</b></td>
+<td><b>mannen</b>, <b>man</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The nom. plural <b>man</b>, now written <b>mann</b>, is still
+preserved in counting, as <b>hundert mann</b>, <i>a hundred men</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "center">2. <b>Neuter Nouns.</b></p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para46" id = "para46"><b>§ 46.</b></a>
+<b>First Declension.</b>&mdash;To this declension belong all neuter
+nouns which have their nominative case singular and plural alike. It
+includes three different types of nouns: (a)&nbsp;The old neuter
+<b>a-</b>stems like <b>wort</b>, <i>word</i>, <b>venster</b>,
+<i>window</i>. (b)&nbsp;The old neuter <b>ja-</b>stems like
+<b>künne</b>, <i>race</i>, <i>generation</i>, <b>bette</b>, <i>bed</i>,
+<b>netze</b>, <i>net</i>. The characteristic of this type of noun is
+that it has umlaut in all forms of the singular and plural when the
+stem-vowel is capable of it (cp. <a href =
+"#para31_3">§&nbsp;<b>31</b>,&nbsp;3</a>). And (c)&nbsp;the old neuter
+<b>wa-</b>stems (cp. <a href = "#para36">§&nbsp;<b>36</b></a>) like
+<b>knie</b>, <i>knee</i>, gen. <b>kniewes</b>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "3">Sing.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>wort</b></td>
+<td><b>venster</b></td>
+<td><b>künne</b></td>
+<td><b>knie</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>wortes</b></td>
+<td><b>vensters</b></td>
+<td><b>künnes</b></td>
+<td><b>kniewes</b> (<b>knies</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>worte</b></td>
+<td><b>venster</b></td>
+<td><b>künne</b></td>
+<td><b>kniewe</b> (<b>knie</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "3">Plur.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>wort</b></td>
+<td><b>venster</b></td>
+<td><b>künne</b></td>
+<td><b>knie</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>worte</b></td>
+<td><b>venster</b></td>
+<td><b>künne</b></td>
+<td><b>kniewe</b> (<b>knie</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>worten</b></td>
+<td><b>venstern</b></td>
+<td><b>künnen</b></td>
+<td><b>kniewen</b> (<b>knien</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">41</span>
+<p>(a) On the interchange between the fortes <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>,
+<b>c</b> and the lenes <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>g</b>, as in <b>grap</b>,
+<i>grave</i>, <b>gëlt</b>, <i>money</i>, <b>dinc</b>, <i>thing</i>, gen.
+<b>grabes</b>, <b>gëldes</b>, <b>dinges</b>, see <a href =
+"#para33">§&nbsp;<b>33</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Like <b>venster</b> are declined the neuter polysyllabic nouns ending
+in <b>-el</b>, <b>-em</b>, <b>-en</b>, <b>-er</b>, as <b>luoder</b>,
+<i>bait</i>, <b>wāfen</b>, <b>wāpen</b>, <i>weapon</i>; <b>schapel</b>,
+<i>garland</i>, <b>gadem</b>, <i>house</i>, <b>wëter</b>,
+<i>weather</i>. On the endings, see §§ <a href =
+"#para9"><b>9</b></a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para42"><b>42</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>(b) Like <b>künne</b> is also declined the old neuter <b>u-</b>stem
+<b>vihe</b> (OHG. <b>fihu</b>), <i>cattle</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(c) Like <b>knie</b> are declined <b>mël</b>, <i>meal</i>, <b>rē</b>
+(also masc.), <i>corpse</i>, <b>smër</b>, <i>fat</i>, <b>strō</b>,
+<i>straw</i>, <b>tou</b>, <i>dew</i>, <b>wē</b>, <i>woe</i>, gen.
+<b>mëlwes</b>, <b>rēwes</b>, <b>smërwes</b>, <b>strōwes</b>,
+<b>touwes</b>, <b>wēwes</b>, see <a href =
+"#para36">§&nbsp;<b>36</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para47" id = "para47"><b>§ 47.</b></a>
+<b>Second declension.</b>&mdash;To this declension belong all neuter
+nouns which form their plural in <b>-er</b> and by umlaut of the
+stem-vowel when it is capable of it. This class of nouns corresponds to
+the Latin neuters in <b>-us</b>, as <b>genus</b>, gen. <b>generis</b>,
+pl. <b>genera</b>. The <b>-er</b> (OHG. <b>-ir</b>) was originally a
+stem-forming suffix which came to be regarded as a plural ending. In the
+oldest period of the language only about half-a-dozen nouns belonged to
+this class, but during the MHG. period nearly twenty neuter
+<b>a-</b>stems passed into this declension, and in NHG. the number has
+increased to about a hundred.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Sing.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Plur.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>lamp</b></td>
+<td><b>lamb</b>, <i>lamb</i></td>
+<td><b>lember</b></td>
+<td><b>lembir</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>lambes</b></td>
+<td><b>lambes</b></td>
+<td><b>lember</b></td>
+<td><b>lembiro</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>lambe</b></td>
+<td><b>lambe</b></td>
+<td><b>lembern</b></td>
+<td><b>lembirum</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>On the loss of the <b>e</b> in the gen. and dat. plural, see <a href
+= "#para9_2">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;<b>2</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Other examples are: <b>ei</b> (pl. <b>eiger</b>, <b>eijer</b>,
+<b>eier</b>, § <b>35</b>),
+<span class = "pagenum">42</span>
+<i>egg</i>, <b>huon</b>, <i>hen</i>, <b>kalp</b>, <i>calf</i>,
+<b>rat</b>, <i>wheel</i>, <b>rint</b>, <i>bullock</i>, <b>tal</b>,
+<i>dale</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "center">3. <b>Feminine Nouns.</b></p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para48" id = "para48"><b>§ 48.</b></a>
+<b>First declension.</b>&mdash;To this declension belong all feminine
+nouns having their nominative case singular and plural alike. It
+includes: (a) the old feminine <b>ō-</b>stems, as <b>gëbe</b>,
+<i>gift</i>, <b>sēle</b>, <i>soul</i>, <b>zal</b>, <i>number</i>; (b)
+the old feminine <b>jō-</b>stems, as <b>küneginne</b>, <b>künegin</b>,
+<b>künegīn</b>, <i>queen</i>, and similarly <b>vriundinne</b>,
+<i>friend</i>, <b>gütinne</b>, <i>goddess</i>; (c) the old feminine
+<b>wō-</b>stems with and without <b>w</b>, as <b>brāwe</b>, <b>brā</b>,
+<i>brow</i>, pl. <b>brā</b> beside weak pl. <b>brāwen</b>; <b>diuwe</b>,
+<b>diu</b>, <i>servant</i>; (d) the old feminine abstract nouns in
+<b>-ī</b>, as <b>vinster</b> (OHG. <b>finstrī</b>), <i>darkness</i>,
+<b>schœne</b> (OHG. <b>scōnī</b>), <i>beauty</i>; and (e) the old
+consonant stem, <b>swester</b>, <b>swëster</b>, <i>sister</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Sing.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>gëbe</b></td>
+<td><b>zal</b></td>
+<td><b>vinster</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>gëbe</b></td>
+<td><b>zal</b></td>
+<td><b>vinster</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>gëbe</b></td>
+<td><b>zal</b></td>
+<td><b>vinster</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Plur.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>gëbe</b></td>
+<td><b>zal</b></td>
+<td><b>vinster</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>gëben</b></td>
+<td><b>zaln</b></td>
+<td><b>vinstern</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>gëben</b></td>
+<td><b>zaln</b></td>
+<td><b>vinstern</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>On the endings in nouns declined like <b>zal</b>, <i>number</i>,
+<b>dol</b>, <i>pain</i>, <b>wal</b>, <i>choice</i>, <b>nar</b>,
+<i>food</i>, <b>schar</b>, <i>flock</i>, and <b>vinster</b>, see
+§&nbsp;<a href = "#para9_1"><b>9</b>,&nbsp;1,&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The gen. plural had the ending of the weak declension already in the
+oldest period of the language. Through the nom. singular and the gen.
+and dat. plural having the same endings as the feminine weak declension
+(<a href = "#para53">§&nbsp;<b>53</b></a>), <b>ō-</b>stems began in OHG.
+to be inflected after the analogy
+<span class = "pagenum">43</span>
+of the weak declension, especially in the plural. This process spread
+considerably in MHG. with concrete nouns, but not often with abstract
+nouns.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para49" id = "para49"><b>§ 49.</b></a>
+<b>Second declension.</b>&mdash;To this declension belong all feminine
+nouns which form their plural in <b>-e</b> and have umlaut in the
+stem-vowel. It includes: (a) the old feminine <b>i-</b>stems; (b) the
+old <b>u-</b>stem <b>hant</b>, <i>hand</i>; and (c) several old
+consonantal stems, see below.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Sing.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Plur.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>anst</b></td>
+<td><b>anst</b>, <i>favour</i></td>
+<td><b>enste</b></td>
+<td><b>ensti</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><p><b>enste</b> <i>or</i> <b>anst</b></p></td>
+<td><b>ensti</b></td>
+<td><b>enste</b></td>
+<td><b>ensteo</b>, <b>-io</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><p><b>enste</b> <i>or</i> <b>anst</b></p></td>
+<td><b>ensti</b></td>
+<td><b>ensten</b></td>
+<td><b>enstim</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In <b>jugent</b> (OHG. <b>jugund</b>, pl. <b>jugundi</b>),
+<i>youth</i>, gen. dat. <b>jugende</b> beside <b>jugent</b>, pl.
+<b>jugende</b>, the original <b>-i</b> being in the third syllable did
+not cause umlaut in the stem-syllable; and similarly <b>tugent</b>,
+<i>valour</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hant</b>, <i>hand</i>, originally belonged to the
+<b>u-</b>declension, which explains forms like gen. sing, and plural
+<b>hande</b> beside <b>hende</b>, dat. pl. <b>handen</b> beside
+<b>henden</b>. The old gen. plural has been preserved in NHG.
+<b>allerhand</b>, and the dat. plural in <b>abhanden</b>,
+<b>beihanden</b>, <b>vorhanden</b>, <b>zuhanden</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Several old consonant stems went over partly or entirely into this
+declension, viz. <b>maget</b>, <b>meit</b> (<a href =
+"#para37">§&nbsp;<b>37</b></a>), <i>maid</i>, pl. <b>mägede</b> or
+<b>meide</b>; <b>kuo</b>, <i>cow</i>, pl. <b>küeje</b> or <b>küewe</b>
+(OHG. <b>kuoi</b>), <b>sū</b>, <i>sow</i>, pl. <b>siuwe</b> (OHG.
+<b>sūi</b>); both these nouns generally remained uninflected in the gen.
+and dat. singular. <b>naht</b>, <i>night</i>, has gen. and dat. singular
+<b>naht</b> beside <b>nähte</b>; pl. nom. acc. gen. <b>naht</b> beside
+<b>nähte</b>, dat. <b>nahten</b> beside <b>nähten</b>, cp. also NHG.
+<b>weihnachten</b>, MHG. <b>zën wīhen nahten</b>. The MHG. adverbial
+gen. <b>nahts</b>, <b>dës nahtes</b>
+<span class = "pagenum">44</span>
+was formed after the analogy of <b>dës tages</b>. Like <b>naht</b> were
+also inflected <b>brust</b>, <i>breast</i>, and <b>burc</b>,
+<i>citadel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>muoter</b>, <i>mother</i>, and <b>tohter</b>, <i>daughter</i>,
+remain uninflected in the singular. In the plural they have umlaut:
+<b>müeter</b>, <b>töhter</b>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">B. The Weak Declension (N-Stems).</h5>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para50" id = "para50"><b>§ 50.</b></a>
+The weak declension contains a large number of masculine and feminine
+nouns, but only four neuter nouns, viz. <b>hërze</b>, <i>heart</i>,
+<b>ōre</b>, <i>ear</i>, <b>ouge</b>, <i>eye</i>, and <b>wange</b>,
+<i>cheek</i>; these nouns, especially <b>hërze</b>, sometimes form their
+nom. acc. plural after the analogy of nouns like <b>künne</b> (<a href =
+"#para46">§&nbsp;<b>46</b></a>). The original case endings of the weak
+declension had disappeared in the oldest period of the language except
+in the nom. singular (masc. <b>-o</b>, fem., and neut. <b>-a</b>), the
+gen. pl. (<b>ōno</b>) and dat. pl. (<b>-ōm</b>). Owing to the weakening
+of the <b>-o</b>, <b>-a</b> to <b>-e</b> in MHG. the nom. singular
+became alike in all genders. And similarly the endings <b>-ōno</b>,
+<b>-ōm</b> and the endings of the other oblique forms were all weakened
+to <b>-en</b> in MHG. (<a href = "#para7">§&nbsp;<b>7</b></a>), so that
+the element which originally formed part of the stem came to be regarded
+as a case ending.</p>
+
+<p>On the loss of the final and medial <b>e</b> in nouns like <b>ar</b>,
+<i>eagle</i>, <b>bir</b> (fem.), <i>pear</i>, <b>gevangen(e)</b>,
+<i>prisoner</i>, beside the inflected forms <b>arn</b>, <b>birn</b>,
+<b>gevangen</b> from <b>*gevangen-en</b> through the intermediate stage
+<b>*gevangenn</b>, see <a href = "#para9_1">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,
+<b>1</b>,&nbsp;<b>2</b></a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para51" id = "para51"><b>§ 51.</b></a></p>
+
+<p class = "center">1. <b>Masculine Nouns.</b></p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom.</td>
+<td><b>bote</b></td>
+<td><b>boto</b>, <i>messenger</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Acc.</td>
+<td><b>boten</b></td>
+<td><b>boton</b>, <b>-un</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>boten</b></td>
+<td><b>boten</b>, <b>-in</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>boten</b></td>
+<td><b>boten</b>, <b>-in</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">45</span>
+</td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>boten</b></td>
+<td><b>boton</b>, <b>-un</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>boten</b></td>
+<td><b>botōno</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>boten</b></td>
+<td><b>botōm</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para52" id = "para52"><b>§ 52.</b></a></p>
+
+<p class = "center">2. <b>Neuter Nouns.</b></p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>hërze</b></td>
+<td><b>hërza</b>, <i>heart</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>hërzen</b></td>
+<td><b>hërzen</b>, <b>-in</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>hërzen</b></td>
+<td><b>hërzen</b>, <b>-in</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>hërzen</b></td>
+<td><b>hërzun</b>, <b>-on</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>hërzen</b></td>
+<td><b>hërzōno</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>hërzen</b></td>
+<td><b>hërzōm</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para53" id = "para53"><b>§ 53.</b></a></p>
+
+<p class = "center">3. <b>Feminine Nouns.</b></p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom.</td>
+<td><b>zunge</b></td>
+<td><b>zunga</b>, <i>tongue</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Acc.</td>
+<td><b>zungen</b></td>
+<td><b>zungūn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>zungen</b></td>
+<td><b>zungūn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>zungen</b></td>
+<td><b>zungūn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>zungen</b></td>
+<td><b>zungūn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>zungen</b></td>
+<td><b>zungōno</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>zunge</b></td>
+<td><b>zungōm</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">C. Declension of Proper Names.</h5>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para54" id = "para54"><b>§ 54.</b></a>
+Names of persons ending in <b>e</b> in the nominative follow the weak
+declension. Masculine names of persons take <b>-es</b> in the genitive,
+<b>-e</b> in the dative, and <b>-en</b> in the accusative after the
+analogy of the strong adjectives. The accusative ending <b>-en</b> was
+sometimes extended to the
+<span class = "pagenum">46</span>
+dative, and the dative ending <b>-e</b> to the accusative. And sometimes
+both these cases were without endings. Names of countries ending in
+<b>-lant</b> often have no ending in the dative, as <b>Engellant</b>
+beside <b>Engellande</b>, see <a href = "#para41">§&nbsp;<b>41</b></a>.
+Feminine names of persons ending in a consonant take <b>-e</b> in the
+genitive, dative and accusative, but occasionally remain uninflected
+throughout.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Masculine.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom.</td>
+<td><b>Sīfrit</b></td>
+<td><b>Hagene</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>Sīfrides</b></td>
+<td><b>Hagenen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>Sīfrit</b>, <b>Sīfride(n)</b></td>
+<td><b>Hagenen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Feminine.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom.</td>
+<td><b>Kriemhilt</b></td>
+<td><b>Uote</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen. Dat. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>Kriemhilde</b>, <b>Kriemhilt</b></td>
+<td><b>Uoten</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h4><a name = "chapIV" id = "chapIV">
+CHAPTER IV</a></h4>
+
+<h5>ADJECTIVES</h5>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">A. The Declension of Adjectives.</h5>
+
+<p class = "center">1. <b>The Strong Declension.</b></p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para55" id = "para55"><b>§ 55.</b></a>
+The MHG. adjectives are declined as strong or weak. They have three
+genders, and the same cases as nouns. The endings of the strong
+declension are partly nominal and partly pronominal. The nominal endings
+are: the accusative feminine singular, as <b>blinde</b> like <b>gëbe</b>
+(<a href = "#para48">§&nbsp;<b>48</b></a>); and the genitive singular
+masculine and neuter, as <b>blindes</b> like <b>tages</b>, <b>wortes</b>
+(§§&nbsp;<a href = "#para43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href =
+"#para46"><b>46</b></a>). All the other endings are pronominal. The
+so-called uninflected form of adjectives in the nom. singular masculine
+and feminine
+<span class = "pagenum">47</span>
+and the nom. acc. neuter is a remnant of the time when adjectives and
+nouns were declined alike, see the Author’s Hist. Germ. Grammar, §§
+<b>399-400</b>. The strong declension includes three different types of
+adjectives, all of which are declined alike: (a) The old <b>a-</b>stems,
+as <b>blint</b>, infl. form <b>blinter</b>, <i>blind</i>; <b>bar</b>,
+<i>bare</i>, <b>guot</b>, <i>good</i>, <b>heilec</b>, <i>holy</i>,
+<b>hol</b>, <i>hollow</i>, <b>michel</b>, <i>great</i>, <b>vinster</b>,
+<i>dark</i>, and similarly with a very large number of adjectives,
+including the past participles of strong and weak verbs. (b) The old
+<b>ja-</b>stems, as <b>lære</b> (OHG. <b>lāri</b>), infl. <b>lærer</b>,
+<i>empty</i>; <b>dünne</b>, <i>thin</i>, <b>enge</b>, <i>narrow</i>,
+<b>grüene</b>, <i>green</i>, <b>niuwe</b>, <i>new</i>, <b>reine</b>,
+<i>pure</i>, <b>schœne</b>, <i>beautiful</i>, <b>senfte</b>,
+<i>soft</i>, <b>wilde</b>, <i>wild</i>, and many others, including the
+present participles of strong and weak verbs. The <b>ja-</b>stems only
+differ from the <b>a-</b>stems in having <b>-e</b> in the uninflected
+form and umlaut in the stem-syllable when it is capable of it. (c) The
+old <b>wa-</b>stems, as <b>blā</b> (OHG. <b>blāo</b>, <b>blā</b>), infl.
+form <b>blāwer</b>, <i>blue</i>; <b>gar</b> (OHG. <b>garo</b>), infl.
+form <b>garwer</b> (see §§ <a href = "#para9_1"><b>9</b>,&nbsp;1</a>,
+<a href = "#para36"><b>36</b></a>), <i>ready</i>; <b>grā</b>, <i>grey</i>,
+<b>val</b>, <i>fallow</i>, <b>gël</b>, <i>yellow</i>, <b>kal</b>,
+<i>bald</i>, &amp;c., all of which have <b>w</b> in the inflected
+forms.</p>
+
+<p>The adjectival <b>i-</b> and <b>u-</b>stems had come to be declined
+like the <b>ja-</b>stems in the prehistoric period of the language, but
+a few remnants of such adjectives have survived in MHG. in forms without
+the final <b>-e</b> beside those with it, as <b>bereit</b>,
+<b>bereite</b>, <i>ready</i>, <b>dic</b>, <b>dicke</b>, <i>thick</i>,
+<b>gāch</b>, <b>gæhe</b>, <i>quick</i>, <b>grīs</b>, <b>grīse</b>,
+<i>old</i>, <i>grey</i>, <b>hēr</b>, <b>hēre</b>, <i>high</i>,
+<i>noble</i>, <b>rasch</b>, <b>resche</b>, <i>quick</i>, <b>rīch</b>,
+<b>rīche</b>, <i>noble</i>, <b>swā</b>, <b>swære</b>, <i>heavy</i>,
+<b>was</b>, <b>wasse</b>, <i>sharp</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "ital">Masc.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Neut.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Fem.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>blinder</b>, <i>blind</i></td>
+<td><b>blindeȥ</b></td>
+<td><b>blindiu</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+<td><b>blindeȥ</b></td>
+<td><b>blinde</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>blindes</b></td>
+<td><b>blindes</b></td>
+<td><b>blinder(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>blindem(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>blindem(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>blinder(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">48</span>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>blinde</b></td>
+<td><b>blindiu</b></td>
+<td><b>blinde</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>blinde</b></td>
+<td><b>blindiu</b></td>
+<td><b>blinde</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>blinder(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>blinder(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>blinder(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>On the loss of the <b>-e</b> in <b>blindem(e)</b>, <b>blinder(e)</b>,
+see <a href = "#para9">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;2</a>. Umlaut caused by the
+<b>-iu</b> occurs in the nom. sing. feminine and nom. acc. pl. neuter of
+<b>al</b>, <i>all</i>, and <b>ander</b>, <i>other, second</i>, as
+<b>älliu</b>, <b>ändriu</b>. This rarely happens in other words.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "ital">Masc.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Neut.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Fem.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>micheler</b>, <i>great</i></td>
+<td><b>michel(e)ȥ</b></td>
+<td><b>micheliu</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>michel(e)n</b></td>
+<td><b>michel(e)ȥ</b></td>
+<td><b>michel(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>michel(e)s</b></td>
+<td><b>michel(e)s</b></td>
+<td><b>michelre</b>, <b>micheler</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>michelme</b>, <b>michel(e)m</b></td>
+<td><b>michelme</b>, <b>michel(e)m</b></td>
+<td><b>michelre</b>, <b>micheler</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>michel(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>micheliu</b></td>
+<td><b>michel(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>michel(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>micheliu</b></td>
+<td><b>michel(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>michelre</b>, <b>micheler</b></td>
+<td><b>michelre</b>, <b>micheler</b></td>
+<td><b>michelre</b>, <b>micheler</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>michel(e)n</b></td>
+<td><b>michel(e)n</b></td>
+<td><b>michel(e)n</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Like <b>michel</b> are inflected monosyllabic adjectives ending in
+<b>-l, -r</b> with a short stem-vowel, and polysyllabic adjectives
+ending in <b>-el, -en, -er</b>, as <b>bar</b>, <i>bare</i>, <b>hol</b>,
+<i>hollow</i>; <b>zwīvel</b>, <i>doubtful</i>, <b>eigen</b>, <i>own</i>,
+<b>tougen</b>, <i>secret</i>, <b>ander</b>, <i>other, second</i>,
+<b>bitter</b>, <i>bitter</i>, <b>vinster</b>, <i>dark</i>; <b>ëben</b>,
+<i>even</i>, <b>übel</b>, <i>evil, bad</i>, &amp;c. See §&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para9_1"><b>9</b>, 1,&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">49</span>
+<p class = "center">2. <b>The Weak Declension.</b></p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para56" id = "para56"><b>§ 56.</b></a>
+The weak declension of adjectives agrees exactly with that of the
+nouns.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "ital">Masc.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Neut.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Fem.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>blinde</b>, <i>blind</i></td>
+<td><b>blinde</b></td>
+<td><b>blinde</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+<td><b>blinde</b></td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+<td><b>blinden</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Plural <b>blinden</b> for all cases and genders.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">B. The Comparison Of Adjectives.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para57" id = "para57"><b>§ 57.</b></a>
+The comparative was formed by means of the suffix <b>-er(e)</b> = OHG.
+<b>-iro, -ōro</b>, and the superlative by means of the suffix
+<b>-est(e)</b> = OHG. <b>-isto, -ōsto</b>. On the loss of the medial or
+final <b>e</b> in such forms as <b>tiurre</b>, <i>dearer</i>,
+<b>tiurste</b>; <b>minner</b>, <b>minre</b>, <i>less</i>,
+<b>minnest</b>, <b>min(ne)ste</b>, see <a href =
+"#para9_3">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;3</a>. Most monosyllables have umlaut
+in the comparative and superlative either exclusively or have mutated
+beside unmutated forms. The cause of these double forms is in a great
+measure due to the two OHG. double suffixes: comp. <b>-iro, -ōro</b> and
+superl. <b>-isto, -ōsto</b> having fallen together in <b>-er(e)</b> and
+<b>-est(e)</b> in MHG., as <b>elter</b>, <i>older</i>, <b>ermer</b>,
+<i>poorer</i>, <b>jünger</b>, <i>younger</i>, <b>grœȥer</b>,
+<i>greater</i>, <b>hœher</b>, <i>higher</i>, beside <b>alter</b>,
+<b>armer</b>, <b>junger</b>, <b>grōȥer</b>, <b>hōher</b>; superl.
+<b>eltest</b>, <b>ermest</b>, <b>jüngest</b>, <b>grœȥest</b>,
+<b>hœhest</b>, beside <b>altest</b>, <b>armest</b>, <b>jungest</b>,
+<b>grōȥest</b>, <b>hōhest</b>. Adjectives which have umlaut in the
+positive regularly preserve it in the comparative and superlative.</p>
+
+<p>The comparative is declined weak, but the superlative is declined
+strong and weak.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">50</span>
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para58" id = "para58"><b>§ 58.</b></a>
+The following adjectives form their comparative and superlative from a
+different root than the positive:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td><b>guot</b>, <i>good</i>,</td>
+<td><p><b>beȥȥer</b>, <b>beȥȥest</b>, <b>beste</b> (<a href =
+"#para23">§&nbsp;<b>23</b></a>).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>übel</b>, <i>bad</i>,</td>
+<td><p><b>wirser</b>, <b>wirsest</b>, <b>wir(se)ste</b>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>lützel</b>, <i>little</i>,</td>
+<td><p><b>minner</b>, <b>minre</b> (<a href =
+"#para9_3">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;3</a>), <b>minnest</b>,
+<b>min(ne)ste</b>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>michel</b>, <i>great</i>,</td>
+<td><p><b>mērer</b>, <b>mēr(r)e, meiste</b>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para59" id = "para59"><b>§ 59.</b></a>
+The following adjectives are defective:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>ērer</b>, <b>ērre</b>, <b>ërre</b>, <i>former</i>,</p></td>
+<td><p><b>ērest</b>, <b>ērste</b>, <i>first</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>hinder</b>, <i>hinder</i>,</td>
+<td><b>hinderste</b>, <i>hindmost</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ober</b>, <i>upper</i>,</td>
+<td><b>oberste</b>, <i>uppermost</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><p><b>leȥȥeste</b>, <b>leste</b> (<a href =
+"#para23">§&nbsp;<b>23</b></a>), <i>last</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>vorder</b>, <i>former</i>,</td>
+<td><b>vorderste</b>, <i>foremost</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">C. Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para60" id = "para60"><b>§ 60.</b></a>
+<a name = "para60_1" id = "para60_1">1.</a>
+By adding <b>-e</b> (= OHG. <b>-o</b>) to the adjective when this
+does not already end in <b>-e</b>, as <b>ëben</b>, <i>even</i>,
+<b>hōch</b>, <i>high</i>, <b>lanc</b>, <i>long</i>: adv. <b>ëbene</b>,
+<b>hōhe</b>, <b>lange</b>; <b>edele</b> (OHG. <b>edili</b>),
+<i>noble</i>, <b>übel</b> (OHG. <b>ubil</b>), <i>evil</i>: adv.
+<b>edele</b> (OHG. <b>edilo</b>), <b>übele</b> (OHG. <b>ubilo</b>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para60_2" id = "para60_2">2.</a>
+Dissyllabic adjectives ending in <b>-e</b> and containing a
+mutated stem-vowel change it to the corresponding unmutated vowel, when
+used as adverbs, as <b>schœne</b> (OHG. <b>scōni</b>), <i>beautiful</i>,
+<b>herte</b>, <i>hard</i>, <b>senfte</b>, <i>soft</i>, <b>süeȥe</b>,
+<i>sweet</i>, <b>swære</b>, <i>heavy</i>: adv. <b>schōne</b>,
+<b>harte</b>, <b>sanfte</b>, <b>suoȥe</b>, <b>swāre</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para60_3" id = "para60_3">3.</a>
+By adding <b>-līche</b> or <b>-līchen</b> to the adjective, as
+<b>ganz</b>, <i>whole</i>, <b>vlīȥec</b>, <i>diligent</i>: adv.
+<b>ganzlīche(n)</b>, <b>vlīȥeclīche(n)</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "para60_4" id = "para60_4">4.</a>
+The comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs are the same as
+the corresponding uninflected forms of the adjectives without
+umlaut:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inline padded" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td>Adjective</td>
+<td><b>lanc</b>, <i>long</i></td>
+<td><b>lenger</b></td>
+<td><b>lengest</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Adverb</td>
+<td><b>lange</b></td>
+<td><p><b>langer</b><br>
+(OHG. <b>langōr</b>)</p></td>
+<td><p><b>langest</b><br>
+(OHG. <b>langōst</b>).</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">51</span>
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para61" id = "para61"><b>§ 61.</b></a>
+The following are irregular:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inline padded" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td><b>wol</b>, <i>well</i></td>
+<td><b>baȥ</b>, <i>better</i></td>
+<td><b>best(e)</b>, <i>best</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>wirs</b>, <i>worse</i></td>
+<td><p><b>wirsest</b>, <b>wirste</b>, <i>worst</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><p><b>min</b>, <b>minner</b>, <b>minre</b>, <i>less</i></p></td>
+<td><p><b>minnest</b>, <b>minste</b>, <i>least</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><p><b>mē</b>, <b>mēr</b>, <b>mēre</b>, <i>more</i></p></td>
+<td><p><b>meist</b>, <b>meiste</b>, <i>most</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>ē</b>, <i>formerly</i></td>
+<td><p><b>ēr(e)st, ērste</b>, <i>first</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para62" id = "para62"><b>§ 62.</b></a></p>
+
+<p class = "center smallcaps">D. Numerals.</p>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Cardinal.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Ordinal.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>ein</b>, <b>-er, -eȥ, -iu</b>, <i>one</i></td>
+<td><b>ērste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>zwei</b>, <i>two</i></td>
+<td><b>ander</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>drī</b>, <i>three</i></td>
+<td><b>dritte</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>vier</b>, <i>four</i></td>
+<td><b>vierde</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>fünf</b> (<b>finf</b>), <i>five</i></td>
+<td><b>fünfte</b>, <b>finfte</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>sëhs</b>, <i>six</i></td>
+<td><b>sëhste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>siben</b>, <i>seven</i></td>
+<td><b>sibende</b>, <b>-te</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>ahte</b>, <i>eight</i></td>
+<td><b>ahtede</b>, <b>ahte</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>niun</b>, <i>nine</i></td>
+<td><b>niunde</b>, <b>-te</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>zëhen</b>, <i>ten</i></td>
+<td><b>zëhende</b>, <b>-te</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>einlif</b> (<b>eilif</b>), <i>eleven</i></td>
+<td><b>ei(n)lifte, eilfte</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>zwelf</b>, <i>twelve</i></td>
+<td><b>zwelfte</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>drīzëhen</b>, <i>thirteen</i></td>
+<td><b>drīzëhende</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>vierzëhen</b>, <i>fourteen</i></td>
+<td><b>vierzëhende</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>fünfzëhen</b>, <i>fifteen</i></td>
+<td><b>fünfzëhende</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>sëh(s)zëhen</b>, <i>sixteen</i></td>
+<td><b>së(h)szëhende</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>sibenzëhen</b>, <i>seventeen</i></td>
+<td><b>sibenzëhende</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>ah(t)zëhen</b>, <i>eighteen</i></td>
+<td><b>ah(t)zëhende</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>niunzëhen</b>, <i>nineteen</i></td>
+<td><b>niunzëhende</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>zweinzic</b> (<i>or</i> <b>-zec</b>),</td>
+<td><i>twenty</i></td>
+<td><b>zweinzigeste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>drīȥic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td>
+<td><i>thirty</i></td>
+<td><b>drīȥigeste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>vierzic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td>
+<td><i>forty</i></td>
+<td><b>vierzigeste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>fünfzic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td>
+<td><i>fifty</i></td>
+<td><b>fünfzigeste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">52</span>
+<b>sëhszic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td>
+<td><i>sixty</i></td>
+<td><b>sëhszigeste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>sibenzic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td>
+<td><i>seventy</i></td>
+<td><b>sibenzigeste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ah(t)zic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td>
+<td><i>eighty</i></td>
+<td><b>ah(t)zigeste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>niunzic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td>
+<td><i>ninety</i></td>
+<td><b>niunzigeste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket left">
+<b>zëhenzic</b><br>
+<i>or</i> <b>hundert</b></td>
+<td class = "bracket rt">
+<i>hundred</i></td>
+<td><b>zëhenzigeste</b><br>
+<i>or</i> <b>hundertste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket left">
+<b>zwei hunt</b><br>
+<i>or</i> <b>hundert</b></td>
+<td class = "middle"><i>two hundred</i></td>
+<td class = "middle"><b>zweihundertste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>tūsent</b></td>
+<td><i>thousand</i></td>
+<td><b>tūsenste</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>zwei tūsent</b></td>
+<td><i>two thousand</i></td>
+<td><b>zweitūsentste</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para63" id = "para63"><b>§ 63.</b></a>
+<b>Ein</b> follows the strong declension, when used as a numeral. The
+dat. <b>einme</b> is generally contracted to <b>eime</b> (<a href =
+"#para9_3">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;3</a>). When <b>ein</b> is used in the
+sense of <i>alone</i>, it follows the weak declension. On the inflexion
+of <b>ander</b>, <i>second</i>, see <a href =
+"#para55">§&nbsp;<b>55</b></a>. <b>Zwei</b> and <b>drī</b> are declined
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "ital">Masc.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Neut.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Fem.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>zwēne</b></td>
+<td><b>zwei</b></td>
+<td><b>zwō</b>, <b>zwuo</b>, <b>zwā</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>zwei(g)er</b> (<a href = "#para35">§&nbsp;<b>35</b></a>)</td>
+<td><b>zwei(g)er</b></td>
+<td><b>zwei(g)er</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>zwein</b>, <b>zweien</b></td>
+<td><b>zwein</b>, <b>zweien</b></td>
+<td><b>zwein</b>, <b>zweien</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>drī</b>, <b>dr[i]e</b></td>
+<td><b>driu</b></td>
+<td><b>drī</b>, <b>drīe</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>drī(g)er</b> (<a href = "#para35">§&nbsp;<b>35</b></a>)</td>
+<td><b>drī(g)er</b></td>
+<td><b>drī(g)er</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>drī̆n</b>, <b>drīen</b></td>
+<td><b>drī̆n</b>, <b>drī̆en</b></td>
+<td><b>drī̆n</b>, <b>drīen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para64" id = "para64"><b>§ 64.</b></a>
+The other cardinals up to twelve are sometimes inflected; when such is
+the case the endings are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<th class = "ital" colspan = "2">Masc. and Fem.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Neut.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td><b>-e</b></td>
+<td><b>-iu</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>-er</b></td>
+<td><b>-er</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>-en</b></td>
+<td><b>-en</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><b>hundert</b> and <b>tūsent</b> are neuter nouns.</p>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">53</span>
+<h4><a name = "chapV" id = "chapV">
+CHAPTER V</a></h4>
+
+<h5>PRONOUNS</h5>
+
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para65" id = "para65"><b>§ 65.</b></a></p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">1. Personal.</h5>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>ich</b>, <i>I</i></td>
+<td><b>du</b>, <b>dū</b>, <i>thou</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>mich</b></td>
+<td><b>dich</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>mīn</b></td>
+<td><b>dīn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>mir</b></td>
+<td><b>dir</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>wir</b></td>
+<td><b>ir</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>unsich</b>, <b>uns</b></td>
+<td><b>iuch</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>unser</b></td>
+<td><b>iuwer</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>uns</b></td>
+<td><b>iu</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "ital">Masc.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Neut.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Fem.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>ër</b>, <i>he</i></td>
+<td><b>ëȥ</b>, <i>it, there</i></td>
+<td><p><b>si</b>, <b>sī</b>, <b>siu</b>, <b>sie</b>, <i>she</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>in</b></td>
+<td><b>ëȥ</b></td>
+<td><p><b>sie</b>, <b>si</b>, <b>sī</b></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td>(<b>ës</b>)</td>
+<td><b>ës</b></td>
+<td><b>ir(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>im(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>im(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>ir(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right" colspan = "2">
+Nom. Acc.</td>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<b>si</b>, <b>sī</b>, <b>sie</b> (Neut. also <b>siu</b>),
+<i>they</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right" colspan = "2">
+Gen.</td>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<b>ir(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right" colspan = "2">
+Dat.</td>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<b>in</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para65n1" id = "para65n1"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Note.</span>&mdash;1.</a>
+The gen. <b>ir</b> is often used as a possessive pronoun. For <b>ëȥ</b>
+the form <b>iȥ</b> sometimes appears.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para65n2" id = "para65n2">2.</a> For the acc. pl.
+<b>unsich</b> the dat. <b>uns</b> is mostly used. <b>iu</b> is often
+used for <b>iuch</b>, and <i>vice versa</i>. <b>im</b>, <b>ir</b> are
+more usual than <b>ime</b>,&nbsp;<b>ire</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para65n3" id = "para65n3">3.</a> The unstressed forms of
+personal pronouns are often
+<span class = "pagenum">54</span>
+attached to other words, as <b>ichȥ</b>, <b>iȥ</b> = <b>ich ëȥ</b>;
+<b>ichne</b>, <b>ine</b>, <b>ichn</b> = <b>ich ne</b> (<i>not</i>);
+<b>tuostu</b> = <b>tuost du</b>; <b>dune</b>, <b>dun</b> = <b>du ne</b>
+(<i>not</i>); <b>tuoȥ</b> = <b>tuo ëȥ</b>; <b>eist</b>, <b>ēst</b> =
+<b>ëȥ ist</b>; <b>deiȥ</b> = <b>daȥ ëȥ</b>; <b>mohter = mohte ër</b>;
+<b>baten</b> = <b>bat in</b>; <b>wirȥ</b> = <b>wir ëȥ</b>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para66" id = "para66"><b>§ 66.</b></a></p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">2. Reflexive.</h5>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>sich</b></td>
+<td><b>sich</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><p><b>sīn</b> (fem. <b>ir</b>)</p></td>
+<td><b>ir</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>im</b>, <b>ir</b></td>
+<td><b>in</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para67" id = "para67"><b>§ 67.</b></a></p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">3. Possessive.</h5>
+
+<p><b>mīn</b>, <i>my</i>; <b>dīn</b>, <i>thy</i>; <b>sīn</b>,
+<i>his</i>; <b>ir</b>, <i>her</i>; <b>unser</b>, <i>our</i>;
+<b>iuwer</b>, <i>your</i>; <b>ir</b>, <i>their</i>.</p>
+
+<p>They are declined like the strong adjective <b>michel</b>,
+<i>great</i> (<a href = "#para55">§&nbsp;<b>55</b></a>). The dat. sing.
+forms <b>dīnme</b>, <b>sīnme</b> are generally contracted to
+<b>dīme</b>, <b>sīme</b>, see <a href =
+"#para9_3">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para68" id = "para68"><b>§ 68.</b></a></p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">4. Demonstrative.</h5>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "ital">Masc.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Neut.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Fem.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>dër</b>, <i>the</i></td>
+<td><b>daȥ</b></td>
+<td><b>diu</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>dën</b></td>
+<td><b>daȥ</b></td>
+<td><b>die</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>dës</b></td>
+<td><b>dës</b></td>
+<td><b>dër(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>dëm(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>dëm(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>dër(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Instr.</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>diu</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "ital">Masc.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Neut.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Fem.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>die</b></td>
+<td><b>diu</b></td>
+<td><b>die</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>die</b></td>
+<td><b>diu</b></td>
+<td><b>die</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>dër(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>dër(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>dër(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>dën</b></td>
+<td><b>dën</b></td>
+<td><b>dën</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">55</span>
+<p>Like <b>dër</b> is also declined <b>jener</b>, <i>that</i>, except
+that the Nom., Acc. sg. neut. ends in <b>-eȥ</b>. <b>dër</b>, &amp;c.,
+is used both as definite article and relative pronoun.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para68n1" id = "para68n1"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Note.</span>&mdash;1.</a>
+For the fem. nom. sing. and the neut. nom. acc. pl. <b>diu</b>, the form
+<b>die</b> was sometimes used; and conversely <b>diu</b> for <b>die</b>
+in the fem. acc. singular. <b>diu</b> and <b>die</b> were sometimes
+weakened to <b>de</b>, and to <b>d’</b> before words beginning with a
+vowel. <b>daȥ</b> was sometimes weakened to <b>deȥ</b>, and still
+further to <b>ȥ</b> which was then attached to a preceding word, as
+<b>lātȥ kind</b> = <b>lāt daȥ kint</b>; <b>anȥ</b>, <b>inȥ</b> =
+<b>an</b>, <b>in daȥ</b>. <b>dēst</b>, <b>deis</b>, <b>dēs</b> = <b>daȥ
+ist</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para68n2" id = "para68n2">2.</a> The various cases were often
+fused into one word with prepositions, as <b>anme</b>, <b>ame</b>,
+<b>am</b> = <b>an dëme</b>; <b>zëme</b>, <b>zëm</b> = <b>ze dëme</b>;
+<b>ūfme</b> = <b>ūf dëme</b>; <b>zër</b> = <b>ze dër</b> (fem.);
+<b>übern</b> = <b>über dën</b>; <b>ūfën</b> = <b>ūf dën</b>; <b>zën</b>
+= <b>ze dën</b>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "ital">Masc.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Neut.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Fem.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><p><b>dirre</b> (<b>diser</b>, <b>dise</b>), <i>this</i></p></td>
+<td><p><b>ditze</b>, <b>diz</b>, <b>diȥ</b></p></td>
+<td><b>disiu</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>disen</b></td>
+<td><p><b>ditze</b>, <b>diz</b>, <b>diȥ</b></p></td>
+<td><b>dise</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>dises</b></td>
+<td><b>dises</b></td>
+<td><b>dirre</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>disem(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>disem(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>dirre</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>dise</b></td>
+<td><b>disiu</b></td>
+<td><b>dise</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>dise</b></td>
+<td><b>disiu</b></td>
+<td><b>dise</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>dirre</b></td>
+<td><b>dirre</b></td>
+<td><b>dirre</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>disen</b></td>
+<td><b>disen</b></td>
+<td><b>disen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">5. Relative.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para69" id = "para69"><b>§ 69.</b></a>
+A relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the
+Germanic languages, and accordingly the separate languages expressed it
+in various ways. In MHG. the following pronouns and adverbial particles
+were used to express&nbsp;it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">56</span>
+<p>1. <b>dër</b>, <b>daȥ</b> (also used as a conjunction), <b>diu</b>,
+also in combination with the particles <b>dar der dā</b>. 2. <b>sō</b>,
+<b>alsō</b> (<b>alse</b>, <b>als</b>), <i>as</i>; <b>sam</b>
+(<b>alsam</b>), <i>as</i>. 3. <b>dā(r)</b>, <i>where</i>, <b>dar</b>,
+<i>thither, whither</i>, <b>darinne</b>, <i>therein</i>, <b>dannen</b>,
+<i>wherefrom</i>, <b>darumbe</b>, <i>therefore</i>, <b>dō</b>, <i>when,
+as.</i>&nbsp;4. Indefinite relatives, as <b>swër</b> (from <b>sō
+wër</b>), <i>whoever</i>, <b>swelch</b>, <i>each who</i>, <b>swëder</b>,
+<i>who of two</i>; <b>swā</b>, <b>swar</b>, <i>wherever</i>,
+<b>swannen</b>, <b>swanne</b> (<b>swenne</b>), <i>whenever</i>,
+<b>swie</b>, <i>however, howsoever.</i>&nbsp;5. The conjunction
+<b>unde</b>,&nbsp;<i>and</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">6. Interrogative.</h5>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para70" id = "para70"><b>§ 70.</b></a>
+The MHG. simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the
+feminine, and is declined in the singular only.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "ital">Masc. Fem.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Neut.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nom.</td>
+<td><b>wër</b>, <i>who</i></td>
+<td><b>waȥ</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Acc.</td>
+<td><b>wën</b></td>
+<td><b>waȥ</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gen.</td>
+<td><b>wës</b></td>
+<td><b>wës</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dat.</td>
+<td><b>wëm(e)</b></td>
+<td><b>wëm(e)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Instr.</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>wiu</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In the same manner are declined the compounds:</p>
+
+<p><b>swër</b> (from <b>sō wër</b>), <i>whoever</i>, <b>etewër</b>,
+<b>eteswër</b>, <i>anyone</i>, <b>neiȥwër</b> (=&nbsp;<b>ne weiȥ
+wër</b>, <i>I do not know who</i>), <i>anyone</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wëder</b>, <i>who of two</i>, is declined like a strong adjective;
+<b>welīch</b> (<b>welch</b>), <i>which</i>, is also declined like a
+strong adjective, but the nom. singular remains uninflected.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">7. Indefinite.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para71" id = "para71"><b>§ 71.</b></a>
+<b>ander</b>, <i>other</i>; <b>dechein</b>, <b>dehein</b>,
+<b>dekein</b>, <i>no, none</i>; <b>dewëder</b>, <i>neither</i>;
+<b>ein</b>, <i>one, some one</i>: when <b>ein</b> is used with the
+meaning <i>alone</i> it follows the weak declension; <b>etelīch</b>,
+<b>etlīch</b>, <b>eteslīch</b>, <b>etslīch</b>, <i>anyone, many a</i>,
+pl. = <i>some</i>; <b>etewër</b>, <b>eteswër</b>, <i>anyone</i>;
+<b>etewaȥ</b>, <i>anything</i>;
+<span class = "pagenum">57</span>
+<b>iegelīch</b>, <b>ieslīch</b>, <b>iegeslīch</b>, <i>each</i>;
+<b>ieman</b>, <b>iemen</b>, <i>someone, somebody</i>; <b>iewëder</b>,
+<b>ietwëder</b>, <i>each</i>; <b>iewelīch</b>, <b>iewelich</b>,
+<i>each</i>; <b>iewiht</b>, <b>iht</b>, <i>anything</i>; <b>kein</b>,
+<i>no</i>; <b>man</b>, <i>one</i>; <b>manec</b>, <i>many a</i>, declined
+<b>maneger</b>, <b>manegeȥ</b>, <b>manegiu</b>, &amp;c.; <b>nehein</b>,
+<i>no, none</i>; <b>niht</b>, <i>nothing</i>; <b>solch</b>, <i>such</i>,
+declined like <b>manec</b>; <b>sum</b>, <i>any one at all</i>, pl.
+<i>some</i>; <b>sumelīch</b>, <b>sumlīch</b>, <i>many a</i>;
+<b>swelch</b>, <i>each who</i>; <b>swër</b>, <i>whoever</i>;
+<b>wëder</b>, <i>which of two</i>; <b>welīch</b> (<b>welch</b>),
+<i>which</i>, declined like <b>manec</b>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h4><a name = "chapVI" id = "chapVI">
+CHAPTER VI</a></h4>
+
+<h5>VERBS</h5>
+
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para72" id = "para72"><b>§ 72.</b></a>
+The MHG. verb has the following independent forms:&mdash;one voice
+(active), two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and
+preterite), two complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter
+originally the optative), besides an imperative which is only used in
+the present tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive, and the
+gerund, generally called the inflected infinitive), a&nbsp;present
+participle with active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past
+participle).</p>
+
+<p>The MHG. verbs are divided into two great classes:&mdash;Strong and
+Weak. The strong verbs form their preterite (originally the perfect) and
+past participle by means of ablaut (<a href =
+"#para12">§&nbsp;<b>12</b></a>). The weak verbs form their preterite by
+the addition of the syllable <b>-te</b>, and their past participle by
+means of a <b>t</b>-suffix. The strong verbs were originally further
+sub-divided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. The
+reduplication had, however, entirely disappeared in the oldest period of
+the language. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes
+according to the six ablaut-series (<a href =
+"#para12">§&nbsp;<b>12</b></a>). The originally reduplicated verbs are
+put together here and called Class VII. Besides
+<span class = "pagenum">58</span>
+these two great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others
+which will be treated under the general heading <i>Minor Groups</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">A. Strong Verbs.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para73" id = "para73"><b>§ 73.</b></a>
+We are able to conjugate a MHG. strong verb when we know the four stems,
+as seen in (1) the infinitive or first pers. sing. of the present
+indicative, (2) the first or third pers. sing. of the preterite
+indicative, (3) the first pers. plural of the preterite indicative, (4)
+the past participle. The pret. subjunctive and the second pers. pret.
+indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret. plural indicative.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para74" id = "para74"><b>§ 74.</b></a>
+The conjugation of <b>nëmen</b>, OHG. <b>nëman</b>, <i>to take</i>, will
+serve as a model for all strong verbs.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "5">
+<i>Present.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Indic.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Subj.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "center">MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sing.</td>
+<td>1. <b>nime</b></td>
+<td><b>nimu</b></td>
+<td><b>nëme</b></td>
+<td><b>nëme</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>2. <b>nimes(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>nimis(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmes(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmēs(t)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>3. <b>nimet</b></td>
+<td><b>nimit</b></td>
+<td><b>nëme</b></td>
+<td><b>nëme</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Plur.</td>
+<td>1. <b>nëmen</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmemēs</b>, <b>-ēm</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmen</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmēm</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>2. <b>nëmet</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmet</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmet</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmēt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>3. <b>nëment</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmant</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmen</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmēn</b></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Imper.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Infin.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "center">MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sing.</td>
+<td>2. <b>nim</b></td>
+<td><b>nim</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmen</b></td>
+<td><b>nëman</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Plur.</td>
+<td>1. <b>nëmen</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmemēs</b>, <b>-ēm</b></td>
+<td></td><td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>2. <b>nëmet</b>, (<b>-ent</b>)</td>
+<td><b>nëmet</b></td>
+<td></td><td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td></td><td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Gerund.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td></td><td></td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td></td>
+<td class = "right">Gen.</td>
+<td><b>nëmen(n)es</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmannes</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td></td>
+<td class = "right">Dat.</td>
+<td><b>nëmen(n)e</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmanne</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td></td><td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Present Participle.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td></td><td></td>
+<td><b>nëmende</b></td>
+<td><b>nëmanti</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">59</span>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "5">
+<i>Preterite.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Indic.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Subj.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "center">MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sing.</td>
+<td>1. <b>nam</b></td>
+<td><b>nam</b></td>
+<td><b>næme</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmi</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>2. <b>næme</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmi</b></td>
+<td><b>næmes(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmīst</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>3. <b>nam</b></td>
+<td><b>nam</b></td>
+<td><b>næme</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmi</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Plur.</td>
+<td>1. <b>nāmen</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmum</b></td>
+<td><b>næmen</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmīm</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>2. <b>nāmet</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmut</b></td>
+<td><b>næmet</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmīt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>3. <b>nāmen</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmun</b></td>
+<td><b>næmen</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmīn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "3">Past Participle.</th>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>MHG.</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>OHG.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>genomen</b></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>ginoman</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para74n" id = "para74n"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>&mdash;
+The <b>e</b> in the endings is regularly lost according to the rule
+given in §&nbsp;<a href = "#para9_1"><b>9</b>,&nbsp;1</a>, as sing.
+<b>stil</b>, <b>stilst</b>, <b>stilt</b>, inf. <b>stëln</b>, <i>to
+steal</i>; sing. <b>var</b>, <b>verst</b>, <b>vert</b>, inf.
+<b>varn</b>, <i>to go</i>. It was also frequently lost in the third
+pers. sing. pres. indicative of other verbs, as <b>vint</b> =
+<b>vindet</b>, <b>siht</b> = <b>sihet</b>, see §&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para9_4n"><b>9</b>,&nbsp;4 note</a>. The <b>n</b> in the first pers.
+plural was sometimes dropped when the pronoun came after the verb, as
+<b>nëme wir</b> = <b>nëmen wir</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+The imperative singular sometimes has <b>-e</b> after the analogy of
+weak verbs (<a href = "#para90">§&nbsp;<b>90</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+The OHG. forms given above show in what forms umlaut regularly took
+place, viz. in the second and third pers. singular of the pres.
+indicative, when possible, in the second pers. singular of the pret.
+indicative, and in the pret. subjunctive. The second pers. singular of
+the pret. indicative always has the same stem-vowel as the pret.
+subjunctive. On the absence of umlaut in the pret. subjunctive of
+certain types of verbs, see <a href = "#para10">§&nbsp;<b>10</b>,
+note</a>. Forms without and with umlaut are found in the second and
+third pers. singular of the present in verbs belonging to Class VII, as
+<b>slāfes(t)</b>, <b>slāfet</b> beside <b>slæfes(t)</b>,
+<b>slæfet</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+Concerning the changes between <b>i</b>, <b>ë</b>; <b>u</b>, <b>o</b>;
+<b>iu</b>, <b>ie</b>; <b>ei</b>, <b>ē</b>; <b>ou</b>, <b>ō</b> in the
+various classes of strong verbs, see <a href = "#para14">§§
+<b>14-17</b></a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">60</span>
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">The Classification of the Strong Verbs.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para75" id = "para75"><b>§ 75.</b></a>
+We shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation
+of vowels and consonant changes. All other verbs occurring in the texts
+will be found in the Glossary referred to their proper class.</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class I.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para76" id = "para76"><b>§ 76.</b></a>
+The verbs of this class belong to the first ablaut-series (<a href =
+"#para12">§&nbsp;<b>12</b></a>) and therefore have <b>ī</b> in all forms
+of the present; <b>ei</b> in the first and third pers. sing. of the
+preterite, but <b>ē</b> before <b>ch</b> (=&nbsp;Germanic <b>h</b>,
+<a href = "#para23">§&nbsp;<b>23</b></a>), and finally (<a href =
+"#para17">§&nbsp;<b>17</b></a>); and <b>i</b> in the preterite plural
+and past participle, thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>bīten</b>, <i>to wait</i></p></td>
+<td><b>beit</b></td>
+<td><b>biten</b></td>
+<td><b>gebiten</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>swīgen</b>, <i>to be silent</i></p></td>
+<td><b>sweic</b></td>
+<td><b>swigen</b></td>
+<td><b>geswigen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>trīben</b>, <i>to drive</i></p></td>
+<td><b>treip</b></td>
+<td><b>triben</b></td>
+<td><b>getriben</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And similarly <b>belīben</b>, <i>to remain</i>, <b>bīȥen</b>, <i>to
+bite</i>, <b>rīben</b>, <i>to rub</i>, <b>rīten</b>, <i>to ride</i>,
+<b>schīnen</b>, <i>to shine</i>, <b>schrīben</b>, <i>to write</i>,
+<b>sīgen</b>, <i>to sink</i>, <b>strīten</b>, <i>to quarrel</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>snīden</b>, <i>to cut</i></p></td>
+<td><b>sneit</b></td>
+<td><b>sniten</b></td>
+<td><b>gesniten</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>dīhen</b>, <i>to thrive</i></p></td>
+<td><b>dēch</b></td>
+<td><b>digen</b></td>
+<td><b>gedigen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>rīsen</b>, <i>to fall</i></p></td>
+<td><b>reis</b></td>
+<td><b>rirn</b> (<b>risen</b>)</td>
+<td><b>gerirn</b> (<b>gerisen</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And similarly <b>līden</b>, <i>to suffer</i>, <b>mīden</b>, <i>to
+avoid</i>, <b>nīden</b>, <i>to envy</i>, <b>līhen</b>, <i>to lend</i>,
+<b>zīhen</b>, <i>to accuse</i>. See <a href =
+"#para30">§&nbsp;<b>30</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para77" id = "para77"><b>§ 77.</b></a>
+The following two verbs which are also used as weak verbs have mixed
+forms in the preterite and past participle:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>schrīen</b>, <i>to scream</i></p></td>
+<td><b>schrē</b></td>
+<td><b>schriuwen</b></td>
+<td><b>geschriuwen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>schrei</b></td>
+<td><b>schrūwen</b></td>
+<td><b>geschrūwen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>schrirn</b></td>
+<td><b>geschrirn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>spīwen</b>, <i>to vomit</i></p></td>
+<td><b>spē</b></td>
+<td><b>spiwen</b></td>
+<td><b>gespiwen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>spei</b></td>
+<td><b>spiuwen</b></td>
+<td><b>gespiuwen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>spūwen</b></td>
+<td><b>gespūwen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>spirn</b></td>
+<td><b>gespirn</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">61</span>
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class II.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para78" id = "para78"><b>§ 78.</b></a>
+The verbs of this class belong to the second ablaut-series (<a href =
+"#para12">§&nbsp;<b>12</b></a>) and therefore have <b>ie</b> in the
+present, but <b>iu</b> in the present singular (<a href =
+"#para16">§&nbsp;<b>16</b></a>); <b>ou</b> in the first and third pers.
+sing. of the preterite, but <b>ō</b> before <b>t</b>, <b>ȥ</b>, <b>s</b>
+and <b>ch</b> (=&nbsp;Germanic <b>h</b>), § <b>18</b>; <b>u</b> in the
+pret. plural; and <b>o</b> in the past participle, thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>biegen</b>, <i>to bend</i></p></td>
+<td><b>biuge</b></td>
+<td><b>bouc</b></td>
+<td><b>bugen</b></td>
+<td><b>gebogen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>triefen</b>, <i>to drop</i></p></td>
+<td><b>triufe</b></td>
+<td><b>trouf</b></td>
+<td><b>truffen</b></td>
+<td><b>getroffen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>bieten</b>, <i>to offer</i></p></td>
+<td><b>biute</b></td>
+<td><b>bōt</b></td>
+<td><b>buten</b></td>
+<td><b>geboten</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>schieȥen</b>, <i>to shoot</i></p></td>
+<td><b>schiuȥe</b></td>
+<td><b>schōȥ</b></td>
+<td><b>schuȥȥen</b></td>
+<td><b>geschoȥȥen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And similarly <b>klieben</b>, <i>to cleave</i>, <b>kriechen</b>,
+<i>to creep</i>, <b>liegen</b>, <i>to lie</i>, <b>riechen</b>, <i>to
+smell</i>, <b>schieben</b>, <i>to shove</i>, <b>vliegen</b>, <i>to
+fly</i>; <b>dieȥen</b>, <i>to roar</i>, <b>gieȥen</b>, <i>to pour</i>,
+<b>vlieȥen</b>, <i>to flow</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>sieden</b>, <i>to seethe</i></p></td>
+<td><b>siude</b></td>
+<td><b>sōt</b></td>
+<td><b>suten gesoten</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>ziehen</b>, <i>to draw</i></p></td>
+<td><b>ziuhe</b></td>
+<td><b>zōch</b></td>
+<td><b>zugen gezogen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>kiesen</b>, <i>to choose</i></p></td>
+<td><b>kius</b></td>
+<td><b>kōs</b></td>
+<td><b>kurn</b></td>
+<td><b>gekorn</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And similarly <b>vliehen</b>, <i>to flee</i>, <b>niesen</b>, <i>to
+sneeze</i>, <b>verliesen</b>, <i>to lose</i>, <b>vriesen</b>, <i>to
+freeze</i>. See <a href = "#para30">§&nbsp;<b>30</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para79" id = "para79"><b>§ 79.</b></a>
+On the stem-vowels in the following verbs, see <a href =
+"#para16n">§&nbsp;<b>16</b>, note</a> and <a href =
+"#para36">§&nbsp;<b>36</b></a>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>bliuwen</b>, <i>to strike</i></p></td>
+<td><b>bliuwe</b></td>
+<td><b>blou</b></td>
+<td><b>blūwen</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>bliuwen</b></td>
+<td><b>gebliuwen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>blouwen</b></td>
+<td><b>geblouwen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And similarly <b>briuwen</b>, <i>to brew</i>, <b>kiuwen</b>, <i>to
+chew</i>, <b>riuwen</b>, <i>to pain</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para80" id = "para80"><b>§ 80.</b></a>
+To this class also belong the three aorist presents:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>lūchen</b>, <i>to shut</i></p></td>
+<td><p><b>liuche</b> (<b>lūche</b>)</p></td>
+<td><b>louch</b></td>
+<td><b>luchen</b></td>
+<td><b>gelochen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>sūfen</b>, <i>to gulp down</i></p></td>
+<td><b>sūfe</b></td>
+<td><b>souf</b></td>
+<td><b>suffen</b></td>
+<td><b>gesoffen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>sūgen</b>, <i>to suck</i></p></td>
+<td><b>sūge</b></td>
+<td><b>souc</b></td>
+<td><b>sugen</b></td>
+<td><b>gesogen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">62</span>
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class III.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para81" id = "para81"><b>§ 81.</b></a>
+The verbs of this class belong to the third ablaut-series (<a href =
+"#para12">§&nbsp;<b>12</b></a>), and include the strong verbs having a
+medial nasal or a liquid + consonant. Those with nasal + consonant have
+<b>i</b> throughout the present tense and <b>u</b> in the past
+participle; the others have <b>i</b> in the present singular, <b>ë</b>
+in the plural, and <b>o</b> in the past participle (see §§ <a href =
+"#para14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href = "#para15"><b>15</b></a>),
+thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>binden</b>, <i>to bind</i></p></td>
+<td><b>binde</b></td>
+<td><b>bant</b></td>
+<td><b>bunden</b></td>
+<td><b>gebunden</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>rinnen</b>, <i>to run</i></p></td>
+<td><b>rinne</b></td>
+<td><b>ran</b></td>
+<td><b>runnen</b></td>
+<td><b>gerunnen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>singen</b>, <i>to sing</i></p></td>
+<td><b>singe</b></td>
+<td><b>sanc</b></td>
+<td><b>sungen</b></td>
+<td><b>gesungen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And similarly <b>brinnen</b>, <i>to burn</i>, <b>dringen</b>, <i>to
+press</i>, <b>entrinnen</b>, <i>to escape</i>, <b>gelingen</b>, <i>to
+succeed</i>, <b>gewinnen</b>, <i>to gain</i>, <b>schrinden</b>, <i>to
+split</i>, <b>sinken</b>, <i>to sink</i>, <b>sinnen</b>, <i>to
+reflect</i>, <b>spinnen</b>, <i>to spin</i>, <b>swimmen</b>, <i>to
+swim</i>, <b>trinken</b>, <i>to drink</i>, <b>vinden</b> (p.p.
+<b>vunden</b>), <i>to find</i>, <b>winden</b>, <i>to wind</i>.
+<b>beginnen</b>, <i>to begin</i>, pret. sing. <b>began</b> beside
+<b>begunde</b>, <b>begonde</b>, pl. <b>begunden</b>, p.p.
+<b>begunnen</b>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>bërgen</b>, <i>to hide</i></p></td>
+<td><b>birge</b></td>
+<td><b>bare</b></td>
+<td><b>burgen</b></td>
+<td><b>geborgen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>hëlfen</b>, <i>to help</i></p></td>
+<td><b>hilfe</b></td>
+<td><b>half</b></td>
+<td><b>hulfen</b></td>
+<td><b>geholfen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>stërben</b>, <i>to die</i></p></td>
+<td><b>stirbe</b></td>
+<td><b>starp</b></td>
+<td><b>sturben</b></td>
+<td><b>gestorben</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And similarly <b>bevëlhen</b>, <i>to order</i>, <b>emphëlhen</b>,
+<b>enphëlhen</b>, <i>to recommend</i>, <b>gëlten</b>, <i>to pay</i>,
+<b>mëlken</b>, <i>to milk</i>, <b>schëlten</b>, <i>to revile</i>,
+<b>swëllen</b>, <i>to swell</i>, <b>verdërben</b>, <i>to destroy</i>,
+<b>wërfen</b>, <i>to throw</i>, <b>wërren</b>, <i>to confuse</i>,
+<b>wërden</b>, <i>to become</i>, pret. pl. <b>wurten</b>, <b>wurden</b>,
+p.p. <b>worten</b>, <b>(ge)worden</b>, see <a href =
+"#para30">§&nbsp;<b>30</b></a>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class IV.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para82" id = "para82"><b>§ 82.</b></a>
+The verbs of this class belong to the fourth ablaut-series (<a href =
+"#para12">§&nbsp;<b>12</b></a>). They include those strong verbs which
+have a liquid or a nasal before or after the stem-vowel, and a few
+others, thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">63</span>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr class = "center">
+<td><b>ë</b></td>
+<td><b>i</b></td>
+<td><b>a</b></td>
+<td><b>ā</b></td>
+<td><b>o</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>nëmen</b>, <i>to take</i></p></td>
+<td><b>nime</b></td>
+<td><b>nam</b></td>
+<td><b>nāmen</b></td>
+<td><b>genomen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>bërn</b>, <i>to bear</i></p></td>
+<td><b>bir</b> (<a href = "#para9_1">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;1</a>)</td>
+<td><b>bar</b></td>
+<td><b>bāren</b></td>
+<td><b>geborn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>stëln</b>, <i>to steal</i></p></td>
+<td><b>stil</b> (<a href = "#para9_1">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;1</a>)</td>
+<td><b>stal</b></td>
+<td><b>stālen</b></td>
+<td><b>gestoln</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>brëchen</b>, <i>to break</i></p></td>
+<td><b>briche</b></td>
+<td><b>brach</b></td>
+<td><b>brāchen</b></td>
+<td><b>gebrochen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>vëhten</b>, <i>to fight</i></p></td>
+<td><b>vihte</b></td>
+<td><b>vaht</b></td>
+<td><b>vāhten</b></td>
+<td><b>gevohten</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And similarly <b>schërn</b>, <i>to shear</i>, <b>schrëcken</b>, <i>to
+frighten</i>, <b>sprëchen</b>, <i>to speak</i>, <b>vlëhten</b>, <i>to
+plait</i>, <b>zëmen</b> (p.p. also <b>gezëmen</b>), <i>to be
+befitting</i>, <b>stëchen</b>, <i>to prick</i>, <b>trëffen</b> (p.p.
+<b>troffen</b>), <i>to hit</i>; <b>dreschen</b>, <i>to thrash</i>,
+<b>leschen</b>, <i>to be extinguished</i>, see §&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para11_1"><b>11</b>,&nbsp;1</a>. <b>komen</b> (OHG. <b>quëman</b>),
+<i>to come</i>, <b>kume</b>, <b>quam</b>, <b>quāmen</b>, <b>komen</b>;
+on other forms of this verb, see <a href =
+"#para36">§&nbsp;<b>36</b></a>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class V.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para83" id = "para83"><b>§ 83.</b></a>
+The verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-series (<a href =
+"#para12">§&nbsp;<b>12</b></a>). They include the strong verbs
+containing a medial consonant other than a nasal or liquid,
+thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr class = "center">
+<td><b>ë</b></td>
+<td><b>i</b></td>
+<td><b>a</b></td>
+<td><b>ā</b></td>
+<td><b>ë</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>gëben</b>, <i>to give</i></p></td>
+<td><b>gibe</b></td>
+<td><b>gap</b></td>
+<td><b>gāben</b></td>
+<td><b>gegëben</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>jëhen</b>, <i>to say</i></p></td>
+<td><b>gihe</b> (<a href = "#para35">§&nbsp;<b>35</b></a>)</td>
+<td><b>jach</b></td>
+<td><b>jāhen</b></td>
+<td><b>gejëhen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>sëhen</b>, <i>to see</i></p></td>
+<td><b>sihe</b></td>
+<td><b>sach</b></td>
+<td><b>sāhen</b></td>
+<td><b>gesëhen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>wëgen</b>, <i>to move</i></p></td>
+<td><b>wige</b></td>
+<td><b>wac</b></td>
+<td><b>wāgen</b></td>
+<td><b>gewëgen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And similarly <b>geschëhen</b>, <i>to happen</i>, <b>knëten</b>,
+<i>to knead</i>, <b>mëȥȥen</b>, <i>to measure</i>, <b>pflëgen</b>, <i>to
+be accustomed</i>, <b>trëten</b>, <i>to tread</i>, <b>vergëȥȥen</b>,
+<i>to forget</i>, <b>wëben</b>, <i>to weave</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>wësen</b>, <i>to be</i></p></td>
+<td><b>wise</b></td>
+<td><b>was</b></td>
+<td><b>wāren</b></td>
+<td><b>gewësen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And similarly <b>genësen</b> (pret. pl. also <b>genāsen</b>), <i>to
+recover</i>, <b>jësen</b>, <i>to ferment</i>, <b>lësen</b> (pret. pl.
+also <b>lāsen</b>), <i>to gather, read</i>. See <a href =
+"#para30">§&nbsp;<b>30</b></a>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><b>ëȥȥen</b>, <i>to eat</i></td>
+<td><b>iȥȥe</b></td>
+<td><b>āȥ</b>(<b>aȥ</b>)</td>
+<td><b>āȥen</b></td>
+<td><b>gëȥȥen</b> (<a href =
+"#para9_7">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;7</a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>vrëȥȥen</b>, <i>to devour</i></td>
+<td><b>vriȥȥe</b></td>
+<td><b>vrāȥ</b></td>
+<td><b>vrāȥen</b></td>
+<td><b>vrëȥȥen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">64</span>
+<p>These verbs had a long vowel in the pret. singular in the oldest
+period of all the Germanic languages, cp. also Lat.&nbsp;<b>ēdī</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para84" id = "para84"><b>§ 84.</b></a>
+To this class also belong the three verbs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>bit(t)en</b>, <i>to beg</i></p></td>
+<td><b>bite</b></td>
+<td><b>bat</b></td>
+<td><b>bāten</b></td>
+<td><b>gebëten</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>ligen</b>, <i>to lie down</i></p></td>
+<td><b>lige</b></td>
+<td><b>lac</b></td>
+<td><b>lāgen</b></td>
+<td><b>gelëgen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>sitzen</b>, <i>to sit</i></p></td>
+<td><b>sitze</b></td>
+<td><b>saȥ</b></td>
+<td><b>sāȥen</b></td>
+<td><b>gesëȥȥen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><b>bit(t)en</b>, OHG. <b>bitten</b> from <b>*bidjan</b>;
+<b>ligen</b>, OHG. <b>liggen</b> from <b>*ligjan</b>; <b>sitzen</b>,
+OHG. <b>sitzen</b> from <b>*sitjan</b>, see §§ <a href =
+"#para14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href = "#para31_3"><b>31</b>,&nbsp;3</a>.
+The inf. <b>ligen</b> is sometimes contracted to <b>līn</b>, see <a href
+= "#para37">§&nbsp;<b>37</b></a>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class VI.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para85" id = "para85"><b>§ 85.</b></a>
+The verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-series (<a href =
+"#para12">§&nbsp;<b>12</b></a>), and accordingly have <b>a</b> in the
+present; <b>uo</b> in the pret. singular and plural; and <b>a</b> in the
+past participle. They have umlaut in the second and third pers.
+singular, as <b>grebes(t)</b>, <b>grebet</b>; <b>verst</b>, <b>vert</b>.
+See <a href = "#para10">§&nbsp;<b>10</b></a>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>graben</b>, <i>to dig</i></p></td>
+<td><b>gruop</b></td>
+<td><b>gruoben</b></td>
+<td><b>gegraben</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>tragen</b>, <i>to carry</i></p></td>
+<td><b>truoc</b></td>
+<td><b>truogen</b></td>
+<td><b>getragen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>maln</b>, <i>to grind</i></p></td>
+<td><b>muol</b></td>
+<td><b>muolen</b></td>
+<td><b>gemaln</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>varn</b>, <i>to go</i></p></td>
+<td><b>vuor</b></td>
+<td><b>vuoren</b></td>
+<td><b>gevarn</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And similarly <b>laden</b>, <i>to load</i>, <b>nagen</b>, <i>to
+gnaw</i>, <b>schaffen</b>, <i>to create</i>, <b>spanen</b>, <i>to
+entice</i>, <b>waschen</b>, <i>to wash</i>, <b>wahsen</b>, <i>to
+grow</i>, <b>waten</b>, <i>to wade</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>slahen</b>, <i>to strike</i></p></td>
+<td><b>sluoc</b></td>
+<td><b>sluogen</b></td>
+<td><b>geslagen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>twahen</b>, <i>to wash</i></p></td>
+<td><b>twuoc</b></td>
+<td><b>twuogen</b></td>
+<td><b>getwagen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>See <a href = "#para30">§&nbsp;<b>30</b></a>. The pret. sing.
+<b>sluoc</b>, <b>twuoc</b> for <b>*sluoch</b>, <b>*twuoch</b> were
+formed after the analogy of the pret. plural.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para86" id = "para86"><b>§ 86.</b></a>
+To this class also belong:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">65</span>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>stān</b>, <b>stēn</b> (<a href =
+"#para96">§&nbsp;<b>96</b></a>), <i>to stand</i></p></td>
+<td><b>stuont</b></td>
+<td><b>stuonden</b></td>
+<td><b>gestanden</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>entseben</b> (older <b>entseven</b>), <i>to
+perceive</i></p></td>
+<td><b>entsuop</b></td>
+<td><b>entsuoben</b></td>
+<td><b>entsaben</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>gewähenen</b>, <i>to mention</i></p></td>
+<td><b>gewuoc</b></td>
+<td><b>gewuogen</b></td>
+<td><b>gewagen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><b>heben</b> (older <b>heven</b>), <i>to raise</i></p></td>
+<td><b>huop</b></td>
+<td><b>huoben</b></td>
+<td><b>gehaben</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "middle"><p><b>swern</b> (see <a href =
+"#para35">§&nbsp;<b>35</b></a>), <i>to swear</i></p></td>
+<td class = "middle"><b>swuor</b></td>
+<td class = "middle"><b>swuoren</b></td>
+<td class = "bracket left"><b>geswarn</b><br>
+<b>gesworn</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The pret. singular <b>stuont</b>, <b>entsuop</b>, <b>gewuoc</b>,
+<b>huop</b> for <b>*stuot</b> (cp. Engl. <b>stood</b>), <b>*entsuof</b>,
+<b>*gewuoch</b>, <b>*huof</b> were formed after the analogy of the pret.
+plural. On the <b>b</b>, <b>g</b> in the pret. plural, see <a href =
+"#para30">§&nbsp;<b>30</b></a>. The last four verbs in the list
+originally had a <b>j</b> in the present, which accounts for the umlaut,
+cp. OHG. <b>heffen</b>, Goth. <b>hafjan</b>, <i>to raise</i>.
+<b>heben</b> had its <b>b</b> from forms where it was regular.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class VII.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para87" id = "para87"><b>§ 87.</b></a>
+To this class belong the verbs which originally had reduplicated
+preterites. The present and past participle have the same stem-vowel;
+and the preterite singular and plural have <b>ie</b>. In OHG. the verbs
+which had <b>a</b>, <b>ā</b> or <b>ei</b> in the present had <b>ia</b>
+(older <b>ea</b>, <b>ē</b>) in the preterite; and those which had <b>ou
+(ō)</b>, <b>uo</b> in the present had <b>io</b> (older <b>eo</b>) in the
+preterite. But in MHG. the <b>ia</b> and <b>io</b> regularly fell
+together in <b>ie</b> (<a href =
+"#para11_3">§&nbsp;<b>11</b>,&nbsp;3</a>), so that all the preterites
+had&nbsp;<b>ie</b>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td><b>bannen</b>, <i>to banish</i></td>
+<td><b>bien</b></td>
+<td><b>bienen</b></td>
+<td><b>gebannen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>halten</b>, <i>to hold</i></td>
+<td><b>hielt</b></td>
+<td><b>hielten</b></td>
+<td><b>gehalten</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>slāfen</b>, <i>to sleep</i></td>
+<td><b>slief</b></td>
+<td><b>sliefen</b></td>
+<td><b>geslāfen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>heiȥen</b>, <i>to call</i></td>
+<td><b>hieȥ</b></td>
+<td><b>hieȥen</b></td>
+<td><b>geheiȥn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>loufen</b>, <i>to run</i></td>
+<td><b>lief</b></td>
+<td><b>liefen</b></td>
+<td><b>geloufen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>ruofen</b>, <i>to call</i></td>
+<td><b>rief</b></td>
+<td><b>riefen</b></td>
+<td><b>geruofen</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">66</span>
+<p>And similarly <b>halsen</b>, <i>to embrace</i>, <b>salzen</b>, <i>to
+salt</i>, <b>spalten</b>, <i>to split</i>, <b>spannen</b>, <i>to
+span</i>, <b>vallen</b>, <i>to fall</i>, <b>valten</b>, <i>to fold</i>,
+<b>wallen</b>, <i>to bubble</i>; <b>bāgen</b>, <i>to quarrel</i>,
+<b>blāsen</b>, <i>to blow</i>, <b>brāten</b>, <i>to roast</i>,
+<b>lāȥen</b> (see also § <b>99</b>), <i>to let</i>, <i>leave</i>,
+<b>rāten</b>, <i>to advise</i>; <b>meiȥen</b>, <i>to cut</i>,
+<b>scheiden</b>, <i>to separate</i>, <b>sweifen</b>, <i>to rove</i>;
+<b>bōȥen</b>, <i>to strike</i>, <b>stōȥen</b>, <i>to push</i>,
+<b>houwen</b> (pret. <b>hiu</b> and <b>hie</b>, pl. <b>hiuwen</b>,
+<b>hiewen</b>), <i>to hew</i>, <b>wuofen</b>, <i>to bewail</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><p><b>gān</b>, <b>gēn</b>, <i>to go</i></p></td>
+<td><b>gienc</b> (<b>gie</b>)</td>
+<td><b>giengen</b></td>
+<td><b>(ge)gangen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "middle">
+<td class = "bracket left">
+<b>hāhen</b> (<a href = "#para29">§&nbsp;<b>29</b></a>)<br>
+<b>hān</b> (<a href = "#para38">§&nbsp;<b>38</b></a>)</td>
+<td>, <i>to hang</i></td>
+<td><b>hienc</b> (<b>hie</b>)</td>
+<td><b>hiengen</b></td>
+<td><b>gehangen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "middle">
+<td class = "bracket left">
+<b>vāhen</b> (<a href = "#para29">§&nbsp;<b>29</b></a>)<br>
+<b>vān</b> (<a href = "#para38">§&nbsp;<b>38</b></a>)</td>
+<td>, <i>to catch</i></td>
+<td><b>vienc</b> (<b>vie</b>)</td>
+<td><b>viengen</b></td>
+<td><b>gevangen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><p><b>erren</b>, <b>ern</b>, <i>to plough</i></p></td>
+<td><b>ier</b></td>
+<td><b>ieren</b></td>
+<td><b>gearn</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>On the interchange between <b>h</b> and <b>ng</b>, see <a href =
+"#para30">§&nbsp;<b>30</b></a>; <b>erren</b>, <b>ern</b> from older
+<b>*arjan</b>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">B. Weak Verbs.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para88" id = "para88"><b>§ 88.</b></a>
+The OHG. weak verbs were divided into three great classes according as
+the infinitive ended in <b>-en</b> from older <b>*-jan, -on</b>, or
+<b>-ēn</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "mynote">
+Inflectional tables in this section have been reformatted for greater
+readability. A representative screen shot of the original format is
+shown at the <a href = "#para88note">end of the text</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The characteristic endings of the three OHG. classes were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "2"><i>Present.</i></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Class I.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Class II.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Class III.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Indic. sing.</td>
+<td><b>-u</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-is(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōs(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēs(t)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-it</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōt</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">
+<span class = "spread2">„</span>plur.</td>
+<td><b>-ēn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-et</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōt</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-ent</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōnt</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēnt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Subj. sing.</td>
+<td><b>-e</b></td>
+<td><b>-o</b></td>
+<td><b>-e</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-ēs(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōs(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēs(t)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-e</b></td>
+<td><b>-o</b></td>
+<td><b>-e</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">
+<span class = "spread2">„</span>plur.</td>
+<td><b>-ēn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-ēt</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōt</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-ēn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Imper. sing.</td>
+<td><b>-i</b></td>
+<td><b>-o</b></td>
+<td><b>-e</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt" rowspan = "2"><span class =
+"spread2">„</span>plur.</td>
+<td><b>-ēn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-et</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōt</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "4">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<!-- F1: The top part of this table will probably need to be inverted(?)
+or something. Please send message when finished so I can see what I
+should have done. -->
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">67</span>
+</td>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "2"><i>Preterite.</i></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Class I.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Class II.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Class III.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Indic. sing.</td>
+<td><b>-ta</b>, <b>-ita</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōta</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēta</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-tōs(t)</b>, <b>-itōs(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōtōs(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>-ētōs(t)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-ta</b>, <b>-ita</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōta</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēta</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"><span class =
+"spread2">„</span>plur.</td>
+<td><b>-tun</b>, <b>-itun</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōtun</b></td>
+<td><b>-ētun</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-tut</b>, <b>-itut</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōtut</b></td>
+<td><b>-ētut</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-tun</b>, <b>-itun</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōtun</b></td>
+<td><b>-ētun</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Subj. sing.</td>
+<td><b>-ti</b>, <b>-iti</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōti</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēti</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-tīs(t)</b>, <b>-itīs(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōtīs(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>-ētīs(t)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-ti</b>, <b>-iti</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōti</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēti</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">
+<span class = "spread2">„</span>plur.</td>
+<td><b>-tīn</b>, <b>-itīn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōtīn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ētīn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-tīt</b>, <b>-itīt</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōtīt</b></td>
+<td><b>-ētīt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-tīn</b>, <b>-itīn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōtīn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ētīn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "4">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "2">
+<i>Past Participle.</i></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Uninfl. form</td>
+<td><b>-it</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōt</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Infl.<span class = "spread3">„</span></td>
+<td><b>-tēr</b>, <b>-itēr</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōtēr</b></td>
+<td><b>-ētēr</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "4">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "2">
+<i>Infinitive.</i></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>-en</b></td>
+<td><b>-ōn</b></td>
+<td><b>-ēn</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In OHG. the verbs of Class I were divided into two sub-divisions:
+(<i>a</i>)&nbsp;polysyllabic verbs and those containing an old long
+stem-syllable; (<i>b</i>)&nbsp;those which originally had a short
+stem-syllable (cp. <a href = "#para31_3">§&nbsp;<b>31</b>,&nbsp;3</a>).
+The former formed their preterite in <b>-ta</b>, and the latter in
+<b>-ita</b>; and similarly in the inflected form of the past participle.
+In MHG. all the unaccented vowels <b>i</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>a</b>,
+<b>o</b>, <b>u</b>, <b>ī</b>, <b>ē</b>, <b>ō</b> regularly fell together
+in <b>e</b> (<a href = "#para7">§&nbsp;<b>7</b></a>), so that the old
+distinction between the endings of the three classes of verbs was to a
+great extent obliterated. The OHG. verbs with a short stem-syllable
+belonging to Classes II and III came in MHG. to be inflected entirely
+like sub-division (<i>b</i>) of Class I; and those with a long
+stem-syllable mostly came to be inflected like sub-division (<i>a</i>)
+of Class I, see §§ <a href = "#para9_2"><b>9</b>,&nbsp;2</a>,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para92"><b>92</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to all the OHG. unaccented vowels being weakened to <b>e</b>
+the MHG. endings are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">68</span>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th>Sing.</th>
+<th>Plur.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Pres. Indic.:</td>
+<td><b>-e</b></td>
+<td><b>-en</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-es(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>-et</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-et</b></td>
+<td><b>-ent</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">
+<span class = "spread2">„</span>Subj.:</td>
+<td><b>-e</b></td>
+<td><b>-en</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-es(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>-et</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-e</b></td>
+<td><b>-en</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"><p>Pret. Indic.<br>
+and Subj.:</p></td>
+<td><b>-te</b>, <b>-ete</b></td>
+<td><b>-ten</b>, <b>-eten</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-tes(t)</b>, <b>-etes(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>-tet</b>, <b>-etet</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-te</b>, <b>-ete</b></td>
+<td><b>-ten</b>, <b>-eten</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt" rowspan = "2">Imper.</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><b>-en</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>-e</b></td>
+<td><b>-et</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>P.P. Uninfl. form</td>
+<td><b>-et</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class = "invisible">P.P.</span>
+Infl.<span class = "spread3">„</span></td>
+<td><b>-ter</b>, <b>-eter</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Infin.</td>
+<td><b>-en.</b></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Final <b>-n</b> in the first pers. sing. of the pres. indicative of
+the old Classes II and III remained in early MHG., but during the MHG.
+period the first person was remodelled after the analogy of
+Class&nbsp;I.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para88n" id = "para88n"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>&mdash;
+Old forms with <b>ō̆ (u)</b> for later <b>e</b> occasionally occur in
+verbs originally belonging to the OHG. Class II; and in like manner
+<b>ī̆</b> for <b>e</b> in the pret. subjunctive.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para89" id = "para89"><b>§ 89.</b></a>
+The MHG. weak verbs are divided into two classes, according as the
+preterite is formed in <b>-te</b> or <b>-ete</b> (see however §
+<b>40</b>). The inflexion of the present is the same in both
+classes.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class I.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para90" id = "para90"><b>§ 90.</b></a>
+To this class belong (1) verbs which have old long stem-syllables. Those
+having a mutated vowel in the present have the corresponding unmutated
+vowel in the preterite. The <b>i</b> which would have caused umlaut in
+the preterite disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language. The
+past participle generally has two forms: one with a mutated vowel, and
+the other without it, properly from the old inflected form which did not
+have umlaut. (2)&nbsp;Verbs having a short stem-vowel followed by a
+single
+<span class = "pagenum">69</span>
+consonant (<b>l</b>, <b>r</b>), and trisyllabic verbs containing an
+<b>l</b>, <b>n</b>, or <b>r</b> in the second syllable, as <b>zeln</b>,
+older <b>zellen</b> (<a href =
+"#para31_3">§&nbsp;<b>31</b>,&nbsp;3</a>), <i>to count</i>, pret.
+<b>zelte</b> beside <b>zalte</b>, p.p. <b>gezelt</b> beside
+<b>gezalt</b>; <b>nern</b>, <i>to rescue</i>, pret. <b>nerte</b> (OHG.
+<b>nerita</b>), p.p. <b>genert</b>; and similarly <b>doln</b> (OHG.
+<b>dolōn</b>), <i>to tolerate</i>, <b>seln</b>, <i>to hand over</i>,
+<b>spiln</b>, <i>to play</i>, <b>weln</b>, <i>to choose</i>;
+<b>wern</b>, <i>to defend</i>; <b>wandeln</b> (OHG. <b>wantalōn</b>),
+<i>to change</i>, pret. <b>wandelte</b>; <b>vordern</b> (OHG.
+<b>fordarōn</b>), <i>to further</i>, pret. <b>vorderte</b>;
+<b>sëgenen</b> (OHG. <b>sëganōn</b>), <i>to bless</i>, pret.
+<b>sëgente</b>. See §§&nbsp;<a href = "#para9_1"><b>9</b>,&nbsp;1,
+2</a>, <a href = "#para92"><b>92</b></a>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "4">
+<i>Present.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Imper.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sing.</td>
+<td>1. <b>kenne</b></td>
+<td><b>kenne</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>2. <b>kennes(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>kennes(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>kenne</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>3. <b>kennet</b></td>
+<td><b>kenne</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Plur.</td>
+<td>1. <b>kennen</b></td>
+<td><b>kennen</b></td>
+<td><b>kennen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>2. <b>kennet</b></td>
+<td><b>kennet</b></td>
+<td><b>kennet</b>, (<b>-ent</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>3. <b>kennent</b></td>
+<td><b>kennen</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "4">
+<i>Preterite.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sing.</td>
+<td>1. <b>kante</b></td>
+<td><b>kante</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>2. <b>kantes(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>kantes(t)</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>3. <b>kante</b></td>
+<td><b>kante</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Plur.</td>
+<td>1. <b>kanten</b></td>
+<td><b>kanten</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>2. <b>kantet</b></td>
+<td><b>kantet</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>3. <b>kanten</b></td>
+<td><b>kanten</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Infin. <b>kennen</b>, <i>to know</i>; Pres. Part. <b>kennende</b>;
+Past Part. <b>gekennet</b>, <b>gekant</b>.</p>
+
+<p>And similarly with a large number of verbs, as <b>blüemen</b>, <i>to
+bloom</i>, <b>brennen</b>, <i>to burn</i>, <b>füllen</b>, <i>to
+fill</i>, <b>grüeȥen</b>, <i>to greet</i>, <b>hœren</b>, <i>to hear</i>,
+<b>küssen</b>, <i>to kiss</i>, <b>lœsen</b>, <i>to loose</i>,
+<b>nennen</b>, <i>to name</i>, <b>rennen</b>, <i>to run</i>,
+<b>senden</b> (pret. <b>sante</b>), <i>to send</i>, <b>senken</b>, <i>to
+sink</i>, <b>setzen</b> (pret. <b>satte</b>, <b>sazte</b>, p.p.
+<b>gesat</b>, <b>gesazt</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">70</span>
+<b>gesetzt</b>), <i>to set</i>, <b>stellen</b>, <i>to place</i>,
+<b>süeȥen</b>, <i>to sweeten</i>, <b>vellen</b>, <i>to fell</i>,
+<b>wǣnen</b>, <i>to fancy</i>, <b>wünschen</b>, <i>to wish</i>;
+<b>gelouben</b>, <i>to believe</i>, <b>kēren</b>, <i>to turn</i>,
+<b>koufen</b>, <i>to buy</i>, <b>leiten</b> (pret. <b>leite</b>), <i>to
+lead</i>, <b>ougen</b>, <i>to show</i>, <b>suochen</b>, <i>to seek</i>.
+The verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite, as
+<b>dræjen</b>, <b>dræn</b> (<a href = "#para35">§&nbsp;<b>35</b></a>),
+<i>to turn</i>, pret. <b>drāte</b> beside the new formation
+<b>dræjete</b>, <b>dræte</b>, and similarly <b>blüejen</b>, <i>to
+bloom</i>, <b>müejen</b>, <i>to trouble</i>, <b>rüejen</b>, <i>to
+row</i>, <b>sæjen</b>, <i>to sow</i>, <b>wæjen</b>, <i>to blow</i>.
+Verbs with medial <b>ck</b> have double preterites, as <b>decken</b>,
+<i>to cover</i>, pret. <b>dacte</b> beside <b>dahte</b>, and similarly
+<b>drücken</b>, <b>drucken</b>, <i>to press</i>, <b>smecken</b>, <i>to
+taste</i>, <b>wecken</b>, <i>to awake</i>. See also
+§&nbsp;<b>92</b>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para91" id = "para91"><b>§ 91.</b></a>
+The following are irregular:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<th class = "ital">Infin.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Pret.</th>
+<th class = "ital">P.P.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>denken</b>, <i>to think</i></td>
+<td><b>dāhte</b></td>
+<td><b>gedāht</b> (§§&nbsp;<a href = "#para28"><b>28</b></a>, <a href =
+"#para29"><b>29</b></a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>dunken</b>, <b>dünken</b>, <i>to seem</i></td>
+<td><b>dūhte</b></td>
+<td><b>gedūh</b> (§§&nbsp;<a href = "#para28"><b>28</b></a>, <a href =
+"#para29"><b>29</b></a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>furhten</b>, <b>fürhten</b>, <i>to fear</i></td>
+<td><b>vorhte</b></td>
+<td><b>gevorht</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>wurken</b>, <b>würken</b>, <i>to work</i></td>
+<td><b>worhte</b></td>
+<td><b>geworht</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>bringen</b>, <i>to bring</i></td>
+<td><b>brāhte</b></td>
+<td><b>gebrāht</b> (§§&nbsp;<a href = "#para28"><b>28</b></a>, <a href =
+"#para29"><b>29</b></a>)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "note">
+<a name = "para91n" id = "para91n"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>&mdash;
+The second pers. sing. of <b>brāhte</b> is <b>bræhte</b> or
+<b>brāhtes(t)</b>, pret. subj. <b>bræhte</b>; and similarly with
+<b>dāhte</b>; the subj. of <b>dūhte</b> is <b>dūhte</b> or
+<b>diuhte</b>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class II.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para92" id = "para92"><b>§ 92.</b></a>
+The verbs belonging to this class form their preterite in <b>-ete</b>
+and their past participle in <b>-et</b>. In other respects Class II has
+the same endings as Class&nbsp;I.</p>
+
+<p>It includes: (<i>a</i>) The dissyllabic verbs, having a short
+stem-vowel followed by a single consonant other than <b>l</b>, <b>r</b>,
+which in OHG. belonged to Classes II and III, as <b>loben</b> (OHG.
+<b>lobōn</b>), <i>to praise</i>, pret. <b>lobete</b>, p.p.
+<b>gelobet</b>; <b>lëben</b> (OHG. <b>lëbēn</b>), <i>to live</i>, pret.
+<b>lëbete</b>, p.p. <b>gelëbet</b> (see <a href =
+"#para88">§&nbsp;<b>88</b></a>). (<i>b</i>)&nbsp;The dissyllabic verbs
+of OHG. Class I with a short
+<span class = "pagenum">71</span>
+stem-vowel followed by double consonants other than <b>ll</b> (see
+<a href = "#para31_3">§&nbsp;<b>31</b>,&nbsp;3</a>), as <b>legen</b>, older
+<b>leggen</b> (OHG. <b>leggen</b>), <i>to lay</i>, pret. <b>legete</b>
+or <b>leite</b> (<a href = "#para37">§&nbsp;<b>37</b></a>), p.p.
+<b>geleget</b> or <b>geleit</b>; <b>denen</b>, older <b>dennen</b> (OHG.
+<b>dennen</b>), <i>to stretch</i>, pret. <b>denete</b>, p.p.
+<b>gedenet</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Other examples belonging to Class II are: <b>bëten</b>, <i>to
+pray</i>, <b>dagen</b>, <i>to be silent</i>, <b>klagen</b>, <i>to
+complain</i>, <b>klëben</b>, <i>to stick</i>, <b>laden</b>, <i>to
+invite</i>, <b>namen</b>, <i>to name</i>, <b>sagen</b>, <i>to say</i>,
+pret. <b>sagete</b> and <b>seite</b> (<a href =
+"#para37">§&nbsp;<b>37</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p>The verbs with a long stem-syllable, which belonged to OHG. Classes
+II and III, went over in MHG. either into Class I&nbsp;(1), see <a href
+= "#para90">§&nbsp;<b>90</b></a>, or had preterites in <b>-te</b> beside
+<b>-ete</b>, as <b>danken</b>, <i>to thank</i>, pret. <b>dancte</b>
+beside <b>dankete</b>, p.p. <b>gedanct</b> beside <b>gedanket</b>;
+<b>vrāgen</b>, <i>to ask</i>, pret. <b>vrāgte</b> beside <b>vrāgete</b>,
+p.p. <b>gevrāgt</b> beside <b>gevrāget</b>, and similarly <b>ahten</b>,
+<i>to observe</i>, <b>minnen</b>, <i>to love</i>, <b>trahten</b>, <i>to
+strive</i>, &amp;c., see §§ <a href = "#para9_2"><b>9</b>,&nbsp;2</a>,
+<a href = "#para90"><b>90</b></a>; <b>dienen</b>, <i>to serve</i>, pret.
+<b>diende</b> (<a href =
+"#para40">§&nbsp;<b>40</b></a>),&nbsp;&amp;c.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">C. Minor Groups.</h5>
+
+<p class = "center">1. <b>Preterite-Presents.</b></p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para93" id = "para93"><b>§ 93.</b></a>
+These have strong preterites with a present meaning, from which new weak
+preterites have been formed. The 2nd pers. sg. ends in <b>-t</b>, and
+has the same stem-vowel as the 1st and 3rd pers. sg. The following verbs
+belong to this class:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><b>weiȥ</b>, <i>I know</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>weist</b>; pl.
+<b>wiȥȥen</b>; inf. <b>wiȥȥen</b>; pres.&nbsp;p. <b>wiȥȥende</b>; pret.
+<b>wisse</b>, <b>wesse</b>, <b>wiste</b> <i>or</i> <b>weste</b>; p.p.
+<b>gewist</b> <i>or</i> <b>gewest</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>touc</b>, <i>I am of use</i>, inf. and pl. <b>tugen</b> <i>or</i>
+<b>tügen</b>; pret. <b>tohte</b>; subj. <b>töhte</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gan</b>, <i>I grant</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>ganst</b>; inf. and pl.
+<b>gunnen</b> <i>or</i> <b>günnen</b>; pret. <b>gunde</b>; subj.
+<b>gunde</b> <i>or</i> <b>günde</b>; p.p. <b>gegunnen</b>,
+<b>gegunnet</b>, <i>or</i> <b>gegunst</b>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">72</span>
+<p><b>kan</b>, <i>I know</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>kanst</b>; inf. and pl.
+<b>kunnen</b> <i>or</i> <b>künnen</b>; pret. <b>kunde</b>
+(<b>konde</b>); subj. <b>kunde</b> <i>or</i> <b>künde</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>darf</b>, <i>I need</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>darft</b>; pl.
+<b>durfen</b> <i>or</i> <b>dürfen</b>; pret. <b>dorfte</b>; subj.
+<b>dörfte</b>; infin. and p.p. only in <b>bedürfen</b>,
+<b>bedorft</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tar</b>, <i>I dare</i>, <i>venture</i>, 2nd pers. sg.
+<b>tarst</b>; inf. and pl. <b>turren</b> <i>or</i> <b>türren</b>; pret.
+<b>torste</b>; subj. <b>törste</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sol</b>, <i>I shall</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>solt</b>; inf. and pl.
+<b>suln</b> <i>or</i> <b>süln</b>; pret. <b>solde</b> <i>or</i>
+<b>solte</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mac</b>, <i>I can</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>maht</b>; pl.
+<b>magen</b>, <b>megen</b>, <b>mugen</b>, <i>or</i> <b>mügen</b>; pret.
+<b>mahte</b> <i>or</i> <b>mohte</b>; subj. <b>mehte (mahte)</b>
+<i>or</i> <b>möhte</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>muoȥ</b>, <i>I must</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>muost</b>; pl.
+<b>müeȥen</b>; pret. <b>muoste</b> <i>or</i> <b>muose</b>; subj.
+<b>müeste</b> <i>or</i> <b>müese</b>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "center">2. <b>Anomalous Verbs.</b></p>
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para94" id = "para94"><b>§ 94.</b></a></p>
+
+<p class = "center">(1) <b>tuon</b>, <i>to do</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "4">
+<i>Present.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">
+Sing.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>tuon</b> (<b>tuo</b>)</td>
+<td><b>tuo</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>tuos(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>tuos(t)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>tuot</b></td>
+<td><b>tuo</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">
+Plur.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>tuon</b></td>
+<td><b>tuon</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>tuot</b> (<b>tuont</b>)</td>
+<td><b>tuot</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>tuont</b></td>
+<td><b>tuon</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "4">
+&nbsp;
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Infin.</td>
+<td><b>tuon</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Imper.</td>
+<td><b>tuo</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Pres. P.</td>
+<td><b>tuonde</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "4">
+&nbsp;
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "4">
+<i>Preterite.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">
+Sing.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>tëte</b> (<b>tët</b>)</td>
+<td><b>tæte</b> (<b>tëte</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>tæte</b></td>
+<td><b>tætes(t)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>tëte</b> (<b>tët</b>)</td>
+<td><b>tæte</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Plur.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>tāten</b>, (<b>tæten</b>, <b>tëten</b>)</td>
+<td><b>tæten</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "4">
+P.P. <b>getān</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">73</span>
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para95" id = "para95"><b>§ 95.</b></a></p>
+
+<p class = "center">(2) <b>gān</b>, <i>to go</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "4">
+<i>Present.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">
+Sing.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>gān</b>, <b>gēn</b></td>
+<td><b>gē</b> (<b>gā</b>, <b>gange</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>gās(t)</b>, <b>gēs(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>gēs(t)</b> (<b>gās(t)</b>, <b>ganges(t)</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>gāt</b>, <b>gēt</b></td>
+<td><b>gē</b> (<b>gā</b>, <b>gange</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Plur.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>gān</b>, <b>gēn</b></td>
+<td><b>gēn</b> (<b>gān</b>, <b>gangen</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "4">
+&nbsp;
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Infin.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>gān</b>, <b>gēn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Imper.</td>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<b>ganc</b>, <b>genc</b>, <b>ginc</b> (<b>gā</b>, <b>gē</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Pres. P.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>gānde</b>, <b>gēnde</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "4">
+&nbsp;
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "4">
+<i>Preterite.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>Sing.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>gienc</b> <i>or</i> <b>gie</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>Plur.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>giengen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>P.P.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>(ge)gangen</b> <i>or</i> <b>gegān</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para96" id = "para96"><b>§ 96.</b></a></p>
+
+<p class = "center">(3) <b>stān</b>, <i>to stand</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "4">
+<i>Present.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">
+Sing.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>stān</b>, <b>stēn</b>, <b>stā</b>, <b>stē</b></td>
+<td rowspan = "3">
+<b>stā</b>, <b>stē</b> (<b>stande</b>), <b>&amp;c.</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>stās(t)</b>, <b>stēs(t)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>stāt</b>, <b>stēt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Plur.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>stān</b>, <b>stēn</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "4">
+&nbsp;
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Infin.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>stān</b>, <b>stēn</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Imper.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>stā</b>, <b>stē</b>, <b>stant</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "4">
+&nbsp;
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "4">
+<i>Preterite.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td></td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>stuont</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>P.P.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>gestanden</b> <i>or</i> <b>gestān</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">74</span>
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para97" id = "para97"><b>§ 97.</b></a></p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+(4) <b>sīn</b>, <b>wësen</b>, <i>to be</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "4">
+<i>Present.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Sing.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>bin</b></td>
+<td><b>sī</b> (<b>sīge</b>, <b>sīe</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>bis(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>sīs(t)</b> (<b>sīges(t)</b>, <b>sīes(t)</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>ist</b></td>
+<td><b>sī</b> (<b>sīge</b>, <b>sīe</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Plur.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>birn</b>, <b>sīn</b></td>
+<td><b>sīn</b> (<b>sīgen</b>, <b>sīen</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>birt</b>, <b>sīt</b></td>
+<td><b>sīt</b> (<b>sīget</b>, <b>sīet</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>sint</b></td>
+<td><b>sīn</b> (<b>sīgen</b>, <b>sīen</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "4">
+&nbsp;
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Infin.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>sīn</b>, <b>wësen</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">Indic. Pret. Sing.</td>
+<td><b>was</b>;</td>
+<td>pl. <b>wāren</b> (<a href = "#para30">§&nbsp;<b>30</b></a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">Subj.<span class = "spread3">„„</span></td>
+<td><b>wære</b>;</td>
+<td>pl. <b>wæren</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>P.P.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>gewësen</b> (<b>gewëset</b>)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para98" id = "para98"><b>§ 98.</b></a></p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+(5) <b>wellen</b>, <i>to will</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td class = "center" colspan = "3">
+<i>Present.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th>
+<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sing.</td>
+<td>1. <b>wil</b></td>
+<td><b>welle</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>2. <b>wil</b>, <b>wilt</b></td>
+<td><b>welles(t)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>3. <b>wil</b></td>
+<td><b>welle</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Plur.</td>
+<td>1. <b>wellen</b>, <b>weln</b></td>
+<td><b>wellen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>2. <b>wellet</b>, <b>welt</b></td>
+<td><b>wellet</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>3. <b>wellen</b>, <b>weln</b></td>
+<td><b>wellen</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pret.</td>
+<td><b>wolte</b> <i>or</i> <b>wolde</b> (<a href =
+"#para40">§&nbsp;<b>40</b></a>)</td>
+<td><b>wolte</b> <i>or</i> <b>wölte</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Infin.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>wellen</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "center">3. <b>Contracted Verbs.</b></p>
+
+<p class = "para float">
+<a name = "para99" id = "para99"><b>§ 99.</b></a></p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+(1) <b>lān</b> = <b>lāȥen</b>, <i>to let</i>, <i>leave</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "ital">Sing.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Plur.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Pres.</td>
+<td><b>lān</b></td>
+<td><b>lān</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>lās(t)</b>, <b>læs(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>lāt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>lāt</b> (<b>læt</b>)</td>
+<td><b>lān</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pret.</td>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<b>lie</b> <i>or</i> <b>lieȥ</b> (<a href =
+"#para87">§&nbsp;<b>87</b></a>).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Imper.</td>
+<td><b>lā</b></td>
+<td><b>lāt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Infin.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>lān</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>P.P.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>(ge)lān</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">75</span>
+
+<p class = "center">
+(2) <b>hān</b> = <b>haben</b>, <i>to have</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<th class = "ital">Sing.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Plur.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Pres.</td>
+<td><b>hān</b></td>
+<td><b>hān</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>hās(t)</b></td>
+<td><b>hāt</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>hāt</b></td>
+<td><b>hān</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Pret.</td>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<b>hāte</b> (<b>hëte</b>, <b>hēt(e)</b>, <b>hiet(e)</b>,
+<b>hæte)</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>hātes(t)</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right"><b>&amp;c.</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Subj. pres.</td>
+<td><b>habe</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>habes(t)</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "right"><b>&amp;c.</b></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>pret.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>hæte</b>, <b>hete</b>, <b>hēte</b>, <b>hiete</b>,
+<b>hatte</b>, <b>&amp;c.</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Infin.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>hān</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>P.P.</td>
+<td colspan = "2"><b>gehabet</b>, <b>gehapt</b>, <b>gehāt</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The contracted form <b>hān</b>, &amp;c., is mostly used as an
+auxiliary.</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name = "chapVII" id = "chapVII">
+CHAPTER VII</a></h4>
+
+<h5>SYNTAX</h5>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Cases.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para100" id = "para100"><b>§ 100.</b></a>
+<b>Accusative.</b> The accusative has much the same function as in NHG.
+It is sometimes used, however, where the dat. or a preposition would be
+required in NHG.:&mdash;<b>ër vuor waȥȥer unde wëge</b>, <i>he went by
+water and land</i>. The acc. is used after <b>wol</b>, <i>well</i>, when
+used as an interjection, as <b>wol mich</b>. A&nbsp;double accusative is
+required not only after <b>lēren</b>, <i>to teach</i>, but also after
+<b>hëln</b>, <b>verhëln</b>, <i>to conceal</i>, <b>verdagen</b>,
+<b>verswīgen</b>, <i>to keep secret</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para101" id = "para101"><b>§ 101.</b></a>
+<b>Dative.</b> <b>ruofen</b>, <i>to call</i>, and <b>schirmen</b>, <i>to
+protect</i>, take the dative. The dative is often used adverbially:
+<b>allenthalben</b>, <i>on all sides</i>, <b>wīlen(t)</b>,
+<i>formerly</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para102" id = "para102"><b>§ 102.</b></a>
+<b>Genitive.</b> The genitives <b>hande</b>, <b>slahte</b>, <b>leie</b>
+= <i>manner</i> are used adverbially: <b>maneger hande</b>,
+<b>slahte</b>, <i>or</i> <b>leie</b>, <i>in many ways</i>,
+<i>manifoldly</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The gen. is used in combination with the comparative of adjectives,
+as <b>dicker eines dūmes</b>, <i>thicker by the breadth of a thumb</i>.
+Indefinite and interrogative pronouns, used
+<span class = "pagenum">76</span>
+substantively, take the genitive: <b>iemen armer liute</b>, <i>any poor
+people</i>; <b>niht schœneres</b>, <i>nothing more beautiful</i>; <b>dës
+enmac niht sīn</b>, <i>that cannot be</i>; <b>waȥ mannes ër wære</b>,
+<i>what kind of man he was</i>. In the same manner the rel. <b>swaȥ</b>
+may take the genitive: <b>swaȥ man vant dër armen</b>, <i>whatever poor
+people one found</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The genitive may be used predicatively:&mdash;<b>sīt sī dës
+goteshūses sint</b>, <i>since they belong to the house of God</i>;
+<b>diu sorge ist mīn eines niht</b>, <i>I am not the only one who has
+sorrow</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Impersonal verbs often take the genitive: <b>mich genüeget dës</b>,
+<i>that is enough for me</i>; <b>mich gezimt dës</b>, <i>that pleases
+me</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The genitives <b>dës</b> and <b>wës</b> may be used adverbially in
+the sense of <i>therefore</i>, <i>wherefore</i>; and likewise many
+nouns: <b>tages</b>, <i>by day</i>; <b>dës sëlben tages</b>, <i>the same
+day</i>; <b>nahtes</b>, <i>by night</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Interjections usually take the genitive: <b>owē mir mīnes leides!</b>
+<i>alas! for my grief</i>. <b>vil</b>, <i>much</i>, <i>many</i>;
+<b>mē(re)</b>, <i>more</i>; <b>wēnic</b>, <b>lützel</b>, <i>little</i>;
+<b>minner</b>, <b>minre</b>, <i>less</i>; and <b>genuoc</b>,
+<i>enough</i>, used as indeclinable substantives, are followed by the
+genitive. Cardinal numerals, used substantively, are also followed by
+the genitive: <b>zweinzec starker man</b>, <i>twenty strong men</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Adjectives.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para103" id = "para103"><b>§ 103.</b></a>
+The weak and strong forms are used in the same manner as in Mod. HG.
+<b>dirre</b>, <i>this</i>, is followed by the weak or strong form;
+<b>aller</b>, <i>all</i>, usually by the strong. The strong or weak form
+can be used after pronouns, as <b>ich armer</b> or <b>ich arme</b>, <i>I
+poor ...</i> In the vocative the weak form without the article is used,
+as <b>guoten liute</b>, <i>(ye) good people</i>. When the same adjective
+refers to nouns of different gender, it is put in the neuter plural.</p>
+
+<p><b>ein</b> and the possessive pronouns are followed by the
+<span class = "pagenum">77</span>
+strong form in the Nom. and Acc. singular; by the strong or weak form in
+the pl. and Gen. and Dative singular.</p>
+
+<p>The possessive pronouns are declined strong.</p>
+
+<p>The uninflected form of the adjective is used side by side with the
+inflected in the Nom. singular, all genders, and Acc. singular neuter,
+when the adjective comes before the noun: <b>ein guot man</b>, <i>a good
+man</i>. When the adjective stands after the noun the uninflected form
+may be used without reference to number, gender, or case, <b>ein</b>,
+<b>dehein</b>, and the possessive pronouns have the uninflected form in
+the Nom. for all genders, and Acc. neuter. The uninflected form of
+<b>al</b>, <i>all</i>, can be used before all forms of the definite
+article: <b>in al dër wërlte</b>, <i>in all the world</i>. See <a href =
+"#para55">§&nbsp;<b>55</b></a>.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Pronouns.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para104" id = "para104"><b>§ 104.</b></a>
+<b>im</b>, <b>ir</b>, pl. <b>in</b>, are used to express the dative of
+the reflexive pronoun. <b>dër</b> is sometimes used pleonastically, as
+<b>dër brunne</b>, <b>dër was küele</b>, <i>the spring was cool</i>.
+<b>man</b> used as an indefinite pronoun can take the definite article
+along with&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Verbs.</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "para105" id = "para105"><b>§ 105.</b></a>
+<b>Number.</b> The verb can be used in the singular after a compound
+subject, as <b>Volkēr und Hagene sō sēre wüeten began</b>, <i>... began
+to rage so furiously</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para106" id = "para106"><b>§ 106.</b></a>
+<b>Tenses.</b> The fut. simple is expressed by <b>sol</b>, <b>muoȥ</b>,
+<b>wil</b> and the infin., or simply by the pres., as in OE.: <b>ich sol
+gān</b>, <i>I shall go</i>; <b>bin ich gnislīch</b>, <b>sō genise
+ich</b>, <i>if I am curable</i>, <i>I shall recover</i>. For the fut.
+pf. the pf. is used: <b>daȥ ist schiere getān</b>, <i>that will soon
+have been done</i>. The pf. is expressed either by the simple pret. or
+the p.p. and the verbs <b>hān</b>, <b>sīn</b>; in subordinate sentences
+the pret. often has the meaning of the pluperfect: <b>dō du</b>
+<span class = "pagenum">78</span>
+<b>von ir schiede, zehant sie starp</b>, <i>she died immediately after
+thou hadst taken leave of her</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The preterite acquires a pluperfect, and the present a future perfect
+meaning when the prefix <b>ge</b> is added to them: <b>swenne iuwer sun
+gewahset</b>, <i>when your son (shall have) has grown up</i>; <b>dō ich
+in gesach</b>, <i>when I had seen him</i>. The present participle with
+<b>sīn</b> is sometimes used as in English, see ‘Arme Heinrich,’
+l.&nbsp;24.</p>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para107" id = "para107"><b>§ 107.</b></a>
+<b>Voice.</b> The present and preterite passive are expressed by
+<b>wërden</b> and the p.p., and the corresponding perfect tenses by
+<b>sīn</b> and the p.p.</p>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms">
+<tr>
+<td>Pres.</td>
+<td><b>ich wirde gelobet</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pret.</td>
+<td><b>ich wart</b><span class = "spread3">„</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Perf.</td>
+<td><b>ich bin</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Plupf.</td>
+<td><b>ich was</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Inf.</td>
+<td><b>gelobet sīn</b>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "para">
+<a name = "para108" id = "para108"><b>§ 108.</b></a>
+<b>Negation.</b> Negation in sentences is expressed by <b>ne</b>
+(<b>en</b>, <b>n</b>) before the verb, and <b>niht</b> after it: <b>ër
+enist guot</b>, <i>he is not good</i>. <b>niht</b> is frequently
+omitted, especially after the preterite presents, the verbs
+<b>wellen</b>, <b>lān</b>, sentences containing negative pronouns or
+adverbs, and in subordinate sentences.</p>
+
+<p><b>en</b> without <b>niht</b> is used with the subjunctive in
+subordinate sentences in the sense of <i>unless</i>, <i>if not</i>,
+<i>except that</i>, <i>when that</i>, <i>that not</i>, &amp;c.: <b>dën
+līp wil ich verliesen, si enwërde mīn wīp</b>, <i>I will die if she will
+not become my wife</i>; <b>ich wæne nieman in dër wërlte lëbe, ërn habe
+ein leit</b>, <i>I believe no one lives in the world who has not his
+trouble</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>en</b> is further also used in the sense of Latin ‘quin’: <b>ich
+mac daȥ niht bevarn, mirn wërde mīn ritterschaft benomen</b>, <i>I
+cannot prevent my knighthood being taken away from me</i>.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- end div primer -->
+
+<hr class = "mid">
+
+<div class = "texts">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">79</span>
+<h3><a name = "texts" id = "texts">
+TEXTS</a></h3>
+
+<p class = "mynote">
+Line numbers have been removed from the prose passages. In the verse
+passages, some unstressed e’s, and a few i’s, were printed with an under-dot: ẹ&nbsp;ị. This usage is not explained. Some under-dots may be
+flyspecks, and a few umlauts were uncertain.</p>
+
+<h4><a name = "textI" id = "textI">I</a><br>
+BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG.</h4>
+
+<p class = "note">
+His name was properly Berthold Lech. He was the most celebrated preacher
+of the thirteenth century. He died in Regensburg in 1272. The following
+extract is from a sermon on Matt. v.&nbsp;8.</p>
+
+<p>‘Sælic sint die armen: wan daȥ himelrīch ist ir,’ etc. Mit disen aht
+tugenden sint alle die ze himelrīche komen, die dā sint, und mit den
+selben aht tugenden müeȥent noch alle die dar komen, die iemer mēr dar
+komen süln. Nū wil ich die siben under wegen lān und wil niuwen von ir
+einer sagen, wan alse vil guoter dinge an ir ieglīcher ist; und von ir
+ieglīcher wære gar vil und gar lanc sunderlīchen ze sagenne; und wie
+manigiu untugent uns an disen ahte tugenden irret, daȥ würde eht von
+ieglīcher gar lanc ze sagenne. Wan man eȥ alleȥ in einer predigen niht
+verenden mac, noch in vieren, noch in zehenen, sō wil ich iu hiute
+niuwen sagen von den, die ein reine herze habent, und von den man hiute
+dā liset in dem heiligen ewangelio ‘sælic sint, die reines herzen sint:
+die <a name = "tagA" id = "tagA" href = "#noteA">werdent got
+sehende</a>.’A Die sint wol von rehte sælic, die dā got sehent. Ein
+übergülde ist eȥ aller der sælikeit, diu ie wart oder iemer mēr eht
+werden mac, swer got ansehende eht wirt, alsō süeȥe und alsō wünneclich
+ist diu gesiht, die man an got siht. Sō wart nie deheiner muoter ir kint
+nie sō liep, ān unser frouwen, und solte si eȥ drīe tage ane sehen ān
+underlāȥ, <a name = "tagB" id = "tagB" href = "#noteB">daȥ si anders
+niht enpflæge</a>, wan eht si ir liebeȥ kint solte an sehen: si æȥe an
+dem vierden tage vil gerner ein stücke brōtes. Und wolte ich vil gerner,
+daȥ
+<span class = "pagenum">80</span>
+ich alsō ein guot mensche wære, als daȥ wār ist, daȥ ich iezuo reden
+wil. Ob daȥ alsō wære, daȥ man zuo einem menschen spræche, der iezuo bī
+gote ist, ‘du hāst zehen kint ūf ertrīche, und du solt in koufen allen
+samt, daȥ sie ēre und guot haben unz an ir tōt, dā mit, daȥ du einigen
+ougenblic von gotes angesiht tuost, niuwen als lange als einȥ sīn hant
+möht umbe kēren, und sich danne wider zuo gote, und du solt dīn ougen
+niemer mēr von im kēren’: der mensche entæte sīn niht. Alse wār, herre,
+dīn wārheit ist, alse wār ist disiu rede, daȥ er disiu zehen kint unze
+an ir tōt ē nāch dem almuosen lieȥe gēn, ē danne er sich die kleine wīle
+von gote wolte wenden. In habent die engel wol sehzic hundert jār an
+gesehen, und sehent in hiute als gerne als des ērsten tages. Und sie
+sint ouch alle samt sam des ērsten tages, dō sie got an sehende wurden.
+Dō wart ir deheiner sīt nie eltlīcher danne des ērsten tages, und sint
+doch sider wol sehzic hundert jār alt. Swelher hundert jār alt würde
+under uns, der wære den liuten alse smæhe an ze sehenne von
+ungestaltheit und von dem gebresten, den daȥ alter an im hæte gemaht: sō
+mālet man die engele&mdash;dā sehet ir wol, swā man sie mālt, daȥ man
+sie eht anders niht enmālt wan als ein kint von fünf jāren, als
+junclich, oder von sehsen. Wan alle, die got sehent, die werdent niemer
+eltlīcher, die in in himelrīche sehent in sīnen freuden und in sīnen
+ēren. Ūf ertrīche sehen wir in alle tage in sīnem gewalte. Dehein
+irdenischer muot noch irdenisch līp möhte daȥ niht erlīden, daȥ in
+dehein irdenisch ouge iemer an gesehen möhte in sīnen freuden und in
+sīnen ēren, als er ze himelrīche ist. Wir sagen iu ettewenne ein
+glīchnisse, wie schœne got sī. Seht, alleȥ daȥ wir iemer gesagen künnen
+oder mügen, daȥ ist rehte dem glīche, als obe ein kint uns solte sagen,
+ob eȥ müglich wære, von aller der wirde und von aller der gezierde, die
+diu werlt hāt, von der liehten sunnen, von den liehten sternen, von
+edelre gesteine craft und von ir maniger slahte varwe, von der edelen
+würze craft und von dem edelen gesmacke, und von der rīchen gezierde,
+die man ūȥer sīden und ūȥer golde machet in dirre werlte, und von
+maniger hande
+<span class = "pagenum">81</span>
+süeȥen stimme, die diu werlt hāt, von vögelīn sange und von seitenspil,
+und von maniger hande bluomen varwe, und von aller der gezierde, die
+disiu werlt hāt. Alse unmügelich unde alse unkuntlīchen eime kinde dā
+von ze redenne ist, als unkunt ist ouch uns dā von ze redenne, von der
+unsegelīchen wünne, diu dā ze himel ist, und von dem wünneclīchen
+antlütze des lebendigen gotes. Wan alliu diu freude, diu dā ze himele
+ist, der ist niht wan von dem schīne, der von unsers herren antlütze
+gēt. Und rehte als alle sternen ir lieht von der sunnen nement, alsō
+habent alle heiligen ir gezierde und ir schōnheit von gote, und engele
+und alleȥ himelische her. Reht als alle die sternen des himeles, der
+māne und die planēten, grōȥ und kleine, die habent alle samt ir lieht
+von der sunnen, diu uns dā liuhtet: und alsō hāt alleȥ himelischeȥ her,
+engel und heiligen, die hœhsten und die minnesten, die habent alle samt
+ir freude und ir wünne und ir gezierde und die <ins class = "correction"
+title = "text has circumflex, but see Glossary">ēre</ins> und die wirde
+und ouch die schœnde, daȥ habent sie alle samt von der angesihte gotes,
+daȥ sie got an sehent. Die engele, die dā unser hüetent, die sehent in
+ze aller zīt an, als ob sie bī im wæren. Wan alliu diu freude, diu in
+himelrīche ist, diu diuhte sie ze nihte, solten sie got niht an sehen.
+Und dā von ‘sælic sint, die reines herzen sint; wan sie werdent got
+sehende.’ Nu sehent, wie sælic die sint, die dā reineȥ herze tragent.
+Ir, junge werlt, die noch unbewollen sint mit sünden, behaltent iuwer
+herze vor allen tœtlīchen sünden, sō werdent ir got sehende in solīchen
+freuden und in sō grōȥen ēren, die ouge nie gesach oder ōre nie gehōrte,
+alse sant Paulus dā sprichet; und alse sant Johannes sprichet: ‘wær eȥ
+mügelich, daȥ man eȥ alleȥ samt geschrīben möhte, sō möhte diu werlt diu
+buoch in ir niht behalten, dā eȥ an gestüende, daȥ ich gesach. Und
+alleȥ, daȥ ich gesach, daȥ was niht wan got alleine.’ Und dar umbe
+möhten wir doch gerne ze dem himelrīche komen und drumbe arbeiten. Ob
+uns niht diu minne und diu liebe dar twünge, der wir gote schuldic sīn,
+seht, sō möhten wir dar umbe dar komen, durch daȥ wunder, daȥ dā ist. Eȥ
+ist maniger vor mir: der im <a name = "tagC" id = "tagC" href =
+"#noteC">von sō getāner freude</a> seite, daȥ si jenhalp meres wære, er
+füere gar gerinclīchen <span class = "pagenum">82</span>
+dar von hinnen über mer, niuwen daȥ erȥ gesæhe. Sō möhtent ir
+hundertstunt gerner dar umb arbeiten, daȥ irȥ iemer mēre ēwiclīchen
+nieȥen soltet. Die vil wünneclīchen angesiht des almehtigen gotes und
+der himelischen küniginne ze der zeswen sīner sīten in guldīner wæte,
+die möhtet ir gerne an sehen. Wan würde iu einiger anblic, sō wære in
+alliu diu freude und diu ēre und aller der wollust, den diu werlt ie
+gewan, daȥ wær iu hinne für als widerzæme und ouch alse unmære, reht als
+sant Paulus dā sprach. Nu hœret wie er sprach; er sprach: ‘alliu diu ēre
+und diu freude und daȥ gemach, diu disiu werlt ie gewan von keisern und
+von künigen, wider der freude, diu in himelrīch ist; als widerzæme einem
+wære ein diep an einem galgen, als kurz einem diu wīle dā mite wære, daȥ
+er einen erhangen man triuten solte, wider aller der freude, die diu
+werlt hāt: alse widerzæme ist mir diu freude aller der werlte wider der
+ēwigen freude.’ Ei wol iuch wart, daȥ iuch iuwer muoter ie getruoc, die
+sō getāne freude süln besitzen. Der ist, ob got wil, vil maniger vor
+mīnen ougen. Ouch ist maniger, der vil kleine freude dar für nimt hie ūf
+ertrīche, und daȥ dem guoten sante Paulen gar versmāhte, des wirt im der
+tūsentste teil niht. Und die habent übel kouft, die sō übergrōȥe freude
+gebent umb ein sō kurzeȥ freudelīn in dirre werlte. Die habent übel
+gevarn; wan sie habent weder hie noch dort niht. Als ich iezuo sprach,
+rehte in glīcher wīse, rehte alse alle sternen des himeles ir lieht von
+der sunnen habent, alsō hāt alleȥ himelisch her ir lieht von dem wāren
+sunnen, sīt danne unser herre der wāre sunne und daȥ wāre lieht ist,
+alse der guote sant Johannes dā sprichet. Der hei et in daȥ wāre lieht;
+als ouch daȥ vil wār ist: wan er ist daȥ wāre lieht, daȥ niemer mēr
+verlischet. Und alle, die von sīme gotvarwen liehte enzündet werdent,
+die erleschent ouch niemer mēre von der schōnheit, die sie von dem wāren
+sunnen hānt. Und als vil diu sunne liehter und gelpfer ist, danne wir dā
+sehen, rehte als vil diu liehtes und glastes über alle sterne hāt, die
+an dem himel stēnt: als vil hāt der wāre sunne in himelrīche schīnes und
+glastes mēr über alle engele und ist geschœnet
+<span class = "pagenum">83</span>
+und gewirdet an allen ēren, alse billich ist. Und dā von sint sie sælic,
+die ein reineȥ herze habent; wan si werdent got sehende<ins class =
+"correction" title = "final period missing">.&nbsp;</ins></p>
+
+
+<h4><a name = "textII" id = "textII">II</a><br>
+THE SWABIAN LANTREHTBUOCH.</h4>
+
+<p class = "note">
+This work was compiled by David von Augsburg, about 1280 <span class =
+"smaller">A.D.</span></p>
+
+<p class = "center smallcaps">
+Hie hebet sich an daȥ Lantrehtbuoch.</p>
+
+<p>Herre got, himelischer vater, durch dīne milte güete geschüefe du den
+menschen in drīvaltiger werdikeit. Diu ērste, daȥ er nāch dir gebildet
+ist. Daȥ ist ouch ein alsō hōhiu werdikeit, der dir alleȥ menschlich
+künne sunderlīchen immer danken sol. Wan des haben wir gar michel reht,
+vil lieber herre, himelischer vater, sīt du uns zuo dīner hōhen gotheit
+alsō werdiclīchen geedelt hāst. Diu ander werdikeit, dā du, herre got,
+almähtic schepfer, den menschen zuo geschaffen hāst, daȥ ist diu, daȥ du
+alle dise werelt, die sunnen unde den mānen, die sterne unde diu vier
+element, viur, waȥȥer, luft unde die erden, die vogel in den lüften, die
+vische in dem wāge, diu tier in dem walde, die würme in der erden, golt
+unde edel gesteine, der edeln würze süeȥen smac, der bluomen liehte
+varwe, der boume fruht unde ēt alle crēatūre: daȥ hāst du, herre, alleȥ
+dem menschen ze nutze unde ze dienste geschaffen durch die triuwe unde
+durch die minne, die du ze dem menschen hetest. Diu dritte werdikeit, dā
+du, herre, den menschen mit gewirdet unde geedelt hāst, daȥ ist diu, daȥ
+der mensche die wirde unde die ēre, die vreude unde die wünne immer mit
+dir ēwiclīchen nieȥen sol. Der werelde dienst unde nuz hāst du, herre,
+dem menschen umbe sust gegeben ze einer manunge unde ze einem vorbilde.
+Sīt des sō vil ist, des du, herre, dem menschen umbe sust gegeben hāst,
+dā bī sol der mensche nu trahten, sō <a name = "tagD" id = "tagD" href =
+"#noteD">mege</a> des wol gar übermæȥiclīchen vil sīn, des du dem
+menschen umbe sīnen
+<span class = "pagenum">84</span>
+dienst geben wilt. Unde dar umbe sol ein iegelīch mensche got dienen mit
+ganzen triuwen; wan der lōn ist alsō übermæȥiclīchen grōȥ, daȥ in herzen
+sin nie betrahten möhte noch menschen zunge nie gesprechen möhte, noch
+ougen sehen künde in nie beliuhten, noch ōre nie gehœren. Daȥ wir nu got
+der hōhen werdikeit gedanken unde den grōȥen lōn verdienen, des helfe
+uns der almähtige got. āmen.</p>
+
+<p>Sīt uns got in sō hōher werdikeit geschaffen hāt, sō wil er ouch, daȥ
+wir werdeȥ leben haben, unde daȥ wir einander wirde unde ēre erbieten,
+triuwe unde wārheit, niht haȥ unde nīt einander tragen. Wir sullen mit
+fride unde mit suone under einander leben. Fridlich leben hāt unser
+herre got liep. Wan er kom von himelrīche ūf erderīche durch anders niht
+wan durch den rehten fride, daȥ er uns einen rehten fride schüefe vor
+der ēwigen marter, ob wir selben wellen. Unde dā von sungen die engel ob
+der krippen: ‘<i>Gloria in excelsis deo et in terra pax hominibus bonae
+voluntatis</i>’&mdash;‘Gots ēre in dem himel unde guot fride ūf der
+erden allen den, die guoten willen habent ūf erderīche!’ Dō unser herre
+got hie ūf erderīche gie, sō was daȥ ie sīn ellich wort: ‘<i>Pax
+vobis!</i>’ daȥ sprichet: ‘der fride sī mit iu!’ unde alsō sprach er
+alle zīt zuo sīnen jungern unde zuo andern liuten. Unde dā bī suln wir
+merken, wie rehte liep der almehtige got den rehten vride hāt. Wan dō er
+von erderīche wider ūf zuo himel fuor, dō sprach er aber zuo sīnen
+jungern: ‘der vride sī mit iu!’ unde enphalh dem guoten Sant Pēter, daȥ
+er phleger wære über den rehten fride, unde gap im den gewalt, daȥ er
+den himel ūf slüȥȥe allen den, die den fride hielten, unde swer den
+fride bræche, daȥ er dem den himel vor beslüȥȥe. Daȥ ist alsō
+gesprochen: ēt alle, die diu gebot unsers herren zebrechent, die habent
+ouch den rehten fride gebrochen. Daȥ ist ouch von gote reht, swer diu
+gebot unsers herren zebrichet, daȥ man dem den himel vor besliuȥet, sīt
+uns got nu geholfen hāt, daȥ wir mit rehtem leben unde mit fridlīchem
+leben daȥ himelrīch verdienen mügen. Wan daȥ was niht vor gotes geburt,
+swie wol der mensche tæt in aller der werelde, sō mohte er doch <span
+class = "pagenum">85</span>
+ze dem himelrīch niht komen. Got geschuof des ērsten himel unde erden,
+dar nāch den menschen unde sazte in in daȥ paradys. Der zebrach die
+gehōrsam uns allen ze schaden; dar umbe gienge wir irre sam diu
+hirtelōsen schāf, daȥ wir in daȥ himelrīch niht mohten, unz an die zīt,
+daȥ uns got den wec dar wīste mit sīner marter, unde dar umbe solde wir
+got immer loben unde ēren von allem unserm herzen unde von aller unserre
+sēle unde von aller unserre maht, daȥ wir nu sō wol ze den ēwigen
+freuden kæmen, ob wir wolden; daȥ hie vor manigen heiligen patriarken
+unde prophēten tiure was. Diu genāde unde diu sælikeit ist uns kristen
+liuten nu widervaren, daȥ wir nu wol daȥ himelrīch mugen verdienen. Unde
+swer des niht entuot unde diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, daȥ richet
+er billīchen an&nbsp;im.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "center smallcaps">
+Von vrīen liuten.</p>
+
+<p>Wir zelen drīer hande vrīen. Der heiȥent eine <a name = "tagE" id =
+"tagE" href = "#noteE">sempervrīen</a>: daȥ sint die vrīen herren, als
+fürsten unde die ander frīen ze man hānt. Sō heiȥent die andern <a name
+= "tagF" id = "tagF" href = "#noteF">miter</a> vrīen: daȥ sint die, die
+der hōhen vrīen man sint. Die driten vrīen daȥ sint die vrīen lantsæȥen,
+die gebūren, die dā vrī sint. Der hāt ieglīcher sīn sunder reht, als wir
+her nāch wol bescheiden. </p>
+
+<p class = "center smallcaps">
+Von tiutscher liute ēren.</p>
+
+<p>Die tiutschen kiesent den künic: daȥ erwarb in der künic Karl. Swenne
+er gewīhet wirt unt ūf den stuol ze Ache gesetzet wirt mit der willen,
+die in erwelt hānt, sō hāt er küniclīchen gewalt unde namen.&mdash;Den
+künic kiuset man ze rihter umbe eigen unde umbe lēhen unde über
+ieglīches menschen līp unde umbe alleȥ, daȥ vür in ze klagen kumet. Der
+keiser mac in allen landen niht gesīn, unde mac alleȥ ungerihte niht
+verrihten. Dā von līhet er den fürsten unde andern herren wereltlīch
+gerihte. An die vierten hant mac dehein gerihte nimmer komen mit rehte,
+dā man umbe menschenbluot rihten sol ode umbe alle vrevel.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">86</span>
+<h4><a name = "textIII" id = "textIII">III</a><br>
+HARTMAN VON OUWE.</h4>
+
+<p class = "note">
+He was born somewhere between 1160-1170, in the neighbourhood of
+Rottenburg in Swabia, and died about 1220.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+The following extract is taken from Paul’s edition: Der Arme Heinrich,
+Halle, 1882.</p>
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<p>Ein ritter sō gelēret was</p>
+<p>daȥ er an den buochen las</p>
+<p>swaȥ er dar an geschriben vant.</p>
+<p>der was Hartman genant,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">5</span>
+<p>dienstman was er ze Ouwe.</p>
+<p>er nam <a name = "textIII_6" id = "textIII_6" href =
+"#textnoteIII_6">im</a> mange schouwe</p>
+<p>an mislīchen buochen:</p>
+<p>dar an begunde er suochen</p>
+<p>ob er iht des funde</p>
+<span class = "linenum">10</span>
+<p>dā mite er swære stunde</p>
+<p>möhte senfter machen,</p>
+<p>und von sō gewanten sachen</p>
+<p>daȥ gotes ēren töhte</p>
+<p>und dā mite er sich möhte</p>
+<span class = "linenum">15</span>
+<p>gelieben den liuten.</p>
+<p>nu beginnet er in diuten</p>
+<p>ein rede die er geschriben vant.</p>
+<p>dar umbe hāt er sich genant,</p>
+<p>daȥ er sīner arbeit</p>
+<span class = "linenum">20</span>
+<p>die er dar an hāt geleit</p>
+<p>iht āne lōn belībe,</p>
+<p>und swer nāch sīnem lībe</p>
+<p>sī hœre sagen oder lese,</p>
+<p><a name = "textIII_24" id = "textIII_24" href = "#textnoteIII_24">daȥ
+er im bittende wese</a></p>
+<span class = "linenum">25</span>
+<p>der sēle heiles hin ze gote.</p>
+<p>man seit, er sī sīn selbes bote</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">87</span>
+<p>unde erlœse sich dā mite,</p>
+<p>swer über des andern schulde bite.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Er las ditze mære,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">30</span>
+<p>wie ein herre wære</p>
+<p><a name = "textIII_31" id = "textIII_31" href = "#textnoteIII_31">ze
+Swāben</a> geseȥȥen:</p>
+<p>an dem enwas vergeȥȥen</p>
+<p>deheiner der tugende</p>
+<p>die ein ritter in sīner jugende</p>
+<span class = "linenum">35</span>
+<p>ze vollem lobe haben sol.</p>
+<p>man sprach dō niemen alsō wol</p>
+<p>in allen den landen.</p>
+<p><a name = "textIII_38" id = "textIII_38" href = "#textnoteIII_38">er
+hete ze sīnen handen</a></p>
+<p>geburt und dar zuo rīcheit:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">40</span>
+<p>ouch was sīn tugent vil breit.</p>
+<p>swie ganz sīn habe wære,</p>
+<p>sīn geburt unwandelbære</p>
+<p>und wol den fürsten gelīch,</p>
+<p>doch was er unnāch alsō rīch</p>
+<span class = "linenum">45</span>
+<p>der gebürte und des guotes</p>
+<p>sō der ēren und des muotes.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Sīn name der was erkennelich,</p>
+<p>und hieȥ der herre Heinrich,</p>
+<p>und was von Ouwe geborn.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">50</span>
+<p>sīn herze hāte <a name = "textIII_50" id = "textIII_50" href =
+"#textnoteIII_50">versworn</a></p>
+<p>valsch und alle törperheit,</p>
+<p>und behielt ouch vaste den eit</p>
+<p>stæte unz an sīn ende.</p>
+<p>ān alle missewende</p>
+<span class = "linenum">55</span>
+<p>stuont sī ēre und sīn leben.</p>
+<p>im was der rehte wunsch gegeben</p>
+<p>ze werltlīchen ēren:</p>
+<p>die kunde er wol gemēren</p>
+<p>mit aller hande reiner tugent.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">60</span>
+<p>er was ein bluome der jugent,</p>
+<p>der werlte fröude ein spiegelglas.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">88</span>
+<p>stæter triuwe ein adamas,</p>
+<p>ein ganziu krōne der zuht.</p>
+<p>er was der nōthaften fluht,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">65</span>
+<p>ein schilt sīner māge,</p>
+<p>der milte ein glīchiu wāge:</p>
+<p>im enwart über noch gebrast.</p>
+<p>er truoc den arbeitsamen last</p>
+<p>der ēren über rücke.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">70</span>
+<p>er was des rātes brücke,</p>
+<p>und sanc vil wol von minnen.</p>
+<p>alsus kund er gewinnen</p>
+<p>der werlte lop unde prīs.</p>
+<p>er was hübesch und dar zuo wīs.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">75</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Dō der herre Heinrich</p>
+<p>alsō geniete sich</p>
+<p>ēren unde guotes</p>
+<p>und frœlīches muotes</p>
+<p>und werltlīcher wünne</p>
+<span class = "linenum">80</span>
+<p>(er was für al sīn künne</p>
+<p>geprīset unde geēret),</p>
+<p>sīn hōher muot wart verkēret</p>
+<p>in ein leben gar geneiget.</p>
+<p>an im wart erzeiget,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">85</span>
+<p>also ouch an Absolōne,</p>
+<p>daȥ diu üppige krōne</p>
+<p>werltlīcher süeȥe</p>
+<p>vellet under füeȥe</p>
+<p>ab ir besten werdekeit,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">90</span>
+<p>als uns diu schrift hāt geseit.</p>
+<p>eȥ spricht an einer stete&nbsp;dā,</p>
+<p>‘mēdiā vītā</p>
+<p>in morte sumus’:</p>
+<p>daȥ bediutet sich alsus,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">95</span>
+<p>daȥ wir in dem tōde sweben</p>
+<p>sō wir aller beste wænen leben.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">89</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Dirre werlte veste,</p>
+<p>ir stæte, unde ir beste</p>
+<p>unde ir grœste magenkraft,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">100</span>
+<p>diu stāt āne meisterschaft.</p>
+<p><a name = "textIII_101" id = "textIII_101" href =
+"#textnoteIII_101">des muge wir</a> an der kerzen sehen</p>
+<p>ein wāreȥ bilde geschehen,</p>
+<p>daȥ sī zeiner aschen wirt</p>
+<p>enmitten dō sī lieht birt.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">105</span>
+<p>wir sīn von brœden sachen.</p>
+<p>nū <a name = "textIII_106" id = "textIII_106" href =
+"#textnoteIII_106">sehent</a> wie unser lachen</p>
+<p>mit weinen erlischet.</p>
+<p>unser süeȥe ist vermischet</p>
+<p>mit bitterre gallen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">110</span>
+<p>unser bluome der muoȥ vallen</p>
+<p>so er allergrüenest wænet sīn.</p>
+<p>an hern Heinrīche wart wol schīn,</p>
+<p>der in dem hœhsten werde</p>
+<p>lebet ūf dirre erde,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">115</span>
+<p>derst der versmæhete vor gote.</p>
+<p>er viel von sīme gebote</p>
+<p>ab sīner besten werdekeit</p>
+<p>in ein versmæhelīcheȥ leit:</p>
+<p>in ergreif diu miselsuht.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">120</span>
+<p>dō man die swæren gotes zuht</p>
+<p>gesach an sīnem lībe,</p>
+<p>manne unde wībe</p>
+<p>wart er dō widerzæme.</p>
+<p>nū sehent wie genæme</p>
+<span class = "linenum">125</span>
+<p>er ē der werlte wære,</p>
+<p>und wart nū alse unmære</p>
+<p>daȥ in niemen gerne an sach:</p>
+<p>alse ouch Jōbe geschach,</p>
+<p>dem edeln und dem rīchen,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">130</span>
+<p>der ouch vil jæmerlīchen</p>
+<p>dem miste wart ze teile</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">90</span>
+<p>mitten in sīme heile.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Und <a name = "textIII_133" id = "textIII_133" href =
+"#textnoteIII_133">dō der arme Heinrich</a></p>
+<p>alrēst verstuont sich</p>
+<span class = "linenum">135</span>
+<p>daȥ er der werlte widerstuont,</p>
+<p>als alle sīne gelīchen tuont,</p>
+<p>dō schiet in sīn bitter leit</p>
+<p>von Jōbes gedultikeit.</p>
+<p>wan eȥ leit Jōb der guote</p>
+<span class = "linenum">140</span>
+<p>mit gedultigem muote,</p>
+<p>do eȥ ime ze līdenne geschach,</p>
+<p>durch der sēle gemach.</p>
+<p>den siechtuom und die smācheit</p>
+<p>die er von der werlte leit,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">145</span>
+<p>des lobet er got und fröute sich.</p>
+<p>dō tet der arme Heinrich</p>
+<p>leider niender alsō:</p>
+<p>wan er was trūrec unde unfrō.</p>
+<p>sīn swebendeȥ herze daȥ verswanc,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">150</span>
+<p>sīn swimmendiu fröude ertranc,</p>
+<p>sīn hōchvart muoste vallen,</p>
+<p>sīn honic wart ze gallen,</p>
+<p>ein swinde vinster donreslac</p>
+<p>zerbrach im sīnen mitten tac,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">155</span>
+<p>ein trüebeȥ wolken unde dic</p>
+<p>bedaht’ im sīner sunnen blic.</p>
+<p>er sente sich vil sēre</p>
+<p>daȥ er sō manege ēre</p>
+<p>hinder im müeste lāȥen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">160</span>
+<p>verfluochet und verwāȥen</p>
+<p>wart vil ofte der tac</p>
+<p>dā sīn geburt ane lac.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Ein wēnic fröuwet er sich doch</p>
+<p>von <a name = "textIII_164" id = "textIII_164" href =
+"#textnoteIII_164">eime</a> trōste dannoch:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">165</span>
+<p>wan im wart dicke geseit</p>
+<p>daȥ disiu selbe siecheit</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">91</span>
+<p>wære vil mislich</p>
+<p>und etelīchiu gnislich.</p>
+<p>des wart vil maneger slahte</p>
+<span class = "linenum">170</span>
+<p>sīn gedinge und sīn ahte.</p>
+<p>er gedāhte daȥ er wære</p>
+<p>vil līhte genisbære,</p>
+<p>und fuor alsō drāte</p>
+<p>nāch der arzāte rāte</p>
+<span class = "linenum">175</span>
+<p>gegen Munpasiliere.</p>
+<p>dā vant er vil schiere</p>
+<p>niht wan den untrōst</p>
+<p>daȥ er niemer würde erlōst.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Daȥ hōrte er vil ungerne,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">180</span>
+<p>und fuor gegen Sālerne</p>
+<p>und suochte ouch dā durch genist</p>
+<p>der wīsen arzāte list.</p>
+<p>den besten meister er dā vant.</p>
+<p>der seite ime zehant</p>
+<span class = "linenum">185</span>
+<p>ein seltsæne mære,</p>
+<p>daȥ er genislich wære</p>
+<p>und wære doch iemer ungenesen.</p>
+<p>dō sprach er ‘wie mac daȥ wesen?</p>
+<p>diu rede ist harte unmügelich.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">190</span>
+<p>bin ich <a name = "textIII_190" id = "textIII_190" href =
+"#textnoteIII_190">gnislich</a>, sō genise ich:</p>
+<p>und swaȥ mir für wirt geleit</p>
+<p>von guote oder von arbeit,</p>
+<p>daȥ trūwe ich vollebringen.’</p>
+<p>‘nū lāt daȥ gedingen’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">195</span>
+<p>sprach der meister aber dō:</p>
+<p>‘iuwẹrre sühte ist alsō</p>
+<p>(waȥ frumet daȥ ichȥ iu kunt tuo?):</p>
+<p>dā hœret arzenīe zuo:</p>
+<p>des wæret ir genislīch.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">200</span>
+<p>nu enist ab nieman sō rīch</p>
+<p>noch von sō starken sinnen</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">92</span>
+<p>der sī müge gewinnen.</p>
+<p>des sint ir iemer ungenesen,</p>
+<p>got enwellẹ der arzāt wesen.’</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">205</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Dō sprach der arme Heinrich</p>
+<p>‘war umbe untrœstent ir mich?</p>
+<p>jā hān ich guotes wol die kraft:</p>
+<p>ir enwellent iuwer meisterschaft</p>
+<p>und iuwer reht ouch brechen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">210</span>
+<p>und dar zuo versprechen</p>
+<p>beidiu mīn silber und mīn golt,</p>
+<p>ich mache iuch mir alsō holt</p>
+<p>daȥ ir mich harte gerne ernert.’</p>
+<p>‘mir wærẹ der wille unrewert’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">215</span>
+<p>sprach der meister aber dō:</p>
+<p>‘und wærẹ der arzenīe alsō</p>
+<p>daȥ man sī veile funde</p>
+<p>oder daȥ man sī kunde</p>
+<p>mit deheinen dingẹn erwerben,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">220</span>
+<p>ich enlieȥe iuch niht verderben.</p>
+<p>nu enmac des leider niht sīn:</p>
+<p>dā von muoȥ iu diu helfe mīn</p>
+<p>durch alle nōt sīn versaget.</p>
+<p>ir müesent haben eine maget</p>
+<span class = "linenum">225</span>
+<p>diu vollen ērbære</p>
+<p>und ouch des willen wære</p>
+<p>daȥ sī den tōt durch iuch lite.</p>
+<p>nu enist eȥ niht der liute site</p>
+<p>daȥ eȥ iemen gerne tuo.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">230</span>
+<p>sō hœrt ouch anders niht dar zuo</p>
+<p>niwan der megede herzen bluot:</p>
+<p>daȥ wærẹ für iuwer suht guot.’</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Nu erkantẹ der arme Heinrich</p>
+<p>daȥ daȥ wære unmügelich</p>
+<span class = "linenum">235</span>
+<p>daȥ iemen den erwürbe</p>
+<p>der gerne für in stürbe.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">93</span>
+<p>alsus was im der trōst benomen</p>
+<p>ūf den er dar was komen,</p>
+<p>und dar nāch <a name = "textIII_239" id = "textIII_239" href =
+"#textnoteIII_239">für die selben frist</a></p>
+<span class = "linenum">240</span>
+<p><a name = "textIII_240" id = "textIII_240" href =
+"#textnoteIII_240">hāt er ze sīner genist</a></p>
+<p>dehein gedinge mēre.</p>
+<p>des wart sīn herzesēre</p>
+<p>alsō kreftic unde grōȥ</p>
+<p>daȥ in des aller meist verdrōȥ,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">245</span>
+<p>ob er langer solte leben.</p>
+<p>nū fuor er heim und begunde geben</p>
+<p>sīn erbe und ouch sīn varnde guot,</p>
+<p>als in dō sīn selbes muot</p>
+<p>und wīser rāt lērte,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">250</span>
+<p>da erȥ aller bestẹ bekērte.</p>
+<p>er begundẹ bescheidenlīchen</p>
+<p>sīn armen friunde rīchen</p>
+<p>und trōste ouch frömde armen,</p>
+<p>daȥ sich got erbarmen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">255</span>
+<p>geruochte über der sēle heil:</p>
+<p>gotes hiusern viel daȥ ander teil.</p>
+<p>alsus sō <a name = "textIII_257" id = "textIII_257" href =
+"#textnoteIII_257">tet er sich abe</a></p>
+<p>bescheidenlīchen sīner habe</p>
+<p>unz an ein geriute:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">260</span>
+<p>dar flōch er die liute.</p>
+<p>disiu jæmerlīchẹ geschiht</p>
+<p>diu was sīn eines klage niht:</p>
+<p>in klageten elliu diu lant</p>
+<p>dā er inne was erkant,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">265</span>
+<p>und ouch von vrömden landen</p>
+<p>die in nāch sage erkanden.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Der ē ditz geriute</p>
+<p>und der eȥ dannoch biute,</p>
+<p>daȥ was ein frīer būman</p>
+<span class = "linenum">270</span>
+<p>der vil selten ie gewan</p>
+<p>dehein grōȥ ungemach,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">94</span>
+<p>daȥ andẹrn gebūren doch geschach,</p>
+<p>die wirs geherret wāren,</p>
+<p>und sī die niht verbāren</p>
+<span class = "linenum">275</span>
+<p>beidiu mit stiure und mit bete.</p>
+<p>swaȥ dirrẹ gebūre gerne tete,</p>
+<p>des dūhte sīnen herren gnuoc:</p>
+<p>dar zuo er in übertruoc</p>
+<p>daȥ er dehein arbeit</p>
+<span class = "linenum">280</span>
+<p>von frömdem gewalte leit.</p>
+<p>des was deheiner sīn gelīch</p>
+<p>in dem lande alsō rīch.</p>
+<p>zuo deme zōch sich</p>
+<p>sīn herrẹ, der arme Heinrich.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">285</span>
+<p>swaȥ er in het ē gespart,</p>
+<p>wie wol daȥ nū gedienet wart</p>
+<p>und wie schōne er sīn genōȥ!</p>
+<p>wan in vil lützel des verdrōȥ</p>
+<p>swaȥ im geschach durch&nbsp;in.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">290</span>
+<p>er hete die triuwe und ouch den sin</p>
+<p>daȥ er vil willeclīche leit</p>
+<p>den kumber und die arbeit</p>
+<p>diu ime ze līdenne geschach.</p>
+<p>er schuof ime rīch gemach.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">295</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Got hete dem meiger gegeben</p>
+<p>nāch sīner ahte ein reineȥ leben.</p>
+<p>er hete ein wol erbeiten līp</p>
+<p>und ein wol werbendeȥ wīp,</p>
+<p>dar zuo het er schœniu kint,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">300</span>
+<p>diu gar des mannes fröude sint,</p>
+<p>unde hete, sō man saget,</p>
+<p>undẹr den kinden eine maget,</p>
+<p>ein kint von ahte jāren:</p>
+<p>daȥ kunde wol gebāren</p>
+<span class = "linenum">305</span>
+<p>sō rehte güetlīchen:</p>
+<p>sī wolte nie entwīchen</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">95</span>
+<p>von ir herren einen fuoȥ:</p>
+<p>umb sīne hulde und sīnen gruoȥ</p>
+<p>sō diente si ime alle wege</p>
+<span class = "linenum">310</span>
+<p>mit ir güetlīchen pflege.</p>
+<p>sī was ouch sō genæme</p>
+<p>daȥ sī wol gezæme</p>
+<p>ze kinde deme rīche</p>
+<p>an ir wætlīche.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">315</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Die andern heten den sin</p>
+<p>daȥ sī ze rehter māȥe in</p>
+<p>wol gemīden kunden:</p>
+<p>sō flōch sī zallen stunden</p>
+<p>zuo ime und niender anders war.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">320</span>
+<p>sī was sīn kurzewīle gar.</p>
+<p>sī hete gar ir gemüete</p>
+<p>mit reiner kindes güete</p>
+<p>an ir herren gewant,</p>
+<p>daȥ man sī zallen zīten vant</p>
+<span class = "linenum">325</span>
+<p>undẹr ir herren fuoȥe.</p>
+<p>mit süeȥer unmuoȥe</p>
+<p>wonte sī ir herren&nbsp;bī.</p>
+<p>dar zuo sō liebte er ouch sī</p>
+<p>swā mite sō er mohte,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">330</span>
+<p>und daȥ der meide tohte</p>
+<p>zuo ir kintlīchen spil,</p>
+<p>des gab der herre ir vil.</p>
+<p>ouch half in sēre daȥ diu kint</p>
+<p>sō līhte ze gewenenne sint.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">335</span>
+<p>er gewan ir swaȥ er veile vant,</p>
+<p>spiegel unde hārbant,</p>
+<p>gürtel unde vingerlīn</p>
+<p>und swaȥ kinden liep solte sīn.</p>
+<p>mit dienste brāhte er s’ ūf die vart</p>
+<span class = "linenum">340</span>
+<p>daȥ sī im alsō heimlich wart</p>
+<p>daȥ er sī sīn gemahele hieȥ.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">96</span>
+<p>diu guote maget in lieȥ</p>
+<p>belīben selten eine:</p>
+<p>er dūhte sī vil reine.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">345</span>
+<p>swie starke ir daȥ geriete</p>
+<p>diu kindische miete,</p>
+<p>iedoch geliebte irȥ aller meist</p>
+<p>von gotes gebe ein süeȥer geist.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Ir dienst war sō güetlich.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">350</span>
+<p>dō dō der arme Heinrich</p>
+<p>driu jār dā <a name = "textIII_351" id = "textIII_351" href =
+"#textnoteIII_351">getwelte</a></p>
+<p>unde im got gequelte</p>
+<p>mit grōȥem jāmer den līp,</p>
+<p>nū saȥ der meier und sīn wīp</p>
+<span class = "linenum">355</span>
+<p>unde ir tohter, diu maget</p>
+<p>von der ich iu ē hān gesaget,</p>
+<p>bī im in ir unmüeȥekeit</p>
+<p>und begunden klagen ir herren leit.</p>
+<p>diu klage tet in michel nōt:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">360</span>
+<p>wan sī vorhten daȥ sīn tot</p>
+<p>sī sēre solte letzen</p>
+<p>und vil gar entsetzen</p>
+<p>ēren unde guotes</p>
+<p>und daȥ herters muotes</p>
+<span class = "linenum">365</span>
+<p>würde ein ander herre.</p>
+<p>si gedāhten alsō verre</p>
+<p>unz dirre selbe būman</p>
+<p>alsus frāgen began.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Er sprach ‘lieber herre mīn,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">370</span>
+<p>möht eȥ mit iuwern hulden sīn,</p>
+<p>ich frāgte vil gerne,</p>
+<p><a name = "textIII_372" id = "textIII_372" href =
+"#textnoteIII_372">sō vil ze Sālerne</a></p>
+<p>von arzenīen meister ist,</p>
+<p>wie kumet daȥ ir deheines list</p>
+<span class = "linenum">375</span>
+<p>ze iuwerme ungesunde</p>
+<p>niht gerāten <a name = "textIII_376" id = "textIII_376" href =
+"#textnoteIII_376">kunde</a>?</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">97</span>
+<p>herre, des wundert mich.’</p>
+<p>dō holtẹ der arme Heinrich</p>
+<p>tiefen sūft von herzen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">380</span>
+<p>mit bitterlīchem smerzen:</p>
+<p>mit solher riuwe er dō sprach</p>
+<p>daȥ ime der sūft daȥ wort zerbrach.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+‘Ich hān disen schemelīchen spot</p>
+<p>vil wol gedienet umbe got.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">385</span>
+<p>wan dū sæhe wol hie vor</p>
+<p>daȥ hōh offen stuont mīn tor</p>
+<p>nāch werltlīcher wünne</p>
+<p>und daȥ niemen in sīnem künne</p>
+<p>sīnen willen baȥ hete dan ich:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">390</span>
+<p>und was daȥ doch unmügelich,</p>
+<p>wan ich enhete niht gar.</p>
+<p>dō nam ich sīn vil kleine war</p>
+<p>der mir daȥ selbe wunschleben</p>
+<p>von sīnen gnāden hete gegeben.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">395</span>
+<p>daȥ herze mir dō alsō stuont</p>
+<p>als alle werlttōren tuont,</p>
+<p>den daȥ saget ir muot</p>
+<p>daȥ sī ēre unde guot</p>
+<p>āne got mügen hān.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">400</span>
+<p>sus troug ouch mich mīn tumber wān,</p>
+<p>wan ich in lützel ane sach</p>
+<p>von des genāden mir geschach</p>
+<p>vil ēren unde guotes.</p>
+<p>dō dō des hōhen muotes</p>
+<span class = "linenum">405</span>
+<p>den hōhen portenærẹ bedrōȥ,</p>
+<p>die sælden porte er mir beslōȥ.</p>
+<p>dane kum ich leider niemer&nbsp;in:</p>
+<p>daȥ verworhte mir mīn tumber sin.</p>
+<p>got hāt durch rāche an mich geleit</p>
+<span class = "linenum">410</span>
+<p>ein sus gewante siecheit</p>
+<p>die niemen mag erlœsen,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">98</span>
+<p>nū versmæhent mich die bœsen,</p>
+<p>die biderben ruochent mīn niht.</p>
+<p>swie bœse er ist der mich gesiht,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">415</span>
+<p>des boeser muoȥ ich dannoch sīn.</p>
+<p>sīn unwert tuot er mir schīn:</p>
+<p>er <ins class = "correction" title = "or ‘wirfet’?">wirfẹt</ins> diu
+ougen abe mir.</p>
+<p>nū schīnet ērste an dir</p>
+<p>dīn triuwe die dū hāst,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">420</span>
+<p>daȥ dū mich siechen bī dir lāst</p>
+<p>und von mir niht enfliuhest.</p>
+<p>swie dū mich niht enschiuhest,</p>
+<p>swie ich niemen liep sī danne dir,</p>
+<p>swie vil dīns heiles stē an mir,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">425</span>
+<p>du vertrüegest doch wol mīnen tōt.</p>
+<p>nū wes unwert und wes nōt</p>
+<p>wart ie zer werlte merre?</p>
+<p>hie vor was ich dīn herre</p>
+<p>und bin dīn dürftige&nbsp;nū.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">430</span>
+<p>mīn lieber friunt, nu koufest dū</p>
+<p>und mīn gemahele und dīn wīp</p>
+<p>an mir den ēwigen līp</p>
+<p>daȥ dū mich siechen bī dir lāst.</p>
+<p>des dū mich gefrāget hāst,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">435</span>
+<p>daȥ sage ich dir vil gerne.</p>
+<p>ichn kunde ze Sālerne</p>
+<p>einen meister niender vinden</p>
+<p>der sich mīn underwinden</p>
+<p>getörste oder wolte.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">440</span>
+<p>wan dā mite ich solte</p>
+<p>mīner sühte genesen,</p>
+<p>daȥ müeste ein solhiu sache wesen</p>
+<p>die in der werlte nieman</p>
+<p>mit nihte gewinnen kan.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">445</span>
+<p>mir wart niht anders dā gesaget</p>
+<p>wan ich müeste haben eine maget</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">99</span>
+<p>diu vollen manbære</p>
+<p>und ouch des willen wære</p>
+<p>daȥ sī den tōt durch mich lite</p>
+<span class = "linenum">450</span>
+<p>und man sī zuo dem herzen snite,</p>
+<p>und mir wærẹ niht anders guot</p>
+<p>wan von ir herzen daȥ bluot.</p>
+<p>nū ist genuoc unmügelich</p>
+<p>daȥ ir deheiniu durch mich</p>
+<span class = "linenum">455</span>
+<p>gerne līde den tōt.</p>
+<p>des muoȥ, ich schemelīche nōt</p>
+<p>tragen unz an mīn ende.</p>
+<p>daȥ mirȥ got schiere sende!’</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Daȥ er dem vater hete gesagt,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">460</span>
+<p>daȥ erhōrte ouch diu reine magt:</p>
+<p>wan eȥ hete diu vil süeȥe</p>
+<p>ir lieben herren füeȥe</p>
+<p>stānde in ir schōȥen,</p>
+<p>man möhte wol genōȥen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">465</span>
+<p>ir kintlīch gemüete</p>
+<p>hin ze der engel güete.</p>
+<p>sīner rede nam sī war</p>
+<p>unde marhte sī ouch gar:</p>
+<p>sī enkam von ir herzen nie</p>
+<span class = "linenum">470</span>
+<p>unz man des nahtes slāfen gie.</p>
+<p>dō sī zir vater füeȥen lac</p>
+<p>und ouch ir muoter, sō sī pflac,</p>
+<p>und sī beide entsliefen,</p>
+<p>manegen sūft tiefen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">475</span>
+<p>holte sī von herzen.</p>
+<p>umbe ir herren smerzen</p>
+<p>wart ir riuwe alsō grōȥ</p>
+<p>daȥ ir ougen regen begōȥ</p>
+<p>der slāfenden füeȥe,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">480</span>
+<p>sus erwahte sī diu süeȥe.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Dō sī der trehene enpfunden,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">100</span>
+<p>si erwachten und begunden</p>
+<p>sī frāgen waȥ ir wære</p>
+<p>und welher hande swære</p>
+<span class = "linenum">485</span>
+<p>sī alsō stille möhte klagen.</p>
+<p>nu enwolte sī <a name = "textIII_486" id = "textIII_486" href =
+"#textnoteIII_486">es</a> in niht sagen,</p>
+<p>wan daȥ ir vater aber tete</p>
+<p>vil manege drō unde bete</p>
+<p>daȥ sī eȥ ime wolte sagen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">490</span>
+<p>sī sprach ‘ir möhtent mit mir klagen.</p>
+<p>waȥ möhte uns mē gewerren</p>
+<p>danne umb unsern herren,</p>
+<p>daȥ wir den suln verliesen</p>
+<p>und mit ime verkiesen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">495</span>
+<p>beide guot und ēre?</p>
+<p>wir gewinnen niemer mēre</p>
+<p>deheinen herren alsō guot</p>
+<p>der uns tuo daȥ er uns tuot.’</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Sī sprāchen ‘tohter, dū hāst wār.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">500</span>
+<p>nū frumet uns leider niht ein hār</p>
+<p>unser riuwe und dīn klage:</p>
+<p>liebeȥ kint, dā von gedage.</p>
+<p>eȥ ist uns alsō leit sō dir.</p>
+<p>leider nū enmuge wir</p>
+<span class = "linenum">505</span>
+<p>ime ze keinen staten komen.</p>
+<p>got der hāt in uns benomen:</p>
+<p>het eȥ iemen anders getān,</p>
+<p>der müese unsern fluoch hān.’</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Alsus gesweigẹten sī sī dō.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">510</span>
+<p>die naht beleip sī unfrō</p>
+<p>und morne allen den tac.</p>
+<p>swes iemen anders pflac,</p>
+<p>diz enkam von ir herzen nie</p>
+<p>unz man des andern nahtes gie</p>
+<span class = "linenum">515</span>
+<p>slāfen nāch gewonheit.</p>
+<p>dō sī sich hete geleit</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">101</span>
+<p>an ir alte bettestat,</p>
+<p>sī bereite aber ein bat</p>
+<p>mit weinenden ougen:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">520</span>
+<p>wan sī truoc tougen</p>
+<p>nāhe in ir gemüete</p>
+<p>die aller meisten güete</p>
+<p>die ich von kinde ie vernam.</p>
+<p>welch kint getete ouch ie alsam?</p>
+<span class = "linenum">525</span>
+<p>des einen sī sich gar verwac,</p>
+<p>gelebetẹ sī morne den tac,</p>
+<p>daȥ sī benamen ir leben</p>
+<p>umbe ir herren wolte geben.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Von dem gedanke wart sī dō</p>
+<span class = "linenum">530</span>
+<p>vil ringes muotes unde frō,</p>
+<p>und hete deheine sorge&nbsp;mē,</p>
+<p>wan ein vorhtẹ diu tete ir&nbsp;wē,</p>
+<p>sō sīȥ ir herren sagte,</p>
+<p>daȥ er dar an verzagte,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">535</span>
+<p>und swenne sīȥ in allen drin</p>
+<p>getæte kunt, daȥ sī an in</p>
+<p>der gehenge niht enfunde</p>
+<p>daȥ mans ir iht gunde.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Des wart sō grōȥ ir ungehabe</p>
+<span class = "linenum">540</span>
+<p>daȥ ir muoter dar abe</p>
+<p>unde ir vater wart erwaht</p>
+<p>als ouch an der vordern naht.</p>
+<p>sī rihten sich ūf zuo ir</p>
+<p>und sprāchen ‘sich, waȥ wirret dir?</p>
+<span class = "linenum">545</span>
+<p>dū bist vil alwære</p>
+<p>daȥ du dich sō manege swære</p>
+<p><a name = "textIII_547" id = "textIII_547" href =
+"#textnoteIII_547">von solher klage hāst an genomen</a></p>
+<p>der niemen mac zeim ende komen.</p>
+<p>war umbẹ lāstu uns niht slāfen?’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">550</span>
+<p>sus begunden sī sī strāfen.</p>
+<p>waȥ ir diu klage töhte,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">102</span>
+<p>die niemen doch enmöhte</p>
+<p>verenden noch gebüeȥen?</p>
+<p>sus wānden sī die süeȥen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">555</span>
+<p>gesweigen an der selben stunt:</p>
+<p>dō was ir wille in vil unkunt.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Sus antwurte in diu maget.</p>
+<p>‘als uns mīn herre hāt gesaget,</p>
+<p>sō mac man in vil wol ernern.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">560</span>
+<p>zewāre, ir welt mirȥ danne wern,</p>
+<p>sō bin ich ze der arzenīe guot.</p>
+<p>ich bin ein maget und hān den muot,</p>
+<p>ē ich in sihe verderben,</p>
+<p>ich wil ē für in sterben.’</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">565</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Von dirre rede wurden dō</p>
+<p>trūric unde unfrō</p>
+<p>beide muoter unde vater.</p>
+<p>sīne tohter die bat er</p>
+<p>daȥ sī die rede lieȥe</p>
+<span class = "linenum">570</span>
+<p>und ir herren gehieȥe</p>
+<p>daȥ sī geleisten möhte,</p>
+<p>wand ir diz niht entöhte.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Er sprach ‘tohter, du bist ein kint</p>
+<p>und dīne triuwe die sint</p>
+<span class = "linenum">575</span>
+<p>ze grōȥ an disen dingen.</p>
+<p>du enmaht es niht für bringen</p>
+<p>als dū uns hie hāst verjehen.</p>
+<p>dū hāst des tōdes niht gesehen.</p>
+<p>swenn eȥ dir kumet ūf die frist</p>
+<span class = "linenum">580</span>
+<p>daȥ des dehein rāt ist,</p>
+<p>dū enmüeȥest sterben,</p>
+<p>und möhtest dūȥ erwerben,</p>
+<p>dū lebetest gerner dannoch:</p>
+<p>wan dun kæme nie in leider loch.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">585</span>
+<p>dā von tuo zuo dīnen munt:</p>
+<p>und wirstū für dise stunt</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">103</span>
+<p>der rede iemer mēre lūt,</p>
+<p>eȥ gāt dir ūf dīne hūt.’</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Alsus sō wānde er sī dō</p>
+<span class = "linenum">590</span>
+<p>bēdiu mit bete und mit drō</p>
+<p>gesweigen: dō <a name = "textIII_591" id = "textIII_591" href =
+"#textnoteIII_591">enmohter</a>.</p>
+<p>sus antwurt ime sīn tohter.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+‘Vater mīn, swie tump ich sī,</p>
+<p>mir wonet iedoch diu witze bī</p>
+<span class = "linenum">595</span>
+<p>daȥ ich von sage wol die nōt</p>
+<p>erkenne daȥ des lībes tōt</p>
+<p>ist starc unde strenge.</p>
+<p>swer ouch dannẹ die lenge</p>
+<p>mit arbeiten leben sol,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">600</span>
+<p>dem ist iedoch niht ze wol.</p>
+<p>wan swenne er hie geringet</p>
+<p>und ūf sīn alter bringet</p>
+<p>den līp mit michelre nōt,</p>
+<p>sō muoȥ er līden doch den tōt.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">605</span>
+<p>ist ime diu sēle dannẹ verlorn,</p>
+<p>sō wære er beȥȥer ungeborn.</p>
+<p>eȥ ist mir komen ūf daȥ zil,</p>
+<p>des ich got iemer loben wil,</p>
+<p>daȥ ich den jungen līp mac geben</p>
+<span class = "linenum">610</span>
+<p>umbẹ daȥ ēwige leben.</p>
+<p>nū sult ir mirȥ niht leiden.</p>
+<p>ich wil mir unde iu beiden</p>
+<p>vil harte wol mite varn.</p>
+<p>ich mag iuch eine wol bewarn</p>
+<span class = "linenum">615</span>
+<p>vor schaden und vor leide,</p>
+<p>als ich iu nū bescheide.</p>
+<p>ir hānt ēre unde guot:</p>
+<p>daȥ meinet mīnes herren muot;</p>
+<p>wan er iu leit nie gesprach</p>
+<span class = "linenum">620</span>
+<p>und ouch daȥ guot nie abe gebrach.</p>
+<p><a name = "textIII_621" id = "textIII_621"
+href = "#textnoteIII_621">die wīle daȥ</a> er leben sol</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">104</span>
+<p>sō stēt iuwer sache wol:</p>
+<p>und lāȥe wir den sterben,</p>
+<p>sō müeȥen wir verderben.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">625</span>
+<p>den wil ich uns fristen</p>
+<p>mit alsō schœnen listen</p>
+<p>dā mite wir alle sīn genesen.</p>
+<p>nū gunnet mirs, wan eȥ muoȥ wesen.’</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Diu muoter weinende sprach,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">630</span>
+<p>dō sī der tohter ernst ersach,</p>
+<p>‘gedenke, tohter, liebeȥ kint,</p>
+<p>wie grōȥ die arbeite sint</p>
+<p>die ich durch dich erliten hān,</p>
+<p>und lā mich beȥȥern lōn enpfān</p>
+<span class = "linenum">635</span>
+<p>dan ich dich hœre sprechen.</p>
+<p>dū wilt mīn herze brechen.</p>
+<p>senfte mir der rede ein teil.</p>
+<p>jā wiltū alleȥ dīn heil</p>
+<p>an uns verwürken wider got.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">640</span>
+<p><a name = "textIII_640" id = "textIII_640" href =
+"#textnoteIII_640">wan</a> gedenkest dū an sīn gebot?</p>
+<p>jā gebōt er unde bat er</p>
+<p>daȥ man muoter unde vater</p>
+<p>minne und ēre biete,</p>
+<p>und geheiȥet daȥ ze miete</p>
+<span class = "linenum">645</span>
+<p>daȥ der sēle rāt werde</p>
+<p>und lanclīp ūf der erde.</p>
+<p>dū gihst, dū wellest dīn leben</p>
+<p>umb unser beider fröude geben:</p>
+<p>dū wilt uns beiden</p>
+<span class = "linenum">650</span>
+<p>daȥ leben vaste leiden.</p>
+<p>daȥ dīn vater unde ich</p>
+<p>gerne leben, daȥ ist durch dich.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">a</span>
+<p>waȥ solte uns līp unde guot,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">b</span>
+<p>waȥ solte uns werltlich muot,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">c</span>
+<p>swenne wir dīn enbæren?</p>
+<span class = "linenum">d</span>
+<p>dune<span class = "spread1">. . . . . .</span></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">105</span>
+<p>jā soltū, liebiu tohter mīn,</p>
+<p>unser beider fröude sīn,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">655</span>
+<p>gar unsers lībes wünne,</p>
+<p>ein bluome in dīme künne,</p>
+<p>unsers alters ein stap.</p>
+<p>und lāstū uns über dīn grap</p>
+<p>gestēn von dīnen schulden,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">660</span>
+<p>dū muost von gotes hulden</p>
+<p>iemer sīn gescheiden:</p>
+<p>daȥ koufest an uns beiden.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">a</span>
+<p>‘wiltu uns tohter wesen guot,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">b</span>
+<p>sō soltū rede und den muot</p>
+<span class = "linenum">c</span>
+<p>durch unsers herren hulde lān,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">d</span>
+<p>die ich von dir vernomen hān.’</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Si sprach ‘muoter, ich getrūwe dir</p>
+<p>und mīnem vater her ze mir</p>
+<span class = "linenum">665</span>
+<p>aller der genāden wol</p>
+<p>der vater unde muoter sol</p>
+<p>leisten ir kinde,</p>
+<p>als ich eȥ wol bevinde</p>
+<p>an iu allertegelich.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">670</span>
+<p>von iuwern gnāden hān ich</p>
+<p>die sēle und einen schœnen līp.</p>
+<p>mich lobet man unde wīp,</p>
+<p>und alle die mich sehende sint,</p>
+<p>ich sī daȥ schœneste kint</p>
+<span class = "linenum">675</span>
+<p>daȥ sī zir lebene haben gesehen.</p>
+<p>wem soll ich der genāden jehen</p>
+<p>niuwan iu zwein nāch gote?</p>
+<p>des sol ich ze iuwerm gebote</p>
+<p>iemer vil gerne stān:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">680</span>
+<p>wie michel reht ich des hān!</p>
+<p>muoter, sæligeȥ wīp,</p>
+<p>sīt ich nū sēle unde līp</p>
+<p>von iuwern genāden hān,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">106</span>
+<p>sō lāntȥ an iuwern hulden stān</p>
+<span class = "linenum">685</span>
+<p>daȥ ich ouch die beide</p>
+<p>von dem tiuvel scheide</p>
+<p>und mich gote müeȥe geben.</p>
+<p>jā ist dirre werlte leben</p>
+<p>niuwan der sēle verlust.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">690</span>
+<p>ouch hāt mich werltlīch gelust</p>
+<p>unz her noch niht berüeret,</p>
+<p>der hin zer helle füeret.</p>
+<p>nū wil ich gote genāde sagen</p>
+<p>daȥ er in mīnen jungen tagen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">695</span>
+<p>mir die sinne hāt gegeben</p>
+<p>daȥ ich ūf diz brœde leben</p>
+<p>ahte harte kleine.</p>
+<p>ich wil mich alsus reine</p>
+<p>antwürtẹn in gotes gewalt.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">700</span>
+<p>ich fürhte, solt ich werden alt,</p>
+<p>daȥ mich der werlte süeȥe</p>
+<p>zuhte under füeȥe,</p>
+<p>als sī vil manegen hāt gezogen</p>
+<p>den ouch ir süeȥe hāt betrogen:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">705</span>
+<p>sō würde ich līhte gote entsaget.</p>
+<p>gote müeȥe eȥ sīn geklaget</p>
+<p>daȥ ich unz morne leben sol:</p>
+<p>mir behaget diu werlt niht sō wol.</p>
+<p>ir meiste liep ist herzeleit</p>
+<span class = "linenum">710</span>
+<p>(daȥ sī iu für wār geseit),</p>
+<p>ir süeȥer lōn ein bitter nōt,</p>
+<p>ir lancleben ein gæher tōt.</p>
+<p>wir hān niht gewisses mē</p>
+<p>wan hiute wol und morne wē</p>
+<span class = "linenum">715</span>
+<p>und ie ze jungest der tōt.</p>
+<p>daȥ ist ein jæmerlīchiu nōt.</p>
+<p>eȥ enschirmet geburt noch guot,</p>
+<p>schœne, sterke, hōher muot,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">107</span>
+<p>eȥ enfrumt tugent noch ēre</p>
+<span class = "linenum">720</span>
+<p>für den tōt niht mēre</p>
+<p>dann ungeburt und untugent.</p>
+<p>unser leben und unser jugent</p>
+<p>ist ein nebel unde ein stoup,</p>
+<p>unser stæte bibent als ein loup.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">725</span>
+<p>er ist ein vil verschaffen gouch</p>
+<p>der gerne in sich vaȥȥt den rouch,</p>
+<p>eȥ sī wīp oder man,</p>
+<p>der diz niht wol bedenken kan</p>
+<p>und ouch der werlt nāch volgende ist.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">730</span>
+<p>wan uns ist über den fūlen mist</p>
+<p>der pfeller hie gespreitet:</p>
+<p>swen nū der blic verleitet,</p>
+<p>der ist zuo der hellẹ geborn</p>
+<p>unde enhāt niht mē verlorn</p>
+<span class = "linenum">735</span>
+<p>wan beidiu sēle unde līp.</p>
+<p>nu gedenkent, sæligeȥ wīp,</p>
+<p>müeterlīcher triuwe</p>
+<p>und senftent iuwer riuwe</p>
+<p>die ir dā habent umbe mich:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">740</span>
+<p>so bedenket ouch der vater sich.</p>
+<p>ich weiȥ wol daȥ er mir heiles gan.</p>
+<p>er ist ein alsō biderber man</p>
+<p>daȥ er erkennet wol daȥ ir</p>
+<p>unlange doch mit mir</p>
+<span class = "linenum">745</span>
+<p>iuwer fröude mügent hān,</p>
+<p>ob ich joch lebende bestān.</p>
+<p>belībe ich āne man bī iu</p>
+<p>zwei jār oder driu,</p>
+<p>sō ist mīn herre līhte tōt,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">750</span>
+<p>und kument in sō grōȥe nōt</p>
+<p>vil līhte von armuot</p>
+<p>daȥ ir mir alsolheȥ guot</p>
+<p>zeinem man niht mugent geben,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">108</span>
+<p>ich enmüeȥe alse swache leben</p>
+<span class = "linenum">755</span>
+<p>daȥ ich iu lieber wære tōt.</p>
+<p>nu <a name = "textIII_756" id = "textIII_756" href =
+"#textnoteIII_756">verswīgẹ wir</a> aber der nōt,</p>
+<p>daȥ uns niht enwerre</p>
+<p>und uns mīn lieber herre</p>
+<p>were und alsō lange lebe</p>
+<span class = "linenum">760</span>
+<p>unz daȥ man mich zeim manne gebe</p>
+<p>der rīche sī unde wert:</p>
+<p>sō ist geschehen des ir dā gert</p>
+<p>und wænent mir sī wol geschehen.</p>
+<p>anders hāt mir mīn muot verjehen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">765</span>
+<p>wirt er mir liep, daȥ ist ein nōt:</p>
+<p>wirt er mir leit, daȥ ist der tōt.</p>
+<p>wan sō hān ich iemer leit</p>
+<p>und bin mit ganzer arbeit</p>
+<p>gescheiden von gemache</p>
+<span class = "linenum">770</span>
+<p>mit maneger hande sache</p>
+<p>diu den wīben wirret</p>
+<p>und sī ze fröuden irret.</p>
+<p>nū setzt mich in den vollen rāt</p>
+<p>der dā niemer zergāt.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">775</span>
+<p>mīn gert ein frīer būman</p>
+<p>dem ich wol mīnes lībes gan.</p>
+<p>zwāre, dem sult ir mich geben,</p>
+<p>sō ist geschaffet wol mīn leben.</p>
+<p>im gēt sīn pfluoc harte wol,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">780</span>
+<p>sīn hof ist alles rātes vol,</p>
+<p>da enstirbet ros noch daȥ rint,</p>
+<p>da enmüent diu weinenden kint,</p>
+<p>da enist ze heiȥ noch ze kalt,</p>
+<p>dā wirt von jāren niemen alt,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">785</span>
+<p>der alte wirt junger,</p>
+<p>da enist frost noch hunger,</p>
+<p>da enist deheiner slahte leit,</p>
+<p>da ist ganziu fröude ān arbeit.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">109</span>
+<p>ze dem wil ich mich ziehen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">790</span>
+<p>und solhen bū fliehen</p>
+<p>den daȥ fiur und der hagel sleht</p>
+<p>und der wāc abe tweht,</p>
+<p>mit dem man ringet unde ie ranc.</p>
+<p>swaȥ man daȥ jār alse lanc</p>
+<span class = "linenum">795</span>
+<p>dar ūf gearbeiten mac,</p>
+<p>daȥ verliuset schiere ein halber tac.</p>
+<p>den bū den wil ich lāȥen:</p>
+<p>er sī von mir verwāȥen.</p>
+<p>ir minnent mich: deist billich.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">800</span>
+<p>nū sihe ich gerne daȥ mich</p>
+<p>iuwer minne iht unminne.</p>
+<p>ob ir iuch rehter sinne</p>
+<p>an mir verstān kunnent</p>
+<p>und ob ir mir gunnent</p>
+<span class = "linenum">805</span>
+<p>beide guotes unde ēren,</p>
+<p>sō lāȥet mich kēren</p>
+<p>ze unserm herren Jēsū Krist,</p>
+<p>des gnāde alsō stæte ist</p>
+<p>daȥ sī niemer zergāt,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">810</span>
+<p>unde ouch zuo mir armen hāt</p>
+<p>alsō grōȥe minne</p>
+<p>als zeiner küniginne.</p>
+<p>ich sol von mīnen schulden</p>
+<p>ūȥ iuwern hulden</p>
+<span class = "linenum">815</span>
+<p>niemer komen, wil eȥ got.</p>
+<p>eȥ ist gewisse sīn gebot</p>
+<p>daȥ ich iu sī undertān,</p>
+<p>wan ich den līp von iu hān:</p>
+<p>daȥ leist ich āne riuwe.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">820</span>
+<p>ouch sol ich māne triuwe</p>
+<p>an mir selber niht brechen.</p>
+<p>ich hōrte ie daȥ sprechen,</p>
+<p>swer den andern fröuwet sō</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">110</span>
+<p>daȥ er selbe wirt unfrō,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">825</span>
+<p>und swer den andern krœnet</p>
+<p>und sich selben hœnet,</p>
+<p>der triuwen sī ze vil.</p>
+<p>wie gerne ich iu des volgen wil</p>
+<p>daȥ ich iu triuwe leiste,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">830</span>
+<p>mir selber doch die meiste.</p>
+<p>welt ir mir wenden mīn heil,</p>
+<p>sō lāȥ ich iuch ein teil</p>
+<p>ē nāch mir geweinen,</p>
+<p>ich enwelle mir erscheinen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">835</span>
+<p>wes ich mir selber schuldic bin.</p>
+<p>ich wil iemer dā hin</p>
+<p>da ich volle fröude vinde.</p>
+<p>ir hānt doch mē kinde:</p>
+<p>diu lānt iuwer fröude sīn</p>
+<span class = "linenum">840</span>
+<p>und getrœstent ir iuch mīn.</p>
+<p>wan mir mac daȥ nieman erwern,</p>
+<p>zwāre, ich enwelle ernern</p>
+<p>mīnen herren unde mich.</p>
+<p>muoter, jā hōrte ich dich</p>
+<span class = "linenum">845</span>
+<p>klagen unde sprechen ē,</p>
+<p>eȥ tæte <a name = "textIII_846" id = "textIII_846" href =
+"#textnoteIII_846">dīme</a> herzen&nbsp;wē,</p>
+<p>soltest dū ob mīme grabe stān.</p>
+<p>des wirst du harte wol erlān:</p>
+<p>dū stāst ob mīme grabe niht.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">850</span>
+<p>wan dā der tōt geschiht,</p>
+<p>daȥ enlāt dich niemen sehen:</p>
+<p>eȥ sol ze Sālerne geschehen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">a</span>
+<p>dā sol uns viere der tōt</p>
+<span class = "linenum">b</span>
+<p>lœsẹen von aller slahte nōt.</p>
+<p>des tōdes des genese wir,</p>
+<p>und ich doch verre baȥ dan&nbsp;ir.’</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">855</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Dō sī daȥ kint dō sāhen</p>
+<p>ze dem tōde sō gāhen,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">111</span>
+<p>und eȥ sō wīslīchen sprach</p>
+<p>unde menschlich reht zerbrach,</p>
+<p>si begunden ahten under in</p>
+<span class = "linenum">860</span>
+<p>daȥ die wīsheit und den sin</p>
+<p>niemer erzeigen kunde</p>
+<p>dehein zunge in kindes munde.</p>
+<p>sī jāhen daȥ der heiliggeist</p>
+<p>der rede wære ir volleist,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">865</span>
+<p>der ouch sante Niklauses pflac</p>
+<p>dō er in der wagen lac</p>
+<p>und in die wīsheit lērte</p>
+<p>daȥ er ze gote kērte</p>
+<p>sīne kintlīche güete:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">870</span>
+<p>und bedāhtẹn sich in ir gemüete</p>
+<p>daȥ sī niht enwolden</p>
+<p>sī wenden noch ensolden</p>
+<p>des sī sich hete an genomen:</p>
+<p>der willẹ sī ir von gote komen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">875</span>
+<p>von jāmẹr erkalte in der līp,</p>
+<p>dō der meiger und sīn wīp</p>
+<p>an dem bette sāȥen</p>
+<p>und vil gar vergāȥen</p>
+<p>durch des kindes minne</p>
+<span class = "linenum">880</span>
+<p>der zungen und der sinne</p>
+<p>sā ze der selben stunde.</p>
+<p>ir enwederȥ enkunde</p>
+<p>einic wort gesprechen.</p>
+<p>daȥ gegihtẹ begunde brechen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">885</span>
+<p>die muoter von leide.</p>
+<p>sus gesāȥen sī beide</p>
+<p>riuwic unde unfrō</p>
+<p>unz sī sich bedāhten dō</p>
+<p>waȥ in ir trūren töhte:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">890</span>
+<p>sō man ir doch niht enmöhte</p>
+<p>benemen ir willen unde ir muot,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">112</span>
+<p>sō enwære in niht alsō guot</p>
+<p>sō daȥ sī irs wol gunden,</p>
+<p>wan sī doch niht enkunden</p>
+<span class = "linenum">895</span>
+<p>ir niemer werden āne baȥ;</p>
+<p>enpfiengen sī der rede haȥ,</p>
+<p>eȥ möhte in umbe ir herren</p>
+<p>vil harte wol gewerren,</p>
+<p>und verviengen anders niht dā mite.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">900</span>
+<p>mit vil willeclīchem site</p>
+<p>sprāchen sī beide dō</p>
+<p>daȥ sī der rede wæren frō.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Des fröute sich diu reine maget.</p>
+<p>dō eȥ vil kūme was getaget</p>
+<span class = "linenum">905</span>
+<p>dō gie sī dā ir herre slief.</p>
+<p>sīn trūtgemahele ime rief,</p>
+<p>sī sprach ‘herre, slāfent&nbsp;ir?’</p>
+<p>‘nein ich, gemahele, sage mir,</p>
+<p>wie bistū hiute alsō fruo?’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">910</span>
+<p>‘herrẹ, dā twinget mich derzuo</p>
+<p>der jāmer iuwerr siecheit.’</p>
+<p>er sprach ‘gemahelẹ, daȥ ist dir leit:</p>
+<p>daȥ erzeigest du an mir wol,</p>
+<p>als eȥ dir got vergelten sol.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">915</span>
+<p>nune mag es dehein rāt sīn.’</p>
+<p>‘entriuwen, lieber herre mīn,</p>
+<p>iuwer wirt vil guot rāt.</p>
+<p>sīt eȥ alsus umbe iuch stāt</p>
+<p>daȥ man iu gehelfen mac,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">920</span>
+<p>ichn gesūme iuch niemer tac.</p>
+<p>herre, ir hānt uns doch gesaget,</p>
+<p>ob ir hetent eine maget</p>
+<p>diu gernẹ den tōt durch iuch lite,</p>
+<p>dā soltent ir genesen mite.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">925</span>
+<p>diu wil ich weiȥgot selbe sīn:</p>
+<p>iuwer leben ist nützer dan daȥ mīn.’</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">113</span>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Dō gnādẹte ir der herre</p>
+<p>des willen harte verre.</p>
+<p>und ervollẹten im diu ougen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">930</span>
+<p>von jāmer alsō tougen.</p>
+<p>er sprach ‘gemahelẹ, ja ist der tōt</p>
+<p>iedoch niht ein senftiu nōt,</p>
+<p>als dū dir līhte hāst gedāht.</p>
+<p>du hāst mich des wol innen brāht,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">935</span>
+<p>möhtestū, dū hülfest mir.</p>
+<p>des genüegẹt mich wol von dir.</p>
+<p>ich erkenne dīnen süeȥen muot:</p>
+<p>dīn wille ist reine unde guot.</p>
+<p>ichn sol ouch niht mē von dir gern.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">940</span>
+<p>dū maht mich des niht wol gewern</p>
+<p>daȥ dū dā gesprochen hāst.</p>
+<p>die triuwe die du an mir begāst,</p>
+<p>die sol dir vergelten got.</p>
+<p>ditz wærẹ der lantliute spot,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">945</span>
+<p>swaȥ ich mich für dise stunde</p>
+<p>arzenīen underwunde,</p>
+<p>und mich doch niht vervienge</p>
+<p>wan als eȥ doch ergienge.</p>
+<p>gemahele, dū tuost als diu kint</p>
+<span class = "linenum">950</span>
+<p>diu dā gæhes muotes sint:</p>
+<p>swaȥ den kumet in den muot,</p>
+<p>eȥ sī übel oder guot,</p>
+<p>dar zuo ist in allen gāch,</p>
+<p>und geriuwẹt sī sēre dar nāch.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">955</span>
+<p>gemahele, alsō tuost ouch dū.</p>
+<p>der rede ist dir ze muote&nbsp;nū:</p>
+<p>der <ins class = "correction" title = "probably ‘die’">d&nbsp;e</ins>
+von dir nemen wolte,</p>
+<p>sō manȥ danne enden solte,</p>
+<p>so geriuweȥ dich vil līhte doch.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">960</span>
+<p>und daȥ sī sich ein teil noch</p>
+<p>baȥ bedæhte des bat&nbsp;er.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">114</span>
+<p>er sprach ‘dīn muoter und dīn vater</p>
+<p>die enmugen dīn niht wol enbern.</p>
+<p>ich sol ouch niht ir leides gern</p>
+<span class = "linenum">965</span>
+<p>die mir ie gnāde tāten.</p>
+<p>swaȥ sī dir beide rāten,</p>
+<p>liebẹ gemahele, daȥ tuo.’</p>
+<p>hie mite lachete er dar zuo,</p>
+<p>wan er lützel sich versach</p>
+<span class = "linenum">970</span>
+<p>daȥ doch sider dō geschach.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Sus sprach er zuo der guoter.</p>
+<p>der vater und diu muoter</p>
+<p>sprāchen ‘lieber herre,</p>
+<p>ir hānt uns vil verre</p>
+<span class = "linenum">975</span>
+<p>geliebet und geēret:</p>
+<p>daȥ enwærẹ niht wol bekēret,</p>
+<p>wir engültenȥ iu mit guote.</p>
+<p>unser tohter ist ze muote</p>
+<p>daȥ sī den tōt durch iuch dol:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">980</span>
+<p>des gunne wir ir harte wol.</p>
+<p>eȥ ist hiutẹ der dritte tac</p>
+<p>daȥ sī uns alleȥ ane lac</p>
+<p>daȥ wir ir sīn gunden:</p>
+<p>nū hāt sīȥ an uns funden.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">985</span>
+<p>nū lāȥe iuch got mit ir genesen:</p>
+<p>wir wellen ir durch iuch entwesen.’</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Do im sīn gemahele dō bōt</p>
+<p>für sīnen siechtuom ir tōt</p>
+<p>und man ir ernest ersach,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">990</span>
+<p>dō wart dō michel ungemach</p>
+<p>und jæmerlīch gebærde.</p>
+<p>manc mislīchiu beswærde</p>
+<p>huop sich dō under&nbsp;in,</p>
+<p>zwischẹn dem herren unde in drin.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">995</span>
+<p>ir vater unde ir muoter die</p>
+<p>erhuoben michel weinen hie:</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">115</span>
+<p>des weinens tet in michel nōt</p>
+<p>umb ir vil lieben kindes tōt.</p>
+<p>nū begunde ouch der herre</p>
+<span class = "linenum">1000</span>
+<p>gedenken alsō verre</p>
+<p>an des kindes triuwe,</p>
+<p>und begreif in ein riuwe,</p>
+<p>daȥ er sēre weinen began,</p>
+<p>und zwīvelte vaste dran</p>
+<span class = "linenum">1005</span>
+<p>weder eȥ beȥȥer getān</p>
+<p>möhte sīn oder verlān.</p>
+<p>von vorhten weinte ouch diu maget:</p>
+<p>sī wānde er wære dran verzaget.</p>
+<p>sus wārens alle unfrō.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">1010</span>
+<p>sī gerten keines dankes dō.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Ze jungest dō bedāhte sich</p>
+<p>ir herrẹ, der arme Heinrich,</p>
+<p>und begunde sagen in</p>
+<p>grōȥe gnāde allen drin</p>
+<span class = "linenum">1015</span>
+<p>der triuwen und des guotes</p>
+<p>(diu maget wart rīches muotes</p>
+<p>daȥ ers gevolgẹte gerne),</p>
+<p>und bereitẹ sich ze Sālerne</p>
+<p>sō er schiereste mohte.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">1020</span>
+<p>swaȥ ouch der megede tohte,</p>
+<p>daȥ wart vil schiere bereit:</p>
+<p>schœniu pfert und rīchiu kleit,</p>
+<p>diu sī getruoc nie vor der zīt:</p>
+<p>hermin unde samīt,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">1025</span>
+<p>den besten zobel den man vant,</p>
+<p>daȥ was der megede gewarit.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Nū wer möhte volgesagen</p>
+<p>die herzeriuwe und daȥ klagen,</p>
+<p>der muoter grimmigeȥ leit</p>
+<span class = "linenum">1030</span>
+<p>und ouch des vater arbeit?</p>
+<p>eȥ wærẹ wol undẹr in beiden</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">116</span>
+<p>ein jæmerliīcheȥ scheiden,</p>
+<p>dō sī ir liebeȥ kint von in</p>
+<p>gefrumten sō gesundeȥ hin</p>
+<span class = "linenum">1035</span>
+<p>niemer mē ze sehenne in den tōt,</p>
+<p>wan daȥ in senftet ir nōt</p>
+<p>diu reine gotes güete,</p>
+<p>von der doch daȥ gemüete</p>
+<p>ouch dem jungen kinde quam</p>
+<span class = "linenum">1040</span>
+<p>daȥ eȥ den tōt gerne nam.</p>
+<p>eȥ was āne ir rāt kōmen:</p>
+<p>dā von wart von ir herzẹn genomen</p>
+<p>alliu klage und swære,</p>
+<p>wan eȥ anders wunder wære</p>
+<span class = "linenum">1045</span>
+<p>daȥ in ir herze niht zerbrach.</p>
+<p>ze liebe wart ir ungemach,</p>
+<p>daȥ sī dar nāch deheine nōt</p>
+<p>liten umbe ir kindes tōt.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name = "textIV" id = "textIV">IV</a><br>
+WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE.</h4>
+
+<p class = "note">
+The exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. His chief poems were
+written between the years 1187 and 1230.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+The best edition of his works is: Walther von der Vogelweide,
+herausgegeben und erklärt von&nbsp;W. Wilmanns, Halle, 1883 (2nd
+edit.).</p>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>1.</h5>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Ir sult sprechen: ‘willekomen!’</p>
+<p>der iu mære bringet, daȥ bin ich.</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Alleȥ daȥ ir habt vernomen,</p>
+<p>daȥ ist gar ein wint: nū frāget mich.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">5</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Ich wil aber miete:</p>
+<p>wirt mīn lōn iht guot,</p>
+<p>sō sage ich iu vil līhte, daȥ in sanfte tuot.</p>
+<p>seht, waȥ man mir ēren biete.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">117</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Ich wil tiuschen frouwen sagen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">10</span>
+<p>solhiu mære, daȥ si deste baȥ</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Al der werlte suln behagen:</p>
+<p>āne grōȥe miete tuon ich daȥ.</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Waȥ wold’ ich ze lōne?</p>
+<p>si sint mir ze hēr;</p>
+<span class = "linenum">15</span>
+<p>sō bin ich gefüege und bite si nihtes mēr</p>
+<p>wan daȥ si mich grüeȥen schōne.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Ich hān lande vil gesehen</p>
+<p>unde nam der besten gerne war:</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Übel müeȥe mir geschehen,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">20</span>
+<p>künde ich ie mīn herze bringen dar,</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Daȥ im wol gevallen</p>
+<p>wolde fremeder site.</p>
+<p>nū waȥ hülfe mich, ob ich unrehte strite?</p>
+<p>tiuschiu zuht gāt vor in allen.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">25</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Von der Elbe unz an den Rīn</p>
+<p>und her wider unz an Ungerlant</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Mügen wol die besten sīn,</p>
+<p>die ich in der werlte hān erkant.</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Kan ich rehte schouwen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">30</span>
+<p>guot gelāȥ und līp,</p>
+<p>sam mir got, sō swüere ich wol, daȥ hie diu wīp</p>
+<p>beȥȥer sint danne ander frouwen.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Tiusche man sint wol gezogen,</p>
+<p>rehte als engel sint diu wīp getān.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">35</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Swer si schiltet, derst betrogen:</p>
+<p>ich enkan sīn anders niht verstān.</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Tugent und reine minne,</p>
+<p>swer die suochen wil,</p>
+<p>der sol komen in unser lant: da ist wünne vil:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">40</span>
+<p>lange müeȥe ich leben dar inne!</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">118</span>
+
+<div class = "poem w30">
+<h5>2.</h5>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Owē war sint verswunden &nbsp; &nbsp; alliu mīniu jār!</p>
+<p>ist mir mīn leben getroumet &nbsp; &nbsp; oder ist eȥ wār?</p>
+<p>daȥ ich ie wānde, daȥ &nbsp; &nbsp; iht wære, was daȥ iht?</p>
+<p>dar nāch hān ich geslāfen &nbsp; &nbsp; und enweiȥ es niht.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">45</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Nū bin ich erwachet, &nbsp; &nbsp; und ist mir unbekant,</p>
+<p>daȥ mir hie vor was kündic &nbsp; &nbsp; als mīn ander hant.</p>
+<p>liut unde lant, dā ich &nbsp; &nbsp; von kinde bin erzogen,</p>
+<p>die sint mir fremde worden, &nbsp; &nbsp; reht’ als eȥ sī
+gelogen:</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Die mīne gespilen wāren, &nbsp; &nbsp; die sint træge und alt;</p>
+<span class = "linenum">50</span>
+<p>bereitet ist daȥ velt, &nbsp; &nbsp; verhouwen ist der walt:</p>
+<p>wan daȥ daȥ waȥȥer fliuȥet, &nbsp; &nbsp; als eȥ wīlent flōȥ,</p>
+<p>für wār ich wāndẹ &nbsp; &nbsp; mīn ungelücke würde grōȥ.</p>
+<p>mich grüeȥet maneger trāge, &nbsp; &nbsp; der mich bekande ē wol.</p>
+<p>diu werlt ist allenthalben &nbsp; &nbsp; ungenāden vol.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">55</span>
+<p>als ich gedenke an manegen &nbsp; &nbsp; wünneclīchen tac,</p>
+<p>die sint mir enpfallen gar &nbsp; &nbsp; als in daȥ mer ein slac,</p>
+<p>iemer mēre owē!</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Owē wie jæmerlīche &nbsp; &nbsp; junge liute tuont!</p>
+<p>den vil unriuweclīche &nbsp; &nbsp; ir gemüete stuont,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">60</span>
+<p>die kunnen niuwan sorgen: &nbsp; &nbsp; owē wie tuont si sō?</p>
+<p>swar ich zer werlte kēre, &nbsp; &nbsp; dā ist nieman frō:</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Tanzen unde singen &nbsp; &nbsp; zergāt mit sorgen gar.</p>
+<p>nie kristenman gesach &nbsp; &nbsp; sō jæmerlīchiu jār.</p>
+<p>nū merket, wie den frouwen &nbsp; &nbsp; ir gebende stāt;</p>
+<span class = "linenum">65</span>
+<p>die stolzen ritter tragent &nbsp; &nbsp; dörperlīche wāt.</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Uns sint unsenfte brieve &nbsp; &nbsp; her von Rōme komen,</p>
+<p>uns ist erloubet trūren &nbsp; &nbsp; und fröude gar benomen.</p>
+<p>daȥ müet mich inneclīchen &nbsp; &nbsp; (wir lebten ē vil wol),</p>
+<p>daȥ ich nū für mīn lachen &nbsp; &nbsp; weinen kiesen sol.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">70</span>
+<p>diu wilden vogellīn &nbsp; &nbsp; betrüebet unser klage:</p>
+<p>waȥ wunders ist, ob ich &nbsp; &nbsp; dā von vil gar verzage?</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">119</span>
+<p>waȥ spriche ich tumber man &nbsp; &nbsp; durch mīnen bœsen zorn?</p>
+<p>swer dirre wünne volget, der &nbsp; &nbsp; hāt jene dort verlorn</p>
+<p>iemer mēre, owē!</p>
+<span class = "linenum">75</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Owē wie uns mit süeȥen &nbsp; &nbsp; dingen ist vergeben!</p>
+<p>ich sihe die gallen mitten &nbsp; &nbsp; in dem honege sweben.</p>
+<p>diu werlt ist ūȥen schœne, &nbsp; &nbsp; wīȥ, grüen’ unde rōt</p>
+<p>und innen swarzer varwe, &nbsp; &nbsp; vinster sam der tōt.</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Swen si nū habe verleitet, &nbsp; &nbsp; der schouwe sīnen trōst:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">80</span>
+<p>er wirt mit swacher buoȥe &nbsp; &nbsp; grōȥer sünde erlōst.</p>
+<p>dar an gedenket, ritter! &nbsp; &nbsp; eȥ ist iuwer dinc;</p>
+<p>ir traget die liehten helme &nbsp; &nbsp; und manegen herten
+rinc,</p>
+<p class = "indent">
+Dar zuo die vesten schilte &nbsp; &nbsp; und diu gewīhten swert.</p>
+<p>wolte got, wær ich &nbsp; &nbsp; der sigenünfte wert,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">85</span>
+<p>sō wolte ich nōtic man &nbsp; &nbsp; verdienen rīchen solt.</p>
+<p>joch meine ich niht die huoben &nbsp; &nbsp; noch der hērren
+golt:</p>
+<p>ich wolte selbe krōne &nbsp; &nbsp; ēweclīchen tragen;</p>
+<p>die möhte ein soldenære &nbsp; &nbsp; mit sīme sper bejagen.</p>
+<p>möht ich die lieben reise &nbsp; &nbsp; gevaren über&nbsp;sē,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">90</span>
+<p>sō wolte ich denne singen ‘wol’ &nbsp; &nbsp; und niemer mēre
+‘owē,’</p>
+<p>niemer mēre ‘owē!’</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>3.</h5>
+
+<p>Dō der sumer komen was</p>
+<p>und die bluomen durch daȥ gras</p>
+<p>wünneclīche ensprungen,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">95</span>
+<p>aldā die vogele sungen,</p>
+<p>dār kom ich gegangen</p>
+<p>an einen anger langen,</p>
+<p>dā ein lūter brunne entspranc;</p>
+<p>vor dem walde was sīn ganc,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">100</span>
+<p>dā diu nahtegale sanc.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Bī dem brunnen stuont ein boum,</p>
+<p>dā gesach ich einen troum.</p>
+<p>ich was zuo dem brunnen</p>
+<p>gegangen von der sunnen,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">120</span>
+<span class = "linenum">105</span>
+<p>daȥ diu linde mære</p>
+<p>den küelen schaten bære.</p>
+<p>bī dem brunnen ich gesaȥ:</p>
+<p>mīner swære ich gar vergaȥ,</p>
+<p>schiere entslief ich umbe daȥ.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">110</span>
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō bedūhte mich zehant,</p>
+<p>wie mir dienten elliu lant,</p>
+<p>wie mīn sēle wære</p>
+<p>ze himel āne swære</p>
+<p>und der līp hie solte</p>
+<span class = "linenum">115</span>
+<p>gebāren swie er wolte.</p>
+<p>dā enwas mir niht ze&nbsp;wē.</p>
+<p>got der waldes, swie’ȥ ergē:</p>
+<p>schœner troum enwart nie&nbsp;mē.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Gerne sliefe ich iemer dā,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">120</span>
+<p>wan ein unsæligiu krā,</p>
+<p>diu begonde schrīen.</p>
+<p>daȥ alle krā gedīen</p>
+<p>alse ich in des günne!</p>
+<p>si nam mir michel wunne.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">125</span>
+<p>von ir schrīenne ich erschrac:</p>
+<p>wan daȥ dā niht steines lac,</p>
+<p>sō wær’ eȥ ir suontac.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Wan ein wunderalteȥ wīp</p>
+<p>diu getrōste mir den līp.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">130</span>
+<p>die begonde ich eiden.</p>
+<p>nū hāt si mir bescheiden</p>
+<p>waȥ der troum bediute.</p>
+<p>daȥ merken wīse liute;</p>
+<p>zwēne und einer daȥ sint drī;</p>
+<span class = "linenum">135</span>
+<p>dannoch seitẹ si mir dā bī,</p>
+<p>daȥ mīn dūme ein vinger&nbsp;sī.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">121</span>
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>4.</h5>
+
+<p>Ich saȥ ūf eime steine</p>
+<p>und dahte bein mit beine;</p>
+<p>dar ūf satzt ich den ellenbogen;</p>
+<span class = "linenum">140</span>
+<p>ich hete in mīne hant gesmogen</p>
+<p>daȥ kinne und ein mīn wange:</p>
+<p>dō dāhte ich mir vil ange,</p>
+<p>wie man zer werlte solte leben.</p>
+<p>deheinen rāt <a name = "textIV_144" id = "textIV_144" href =
+"#textnoteIV_144">kond</a> ich gegeben,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">145</span>
+<p>wie man driu dinc erwürbe,</p>
+<p>der keineȥ niht verdürbe.</p>
+<p>diu zwei sint ēre und varnde guot,</p>
+<p>daȥ dicke einander schaden tuot;</p>
+<p>daȥ dritte ist gotes hulde,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">150</span>
+<p>der zweier übergulde.</p>
+<p>die wolte ich gerne in einen schrīn;</p>
+<p>jā leider des enmac niht sīn,</p>
+<p>daȥ guot und werltlīch ēre</p>
+<p>und gotes hulde mēre</p>
+<span class = "linenum">155</span>
+<p>zesamene in ein herze komen.</p>
+<p>stīg’ unde wege sint in benomen:</p>
+<p>untriuwe is in der sāȥe,</p>
+<p>gewalt vert ūf der strāȥe,</p>
+<p>fride unde reht sint sēre wunt.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">160</span>
+<p>diu driu enhabent geleites niht,</p>
+<p>diu zwei enwerden ē gesunt.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>5.</h5>
+
+<p>Ich hōrte ein waȥȥer dieȥen</p>
+<p>und sach die vische flieȥen;</p>
+<p>ich sach swaȥ in der werlte was,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">165</span>
+<p>velt unde walt, loup rōr und gras;</p>
+<p>swaȥ kriuchet unde fliuget</p>
+<p>und bein zer erden biuget,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">122</span>
+<p>daȥ sach ich unde sage iu daȥ:</p>
+<p>der keineȥ lebet āne haȥ.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">170</span>
+<p>daȥ wilt und daȥ gewürme</p>
+<p>die strītent starke stürme,</p>
+<p>sam tuont die vogel under&nbsp;in;</p>
+<p>wan daȥ sie habent einen sin:</p>
+<p><a name = "textIV_174" id = "textIV_174" href = "#textnoteIV_174">sie
+diuhten sich ze nihte,</a></p>
+<span class = "linenum">175</span>
+<p>sie enschüefen starc gerihte:</p>
+<p>sie kiesent künege unde reht,</p>
+<p>sie setzent hērren unde kneht.</p>
+<p>sō wē dir, <a name = "textIV_178" id = "textIV_178" href =
+"#textnoteIV_178">tiuschiu zunge</a>,</p>
+<p>wie stēt dīn ordenunge,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">180</span>
+<p>daȥ nū diu mucke ir künic hāt</p>
+<p>und daȥ dīn ēre alsō zergāt!</p>
+<p><a name = "textIV_182" id = "textIV_182" href =
+"#textnoteIV_182">bekērā</a> dich, bekēre!</p>
+<p>die zirken sint ze hēre,</p>
+<p>die armen künege dringent dich:</p>
+<p><a name = "textIV_185" id = "textIV_185" href =
+"#textnoteIV_185">Philippe</a> setze en weisen ūf und heiȥ sie treten
+hinder sich!</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>6.</h5>
+
+<p>Ich sach mit mīnen ougen</p>
+<p><a name = "textIV_187" id = "textIV_187" href = "#textnoteIV_187">man
+unde wībe</a> tougen,</p>
+<p>dā ich gehōrte und gesach</p>
+<p>swaȥ iemen tet, swaȥ iemen sprach.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">190</span>
+<p>ze Rōme hōrte ich liegen</p>
+<p>und zwēne künege triegen.</p>
+<p>dā von huop sich der meiste strīt,</p>
+<p>der ē was oder iemer sīt,</p>
+<p>daȥ sich begonden zweien</p>
+<span class = "linenum">195</span>
+<p>die pfaffen unde leien.</p>
+<p>daȥ was ein nōt vor aller nōt:</p>
+<p>līp unde sēle lac dā tōt,</p>
+<p>die pfaffen striten sēre:</p>
+<p>doch wart der leien mēre.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">123</span>
+<span class = "linenum">200</span>
+<p>diu swert sie legeten dernider</p>
+<p>und griffen zuo der stōle wider:</p>
+<p>sie bienen die sie wolten</p>
+<p>und niuwet den sie solten.</p>
+<p>dō stōrte man diu goteshūs.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">205</span>
+<p>ich hōrte verre in einer klūs</p>
+<p>vil michel ungebære:</p>
+<p>dā weinde ein klōsenære,</p>
+<p>er klagete gote sīniu leit:</p>
+<p>‘ōwē, der bābest ist ze junc: hilf, hērre, dīner Kristenheit!’</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>7.</h5>
+
+<span class = "linenum">210</span>
+<p>Diu krōne ist elter dan der künec Philippes sī:</p>
+<p>dā muget ir alle schouwen wol ein wunder&nbsp;bī,</p>
+<p>wie s’ ime der smit sō ebene habe gemachet.</p>
+<p>sīn keiserlicheȥ houbet zimt ir alsō wol,</p>
+<p>daȥ sie ze rehte nieman <a name = "textIV_214" id = "textIV_214" href
+= "#textnoteIV_214">guoter</a> scheiden sol.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">215</span>
+<p>ir dwedereȥ daȥ ander niht enswachet.</p>
+<p>sie liuhtent beide ein ander&nbsp;an,</p>
+<p>daȥ edele gesteine wider den jungen man:</p>
+<p>die ougenweide sehent die fürsten gerne.</p>
+<p>swer nū des rīches irre&nbsp;gē,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">220</span>
+<p>der schouwe, wem der weise ob sīme nacke stē:</p>
+<p>der stein ist aller fürsten leitesterne.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>8.</h5>
+
+<p>Mir ist verspart der sælden tor:</p>
+<p>dā stēn ich als ein weise vor,</p>
+<p>mich hilfet niht swaȥ ich dar an geklopfe.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">225</span>
+<p>wie möhte ein wunder grœȥer sīn?</p>
+<p>eȥ regent beidenthalben mīn,</p>
+<p>daȥ mir des alles niht enwirt ein tropfe.</p>
+<p>des fürsten milte ūȥ Ōsterrīche</p>
+<p>freut dem süeȥen regen gelīche</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">124</span>
+<span class = "linenum">230</span>
+<p>beidiu liute und ouch daȥ lant.</p>
+<p>er ist ein schœne wol gezieret heide,</p>
+<p>dar abe man <a name = "textIV_232" id = "textIV_232" href =
+"#textnoteIV_232">bluomen</a> brichet wunder:</p>
+<p>und bræche mir ein blat dar under</p>
+<p>diu sīn vil milte rīchiu hant,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">235</span>
+<p>sō möhte ich loben die süeȥen ougenweide.</p>
+<p>hie bī sī er an mich gemant.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w30">
+<h5>9.</h5>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Ich hān mīn lēhen, al die werlt! ich hān mīn lēhen!</p>
+<p>nū enfürhte ich niht den hornunc an die zēhen</p>
+<p>und wil alle bœse hērren deste minre vlēhen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">240</span>
+<p>der edel künec, der milte künec hāt mich berāten,</p>
+<p>daȥ ich den sumer luft und in dem winter hitze hān.</p>
+<p>mīn’ nāhgebūren dunke ich verre baȥ getān:</p>
+<p>sie sehent mich niht mēr an in butzen wīs, alsō sie tāten.</p>
+<p>ich bin ze lange arm gewesen ān’ mīnen danc.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">245</span>
+<p>ich was sō volle scheltens, daȥ mīn ātem stanc.</p>
+<p>daȥ hāt der künec gemachet reine und dar zuo mīnen sanc.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>10.</h5>
+
+<p>Ōwē hovelīcheȥ singen,</p>
+<p>daȥ dich ungefüege dœne</p>
+<p>solten ie ze hove verdringen!</p>
+<span class = "linenum">250</span>
+<p><a name = "textIV_250" id = "textIV_250" href = "#textnoteIV_250">daȥ
+sie schiere got gehœne!</a></p>
+<p>ōwē, daȥ dīn wirde alsō geliget,</p>
+<p>des sint alle dīne friunde unfrō.</p>
+<p>daȥ muoȥ eht sō sīn, nū sī alsō:</p>
+<p>frō Unfuoge, ir habt gesiget.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">255</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+<a name = "textIV_255" id = "textIV_255" href = "#textnoteIV_255">Der
+uns freude wider bræhte</a>,</p>
+<p>diu reht und gefüege wære,</p>
+<p>hei wie wol man des gedæhte,</p>
+<p>swā man von im seite mære!</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">125</span>
+<p>eȥ wær’ ein vil hovelīcher muot,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">260</span>
+<p>des ich iemer gerne wünschen sol.</p>
+<p>frouwen unde hērren zæme eȥ wol:</p>
+<p>ōwē daȥ eȥ nieman tuot!</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Die daȥ rehte singen stœrent,</p>
+<p>der ist ungelīche mēre</p>
+<span class = "linenum">265</span>
+<p>danne die eȥ gerne hœrent.</p>
+<p>des volg’ ich der alten lēre:</p>
+<p>ich enwil niht werben ze der mül;</p>
+<p>dā der stein sō riuschend’ umbe gāt</p>
+<p>und daȥ rat sō manegẹ unwīse hāt,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">270</span>
+<p>merket wer dā harpfen sül!</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Die sō frevellīchen schallent,</p>
+<p>der muoȥ ich vor zorne lachen,</p>
+<p>daȥ s’ in selben wol gevallent</p>
+<p>mit als ungefüegen sachen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">275</span>
+<p>die tuont sam die frösche in eime sē,</p>
+<p>den ir schrīen alsō wol behaget,</p>
+<p>daȥ diu nahtegal dā von verzaget,</p>
+<p>sō si gerne sunge&nbsp;mē.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Der unfuoge swīgen hieȥe,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">280</span>
+<p>waȥ man noch von freuden sunge,</p>
+<p>und sie abe den bürgen stieȥe,</p>
+<p>daȥ si dā die frōn iht twunge!</p>
+<p>wurden ir die grōȥen höve benomen,</p>
+<p>daȥ wær’ alleȥ nāch dem willen mīn:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">285</span>
+<p><a name = "textIV_285" id = "textIV_285" href =
+"#textnoteIV_285">bien</a> gebūren lieȥe ich sie wol sīn,</p>
+<p>dannen ist s’ ouch here komen.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>11.</h5>
+
+<p>Der rīfe tet den kleinen vogelen&nbsp;wē,</p>
+<p>daȥ sie niht ensungen.</p>
+<p>nū hōrte ich s’aber wünneclīche als&nbsp;ē:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">290</span>
+<p>nū ist diu heide entsprungen.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">126</span>
+<p>dā sach ich bluomen strīten wider den klē,</p>
+<p><a name = "textIV_292" id = "textIV_292" href =
+"#textnoteIV_292">weder ir</a> lenger wære.</p>
+<p>mīner frouwen seite ich disiu mære.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Uns hāt der winter kalt und ander nōt</p>
+<span class = "linenum">295</span>
+<p>vil getān ze leide.</p>
+<p>ich wānde, daȥ ich iemer bluomen rōt</p>
+<p>sæhe an grüener heide.</p>
+<p>joch schāte eȥ guoten liuten, wære ich tōt,</p>
+<p>die nāch freuden rungen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">300</span>
+<p>und ie gerne tanzten unde sprungen.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Versūmde ich disen wünneclīchen tac,</p>
+<p>sō wær’ ich verwāȥen</p>
+<p>und wære an freude ein angestlīcher slac:</p>
+<p>dennoch müese ich lāȥen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">305</span>
+<p>al mīne freude, der ich wīlent pflac.</p>
+<p>got gesegen’ iuch alle:</p>
+<p>wünschet noch, daȥ mir ein heil gevalle.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>12.</h5>
+
+<p>Wīp muoȥ ēt iemer sīn der wībe <a name = "textIV_308" id =
+"textIV_308" href = "#textnoteIV_308">hōhste name</a></p>
+<p>und tiuret baȥ dan frouwe, als ich’ȥ erkenne.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">310</span>
+<p>swā nū deheiniu sī, diu sich ir wīpheit schame,</p>
+<p>diu merke disen sanc und kiese denne.</p>
+<p>under frouwen sint unwīp,</p>
+<p>under wīben sint sie tiure:</p>
+<p>wībes name und wībes līp</p>
+<span class = "linenum">315</span>
+<p>die sint beide vil gehiure.</p>
+<p>swie’ȥ umb’ alle frouwen var,</p>
+<p>wīp sint alle frouwen gar.</p>
+<p>zwīvellop daȥ hœnet,</p>
+<p>als under wīlen frouwe: wīp dēst ein name der s’alle krœnet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">127</span>
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>13.</h5>
+
+<span class = "linenum">320</span>
+<p>Sō die bluomen ūȥ dem grase dringent,</p>
+<p>same sie lachen gegen der spileden sunnen,</p>
+<p>in einem meien an dem morgen fruo,</p>
+<p>und diu kleinen vogellīn wol singent</p>
+<p>in ir besten wīse die sie kunnen,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">325</span>
+<p>waȥ wünne mac sich dā genōȥen zuo?</p>
+<p>eȥ ist wol halb ein himelrīche.</p>
+<p>suln wir sprechen, waȥ sich deme gelīche,</p>
+<p>sō sage ich, waȥ mir dicke baȥ</p>
+<p>in mīnen ougen hāt getān,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">330</span>
+<p>und tæte ouch noch, gesæhe ich daȥ.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Swā ein edeliu schœne frouwe reine</p>
+<p>wol gekleidet unde wol gebunden</p>
+<p>durch kurzewīle zuo vil liuten gāt,</p>
+<p>hovelīchen hōchgemuot, niht eine,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">335</span>
+<p>umbe sehendẹ ein wēnic under stunden:</p>
+<p>alsam der sunne gegen den sternen stāt:</p>
+<p>der meie bringe uns al sīn wunder,</p>
+<p>waȥ ist dā sō wünneclīches under</p>
+<p>als ir vil minneclīcher līp?</p>
+<span class = "linenum">340</span>
+<p>wir lāȥen alle bluomen stān,</p>
+<p>und kapfen an daȥ werde wīp.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Nū wol dan, welt ir die wārheit schouwen,</p>
+<p>gēn wir zuo des meien hōchgezīte!</p>
+<p>der ist mit aller sīner krefte komen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">345</span>
+<p>seht an in und seht an werde frouwen,</p>
+<p>wedereȥ daȥ ander überstrīte,</p>
+<p>daȥ beȥȥer spil ob ich daȥ habe genomen.</p>
+<p>ōwē der mich dā welen hieȥe,</p>
+<p>deich daȥ eine durch daȥ ander lieȥe,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">350</span>
+<p>wie rehte schiere ich danne küre!</p>
+<p>hēr Meie, ir müeset merze sīn,</p>
+<p>ē ich mīne frouwen dā verlüre.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">128</span>
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>14.</h5>
+
+<p>Swie wol der heide ir manicvaltiu varwe stāt,</p>
+<p>sō wil ich doch dem walde jehen,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">355</span>
+<p>daȥ er vil mēre wünneclīcher dinge hāt.</p>
+<p>noch ist dem velde baȥ geschehen.</p>
+<p>sō wol dir, sumer, sus getāner emȥekeit!</p>
+<p>sumer, daȥ ich iemer lobe dīne tage,</p>
+<p>mīn trōst, sō trœste ouch mīne klage:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">360</span>
+<p>ich sage dir, waȥ mir wirret:</p>
+<p>diu mir ist liep, der bin ich leit.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Ich mac der guoten niht vergeȥȥen noch ensol,</p>
+<p>diu mir sō vil gedanke nimet.</p>
+<p>die wīle ich singe, wil ich vinden iemer wol</p>
+<span class = "linenum">365</span>
+<p>ein niuwe lop, daȥ ir gezimet.</p>
+<p>nū habe ir diȥ für guot (sō lobe ich danne&nbsp;mē):</p>
+<p>eȥ tuot in den ougen wol, daȥ man sie siht,</p>
+<p>und daȥ man ir vil tugende giht,</p>
+<p>daȥ tuot wol in den ōren.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">370</span>
+<p>sō wol ir des! sō wē mir, wē!</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>15.</h5>
+
+<p>In einen zwīvellīchen wān</p>
+<p>was ich geseȥȥen und gedāhte,</p>
+<p>ich wolte von ir dienste gān,</p>
+<p>wan daȥ ein trōst mich wider brāhte.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">375</span>
+<p>trōst mag eȥ rehte niht geheiȥen, ouwē des!</p>
+<p>eȥ ist vil kūme ein kleineȥ trœstelīn,</p>
+<p>sō kleine, swenne ich’ȥ iu gesage, ir spottet mīn;</p>
+<p>doch fröwet sich lützel ieman, er enwiȥȥe wes.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Mich hāt ein halm gemachet frō:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">380</span>
+<p>er giht, ich süle genāde vinden.</p>
+<p>ich maȥ daȥ selbe kleine strō,</p>
+<p>als ich hie vore sach von kinden.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">129</span>
+<p>nū hœret unde merket, ob si’ȥ denne tuo:</p>
+<p>‘si tuot, si entuot, si tuot, si entuot, si tuot.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">385</span>
+<p>swie dicke ich’ȥ tete, sō was ie daȥ ende guot.</p>
+<p>daȥ trœstet mich: dā hœret ouch geloube zuo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>16.</h5>
+
+<p>Nieman kan beherten</p>
+<p>kindes zuht mit gerten:</p>
+<p>den man z’ēren bringen mac,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">390</span>
+<p>dem ist ein wort als ein slac.</p>
+<p>dem ist ein wort als ein slac,</p>
+<p>den man z’ēren bringen mac:</p>
+<p>kindes zuht mit gerten</p>
+<p>nieman kan beherten.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">395</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Hüetet iuwer zungen,</p>
+<p>daȥ zimt wol den jungen;</p>
+<p>stōȥ den rigel für die tür,</p>
+<p>lā kein bœse wort dar für.</p>
+<p>lā kein bœse wort dar für,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">400</span>
+<p>stōȥ den rigel für die tür:</p>
+<p>daȥ zimt wol den jungen,</p>
+<p>hüetet iuwer zungen.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Hüetet iuwer ougen</p>
+<p>offenbāre und tougen:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">405</span>
+<p>lāt sie guote site spehen</p>
+<p>und die bœsen übersehen;</p>
+<p>und die bœsen übersehen</p>
+<p>lāt sie, guote site spehen:</p>
+<p>offenbāre und tougen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">410</span>
+<p>hüetet iuwer ougen.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Hüetet iuwer ōren,</p>
+<p>oder ir sīt tōren:</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">130</span>
+<p>lāt ir bœsiu wort dar&nbsp;in,</p>
+<p>daȥ gunēret iu den sin.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">415</span>
+<p>daȥ gunēret in den sin,</p>
+<p>lāt ir bœsiu wort dar&nbsp;in,</p>
+<p>oder ir sīt tōren:</p>
+<p>hüetet iuwer ōren.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Hüetet wol der drīer</p>
+<span class = "linenum">420</span>
+<p>leider alze frīer:</p>
+<p>zungen ougen ōren sint</p>
+<p>dicke schalchaft, z’ēren blint.</p>
+<p>dicke schalchaft, z’ēren blint</p>
+<p>zungen ougen ōren sint:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">425</span>
+<p>leider alze frīer</p>
+<p>hüetet wol der drīer.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>17.</h5>
+
+<p>Junc man, in swelher aht dū bist,</p>
+<p>ich wil dich lēren einen list:</p>
+<p><a name = "textIV_429" id = "textIV_429" href = "#textnoteIV_429">dū
+lā dir niht ze wē sīn nāch dem guote</a>:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">430</span>
+<p>lā dir’ȥ ouch niht z’unmære sīn.</p>
+<p>und volges dū der lēre mīn,</p>
+<p>sō wis gewis, eȥ frumt dir an dem muote.</p>
+<p>die rede wil ich dir baȥ bescheiden.</p>
+<p>lāst dū dir’ȥ ze sēre leiden,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">435</span>
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "or ‘zergān’?">zergāt</ins> eȥ so
+ist dīn freude tōt:</p>
+<p>wilt aber dū daȥ guot ze sēre minnen,</p>
+<p>dū maht verliesen sēle und ēre.</p>
+<p>dā von sō volge mīner lēre:</p>
+<p>leg’ ūf die wāge ein rehteȥ lōt</p>
+<span class = "linenum">440</span>
+<p>und wig ouch dar mit allen dīnen sinnen,</p>
+<p>als eȥ diu māȥe eht ie gebōt.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<span class = "pagenum">131</span>
+<h5>18.</h5>
+
+<p>Die väter hānt ir kint erzogen,</p>
+<p>dar an sie beide sint betrogen:</p>
+<p>sie brechent dicke Salomōnes lēre:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">445</span>
+<p>der sprichet, swer den besmen spar,</p>
+<p>daȥ der den sun versūme gar:</p>
+<p>des sint die ungebatten gar ān’ ēre.</p>
+<p>hie vor dō was diu werlt sō schœne,</p>
+<p>nū ịst sie worden alsō hœne.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">450</span>
+<p>des enwas niht wīlent ē:</p>
+<p>die jungen hānt die alten sō verdrungen.</p>
+<p>nū spottet alse dar der alten!</p>
+<p>eȥ wirt iu selben noch behalten.</p>
+<p>beitet unz iuwer jugent zergē:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">455</span>
+<p>swaȥ ir nū tuot, daȥ rechent iuwer jungen,</p>
+<p>daȥ weiȥ ich wol und weiȥ noch&nbsp;mē.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>19.</h5>
+
+<p>Wer zieret nū der ēren sal?</p>
+<p>der jungen ritter zuht ist smal,</p>
+<p>sō pflegent die knehte gar unhövescher dinge</p>
+<span class = "linenum">460</span>
+<p>mit worten und mit werken ouch.</p>
+<p>swer zühte hāt, der ist ir gouch.</p>
+<p>nemt war, wie gar unfuoge für sich dringe!</p>
+<p>hie vor dō berte man die jungen,</p>
+<p>die dā pflāgen frecher zungen;</p>
+<span class = "linenum">465</span>
+<p>nū ist eȥ ir werdekeit:</p>
+<p>sie schallent unde scheltent reine frouwen.</p>
+<p>wē ir hiuten unde ir hāren,</p>
+<p>die niht kunnen frō gebāren</p>
+<p>sunder wībe herzeleit!</p>
+<span class = "linenum">470</span>
+<p>dā mac man sünde bī der schande schouwen,</p>
+<p>die maneger ūf sich selben leit.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<span class = "pagenum">132</span>
+<h5>20.</h5>
+
+<p>Swer āne vorhte, hērre got,</p>
+<p>wil sprechen dīniu zehen gebot</p>
+<p>und brichet diu, daȥ ist niht rehtiu minne.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">475</span>
+<p><a name = "textIV_475" id = "textIV_475" href =
+"#textnoteIV_475">dich heiȥet vater maneger vil</a>:</p>
+<p>swer mīn ze bruoder niht enwil,</p>
+<p>der sprichet starkiu wort ūȥ krankem sinne.</p>
+<p>wir wahsen ūȥ gelīchem dinge:</p>
+<p>spīse frumet uns, diu wirt ringe,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">480</span>
+<p>sō si durch den munt gevert.</p>
+<p>wer kan den hērren von dem knehte scheiden</p>
+<p>swa ẹr ir gebeine blōȥeȥ fünde,</p>
+<p>und hæte er ir joch lebender künde,</p>
+<p>sō gewürme daȥ fleisch verzert?</p>
+<span class = "linenum">485</span>
+<p>im dienent kristen, juden unde heiden,</p>
+<p>der elliu lebendiu wunder nert.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w30">
+<h5><a name = "textIV_487" id = "textIV_487">21.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Ōwē daȥ wīsheit unde tugent,</p>
+<p>des mannes schœne noch sīn jugent</p>
+<p>niht erben sol, sō ie der līp erstirbet!</p>
+<span class = "linenum">490</span>
+<p>daȥ mac wol klagen ein wīser man,</p>
+<p>der sich des schaden versinnen kan.</p>
+<p>Reinmār, waȥ guoter kunst an dir verdirbet!</p>
+<p>dū solt von schulden iemer des genieȥen,</p>
+<p>daȥ dich des tages wolte nie verdrieȥen,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">495</span>
+<p>du’n spræches ie den frouwen wol und guoten wībes siten.</p>
+<p>des suln sie iemer danken dīner zungen.</p>
+<p>und hætest niht wan eine rede gesungen:</p>
+<p>‘<a name = "textIV_498" id = "textIV_498" href = "#textnoteIV_498">sō
+wol dir, wīp, wie reine ein nam!</a>’, dū hætest an gestriten</p>
+<p>ir lobe, daȥ elliu wīp dir iemer gnāden solten biten.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">133</span>
+<div class = "poem w30">
+<h5>22.</h5>
+
+<span class = "linenum">500</span>
+<p>Dēswār, Reinmār, dū riuwes mich</p>
+<p>michels harter denne ich dich,</p>
+<p>obe dū lebtes unde ich wære erstorben</p>
+<p>ich wil’ȥ bī mīnen triuwen sagen:</p>
+<p>dich selben wil ich lützel klagen,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">505</span>
+<p>ich klage dīn edelen kunst, daȥ s’ist verdorben.</p>
+<p>dū kundest al der werlte freude mēren,</p>
+<p>sō du’ȥ ze guoten dingen woltest kēren.</p>
+<p>mich riuwet dīn wol redender munt und dīn vil süeȥer sanc,</p>
+<p>daȥ der verdorben ist bī mīnen zīten.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">510</span>
+<p>daȥ dū niht eine wīle mohtest bīten!</p>
+<p>sō leiste ich dir geselleschaft: mīn singen ist niht lanc.</p>
+<p>dīn sēle müeȥe wol gevarn und habe dīn zunge danc.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name = "textV" id = "textV">V</a><br>
+REINMAR.</h4>
+
+
+<p class = "note">
+Reinmar, often called Reinmar der Alte, was by birth an Alsatian. He
+spent many years of his active life as Court poet at Vienna, where he
+was extremely popular. Next to his rival Walther von der Vogelweide he
+was the most prolific and important lyrical poet of his period, cp.
+<a href = "#textIV_487">ll. 487-512</a>, pp. 132-3. He died some time during
+the first decade of the thirteenth century. See Burdach, Reinmar der
+Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide, Leipzig, 1880, and Bartsch,
+Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften his vierzehnten Jahrhunderts,
+Stuttgart, 1879.</p>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+
+<h5>1</h5>
+
+<p>‘Sī koment underwīlen her</p>
+<p>die baȥ dā heime möhten sīn.</p>
+<p>Ein ritter des ich lange ger,</p>
+<p>bedæhte er baȥ den willen mīn,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">5</span>
+<p>sō wære er z’allen zīten hie,</p>
+<p>als ich in gerne sæhe.</p>
+<p>owē des, waȥ suochent die</p>
+<p>die nīdent daȥ ob iemen guot geschæhe?’</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">134</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Mir ist geschehen daȥ ich niht bin</p>
+<span class = "linenum">10</span>
+<p>langer vrō wan unz ich lebe.</p>
+<p>sī wundert wer mir schœnen sin</p>
+<p>und daȥ hōhgemüete gebe</p>
+<p>daȥ ich zer werlte niht getar</p>
+<p>ze rehte alsō gebāren,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">15</span>
+<p>nie genam ich vrowen war,</p>
+<p>ich wære in holt die mir ze māȥe wāren.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>2</h5>
+
+<p>Ein rede der liute tuot mir&nbsp;wē:</p>
+<p>da enkan ich niht gedulteclīchen zuo gebāren.</p>
+<p>nu tuont si’ȥ alle deste&nbsp;mē:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">20</span>
+<p>sī frāgent mich ze vil von mīner frouwen jāren</p>
+<p>und sprechent welher tage sī&nbsp;sī,</p>
+<p>dur daȥ ich ir sō lange bin gewesen mit triuwen&nbsp;bī;</p>
+<p>sī jehent daȥ es möhte mich verdrieȥen.</p>
+<p>nu lā daȥ aller beste wīp</p>
+<span class = "linenum">25</span>
+<p>ir zühtelōser vrāge mich genieȥen.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>3</h5>
+
+<p>Sī jehent, der sumer der sī hie,</p>
+<p>diu wunne diu sī komen</p>
+<p>und daȥ ich mich wol gehabe als&nbsp;ē.</p>
+<p>nu rātet unde sprechet wie:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">30</span>
+<p>der tōt hāt mir benomen</p>
+<p>daȥ ich niemer überwinde&nbsp;mē.</p>
+<p>waȥ bedarf ich wunneclīcher zīt,</p>
+<p>sīt aller vröuden hērre <a name = "textV_33" id = "textV_33" href =
+"#textnoteV_33">Liutpolt</a> in der erde līt,</p>
+<p>den ich nie tac getrūren sach?</p>
+<span class = "linenum">35</span>
+<p>eȥ hāt diu werlt an ime verlorn</p>
+<p>daȥ ir an manne nie</p>
+<p>sō jæmerlīcher schade geschach.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">135</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+‘Mir armen wībe was ze wol,</p>
+<p>dō ich gedāhte an in</p>
+<span class = "linenum">40</span>
+<p>wie mīn heil an sīnem lībe lac.</p>
+<p>daȥ ich des nū niht haben sol,</p>
+<p>des gāt mit sorgen hin</p>
+<p>swaȥ ich iemer mē geleben mac.</p>
+<p>mīner wunnen spiegel derst verlorn</p>
+<span class = "linenum">45</span>
+<p>den ich mir hete ze sumerlīcher ougen weide erkorn,</p>
+<p>des muoȥ ich leider ænic sīn.</p>
+<p>dō man mir seite er wære tōt,</p>
+<p>zehant wiel mir daȥ bluot</p>
+<p>von herzen ūf die sēle mīn.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">50</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Die fröide mir verboten hāt</p>
+<p>mīns lieben hērren tōt</p>
+<p>alsō deich ir mēr enberen sol.</p>
+<p>sīt des nu niht mac werden rāt,</p>
+<p>in ringe mit der nōt,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">55</span>
+<p>daȥ mīn klagedeȥ herze ist jāmers vol,</p>
+<p>diu in iemer weinet, daȥ bin ich,</p>
+<p>wan er vil sælic man, jā trōste er wol ze lebenne mich.</p>
+<p>der ist nu hin: waȥ töhte ich hie?</p>
+<p>wis ime genædic, hērre got,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">60</span>
+<p>wan tugenthafter gast</p>
+<p>kam in dīn ingesinde nie.’</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>4</h5>
+
+<p>Ich welte ūf guoter liute sage</p>
+<p>und ouch durch mīnes herzen rāt</p>
+<p>ein wīp von der ich dicke trage</p>
+<span class = "linenum">65</span>
+<p>vil manige nōt diu nāhe gāt.</p>
+<p>die swære ich z’allen zīten klage,</p>
+<p>wand eȥ mir kumberlīche stāt.</p>
+<p>ich tet ir schīn den dienst mīn:</p>
+<p>wie möhte ein grœȥer wunder sīn,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">70</span>
+<p>daȥ sī mich des engelten lāt?</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">136</span>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Ze rehter māȥe sol ein man</p>
+<p>beidiu daȥ herze und al den sin</p>
+<p>ze stæte wenden, ob er kan:</p>
+<p>daȥ wirt im līhte ein guot gewin.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">75</span>
+<p>swem dā von ie kein leit <a name = "textV_75" id = "textV_75" href =
+"#textnoteV_75">bekan</a>,</p>
+<p>der weiȥ wol wie’ch gebunden bin.</p>
+<p>ich gloube im wol, als er mir sol.</p>
+<p>von schulden ich den kumber dol:</p>
+<p>ich brāhte selbe mich dar&nbsp;in.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>5</h5>
+
+<span class = "linenum">80</span>
+<p>‘Er hāt ze lange mich gemiten</p>
+<p>den ich mit triuwen nie gemeit.</p>
+<p>von sīner schulde ich hān erliten</p>
+<p>daȥ ich nie grœȥer nōt erleit.</p>
+<p>sō lebt mīn līp nāch sīnem lībe.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">85</span>
+<p>ich bin ein wīp, daȥ im von wībe</p>
+<p>nie liebes mē geschach, swie mir von im geschæhe.</p>
+<p>mīn ouge in gerner nie gesach dann ich in hiute sæhe.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Mir ist vil liebe nu geschehen,</p>
+<p>daȥ mir sō liebe nie geschach.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">90</span>
+<p>sō gerne hān ich sī gesehen</p>
+<p>daȥ ich sī gerner nie gesach.</p>
+<p>ich scheide ir muot von schwachem muote:</p>
+<p>sī ist sō guot, ich wil mit guote</p>
+<p>ir lōnen, ob ich kan, als ich doch gerne kunde.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">95</span>
+<p>vil mēre fröiden ich ir gan dann ich mir selben gunde.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>6</h5>
+
+<p>Wol mich lieber mære,</p>
+<p>diu ich hān vernomen,</p>
+<p>daȥ der winter swære</p>
+<p>welle ze ende komen.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">137</span>
+<span class = "linenum">100</span>
+<p>kūme ich des erbeiten mac,</p>
+<p>want ich fröide niht enpflac</p>
+<p>sīt der kalte rīfe lac.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Mich enhaȥȥet niemen,</p>
+<p>ob ich bin gemeit.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">105</span>
+<p>Weiȥ got, tuot eȥ iemen,</p>
+<p>deist unsælekeit,</p>
+<p>wande ich schaden niht enkan.</p>
+<p>swes ot sī mir wole gan,</p>
+<p>waȥ wil des ein ander man?</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">110</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Solte ich mīne liebe</p>
+<p>bergen unde heln,</p>
+<p>sō müest ich ze diebe</p>
+<p>werden unde steln.</p>
+<p>sinneclīch ich daȥ bewar.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">115</span>
+<p>mīn gewerbe ist anderswar,</p>
+<p>ich gē dannen oder dar.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Sō sī mit dem balle</p>
+<p>trībet kindes spot,</p>
+<p>daȥ’s iht sēre valle,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">120</span>
+<p>daȥ verbiete got.</p>
+<p>megde, lāt iur dringen sīn:</p>
+<p>stōȥet ir mīn frouwelīn,</p>
+<p>so’st der schade halber mīn.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>7</h5>
+
+<p>Ich sach vil wunneclīche stān</p>
+<span class = "linenum">125</span>
+<p>die heide mit den bluomen rōt,</p>
+<p>der vīol der ist wol getān:</p>
+<p>des hāt diu nahtegal ir nōt</p>
+<p>wol überwunden diu sī twanc.</p>
+<p>zergangen ist der winter lanc.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">130</span>
+<p>ich hōrte ir sanc.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">138</span>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Dō ich daȥ grüene loup ersach,</p>
+<p>dō lieȥ ich vil der swære mīn.</p>
+<p>von einem wībe mir geschach</p>
+<p>daȥ ich muoȥ iemer mēre sīn</p>
+<span class = "linenum">135</span>
+<p>vil wunneclīchen wol gemuot.</p>
+<p>eȥ sol mich alleȥ dunken guot</p>
+<p>swaȥ sī mir tuot.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Sī schiet von sorgen mīnen līp,</p>
+<p>daȥ ich dekeine swære hān.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">140</span>
+<p>wan āne sī vier tūsent wīp</p>
+<p>dien heten’s alle niht getān.</p>
+<p>ir güete wendet mīniu leit.</p>
+<p>ich hān sī mir ze friunt bereit,</p>
+<p>swaȥ iemen seit.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">145</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Mir’n mac niht leides widerstān:</p>
+<p>des wil ich gar ān angest sīn.</p>
+<p>ergienge eȥ als ich willen hān,</p>
+<p>sō læge’s an dem arme mīn.</p>
+<p>daȥ mir der schœnen wurde ein teil,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">150</span>
+<p>daȥ diuhte mich ein michel heil,</p>
+<p>und wære ouch geil.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Deich ir sō holdeȥ herze trage,</p>
+<p>daȥ ist in sumelīchen leit.</p>
+<p>dar umbe ich niemer sō verzage:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">155</span>
+<p>sī vliesent alle ir arebeit.</p>
+<p>waȥ hilfet sī ir arger list?</p>
+<p>si’n wiȥȥen wie’ȥ ergangen ist</p>
+<p>in kurzer frist.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>8</h5>
+
+<p>Mīn ougen wurden liebes alsō vol,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">160</span>
+<p>dō ich die minneclīchen ērst gesach,</p>
+<p>daȥ eȥ mir hiute und iemer mē tuot wol.</p>
+<p>ein minneclīcheȥ wunder dō geschach:</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">139</span>
+<p>sī gie mir alse sanfte dur mīn ougen</p>
+<p>daȥ sī sich in der enge niene stieȥ.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">165</span>
+<p>in mīnem herzen sī sich nider lieȥ:</p>
+<p>dā trage ich noch die werden inne tougen.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Lā stān, lā stān! waȥ tuost du, sælic wīp,</p>
+<p>daȥ du mich heimesuochest an der stat,</p>
+<p>dar sō gewalteclīche wībes līp</p>
+<span class = "linenum">170</span>
+<p>mit starker heimesuoche nie getrat?</p>
+<p>genāde, frowe! ich mac dir niht gestrīten.</p>
+<p>mīn herze ist dir baȥ veile danne mir:</p>
+<p>eȥ solde sīn bī mir, nu’st eȥ bī dir:</p>
+<p>des muoȥ ich ūf genāde lōnes bīten.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>9</h5>
+
+<span class = "linenum">175</span>
+<p>Ze fröiden nāhet alle tage</p>
+<p>der werlte ein wunneclīchiu zīt,</p>
+<p>ze senfte maniges herzen klage</p>
+<p>die nu der swære winter gīt.</p>
+<p>von sorge ich dicke sō verzage,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">180</span>
+<p>swenn alsō jæmerlīche līt</p>
+<p>diu heide breit. daȥ ist mir leit.</p>
+<p>diu nahtegal uns schiere seit</p>
+<p>daȥ sich gescheiden hāt der strīt.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w30">
+<h5><a name = "textV_184" id = "textV_184">10</a></h5>
+
+<p>Sō wol dir, wīp, wie reine ein nam!</p>
+<span class = "linenum">185</span>
+<p>wie sanfte er doch z’erkennen und ze nennen ist!</p>
+<p>eȥ wart nie niht sō lobesam,</p>
+<p>swā du’ȥ an rehte güete kērest, sō dū bist.</p>
+<p>dīn lop mit rede nieman wol volenden kan.</p>
+<p>swes dū mit triuwen pfligest wol, der ist ein sælic man</p>
+<span class = "linenum">190</span>
+<p>und mac vil gerne leben.</p>
+<p>dū gīst al der werlte hohen muot:</p>
+<p>maht dū ouch mir ein wēnic freude geben?</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">140</span>
+<h4><a name = "textVI" id = "textVI">VI</a><br>
+ULRICH VON LICHTENSTEIN.</h4>
+
+
+<p class = "note">
+Ulrich von Lichtenstein came of a better-class Styrian family, and was
+born about the year 1200 and died in 1275 or 1276. He was one of the
+best representatives of the later Court lyrical poets. For editions of
+his works, see Lachmann, Ausgabe der Dichtungen Ulrichs von
+Lichtenstein, Berlin, 1841; Bechstein, Ulrichs von Lichtenstein
+Frauendienst, Leipzig, 1887. The following extracts are taken from
+Bartsch, Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften bis vierzehnten
+Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1889.</p>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>1<br>
+Ein tanzwīse, und ist diu vierde wīse.</h5>
+
+<p>In dem walde süeȥe dœne</p>
+<p>singent kleiniu vogellīn.</p>
+<p>an der heide bluomen schœne</p>
+<p>blüejent gegen des meien schīn.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">5</span>
+<p>alsō blüet mīn hōher muot</p>
+<p>mit gedanken gegen ir güete,</p>
+<p>diu mir rīchet mīn gemüete</p>
+<p>sam der troum den armen tuot.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Eȥ ist ein vil hōch gedinge</p>
+<span class = "linenum">10</span>
+<p>den ich gegen ir tugenden trage,</p>
+<p>daȥ mir noch an ir gelinge,</p>
+<p>daȥ ich sælde an ir bejage.</p>
+<p>des gedingen bin ich vrō.</p>
+<p>god geb’ daȥ ich’ȥ wol verende,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">15</span>
+<p>daȥ sie mir den wān iht wende</p>
+<p>der mich freut sō rehte&nbsp;hō.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Sie vil süeȥe, valsches āne,</p>
+<p>vrī vor allem wandel gar,</p>
+<p>lāȥe mich in liebem wāne</p>
+<span class = "linenum">20</span>
+<p>die wīl eȥ niht baȥ envar;</p>
+<p>daȥ diu vreude lange wer,</p>
+<p>daȥ ich weinens iht erwache,</p>
+<p>daȥ ich gegen dem trōste lache</p>
+<p>des ich von ir hulden ger.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">141</span>
+
+<span class = "linenum">25</span>
+<p class = "indent">
+Wünschen unde wol gedenken</p>
+<p>dēst diu meiste vreude mīn.</p>
+<p>des sol mir ir trōst niht wenken,</p>
+<p>sie enlāȥe mich ir sīn</p>
+<p>mit den beiden nāhen&nbsp;bī,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">30</span>
+<p>sō daȥ sie mit willen gunne</p>
+<p>mir von ir sō werder wunne</p>
+<p>daȥ sie sælic immer&nbsp;sī.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Sælic meie, du aleine</p>
+<p>trœstest al die welde gar.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">35</span>
+<p>du und al diu werlt gemeine</p>
+<p>vreut mich min dann umb ein hār.</p>
+<p>wie möht’ ir mir vreude geben</p>
+<p>āne die vil lieben guoten?</p>
+<p>von der sol ich trōstes muoten;</p>
+<span class = "linenum">40</span>
+<p>wan ir trōstes muoȥ ich leben.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "poem w20">
+<h5>2<br>
+Ein sincwīse, und ist diu sibende wīse.</h5>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Wē war umbe sul wir sorgen?</p>
+<p>vreude ist guot.</p>
+<p>von den wīben sol man borgen</p>
+<p>hōhen muot.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">45</span>
+<p>wol im der in kan gewinnen</p>
+<p>von in! der’st ein sælic man.</p>
+<p>freude sol man durch sie minnen,</p>
+<p>wan dā līt vil ēren&nbsp;an.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Wir suln tanzen singen lachen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">50</span>
+<p>durch diu wīp.</p>
+<p>dā mit mac ein man gemachen</p>
+<p>daȥ sīn līp</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">142</span>
+<p>wirdet wert, ob er mit triuwen</p>
+<p>dienet guoter wībe gruoȥ.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">55</span>
+<p>swen sīn dienest wil geriuwen,</p>
+<p>dem wirt selten kumbers buoȥ.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Mit dem waȥȥer man daȥ, fiuwer</p>
+<p>laschet gar:</p>
+<p>vinster ist der sunnen tiuwer.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">60</span>
+<p>beidiu wār</p>
+<p>sint diu mære: ir hœret mēre.</p>
+<p>habet für wār ūf minen līp:</p>
+<p>rehten man von herzen sēre</p>
+<p>scheidet nieman wan diu wīp.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">65</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Owē owē, frowe Minne,</p>
+<p>mir ist&nbsp;wē.</p>
+<p>nu grīf her wie sēre ich brinne.</p>
+<p>kalder snē</p>
+<p>müeste von der hitze brinnen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">70</span>
+<p>diu mir an dem herzen līt.</p>
+<p>kanstu, Minne, triuwe minnen,</p>
+<p>sō hilfestu mir enzīt.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "poem w30">
+<h5>3<br>
+Daȥ ist ein ūȥreise.</h5>
+
+<p>Wil iemen nāch ēren die zīt wol vertrīben,</p>
+<p>ze sælden sich kēren, bī freuden belīben,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">75</span>
+<p>der diene ze flīȥe mit triuwen vil schōne</p>
+<p>nāch der minne lōne: der ist süeȥe, reine,</p>
+<p>vil guot und aleine den guoten gemeine.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Swer volget dem schilde, der sol eȥ enblanden</p>
+<p>dem lībe, dem guote, dem herzen, den handen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">80</span>
+<p>des lōnet vil hōhe mit guotem gewinne</p>
+<p>diu vil werde Minne: diu gīt freud’ und ēre.</p>
+<p>wol ir süeȥen lēre! sie kan trœsten sēre.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">143</span>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Der schilt wil mit zühten vil baltlīcheȥ ellen:</p>
+<p>er haȥȥet, er schiuhet Schand’ und ir gesellen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">85</span>
+<p>got des niht enwelle daȥ man bī im vinde</p>
+<p>sō swachlīch gesinde, er wil daȥ die sīnen</p>
+<p>ūf ēre sich pīnen, in tugenden erschīnen.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Erg’ unde unfuoge und unfuore diu wilde</p>
+<p>gezimt niht dem helme und touc niht dem schilde,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">90</span>
+<p>der schilt ist ein dach daȥ niht schande kan decken.</p>
+<p>sīn blic tæt’ enblecken an ēren die weichen,</p>
+<p>von vorhten erbleichen: diu varwe ist ir zeichen.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Hōchgemuote frouwen, ir sült wol gedenken:</p>
+<p>getriuwen gesellen vil stæte āne wenken</p>
+<span class = "linenum">95</span>
+<p>den minnet, den meinet, mit herzen, mit muote,</p>
+<p>daȥ in iwer huote behalte, behüete</p>
+<p>mit liebe, mit güete, vrī vor ungemüete.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Sie ist āne schulde mir haȥlīch erbolgen</p>
+<p>der ich ze dienste dem schilde wil volgen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">100</span>
+<p>nu hān ich für zürnen noch für herzen sēre</p>
+<p>niht ander schilt mēre wan den trōst aleine,</p>
+<p>daȥ ich sie baȥ meine dann ie wīp deheine.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Gein ir langen kriege setz’ ich mīn gedulde:</p>
+<p>sō stē gein ir haȥȥe ze wer mīn unschulde.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">105</span>
+<p>mīn wer gein den valschen daȥ sol sīn mīn triuwe</p>
+<p>vil süeȥe āne riuwe: mīn kampflīch gewæte</p>
+<p>für ir nīdetæte daȥ sol sīn mīn stæte.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "poem w30">
+<h5>4<br>
+Ditz ist der leich.</h5>
+
+<p>Got füege mir’ȥ ze guote:</p>
+<p>ich bin noch in dem muote</p>
+<span class = "linenum">110</span>
+<p>daȥ ich wil guoten wīben</p>
+<p>mit dienest āne valschen muot immer bī belīben.</p>
+<p>dā von rāt’ ich einen rāt</p>
+<p>der allen wol gemuoten mannen tugentlīchen stāt.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">144</span>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Ich rāt’ iu, ēre gerende man,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">115</span>
+<p>mit triuwen, als ich beste kan:</p>
+<p>ob ir welt werende freude hān,</p>
+<p>sō sīt den wīben undertān</p>
+<p>mit triwen āne valschen muot.</p>
+<p>ir güete ist alsō rehte guot,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">120</span>
+<p>swer in mit triwen dienest tuot,</p>
+<p>den kunnen sie wol machen frō.</p>
+<p>der werlde heil gar an in līt:</p>
+<p>ir güete ist freuden hōchgezīt,</p>
+<p>ir schœne sō vil freuden gīt,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">125</span>
+<p>dā von diu herze stīgent hō.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Werdekeit</p>
+<p>sunder leit</p>
+<p>kunnen sie wol friunden geben.</p>
+<p>swem sō sī</p>
+<span class = "linenum">130</span>
+<p>witze bī,</p>
+<p>der sol nāch ir hulden streben</p>
+<p>unde zinsen in sīn leben:</p>
+<p>daȥ rāte ich ūf die triwe mīn.</p>
+<p>swer ēren sælic welle sīn</p>
+<span class = "linenum">135</span>
+<p>und rīche an hōhem muote,</p>
+<p>der sol mit triwen guotiu wīp</p>
+<p>reht minnen als sīn selbes līp.</p>
+<p>vil guot vor allem guote</p>
+<p>ist der wībe güete, unde ir schœne schœne ob aller schœne.</p>
+<span class = "linenum"><i>140</i></span>
+<p>ir schœne ir güete ir werdikeit ich immer gerne krœne.</p>
+<p>an ir schœne und an ir güete stāt mīn heil und ouch mīn wunne.</p>
+<p>wær’ guoter wībe schœne niht, wie selten ich gewunne</p>
+<p>deheinen ēren gernden muot.</p>
+<p>wol mich daȥ sie sint alsō guot,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">145</span>
+<p>daȥ man hāt von ir güete</p>
+<p>sō hōhen trōst für senediu leit.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">145</span>
+<p>ir schœne, ir güete, ir werdikeit</p>
+<p>gīt mir vil hōch gemüete.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Mīn muot von wīben hōhe stāt.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">150</span>
+<p>waȥ danne ob mir ir einiu hāt</p>
+<p>erzeiget hōhe missetāt?</p>
+<p>dēswār des mac wol werden rāt.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Waȥ sie gegen mir hāt getān,</p>
+<p>daȥ wil ich gerne wiȥȥen lān</p>
+<span class = "linenum">155</span>
+<p>mit zühten, als ich beste kan,</p>
+<p>ūf genāde guotiu wīp.</p>
+<p>ich hān ir driu und zehen jār</p>
+<p>gedienet sunder wenken gar,</p>
+<p>bī mīnen triwen, daȥ ist wār,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">160</span>
+<p>daȥ in der zīt mīn seneder līp</p>
+<p>nie gewan</p>
+<p>sölhen wān,</p>
+<p>des mīn stæte wurde kranc.</p>
+<p>al mīn gir</p>
+<span class = "linenum">165</span>
+<p>was gein ir</p>
+<p>sleht mit triwen āne wanc.</p>
+<p>nu vert entwer ir habedanc</p>
+<p>reht als ein rat daȥ umbe gāt</p>
+<p>und als ein marder den man hāt</p>
+<span class = "linenum">170</span>
+<p>in eine lin gebunden.</p>
+<p>kund’ ich als sie unstæte sīn,</p>
+<p>sō hæt’ ich nāch dem willen mīn</p>
+<p>ān sie ein frowen funden.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Ē daz ich mīn ritterlīche stæte bræch’ an guoten wīben</p>
+<span class = "linenum">175</span>
+<p>ich wold’ ē immer valscher wībe hulde vrī belīben.</p>
+<p>ich muoȥ in der stæten wībe dienest sunder lōn verderben</p>
+<p>oder ich muoȥ ir stæten herzen liebe alsus erwerben</p>
+<p>daȥ ich gewenke nimmer wanc</p>
+<p>von in. ir hōhen habedanc,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">146</span>
+<span class = "linenum">180</span>
+<p>und mag ich den erringen,</p>
+<p>sō hān ich alleȥ daȥ ich wil,</p>
+<p>süeȥ’ ougen wunne, herzen spil,</p>
+<p>vil wunne an allen dingen.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Nu waȥ bedarf mīn seneder līp</p>
+<span class = "linenum">185</span>
+<p>genāden mēr, ob ich ein wīp</p>
+<p>ze frowen vinde alsō gemuot,</p>
+<p>diu sich vor wandel hāt behuot</p>
+<p>und niht wan daȥ beste tuot?</p>
+<p>der sol mīn dienest sīn bereit</p>
+<span class = "linenum">190</span>
+<p>immer mē,</p>
+<p>swie’ȥ ergē,</p>
+<p>sunder valsch mit stætikeit.</p>
+<p>dā von gewinne ich werdikeit</p>
+<p>und alsō freuderīchen sin,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">195</span>
+<p>des ich getiuret immer bin</p>
+<p>an aller hande dingen.</p>
+
+<p class = "indent">
+Vind’ ich sie, ich sol sō ritterlīchen nāch ir hulden ringen.</p>
+<p>daȥ mir von ir stætikeit muoȥ hō an ir gelingen.</p>
+<p>sie muoȥ abr ūf die triwe mīn</p>
+<span class = "linenum">200</span>
+<p>gar vrī vor allem wandel sīn,</p>
+<p>diech mēr mich lāȥe twingen</p>
+<p>und ouch in kumber bringen.</p>
+<p>jā gehœret man mich nimmer mē</p>
+<p>deheines valschen wībes lop gesprechen noch gesingen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<h5>5</h5>
+
+<span class = "linenum">205</span>
+<p>In dem lufte süeȥem meien,</p>
+<p>sō der walt gekleidet stāt,</p>
+<p>sō siht man sich schōne zweien</p>
+<p>alleȥ daȥ iht liebes hāt,</p>
+<p>unde ist mit ein ander vrō.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">210</span>
+<p>daȥ ist reht: diu zīt wil sō.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">147</span>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Swā sich liep ze liebe zweiet,</p>
+<p>hōhen muot diu liebe gīt.</p>
+<p>in der beider herzen meiet</p>
+<p>eȥ mit vreuden alle zīt.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">215</span>
+<p>trūrens wil diu liebe niht,</p>
+<p>swā man liep bī liebe siht.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Swā zwei liep ein ander meinent</p>
+<p>herzenlīchen āne wanc</p>
+<p>und sich beidiu sō vereinent</p>
+<span class = "linenum">220</span>
+<p>daȥ ir liebe ist āne kranc,</p>
+<p>die hāt got zesamne geben</p>
+<p>ūf ein wunneclīcheȥ leben.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Stætiu liebe heiȥet minne.</p>
+<p>liebe, minne, ist al ein:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">225</span>
+<p>die kan ich in mīnem sinne</p>
+<p>niht gemachen wol zuo zwein.</p>
+<p>liebe muoȥ mir minne sīn</p>
+<p>immer in dem herzen mīn.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Swā ein stæteȥ herze vindet</p>
+<span class = "linenum">230</span>
+<p>stæte liebe, stæten muot,</p>
+<p>dā von al sīn trūren swindet.</p>
+<p>stætiu liebe ist alsō guot</p>
+<p>daȥ sie stæte freude gīt</p>
+<p>stætem herzen alle zīt.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">235</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Möhte ich stæte liebe vinden,</p>
+<p>der wold’ ich sō stæte sīn</p>
+<p>daȥ ich dā mit überwinden</p>
+<p>wolde gar die sorge mīn.</p>
+<p>stæter liebe wil ich gern</p>
+<span class = "linenum">240</span>
+<p>unde unstæte gar verbern.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<span class = "pagenum">148</span>
+<h5>6</h5>
+
+<p>Disiu liet diu heiȥent vrowen tanz:</p>
+<p>diu sol niemen singen, er’n sī vrō.</p>
+<p>swer mit zühten treit der freuden kranz,</p>
+<p>und dem sīn muot stāt von wīben&nbsp;hō,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">245</span>
+<p>dem erloube ich sie ze singen wol:</p>
+<p>blīdeclīchen man sie tanzen sol.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Trūren ist ze wāre niemen guot</p>
+<p>wan dem einen der sīn sünde klaget,</p>
+<p>hōhen lop erwirbet hōher muot.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">250</span>
+<p>guoten wīben hōchmuot wol behaget:</p>
+<p>dā von wil ich immer mēre sīn</p>
+<p>hōchgemuot durch dich, guot vrowe mīn.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Vreude gibt mir dīn wol redender munt,</p>
+<p>hōhen muot dīn reine senfte sit’:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">255</span>
+<p>vreuden tou mir ūȥ des herzen grunt</p>
+<p>kumt von dir in elliu mīniu lit.</p>
+<p>got hāt sīnen vlīȥ an dich geleit,</p>
+<p>dā von dī lop ēren krōne treit.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Liehtiu ougen, dā bī brūne brā,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">260</span>
+<p>hāstu und zwei rōtiu wängelīn.</p>
+<p>schœne bistu hie und schœne&nbsp;dā.</p>
+<p>brūn rōt wīȥ, der drīer varwe schīn</p>
+<p>treit dīn hōchgeborner schœner līp.</p>
+<p>tugende hāstu vil, guot wīplīch wīp.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">265</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Daȥ du alsō manege tugende hāst,</p>
+<p>dā von bin ich alles trūrens vrī.</p>
+<p>sō du alsō schœniu vor mir gāst,</p>
+<p>sō ist mir als ich in dem himel&nbsp;sī.</p>
+<p>got sō schœnen engel nie gewan</p>
+<span class = "linenum">270</span>
+<p>den ich für dich wolde sehen an.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">149</span>
+<h4><a name = "textVII" id = "textVII">VII</a><br>
+DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED.</h4>
+
+<p class = "para float">B. Text.</p>
+<!-- vielleicht nur ein Kommentar für Fettschrift -->
+<h5>ĀVENTIURE XVII.</h5>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Wie Kriemhilt ir man klagte und wie er begraben
+wart.</h5>
+
+<p class = "note">
+The following extract is from Bartsch’s edition, Leipzig, 1879.</p>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō erbiten si der nahte &nbsp; &nbsp; und fuoren über Rīn.</p>
+<p>von heleden kunde nimmer &nbsp; &nbsp; wirs gejaget sīn.</p>
+<p>ein tier daȥ si dā sluogen, &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ weinden edeliu
+kint.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">4</span>
+<p>jā muosen sīn engelten &nbsp; &nbsp; vil guote wīgande sint.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Von grōȥer übermüete &nbsp; &nbsp; muget ir hœren sagen,</p>
+<p>und von eislīcher rāche. &nbsp; &nbsp; dō hieȥ Hagene tragen</p>
+<p>Sīfriden alsō tōten &nbsp; &nbsp; von Nibelunge lant</p>
+<span class = "linenum">8</span>
+<p>für eine kemenāten &nbsp; &nbsp; dā man Kriemhilde vant.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Er hieȥ in tougenlīchen &nbsp; &nbsp; legen an die türe,</p>
+<p>daȥ sin dā solde vinden &nbsp; &nbsp; so si gienge derfüre</p>
+<p>him zer mettīne &nbsp; &nbsp; ē daȥ eȥ wurde tac,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">12</span>
+<p>der diu vrouwe Kriemhilt &nbsp; &nbsp; vil selten keine verlac.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Man lūte dā zem münster &nbsp; &nbsp; nāch gewoneheit.</p>
+<p>vrou Kriemhilt diu schœne &nbsp; &nbsp; wahte manige meit:</p>
+<p>ein lieht bat si ir bringen &nbsp; &nbsp; und ouch ir gewant.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">16</span>
+<p>dō kom ein kamerære &nbsp; &nbsp; dā er Sīfriden vant.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Er sah in bluotes rōten: &nbsp; &nbsp; sīn wāt was elliu naȥ.</p>
+<p>daȥ eȥ sīn herre wære, &nbsp; &nbsp; nine wesse er daȥ.</p>
+<p>hin zer kemenāten &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ lieht truog an der hant</p>
+<span class = "linenum">20</span>
+<p>von dem vil leider mære &nbsp; &nbsp; diu vrouwe Kriemhilt
+ervant.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō si mit ir vrouwen &nbsp; &nbsp; zem münster wolde gān,</p>
+<p>dō sprach der kamerære &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘jā sult ir stille stān:</p>
+<p>eȥ līt vor dem gademe &nbsp; &nbsp; ein ritter tōt erslagen.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">24</span>
+<p>dō begonde Kriemhilt &nbsp; &nbsp; vil harte unmæȥlīche klagen.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">150</span>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Ē daȥ si rehte erfunde &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ iȥ wære ir man,</p>
+<p>an die Hagenen vrāge &nbsp; &nbsp; denken si began,</p>
+<p>wie er in solde vristen: &nbsp; &nbsp; dō wart ir ērste leit.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">28</span>
+<p>von ir was allen vreuden &nbsp; &nbsp; mit <a name = "textVII_28" id
+= "textVII_28" href = "#textnoteVII_28">sīme</a> tōde widerseit.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō seic si zuo der erden, &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ si niht ensprach:</p>
+<p>die schœnen vreudelōsen &nbsp; &nbsp; ligen man dō sach.</p>
+<p>Kriemhilde jāmer &nbsp; &nbsp; wart unmāȥen grōȥ:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">32</span>
+<p>do ẹrschrē si <a name = "textVII_32" id = "textVII_32" href =
+"#textnoteVII_32">nāch unkrefte</a> &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ al diu kemenāte
+erdōȥ.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō sprach daȥ gesinde: &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘waȥ ob eȥ ist ein gast?’</p>
+<p>daȥ bluot ir ūȥ dem munde &nbsp; &nbsp; von herzen jāmer brast.</p>
+<p>dō sprach si ‘eȥ ist Sīfrit, &nbsp; &nbsp; der mīn vil lieber
+man:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">36</span>
+<p>eȥ hāt gerāten Prünhilt, &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ eȥ hat Hagene getān.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Diu vrouwe <a name = "textVII_37" id = "textVII_37" href =
+"#textnoteVII_37">bat sich wīsen</a> &nbsp; &nbsp; dā si den helt
+vant.</p>
+<p>si huop sīn schœne houbet &nbsp; &nbsp; mit ir vil wīȥen hant.</p>
+<p>swie rōt eȥ was von bluote, &nbsp; &nbsp; si het in schiere
+erkant.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">40</span>
+<p>dō lac vil jæmerlīche &nbsp; &nbsp; der helt von Nibelunge lant.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō rief vil trūreclīche &nbsp; &nbsp; diu küneginne milt:</p>
+<p>‘owē mir mīnes leides! &nbsp; &nbsp; nu ist dir dīn schilt</p>
+<p>mit swerten niht verhouwen: &nbsp; &nbsp; du līst <a name =
+"textVII_43" id = "textVII_43" href =
+"#textnoteVII_43">ermorderōt</a>.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">44</span>
+<p>unt wesse ich wer iȥ het getān, &nbsp; &nbsp; ich riete im immer
+sīnen tōt.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Alleȥ ir gesinde &nbsp; &nbsp; klagete und scrē</p>
+<p>mit ir lieben vrouwen, &nbsp; &nbsp; wand’ in was harte wē</p>
+<p>umb’ ir vil edelen herren, &nbsp; &nbsp; den si dā heten verlorn.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">48</span>
+<p>dō het gerochen Hagene &nbsp; &nbsp; harte Prünhilde zorn.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō sprach diu jāmerhafte: &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘ir sult hine gān</p>
+<p>und wecket harte balde &nbsp; &nbsp; die Sīfrides man.</p>
+<p>ir sult ouch Sigemunde &nbsp; &nbsp; mīnen jāmer sagen,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">52</span>
+<p>ob er mir helfen welle &nbsp; &nbsp; den küenen Sīfriden klagen.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō lief ein bote balde &nbsp; &nbsp; da ẹr si ligen vant,</p>
+<p>die Sīfrides helede &nbsp; &nbsp; von Nibelunge lant.</p>
+<p>mit den vil leiden mæren &nbsp; &nbsp; ir vreude er in benam.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">56</span>
+<p>si wolden’ȥ niht gelouben &nbsp; &nbsp; unz man daȥ weinen
+vernam.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">151</span>
+<p>Der bote kom ouch schiere &nbsp; &nbsp; dā der künic lac.</p>
+<p>Sigemunt der herre &nbsp; &nbsp; des slāfes niht enpflac:</p>
+<p>ich wæn’ sīn herze im sagete &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ im was geschehen,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">60</span>
+<p>ern möhte sīnen lieben sun &nbsp; &nbsp; lebenden nimmer gesehen.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+‘Wachet, herre Sigemunt. &nbsp; &nbsp; mich bat nāch iu gān</p>
+<p>Kriemhilt mīn vrouwe. &nbsp; &nbsp; der ist ein leit getān</p>
+<p>daȥ ir vor allen leiden &nbsp; &nbsp; an ir herze gāt:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">64</span>
+<p>daȥ sult ir klagen helfen, &nbsp; &nbsp; wand’ eȥ iuch sēre
+bestāt.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Ūf rihte sich dō Sigemunt; &nbsp; &nbsp; er sprach: ‘waȥ sint diu
+leit</p>
+<p>der schœnen Kriemhilde, &nbsp; &nbsp; diu du mir hāst geseit?’</p>
+<p>der bote sprach mit weinen: &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘ine kan iu niht
+verdagen:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">68</span>
+<p>jā ist von Niderlanden &nbsp; &nbsp; der küene Sīfrit erslagen.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō sprach der herre Sigemunt: &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘lāt daȥ schimpfen sīn</p>
+<p>und alsō bœsiu mære &nbsp; &nbsp; durch den willen mīn,</p>
+<p>daȥ ir daȥ saget iemen &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ er sī erslagen:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">72</span>
+<p>wand’ ine kunde in nimmer &nbsp; &nbsp; unz an mīn ende
+verklagen.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+‘Welt ir mir niht gelouben &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ ir mich hœret sagen,</p>
+<p>sō muget ir selbe hœren &nbsp; &nbsp; Kriemhilde klagen</p>
+<p>unt alleȥ ir gesinde &nbsp; &nbsp; den Sīfrides tōt.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">76</span>
+<p>vil sēre erscrac dō Sigemunt: &nbsp; &nbsp; des gie im wærlīchen
+nōt.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Mit hundert sīnen mannen &nbsp; &nbsp; er von den betten spranc.</p>
+<p>si zuhten zuo den handen &nbsp; &nbsp; diu scharpfen wāfen lanc,</p>
+<p>si liefen zuo dem wuofe &nbsp; &nbsp; vil jāmerliche dan.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">80</span>
+<p>dō kōmen tūsent recken &nbsp; &nbsp; des küenen Sīfrides man.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō si sō jæmerlīche &nbsp; &nbsp; die vrouwen hōrten klagen,</p>
+<p>dō wānden sumelīche, &nbsp; &nbsp; si solden kleider tragen.</p>
+<p>janẹ mohten si der sinne &nbsp; &nbsp; vor leide niht gehaben:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">84</span>
+<p>in wart vil michel swære &nbsp; &nbsp; in ir herzen begraben.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō kom der künec Sigemunt &nbsp; &nbsp; da ẹr Kriemhilde vant.</p>
+<p>er sprach: ‘owē der reise &nbsp; &nbsp; here in ditze lant.</p>
+<p>wer hāt mich mīnes kindes &nbsp; &nbsp; und iuch des iuwern man</p>
+<span class = "linenum">88</span>
+<p>bī alsō guoten friunden &nbsp; &nbsp; sus mortlīch <a name =
+"textVII_88" id = "textVII_88" href = "#textnoteVII_88">āne
+getān</a>?’</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">152</span>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+‘Hey solde ich den bekennen,’ &nbsp; &nbsp; sprach daȥ vil edele
+wīp,</p>
+<p>‘holt enwurde im nimmer &nbsp; &nbsp; mīn herze unt ouch mīn līp:</p>
+<p>ich geriete im alsō leide &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ die friunde sīn</p>
+<span class = "linenum">92</span>
+<p>von den mīnen schulden &nbsp; &nbsp; müesen <a name = "textVII_92" id
+= "textVII_92" href = "#textnoteVII_92">weinende sīn</a>.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Sigemunt der herre &nbsp; &nbsp; den fürsten umbeslōȥ.</p>
+<p>dō wart von sīnen vriunden &nbsp; &nbsp; der jāmer alsō grōȥ</p>
+<p>daȥ von dem starken wuofe &nbsp; &nbsp; palas unde sal</p>
+<span class = "linenum">96</span>
+<p>und ouch diu stat ze Wormeȥ &nbsp; &nbsp; von ir weinen erschal.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Donẹ kunde niemen trœsten &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ Sīfrides wīp.</p>
+<p>man zōch ūȥ den kleidern &nbsp; &nbsp; den sīnen schœnen līp.</p>
+<p>man wuosch im sīne wunden &nbsp; &nbsp; unt leit’ in ūf
+den&nbsp;rē.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">100</span>
+<p>dō was sīnen liuten &nbsp; &nbsp; von grōȥem jāmere wē.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō sprāchen* sīne recken &nbsp; &nbsp; von Nibelunge lant:</p>
+<p>‘in sol immer rechen &nbsp; &nbsp; mit willen unser hant.</p>
+<p>er ist in dirre bürge, &nbsp; &nbsp; der iȥ hāt getān.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">104</span>
+<p>dō īlten nāch wāfen &nbsp; &nbsp; alle Sīfrides man.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Die ūȥ erwelten degene &nbsp; &nbsp; mit schilden kōmen dar,</p>
+<p>einlef hundert recken: &nbsp; &nbsp; die hete an sīner schar</p>
+<p>Sigemunt der herre. &nbsp; &nbsp; sīnes sunes tōt</p>
+<span class = "linenum">108</span>
+<p>den wolde er gerne rechen: &nbsp; &nbsp; des gie im wærlīchen
+nōt.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Sinẹ wessen wen si solden &nbsp; &nbsp; mit strīte dō bestān,</p>
+<p>sīne tæten’ȥ Gunther &nbsp; &nbsp; unde sīne man,</p>
+<p>mit den der herre Sīfrit &nbsp; &nbsp; an daȥ gejegede reit.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">112</span>
+<p>Kriemhilt sach si gewāfent: &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ was ir grœȥlīche
+leit.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Swie michel wær’ ir jāmer &nbsp; &nbsp; und swie starc ir nōt,</p>
+<p>dō vorhte si harte &nbsp; &nbsp; der Nibelunge tōt</p>
+<p>von ir bruoder mannen, &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ si eȥ understuont.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">116</span>
+<p>si warnt’ si güetlīche &nbsp; &nbsp; sō vriunde liebe vriunde
+tuont.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō sprach diu jāmers rīche: &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘mīn her Sigemunt,</p>
+<p>wes welt ir beginnen? &nbsp; &nbsp; iu ist niht rehte kunt.</p>
+<p>jā hāt der künic Gunther &nbsp; &nbsp; sō manigen küenen man:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">120</span>
+<p>ir welt iuch alle vliesen, &nbsp; &nbsp; welt ir die recken
+bestān.’</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">153</span>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Mit ūf erbürten schilden &nbsp; &nbsp; in was ze strīte nōt.</p>
+<p>diu edel küneginne &nbsp; &nbsp; bat und ouch gebōt</p>
+<p>daȥ siȥ mīden solden, &nbsp; &nbsp; die recken vil gemeit.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">124</span>
+<p>dō siȥ niht lāȥen wolden, &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ was ir wærlīchen
+leit.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Si sprach: ‘herre Sigemunt, &nbsp; &nbsp; ir sult iȥ lāȥen stān</p>
+<p>unz eȥ sich baȥ gefüege: &nbsp; &nbsp; sō wil ich mīnen man</p>
+<p>immer mit iu rechen. &nbsp; &nbsp; der mir in hāt benomen,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">128</span>
+<p>wirde ich des bewīset, &nbsp; &nbsp; ich sol im schedelīche
+komen.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Eȥ ist der übermüeten &nbsp; &nbsp; hie bī Rīne vil:</p>
+<p>dā von ich iu des strītes &nbsp; &nbsp; rāten niht enwil.</p>
+<p>si habent wider einen &nbsp; &nbsp; ie wol drīȥec man.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">132</span>
+<p>nu lāȥ’ in got gelingen &nbsp; &nbsp; als si umb uns gedienet
+hān.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Ir sult hie belīben, &nbsp; &nbsp; unt dolt mit mir diu leit;</p>
+<p>als iȥ tagen beginne, &nbsp; &nbsp; ir helde vil gemeit,</p>
+<p>sō helfet mir besarken &nbsp; &nbsp; den mīnen lieben man.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">136</span>
+<p>dō sprāchen die degene: &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘daȥ sol werden getān.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Iu enkunde niemen &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ wunder volsagen</p>
+<p>von rittern unt von vrouwen, &nbsp; &nbsp; wie man die hōrte
+klagen,</p>
+<p>sō daȥ man des wuofes &nbsp; &nbsp; wart in der stat geware.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">140</span>
+<p>die edelen burgære &nbsp; &nbsp; die kōmen gāhende dare.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Si klageten mit den gesten, &nbsp; &nbsp; want in was harte leit.</p>
+<p>die Sīfrides schulde &nbsp; &nbsp; in niemen het geseit,</p>
+<p>durch waȥ der edele recke &nbsp; &nbsp; verlüre den sīnen līp.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">144</span>
+<p>dō weinden mit den vrouwen &nbsp; &nbsp; der guoten burgære wīp.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Smide hieȥ man gāhen, &nbsp; &nbsp; wurken einen sarc,</p>
+<p>von silber und von golde, &nbsp; &nbsp; vil michel unde starc.</p>
+<p>man hieȥ in vaste spengen &nbsp; &nbsp; mit stahel, der was guot.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">148</span>
+<p>dō was al den liuten &nbsp; &nbsp; harte trūrec der muot.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Diu naht was zergangen: &nbsp; &nbsp; man sagte eȥ wolde tagen.</p>
+<p>dō hieȥ diu edele vrouwe &nbsp; &nbsp; zuo den münster tragen</p>
+<p>Sīfrit den herren, &nbsp; &nbsp; ir vil lieben man.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">152</span>
+<p>swaȥ er dā vriunde hēte, &nbsp; &nbsp; die sach man weinende gān.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">154</span>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō sị in zem munster brāhten,// vil der gloken klanc.</p>
+<p>dō hōrt’ man allenthalben &nbsp; &nbsp; vil maniges pfaffen sanc.</p>
+<p>dō kom der künic Gunther &nbsp; &nbsp; mit den sīnen man</p>
+<span class = "linenum">156</span>
+<p>und ouch der grimme Hagene &nbsp; &nbsp; zuo dem wuofe gegān.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Er sprach: ‘vil liebiu swester, &nbsp; &nbsp; owē der leide dīn,</p>
+<p>daȥ wir niht mohten āne &nbsp; &nbsp; des grōȥen schaden sīn.</p>
+<p>wir müeȥen klagen immer &nbsp; &nbsp; den Sīfrides līp.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">160</span>
+<p>‘daȥ tuot ir āne schulde’, &nbsp; &nbsp; sprach daȥ jāmerhafte
+wīp.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+‘Wær’ iu dar umbe leide, &nbsp; &nbsp; son wær’ es niht geschehen.</p>
+<p>ir hetet mīn vergeȥȥen, &nbsp; &nbsp; des mag ich wol jehen,</p>
+<p>da ịch dā wart gescheiden &nbsp; &nbsp; von mīme lieben man.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">164</span>
+<p>daȥ wolde got’, sprach Kriemhilt, &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘wær’ iȥ mir selber
+getān.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Si buten vaste ir lougen. &nbsp; &nbsp; Kriemhilt begonde jehen</p>
+<p>‘swelher sich unschuldige, &nbsp; &nbsp; der lāȥe daȥ gesehen;</p>
+<p>der sol zuo der bāre &nbsp; &nbsp; vor den liuten gēn.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">168</span>
+<p>dā bī mac man die wārheit &nbsp; &nbsp; harte schiere verstēn.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Daȥ ist ein michel wunder: &nbsp; &nbsp; vil dicke eȥ noch geschiht,</p>
+<p>swā man den mortmeilen &nbsp; &nbsp; bī dem tōten siht,</p>
+<p>sō bluotent im die wunden: &nbsp; &nbsp; als ouch dā gescach.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">172</span>
+<p>dā von man die sculde &nbsp; &nbsp; dā ze Hagenen gesach.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Die wunden vluȥȥen sēre &nbsp; &nbsp; alsam si tāten&nbsp;ē.</p>
+<p>die ē dā sēre klageten, &nbsp; &nbsp; des wart nu michel&nbsp;mē.</p>
+<p>dō sprach der künic Gunther &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘ich wil’ȥ iuch wiȥȥen
+lān.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">176</span>
+<p>in sluogen schāchære: &nbsp; &nbsp; Hagene hāt es niht getān.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+‘Mir sint die schāchære’, &nbsp; &nbsp; sprach si, ‘vil wol bekant.</p>
+<p>nu lāȥe eȥ got errechen &nbsp; &nbsp; noch sīner vriunde hant.</p>
+<p>Gunther unde Hagene, &nbsp; &nbsp; jā habet ir iȥ getān.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">180</span>
+<p>die Sīfrides degene &nbsp; &nbsp; heten dō ze strīte wān.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō sprach aber Kriemhilt: &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘nu habt mit mir die nōt.’</p>
+<p>dō kōmen dise beide &nbsp; &nbsp; dā si in funden tōt,</p>
+<p>Gērnōt ir bruoder &nbsp; &nbsp; und Gīselher daȥ kint.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">184</span>
+<p>in triuwen si in klageten &nbsp; &nbsp; mit den anderen sint.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">155</span>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Si weinden inneclīche &nbsp; &nbsp; den Kriemhilde man.</p>
+<p>man solde messe singen: &nbsp; &nbsp; zuo dem münster dan</p>
+<p>giengen allenthalben &nbsp; &nbsp; man wīp unde kint.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">188</span>
+<p>die sīn doch līhte enbāren, &nbsp; &nbsp; die weinden Sīfriden
+sint.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Gērnōt und Gīselher &nbsp; &nbsp; sprāchen: ‘swester mīn,</p>
+<p>nu trœste dich nāch tōde, &nbsp; &nbsp; als iȥ doch muoȥ sīn.</p>
+<p>wir wellen dich’s ergetzen &nbsp; &nbsp; die wīle unt wir
+geleben.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">192</span>
+<p>donẹ kunde ir trōst deheinen &nbsp; &nbsp; zer werlde niemen
+gegeben.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Sīn sarc der was bereitet &nbsp; &nbsp; wol umbe’n mitten tac.</p>
+<p>man huop in von der bāre &nbsp; &nbsp; dā er ūfe lac.</p>
+<p>in wolde noch diu frouwe &nbsp; &nbsp; lāȥen niht begraben.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">196</span>
+<p>des muosen al die liute &nbsp; &nbsp; michel arebeite haben.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+In einen rīchen pfellel &nbsp; &nbsp; man den tōten want.</p>
+<p>ich wæne man dā iemen &nbsp; &nbsp; āne weinen vant.</p>
+<p>dō klagete herzenlīche &nbsp; &nbsp; Uote, ein edel wīp,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">200</span>
+<p>und alleȥ ir gesinde &nbsp; &nbsp; den sīnen wætlīchen līp.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō man daȥ gehōrte, &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ man zem münster sanc,</p>
+<p>unt in gesarket hēte, &nbsp; &nbsp; dō huop sich grōȥ gedranc:</p>
+<p>durch willen sīner sēle &nbsp; &nbsp; waȥ opfers man dō truoc!</p>
+<span class = "linenum">204</span>
+<p>er hete bī den vīnden &nbsp; &nbsp; doch guoter vriunde genuoc.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Kriemhilt diu arme &nbsp; &nbsp; zir kameræren sprach:</p>
+<p>‘si suln durch mīne liebe &nbsp; &nbsp; līden ungemach,</p>
+<p>die im iht guotes günnen &nbsp; &nbsp; und mir wesen holt;</p>
+<span class = "linenum">208</span>
+<p>durch Sīfrides sēle &nbsp; &nbsp; sol man teilen sīn golt.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dehein kint was sō kleine &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ witze mohte haben,</p>
+<p>daȥ muose gēn zem opfer. &nbsp; &nbsp; ē ẹr wurde begraben,</p>
+<p>baȥ danne hundert messe &nbsp; &nbsp; man dā des tages sanc.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">212</span>
+<p>von Sīfrides vriunden &nbsp; &nbsp; wart dō grōȥer gedranc.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō man dā hete gesungen, &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ volc <a name = "textVII_213"
+id = "textVII_213" href = "#textnoteVII_213">huop sich von dan</a>.</p>
+<p>dō sprach diu vrouwe Kriemhilt &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘irn sult niht eine
+lān</p>
+<p>hīnte mich bewachen &nbsp; &nbsp; den ūȥ erwelten degen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">216</span>
+<p>eȥ ist an sīme lībe &nbsp; &nbsp; al mīn vreude gelegen.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">156</span>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Drī tage und drī nahte &nbsp; &nbsp; wil ich in lāȥen stān,</p>
+<p>unz ich mich geniete &nbsp; &nbsp; mīns vil lieben man.</p>
+<p>waȥ ob daȥ got gebiutet &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ mich ouch nimet der
+tōt?</p>
+<span class = "linenum">220</span>
+<p>sō wære wol verendet &nbsp; &nbsp; mīn armer Kriemhilde nōt.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Zen herbergen giengen &nbsp; &nbsp; die liute von der stat.</p>
+<p>pfaffen unde müniche &nbsp; &nbsp; si belīben bat</p>
+<p>und alleȥ sīn gesinde, &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ des heldes pflac.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">224</span>
+<p>si heten naht vil arge &nbsp; &nbsp; unt vil müelīchen tac.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Ān eȥȥen und ān trinken &nbsp; &nbsp; beleip dā manic man.</p>
+<p>die eȥ nemen wolden, &nbsp; &nbsp; den wart daȥ kunt getān,</p>
+<p>daȥ man’s in den vollen gæbe: &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ schuof Sigemunt.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">228</span>
+<p>dō was den Nibelungen &nbsp; &nbsp; vil michel arebeite kunt.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Die drīe tagezīte, &nbsp; &nbsp; sō wir hœren sagen,</p>
+<p>die dā kunden singen, &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ si muosen tragen</p>
+<p>vil der arebeite. &nbsp; &nbsp; waȥ man in opfers truoc!</p>
+<span class = "linenum">232</span>
+<p>die vil arme wāren, &nbsp; &nbsp; die wurden rīche genuoc.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Swaȥ man vant der armen &nbsp; &nbsp; die es niht mohten hān,</p>
+<p>die hieȥ man doch zem opfer &nbsp; &nbsp; mit dem golde gān</p>
+<p>ūȥ sīn selbes kamere. &nbsp; &nbsp; do ẹr niht solde leben,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">236</span>
+<p>umbe sīne sēle &nbsp; &nbsp; wart manic tūsent marc gegeben.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Urbor ūf der erden &nbsp; &nbsp; teilte s’in diu lant,</p>
+<p>swā sō man diu klōster &nbsp; &nbsp; und guote liute vant.</p>
+<p>silber unde wæte &nbsp; &nbsp; gap man den armen gnuoc.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">240</span>
+<p>si tet dem wol gelīche &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ sim holden willen truoc.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+An dem dritten morgen &nbsp; &nbsp; ze rehter messezīt</p>
+<p>sō was bī dem münster &nbsp; &nbsp; der kirchof alsō wīt</p>
+<p>von den lantliuten &nbsp; &nbsp; weinens alsō vol:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">244</span>
+<p>si dienden im nāch tōde &nbsp; &nbsp; als man lieben vriunden
+sol.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+In den tagen vieren, &nbsp; &nbsp; man hāt gesaget daȥ,</p>
+<p>ze drīȥec tūsent marken, &nbsp; &nbsp; oder dannoch baȥ,</p>
+<p>wart durch sīne sēle &nbsp; &nbsp; den armen dā gegeben.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">248</span>
+<p>dō was gelegen ringe &nbsp; &nbsp; sīn grōȥiu schœne und ouch sīn
+leben.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">157</span>
+<p>Dō gote dā wart gedienet &nbsp; &nbsp; und daȥ man vol gesanc,</p>
+<p>mit ungefüegem leide &nbsp; &nbsp; vil des volkes ranc.</p>
+<p>man hieȥ in ūȥ dem münster &nbsp; &nbsp; zuo dem grabe tragen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">252</span>
+<p>die sīn ungern enbāren, &nbsp; &nbsp; die sah man weinen unde
+klagen.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Vil lūte scrīende &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ liut gie mit im dan:</p>
+<p>vrō enwas dā niemen, &nbsp; &nbsp; weder wīp noch man.</p>
+<p>ē daȥ man in begrüebe, &nbsp; &nbsp; man sanc unde las:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">256</span>
+<p>hey waȥ guoter pfaffen &nbsp; &nbsp; ze sīner pīfilde was!</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Ē daȥ zem grabe kœme &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ Sīfrides wīp,</p>
+<p>dō ranc mit solhem jāmer &nbsp; &nbsp; der ir getriuwer līp,</p>
+<p>daȥ man si mit dem brunnen &nbsp; &nbsp; vil dicke dā vergōȥ.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">260</span>
+<p>eȥ was ir ungemüete &nbsp; &nbsp; vil harte unmæȥlīchen grōȥ.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Eȥ was ein michel wunder &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ si ie genas.</p>
+<p>mit klage ir helfende &nbsp; &nbsp; manic vrouwe was.</p>
+<p>dō sprach diu küneginne: &nbsp; &nbsp; ‘ir Sīfrides man,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">264</span>
+<p>ir sult durch iuwer triuwe &nbsp; &nbsp; an mir genāde begān.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Lāt mir nāch mīme leide &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ kleine liep geschehen,</p>
+<p>daȥ ich sīn schœne houbet &nbsp; &nbsp; noch eines müeȥe sehen.’</p>
+<p>dō bat si’s alsō lange &nbsp; &nbsp; mit jāmers sinnen starc,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">268</span>
+<p>daȥ man zebrechen muose &nbsp; &nbsp; den vil hērlīchen sarc.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō brāhte man die vrouwen &nbsp; &nbsp; dā si in ligen vant.</p>
+<p>si huop sīn schœne houbet &nbsp; &nbsp; mit ir vil wīȥen hant;</p>
+<p>dō kuste s’ alsō tōten &nbsp; &nbsp; den edelen ritter guot.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">272</span>
+<p>ir vil liehten ougen &nbsp; &nbsp; vor leide weineten bluot.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Ein jæmerlīcheȥ scheiden &nbsp; &nbsp; wart dō dā getān.</p>
+<p>dō truoc man si von dannen: &nbsp; &nbsp; sine mohte niht gegān.</p>
+<p>dō vant man sinnelōse &nbsp; &nbsp; daȥ hērlīche wīp.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">276</span>
+<p>vor leide möht’ ersterben &nbsp; &nbsp; der ir vil wünneclīcher
+līp.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza">
+Dō man den edelen herren &nbsp; &nbsp; hete nu begraben,</p>
+<p>leit āne māȥe &nbsp; &nbsp; sah man die alle haben</p>
+<p>die mit im komen wāren &nbsp; &nbsp; von Nibelunge lant.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">280</span>
+<p>vil selten vrœlīchen &nbsp; &nbsp; man dō Sigemunden vant.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">158</span>
+<p>Dō was der etelīcher &nbsp; &nbsp; der drīer tage lanc</p>
+<p>vor dem grōȥem leide &nbsp; &nbsp; niht aȥ noch entranc.</p>
+<p>doch mohten si dem lībe &nbsp; &nbsp; sō gar geswīchen niht:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">284</span>
+<p>si nerten sich nāch sorgen, &nbsp; &nbsp; sō noch genuogen
+geschiht.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name = "textVIII" id = "textVIII">VIII</a><br>
+WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH.</h4>
+
+
+<p class = "note">
+Wolfram von Eschenbach was a native of Bavaria. Of his life little is
+known, not even the exact dates of his birth and death. He flourished in
+the latter part of the twelfth and early part of the thirteenth century,
+and was by far the best and most extensive representative of the Court
+epic poetry. He is best known by his Parzival, which contains 24,812
+lines divided up into sixteen books. The following extract is taken from
+Book III. For editions of his works, see Lachmann, Wolfram von
+Eschenbach, Berlin, 1833, fifth edition, Berlin, 1891; Bartsch,
+Wolfram’s von Eschenbach Parzival und Titurel, Leipzig, 1875.</p>
+
+<div class = "poem w25">
+<p class = "indent">
+Sich zōch diu frouwe jāmers balt</p>
+<p>ūȥ ir lande in einen walt,</p>
+<p>zer waste in Soltāne;</p>
+<p>niht durch bluomen ūf die plāne,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">5</span>
+<p>ir herzen jāmer was sō ganz,</p>
+<p>sinẹ kērte sich an keinen kranz,</p>
+<p>er wære rōt oder val.</p>
+<p>sie brāhte dar durch flühtesal</p>
+<p>des werden Gahmuretes kint.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">10</span>
+<p>liute, die bī ir dā sint,</p>
+<p>müeȥen būwen unde riuten.</p>
+<p>sie kunde wol getriuten</p>
+<p>ir sun. ē daȥ sich der versan,</p>
+<p>ir volc sie gar für sich gewan:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">15</span>
+<p>eȥ wære man oder wīp,</p>
+<p>den gebōt sie allen an den līp,</p>
+<p><a name = "textVIII_17" id = "textVIII_17" href =
+"#textnoteVIII_17">daȥ se iemer rīters wurden lūt</a>.</p>
+<p>‘wan friesche daȥ mīns herzen trūt,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">159</span>
+<p>welch rīters leben wære,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">20</span>
+<p>daȥ wurde mir vil swære.</p>
+<p>nu habet iuch an der witze kraft,</p>
+<p>und helt in alle rīterschaft.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Der site fuor angestlīche vart.</p>
+<p>der knappe alsus verborgen wart</p>
+<span class = "linenum">25</span>
+<p>zer waste in Soltāne erzogen,</p>
+<p>an küneclīcher fuore betrogen;</p>
+<p>eȥ ẹnmöhte an eime site sīn:</p>
+<p>bogen unde bölzelīn</p>
+<p>die sneit er mit sīn selbes hant,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">30</span>
+<p>und schōȥ vil vogele die er vant.</p>
+<p>swenne ab er den vogel erschōȥ,</p>
+<p>des schal von sange ē was sō grōȥ,</p>
+<p>sō weinde er unde roufte sich,</p>
+<p>an sīn hār kērt’ er gerich.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">35</span>
+<p>sīn līp was klār unde fier:</p>
+<p>ūf dem plān am rivier</p>
+<p>twuog er sich alle morgen.</p>
+<p>er’n kunde niht gesorgen,</p>
+<p>eȥ ẹnwære ob im der vogelsanc,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">40</span>
+<p>die suoȥe in sīn herze dranc:</p>
+<p>daȥ erstracte im sīniu prüstelīn.</p>
+<p>al <a name = "textVIII_42" id = "textVIII_42" href =
+"#textnoteVIII_42">weinde</a> er lief zer künegīn.</p>
+<p>sō sprach sie ‘wer hāt dir getān?</p>
+<p>du wær’ hin ūȥ ūf den plān.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">45</span>
+<p>er’n kunde es ir gesagen niht,</p>
+<p>als kinden līhte noch geschiht.</p>
+<p>dem mære gienc sie lange nāch.</p>
+<p>eins tages sie in kapfen sach</p>
+<p>ūf die boume nāch der vogele schal.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">50</span>
+<p>sie wart wol innen daȥ zeswal</p>
+<p>von der stimme ir kindes brust.</p>
+<p>des twang in art und sīn gelust.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">160</span>
+<p>frou Herzeloyde kērte ir haȥ</p>
+<p>an die vogele, sine wesse um waȥ:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">55</span>
+<p>sie wolte ir schal verkrenken.</p>
+<p>ir būliutẹ und ir enken</p>
+<p>die hieȥ sie vaste gāhen,</p>
+<p>vogele würgen unde vāhen.</p>
+<p>die vogele wāren baȥ geriten:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">60</span>
+<p>etslīches sterben wart vermiten:</p>
+<p>der bleip dā lebendic ein teil,</p>
+<p>die sīt mit sange wurden geil.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Der knappe sprach zer künegīn</p>
+<p>‘waȥ wīȥet man den vogelīn?’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">65</span>
+<p>er gerte in frides sā zestunt.</p>
+<p>sīn muoter kuste in an den munt:</p>
+<p>diu sprach ‘wes wende ich sīn gebot,</p>
+<p>der doch ist der hœhste got?</p>
+<p>suln vogele durch mich fröude lān?’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">70</span>
+<p>der knappe sprach zer muoter sān</p>
+<p>‘owē muoter, waȥ ist got?’</p>
+<p>‘sun, ich sage dir’ȥ āne spot.</p>
+<p>er ist noch liehter denn’ der tag,</p>
+<p>der antlitzes sich bewac</p>
+<span class = "linenum">75</span>
+<p>nāch menschen antlitze.</p>
+<p>sun, merke eine witze,</p>
+<p>und flēhe in umbe dīne nōt:</p>
+<p>sīn triwe der werlde ie helfe bōt.</p>
+<p>sō heiȥet einẹr der helle wirt:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">80</span>
+<p>der ịst swarz, untriuwe in niht verbirt.</p>
+<p>von dem kēr’ dīne gedanke,</p>
+<p>und och von zwīvels wanke.’</p>
+<p><a name = "textVIII_83" id = "textVIII_83" href =
+"#textnoteVIII_83">sīn muoter underschiet im gar</a></p>
+<p>daȥ vinster unt daȥ lieht gevar.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">85</span>
+<p>dar nāch sīn snelheit verre spranc.</p>
+<p>er lerntẹ den gabylōtes swanc,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">161</span>
+<p>dā mite er manegen hirz erschōȥ:</p>
+<p>des sīn muoter und ir volc genōȥ.</p>
+<p>eȥ wære æber oder snē,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">90</span>
+<p>dem wilde tet’ sīn schieȥen wē.</p>
+<p>nu hœret fremdiu mære.</p>
+<p>swenne er’rschōȥ daȥ swære,</p>
+<p>des wære ein mūl geladen genuoc,</p>
+<p>als unzerworht hin heim er’ȥ truoc.</p>
+
+<span class = "linenum">95</span>
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Eins tages gieng er den weideganc</p>
+<p>an einer halden, diu was lanc:</p>
+<p>er brach durch blates stimme ‘en zwīc.</p>
+<p>dā nāhen bī im gienc ein stīc:</p>
+<p>dā hōrt’ er schal von huofslegen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">100</span>
+<p>sīn gabylōt begund’er wegen:</p>
+<p>dō sprach er ‘waȥ hān ich vernomen?</p>
+<p>wan wolte et nu der tiuvel komen</p>
+<p>mit grimme zorneclīche!</p>
+<p>den bestüende ich sicherlīche.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">105</span>
+<p>mīn muoter freisen von im saget:</p>
+<p>ich wæne ir ellen sī verzaget.’</p>
+<p>alsus stuont er in strītes ger.</p>
+<p>nu seht, dort kom geschūftet her</p>
+<p>drī rīter nāch wunsche var,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">110</span>
+<p>von fuoȥe ūf gewāpent gar.</p>
+<p>der knappe wānde sunder spot,</p>
+<p>daȥ ieslīcher wære ein got.</p>
+<p>dō stuont ouch er niht langer hie,</p>
+<p>in’ȥ phat viel er ūf sīniu knie.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">115</span>
+<p>lūte rief der knappe sān</p>
+<p>‘hilf, got: du maht wol helfe hān.’</p>
+<p>der vorder zornes sich bewac,</p>
+<p>dō der knappe im phade lac:</p>
+<p>‘dirre tœrsche Wāleise</p>
+<span class = "linenum">120</span>
+<p>unsich wendet gāher reise.’</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">162</span>
+<p>ein prīs den wir Beier tragen,</p>
+<p>muoȥ ich von Wāleisen sagen:</p>
+<p>die sint tœrscher denne beiersch her,</p>
+<p>und doch bī manlīcher wer.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">125</span>
+<p>swer in den zwein landen wirt,</p>
+<p>gefuoge ein wunder an im birt.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Dō kom geleischieret</p>
+<p>und wol gezimieret</p>
+<p>ein rīter, dem was harte gāch.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">130</span>
+<p>er reit in strīteclīchen nāch,</p>
+<p>die verre wāren von im komen:</p>
+<p>zwēn’ rīter heten im genomen</p>
+<p>ein’ frouwen in sīm’ lande,</p>
+<p>den helt eȥ dūhte schande:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">135</span>
+<p>in müetẹ der juncfrouwen leit,</p>
+<p>diu jæmerlīche vor in reit.</p>
+<p>dise drī wāren sīne man.</p>
+<p>er reit ein schœne kastelān:</p>
+<p>sīns schildes was vil wēnic ganz.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">140</span>
+<p>er hieȥ Karnahkarnanz</p>
+<p><a name = "textVIII_141" id = "textVIII_141" href =
+"#textnoteVIII_141">leh cons</a> Ulterlec.</p>
+<p>er sprach ‘wer irret uns den wec?’</p>
+<p>sus fuor er zuome knappen sān.</p>
+<p>den dūhte er als ein got getān:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">145</span>
+<p>er’n het’ ē sō liehtes niht erkant.</p>
+<p>ūfẹm towe der wāpenroc erwant.</p>
+<p>mit guldīn schellen kleine</p>
+<p>vor ietwederem beine</p>
+<p>wārn die stegreife erklenget</p>
+<span class = "linenum">150</span>
+<p>unt ze rehter māȥe erlenget.</p>
+<p>sīn zeswer arm von schellen klanc,</p>
+<p>swar er’n bōt oder swanc.</p>
+<p>der was durch swertslege sō hel:</p>
+<p>der helt was gein prīse snel.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">163</span>
+<span class = "linenum">155</span>
+<p>sus fuor der fürste rīche,</p>
+<p>gezimiert wünneclīche.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+<a name = "textVIII_157" id = "textVIII_157" href =
+"#textnoteVIII_157">Aller manne schœne ein bluomen kranz</a>,</p>
+<p>den vrāgte Karnahkarnanz</p>
+<p>‘junchērre, sāht ir für iuch varen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">160</span>
+<p>zwēn’ rīter die sich niht bewaren</p>
+<p>kunnen an rīterlīcher zunft?</p>
+<p>sie ringent mit der nōtnunft</p>
+<p>und sint an werdekeit verzaget:</p>
+<p>sie füerent roubes eine maget.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">165</span>
+<p>der knappe wānde, swaȥ er sprach,</p>
+<p>eȥ wære got, als ime verjach</p>
+<p>frou Herzeloyd’ diu künegīn,</p>
+<p>do s’im underschiet den liehten schīn.</p>
+<p>dō rief er lūte sunder spot</p>
+<span class = "linenum">170</span>
+<p>‘nu hilf mir, helfe rīcher got.’</p>
+<p>vil dicke viel an sīn gebet</p>
+<p><a name = "textVIII_172" id = "textVIII_172" href =
+"#textnoteVIII_172">fil li roy</a> Gahmuret.</p>
+<p>der fürste sprach ‘ich pin niht got,</p>
+<p>ich leiste ab gerne sīn gebot.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">175</span>
+<p>du maht his vier rīter sehen,</p>
+<p>ob du ze rehte kundest spehen.’</p>
+<p>der knappe frāgte fürbaȥ</p>
+<p>‘du nennest rīter: waȥ ist daȥ?</p>
+<p>hāstu niht gotelīcher kraft,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">180</span>
+<p>sō sage mir, wer gīt rīterschaft.’</p>
+<p>‘daȥ tuot der künec Artūs.</p>
+<p>junchērre, komet ir in des hūs,</p>
+<p>der bringet iuch an rīters namen,</p>
+<p>daȥ ir’s iuch niemer durfet schamen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">185</span>
+<p>ir muget wol sīn von rīters art.’</p>
+<p>von den helden er geschouwet wart:</p>
+<p>dō lac diu gotes kunst an ime.</p>
+<p>von der āventiurẹ ich daȥ nime,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">164</span>
+<p>diu mich mit wārheit des beschiet:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">190</span>
+<p>nie mannes varwe baȥ geriet</p>
+<p>vor ime sīt Adāmes zīt.</p>
+<p>des wart sīn lop von wīben wīt.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Aber sprach der knappe sān</p>
+<p>dā von ein lachen wart getān.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">195</span>
+<p>‘ay rīter got, waȥ mahtu sīn?</p>
+<p>du hāst sus manec vingerlīn</p>
+<p>an dīnen līp gebunden,</p>
+<p>dort oben unt hie unden.’</p>
+<p>aldā begreif des knappen hant</p>
+<span class = "linenum">200</span>
+<p>swaȥ er īsers ame fürsten vant:</p>
+<p>des harnasch begunder schouwen.</p>
+<p>‘mīner muoter juncfrouwen</p>
+<p>ir vingerīn an snüeren tragent,</p>
+<p>diu niht sus an ein ander ragent.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">205</span>
+<p>der knappe sprach durch sīnen muot</p>
+<p>‘war zuo ist ditze guot,</p>
+<p>daȥ dich sō wol kan schicken?</p>
+<p>i’ne mages niht abe gezwicken.’</p>
+<p>der fürste im zeigete sā sīn swert:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">210</span>
+<p>‘nu sich, swer an mich strītes gert,</p>
+<p>des selben wer ich mich mit slegen:</p>
+<p>für die sīne muoȥ ich an mich legen,</p>
+<p>und für den schuȥ und für den stich</p>
+<p>muoȥ ich alsus wāpen mich.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">215</span>
+<p>aber sprach der knappe snel</p>
+<p>‘ob die hirze trüegen sus ir vel,</p>
+<p>son’ verwunt’ ir niht mīn gabylōt.</p>
+<p>der vellet manger vor mir tōt.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Die rīter zurnden daȥ er hielt</p>
+<span class = "linenum">220</span>
+<p>bi dem knappen der vil tumpheit wielt.</p>
+<p>der fürste sprach ‘got hüete dīn.</p>
+<p>ōwī wan wær’ dīn schœne mīn!</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">165</span>
+<p>dir hete got den wunsch gegeben,</p>
+<p>ob du mit witzen soldest leben.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">225</span>
+<p>diu gotes kraft dir virre leit.’</p>
+<p>die sīne und och er selbe reit,</p>
+<p>unde gāheten balde</p>
+<p>z’einem velde in dem walde.</p>
+<p>dā vant der gefüege</p>
+<span class = "linenum">230</span>
+<p>frōn Herzeloyden phlüege.</p>
+<p>ir volke leider nie geschach;</p>
+<p>die er balde eren sach:</p>
+<p>si bẹgunden sæn, dar nāch egen,</p>
+<p>ir gart ob starken ohsen wegen.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">235</span>
+<p>der fürste in guoten morgen bōt,</p>
+<p>und frāgte sẹ, op sie sæhen nōt</p>
+<p>eine juncfrouwen līden,</p>
+<p>sine kunden niht vermiden,</p>
+<p>swes er vrāgt’, daȥ wart gesaget.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">240</span>
+<p>‘zwēne rīter und ein maget</p>
+<p>dā riten hiute morgen.</p>
+<p>diu frouwe fuor mit sorgen:</p>
+<p><a name = "textVIII_243" id = "textVIII_243" href =
+"#textnoteVIII_243">mit sporen sie vaste ruorten</a>,</p>
+<p>die die juncfrouwen fuorten.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">245</span>
+<p>eȥ was Meljahkanz.</p>
+<p>den ergāhte Karnachkarnanz,</p>
+<p>mit strīte er ime die frouwen nam:</p>
+<p>diu was dā vor fröuden lam.</p>
+<p>sie hieȥ Īmāne</p>
+<span class = "linenum">250</span>
+<p>von der Bēāfontāne.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Die būliute verzageten,</p>
+<p>dō die helde für sie jageten.</p>
+<p>sie sprāchen ‘wie’st uns sus geschehen?</p>
+<p>hāt unser junchērre ersehen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">255</span>
+<p>ūf disen rītern helme schart,</p>
+<p>sonẹ hān wir uns niht wol bewart.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">166</span>
+<p>wir sulen der küneginne haȥ</p>
+<p>von schulden hœren umbe daȥ,</p>
+<p>wand’ er mit uns dā her lief</p>
+<span class = "linenum">260</span>
+<p>hiute morgen dō sie dannoch slief.’</p>
+<p>der knappe enruochte ouch wer dō schōȥ</p>
+<p>die hirze kleine unde grōȥ:</p>
+<p>er huop sich gein der muoter wider,</p>
+<p>und sagete ir mær’. dō viel sie nider:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">265</span>
+<p>sīner worte sie sō sēre erschrac,</p>
+<p>daȥ sị unversunnen vor im lac.</p>
+<p>dō diu küneginne</p>
+<p>wider kom z’ir sinne,</p>
+<p>swie sie dā vor wær’ verzaget,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">270</span>
+<p>dō sprach sie ‘sun, wer hāt gesaget</p>
+<p>dir von rīters orden?</p>
+<p>wā bist du’s innen worden?’</p>
+<p>‘muoter, ich sach vier man</p>
+<p>noch liehter danne got getān:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">275</span>
+<p>die sageten mir von rīterschaft.</p>
+<p>Artūses küneclīchiu kraft</p>
+<p>sol mich nāch rīters ēren</p>
+<p>an schildes ambet kēren.’</p>
+<p>sich huop ein niuwer jāmer hie.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">280</span>
+<p>diu frouwe enwesse rehte, wie</p>
+<p>daȥ sie ir den list erdæhte</p>
+<p>unde in von dem willen bræhte.</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Der knappe tump unde wert</p>
+<p>iesch von der muoter dicke ein pfert.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">285</span>
+<p>daȥ begunde sẹ in ir herzen klagen.</p>
+<p>sie dāhte ‘i’n wil im niht versagen:</p>
+<p>eȥ muoȥ aber vil bœse sīn.’</p>
+<p>dō gedāhte mēr diu künegīn</p>
+<p>‘der liute vil bī spotte sint.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">290</span>
+<p>tōren kleider sol mīn kint</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">167</span>
+<p>ob sīme liehten lībe tragen.</p>
+<p>wirt er geroufet unt geslagen,</p>
+<p>sō kumet er mir her wider wol.’</p>
+<p>ōwē der jæmerlīchen dol!</p>
+<span class = "linenum">295</span>
+<p>diu frouwe nam ein sactuoch:</p>
+<p>sie sneit im hemede unde bruoch,</p>
+<p>daȥ doch an eime stücke erschein,</p>
+<p>unz enmitten an sīn blankeȥ bein.</p>
+<p>daȥ wart für tōren kleit erkant.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">300</span>
+<p>ein gugel man obene drūfe vant.</p>
+<p>al frisch rūch kelberīn</p>
+<p>von einer hūt zwei ribbalīn</p>
+<p>nāch sīnen beinen wart gesniten.</p>
+<p>dā wart grōȥ jāmer niht vermiten.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">305</span>
+<p>diu künegīn was alsō bedāht,</p>
+<p>sie bat belīben in die naht.</p>
+<p>‘dunẹ solt niht hinnen kēren,</p>
+<p>ich wil dich list ē lēren.</p>
+<p>an ungebanten strāȥen</p>
+<span class = "linenum">310</span>
+<p>soltu tunkel fürte lāȥen:</p>
+<p>die sīhte unde lūter sīn,</p>
+<p>dā solte al balde rīten&nbsp;īn.</p>
+<p>du solt dich site nieten,</p>
+<p>der werelde grüeȥen bieten.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">315</span>
+<p>ob dich ein grā wīse man</p>
+<p>zuht wil lērn als er wol kan,</p>
+<p>dem soltu gerne volgen,</p>
+<p>und wis im niht erbolgen.</p>
+<p>sun, lā dir bevolhen sīn,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">320</span>
+<p>swa du guotes wībes vingerlīn</p>
+<p>mügest erwerben unt ir gruoȥ,</p>
+<p>daȥ nim: eȥ tuot dir kumbers buoȥ.</p>
+<p>du solt z’ir kusse gāhen</p>
+<p>und ir līp vast’ umbevāhen:</p>
+<span class = "linenum">325</span>
+<p>daȥ gīt gelücke und hōhen muot,</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">168</span>
+<p>op sie kiusche ist unde guot.</p>
+<p>du solt och wiȥȥen, sun mīn,</p>
+<p>der stolze küene Lähelīn</p>
+<p>dīnen fürsten abe ervaht zwei lant,</p>
+<span class = "linenum">330</span>
+<p>diu sollen dienen dīner hant,</p>
+<p>Wāleis und Norgāls.</p>
+<p>ein dīn fürste Turkentals</p>
+<p>den tōt von sīner hende enphienc:</p>
+<p>dīn volc er sluoc unde vienc.’</p>
+<span class = "linenum">335</span>
+<p>‘diz riche ich, muoter, ruocht es got:</p>
+<p>in verwundet noch mīn gabylōt.’</p>
+
+<p class = "stanza indent">
+Des morgens dō der tag erschein,</p>
+<p>der knappe balde wart enein,</p>
+<p>im was gein Artūse gāch.</p>
+<span class = "linenum">340</span>
+<p>frou Herzeloyde in kuste und lief im nāch.</p>
+<p>der werelde riuwe aldā geschach.</p>
+<p>dō sie ir sun niht langer sach</p>
+<p>(der reit enwec: wem’st deste baȥ?),</p>
+<p>dō viel diu frouwe valsches laȥ</p>
+<span class = "linenum">345</span>
+<p>ūf die erde, aldā sie jāmer sneit</p>
+<p>dō daȥ se ein sterben niht vermeit.</p>
+<p>ir vil getriulīcher tōt</p>
+<p>der frouwen wert’ die hellenōt.</p>
+<p>ōwol sie daȥ se ie muoter wart!</p>
+<span class = "linenum">350</span>
+<p>sus fuor die lōnes bernden vart</p>
+<p>ein wurzel der güete</p>
+<p>und ein stam der diemüete.</p>
+<p>ōwē daȥ wir nu niht enhān</p>
+<p>ir sippe unz an den eilften spān!</p>
+<span class = "linenum">355</span>
+<p>des wirt gevelschet manec līp.</p>
+<p>doch solten nu getriuwiu wīp</p>
+<p>heiles wünschen disem knaben,</p>
+<p>der sich hie von ir hāt erhaben.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div> <!-- end div texts -->
+
+<hr class = "mid">
+
+<div class = "notes">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">169</span>
+<h3><a name = "textnotes" id = "textnotes">
+NOTES</a></h3>
+
+<p class = "note">
+[The references refer to the paragraphs in the Grammar.]</p>
+
+<p class = "mynote">
+All notes are directly linked to the text referenced.</p>
+
+
+<h5>I. BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "noteA" id = "noteA" href = "#tagA">p. 79, l. 13.</a>
+<b>werdent sehende</b>, will see.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "noteB" id = "noteB" href = "#tagB">p. 79, l. 19.</a>
+<b>daȥ si anders niht enpflæge</b>, see §§ <a href =
+"#para102"><b>102</b></a>, <a href = "#para108"><b>108</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "noteC" id = "noteC" href = "#tagC">p. 81, l. 34.</a>
+<b>von sō getāner freude</b>, of joy of such a beautiful kind.</p>
+
+
+<h5>II. LANTREHTBUOCH</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "noteD" id = "noteD" href = "#tagD">p. 83, l. 26.</a>
+<b>mege</b>, pres. subj. of <b>mac</b>, see <a href =
+"#para93">§&nbsp;<b>93</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "noteE" id = "noteE" href = "#tagE">p. 85, l. 15.</a>
+<b>sempervrīen</b>, from <b>sentbærevrīen</b>, the highest class of
+freemen.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "noteF" id = "noteF" href = "#tagF">p. 85, l. 17.</a>
+<b>miter</b> = <b>mitter(e)</b>, <i>aj. nom. pl.</i>, middle, see
+<a href = "#para9_2">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h5>III. DER ARME HEINRICH</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_6" id = "textnoteIII_6" href = "#textIII_6">l.
+6.</a>
+<b>im</b>, is reflexive, see §§ <a href = "#para66"><b>66</b></a>,
+<a href = "#para104"><b>104</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_24" id = "textnoteIII_24" href =
+"#textIII_24">ll. 24-5.</a>
+That this one (er) may pray to God for the salvation of Heinrich’s
+soul.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_31" id = "textnoteIII_31" href =
+"#textIII_31">l. 31.</a>
+<b>ze Swāben</b> = in the country of the Swabians, i.e. Swabia.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_38" id = "textnoteIII_38" href =
+"#textIII_38">l. 38.</a>
+<b>ze handen haben</b>, possess.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_50" id = "textnoteIII_50" href =
+"#textIII_50">l. 50.</a>
+<b>versworn</b>, <i>pp.</i> of <b>verswern</b>, <a href = "#para86">§
+<b>86</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_101" id = "textnoteIII_101" href =
+"#textIII_101">l. 101.</a>
+<b>des muge wir</b>: <b>des</b> is dependent on <b>ein wāreȥ bilde</b>;
+for <b>muge</b>, see <a href = "#para74n">§&nbsp;<b>74</b>,
+note</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_106" id = "textnoteIII_106" href =
+"#textIII_106">l. 106.</a>
+<b>sehent</b> = <b>sehet</b>, imperative.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_133" id = "textnoteIII_133" href =
+"#textIII_133">l. 133-4.</a>
+<b>dō . . . alrēst</b>, as soon&nbsp;as.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_164" id = "textnoteIII_164" href =
+"#textIII_164">l. 164.</a>
+<b>eime</b> = <b>eineme</b>, see <a href = "#para9_3">§
+<b>9</b>,&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_190" id = "textnoteIII_190" href =
+"#textIII_190">l. 190.</a>
+<b>gnislich</b> = <b>genislich</b>, cp. <a href = "#para9_7">§
+<b>9</b>,&nbsp;7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_239" id = "textnoteIII_239" href =
+"#textIII_239">l. 239.</a>
+<b>für die selben frist</b>, since then.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_240" id = "textnoteIII_240" href =
+"#textIII_240">ll. 240-1.</a>
+no longer any hopes of being healed.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">170</span>
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_257" id = "textnoteIII_257" href =
+"#textIII_257">l. 257.</a>
+<b>sich abe tuon</b>, renounce, resign.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_351" id = "textnoteIII_351" href =
+"#textIII_351">l. 351.</a>
+<b>getwelte</b>, had dwelt, see <a href =
+"#para106">§&nbsp;<b>106</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_372" id = "textnoteIII_372" href =
+"#textIII_372">ll. 372-3.</a>
+The construction is <b>sō ze Salerne vil meister</b> (<i>gen.</i>)
+<b>von arzenīen ist</b>, see <a href =
+"#para102">§&nbsp;<b>102</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_376" id = "textnoteIII_376" href =
+"#textIII_376">l. 376.</a>
+<b>kunde</b> for <b>kundet</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_486" id = "textnoteIII_486" href =
+"#textIII_486">l. 486.</a>
+<b>es</b> <i>gen.</i> is dependent on <b>niht</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_547" id = "textnoteIII_547" href =
+"#textIII_547">l. 547.</a>
+<b>sich ein dinc an nemen</b>, to take a thing to heart.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_591" id = "textnoteIII_591" href =
+"#textIII_591">l. 591.</a>
+<b>mohter</b> = <b>mohte er</b>, see <a href =
+"#para65n3">§&nbsp;<b>65</b>, note&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_621" id = "textnoteIII_621" href =
+"#textIII_621">l. 621.</a>
+<b>die wīle daȥ</b>, so long as.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_640" id = "textnoteIII_640" href =
+"#textIII_640">l. 640.</a>
+<b>wan</b> = <b>waȥ ne</b>, why not.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_756" id = "textnoteIII_756" href =
+"#textIII_756">l. 756.</a>
+<b>verswīge wir</b> is the imperative, cp. also <a href =
+"#textnoteIII_101">note to l. 101</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIII_846" id = "textnoteIII_846" href =
+"#textIII_846">l. 846.</a>
+<b>dīme</b> = <b>dīneme</b>, see <a href =
+"#para9_3">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h5>IV. WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_144" id = "textnoteIV_144" href =
+"#textIV_144">l. 144.</a>
+<b>kond</b> <i>pret.</i> of <b>kan</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_174" id = "textnoteIV_174" href =
+"#textIV_174">ll. 174-5.</a>
+They would imagine themselves ruined if they did not exercise a stern
+rule. On the omission of the negative see <a href =
+"#para108">§&nbsp;<b>108</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_178" id = "textnoteIV_178" href =
+"#textIV_178">l. 178.</a>
+<b>tiuschiu zunge</b>, German language, i.e. Germany.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_182" id = "textnoteIV_182" href =
+"#textIV_182">l. 182.</a>
+<b>bekērā</b>, see <b>ā</b> in the Glossary.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_185" id = "textnoteIV_185" href =
+"#textIV_185">l. 185.</a>
+<b>Philippe</b> is <i>dative</i>; <b>en</b> = <b>den</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_187" id = "textnoteIV_187" href =
+"#textIV_187">l. 187.</a>
+<b>man . . . wībe</b> are the <i>gen. plural</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_214" id = "textnoteIV_214" href =
+"#textIV_214">l. 214.</a>
+<b>guoter</b> is <i>gen. plural</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_232" id = "textnoteIV_232" href =
+"#textIV_232">l. 232.</a>
+<b>bluomen . . . wunder</b>, a great multitude of flowers.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_250" id = "textnoteIV_250" href =
+"#textIV_250">l. 250.</a>
+<b>daȥ sie schiere got gehœne!</b> may God curse them soon.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_255" id = "textnoteIV_255" href =
+"#textIV_255">l. 255.</a>
+<b>Der uns freude wider bræhte</b>, if anyone would bring us joy
+again.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_285" id = "textnoteIV_285" href =
+"#textIV_285">l. 285.</a>
+<b>bien</b> = <b>bī den</b>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_292" id = "textnoteIV_292" href =
+"#textIV_292">l. 292.</a>
+<b>weder ir</b>, which of the two.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_308" id = "textnoteIV_308" href =
+"#textIV_308">l. 308.</a>
+<b>hōhste</b> (weak form) <b>name</b>, the most beautiful <i>or</i>
+precious name.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_429" id = "textnoteIV_429" href =
+"#textIV_429">l. 429.</a>
+<b>du lā dir niht ze wē sīn nāch dem guote</b>, do not worry yourself
+too much about wealth.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_475" id = "textnoteIV_475" href =
+"#textIV_475">ll. 475-6.</a>
+Very many call thee father, who will not recognize me as their
+brother.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteIV_498" id = "textnoteIV_498" href =
+"#textIV_498">ll. 498-9.</a>
+See Extracts from Reinmar, <a href = "#textV_184">ll. 184-192</a>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">171</span>
+<h5>V. REINMAR</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteV_33" id = "textnoteV_33" href = "#textV_33">l.
+33.</a>
+<b>Liutpolt</b>: Duke Leopold VI of Austria.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteV_75" id = "textnoteV_75" href = "#textV_75">l.
+75.</a>
+<b>bekan</b> = <b>bekam</b>.</p>
+
+
+<h5>VII. DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVII_28" id = "textnoteVII_28" href =
+"#textVII_28">l. 28.</a>
+<b>sīme</b> = <b>sīneme</b>, see <a href =
+"#para9_3">§&nbsp;<b>9</b>,&nbsp;3</a>; <b>widerseit</b> =
+<b>widersaget</b>, <a href = "#para37">§ <b>37</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVII_32" id = "textnoteVII_32" href =
+"#textVII_32">l. 32.</a>
+<b>nāch unkrefte</b>, after she had regained her consciousness.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVII_37" id = "textnoteVII_37" href =
+"#textVII_37">l. 37.</a>
+<b>bat sich wīsen</b>, asked them to lead her&nbsp;to.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVII_43" id = "textnoteVII_43" href =
+"#textVII_43">l. 43.</a>
+<b>ermorderōt</b>, older form of <i>pp.</i> of <b>ermordern</b>, see
+<a href = "#para88n">§&nbsp;<b>88</b>, note</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVII_88" id = "textnoteVII_88" href =
+"#textVII_88">l. 88.</a>
+<b>āne tuon</b>, with <i>gen.</i> and <i>acc.</i>, bereave, rob.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVII_92" id = "textnoteVII_92" href =
+"#textVII_92">l. 92.</a>
+<b>weinende sīn</b> = <b>weinen</b>, see <a href =
+"#para106">§&nbsp;<b>106</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVII_213" id = "textnoteVII_213" href =
+"#textVII_213">l. 213.</a>
+<b>huop sich von dan</b>, betook themselves away.</p>
+
+
+<h5>VIII. PARZIVAL</h5>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_17" id = "textnoteVIII_17" href =
+"#textVIII_17">l. 17.</a>
+that they should never mention the word ‘knight’. On the omission of the
+negative see <a href = "#para108">§&nbsp;<b>108</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_42" id = "textnoteVIII_42" href =
+"#textVIII_42">l. 42.</a>
+<b>weinde</b> = <b>weinende</b>, see <a href =
+"#para29">§&nbsp;<b>29</b></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_83" id = "textnoteVIII_83" href =
+"#textVIII_83">ll. 83-4.</a>
+The mother explained to him fully the difference between darkness and
+light, i.e. between the Devil and God.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_141" id = "textnoteVIII_141" href =
+"#textVIII_141">l. 141.</a>
+<b>leh cons</b> = <b>le (li) cons</b>, the Count.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_157" id = "textnoteVIII_157" href =
+"#textVIII_157">ll. 157-8.</a>
+K. asked him, who was the perfection of human beauty.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_172" id = "textnoteVIII_172" href =
+"#textVIII_172">l. 172.</a>
+<b>fil li roy</b>, son of the king.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_243" id = "textnoteVIII_243" href =
+"#textVIII_243">l. 243.</a>
+Supply <b>ros</b> as object.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- end div notes -->
+
+<hr class = "mid">
+
+<div class = "glossary">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">172</span>
+<h3><a name = "glossary" id = "glossary">
+GLOSSARY</a></h3>
+
+
+<h5><i>ABBREVIATIONS</i></h5>
+
+<table summary = "abbreviations used in glossary">
+<tr>
+<td><i>sm.</i>, <i>sf.</i>, <i>sn.</i>,</td>
+<td>= strong masculine, &amp;c.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>sv.</i></td>
+<td>= strong verb.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>wm.</i>, <i>wf.</i>, <i>wn.</i>,</td>
+<td>= weak masculine, &amp;c.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>wv.</i></td>
+<td>= weak verb.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>pret.-pres.</i></td>
+<td>= preterite-present.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>pn.</i></td>
+<td>= proper name.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "note">
+The remaining abbreviations need no explanation.</p>
+
+<p class = "note">
+The Roman numeral after a verb indicates the class to which the verb
+belongs. The ordinary numerals after a word indicate the paragraph in
+the Grammar where the word either occurs or some peculiarity of it is
+explained.</p>
+
+<h5>
+<a href = "#gloss_A">A</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_B">B</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_C">C</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_D">D</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_E">E</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_F">F</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_G">G</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_H">H</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_I">I</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_J">J</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_K">K</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_L">L</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_M">M</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_N">N</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_O">O</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_P">P</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_Q">Q</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_R">R</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_S">S</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_T">T</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_U">U</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_V">V</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_W">W</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#gloss_Z">Z</a>
+</h5>
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_A" id = "gloss_A">
+A</a></p>
+<p><b>ā</b>, <i>interj.</i> added to the imperative, nouns, and
+particles;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>neinā</b>, certainly not.</p>
+
+<p><b>ab</b>, <b>abe</b>, <i>prep. c. dat.</i> of, from;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> away, away from, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aber</b>, <b>abr</b>, <b>ab</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>cj.</i> again,
+once more, but;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>aber sprëchen</b>, answer, reply.</p>
+
+<p><b>acker</b>, <i>sm.</i> field, acre, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>,
+<a href = "#para31_2">31.2</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Adām</b>, <i>pn.</i> Adam.</p>
+
+<p><b>adamas</b>, <i>sm.</i> diamond.</p>
+
+<p><b>æber</b>, <i>sn.</i> place where the snow has melted away.</p>
+
+<p><b>ænic</b> (with <i>gen.</i>), <i>aj.</i> bereft.</p>
+
+<p><b>äher</b> (OHG. <b>ahir</b>), <i>sn.</i> ear of corn.</p>
+
+<p><b>aht(e)</b>, <i>num.</i> eight, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aht(e)</b>, <i>sf.</i> attention, meditation; station,
+position.</p>
+
+<p><b>ahtede</b>, <i>num.</i> eighth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ahten</b>, <i>wv.</i> observe, consider, deliberate.</p>
+
+<p><b>ah(t)zëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> eighteen,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ah(t)zëhende</b>, <i>num.</i> eighteenth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ah(t)zic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> eighty,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ah(t)zigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> eightieth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>al</b> (<i>infl.</i> <b>aller</b>, <b>alleȥ</b>, <b>alliu</b>
+(<b>älliu</b>, <b>elliu</b>)), <i>aj.</i> all;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>al dā</b>, there, thereupon;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>al dō</b>, as soon as;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>al ein</b>, all one, the same;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>aller hande</b>, of all kinds;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>alle wëge</b>, everywhere, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>aleine</b>, <i>av.</i> alone.</p>
+
+<p><b>allenthalben</b>, <i>av.</i> on all sides.</p>
+
+<p><b>allertegelīch</b>, <i>av.</i> daily.</p>
+
+<p><b>alleȥ</b>, <i>av.</i> always, already.</p>
+
+<p><b>allmahtic</b> (<b>almähtic</b>, <b>almehtic</b>), <i>aj.</i>
+all-powerful, almighty.</p>
+
+<p><b>almuosen</b>, <i>sn.</i> alms, charity.</p>
+
+<p><b>alrēst</b> = <b>aller ērst</b>, at first.</p>
+
+<p><b>als</b>, see <b>alsō</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alsam</b>, <i>av.</i> as, just as, <a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alsō</b> (<b>alse</b>, <b>als</b>), <i>av.</i> as, just as, so,
+likewise,&nbsp;<a href = "#para69">69</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>alse dar</b>, always, all the time.</p>
+
+<p><b>alsolch</b> = <b>solch</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alsus</b> (<b>alsust</b>), <i>av.</i> in this manner, so,
+thus.</p>
+
+<p><b>alt</b>, <i>aj.</i> old, former, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,
+<a href = "#para57">57</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>alter</b>, <i>sn.</i> age.</p>
+
+<p><b>alwære</b>, <i>aj.</i> foolish.</p>
+
+<p><b>alze</b>, <i>av.</i> too, too much.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">173</span>
+<p><b>alzehant</b>, <i>av.</i> on the spot, at once, immediately.</p>
+
+<p><b>am</b> = <b>an dëm</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ambet</b>, <i>sn.</i> service, office, calling.</p>
+
+<p><b>anblic</b>, <i>sm.</i> look.</p>
+
+<p><b>ander</b>, <i>num.</i> and <i>pr.</i> other, second, <a href =
+"#para55">55</a>, <a href = "#para62">62</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>anders</b>, <i>av.</i> otherwise, else;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>niht anderswan</b>, nothing but.</p>
+
+<p><b>anderswar</b>, <i>av.</i> elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p><b>ane</b> (<b>an</b>), <i>prep. c. dat.</i> or <i>acc.</i> on, by,
+in;&nbsp;of; along with; until, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>an dën līp</b>, by (their) life, on the penalty of (their) life;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>an dër stat</b>, at once, on the spot.</p>
+
+<p><b>āne</b> (<b>ān</b>), <i>av.</i> alone, free, deprived&nbsp;of;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>eines āne wërden</b>, to lose;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>cj.</i> except;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>prep. c. acc.</i> or <i>gen.</i> without, except, next&nbsp;to.</p>
+
+<p><b>ange</b>, <i>av.</i> narrowly, exactly, carefully, anxiously,
+<a href = "#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>anger</b>, <i>sm.</i> grass plot.</p>
+
+<p><b>angesiht</b>, <i>sf.</i> sight.</p>
+
+<p><b>angest</b>, <i>smf.</i> care, sorrow, anxiety.</p>
+
+<p><b>anges(t)lich</b>, <i>aj.</i> anxious, fearful, dangerous,
+terrible.</p>
+
+<p><b>anme</b>, <b>amme</b>, <b>ame</b>, <b>am</b> = <b>an dëme</b>,
+<a href = "#para68n2">68 note&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ansëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, look at, behold.</p>
+
+<p><b>anst</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>enste</b>), <i>sf.</i> favour,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>antlütze</b>, <b>antlitze</b>, <i>sn.</i> face, countenance.</p>
+
+<p><b>antwürten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>antwurte</b>), <i>wv.</i>
+answer.</p>
+
+<p><b>apfel</b>, <i>sm.</i> apple, <a href = "#para31_2">31.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ar</b>, <i>wm.</i> eagle, <a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href =
+"#para50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>arbeit</b> (<b>arebeite</b>), <i>sf.</i> work, trouble, grief.</p>
+
+<p><b>arbeitsam</b>, <i>aj.</i> painful, troublesome.</p>
+
+<p><b>arc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>aj.</i> bad, mischievous, wicked.</p>
+
+<p><b>arm</b>, <i>aj.</i> poor, helpless, unhappy,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para57">57</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>arm</b>, <i>sm.</i> arm.</p>
+
+<p><b>armuot</b>, <i>sf.</i> poverty, want.</p>
+
+<p><b>art</b>, <i>smf.</i> inborn manner, nature, quality; origin,
+descent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Artūs</b>, <i>pn.</i> Arthur, king of Britain.</p>
+
+<p><b>arzāt</b>, <i>sm.</i> physician.</p>
+
+<p><b>arzenīe</b>, <i>sf.</i> medicine, remedy.</p>
+
+<p><b>ās</b>, <i>sn.</i> carrion, <a href = "#para28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ātem</b>, <i>sm.</i> breath, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>āventiure</b>, <i>sf.</i> wonderful event</p>
+
+<p><b>ay</b>, <i>interj.</i> ah! alas!</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_B" id = "gloss_B">
+B</a></p>
+
+<p><b>bābest</b>, <i>sm.</i> pope.</p>
+
+<p><b>bāgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, quarrel, <a href =
+"#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bal</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>sm.</i> ball.</p>
+
+<p><b>balde</b>, <i>av.</i> boldly, bravely, valiantly; quickly;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>balde wërden enein</b>, be quickly resolved.</p>
+
+<p><b>balt</b>, <i>aj.</i> courageous, full of courage, firm,
+unyielding.</p>
+
+<p><b>baltlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> courageous.</p>
+
+<p><b>bange</b>, <i>aj.</i> anxious, <a href = "#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bannen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, banish, expel, put under the
+ban,&nbsp;<a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bar</b>, <i>aj.</i> bare, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bāre</b>, <i>sf.</i> bier.</p>
+
+<p><b>bat</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> bath, flood of tears.</p>
+
+<p><b>baȥ</b>, <i>av.</i> better, more, <a href = "#para61">61</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>baȥ geriten</b>, quicker;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>baȥ veile</b>, of less value;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wëm’st deste baȥ?</b>, who feels joy at this parting?</p>
+
+<p><b>Bēāfontāne</b>, <i>pn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>bedāht</b>, <i>p.p.</i> thoughtful, intent.</p>
+
+<p><b>bēde</b> = <b>beide</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bedecken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-dacte</b>, <b>-dahte</b>),
+<i>wv.</i> cover,&nbsp;<a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bedenken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-dāhte</b>, <i>subj. pret.</i>
+<b>-dæhte</b>), think over, consider;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sich dës willen bedenken</b>, decide upon a thing.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">174</span>
+
+<p><b>bediuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> expound;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>refl.</i> mark, denote.</p>
+
+<p><b>bedrieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, seem troublesome <i>or</i>
+irksome.</p>
+
+<p><b>bedunken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-dūhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> seem,
+appear.</p>
+
+<p><b>bedurfen</b>, <b>bedürfen</b> (<i>pr. sing.</i> <b>-darf</b>),
+<i>pret. pres.</i>, need, require;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+see <b>durfen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>begān</b>, <i>anom. v.</i> to do a thing;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>refl.</i> live;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+see <b>gān</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>begieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, pour over, moisten.</p>
+
+<p><b>beginnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III (<i>pret.</i> also weak
+<b>begunde</b>, <b>begonde</b>), begin,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>begraben</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, bury, inter.</p>
+
+<p><b>begrīfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, grasp, understand.</p>
+
+<p><b>begunder</b> = <b>begunde ër</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>behagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> please, delight, suit.</p>
+
+<p><b>behalten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, hold, keep, preserve, reserve,
+store&nbsp;up.</p>
+
+<p><b>beherten</b>, <i>wv.</i> harden, enforce.</p>
+
+<p><b>behüeten</b>, <i>wv.</i> keep, preserve, protect.</p>
+
+<p><b>behuot</b>, <i>p.p.</i> of <b>behüeten</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>beide</b> (<b>bēde</b>), <i>num.</i>, <i>neut.</i> <b>beidiu</b>,
+both;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>beide&mdash;und</b>, both&mdash;and.</p>
+
+<p><b>beidenthalben</b>, <i>av.</i> on both sides.</p>
+
+<p><b>Beier</b>, <i>pn.</i> people of Bavaria, Bavarians.</p>
+
+<p><b>beier(i)sch</b>, <i>aj.</i> Bavarian.</p>
+
+<p><b>bein</b>, <i>sn.</i> bone, leg, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href
+= "#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>beiten</b>, <i>wv.</i> wait;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>sn.</i> a waiting.</p>
+
+<p><b>bejagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> acquire, get.</p>
+
+<p><b>bejëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, assure.</p>
+
+<p><b>bekan</b> = <b>bekam</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bekennen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-kante</b>), <i>wv.</i> know,
+recognize, get to know.</p>
+
+<p><b>bekēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> employ, turn;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>bekēren sich</b>, turn round.</p>
+
+<p><b>bekomen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, get, obtain.</p>
+
+<p><b>belīben</b> (<b>blīben</b>), <i>sv.</i> I, remain, <a href =
+"#para9_7">9.7</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para76">76</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>under wëgen belīben</b>, be left undone, cease.</p>
+
+<p><b>beliuhten</b>, <i>wv.</i> illumine, explain, make manifest.</p>
+
+<p><b>benamen</b> = <b>bī namen</b>, in the true sense of the word.</p>
+
+<p><b>benëmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, take, take away;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>c. gen.</i> exempt.</p>
+
+<p><b>berāten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, consider, arrange, provide for;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>refl.</i> consider, reflect.</p>
+
+<p><b>bërc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> mountain.</p>
+
+<p><b>bereit</b> (<b>bereite</b>), <i>aj.</i> ready, willing;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> readily, willingly, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bereiten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-reite</b>), <i>wv.</i> plough, make
+arable, prepare, make ready.</p>
+
+<p><b>bërgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, hide, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bërn</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, bear, carry, bring forth, <a href =
+"#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bern</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>berte</b>), <i>wv.</i> beat, strike.</p>
+
+<p><b>berouben</b>, <i>wv.</i> bereave, rob.</p>
+
+<p><b>berüeren</b>, <i>wv.</i> touch, move.</p>
+
+<p><b>besarken</b> (<b>beserken</b>), <i>wv.</i> put into the
+coffin.</p>
+
+<p><b>beschëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, happen.</p>
+
+<p><b>bescheiden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, make clear, explain.</p>
+
+<p><b>bescheiden</b> (<b>bescheidenlīch</b>), <i>aj.</i> sensible,
+prudent.</p>
+
+<p><b>bescheidenheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> understanding, sense, prudence.</p>
+
+<p><b>bescheidenlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> definitely, clearly,
+sensibly.</p>
+
+<p><b>beschern</b>, <i>wv.</i> bestow upon, divide, let out.</p>
+
+<p><b>bëseme</b>, <i>wm.</i> besom; rod.</p>
+
+<p><b>besitzen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-saȥ</b>), <i>sv.</i> V, take
+possession&nbsp;of.</p>
+
+<p><b>beslieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, close, shut.</p>
+
+<p><b>besorgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> provide, be conscious&nbsp;of;
+requite.</p>
+
+<p><b>bestān</b>, <i>anom. v.</i> remain; attack, assail;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>einen bestān</b>, concern, belong to.</p>
+
+<p><b>beste</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> best, <a href =
+"#para9_5">9.5</a>, <a href = "#para23_1">23.1</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>besunder</b>, <i>av.</i> apart.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">175</span>
+
+<p><b>beswærde</b>, <i>sf.</i> affliction, grief, sadness.</p>
+
+<p><b>beswæren</b>, <i>wv.</i> afflict, grieve.</p>
+
+<p><b>beswern</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-swuor</b>, <i>pp.</i>
+<b>-sworn</b>), <i>sv</i>. VI, take an oath, swear&nbsp;to.</p>
+
+<p><b>bëte</b>, <i>sf.</i> request, command.</p>
+
+<p><b>bëten</b>, <i>wv.</i> pray, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>betrahten</b>, <i>wv.</i> view, consider.</p>
+
+<p><b>betriegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, deceive.</p>
+
+<p><b>betrüeben</b>, <i>wv.</i> make gloomy <i>or</i> angry.</p>
+
+<p><b>bette</b>, <i>sn.</i> bed, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href =
+"#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bettestat</b>, <i>sf.</i> couch, place of rest.</p>
+
+<p><b>bevëlhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, order, recommend; bring home to a
+person, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para34">34</a>, <a href
+= "#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bevinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, become sensible of, get to know.</p>
+
+<p><b>bewachen</b>, <i>wv.</i> watch, guard.</p>
+
+<p><b>bewarn</b>, <i>wv.</i> protect, guard against, preserve; avert,
+ward off, prevent.</p>
+
+<p><b>bewëgen</b> (<b>sich</b> with <i>gen.</i>), <i>sv.</i> V, resolve
+to <i>or</i> upon, take upon oneself; part with, cast off.</p>
+
+<p><b>bewenden</b> (<i>pp.</i> <b>-want</b>), <i>wv.</i> turn to,
+use.</p>
+
+<p><b>bewīsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> put right, inform, instruct.</p>
+
+<p><b>beȥȥer</b> (<i>superl.</i> <b>beȥȥest</b>, <b>beste</b>),
+<i>aj.</i> better,&nbsp;<a href = "#para58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>beȥȥern</b>, <i>wv. refl.</i> get better, improve.</p>
+
+<p><b>beȥȥerunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> improvement,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bī</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> near, near by, with, beside;
+thereby;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>bī sīn</b> with <i>dat.</i> of person: be near, have;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>bī mīnen triuwen</b>, in truth, upon my word!;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>bī mīnen zīten</b>, during my lifetime;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>bī spotte sīn</b>, like mockery;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>bī wësen</b>, remain.</p>
+
+<p><b>bibenen</b> (<b>biben</b>, <i>pp.</i> <b>bibent</b>), <i>wv.</i>
+quake, tremble.</p>
+
+<p><b>biderbe</b>, <i>aj.</i> noble, active, good.</p>
+
+<p><b>biegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, bow, bend, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href =
+"#para15">15</a>, <a href = "#para16">16</a>, <a href =
+"#para18">18</a>, <a href = "#para33">33</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bien</b> = <b>bī dën</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bieten</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, offer, show, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#para25">25</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bilde</b>, <i>sn.</i> example, comparison.</p>
+
+<p><b>bilden</b>, <i>wv.</i> form.</p>
+
+<p><b>billich</b>, <i>aj.</i> becoming, right.</p>
+
+<p><b>billīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> rightly, properly, befittingly.</p>
+
+<p><b>bin</b>, am, <a href = "#para97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>binden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, bind, fasten, <a href = "#para10n2">10
+note 2</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para12">12</a>,
+<a href = "#para15">15</a>, <a href = "#para33">33</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wol gebunden</b>, with the hair neatly braided and decked out.</p>
+
+<p><b>bir</b>, <i>swf.</i> pear, <a href = "#para50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, wait, put off, delay,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bit(t)en</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>bat</b>), <i>sv.</i> V, ask, beg,
+request, command, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para26">26</a>,
+<a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para84">84</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bitter</b>, <i>aj.</i> bitter, <a href = "#para20">20</a>, <a href
+= "#para31_2">31.2</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bitterlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> bitter, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bitterlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> bitterly.</p>
+
+<p><b>biȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> bite, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bīȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, bite, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>blā</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> blue, <a href =
+"#para36">36</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>blanc</b>, <i>aj.</i> white, shining, beautiful.</p>
+
+<p><b>blāsen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, blow, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>blat</b>, <i>sn.</i> leaf.</p>
+
+<p><b>blī</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>snm.</i> lead,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>blīben</b> = <b>belīben</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>blic</b> (<b>-ckes</b>), <i>sm.</i> glance, look; splendour.</p>
+
+<p><b>blīdeclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> blithely, joyfully.</p>
+
+<p><b>blint</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> blind, <a href =
+"#para7">7</a>, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href =
+"#para55">55</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para56">56</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bliuwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, strike, <a href = "#para16n">16
+note</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href =
+"#para36">36</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para79">79</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>blōȥ</b>, <i>aj.</i> bare, naked; only.</p>
+
+<p><b>blüejen</b>, <b>blüewen</b>, <b>blüen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bloom,
+<a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para35">35</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>blüemen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bloom, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bluome</b>, <i>wmf.</i> flower, blossom.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">176</span>
+<p><b>bluot</b>, <i>sn.</i> blood.</p>
+
+<p><b>bluoten</b>, <i>wv.</i> bleed.</p>
+
+<p><b>boc</b> (<b>-ckes</b>), <i>sm.</i> he-goat, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para32_1">32.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>böcklīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little he-goat,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bœse</b>, <i>aj.</i> bad, worthless, despicable.</p>
+
+<p><b>boge</b>, <i>wm.</i> bow.</p>
+
+<p><b>bölzelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little cross-bow, bolt <i>or</i>
+arrow.</p>
+
+<p><b>borgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> borrow.</p>
+
+<p><b>bote</b>, <i>wm.</i> messenger, <a href = "#para51">51</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bougen</b>, <b>böugen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bend,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>boum</b>, <i>sm.</i> tree.</p>
+
+<p><b>bōȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, beat, strike,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>brā</b> (<b>brāwe</b>), <i>swf.</i>, brow, eyebrow; eyelash,
+<a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>brāten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, roast, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>brëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, break, pluck, gather; neglect, <a href
+= "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>breit</b>, <i>aj.</i> wide, broad.</p>
+
+<p><b>brennen</b>, <i>wv.</i> burn, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href
+= "#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bresten</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, break, burst, be deficient, want,
+lack,&nbsp;<a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>brief</b> (<b>-ves</b>), <i>sm.</i> letter, <a href =
+"#para33">33</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bringen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>brāhte</b>, <i>pret. subj.</i>
+<b>bræhte</b>), bring, <a href = "#para28">28</a>, <a href =
+"#para29">29</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para91">91</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sich bringen lāȥen</b>, let oneself be brought;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>vür bringen</b>, carry out.</p>
+
+<p><b>brinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, burn, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>briuwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, brew, <a href = "#para16n">16
+note</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para79">79</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>brœde</b>, <i>aj.</i> breakable, perishable.</p>
+
+<p><b>brōt</b>, <i>sn.</i> bread.</p>
+
+<p><b>brugge</b>, <b>brügge</b> (<b>brucke</b>, <b>brücke</b>),
+<i>sf.</i> bridge, <a href = "#para10n3">10 note 3</a>, <a href =
+"#para26">26</a>, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>brūn</b>, <i>aj.</i> brown; dark-coloured.</p>
+
+<p><b>brunne</b>, <i>wm.</i> spring, well, brook.</p>
+
+<p><b>bruoch</b>, <i>sf.</i> covering for the upper part of the
+thigh.</p>
+
+<p><b>bruoder</b>, <i>sm.</i> brother, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href
+= "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href =
+"#para24">24</a>, <a href = "#para25">25</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>brust</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>bruste</b>, <b>brüste</b>), <i>sf.</i>
+breast, bosom, <a href = "#para10n3">10 note 3</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>brūt</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>briute</b>), bride, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>bū</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>smn.</i> cultivated land; farmhouse;
+dwelling, abode, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>büechlīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little book,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>būman</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>būliute</b>), <i>sm.</i> peasant, farmer,
+farm labourer.</p>
+
+<p><b>buoch</b>, <i>sn.</i> book, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>buosem</b>, <i>sm.</i> bosom, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>buoȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> remedy, compensation, reparation;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>buoȥ tuon</b> <i>c gen.</i>, free from, liberate from.</p>
+
+<p><b>būr</b>, <i>sm.</i> peasant.</p>
+
+<p><b>burc</b> (<b>-ge</b>), <i>sf.</i> castle, town, <a href =
+"#para10n1">10 note 1</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>burgære</b>, <i>sm.</i> citizen, parishioner.</p>
+
+<p><b>burt</b>, <i>sf.</i> birth, of good family.</p>
+
+<p><b>butze</b>, <i>wm.</i> hobgoblin, bug-bear;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>in butzen wīs</b>, like a ghostly hobgoblin.</p>
+
+<p><b>būwen</b>, <b>biuwen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>biute</b>), <i>wv.</i>
+till, cultivate, plant.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_C" id = "gloss_C">
+C</a></p>
+
+<p>For <b>c</b> see <b>k</b>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_D" id = "gloss_D">
+D</a></p>
+
+<p><b>dā</b>, <b>dār</b>, <i>av.</i> there, where, <a href =
+"#para39">39</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para69">69</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dā mite</b>, therewith;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dā von</b>, thereby;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dā vor</b>, before it <i>or</i> that;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dā zuo</b>, thereby, therewith, thereto.</p>
+
+<p><b>dach</b>, <i>sn.</i> covering, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be silent, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dahte</b>, see <b>decken</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>danc</b> (<b>-kes</b>), <i>sm.</i>. thanks, wish;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sunder</b> <i>or</i> <b>an’ mīnen danc</b>, against my wish.</p>
+
+<p><b>danken</b>, <i>wv.</i> thank, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>danne</b>, <b>denne</b> (<b>dan</b>), <i>av.</i> then;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>after the comparative</i>, than as;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+in conditional sentences with or without <b>ne</b> = unless.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">177</span>
+<p><b>dannen</b>, <i>av.</i> from there, thence; wherefrom, <a href =
+"#para69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dannoch</b> (<b>dennoch</b>), <i>av.</i> however, even, still;
+besides, in addition to this; moreover.</p>
+
+<p><b>dar</b>, <b>dare</b>, <i>av.</i> thither, whither,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para69">69</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dar an</b>, thereon, in that, therein;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dar für</b>, before it;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dar nāch</b>, thereupon, after that;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dar umbe</b>, therefore, <a href = "#para69">69</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dar under</b>, amongst them, in between;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dar zuo</b>, besides, in addition.</p>
+
+<p><b>dārinne</b>, <b>darinne</b>, <i>av.</i> therein.</p>
+
+<p><b>daȥ</b> <i>cj.</i> that.</p>
+
+<p><b>dechein</b>, <i>pr.</i> no, none, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>decken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>dacte</b>, <b>dahte</b>), <i>wv.</i>
+cover, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>,
+<a href = "#para32_2">32.2</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dëgen</b>, <i>sm.</i> warrior, vassal,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dehein</b>, <b>dekein</b>, <i>pr.</i> any one; no, none, <a href =
+"#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>deich</b> = <b>daȥ ich</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>deist</b> = <b>daȥ ist</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>denen</b> (<b>dennen</b>), <i>wv.</i> stretch,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>denken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>dāhte</b>), think, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para28">28</a>,
+<a href = "#para29">29</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para91">91</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>denne</b> = <b>danne</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dennoch</b>, see <b>dannoch</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dër</b>, <b>daȥ</b>, <b>diu</b>, <i>def. art.</i>, <i>dem.
+pr.</i>, and <i>rel. pr.</i>, the, who; <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>,
+<a href = "#para68">68</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para69">69</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dës</b>, <i>av.</i> with which, thereby, therefore, wherefore.</p>
+
+<p><b>derfüre</b>, <i>av.</i> out.</p>
+
+<p><b>dernider</b>, <i>av.</i> down.</p>
+
+<p><b>dërst</b> = <b>dër ist</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēst</b>, <b>deis</b>, <b>dēs</b> = <b>daȥ ist</b>, <a href =
+"#para68n1">68 note&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>deste</b>, <i>av.</i> the more, all the more;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>before comparatives</i>, the, so much,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dēswār</b> (= <b>daȥ ist wār</b>), <i>av.</i> truly, in truth,
+indeed.</p>
+
+<p><b>dewëder</b>, <b>dwëder</b>, <i>pr.</i> one of two, neither of
+two,&nbsp;<a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>deȥ</b> = <b>daȥ</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dic</b> (<b>dicke</b>), <i>aj.</i> thick, dark,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>dicke</b>, often;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dicke baȥ</b>, often still better.</p>
+
+<p><b>die</b> = Middle Germ. form of <b>dër</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>diech</b> = <b>daȥ ich</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>diemüete</b>, <i>sf.</i> humility.</p>
+
+<p><b>dien</b> = <b>die en</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dienen</b>, <i>wv.</i> serve, earn, deserve; requite, <a href =
+"#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dienest</b> (<b>dienst</b>), <i>sm.</i> service, serviceableness;
+devotion, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze dienste</b>, out of devotion.</p>
+
+<p><b>dienstman</b>, <i>sm.</i> servant, feoffee.</p>
+
+<p><b>diep</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> thief;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze diebe wërden</b>, become a thief.</p>
+
+<p><b>dieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, resound, roar, rush, <a href =
+"#para18">18</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīhen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>dēch</b>, <i>pp.</i> <b>gedigen</b>),
+<i>sv.</i> I, thrive, <a href = "#para17">17</a>, <a href =
+"#para30">30</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dīn</b>, <i>pr.</i> thy, <a href = "#para9_3">9.3</a>, <a href =
+"#para67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dinc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sn.</i> thing, affair,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dingen</b>, <i>wv.</i> speak, make a contract.</p>
+
+<p><b>dirre</b>, <b>diser</b>, <b>dise</b> (<i>neut.</i> <b>ditze</b>,
+<b>diz</b>, <b>diȥ</b>; <i>fem.</i> <b>disiu</b>), <i>pr.</i>
+this,&nbsp;<a href = "#para68">68</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>diuhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> change, remove; press, shove.</p>
+
+<p><b>diuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> intimate, relate, display.</p>
+
+<p><b>diuwe</b> (<b>diw</b>), <i>sf.</i> servant,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dō</b>, <b>do</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>cj.</i> then, when,
+as,&nbsp;<a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>doch</b>, <i>av.</i> yet, however, nevertheless.</p>
+
+<p><b>dol</b>, <i>sf.</i> suffering, pain, distress, misery,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>doln</b>, <i>wv.</i> endure, tolerate, suffer,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dōn</b>, <b>tōn</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>dœne</b>), <i>sm.</i> sound,
+melody, song.</p>
+
+<p><b>donreslac</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> thunder-clap,
+lightning,</p>
+
+<p><b>dorf</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>dörfer</b>), <i>sn.</i> village,
+hamlet,&nbsp;<a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dorn</b>, <i>sm.</i> thorn, <a href = "#para24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dörperlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> peasant-like, rustic.</p>
+
+<p><b>dort</b>, <i>av.</i> there, yonder.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">178</span>
+<p><b>douwen</b>, <b>döuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> digest,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dræjen</b> (<b>dræn</b>), <i>wv.</i> turn, <a href =
+"#para35">35</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>drāte</b>, <i>av.</i> quickly, immediately;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>alsō drāte</b>, directly, forthwith.</p>
+
+<p><b>dreschen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, thrash, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>drī</b> (<i>neut.</i> <b>driu</b>), <i>num.</i> three, <a href =
+"#para62">62</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para63">63</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>drīer hande</b>, of three kinds.</p>
+
+<p><b>dringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, press, throng, shoot up, also
+<i>sn.</i>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para81">81</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>für sich dringen</b>, press forwards, spread.</p>
+
+<p><b>drīstunt</b>, <i>av.</i> thrice.</p>
+
+<p><b>dritte</b>, <b>drite</b>, <i>num.</i> third, <a href =
+"#para26">26</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>drīvaltic</b>, <i>aj.</i> threefold.</p>
+
+<p><b>drīȥic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> thirty,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>drīzëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> thirteen, <a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>drīzëhende</b>, <i>num.</i> thirteenth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>drīȥigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> thirtieth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>drouwe</b> (<b>drowe</b>, <b>drō</b>), <i>sf.</i> threat,
+threatening.</p>
+
+<p><b>drouwen</b>, <b>dröuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> threaten, <a href =
+"#para3">3</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>drucken</b>, <b>drücken</b>, <i>wv.</i> press, <a href =
+"#para10n3">10 note 3</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>drūfe</b> = <b>dar ūfe</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>drumb(e)</b>, <i>av.</i> to that end, therefore.</p>
+
+<p><b>drunder</b> = <b>dar under</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dū</b>, <b>du</b>, <i>pr.</i> thou;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>gen.</i> <b>dīn</b>; <i>dat.</i> <b>dir</b>; <i>acc.</i>
+<b>dich</b>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>pl. nom.</i> <b>ir</b>; <i>gen.</i> <b>iuwer</b>; <i>dat.</i>
+<b>iu</b>; <i>acc.</i> <b>iuch</b>, <a href = "#para65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>dulden</b>, <i>wv.</i> endure.</p>
+
+<p><b>dūme</b>, <i>wm.</i> thumb.</p>
+
+<p><b>dunken</b>, <b>dünken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>dūhte</b>, <i>pret.
+subj.</i> <b>diuhte</b>), seem, appear, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para10n2">10 note 2</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href =
+"#para29">29</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para91">91</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sich ze nihte dunken</b>, to imagine oneself undone.</p>
+
+<p><b>dünne</b>, <i>aj.</i> thin, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>durch</b> (<b>dur</b>), <i>prep.</i> through, on account of, for,
+for the sake of,&nbsp;<a href = "#para34">34</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dur daȥ</b>, on this account, for that reason, therefore;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>durch plates stimme</b>, for drawing sounds <i>or</i> notes from the
+leaf; for making a whistling sound on the leaf;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>durch sīnen muot</b>, through his (childish) mind.</p>
+
+<p><b>durfen</b>, <b>dürfen</b> (<i>pres. sing.</i> <b>darf</b>,
+<i>pret.</i> <b>dorfte</b>, <i>pret. subj.</i> <b>dörfte</b>), <i>pret.
+pres.</i> need, <a href = "#para16">16</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>durftige</b>, <i>wm.</i> beggar, one in want of help.</p>
+
+<p><b>dūȥ</b> = <b>du ëȥ</b>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_E" id = "gloss_E">
+E</a></p>
+
+<p><b>ē</b>, <b>ēr</b>, <i>av.</i> formerly, rather, sooner, before,
+<a href = "#para39">39</a>, <a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ëben</b>, <i>aj.</i> even, <a href = "#para55">55</a>, <a href =
+"#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ëbene</b>, <i>av.</i> evenly, smoothly, well-fitting,&nbsp;<a href
+= "#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ecke</b>, <i>swf., sn.</i> corner, <a href =
+"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>edel(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> noble,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>edelinc</b>, <i>sm.</i> son of a nobleman,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>edeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> ennoble.</p>
+
+<p><b>egen</b>, <i>wv.</i> harrow.</p>
+
+<p><b>egeslīch</b> (<b>eislīch</b>), <i>aj.</i> fearful,
+terrible,&nbsp;<a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ëht</b> (<b>ē̆t</b>, <b>ō̆t</b>), <i>av.</i> only; even, at any
+rate, <a href = "#para34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ei</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>eijer</b>, <b>eiger</b>, <b>eier</b>),
+<i>sn.</i> egg, <a href = "#para35">35</a>, <a href =
+"#para47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ei</b>, <i>interj.</i> ah.</p>
+
+<p><b>eiden</b>, <i>wv.</i> take an oath, pledge.</p>
+
+<p><b>eigen</b>, <i>aj.</i> own, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>eigen</b>, <i>sn.</i> property;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze eigen gëben</b>, present.</p>
+
+<p><b>eilfte</b>, <i>aj.</i> eleventh, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ein</b>, <i>num.</i> and <i>indef. art.</i> one; a, an, <a href =
+"#para9_3">9.3</a>, <a href = "#para62">62</a>, <a href =
+"#para63">63</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>indef, pr.</i> one, some one, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>einander</b>, <i>pr.</i> one another.</p>
+
+<p><b>eine</b>, <i>av.</i> alone.</p>
+
+<p><b>eines</b>, <i>av.</i> once.</p>
+
+<p><b>einic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> only, single.</p>
+
+<p><b>einlif</b>, <b>einlef</b> (<b>eilif</b>), <i>num.</i>
+eleven,&nbsp;<a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ei(n)lifte</b> (<b>eilfte</b>), <i>num.</i> eleventh,&nbsp;<a href
+= "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">179</span>
+
+<p><b>eischen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, ask, demand.</p>
+
+<p><b>eislīch</b>, see <b>egeslīch</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>eit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> oath.</p>
+
+<p><b>element</b>, <i>sn.</i> element.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> legal, conjugal.</p>
+
+<p><b>ellen</b>, <i>sn.</i>courage, valour; manliness.</p>
+
+<p><b>ellenboge</b>, <i>wm.</i> elbow.</p>
+
+<p><b>ellenden</b>, <i>wv.</i> go abroad.</p>
+
+<p><b>ellich</b>, <i>aj.</i> universal, constant.</p>
+
+<p><b>elter</b>, <i>aj.</i> older.</p>
+
+<p><b>eltlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> elderly, old.</p>
+
+<p><b>emphëlhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, recommend,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>emzekeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> activity, diligence, industry.</p>
+
+<p><b>en</b>, <i>neg. particle</i>, generally used before the verb with
+or without <b>niht</b> after the verb, <i>not</i>.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>en</b> in subordinate sentences with the subjunctive, <i>unless</i>,
+<i>if not</i>, <i>except that</i>, <i>when that</i>, <i>that not</i>,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><b>en</b> = <b>in</b>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+shortened form of <b>dën</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>enbërn</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, be without a thing, do without.</p>
+
+<p><b>enbieten</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, bid, announce, summon.</p>
+
+<p><b>enblanden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, let be painful <i>or</i>
+irksome&nbsp;to.</p>
+
+<p><b>enblecken</b>, <i>wv.</i> make visible, expose.</p>
+
+<p><b>ende</b>, <i>sn.</i> end.</p>
+
+<p><b>endelīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> throughout, entirely.</p>
+
+<p><b>enden</b>, <i>wv.</i> end, finish.</p>
+
+<p><b>enein</b> = <b>in ein</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>enge</b>, <i>aj.</i> narrow, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>enge</b>, <i>sf.</i> narrow place, strait, difficulty.</p>
+
+<p><b>engel</b>, <i>sm.</i> angel, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href
+= "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Engellant</b>, <i>pn.</i> England, <a href = "#para54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>engëlten</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, pay, requite.</p>
+
+<p><b>enges(t)līch</b>, <i>aj.</i> anxious, timid, dangerous.</p>
+
+<p><b>enke</b>, <i>wm.</i> man who tends the cattle.</p>
+
+<p><b>enmitten</b>, <i>av.</i> in the midst;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>enmitten dō</b>, during, whilst.</p>
+
+<p><b>enpfāhen</b>, <b>enpfān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, accept, receive.</p>
+
+<p><b>enpfallen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, pass away, perish.</p>
+
+<p><b>enpfinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, perceive, become
+conscious&nbsp;of.</p>
+
+<p><b>enpflëgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, care for, cherish.</p>
+
+<p><b>enphëlhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, order, recommend,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>entrinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, escape.</p>
+
+<p><b>entsagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> free, remove, withdraw.</p>
+
+<p><b>entseben</b> (<b>-seven</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, perceive,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para86">86</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>entsetzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bereave, rob.</p>
+
+<p><b>entslāfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, fall asleep.</p>
+
+<p><b>en(t)springen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, spring up, shoot up, shoot
+forth.</p>
+
+<p><b>entstān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, understand.</p>
+
+<p><b>entwër</b>, <b>entwërch</b>, <i>av.</i> athwart; perversely.</p>
+
+<p><b>entwësen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, be without, do without.</p>
+
+<p><b>entwīchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, yield, go away.</p>
+
+<p><b>enwëc</b>, <i>av.</i> away.</p>
+
+<p><b>enzīt</b>, <i>av.</i> by times, soon.</p>
+
+<p><b>enzünden</b>, <i>wv.</i> light, kindle.</p>
+
+<p><b>enzwischen</b>, <i>prep.</i> between.</p>
+
+<p><b>ër</b>, <b>si</b> (<b>sī</b>, <b>siu</b>, <b>sie</b>), <b>ëȥ</b>,
+<i>pr.</i> he, she,&nbsp;it;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>gen.</i> <b>sīn</b> (<b>ës</b>), <b>ir</b>, <b>ës</b>; <i>dat.</i>
+<b>im(e)</b>, <b>ir</b>, <b>im(e)</b>; <i>acc.</i> <b>in</b>, <b>sie</b>
+(<b>si</b>, <b>sī</b>), <b>ëȥ</b> (<b>iȥ</b>);</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>pl. nom. acc.</i> <b>si</b>, <b>sī</b>, <b>sie</b>, <i>neut.</i> also
+<b>siu</b>; <i>gen.</i> <b>ir(e)</b>; <i>dat.</i> <b>in</b>, <a href =
+"#para65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ērbære</b>, <i>aj.</i> honourable, decent, modest.</p>
+
+<p><b>erbarmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> move to pity.</p>
+
+<p><b>erbe</b>, <i>sn.</i> inherited property, inheritance.</p>
+
+<p><b>erbeit</b> = <b>arbeit</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>erbeiten</b>, <i>wv.</i> work, have trouble;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>c. gen.</i> wait for.</p>
+
+<p><b>erbëlgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, become angry, grow angry.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">180</span>
+
+<p><b>erben</b>, <i>wv.</i> be hereditary, descend from generation to
+generation.</p>
+
+<p><b>erbieten</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, show, manifest.</p>
+
+<p><b>erbīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, wait.</p>
+
+<p><b>erbleichen</b>, <i>wv.</i> become pale.</p>
+
+<p><b>erbolgen</b>, <i>pp.</i> angered, angry with.</p>
+
+<p><b>erbürn</b>, <i>wv.</i> raise, lift up.</p>
+
+<p><b>ërde</b>, <i>wf.</i> earth, world, <a href =
+"#para14_2">14.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>erdenken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>erdāhte</b>, <i>pret. subj.</i>
+<b>erdæhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> think out, devise, contrive.</p>
+
+<p><b>ërderīch</b> = <b>ërtrīch</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>erdieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, resound, re-echo.</p>
+
+<p><b>erdringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, gain by force.</p>
+
+<p><b>erdröuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> compel by threats.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēre</b>, <i>wf.</i> honour, renown, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> honour.</p>
+
+<p><b>ērest</b>, <b>ērste</b>, <i>aj.</i> first,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ergāhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> overtake, go to meet.</p>
+
+<p><b>ergān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, come out, happen.</p>
+
+<p><b>erge</b>, <i>sf.</i> wickedness.</p>
+
+<p><b>ergëben</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, submit, devote.</p>
+
+<p><b>ergetzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> cause to forget, compensate.</p>
+
+<p><b>ergrīfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, seize.</p>
+
+<p><b>erhāhen</b>, <b>erhān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, hang.</p>
+
+<p><b>erheben</b>, <i>sv</i>. VI, raise;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>refl.</i> rise.</p>
+
+<p><b>erhœren</b>, <i>wv.</i> hear.</p>
+
+<p><b>erkalten</b>, <i>wv.</i> become cold.</p>
+
+<p><b>erkant</b>, <i>aj.</i> known.</p>
+
+<p><b>erkennelich</b>, <i>aj.</i> well-known, renowned.</p>
+
+<p><b>erkennen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-kante</b>, <b>-kande</b>),
+<i>wv.</i> recognize, perceive, understand; know.</p>
+
+<p><b>erkiesen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, elect, select, choose.</p>
+
+<p><b>erklengen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make resonant <i>or</i> sonorous.</p>
+
+<p><b>erlāȥen</b>, <b>erlān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, release, forgive.</p>
+
+<p><b>erlengen</b>, <i>wv.</i> lengthen.</p>
+
+<p><b>erleschen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, extinguish.</p>
+
+<p><b>erlīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, suffer.</p>
+
+<p><b>erlouben</b>, <b>erlöuben</b>, <i>wv.</i> allow, permit,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>erlœsen</b> (<i>pp.</i> <b>erlōst</b>), <i>wv.</i> remove, free,
+deliver.</p>
+
+<p><b>ermordern</b>, <i>wv.</i> murder.</p>
+
+<p><b>ern</b>, <b>eren</b>, <b>erren</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>ier</b>,
+<i>pp.</i> <b>gearn</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, till, plough,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ërn</b> = <b>ër ne</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ernern</b>, <i>wv.</i> rescue, heal, cure.</p>
+
+<p><b>erniuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> renew.</p>
+
+<p><b>ërnst</b>, <i>sm.</i> fervour.</p>
+
+<p><b>errëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, avenge.</p>
+
+<p><b>ērrer</b>, <b>ērre</b>, <b>ërre</b>, <i>aj.</i> former,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>erringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, gain, obtain, get.</p>
+
+<p><b>erscheinen</b>, <i>wv.</i> show, make to appear.</p>
+
+<p><b>erschëllen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, resound.</p>
+
+<p><b>erschieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, shoot, shoot through, pierce to
+death.</p>
+
+<p><b>erschīnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, appear; dawn.</p>
+
+<p><b>erschrëcken</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, frighten, become frightened;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>refl. c. gen.</i> become frightened at.</p>
+
+<p><b>erschrīen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-schrē</b>), <i>sv.</i> I, shriek,
+cry out.</p>
+
+<p><b>ersëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, see, perceive.</p>
+
+<p><b>erslahen</b>, <b>erslān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, slay, kill.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēr(e)st</b>, <b>ērste</b>, <i>av.</i> at first, so soon
+as,&nbsp;<a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ērste</b>, <i>num.</i> first, <a href = "#para9_5">9.5</a>,
+<a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>erstërben</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, die.</p>
+
+<p><b>erstrecken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>erstracte</b>), <i>wv.</i> expand,
+spread out.</p>
+
+<p><b>ërtrīch</b> (<b>ërderīch</b>), <i>sn.</i> earth, world.</p>
+
+<p><b>ertrinken</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, drown, perish.</p>
+
+<p><b>ervëhten</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, gain by fighting;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+with <b>abe</b> and <i>dat.</i>: win <i>or</i> gain from by
+fighting.</p>
+
+<p><b>ervinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, experience, get to know.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">181</span>
+
+<p><b>ervollen</b>, <i>wv.</i> become full.</p>
+
+<p><b>ervröuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> rejoice, make glad.</p>
+
+<p><b>erwachen</b>, <i>wv.</i> awake.</p>
+
+<p><b>erwecken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-wahte</b>), <i>wv.</i> waken,
+awaken.</p>
+
+<p><b>erweln</b>, <i>wv.</i> elect, choose.</p>
+
+<p><b>erwërben</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, reach, attain, acquire, beget.</p>
+
+<p><b>erwern</b>, <i>wv.</i> prevent, hinder.</p>
+
+<p><b>erwinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, turn round; be thrown back, be
+reflected.</p>
+
+<p><b>erzeigen</b>, <i>wv.</i> show, prove.</p>
+
+<p><b>erziehen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, bring up, educate.</p>
+
+<p><b>esche</b>, <i>wf.</i> ash.</p>
+
+<p><b>ët</b>, <b>ēt</b> = <b>ëht</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>etelīch</b>, <b>eteslīch</b> (<b>etlīch</b>, <b>etslīch</b>),
+<i>pr.</i> many a one, any one;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>pl.</i> some, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>etewër</b>, <b>eteswër</b>, <i>pr.</i> any <i>or</i> some one;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>neut.</i> <b>etewaȥ</b>, anything, something, <a href =
+"#para70">70</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ettewanne</b> (<b>eteswenne</b>, <b>ettewenne</b>), <i>av.</i>
+sometimes.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēvangēlium</b>, <i>sn.</i> gospel.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēwic</b>, <i>aj.</i> everlasting.</p>
+
+<p><b>ēwiclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> ever, everlastingly.</p>
+
+<p><b>ëȥ</b>, <i>pr.</i> it, <a href = "#para65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ëȥȥen</b> (<i>pp.</i> <b>gëȥȥen</b>), <i>sv.</i> V, eat, <a href =
+"#para9_7">9.7</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href =
+"#para20">20</a>, <a href = "#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href =
+"#para28">28</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_F" id = "gloss_F">
+F</a></p>
+
+<p>For <b>f</b> see <b>v</b>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_G" id = "gloss_G">
+G</a></p>
+
+<p><b>gābe</b>, <i>sf.</i> gift.</p>
+
+<p><b>gabylōt</b>, <b>gabilōt</b>, <i>sn.</i> small javelin <i>or</i>
+dart.</p>
+
+<p><b>gāch</b> (<b>-hes</b>), <i>aj.</i> quick, rapid,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>gāch wësen</b> (with <i>dat.</i> of pers.), be in a hurry;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mir ist gāch</b>, I hasten;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>gen.</i> <b>gāhes</b> as <i>av.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>gadem</b>, <i>sn.</i> room, bed-room; house, <a href =
+"#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gæhe</b>, <i>aj.</i> quick, hasty.</p>
+
+<p><b>gāhelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> fickle, wanton.</p>
+
+<p><b>gāhen</b>, <b>gæhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> hasten, hurry.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gahmuret</b>, <i>pn.</i> the name of Parzival’s father.</p>
+
+<p><b>galge</b>, <i>wm.</i> gallows, scaffold.</p>
+
+<p><b>galle</b>, <i>swf.</i> gall, bitterness, grief.</p>
+
+<p><b>gan</b>, see <b>gunnen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gān</b>, <b>gēn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, go, <a href =
+"#para87">87</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para95">95</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>umbe gān</b>, go <i>or</i> turn round.</p>
+
+<p><b>ganz</b>, <i>aj.</i> whole, entire, complete, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para60_3">60.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ganzlīche(n)</b>, <i>av.</i> completely, <a href =
+"#para60_3">60.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gar</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> ready, prepared, <a href =
+"#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href = "#para36">36</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gar</b>, <i>av.</i> fully, entirely, completely.</p>
+
+<p><b>gart</b>, <i>sm.</i> goad, whip.</p>
+
+<p><b>gartenære</b>, <i>sm.</i> gardener, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gast</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>geste</b>), stranger, guest, <a href =
+"#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gearbeiten</b>, <i>wv.</i> work.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebærde</b>, <i>sf.</i> countenance.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebāren</b>, <i>wv.</i> behave, conduct oneself.</p>
+
+<p><b>gëbe</b>, <i>sf.</i> gift, <a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href =
+"#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebeine</b>, <i>sn.</i> bones, remains.</p>
+
+<p><b>gëben</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, give, grant, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href = "#para14_2">14.2</a>, <a href =
+"#para25">25</a>, <a href = "#para28">28</a>, <a href =
+"#para33">33</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gëben</b>, <i>pp.</i> = <b>gegëben</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebende</b>, <i>sn.</i> head-dress.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebët</b>, <i>sn.</i> prayer.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebieten</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, order, command.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebot</b>, <i>sn.</i> command, order, commandment.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebrëchen</b> = <b>brëchen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebreste</b>, <i>wm.</i> defect, waste.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebresten</b> = <b>bresten</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebüeȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> atone for, improve.</p>
+
+<p><b>gebūre</b>, <i>wm.</i> peasant, citizen.</p>
+
+<p><b>geburt</b>, <i>sf.</i> birth, noble birth.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">182</span>
+
+<p><b>gedagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> keep silent.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedanc</b>, <i>sm.</i> thought, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedanken</b> = <b>danken</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedenken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-dāhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> think,
+intend, strive; bear in mind, remember.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedienen</b>, <i>wv.</i> earn, deserve, obtain.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedīhen</b> (<b>gedīen</b>), <i>sv.</i> I, thrive, speed well,
+advance.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedinge</b>, <i>wm.</i> or <i>sfn.</i> hope, confidence; thought;
+contract.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedingen</b>, <i>wv.</i> negotiate.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedranc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> thronging, crowd.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedulde</b>, <b>gedult</b>, <i>sf.</i> patience.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedulteclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> patiently.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedultic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> patient, indulgent, <a href
+= "#para10n1">10 note&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gedultikeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> patience.</p>
+
+<p><b>geenden</b>, <i>wv.</i> end, finish.</p>
+
+<p><b>gefüege</b>, <i>aj.</i> befitting, suitable, seemly.</p>
+
+<p><b>gefuoge</b>, <i>sf.</i> fitness, good breeding.</p>
+
+<p><b>gegān</b> = <b>gān</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gegëben</b> = <b>gëben</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gëgen</b> (<b>gein</b>), <i>prep.</i> against, opposite to,
+towards, to; at, for, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gegihte</b>, <i>sn.</i> gout, cramp.</p>
+
+<p><b>gegrüeȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> greet, salute.</p>
+
+<p><b>gehaben</b> (<i>refl.</i>), <i>wv.</i> be, fare, feel.</p>
+
+<p><b>geheiȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, promise; call, name.</p>
+
+<p><b>gehëlfen</b> = <b>hëlfen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gehenge</b>, <i>sf.</i> permission.</p>
+
+<p><b>gehiure</b>, <i>aj.</i> lovely, charming, gracious.</p>
+
+<p><b>gehœnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> dishonour, abuse, revile, curse.</p>
+
+<p><b>gehœren</b>, <i>wv.</i> hear.</p>
+
+<p><b>gehōrsam(e)</b>, <i>sf.</i> obedience.</p>
+
+<p><b>geil</b>, <i>aj.</i> joyous, joyful, gay.</p>
+
+<p><b>geist</b>, <i>sm.</i> spirit, mind, ghost.</p>
+
+<p><b>gejegede</b>, <i>sn.</i> hunt.</p>
+
+<p><b>geklopfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> knock.</p>
+
+<p><b>gël</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> yellow,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gelāȥ</b>, <i>snm.</i> formation, figure, shape.</p>
+
+<p><b>gelëben</b>, <i>wv.</i> live, live to see.</p>
+
+<p><b>geleischiert</b>, <i>pp.</i> with or having the reins of the horse
+slack;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+see <b>leischieren</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>geleisten</b> = <b>leisten</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>geleit</b> = <b>geleget</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>geleite</b>, <i>sn.</i> protection, retinue;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>wm.</i> attendant, companion.</p>
+
+<p><b>gëlf</b> (<b>gëlph</b>), <i>aj.</i> shining; merry, insolent.</p>
+
+<p><b>gelīch</b> (<b>glīch</b>), <i>aj.</i> like, same, straight, even,
+<a href = "#para9_7">9.7</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>gelīche</b>, equally, in like manner.</p>
+
+<p><b>gelīchen</b>, <i>refl. wv.</i> be like, be equal; resemble.</p>
+
+<p><b>gelieben</b>, <i>wv.</i> love, make dear, please.</p>
+
+<p><b>geligen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, succumb, be ruined.</p>
+
+<p><b>gelimpfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be meet, <a href =
+"#para23_2">23.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gelingen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, succeed,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mir gelingt wol</b>, I have good success.</p>
+
+<p><b>gelit</b>, <b>glit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> member, <a href =
+"#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>geloube</b>, <i>wm.</i> faith.</p>
+
+<p><b>gelouben</b>, <b>gelöuben</b>, <i>wv.</i> believe, think, <a href
+= "#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para33">33</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gëlt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> money.</p>
+
+<p><b>gëlten</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, pay, requite; procure, <a href =
+"#para9_4n">9.4 note</a>, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gelücke</b>, <i>sn.</i> good fortune, happiness.</p>
+
+<p><b>gelust</b>, <i>sm.</i> wish, desire; joy, pleasure.</p>
+
+<p><b>gemach</b>, <i>smn.</i>, rest, ease; bedroom.</p>
+
+<p><b>gemachen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make.</p>
+
+<p><b>gemahele</b>, <i>wf.</i> bride.</p>
+
+<p><b>gemeine</b>, <i>aj.</i> common, familiar.</p>
+
+<p><b>gemeit</b>, <i>aj.</i> happy, joyful.</p>
+
+<p><b>gemēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> increase.</p>
+
+<p><b>gemīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, avoid, keep at a distance.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">183</span>
+<p><b>gemīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, shun, avoid.</p>
+
+<p><b>gemüete</b>, <i>sn.</i> disposition, desire, longing; heart.</p>
+
+<p><b>gemuot</b>, <i>aj.</i> minded, disposed, inclined.</p>
+
+<p><b>genāde</b>, <b>gnāde</b>, <i>sf.</i> grace, favour, kindness,
+<a href = "#para9_7">9.7</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+in addressing a person: be gracious;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>genāde sagen</b>, thank;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ūf genāde</b>, graciously.</p>
+
+<p><b>genādelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> unhappy, without grace.</p>
+
+<p><b>genāden</b>, <i>wv.</i> to thank.</p>
+
+<p><b>genædic</b>, <i>aj.</i> gracious, merciful.</p>
+
+<p><b>genæme</b>, <i>aj.</i> beloved, dear, pleasant.</p>
+
+<p><b>genanne</b>, <b>gnanne</b>, <i>wm.</i> namesake, <a href =
+"#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>genësen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, recover, become well <i>or</i> free,
+<a href = "#para30">30</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>genieten</b>, <i>wv. refl.</i> rejoice, be glad, become satisfied
+with.</p>
+
+<p><b>genieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II <i>c. gen.</i>, enjoy, have
+advantage&nbsp;of; make use of, use as food.</p>
+
+<p><b>genisbære</b>, <i>aj.</i> healable, curable.</p>
+
+<p><b>genislīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> healable, curable.</p>
+
+<p><b>genist</b>, <i>sf.</i> recovery.</p>
+
+<p><b>genōȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> companion.</p>
+
+<p><b>genōȥen</b> (<b>hin ze</b>), <i>wv.</i> compare, compare with.</p>
+
+<p><b>genüegen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be sufficient, suffice;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mich genüeget dës</b>, that is enough for&nbsp;me.</p>
+
+<p><b>genuoc</b>, <b>gnuoc</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> enough,
+<a href = "#para9_7">9.7</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>pl.</i> many;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+as <i>indecl. sb.</i> with <i>gen.</i> enough.</p>
+
+<p><b>genüogen</b> = <b>genüegen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gequeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> plague, torment.</p>
+
+<p><b>gër</b>, <b>gir</b>, <i>sf.</i> longing, eager desire.</p>
+
+<p><b>gerāde</b>, <b>grāde</b>, <i>aj.</i> quick, <a href =
+"#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gerāten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-riet</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, advise;
+come at; prosper, thrive, succeed.</p>
+
+<p><b>gerëch</b>, <b>grëch</b>, <i>aj.</i> straight, <a href =
+"#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gerich</b>, <i>sm.</i> revenge, vengeance.</p>
+
+<p><b>gerihte</b>, <i>sn.</i> jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p><b>gerinclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> small, easily.</p>
+
+<p><b>geringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, struggle, strive.</p>
+
+<p><b>geriute</b>, <i>sn.</i> arable land.</p>
+
+<p><b>geriuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> repent, lament.</p>
+
+<p><b>gërn</b> (with <i>gen.</i> and <i>dat.</i>), <i>wv.</i> long for,
+yearn for, desire, want, hanker after.</p>
+
+<p><b>gërne</b>, <i>av.</i> willingly, gladly.</p>
+
+<p><b>gerte</b>, <i>swf.</i> rod.</p>
+
+<p><b>gerūmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> leave, make room.</p>
+
+<p><b>geruochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be pleased, hold good for.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> say, tell.</p>
+
+<p><b>geschaffen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, provide, care for, create.</p>
+
+<p><b>geschaft</b>, <i>sf.</i> creature, <a href = "#para28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>geschëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, happen, fall to one’s lot <i>or</i>
+share, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para34">34</a>,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>geschiht</b>, <i>sf.</i> occurrence, event.</p>
+
+<p><b>geschlähte</b>, <i>sn.</i> race, generation,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesëgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bless.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesëhen</b> = <b>sëhen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>geselle</b>, <i>wm.</i> companion.</p>
+
+<p><b>geselleschaft</b>, <i>sf.</i> company.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesīn</b> = <b>sīn</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesinde</b>, <i>sn.</i> retinue;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>wm.</i> retainer.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesingen</b> = <b>singen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesitzen</b> = <b>sitzen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesmac</b>, <i>sm.</i> taste, smell.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesorgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> trouble oneself; fear, dread.</p>
+
+<p><b>gespile</b>, <i>wm.</i> play-mate, comrade.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesprëchen</b> = <b>sprëchen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gestān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, remain.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesteine</b>, <i>sn.</i> precious stones.</p>
+
+<p><b>gestern</b>, <i>av.</i> yesterday.</p>
+
+<p><b>gestrīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, quarrel, fight, strive.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesūmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> stay, delay, let one wait.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">184</span>
+<p><b>gesunde</b> (<b>gesunt</b>), <i>aj.</i> healthy, alive.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesunt</b>, <i>sm.</i> health.</p>
+
+<p><b>gesweigen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bring to silence.</p>
+
+<p><b>geswīchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, weary, tire; leave in the lurch.</p>
+
+<p><b>getar</b> = <b>tar</b>, see <b>turren</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>getragen</b> = <b>tragen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>getriulīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> through, owing to faithfulness.</p>
+
+<p><b>getriuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> love, like, be fond&nbsp;of.</p>
+
+<p><b>getriuwe</b>, <i>aj.</i> faithful, good.</p>
+
+<p><b>getriuwen</b>, <b>getrūwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> trust,
+confide&nbsp;in.</p>
+
+<p><b>getrœsten</b>, <i>wv. refl.</i> bear with patience, forget.</p>
+
+<p><b>getrūren</b>, <i>wv.</i> mourn, grieve, be downcast.</p>
+
+<p><b>getrūwen</b>, see <b>getriuwen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>getuon</b> = <b>tuon</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>geturren</b>, <i>pret. pres.</i> dare, venture.</p>
+
+<p><b>getweln</b>, <i>wv.</i> dwell, stay.</p>
+
+<p><b>gevallen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, fall to one’s lot, please.</p>
+
+<p><b>gevangen(e)</b>, <i>wm.</i> prisoner,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gevar</b>, <i>aj.</i> having colour.</p>
+
+<p><b>gevarn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, go, travel;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wol gevarn</b>, make a successful journey.</p>
+
+<p><b>gevolgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> obey.</p>
+
+<p><b>gevüege</b>, <b>gefüege</b>, <i>aj.</i> courteous, well-bred.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewæte</b>, <i>sn.</i> clothing.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewähenen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, mention,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para86">86</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewalt</b>, <i>smf.</i> power, might, command.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewalteclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> violent, mighty;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>gewalteclīche</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewaltic</b>, <i>aj.</i> powerful, mighty.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewant</b>, <i>sn.</i> clothing.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewant</b> (<i>pp.</i> of <b>wenden</b>), conditioned,
+circumstanced;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>so gewante sache</b>, of such a nature;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ëȥ ist alsō gewant</b>, it is important;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ëȥ ist niht alsō gewant</b>, the matter is not&nbsp;so.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewar(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> sensible, mindful.</p>
+
+<p><b>geweinen</b>, <i>wv.</i> weep, cry.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewenen</b>, <i>wv.</i> accustom.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewenken</b>, <i>wv.</i> waver, vacillate; bend, turn.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewërbe</b>, <i>sn.</i> activity.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewërn</b>, <i>wv.</i> perceive, perform.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewërren</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, be troublesome, hinder.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewin</b> (<b>-nnes</b>), <i>sm.</i> gain, advantage.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, get, gain, obtain, receive,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para81">81</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>für sich gewinnen</b>, get for oneself.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewis</b> (<b>-sses</b>), <i>aj.</i> certain, sure,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewisse</b>, <i>av.</i> surely, truly, certainly.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewonheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> custom.</p>
+
+<p><b>gewürme</b>, <i>sn.</i> worm, insect; reptile, creeping
+creature.</p>
+
+<p><b>gezëmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, become, beseem;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mich gezimt dës</b>, that pleases me.</p>
+
+<p><b>gezierde</b>, <i>sf.</i> adornment.</p>
+
+<p><b>gezwicken</b>, <i>wv.</i> pinch, pull, pluck.</p>
+
+<p><b>gieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, pour, <a href =
+"#para28">28</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gift</b>, <i>sf.</i> gift, <a href = "#para28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>giht</b>, <i>third pers. sing.</i> of <b>jëhen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gir</b>, see <b>gër</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gīst</b> = <b>gibest</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gīt</b> = <b>gibet</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>glast</b>, <i>sm.</i> splendour.</p>
+
+<p><b>glīchnisse</b>, <i>sn.</i> parable.</p>
+
+<p><b>glocke</b>, <i>sf.</i> bell.</p>
+
+<p><b>gnanne</b>, see <b>genanne</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>golt</b>, <i>sn.</i> gold, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href =
+"#para15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>got</b>, <i>sm.</i> God, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gotelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> divine.</p>
+
+<p><b>goteshūs</b>, <i>sn.</i> church, monastery.</p>
+
+<p><b>gotheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> godhead.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">185</span>
+<p><b>götinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> goddess, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gotvar</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> godlike, divine.</p>
+
+<p><b>gouch</b>, <i>sm.</i> cuckoo; fool.</p>
+
+<p><b>grā</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> grey,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>graben</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, dig, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,
+<a href = "#para12">12</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gram</b>, <i>aj.</i> hostile.</p>
+
+<p><b>grap</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sn.</i> grave,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gras</b>, <i>sn.</i> grass.</p>
+
+<p><b>grīfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, seize, grasp, touch, feel.</p>
+
+<p><b>grim</b> (<b>-mmes</b>), <i>sm.</i> rage, fury.</p>
+
+<p><b>grimme</b> (<b>grimmic</b>), <i>aj.</i> fearful, angry; great.</p>
+
+<p><b>grimmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, rage.</p>
+
+<p><b>grīs</b> (<b>grīse</b>), <i>aj.</i> grey, old,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>grœȥlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> great.</p>
+
+<p><b>grœȥlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> greatly, very.</p>
+
+<p><b>grōȥ</b>, <i>aj.</i> great, large, <a href =
+"#para9_2">9.2</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para57">57</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>grüen(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> green, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href
+= "#para10">10</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>grüeȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> greet, <a href = "#para39">39</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+also <i>sn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>grunt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> bottom.</p>
+
+<p><b>gruoȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> greeting, salutation.</p>
+
+<p><b>güete</b>, <i>sf.</i> goodness, kindness, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>güetlich</b>, <i>aj.</i> friendly;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>güetlīchen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gugel</b>, <i>sf.</i> cowl; cape, hood.</p>
+
+<p><b>guldīn</b>, <i>aj.</i> golden, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href =
+"#para15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gunēren</b>, <i>wv.</i>. dishonour, disgrace.</p>
+
+<p><b>gunnen</b>, <b>günnen</b> (<i>pres. sing.</i> <b>gan</b>;
+<i>pret.</i> <b>gunde</b>, <i>pret. subj.</i> <b>gunde</b>,
+<b>günde</b>), <i>pret. pres.</i> grant, bestow, not to grudge, <a href
+= "#para9_7">9.7</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>guot</b>, <i>aj.</i> good, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href =
+"#para25">25</a>, <a href = "#para55">55</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para58">58</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>daȥ guot</b>, wealth, property;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze guote</b>, to the good.</p>
+
+<p><b>gürtel</b>, <i>sm.</i> girdle, belt, sash.</p>
+
+<p><b>güsse</b>, <i>sf.</i> inundation, <a href = "#para28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>gütinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> goddess, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_H" id = "gloss_H">
+H</a></p>
+
+<p><b>habe</b>, <i>sf.</i> possession.</p>
+
+<p><b>habedanc</b>, <i>sm.</i> thanks with words.</p>
+
+<p><b>haben</b> (<b>hān</b>), <i>wv.</i> have, hold, <a href =
+"#para3">3</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para99">99</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>haben sich an dër witze kraft</b>, collect all one’s wits
+together.</p>
+
+<p><b>hacken</b>, <i>sm.</i> hook, fetter; footprint.</p>
+
+<p><b>haft</b>, <i>sm.</i> bond, fetter.</p>
+
+<p><b>hagel</b>, <i>sm.</i> hail; misfortune, destruction.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hagene</b>, <i>pn.</i>, <a href = "#para54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hāhen</b> (<b>hān</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, hang, <a href =
+"#para29">29</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href =
+"#para38">38</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>halde</b>, <i>wf.</i> slope, declivity.</p>
+
+<p><b>halm</b>, <i>sm.</i> blade, stalk.</p>
+
+<p><b>halp</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>aj.</i> half.</p>
+
+<p><b>halsen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, embrace, <a href =
+"#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>halten</b> (<b>halden</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, hold, keep; stop, keep
+from, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para40">40</a>, <a href =
+"#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hān</b>, see <b>haben</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>handeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> do, perform.</p>
+
+<p><b>handelunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> action, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>han(e)</b>, <i>wm.</i> cock, <a href = "#para9_4">9.4</a>, <a href
+= "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hant</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>hende</b>), hand,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hār</b>, <i>sn.</i> hair.</p>
+
+<p><b>hārbant</b>, <i>sn.</i> head-band.</p>
+
+<p><b>harnasch</b>, <i>smn.</i> harness.</p>
+
+<p><b>harpfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> play the harp.</p>
+
+<p><b>hart</b>, <i>aj.</i> hard, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>harte</b>, <i>av.</i> very, very great,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para60">60</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>comp.</i> <b>harter</b>, more; more seriously.</p>
+
+<p><b>hase</b>, <i>wm.</i> hare, <a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href =
+"#para30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>haȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> hate, hatred, enmity; indignation, anger,
+wrath, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>haȥlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> full of hate, hostile.</p>
+
+<p><b>haȥȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> hate.</p>
+
+<p><b>heben</b> (<b>heven</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, raise, <a href =
+"#para30">30</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para86">86</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sich (an) heben</b>, betake oneself, begin.</p>
+
+<p><b>hei</b>, <i>interj.</i> an exclamation of joy, grief, or
+wonder.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">186</span>
+
+<p><b>heide</b>, <i>sf.</i>, heath, uncultivated land; meadow.</p>
+
+<p><b>heiden</b>, <i>sm.</i> heathen, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>heil</b>, <i>sn.</i> happiness, welfare, good fortune.</p>
+
+<p><b>heilant</b>, <i>sm.</i> Saviour, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>heilic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), holy, <a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href =
+"#para8">8</a>, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>heiliggeist</b>, <i>sm.</i> holy ghost.</p>
+
+<p><b>heim</b>, <i>smn.</i> home;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>heime</b>, <i>av.</i> at home.</p>
+
+<p><b>heimlīch</b> (<b>-lich</b>), <i>aj.</i> homely, familiar.</p>
+
+<p><b>heimsuochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> visit; attack with evil intent.</p>
+
+<p><b>heimsuochunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> disturbance of domestic peace and
+security.</p>
+
+<p><b>heimvart</b>, <i>sf.</i> homeward journey.</p>
+
+<p><b>heiȥ</b>, <i>aj.</i> hot, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>heiȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, call, be called, named; bid, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para17">17</a>, <a href =
+"#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hël</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>aj.</i> resounding.</p>
+
+<p><b>hëlfe</b>, <i>sf.</i> help.</p>
+
+<p><b>hëlfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, help, <a href = "#para3">3</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href =
+"#para14_2">14.2</a>, <a href = "#para15">15</a>, <a href =
+"#para23_2">23.2</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>helle</b>, <i>sf.</i> hell.</p>
+
+<p><b>hellemōr</b>, <i>sm.</i> devil.</p>
+
+<p><b>hellenōt</b>, <i>sf.</i> necessity of hell.</p>
+
+<p><b>helm</b>, <i>sm.</i> helm, helmet, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>helme</b>, <i>wm.</i> warrior.</p>
+
+<p><b>hëln</b> (with double <i>acc.</i>), <i>sv.</i> IV, hide,
+conceal.</p>
+
+<p><b>helt</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>heldes</b>, <b>heledes</b>), <i>sm.</i>
+hero, protector, brave warrior.</p>
+
+<p><b>hemede</b>, <b>hemde</b>, <i>sn.</i> shirt.</p>
+
+<p><b>hendelinc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> glove,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hengen</b>, <i>wv.</i> hang, <a href = "#para30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>henne</b>, <i>swf.</i> hen, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hēr</b>, <b>hēre</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> high, proud,
+haughty, agreeable,&nbsp;<a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>her</b>, <i>sn.</i> army, host.</p>
+
+<p><b>hër(e)</b>, <i>av.</i> hither, this way.</p>
+
+<p><b>herbërge</b>, <i>sf.</i> lodging.</p>
+
+<p><b>hērlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> agreeable, distinguished;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>hērlīchen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hērre</b>, <b>hërre</b>, <b>hër</b>, <i>wm.</i> master, lord,
+<a href = "#para9_3">9.3</a>, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hërren</b>, <i>wv.</i> to make as master.</p>
+
+<p><b>hērsen</b>, <b>hërsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> rule, govern, <a href =
+"#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>herte</b> (<b>hart</b>), <i>aj.</i> hard, difficult,&nbsp;<a href
+= "#para60">60</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>harte</b> (<b>herte</b>), <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hërze</b>, <i>wn.</i> heart, <a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>, <a href =
+"#para50">50</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para52">52</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hërzeleit</b>, <i>sn.</i> heart-sore, grief.</p>
+
+<p><b>hërzelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> dear, affectionate.</p>
+
+<p><b>hërzeliep</b>, <i>sn.</i> heart’s joy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hërzeloyde</b>, <i>pn.</i> the name of Parzival’s mother.</p>
+
+<p><b>hërzenlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> hearty, dear, affectionate;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>hërzenlīchen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hërzeriuwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> great grief, sadness of heart,
+pain.</p>
+
+<p><b>hërzesēre</b>, <i>sf.</i> great sorrow, grief.</p>
+
+<p><b>heven</b>, see <b>heben</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hey</b>, <i>interj.</i>, hey!</p>
+
+<p><b>hie</b>, <b>hier</b>, <i>av.</i> here, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para39">39</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>hie bī</b>, herewith, hereby;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>hie vor(e)</b>, formerly, in former times.</p>
+
+<p><b>hierunder</b>, <i>av.</i> hereunder, <a href =
+"#para39">39</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>himel</b>, <i>sm.</i> heaven, sky.</p>
+
+<p><b>himelisch</b>, <i>aj.</i> heavenly, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>himelkrōne</b>, <i>sf.</i> heavenly crown.</p>
+
+<p><b>himelrīch</b>, <i>sn.</i> kingdom of heaven.</p>
+
+<p><b>hin</b>, <b>hinnen</b>, <i>av.</i> from here, hence, away;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>hin für</b>, without, out of doors;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>hin heim</b>, away home.</p>
+
+<p><b>hinder</b>, <i>aj.</i> hinder;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>prep.</i> behind, <a href = "#para59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hindernisse</b>, <i>snf.</i> hindrance,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hinderste</b>, <i>aj.</i> hindmost, <a href =
+"#para59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hīnte</b>, <b>hīnt</b>, <b>hīnaht</b>, <i>av.</i>
+to-night,&nbsp;<a href = "#para34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hīrāt</b>, <i>sm.</i> marrying, marriage.</p>
+
+<p><b>hirte</b>, <i>sm.</i> shepherd, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href
+= "#para43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hirtelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> shepherdless.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">187</span>
+
+<p><b>hirȥ</b> (OHG. <b>hiruȥ</b>) beside <b>hirz</b> (OHG.
+<b>hirz</b>), <i>sm.</i> stag.</p>
+
+<p><b>hitze</b>, <i>sf.</i> heat, warmth, <a href =
+"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hiute</b>, <i>av.</i> to-day;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>hiute morgen</b>, this morning.</p>
+
+<p><b>hōch</b> (<i>comp.</i> <b>hœher</b>, <i>superl.</i> <b>hœhst</b>,
+<b>hōhst</b>), <i>aj.</i> high, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para34">34</a>, <a href =
+"#para57">57</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hōchgeborn</b>, <i>aj.</i> of gentle birth; noble.</p>
+
+<p><b>hōchgemuot</b>, <i>aj.</i> noble, high-minded; lofty, proud;
+joyful, in high spirits.</p>
+
+<p><b>hōchgezīt</b>, <i>sfn.</i> festival, feast, highest joy.</p>
+
+<p><b>hōchmuot</b>, <i>sm.</i> consciousness, pride, well-being.</p>
+
+<p><b>hōchvart</b>, <i>sf.</i> pride, haughtiness.</p>
+
+<p><b>hœne</b>, <i>aj.</i> haughty; contemptible.</p>
+
+<p><b>hœnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> dishonour, calumniate.</p>
+
+<p><b>hœren</b>, <i>wv.</i> hear; be requisite, be necessary, require;
+listen; belong to, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hof</b> (<b>-ves</b>), <i>sm.</i> court, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href =
+"#para33">33</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hogen</b>, <i>wv.</i> think, consider.</p>
+
+<p><b>hōhe</b>, <b>hō</b>, <i>av.</i> highly,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hōhgemüete</b>, <i>sn.</i> joyousness, joyfulness.</p>
+
+<p><b>hol</b>, <i>aj.</i> hollow, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>holn</b>, <i>wv.</i> fetch;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>tiefen siuft holn</b>, sigh deeply.</p>
+
+<p><b>holt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> kind, affectionate,
+well-disposed.</p>
+
+<p><b>holz</b>, <i>sn.</i> wood, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>honic</b>, <b>honec</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>smn.</i> honey,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hornunc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> February; frost;
+chilblain.</p>
+
+<p><b>houbet</b>, <i>sn.</i> head, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>houwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, hew, <a href = "#para36">36</a>,
+<a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hovelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> courtly, court-like.</p>
+
+<p><b>hovelīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> courtly, in the manner of the
+court.</p>
+
+<p><b>hübesch</b>, <i>aj.</i> noble, courtly, chivalrous,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hüeten</b>, <i>wv.</i> protect, shield, hold, keep, guard.</p>
+
+<p><b>huge</b>, <i>sm.</i> thought, <a href = "#para43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hügen</b>, <i>wv.</i> consider, <a href = "#para15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hulde</b>, <i>sf.</i> grace, favour, kindness, permission, <a href
+= "#para10n1">10 note&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hundertste</b>, <i>num.</i> hundredth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hundertstunt</b>, <i>num.</i> hundred times.</p>
+
+<p><b>hunger</b>, <i>sm.</i> hunger.</p>
+
+<p><b>hunt</b>, <b>hundert</b>, <i>num.</i> hundred, <a href =
+"#para62">62</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>huobe</b>, <i>sf.</i> a piece (hide) of land.</p>
+
+<p><b>huofslac</b> (<i>dat. pl.</i> <b>huofslegen</b>), <i>sm.</i>
+horseshoe.</p>
+
+<p><b>huon</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>hüener</b>), <i>sn.</i> hen,&nbsp;<a href
+= "#para47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>huote</b>, <i>sf.</i> care, guardianship.</p>
+
+<p><b>hupfen</b>, <b>hüpfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> hop, <a href =
+"#para10n3">10 note&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hūs</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>hiuser</b>), <i>sn.</i> house, <a href =
+"#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>hūt</b> (<i>dat. pl.</i> <b>hiuten</b>), <i>sf.</i> skin,
+hide.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_I" id = "gloss_I">
+I</a></p>
+
+<p><b>ich</b>, <i>pr.</i> I, <a href = "#para23">23</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ie</b>, <i>av.</i> ever.</p>
+
+<p><b>iedoch</b>, <i>av.</i> however.</p>
+
+<p><b>iegelīch</b>, <b>iegeslīch</b> (<b>ieglīch</b>, <b>ieslīch</b>),
+<i>pr.</i> each,&nbsp;<a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ieman</b>, <b>iemen</b>, <i>pr.</i> anyone, no one, someone,
+somebody,&nbsp;<a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iemer</b>, <b>immer</b>, <i>av.</i> ever, always, at any time,
+never.</p>
+
+<p><b>ietwëder</b>, <i>pr. aj.</i> each of two,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iewëder</b>, <i>pr.</i> each, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iewelī̆ch</b>, <i>pr.</i> each, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iewiht</b>, <i>pr.</i> anything, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iezuo</b>, <i>av.</i> now, directly.</p>
+
+<p><b>iht</b>, <i>pr.</i> anything;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> not, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īlen</b>, <i>wv.</i> hasten.</p>
+
+<p><b>Imāne</b>, <i>fpn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>in</b>, <i>prep.</i> in, into.</p>
+
+<p><b>in</b>, <i>pr. acc.</i> him.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">188</span>
+
+<p><b>īn</b>, <b>in</b>, <i>av.</i> in, into, from out here.</p>
+
+<p><b>in</b>, <b>ine</b> = <b>ich ne</b>, I&nbsp;not.</p>
+
+<p><b>i’n</b> = <b>ich in</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ingesinde</b>, <i>sn.</i> household, family; followers.</p>
+
+<p><b>inme</b>, <b>imme</b> = <b>in dëme</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>inneclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> inward;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>inneclīchen</b>, at heart.</p>
+
+<p><b>innen</b>, <b>inne</b>, <i>av.</i> within, inwardly;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>inne bringen</b>, observe, let understand, convince;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>inne wërden</b>, hear of, learn of.</p>
+
+<p><b>ir</b>, <i>pr.</i> her, their, ye, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>irdenisch</b>, <i>aj.</i> earthly.</p>
+
+<p><b>irdīn</b>, <i>aj.</i> earthen, <a href = "#para14_2">14.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>irdisch</b>, <i>aj.</i> earthly, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>irre</b>, <i>aj.</i> astray;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dës rīches irre</b>, astray in regard to the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p><b>irren</b>, <i>wv.</i> put out, confound, hinder, interrupt,
+stop.</p>
+
+<p><b>irs</b> = <b>ir ës</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>īser</b>, <i>sn.</i> iron, iron weapon, armour.</p>
+
+<p><b>iuwer</b> (<b>iwer</b>), <i>pr.</i> your,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>iȥ</b> = <b>ëȥ</b>, <a href = "#para65n1">65 note 1</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_J" id = "gloss_J">
+J</a></p>
+
+<p><b>jā</b>, <i>interj.</i> forsooth.</p>
+
+<p><b>jæmerlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> pitiable, sad, sorrowful;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>jæmerlīche(n)</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>jagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> pursue, follow, hunt.</p>
+
+<p><b>jāmer</b>, <i>sm.</i> grief, pain;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>jāmers balt</b>, courageous in grief.</p>
+
+<p><b>jāmerhaft</b>, <i>aj.</i> painful, sorrowful.</p>
+
+<p><b>jār</b>, <i>sn.</i> year; age, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>jëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, say, speak; assure, grant, concede,
+<a href = "#para35">35</a>, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>jener</b>, <i>pr.</i> that, <a href = "#para68">68</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>jenhalp</b>, <i>av.</i> on that side, the other side.</p>
+
+<p><b>jësen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, ferment, <a href =
+"#para35">35</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>jëten</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, weed, <a href = "#para35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>joch</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i> also, even, yet.</p>
+
+<p><b>jude</b>, <i>wm.</i> Jew.</p>
+
+<p><b>jugent</b>, <i>sf.</i> youth, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>junc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>aj.</i> young, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para57">57</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>juncfrouwe</b>, <i>wf.</i> maiden.</p>
+
+<p><b>junchērre</b>, <i>wm.</i> young sir.</p>
+
+<p><b>junger</b>, <i>sm.</i> disciple.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_K" id = "gloss_K">
+K</a></p>
+
+<p><b>kal</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> bald,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kāle</b>, see <b>quāle</b>, <a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kalp</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>kälber</b>), <i>sn.</i> calf,&nbsp;<a href
+= "#para47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kalt</b>, <i>aj.</i> cold.</p>
+
+<p><b>kälte</b>, <i>sf.</i> coldness, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kamerære</b>, <i>sm.</i> chamberlain, guard of the treasure,
+<i>or</i> bed-room.</p>
+
+<p><b>kampflīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> warlike.</p>
+
+<p><b>kapfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> stare, gape, look on with astonishment.</p>
+
+<p><b>Karnahkarnanz</b>, <b>Karnachkarnanz</b>, <i>pn.</i> Count of
+Unterlec.</p>
+
+<p><b>kastelān</b>, <i>sn.</i> Castilian horse.</p>
+
+<p><b>këc</b>, see <b>quëc</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kein</b>, <i>pr.</i> no, none, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>keiser</b>, <i>sm.</i> emperor.</p>
+
+<p><b>keiserlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> imperial.</p>
+
+<p><b>kelberīn</b>, <i>aj.</i> of a calf.</p>
+
+<p><b>kemenāte</b>, <i>sf.</i> room, bed-room.</p>
+
+<p><b>kennen</b>, <i>wv.</i> know, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> turn, go, <a href = "#para90">90</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sich kēren</b>, turn;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze gote kēren</b>, apply to God’s service.</p>
+
+<p><b>kerze</b>, <b>kërze</b>, <i>wf.</i> candle.</p>
+
+<p><b>kiesen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, test, try, choose, elect, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para18">18</a>,
+<a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href = "#para33">33</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kil</b>, <i>sm.</i> quill, <a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href =
+"#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kindelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little child,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kindisch</b>, <i>aj.</i> childish, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kinne</b>, <i>sn.</i> chin.</p>
+
+<p><b>kint</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> child,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kintlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> childish.</p>
+
+<p><b>kirchhof</b>, <i>sm.</i> churchyard.</p>
+
+<p><b>kīt</b> = <b>quīt</b>, <a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">189</span>
+<p><b>kiusch(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> chaste, modest, pure, spotless;
+maidenly.</p>
+
+<p><b>kiuwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, chew, <a href = "#para16n">16 note</a>,
+<a href = "#para36">36</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para79">79</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>klage</b>, <i>sf.</i> complaint, lamentation.</p>
+
+<p><b>klagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> complain, bewail,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para92">92</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>klagedeȥ hërze</b>, mournful heart.</p>
+
+<p><b>klār</b>, <i>aj.</i> clear, bright, beautiful, pure.</p>
+
+<p><b>klē</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sm.</i> clover, trefoil.</p>
+
+<p><b>klëben</b>, <i>wv.</i> stick, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kleiden</b>, <i>wv.</i> clothe, dress.</p>
+
+<p><b>klein(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> little, neat, insignificant;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>kleine</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kleit</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>kleit</b> or <b>kleider</b>), <i>sn.</i>
+dress.</p>
+
+<p><b>klieben</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, cleave, <a href =
+"#para18">18</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>klingen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, ring, toll.</p>
+
+<p><b>klōsenære</b>, <i>sm.</i> hermit, recluse.</p>
+
+<p><b>klōster</b>, <i>sn.</i> cloister, monastery.</p>
+
+<p><b>klūs</b>, <i>sf.</i> cell, hermitage.</p>
+
+<p><b>knabe</b>, <i>wm.</i> boy, youth, <a href =
+"#para31_1">31.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>knappe</b>, <i>wm.</i> a youth who has not yet become a knight,
+<a href = "#para31_1">31.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>knëht</b>, <i>sm.</i> boy, candidate for knighthood, attendant;
+warrior.</p>
+
+<p><b>knëten</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, knead, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>knie</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>kniewes</b>), <i>sn.</i> knee, <a href =
+"#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>, <a href =
+"#para36">36</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>komen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV (<i>pres.</i> <b>kume</b>, <b>kum</b>;
+<i>pret.</i> <b>quam</b>, <b>kom</b>; <i>pret. subj.</i> <b>quæme</b>,
+<i>pp.</i> <b>komen</b>), come, <a href = "#para36">36</a>,&nbsp;<a href
+= "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kopf</b>, <i>sm.</i> head.</p>
+
+<p><b>kōr</b>, <i>sm.</i> choir.</p>
+
+<p><b>korder</b>, <b>körder</b>, see <b>quërder</b>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>korn</b>, <i>sn.</i> corn, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>korp</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> basket.</p>
+
+<p><b>koufen</b>, <b>köufen</b>, <i>wv.</i> buy, acquire; earn, <a href
+= "#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>krā</b>, <b>krāwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> crow.</p>
+
+<p><b>kraft</b>, <i>sf.</i> strength, might; multitude.</p>
+
+<p><b>kranc</b>, <i>sm.</i> weakness.</p>
+
+<p><b>kranc</b>, <i>aj.</i> impotent, weak; little; worthless.</p>
+
+<p><b>kranz</b>, <i>sm.</i> garland, wreath.</p>
+
+<p><b>krēatiure</b>, <b>krēatūr(e)</b>, <i>sf.</i> creature.</p>
+
+<p><b>kreftic</b>, <i>aj.</i> strong, powerful.</p>
+
+<p><b>kriec</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> resistance, strife,
+quarrel.</p>
+
+<p><b>kriechen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, creep, crawl,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Kriemhilt</b>, <i>pn.</i> <a href = "#para54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>krippe</b> (<b>kribbe</b>), <i>swf.</i>, manger (cradle),
+crib,&nbsp;<a href = "#para26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Krist</b>, <i>sm.</i> Christ.</p>
+
+<p><b>kristen</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>sb.</i> christian.</p>
+
+<p><b>kristenheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> christianity, christian faith.</p>
+
+<p><b>kriuze</b>, <i>sn.</i> cross.</p>
+
+<p><b>krœnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> crown, adorn.</p>
+
+<p><b>krōne</b>, <i>swf.</i> crown.</p>
+
+<p><b>kuchen</b>, <b>küchen</b>, <i>sf.</i> kitchen, <a href =
+"#para10n3">10 note&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>küele</b>, <i>aj.</i> cool.</p>
+
+<p><b>küen(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> bold, warlike.</p>
+
+<p><b>kumber</b>, <i>sm.</i> grief, trouble.</p>
+
+<p><b>kumberlīche</b>, <i>av.</i> with grief, with oppression.</p>
+
+<p><b>kumbersal</b>, <i>sn.</i> distress, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kūme</b>, <i>av.</i> scarcely, hardly.</p>
+
+<p><b>künde</b>, <i>sf.</i> acquaintance, knowledge;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>kunde haben</b> (with <i>gen.</i>), know.</p>
+
+<p><b>kunde</b>, see <b>künnen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>künden</b>, <i>wv.</i> announce, promise.</p>
+
+<p><b>kündic</b>, <i>aj.</i> known.</p>
+
+<p><b>küneclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> kingly, royal.</p>
+
+<p><b>künic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>sm.</i> king, <a href = "#para7">7</a>,
+<a href = "#para8">8</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>künne</b>, race, generation; relationship, <a href =
+"#para7">7</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href =
+"#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kün(n)egin(ne)</b>, <b>künegīn</b>, <i>sf.</i> queen, king’s
+daughter, <a href = "#para8">8</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>künnen</b>, <b>kunnen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>kunde</b>,
+<b>konde</b>), <i>pret. pres.</i> know, understand, can,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kunst</b>, <i>sf.</i> art, skill, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kunt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj</i>. known.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">190</span>
+<p><b>kuo</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>küeje</b>, <b>küewe</b>), <i>sf.</i>
+cow,&nbsp;<a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kupfer</b>, <i>sn.</i> copper, <a href = "#para31_2">31.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>kurz</b>, <i>aj.</i> short, small;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>vor kurzer stunt</b>, recently.</p>
+
+<p><b>kurzewīle</b>, <i>sf.</i> pastime, entertainment.</p>
+
+<p><b>kus</b> (<b>-sses</b>), <i>smn.</i> kiss, <a href =
+"#para32_1">32.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>küssen</b>, <i>wv.</i> kiss, <a href = "#para20">20</a>, <a href =
+"#para32_2">32.2</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_L" id = "gloss_L">
+L</a></p>
+
+<p><b>lā</b>, <i>imperative</i> of <b>lāȥen</b>, q.v.</p>
+
+<p><b>lachen</b>, <i>wv.</i> laugh, laugh at;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+also <i>sn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>laden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, load, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>laden</b>, <i>wv.</i> invite, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lære</b>, <i>aj.</i> empty, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lähelīn</b>, <i>mpn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>lam</b>, <i>aj.</i> lame, weak in the limbs.</p>
+
+<p><b>lamp</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>lember</b>), lamb, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>,
+<a href = "#para33">33</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lān</b>, see <b>lāȥen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lanc</b>, <i>aj.</i> long, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href =
+"#para60">60</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>lange</b>, <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lanclëben</b>, <i>sn.</i> long life.</p>
+
+<p><b>lanclīp</b>, <i>sm.</i> long life.</p>
+
+<p><b>lant</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> land, country.</p>
+
+<p><b>lantliut</b>, <i>sn.</i> country folk, vassalage;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>pl.</i> inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p><b>lantrëhtbuoch</b>, <i>sn.</i> book of common <i>or</i> land
+laws.</p>
+
+<p><b>lantsæȥe</b>, <i>wm.</i> freeholder.</p>
+
+<p><b>last</b>, <i>sm.</i> burden.</p>
+
+<p><b>laster</b>, <i>sn.</i> ignominy, disgrace.</p>
+
+<p><b>laȥ</b> (<b>-ȥȥes</b>), <i>aj.</i> feeble, languid, faint,
+exhausted; weary.</p>
+
+<p><b>lāȥen</b>, <b>lān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, let, leave, give&nbsp;up;
+stop, avoid, <a href = "#para87">87</a>, <a href = "#para99">99</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>lān niht ze wē sīn</b>, not to worry too much;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>lāȥen sīn</b>, cease, stop;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>lā stān</b>, cease! stop!</p>
+
+<p><b>lëben</b>, <i>wv.</i> live, cause to live,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lëben</b>, <i>sn.</i> life.</p>
+
+<p><b>lëbendic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> living, alive.</p>
+
+<p><b>legen</b> (<b>leggen</b>, <b>lecken</b>), <i>wv.</i> lay, place,
+put, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para92">92</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>arbeit dar an legen</b>, expend much trouble on a thing.</p>
+
+<p><b>leh</b> (= <b>le</b> or <b>li</b>) <b>cons</b>, Count.</p>
+
+<p><b>lēhen</b>, <i>sn.</i> feudal tenure, loan, fee, feod.</p>
+
+<p><b>leich</b>, <i>sm.</i> song consisting of strophes of unequal
+length.</p>
+
+<p><b>leide</b>, <i>av.</i> painfully, sorrowfully;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>comp.</i> <b>leider</b>, greater pain, grief, trouble.</p>
+
+<p><b>leiden</b>, <i>wv.</i> be repugnant, odious, <i>or</i> offensive;
+render disagreeable, do harm;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mir leidet ëȥ</b>, it is repugnant to&nbsp;me.</p>
+
+<p><b>leider</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>interj.</i> unfortunately, alas!</p>
+
+<p><b>leie</b>, <i>wm.</i> layman.</p>
+
+<p><b>leischieren</b>, <i>wv.</i> give a horse its head.</p>
+
+<p><b>leisten</b> (<i>pret. subj.</i> <b>leiste</b> = <b>leistete</b>),
+<i>wv.</i> follow the trace of, follow, perceive;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>leisten geselleschaft</b>, accompany.</p>
+
+<p><b>leit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> sorrowful, bitter, painful,
+disagreeable; hateful, vexatious.</p>
+
+<p><b>leit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> grief, pain.</p>
+
+<p><b>leit</b> = <b>leget</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>leiten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>leite</b>), <i>wv.</i> to lead,
+<a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href =
+"#para30">30</a>, <a href = "#para32_4">32.4</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>leitestërne</b>, <i>wm.</i> loadstar.</p>
+
+<p><b>lenge</b>, <i>sf.</i> length, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lēre</b>, <i>sf.</i> teaching, instruction, precept, guidance,
+advice; saying.</p>
+
+<p><b>lēren</b> (<b>lērn</b>), <i>wv.</i> teach, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "or ‘lernen’?"><b>lërnen</b></ins>,
+<i>wv.</i> learn.</p>
+
+<p><b>leschen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, be extinguished, go out, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>leschen</b>, <i>wv.</i> extinguish, put out.</p>
+
+<p><b>lësen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, gather, read, <a href =
+"#para33">33</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>leste</b>, <i>aj.</i> last, <a href = "#para9_5">9.5</a>, <a href
+= "#para23_1">23.1</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">191</span>
+<p><b>lesterlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> disgraceful, ignominious.</p>
+
+<p><b>letzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> injure, prejudice; forsake.</p>
+
+<p><b>leȥȥeste</b>, <b>leste</b>, <i>aj.</i> last,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>līden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, suffer, endure, <a href =
+"#para30">30</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>liebe</b>, <i>sf.</i> love, joy.</p>
+
+<p><b>lieben</b>, <i>wv.</i> give pleasure, gladden; present with.</p>
+
+<p><b>liegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, lie, tell a lie, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lieht</b>, <i>sn.</i> light, <a href = "#para16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lieht</b>, <i>aj.</i> bright;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> liehte.</p>
+
+<p><b>liep</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>aj.</i> dear, pleasant, friendly,
+<a href = "#para5">5</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para11">11</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>sn.</i> what is lovable; dearest joy; lover.</p>
+
+<p><b>liet</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> song, poem.</p>
+
+<p><b>ligen</b> (<b>liggen</b>, <b>licken</b>), <i>sv.</i> V, lie, lie
+down, <a href = "#para14_2">14.2</a>, <a href =
+"#para31_3">31.3</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para84">84</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>līhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, lend, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href
+= "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>līhte</b>, <i>aj.</i> light, easy, worthless;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> easily, perhaps;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>līhte noch</b>, still now-a-days.</p>
+
+<p><b>lin</b>, <b>line</b>, <i>swf.</i> window with balcony.</p>
+
+<p><b>linde</b>, <i>wf.</i> linden-tree.</p>
+
+<p><b>līp</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> life, body, person,&nbsp;<a href
+= "#para33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>list</b>, <i>sm.</i> prudence, wisdom, advice; means, art;
+artfulness, cunning.</p>
+
+<p><b>līst</b> = <b>liges(t)</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> limb, member.</p>
+
+<p><b>līt</b> = <b>liget</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>liuhten</b>, <i>wv.</i> light, shine, shed lustre,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>liut</b>, <i>sn.</i> folk, people, army, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>liuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> ring.</p>
+
+<p><b>liuterlīch</b>, <i>av.</i> expressly, quite, entirely.</p>
+
+<p><b>Liutpolt</b>, <i>pn.</i> Leopold of Austria.</p>
+
+<p><b>lobelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> praiseworthy.</p>
+
+<p><b>loben</b>, <i>wv.</i> praise, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lobesam</b>, <i>aj.</i> praiseworthy, glorious.</p>
+
+<p><b>loch</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>löcher</b>), <i>sn.</i> hole, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href =
+"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lœsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> loose, <a href = "#para33">33</a>, <a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lōn</b>, <i>sm.</i> pay, reward.</p>
+
+<p><b>lōnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> reward.</p>
+
+<p><b>lop</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>smn.</i> praise, glorification;
+price.</p>
+
+<p><b>lōsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be rid, released&nbsp;of;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>hin ze einem lōsen</b>, flatter.</p>
+
+<p><b>lōt</b>, <i>sn.</i> weight.</p>
+
+<p><b>löufel</b>, <i>sm.</i> runner, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>loufen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, run, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href
+= "#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lougen</b>, <i>sn.</i> a denying, denial;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>āne lougen</b>, truly.</p>
+
+<p><b>loup</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>löuber</b>), <i>sn.</i> foliage, leaf,
+<a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, shut, <a href = "#para80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lücke</b>, <i>swf.</i> gap, hole, <a href =
+"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>luft</b>, <i>smf.</i> air, firmament.</p>
+
+<p><b>luoder</b>, <i>sn.</i> bait, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūt</b>, <i>aj.</i> loud;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>lūt wërden</b> (<i>c. gen.</i>), give to understand, mention, be
+heard.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūte</b>, <i>av.</i> aloud, loudly.</p>
+
+<p><b>lūter</b>, <i>aj.</i> clear, bright, <a href =
+"#para9_2">9.2</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>lūterlīche</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>lützel</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> little, small, <a href =
+"#para31_2">31.2</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para58">58</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>lützel ieman</b>, nobody, no one;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+as <i>indecl. sb.</i> with <i>gen.</i>, little.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_M" id = "gloss_M">
+M</a></p>
+
+<p><b>mac</b>, see <b>mügen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>māc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> relation.</p>
+
+<p><b>machen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make.</p>
+
+<p><b>mære</b>, <i>sn.</i> story, tidings, report.</p>
+
+<p><b>mære</b>, <i>aj.</i> known, renowned,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>magedīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> maid, maiden,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>magen</b>, <b>megen</b>, see <b>mugen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>maget</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>mägede</b>, <b>megde</b>), <i>sf.</i>
+girl, maiden, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,
+<a href = "#para37">37</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>maht</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>mähte</b>), <i>sf.</i> strength, power,
+might, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mahtu</b> = <b>maht dū</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mālen</b>, <i>wv.</i> paint, draw.</p>
+
+<p><b>maln</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, grind, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">192</span>
+
+<p><b>man</b>, <i>sm.</i> man, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href =
+"#para32_1">32.1</a>, <a href = "#para45">45</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>pr.</i> one, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>manbære</b>, <i>aj.</i> marriageable.</p>
+
+<p><b>māne</b>, <i>wm.</i> moon.</p>
+
+<p><b>manen</b>, <i>wv.</i> urge on, remind, admonish.</p>
+
+<p><b>manic</b>, <b>manec</b> (<b>manc</b>), <i>aj.</i> many,
+much,&nbsp;<a href = "#para8">8</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>pr.</i> many a, <a href = "#para71">71</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>maneger hande</b>, <b>slahte</b>, <i>or</i> <b>leie</b>, in many
+ways, manifoldly;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>maneger vil</b>, very many.</p>
+
+<p><b>manicvalt</b>, <i>aj.</i> manifold, variegated.</p>
+
+<p><b>manlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> manly, brave, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mantel</b>, <i>sm.</i> mantle, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>manunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> exhortation, admonition.</p>
+
+<p><b>marc</b>, <i>sf.</i> half pound of gold <i>or</i> silver.</p>
+
+<p><b>marder</b>, <i>sm.</i> marten; skin of a marten.</p>
+
+<p><b>market</b>, <i>sm.</i> market, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>marter</b>, <i>sf.</i> martyr; torture.</p>
+
+<p><b>māȥe</b>, <i>sf.</i> measure, manner; moderation, propriety,
+fitness;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze einer māȥe</b>, little, moderate;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze māȥe</b>, fairly, sufficiently;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze rëhter māȥe</b>, to the right length.</p>
+
+<p><b>mē</b>, <b>mēre</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> more, further,
+<a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para17">17</a>, <a href =
+"#para39">39</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para61">61</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+as <i>indecl. sb.</i> with <i>gen.</i> more.</p>
+
+<p><b>meie</b>, <i>wm.</i> May; spring of the year, <a href =
+"#para35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>meien</b>, <i>wv.</i> become May; be joyful, make merry.</p>
+
+<p><b>meier</b> (<b>meiger</b>), <i>sm.</i> farmer.</p>
+
+<p><b>meierin</b>, <i>sf.</i> farmer’s wife.</p>
+
+<p><b>meinen</b>, <i>wv.</i> mean, mean well, have in view; cause.</p>
+
+<p><b>meist</b>, <b>meiste</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> most,
+greatest, <a href = "#para58">58</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>meister</b>, <i>sm.</i> master.</p>
+
+<p><b>meisterschaft</b>, <i>sf.</i> skill in an art, mastery, order.</p>
+
+<p><b>meit</b> = <b>maget</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>meiȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, cut, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mël</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sn.</i> meal, <a href =
+"#para36">36</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mëlden</b>, <i>wv.</i> announce, make known; betray.</p>
+
+<p><b>mëldunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> announcement,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Meljahkanz</b>, <i>pn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>mëlken</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, milk.</p>
+
+<p><b>mensch(e)</b>, <i>wsmn.</i> man (‘homo’).</p>
+
+<p><b>menschenbluot</b>, <i>sn.</i> human blood.</p>
+
+<p><b>menschlich</b>, <i>aj.</i> human.</p>
+
+<p><b>mer</b>, <i>sn.</i> sea.</p>
+
+<p><b>mēre</b>, see <b>mē</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> increase.</p>
+
+<p><b>mērer</b>, <b>mēr(r)e</b>, <i>aj.</i> more,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>merken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>markte</b>), <i>wv.</i> observe,
+perceive, understand.</p>
+
+<p><b>merze</b>, <i>wm.</i> March.</p>
+
+<p><b>mësse</b>, <i>sf.</i> mass;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mëssezīt</b>, <i>sf.</i> time for mass.</p>
+
+<p><b>mëte</b>, <i>sm.</i> mead, <a href = "#para43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mettīne</b>, <i>sf.</i> matins, primes.</p>
+
+<p><b>mëȥȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, measure, <a href = "#para32_1">32.1</a>,
+<a href = "#para32_4">32.4</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mëȥȥer</b>, <i>sn.</i> knife.</p>
+
+<p><b>michel</b>, <i>aj.</i> great;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>michels</b>, <i>av.</i> by far, <a href = "#para55">55</a>, <a href =
+"#para58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, avoid, shun, do without, <a href =
+"#para30">30</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>miete</b>, <i>sf.</i> pay, reward, present, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>milch</b>, <i>sf.</i> milk, <a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>milt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> generous;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>miltlīche</b>, <b>milteclīche</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>milte</b>, <i>aj.</i> generous, bounteous.</p>
+
+<p><b>milte</b>, <i>sf.</i> liberality, generosity; grace, favour.</p>
+
+<p><b>min</b>, <i>av.</i> less, <a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mīn</b>, <i>pr.</i> my, <a href = "#para67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>minne</b>, <i>sf.</i> love; loving memory, remembrance.</p>
+
+<p><b>minneclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> dear, lovely, loving, kind.</p>
+
+<p><b>minnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> love, value, <a href =
+"#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>minner</b>, <b>minre</b>, <b>min</b>, <i>aj.</i> and
+<span class = "pagenum">193</span>
+<i>av.</i> less, <a href = "#para9_3">9.3</a>, <a href =
+"#para57">57</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para58">58</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+as <i>indecl. sb.</i> with <i>gen.</i> less.</p>
+
+<p><b>minnest</b>, <b>min(ne)ste</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> least,
+<a href = "#para9_5">9.5</a>, <a href = "#para57">57</a>, <a href =
+"#para58">58</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mirs</b> = <b>mir ës</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>miselsuht</b>, <i>sf.</i> leprosy.</p>
+
+<p><b>mislīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> sundry, uneven, different.</p>
+
+<p><b>misselingen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, not to succeed.</p>
+
+<p><b>missesagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> deceive, lie.</p>
+
+<p><b>missetāt</b>, <i>sf.</i> misdeed, offence.</p>
+
+<p><b>missewende</b>, <i>sf.</i> mistake, fault, blot.</p>
+
+<p><b>mist</b>, <i>sm.</i> dung, dirt.</p>
+
+<p><b>mit</b>, <b>mite</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> with, by,
+through, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mit sorgen</b>, sorrowfully;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mit triuwen</b>, faithful, faithfully;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mit willen</b>, gladly, willingly;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mit witze</b>, reasonably, sensibly, cleverly, prudently, wisely;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mit zühten</b>, politely.</p>
+
+<p><b>mitte</b>, <i>aj.</i> middle;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>mitten</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>morgen</b> (<b>morne</b>), <i>sm.</i> morning,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para42">42</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dës morgens</b>, in the morning.</p>
+
+<p><b>mortlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> murderous;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>mortlīche</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mortmeile</b>, <i>aj.</i> blood-stained, blood-guilty.</p>
+
+<p><b>motte</b>, <i>swf.</i> moth, <a href = "#para24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>müedinc</b>, <i>sm.</i> unhappy man, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>müelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> painful, troublesome.</p>
+
+<p><b>müen</b> (<b>müejen</b>, <b>müewen</b>), <i>wv.</i> torment,
+trouble, distress, grieve, <a href = "#para35">35</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>müeterlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> motherly.</p>
+
+<p><b>müeterlīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little mother,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>müeȥen</b>, <i>pret.-pres.</i> (<i>pres. sing.</i> <b>muoȥ</b>,
+<i>pret.</i> <b>muoste</b>, <b>muose</b>), must, <a href =
+"#para28">28</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>müeȥic</b>, <i>aj.</i> idle, at leisure.</p>
+
+<p><b>müg(e)lich</b>, <i>aj.</i> possible.</p>
+
+<p><b>mügen</b>, <b>mugen</b>, <b>magen</b>, <b>megen</b> (<i>pres.
+sing.</i> <b>mac</b>, <i>pret.</i> <b>mohte</b>, <i>pret. subj.</i>
+<b>möhte</b>), <i>pret.-pres.</i> may, can, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para28">28</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mugge</b>, <b>mügge</b> (<b>mucke</b>, <b>mücke</b>), <i>wf.</i>
+midge, fly, <a href = "#para10n3">10 note 3</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>mül</b>, <i>sf.</i> mill.</p>
+
+<p><b>mūl</b>, <i>sn.</i> mule.</p>
+
+<p><b>münich</b>, <i>sm.</i> monk.</p>
+
+<p><b>münster</b>, <i>sn.</i> minster.</p>
+
+<p><b>munt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> mouth.</p>
+
+<p><b>muot</b>, <i>sm.</i> sense, mind, spirits, mood, feeling, courage,
+disposition, sentiment;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>rīches muotes wërden</b>, be in good spirits.</p>
+
+<p><b>muoten</b>, <i>wv. c. gen.</i> desire, long for.</p>
+
+<p><b>muoter</b>, <i>sf.</i> mother, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href
+= "#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_N" id = "gloss_N">
+N</a></p>
+
+<p><b>nac</b> (<b>-ckes</b>), <i>sm.</i> back part of the head.</p>
+
+<p><b>nāch</b>, <i>prep.</i> after, according to, on account of, at,
+for, to,&nbsp;<a href = "#para34">34</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>nach dëm guote</b>, about wealth <i>or</i> money;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>nāch ēren</b>, honourably;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>nāch sīnen beinen</b>, made to fit his legs;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>nāch wünsche</b>, to perfection, all that one could wish for;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>vil nāch</b>, nearly.</p>
+
+<p><b>nacket</b>, <i>aj.</i> naked.</p>
+
+<p><b>nagel</b>, <i>sm.</i> nail, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href
+= "#para44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nagen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, gnaw, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nāhe</b> (<b>nāch</b>), <i>av.</i> near, nigh,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para34">34</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>nāhe tragen</b>, take to heart;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>nāhe gān</b>, go closely, touch;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>nāhen</b>, near by.</p>
+
+<p><b>nāhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> draw near, come near, approach, be near.</p>
+
+<p><b>nāhgebūre</b>, <i>wm.</i> neighbour.</p>
+
+<p><b>naht</b>, <i>sf.</i> night, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href =
+"#para49">49</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>nahtes</b>, by night.</p>
+
+<p><b>nahtigale</b>, <b>nahtegal(e)</b>, <i>sf.</i> nightingale.</p>
+
+<p><b>nam(e)</b>, <i>wm.</i> name, position, <a href = "#para3">3</a>,
+<a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href = "#para9_4">9.4</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">194</span>
+<p><b>namen</b>, <i>wv.</i> name,&nbsp;<a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>napf</b>, <i>sm.</i> basin, <a href = "#para31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nar</b>, <i>sf.</i> food, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nāt</b>, <i>sf.</i> seam.</p>
+
+<p><b>naȥ</b> (<b>-ȥȥes</b>), <i>aj.</i> wet, <a href =
+"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ne</b>, <b>n’</b>, <i>neg. particle</i>, generally used before the
+verb with and without <b>niht</b>, <i>not</i>, <a href =
+"#para108">108</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nëbel</b>, <i>sm.</i> fog, mist,</p>
+
+<p><b>nehein</b>, <i>pr.</i> no, none, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>neigen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bow, bend down.</p>
+
+<p><b>neiȥwër</b>, <i>pr.</i> anyone, <a href = "#para70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nëmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, take;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>c. dat.</i> <i>pers.</i> take away, rob, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href =
+"#para14_2">14.2</a>, <a href = "#para74">74</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nennen</b>, <i>wv.</i> name, mention the name of, <a href =
+"#para32_2">32.2</a>, <a href = "#para40">40</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nern</b> (<b>nerigen</b>, <b>nerjen</b>), <i>wv.</i> nourish,
+rescue, keep alive, <i>refl.</i> subsist on, <a href =
+"#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href =
+"#para35">35</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nest</b>, <b>nëst</b>, <i>sn.</i> nest,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>netze</b>, <i>sn.</i> net, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>netzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make wet, <a href =
+"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nëve</b>, <i>wm.</i> nephew, <a href = "#para33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, hate, envy, <a href =
+"#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nider</b>, <i>av.</i> down;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sich nider laȥen</b>, settle, establish oneself.</p>
+
+<p><b>nīdetāt</b>, <i>sf.</i> spiteful action.</p>
+
+<p><b>nie</b>, <i>av.</i> never.</p>
+
+<p><b>nieman</b>, <b>niemen</b>, <i>pr.</i> nobody, no one,&nbsp;<a href
+= "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>niemēr</b> (<b>niemer</b>, <b>nimer</b>, <b>nimmer</b>),
+<i>av.</i> never.</p>
+
+<p><b>niender</b>, <i>av.</i> by no means.</p>
+
+<p><b>niene</b>, <i>av.</i> not, not at all.</p>
+
+<p><b>niesen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, sneeze, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>nieten</b> (<i>refl.</i> with <i>gen.</i>), <i>wv.</i> be eager
+<i>or</i> zealous for.</p>
+
+<p><b>nieȥen</b> = <b>genieȥen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>niftel</b>, <i>sf.</i> niece, <a href = "#para33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>niht</b>, <b>nieht</b>, <b>niet</b>, <i>av.</i> not;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>pr.</i> nothing, <a href = "#para71">71</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>indecl. sb. c. gen.</i> nothing.</p>
+
+<p><b>nine</b> = <b>niene</b>, not at all.</p>
+
+<p><b>nīt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> hatred, anger, hostility.</p>
+
+<p><b>niun</b>, <i>num.</i> nine, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>niunte</b> (<b>-de</b>), <i>num.</i> ninth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>niunzëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> nineteen, <a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>niunzëhende</b>, <i>num.</i> nineteenth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>niunzic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> ninety,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>niunzigeste</b>, ninetieth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>niuwan</b> (<b>niwan</b>, <b>niuwen</b>), <i>av.</i> nothing but,
+only;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>cj.</i> except, except that.</p>
+
+<p><b>niuwe</b>, <i>aj.</i> new, <a href = "#para16n">16 note</a>,
+<a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>niuwet</b>, <i>av.</i> not.</p>
+
+<p><b>noch</b>, <i>av.</i> still;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>noch en noch</b>, neither&mdash;nor.</p>
+
+<p><b>Norgāls</b>, <i>pn.</i> the country belonging to Herzeloyde.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōt</b>, <i>sf.</i> need, danger, trouble, distress.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōthaft</b>, <i>aj.</i> needy, poor,</p>
+
+<p><b>nōtic</b>, <i>aj.</i> in distress, hasty.</p>
+
+<p><b>nōtnunft</b>, <i>sf.</i> abduction by violence.</p>
+
+<p><b>nū</b> (<b>nu</b>), <i>av.</i> now;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>nu wol dan</b>, well then be off there!</p>
+
+<p><b>nutz</b> (<b>nuz</b>), <i>sm.</i> use, advantage.</p>
+
+<p><b>nütze</b>, <i>aj.</i> useful.</p>
+
+<p><b>nutzen</b>, <b>nützen</b>, <i>wv.</i> to use, <a href =
+"#para10n3">10 note&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_O" id = "gloss_O">
+O</a></p>
+
+<p><b>ob</b>, <b>obe</b>, <b>op</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> over,
+above;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>conj.</i> if, in case that, whether, <a href =
+"#para9_6">9.6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oben</b> (<b>e</b>), <i>av.</i> from above, above.</p>
+
+<p><b>ober</b>, <i>aj.</i> upper, <a href = "#para59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oberste</b>, <b>oberist</b>, <b>oberest</b>, <i>aj.</i> highest,
+uppermost, <a href = "#para8">8</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>oder</b>, <b>ode</b>, <i>conj.</i> or.</p>
+
+<p><b>offen</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> open, <a href =
+"#para23_1">23.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>offenbāre</b>, <i>av.</i> openly.</p>
+
+<p><b>ofte</b>, <i>av.</i> often.</p>
+
+<p><b>ohse</b>, <i>wm.</i> ox.</p>
+
+<p><b>opfer</b>, <i>sn.</i> offering.</p>
+
+<p><b>orden</b>, <i>sm.</i> order, rule; rank;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>rīters orden</b>, knightly order.</p>
+
+<p><b>ordenunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> order, rule.</p>
+
+<p><b>ōre</b>, <i>wn.</i> ear, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>op</b> = <b>ob</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ōsterrīch</b>, <i>pn.</i> Austria.</p>
+
+<p><b>ot</b>, see <b>ëht</b>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">195</span>
+<p><b>ouch</b>, <b>ō̆ch</b>, <i>av.</i> also; henceforward.</p>
+
+<p><b>ouge</b>, <i>wn.</i> eye, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href =
+"#para50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ougen</b>, <i>wv.</i> show, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ougenweide</b>, <i>sf.</i> delight of the eyes, sight,
+appearance.</p>
+
+<p><b>ouwē</b>, <i>sf.</i> water; meadow, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>owē</b>, <b>ouwē</b>, <b>ō̆wī</b>, <i>interj.</i> woe!
+alas!&nbsp;ah!;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>owē mir mīnes leides!</b> alas! for my grief;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ōwī wan</b>, used to express a wish: would that;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>owē dës</b>, alas for that!</p>
+
+<p><b>ōwol</b>, <i>interj.</i> well!</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_P" id = "gloss_P">
+P</a></p>
+
+<p><b>palas</b>, <i>sn.</i> hall.</p>
+
+<p><b>paradys</b>, <i>sn.</i> paradise.</p>
+
+<p><b>pfaffe</b>, <i>wm.</i> priest.</p>
+
+<p><b>pfeller</b>, <b>pfellel</b>, <i>sm.</i> carpet, silk cloth.</p>
+
+<p><b>pfennic</b>, <b>pfenninc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i>
+penny,&nbsp;<a href = "#para29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pfert</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> horse.</p>
+
+<p><b>pflëge</b>, <i>sf.</i> care, fostering.</p>
+
+<p><b>pflëgen</b> (<b>phlëgen</b>), <i>sv.</i> V, be accustomed, use,
+practise, care for,&nbsp;<a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pfluoc</b>, <b>phluoc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> plough;
+ploughman.</p>
+
+<p><b>pfunt</b>, <i>sn.</i> pound, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>phat</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>smn.</i> path, footway.</p>
+
+<p><b>phel</b> (<b>phelle</b>) = <b>pfeller</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Philip</b>, <b>Philippes</b> (<i>dat.</i> <b>Philippe</b>),
+<i>pn.</i> Philip.</p>
+
+<p><b>phlëger</b>, <i>sm.</i> guardian, protector.</p>
+
+<p><b>pin</b> = <b>bin</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>pīnen</b> (with <b>sich</b> and <b>ūf</b>), <i>wv.</i> exert
+oneself for.</p>
+
+<p><b>plān</b>, <i>smf.</i>, <b>plāne</b>, <i>sf.</i> plain, open space,
+meadow.</p>
+
+<p><b>planēte</b>, <i>wm.</i> planet.</p>
+
+<p><b>porte</b>, <i>sf.</i> door, gate.</p>
+
+<p><b>portenære</b>, <i>sm.</i> porter, door-keeper.</p>
+
+<p><b>prëdige</b>, <i>wf.</i> sermon.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīs</b>, <i>sm.</i> praise, renown, reputation; price.</p>
+
+<p><b>prīsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> value, praise, extol.</p>
+
+<p><b>prophēte</b>, <i>wm.</i> prophet.</p>
+
+<p><b>prüstelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> breast, chest.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_Q" id = "gloss_Q">
+Q</a></p>
+
+<p><b>quāle</b> (<b>kāle</b>), <i>sf.</i> torture,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quëc</b> (<b>këc</b>), <i>aj.</i> quick, alive, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quëden</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, say, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href
+= "#para36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quërder</b> (<b>korder</b>, <b>körder</b>), <i>smn.</i>
+bait,&nbsp;<a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quicken</b> (<b>kücken</b>), <i>wv.</i> enliven,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>quīst</b> = <b>quides(t)</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_R" id = "gloss_R">
+R</a></p>
+
+<p><b>rabe</b>, <i>wm.</i> raven, <a href = "#para31_1">31.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rāche</b>, <i>sf.</i> revenge, punishment.</p>
+
+<p><b>ragen</b>, <i>wv.</i> strike, knock, hit.</p>
+
+<p><b>rappe</b>, <i>wm.</i> raven, <a href = "#para31_1">31.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rasch</b> (<b>rasche</b>), <i>aj.</i> quick,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rat</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> wheel,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rāt</b>, <i>sm.</i> (<i>pl.</i> <b>ræte</b>), advice, care,
+resolution;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>rāt wërden</b>, be helped.</p>
+
+<p><b>rāten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, advise, devise,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rē</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>smn.</i> corpse; bier, hearse, <a href =
+"#para42">42</a>, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, avenge, punish.</p>
+
+<p><b>rëde</b>, <i>sf.</i> speech, answer, story, saying.</p>
+
+<p><b>rëgen</b>, <i>sm.</i> rain, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rëht</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>sn.</i> right, proper, just; right,
+duty, law.</p>
+
+<p><b>rëhte</b>, <i>av.</i> rightly, properly; very.</p>
+
+<p><b>reine</b>, <b>rein</b>, <i>aj.</i> pure, spotless,
+perfect,&nbsp;<a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>reise</b>, <i>sf.</i> journey, march.</p>
+
+<p><b>reiȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> irritate; entice, allure.</p>
+
+<p><b>rennen</b>, <i>wv.</i> run, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ribbalīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> foot-covering, shoe.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīben</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, rub, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">196</span>
+
+<p><b>rīch</b>, <b>rīche</b>, <i>aj.</i> powerful, mighty, noble, great,
+fine, rich, free,&nbsp;<a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīche</b>, <i>sn.</i> kingdom.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīcheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> wealth, power.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīchen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make rich, enrich, present with.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīchsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> rule, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>riechen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, smell, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīfe</b>, <i>wm.</i> hoar-frost.</p>
+
+<p><b>rigel</b>, <i>sm.</i> bolt, bar.</p>
+
+<p><b>rihten</b>, <i>wv.</i> put right, confirm, judge;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>refl.</i> get up.</p>
+
+<p><b>rinc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> ring.</p>
+
+<p><b>ringe</b>, <i>aj.</i> easy, light, small; consumed.</p>
+
+<p><b>ringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, strive, struggle; busy oneself,
+wrestle;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ringen nāch</b>, strive for <i>or</i> after.</p>
+
+<p><b>rinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, run, <a href = "#para20">20</a>,
+<a href = "#para31">31</a>, <a href = "#para32_1">32.1</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rint</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>rinder</b>), <i>sn.</i> cow, heifer.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīsen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, fall, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href
+= "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, ride, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīter</b>, <b>ritter</b>, <i>sm.</i> rider; knight, the name of
+knight.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīterlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> knightly.</p>
+
+<p><b>rīterschaft</b>, <i>sf.</i> knighthood, customs and manners of
+knights.</p>
+
+<p><b>ritterlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> in knightly manner.</p>
+
+<p><b>riuschen</b>, <i>wv.</i> rush, move noisily.</p>
+
+<p><b>riuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> root out, clear the land, bring the land
+into cultivation.</p>
+
+<p><b>riuwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> sadness, grief, pity, regret, <a href =
+"#para16n">16 note</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>riuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> grieve, grieve for, regret.</p>
+
+<p><b>riuwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, pain, grieve, regret, <a href =
+"#para16n">16 note</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>riuwic</b>, <i>aj.</i> sorrowful, repentant.</p>
+
+<p><b>rivier</b>, <i>sm.</i> brook, stream.</p>
+
+<p><b>rocke</b>, <b>rogge</b>, <i>wm.</i> rye, <a href =
+"#para31_1">31.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rōme</b>, <i>pn.</i> Rome.</p>
+
+<p><b>rōr</b>, <i>sn.</i> reed.</p>
+
+<p><b>ros</b>, <i>sn.</i> horse.</p>
+
+<p><b>rōt</b>, <i>aj.</i> red, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rouben</b>, <i>wv.</i> rob.</p>
+
+<p><b>rouch</b>, <i>sm.</i> smoke.</p>
+
+<p><b>roufen</b>, <i>wv.</i> pluck, pull up, pull at, lug;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>refl.</i> tear <i>or</i> pull out one’s hair.</p>
+
+<p><b>roup</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> robbery;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>roubes</b>, <i>av.</i> by robbery.</p>
+
+<p><b>rūch</b>, <i>aj.</i> raw; coarse.</p>
+
+<p><b>rucke</b>, <b>rügge</b>, <i>swm.</i> back.</p>
+
+<p><b>ruejen</b>, <i>wv.</i> row, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rüemen</b>, <i>wv.</i> praise, commend.</p>
+
+<p><b>rueren</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>ruorte</b>), <i>wv.</i> drive,
+urge&nbsp;on;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+with <b>ros</b> understood: run.</p>
+
+<p><b>rūm</b>, <i>sm.</i> room, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>rūmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make room, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,
+<a href = "#para40">40</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ruochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> trouble oneself about a thing,
+observe;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+with <i>gen.</i> deign, will, wish.</p>
+
+<p><b>ruofen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, call, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_S" id = "gloss_S">
+S</a></p>
+
+<p><b>sā</b>, <b>sān</b>, <i>av.</i> presently, at once, forthwith,
+immediately, quickly.</p>
+
+<p><b>sache</b>, <i>sf.</i> thing.</p>
+
+<p><b>sactuoch</b>, <i>sn.</i> sacking, sackcloth.</p>
+
+<p><b>sæjen</b>, <b>sæwen</b>, <b>sæn</b>, sow, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para35">35</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sælde</b>, <i>sf.</i> happiness, good fortune, excellence,
+blessedness, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sælic</b>, <b>sælec</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>aj.</i> blessed, happy,
+<a href = "#para7">7</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sælikeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> blessedness.</p>
+
+<p><b>sage</b>, <i>sf.</i> saying, statement, report;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>nāch sage</b>, by hear-say.</p>
+
+<p><b>sagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> say, tell, <a href = "#para37">37</a>,
+<a href = "#para92">92</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sagen mære</b>, relate what has happened.</p>
+
+<p><b>sal</b>, <i>sm.</i> room, hall; house.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">197</span>
+
+<p><b>salben</b>, <i>wv.</i> anoint.</p>
+
+<p><b>Salomōn</b>, <i>sm.</i> Solomon.</p>
+
+<p><b>salz</b>, <i>sn.</i> salt, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>salzen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, salt, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>same</b>, <b>sam</b>, <i>av.</i> so, as, like, just as, even
+as,&nbsp;<a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>samīt</b>, <i>sm.</i> velvet.</p>
+
+<p><b>samt</b>, <i>av.</i> together.</p>
+
+<p><b>sān</b>, see <b>sā</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sanc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> song, singing.</p>
+
+<p><b>sanfte</b>, <i>av.</i> softly, slowly, pleasantly,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sant</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> sand,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sant(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> holy; holy one.</p>
+
+<p><b>sarc</b>, <i>sm.</i> coffin.</p>
+
+<p><b>sarken</b>, <b>serken</b>, <i>wv.</i> put into the coffin.</p>
+
+<p><b>sāt</b>, <i>sf.</i> seed, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>satzt(e)</b>, <i>pret.</i> of <b>setzen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sāȥe</b>, <i>sf.</i> ambush, trap, snare.</p>
+
+<p><b>sazte</b>, <i>pret.</i> of <b>setzen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schāchære</b>, <i>sm.</i> robber.</p>
+
+<p><b>schade</b>, <i>wm.</i> injury, loss.</p>
+
+<p><b>schaden</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>schadete</b>, <b>schāte</b>),
+<i>wv.</i> injure, harm.</p>
+
+<p><b>schāf</b>, <i>sn.</i> sheep.</p>
+
+<p><b>schaffen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, create, exercise, institute,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schaffen</b>, <i>wv.</i> do, perform, provide.</p>
+
+<p><b>schal</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>sm.</i> sound, noise, loud tone;
+singing.</p>
+
+<p><b>schalchaft</b>, <i>aj.</i> malicious, mischievous.</p>
+
+<p><b>schallen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be noisy; bluster; exult, boast,
+swagger.</p>
+
+<p><b>schame</b>, <i>wf.</i> shame.</p>
+
+<p><b>schämelich</b>, <i>aj.</i> shameful, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schamen</b>, <i>wv.</i> shame;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>c. gen.</i> be ashamed, <a href = "#para9_4">9.4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schande</b>, <i>sf.</i> disgrace, disgracefulness, shamefulness,
+shameful <i>or</i> disgraceful act.</p>
+
+<p><b>schapel</b>, <i>sn.</i> garland, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schar</b>, <i>sf.</i> crowd, flock, <a href =
+"#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>scharpf</b>, <i>aj.</i> sharp.</p>
+
+<p><b>schart</b>, <i>aj.</i> jagged, hacked, hewn, battered.</p>
+
+<p><b>schate</b> (<ins class = "correction" title = "not italicized in print"><i>gen.</i></ins> <b>schat(e)wes</b>),
+<i>sm.</i> shade, shadow, <a href = "#para36">36</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schaz</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>schatzes</b>), <i>sm.</i> treasure,
+<a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schedelīche</b>, <i>av.</i> injuriously.</p>
+
+<p><b>scheiden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, sever, separate, deprive; go away,
+<a href = "#para87">87</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sich scheiden</b>, come to an end, be decided.</p>
+
+<p><b>schëlch</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>schëlhes</b>), <i>aj.</i>
+askew,&nbsp;<a href = "#para34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schelle</b>, <i>wf.</i> little bell.</p>
+
+<p><b>schëlten</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, abuse, revile, mock,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+also as <i>sn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>schemelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> disgraceful.</p>
+
+<p><b>schepfen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>schuof</b>, <i>pp.</i>
+<b>geschaffen</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, create, <a href =
+"#para23_2">23.2</a>, <a href = "#para28">28</a>, <a href =
+"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schepfære</b>, <b>schepfer</b>, <i>sm.</i> creator,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schërn</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, shear, <a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schicken</b> (with <i>acc.</i>), <i>wv.</i> become, suit, fit.</p>
+
+<p><b>schieben</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, shove, <a href =
+"#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schiere</b>, <i>av.</i> quickly, soon.</p>
+
+<p><b>schieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, shoot;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>sn.</i> shooting, <a href = "#para10n3">10 note 3</a>, <a href =
+"#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schif</b> (<b>-ffes</b>), <i>sn.</i> ship, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para32_1">32.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schilt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> shield, protection;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>schildes ambet</b>, knight-service, chivalry.</p>
+
+<p><b>schimpfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make fun of, jest;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+also as <i>sn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>schīn</b>, <i>aj.</i> visible, clear;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>schīn tuon</b>, make clear, show;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>sm.</i> splendour.</p>
+
+<p><b>schīnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, shine, become evident or
+manifest,&nbsp;<a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schirmen</b>, <i>wv. c. dat.</i> protect.</p>
+
+<p><b>schiuhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> fear, shun.</p>
+
+<p><b>schœnde</b>, <i>sf.</i> beauty.</p>
+
+<p><b>schœne</b>, <i>aj.</i> beautiful, fine, <a href = "#para3">3</a>,
+<a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href =
+"#para55">55</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schœne</b>, <i>sf.</i> beauty, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href =
+"#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schœnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make beautiful.</p>
+
+<p><b>schōne</b>, <i>av.</i> beautifully, <a href =
+"#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schouwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> see, behold, look, inspect, survey.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">198</span>
+
+<p><b>schrëcken</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, frighten,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schrībære</b>, <i>sm.</i> scribe, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schrīben</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, write, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schrīen</b> (<b>scrīen</b>), <i>sv.</i> I, cry, cry out, scream;
+croak, <a href = "#para77">77</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+also as <i>sn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>schrift</b>, <i>sf.</i> writing (Bible).</p>
+
+<p><b>schrīn</b>, <i>sm.</i> box.</p>
+
+<p><b>schrinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, split,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schrit</b>, <i>sm.</i> step, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schrunde</b>, <i>wf.</i> scratch, tear, slit.</p>
+
+<p><b>schūften</b>, <i>wv.</i> gallop, canter.</p>
+
+<p><b>schulde</b>, <i>sf.</i> reason, cause;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>von welhen schulden</b>, wherefore.</p>
+
+<p><b>schuldic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> guilty, <a href =
+"#para10n1">10 note&nbsp;1</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>schuldic sīn</b>, owe.</p>
+
+<p><b>schuoch</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>schuohes</b>), <i>sm.</i>
+shoe,&nbsp;<a href = "#para34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schupfen</b>, <b>schüpfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> push, <a href =
+"#para10n3">10 note&nbsp;3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>schuz</b> (<b>-tzes</b>), <i>sm.</i> protection.</p>
+
+<p><b>se</b> = <b>sie</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sē</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sm.</i> sea, lake, <a href =
+"#para3">3</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sëgenen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bless, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, see, look, <a href = "#para9_4n">9.4
+note</a>, <a href = "#para34">34</a>, <a href = "#para74n">74
+note</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sëhs</b>, <i>num.</i> six, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sëhste</b>, <i>num.</i> sixth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sëh(s)zëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> sixteen,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sëh(s)zehënde</b>, <i>num.</i> sixteenth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sëh(s)zic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> sixty,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sëh(s)zigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> sixtieth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>seist</b> = <b>sages(t)</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>seit</b> = <b>saget</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>seite</b>, <i>wm.</i> string.</p>
+
+<p><b>seite</b> = <b>sagete</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>seitenspil</b>, <i>sn.</i> playing of stringed instrument.</p>
+
+<p><b>sele</b>, <i>sf.</i> soul, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para17">17</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>seln</b>, <i>wv.</i> hand over, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sëlp</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>pr.</i> self.</p>
+
+<p><b>sëlten</b>, <i>av.</i> seldom.</p>
+
+<p><b>sëltsæne</b>, <i>aj.</i> rare, strange.</p>
+
+<p><b>senden</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>sante</b>), <i>wv.</i> send, <a href =
+"#para32_3">32.3</a>, <a href = "#para40">40</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>senede</b>, <b>sende</b>, <i>pp.</i> of <b>senen</b>, painfully
+longing, yearning, love-sick,&nbsp;<a href = "#para29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>senen</b>, <i>wv. refl.</i> fret oneself, be sick at heart.</p>
+
+<p><b>senfte</b>, <i>sf.</i> softening.</p>
+
+<p><b>senfte</b>, <i>aj.</i> soft, gentle, tender, mild, easy; quiet,
+<a href = "#para55">55</a>, <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>senften</b>, <i>wv.</i> appease, soften.</p>
+
+<p><b>senken</b>, <i>wv.</i> sink, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēr</b>, <i>snm.</i> pain; grief, trouble; sore.</p>
+
+<p><b>sēre</b>, <i>av.</i> sorely, violently; very.</p>
+
+<p><b>setzen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>satzte</b>), <i>wv.</i> put, set,
+place, appoint, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href =
+"#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>si</b>, <b>sī</b>, <b>siu</b>, <b>sie</b>, <i>pr.</i> she,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>siben</b>, <i>num.</i> seven, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sibende</b>, <i>num.</i> seventh, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sibenzëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> seventeen,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sibenzëhende</b>, <i>num.</i> seventeenth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sibenzic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), seventy, <a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sibenzigste</b>, seventieth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sich</b>, <i>refl. pr.</i> himself, themselves,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sicherheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> assurance.</p>
+
+<p><b>sicherlīch(e)</b>, <i>av.</i> certainly, surely,
+assuredly,&nbsp;<a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sīde</b>, <i>sf.</i> silk.</p>
+
+<p><b>sider</b>, <i>av.</i> since, afterwards.</p>
+
+<p><b>siech</b>, <i>aj.</i> sick, ill, <a href = "#para5">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>siecheit</b>, <i>sf.</i>, <b>siechtuom</b>, <i>sm.</i>
+sickness.</p>
+
+<p><b>sieden</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, seethe, <a href = "#para12">12</a>,
+<a href = "#para18">18</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sīfrit</b>, <i>pn.</i>, <a href = "#para54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sige</b> (<b>sic</b>), <i>sm.</i> victory,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sīgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, sink, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sigenunft</b>, <i>sf.</i> victory.</p>
+
+<p><b>sīhte</b>, <i>aj.</i> shallow.</p>
+
+<p><b>silber</b>, <i>sn.</i> silver.</p>
+
+<p><b>sim</b> = <b>si im</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sin</b>, <i>sm.</i> sense, mind, feeling; courage.</p>
+
+<p><b>sīn</b>, <i>pr.</i> his;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sīn sëlbes</b>, of himself, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">199</span>
+<p><b>sīn</b>, <i>anom. v.</i> be,&nbsp;<a href = "#para97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sin</b> = <b>si in</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sincwīse</b>, <i>sf.</i> song.</p>
+
+<p><b>singen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, sing;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+also as <i>sn.</i> song, lay, <a href = "#para10n2">10 note 2</a>,
+<a href = "#para33">33</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sinken</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, sink, <a href =
+"#para23_2">23.2</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> sense, mind;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze sinne wider komen</b>, recover consciousness, become conscious
+again.</p>
+
+<p><b>sinneclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> sensible, reasonable.</p>
+
+<p><b>sinnelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> unconscious.</p>
+
+<p><b>sinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, reflect, <a href =
+"#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sint</b> = <b>sīt</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sippe</b> (<b>sibbe</b>), <i>sf.</i> consanguinity, relationship,
+<a href = "#para26">26</a>, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sīt</b> (<b>sīd</b>, <b>sint</b>), <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i>
+afterwards, since, because.</p>
+
+<p><b>site</b>, <i>sm.</i> custom, habit; bearing, demeanour, behaviour,
+<a href = "#para43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sīte</b>, <i>swf.</i> side.</p>
+
+<p><b>sitzen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>saȥ</b>, <i>pp.</i> <b>gesëȥȥen</b>),
+sit, <a href = "#para14_2">14.2</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>,
+<a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para84">84</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>siȥ</b> = <b>sī ëȥ</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>slac</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> blow; misfortune, <a href =
+"#para44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>slāf</b>, <i>sm.</i> sleep.</p>
+
+<p><b>slāfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, sleep, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href =
+"#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = "#para74n">74 note</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>slahen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, beat, strike, slay, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>slahte</b>, <i>sf.</i> manner; race.</p>
+
+<p><b>slëht</b>, <i>aj.</i> straight; straight-forward, honest.</p>
+
+<p><b>slieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, close, shut.</p>
+
+<p><b>smac</b> (<b>-ckes</b>), <i>sm.</i> taste, smell.</p>
+
+<p><b>smācheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> shameful treatment.</p>
+
+<p><b>smæhe</b>, <i>aj.</i> little, despicable, disgusting.</p>
+
+<p><b>smal</b>, <i>aj.</i> small, little.</p>
+
+<p><b>smecken</b>, <i>wv.</i> taste, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>smër</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>smn.</i> fat, <a href =
+"#para36">36</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>smërze</b>, <i>wm.</i> pain, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>smiegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, bend, incline; press close.</p>
+
+<p><b>smielen</b>, <i>wv.</i> smile.</p>
+
+<p><b>smirwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> smear, <a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>smit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> smith, metal worker,
+goldsmith.</p>
+
+<p><b>smitte</b>, <i>swf.</i> smithy, <a href = "#para24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>snē</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sm.</i> snow, <a href =
+"#para17">17</a>, <a href = "#para36">36</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>snël</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>aj.</i> quick, eager, alert;
+blithe.</p>
+
+<p><b>snëlheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> haste, quickness.</p>
+
+<p><b>snīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, cut, injure, wound, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href =
+"#para17">17</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>snit</b>, <i>sm.</i> cut, slice, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>snuor</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>snüere</b>), <i>sf.</i> string.</p>
+
+<p><b>sō</b>, <b>so</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i> as, so, if,
+whereas, on the other hand, thus, as it was,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>solch</b>, <b>sölch</b> (<b>solich</b>), <i>pr.</i> such, of such
+a nature,&nbsp;<a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>soldenære</b>, <i>sm.</i> hired soldier, mercenary.</p>
+
+<p><b>solt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> pay.</p>
+
+<p><b>Soltāne</b>, <i>pn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>soltu</b> = <b>solt dū</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>son</b> = <b>so ne</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sorge</b>, <i>swf.</i> care, grief, sorrow.</p>
+
+<p><b>sorgelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> free from cares.</p>
+
+<p><b>sorgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be anxious, fear, dread.</p>
+
+<p><b>spāhe</b>, <i>av.</i> elegantly, neatly.</p>
+
+<p><b>spalten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, split, <a href =
+"#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>spān</b>, <i>sm.</i> chip, shaving; notched stick, tally; degree
+of relationship.</p>
+
+<p><b>spanen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, entice, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>spange</b>, <i>swf.</i> clasp, buckle.</p>
+
+<p><b>spannen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, span, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sparn</b>, <i>wv.</i> spare, forbear.</p>
+
+<p><b>spëhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> look at, observe.</p>
+
+<p><b>spër</b>, <i>sn.</i> spear, lance.</p>
+
+<p><b>spiegel</b>, <i>sm.</i> mirror, looking-glass; model, pattern.</p>
+
+<p><b>spiegelglas</b>, <i>sn.</i> lovely image, picture.</p>
+
+<p><b>spil</b>, <i>sn.</i> game, play; joke, fun; pleasure, delight.</p>
+
+<p><b>spiln</b> (<i>pres. part.</i> <b>spilende</b>, <b>spilede</b>),
+<i>wv.</i> play; glitter, glisten, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">200</span>
+<p><b>spinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, spin,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>spīse</b>, <i>sf.</i> food.</p>
+
+<p><b>spīwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, vomit, <a href = "#para17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#para77">77</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>spore</b>, <b>spor</b>, <i>wm.</i> spur.</p>
+
+<p><b>spot</b>, <i>sm.</i> scoff, scorn, mockery; joke, fun;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>āne spot</b>, sincerely, candidly.</p>
+
+<p><b>spotten</b>, <i>wv.</i> (with <i>gen.</i>), mock, scoff at,
+scorn.</p>
+
+<p><b>sprëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, speak, say, talk, <a href =
+"#para9_4n">9.4 note</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href =
+"#para23_1">23.1</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>spreiten</b>, <i>wv.</i> spread.</p>
+
+<p><b>springen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, spring, leap.</p>
+
+<p><b>stæte</b>, <i>sf.</i> duration, continuance, constancy,
+steadfastness.</p>
+
+<p><b>stæte</b>, <i>aj.</i> constant, firm, steadfast;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>stæteclīchen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stætekeit</b>, <b>stætikeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> firmness,
+constancy.</p>
+
+<p><b>stahel</b>, <i>sm.</i> steel.</p>
+
+<p><b>stam</b> (<b>-mmes</b>), <i>sm.</i> stem; prop, model.</p>
+
+<p><b>stān</b>, <b>stēn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, stand; befit, become, suit,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para86">86</a>, <a href =
+"#para96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stap</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> stick, staff.</p>
+
+<p><b>starc</b>, <i>aj.</i> strong, heavy, hard, severe;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>starke</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stat</b>, <i>sf.</i> abode, place, spot; opportunity.</p>
+
+<p><b>state</b>, <i>sf.</i> suitable <i>or</i> comfortable place;
+opportunity;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze staten komen</b>, help.</p>
+
+<p><b>stëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, prick, <a href = "#para9_4n">9.4
+note</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stëgreif</b>, <i>sm.</i> stirrup.</p>
+
+<p><b>stein</b>, <i>sm.</i> stone, precious stone, grindstone,
+millstone, <a href = "#para3">3</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stëln</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, steal, <a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para74n">74 note</a>,&nbsp;<a href
+= "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stellen</b>, <i>wv.</i> place, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stërben</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, die, <a href = "#para10n1">10 note
+1</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para81">81</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>sn.</i> dying, death.</p>
+
+<p><b>sterke</b>, <i>sf.</i> strength, bravery.</p>
+
+<p><b>stërne</b>, <i>wm.</i> star.</p>
+
+<p><b>stīc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> path, way.</p>
+
+<p><b>stich</b>, <i>sm.</i> stab, thrust.</p>
+
+<p><b>stīgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, rise, mount,</p>
+
+<p><b>stille</b>, <i>aj.</i> still, quiet, secret.</p>
+
+<p><b>stimme</b>, <i>sf.</i> voice.</p>
+
+<p><b>stinken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>stanc</b>), <i>sv.</i> III, stink,
+exhale a disagreeable odour.</p>
+
+<p><b>stiure</b>, <i>sf.</i> gift, tax.</p>
+
+<p><b>stœren</b>, <i>wv.</i> hinder, overthrow, destroy.</p>
+
+<p><b>stōle</b>, <i>sf.</i> stole, surplice.</p>
+
+<p><b>stolz</b>, <i>aj.</i> stately.</p>
+
+<p><b>stoup</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> dust.</p>
+
+<p><b>stōȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, push, shove, thrust, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>strāfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> blame, set right.</p>
+
+<p><b>strāȥe</b>, <i>swf.</i> way, road,</p>
+
+<p><b>strëben</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, exert oneself, strive.</p>
+
+<p><b>strenge</b>, <i>aj.</i> strict, unfriendly.</p>
+
+<p><b>strīchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, strike, stroke, rub.</p>
+
+<p><b>strīt</b>, <i>sm.</i> strife, quarrel, fight.</p>
+
+<p><b>strīteclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> eagerly, zealously.</p>
+
+<p><b>strīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, quarrel, fight, strive,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>strō</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sn.</i> straw; blade, stalk, <a href =
+"#para36">36</a>, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>strouwen</b>, <b>ströuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> strew, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stücke</b>, <i>sn.</i> piece.</p>
+
+<p><b>stum</b>, <i>aj.</i> dumb, <a href = "#para32_1">32.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>stunde</b>, <i>sf.</i> hour, time.</p>
+
+<p><b>stunt</b>, <i>indecl. fem.</i> time.</p>
+
+<p><b>stuol</b>, <i>sm.</i> seat of a judge, papal power; throne.</p>
+
+<p><b>sturm</b>, <i>sm.</i> fight, battle.</p>
+
+<p><b>sū</b>, <i>sf.</i> sow, pig, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>süeȥe</b>, <i>aj.</i> sweet, lovely,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>süeȥe</b>, <i>sf.</i> loveliness, alluring enticement.</p>
+
+<p><b>süeȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> sweeten, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sūfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, gulp down liquids,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sūft</b>, <i>sm.</i> sigh, groan.</p>
+
+<p><b>sūgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, suck, <a href = "#para80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suln</b>, <b>süln</b>, <i>pret.-pres.</i> (<i>pres.</i>
+<b>sol</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">201</span>
+<i>pret.</i> <b>solte</b>, should, ought), shall, <a href =
+"#para40">40</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sum</b>, <i>pr.</i> any one at all;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>pl.</i> some, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sumelīch</b>, <i>pr.</i> many a, whoever;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>pl.</i> some, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sūmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> tarry, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sumer</b>, <i>sm.</i> summer, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sumerlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> summerlike.</p>
+
+<p><b>sumerzīt</b>, <i>sf.</i> summer time.</p>
+
+<p><b>sun</b>, <i>sm.</i> son, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para9_4">9.4</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sünde</b>, <i>sf.</i> sin.</p>
+
+<p><b>sunder</b>, <i>prep.</i> without, against;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sunder spot</b>, seriously, in earnest;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>sunderlīche(n)</b>, especially, separately.</p>
+
+<p><b>sunne</b>, <i>wmf.</i> sun.</p>
+
+<p><b>suochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> seek, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>suone</b>, <i>sf.</i> atonement.</p>
+
+<p><b>suon(e)tac</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> day of judgement.</p>
+
+<p><b>suoȥe</b>, <i>av.</i> sweetly, <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sus</b> (<b>sust</b>), <i>av.</i> so, thus, in such a way.</p>
+
+<p><b>swā</b>, <b>swar</b>, <i>av.</i> wherever,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swach(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> worthless, bad.</p>
+
+<p><b>swacheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> dishonour, disgrace.</p>
+
+<p><b>swachen</b>, <i>wv.</i> weaken.</p>
+
+<p><b>swachlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> weak.</p>
+
+<p><b>swǣre</b>, <i>aj.</i> painful, sad, unpleasant, burdensome;
+weighty, heavy, <a href = "#para60">60</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>daȥ swære</b>, such a weight.</p>
+
+<p><b>swære</b>, <i>sf.</i> burden, trouble, grief, sadness.</p>
+
+<p><b>swanc</b> (<b>-ges</b>, <b>-kes</b>), <i>sm.</i> swinging
+movement, hurling, throwing.</p>
+
+<p><b>swannen</b>, <b>swanne</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i>
+whenever,&nbsp;<a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swar</b>, see <b>swā</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swār</b> (<b>swære</b>), <i>aj.</i> heavy,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>swāre</b>, <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swarz</b>, <i>aj.</i> black.</p>
+
+<p><b>swëben</b>, <i>wv.</i> hover, move to and fro.</p>
+
+<p><b>swëder</b>, <i>pr.</i> who of two, <a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swëher</b>, <i>sm.</i> father-in-law,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>sweifen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, rove, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swelch</b> (<b>swel</b>), <i>pr.</i> each who, whoever, what sort,
+whatever, <a href = "#para69">69</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swëllen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, swell, <a href =
+"#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swenne</b> (see <b>swannen</b>), <i>conj.</i> whenever, if,
+whilst,&nbsp;<a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swër</b>, <i>pr.</i> who, whoever, whosoever;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>neut.</i> <b>swaȥ</b>, <a href = "#para69">69</a>, <a href =
+"#para70">70</a>, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swern</b> (<b>swerigen</b>, <b>swerjen</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, swear,
+<a href = "#para35">35</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para86">86</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swërt</b>, <i>sn.</i> sword.</p>
+
+<p><b>swërtslac</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>-slege</b>), <i>sm.</i>
+sword-cut.</p>
+
+<p><b>swester</b>, <b>swëster</b>, <i>sf.</i> sister, <a href =
+"#para11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swie</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i>, as, how, however,
+howsoever; though, <a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swīgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, be silent, keep silent,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swiger</b>, <i>sf.</i> mother-in-law,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swimmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, swim, <a href =
+"#para31">31</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>swinde</b>, <i>aj.</i> powerful, strong, angry;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> quickly.</p>
+
+<p><b>swinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, vanish, disappear.</p>
+
+<p><b>swingen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, swing.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_T" id = "gloss_T">
+T</a></p>
+
+<p><b>tac</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> day, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para33">33</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para42">42</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>tages</b>, by day.</p>
+
+<p><b>tägelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> daily, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href
+= "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> become day, dawn.</p>
+
+<p><b>tagezīt</b>, <i>sf.</i> space of a day.</p>
+
+<p><b>tal</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>teler</b>), <i>sn.</i> dale,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tanz</b>, <i>sm.</i> dance.</p>
+
+<p><b>tanzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> dance.</p>
+
+<p><b>tanzwīse</b>, <i>sf.</i> a song which is sung to the accompaniment
+of dancing.</p>
+
+<p><b>teil</b>, <i>smn.</i> portion;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ein teil</b>, something, a little.</p>
+
+<p><b>teilen</b>, <i>wv.</i> divide, distribute.</p>
+
+<p><b>tief</b>, <i>aj.</i> deep, <a href = "#para15">15</a>, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">202</span>
+
+<p><b>tier</b>, <i>sn.</i> animal.</p>
+
+<p><b>tisch</b>, <i>sm.</i> table.</p>
+
+<p><b>tiure</b>, <b>tiuwer</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> dear,
+precious; noble, excellent, <a href = "#para9_3">9.3</a>, <a href =
+"#para57">57</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tiuren</b>, <b>tiuwern</b>, <i>wv.</i> esteem highly, honour,
+confer honour.</p>
+
+<p><b>tiutsch</b>, <b>tiusch</b>, <i>aj.</i> German;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>tiuschiu zunge</b>, German language, Germany.</p>
+
+<p><b>tiuvel</b>, <i>sm.</i> devil.</p>
+
+<p><b>tœrisch</b>, <b>tœrsch</b>, <i>aj.</i> foolish, silly.</p>
+
+<p><b>tœtlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> deadly.</p>
+
+<p><b>tohter</b>, <i>sf.</i> daughter, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,
+<a href = "#para25">25</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>töhterlīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little daughter,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tor</b>, <i>sn.</i> gate, door.</p>
+
+<p><b>tōre</b>, <b>tōr</b>, <i>wm.</i> fool.</p>
+
+<p><b>törperheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> impoliteness, vulgarity.</p>
+
+<p><b>tōt</b>, <i>aj.</i> dead, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href =
+"#para25">25</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tōt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> death, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para33">33</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>in dëm tōde swëben</b>, be on the peril of losing one’s life.</p>
+
+<p><b>tou</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sn.</i> dew,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>toufen</b>, <i>wv.</i> baptize, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tougen</b>, <i>sfn.</i> secret, wonder;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>aj.</i> dark, secret;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> secretly, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tougenlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> secret;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>tougenlīche</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>træge</b>, <i>aj.</i> slow, weary, lazy;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>trāge</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tragen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, bear, carry; wear; have, <a href =
+"#para85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trahen</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>trehene</b>), <i>sm.</i> drop, tear.</p>
+
+<p><b>trahten</b>, <i>wv.</i> think, strive,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trëffen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, hit, <a href = "#para32">32</a>,
+<a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>treit</b> = <b>traget</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trëten</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, tread, step, enter,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para83">83</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>trëten hinder sich</b>, step back.</p>
+
+<p><b>tretten</b>, <i>wv.</i> tread, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trīben</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, drive; play, carry on, <a href =
+"#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>triefen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, drop, drip, <a href =
+"#para31_1">31.1</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>triegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, deceive, plot, intrigue.</p>
+
+<p><b>trinken</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, drink, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>triuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> caress, like, love; greet.</p>
+
+<p><b>triuwe</b>, <i>aj.</i> true, <a href = "#para16n">16 note</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>sf.</i> fidelity, faithfulness;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mit triuwen</b> (<b>triwen</b>), faithfully.</p>
+
+<p><b>triuwen</b>, <b>trūwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> believe, trust, hope,
+<a href = "#para16n">16 note</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trœstelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> consolation, hope.</p>
+
+<p><b>trœsten</b>, <i>wv.</i> console, comfort; help.</p>
+
+<p><b>tropfe</b>, <i>wm.</i> drop, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trōst</b>, <i>sm.</i> consolation, hope.</p>
+
+<p><b>troum</b>, <i>sm.</i> dream.</p>
+
+<p><b>troumen</b>, <i>wv.</i> dream, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trüebe</b>, <i>aj.</i> gloomy.</p>
+
+<p><b>trüebsal</b>, <i>sn.</i> gloom, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trūrec</b>, <i>aj.</i> sad;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>trūreclīche</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>trūren</b>, <i>wv.</i> mourn, be sad, downcast;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+also <i>sn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>trūt</b>, <i>aj.</i> dear, beloved.</p>
+
+<p><b>trūtgemahele</b>, <i>sf.</i> bride.</p>
+
+<p><b>tugen</b>, <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘tugen’ both times"><b>tügen</b></ins>,
+<i>pret.-pres.</i> (<i>pres.</i> <b>touc</b>, <i>pret.</i> <b>tohte</b>),
+be fit for, good for, of use,&nbsp;<a href = "#para93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tugenhaft</b>, <i>aj.</i> fit, hearty, noble.</p>
+
+<p><b>tugent</b>, <b>tugende</b>, <i>sf.</i> virtue, good qualities,
+strength, power, valour,&nbsp;<a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tugentlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> with noble demeanour.</p>
+
+<p><b>tump</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>aj.</i> inexperienced, silly,
+young.</p>
+
+<p><b>tumpheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> folly, foolish action; inexperience;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>tumpheit walten</b>, show or have great inexperience.</p>
+
+<p><b>tunkel</b>, <i>aj.</i> dark.</p>
+
+<p><b>tuon</b>, <i>anom. v.</i> do, make, form, shape; cause, <a href =
+"#para94">94</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>tuon enblecken</b>,
+<span class = "pagenum">203</span>
+cause to become visible;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze leide tuon</b>, cause grief, pain, <i>or</i> injury&nbsp;to;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wër hāt dir getān?</b> who has done anything to you?;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>als ein got getān</b>, like a god.</p>
+
+<p><b>tür</b>, <i>sf.</i> door.</p>
+
+<p><b>Turkentāls</b>, <i>pn.</i> one of Parzival’s princes.</p>
+
+<p><b>turren</b>, <b>türren</b>, <i>pret.-pres.</i> (<i>pres.</i>
+<b>tar</b>, <i>pret.</i> <b>torste</b>), dare, venture, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tūsenste</b>, <i>num.</i> thousandth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>tūsent</b>, <i>num.</i> thousand, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para62">62</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>twahen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>twuoc</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI,
+wash,&nbsp;<a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>twërch</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>twërhes</b>), askew,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>twingen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, compel, force, subdue, overcome;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>sich twingen lāȥen</b>, let oneself be compelled.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_U" id = "gloss_U">
+U</a></p>
+
+<p><b>übel</b>, <i>aj.</i> evil, bad, <a href = "#para55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#para58">58</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para60">60</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>übele</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>über</b>, <i>prep.</i> over, because of, for.</p>
+
+<p><b>übergrōȥ</b>, <i>aj.</i> very great.</p>
+
+<p><b>übergülde</b>, <i>sn.</i> gilding, raising of value.</p>
+
+<p><b>übergulde</b>, <i>sf.</i> that which surpasses something else in
+value.</p>
+
+<p><b>übermæȥlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> beyond measure.</p>
+
+<p><b>übermüete</b>, <i>sf.</i> insolence, haughtiness.</p>
+
+<p><b>übermuot</b>, <i>sm.</i> haughtiness, insolence.</p>
+
+<p><b>übern</b> = <b>über dën</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68 note
+2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>übersëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, overlook, not observe.</p>
+
+<p><b>überstrīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, gain the victory over, conquer.</p>
+
+<p><b>übertragen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, spare, discharge something.</p>
+
+<p><b>überwinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, overcome, get over.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūf</b>, <b>ūfe</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> up, up to, on, to,
+upwards, <a href = "#para23_1">23.1</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ūf genāde</b>, in firm confidence;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ūf die triwe mīn</b>, upon my faith <i>or</i> troth;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ūf slieȥen</b>, open.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūfem</b>, <b>ūfme</b> = <b>ūf dëm</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68
+note&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūfen</b> = <b>ūf dën</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68 note 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ulterlec</b>, <i>pn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>umbe</b>, <b>ümbe</b>, <b>umb</b>, <b>um</b>, <i>prep.</i> and
+<i>av.</i> about, around, upon, for, <a href = "#para10n2">10
+note&nbsp;2</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dar umbe</b>, therefore;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>umbe sust</b>, for nothing;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>um waȥ</b>, why, for what reason;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>umbe daȥ</b>, on account of that, for that, therefore;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>umbe gān</b>, turn <i>or</i> go round.</p>
+
+<p><b>umbeslieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, embrace, surround.</p>
+
+<p><b>umbevāhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, embrace.</p>
+
+<p><b>unbewollen</b>, <i>part. aj.</i> unspotted.</p>
+
+<p><b>und</b>, <b>unde</b>, <b>unt</b>, <i>cj.</i> and <i>av.</i> and;
+again, on the other hand, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>, <a href =
+"#para69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>unden</b>, <i>av.</i> below, beneath.</p>
+
+<p><b>under</b> (<b>undr</b>), <i>prep.</i> under, beneath, between,
+among;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>under in</b>, among themselves;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>under wëgen lān</b>, omit;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>under stunden</b>, at times, now and then, sometimes;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>under wīlen</b>, from time to time, at times, sometimes.</p>
+
+<p><b>underlāȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> interruption.</p>
+
+<p><b>underscheiden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, relate; explain fully.</p>
+
+<p><b>undersnīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, interrupt, intermingle.</p>
+
+<p><b>understān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, step in between, hinder.</p>
+
+<p><b>undertænic</b>, <i>aj.</i> humble, subject, submissive.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">204</span>
+
+<p><b>undertān</b>, <i>part. aj.</i> humble, submissive.</p>
+
+<p><b>underwinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, <i>refl.</i> undertake.</p>
+
+<p><b>unfuoge</b> (also used as a proper noun), <i>sf.</i> unseemliness,
+indecorum, misconduct; coarseness.</p>
+
+<p><b>unfuore</b>, <i>wf.</i> badness, roughness; wicked mode of
+life.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungebære</b>, <i>sf.</i> despairing lamentation.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungebant</b>, <i>aj.</i> unbeaten, untrodden.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungebatten</b>, <i>aj.</i> useless, worthless.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungeborn</b>, <i>part. aj.</i> unborn.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungeburt</b>, <i>sf.</i> low birth.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungefüege</b>, <i>aj.</i> very great, powerful; bad, unbecoming,
+coarse, uncouth, rude;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>ungefuoge</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungehabe</b>, <i>sf.</i> sorrow, grief.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungelīche</b>, <i>av.</i> immeasurably, incomparably.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungelōnet</b>, <i>aj.</i> unrewarded.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungelouplich</b>, <i>aj.</i> incredible.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungelücke</b>, <i>sn.</i> misfortune.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungemach</b>, <i>sn.</i> misfortune, discomfort, sorrow.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungemüete</b>, <i>snf.</i> mourning, grief, sorrow.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungenāde</b>, <i>sf.</i> disfavour, hatred, harm.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungenæme</b>, <i>aj.</i> unpleasant.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungenësen</b>, <i>aj.</i> unhealed, uncured.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungerihte</b>, <i>sn.</i> fault, crime.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungërne</b>, <i>av.</i> unwillingly.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungesammet</b>, <i>aj.</i> not united, not unanimous.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungeschriben</b>, <i>part. aj.</i> that which cannot be
+written.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungestaltheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> deformity.</p>
+
+<p><b>ungesunt</b>, (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> sickness, illness.</p>
+
+<p><b>unhövesch</b>, <i>aj.</i> uncourtly, coarse, low, vulgar.</p>
+
+<p><b>unkraft</b>, <i>sf.</i> fainting fit, swoon.</p>
+
+<p><b>unkunt</b> (<b>unkuntlīch</b>), <i>aj.</i> unknown.</p>
+
+<p><b>unlange</b>, <i>av.</i> in a short time.</p>
+
+<p><b>unmære</b>, <i>aj.</i> not worth mentioning, little observed,
+worthless, disgusting; undervalued.</p>
+
+<p><b>unmæȥlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> immoderate, excessive.</p>
+
+<p><b>unmāȥen</b>, <i>av.</i> immeasurably.</p>
+
+<p><b>unminnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> treat in an unloving manner.</p>
+
+<p><b>unmueȥekeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> work, trouble.</p>
+
+<p><b>unmugelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> impossible.</p>
+
+<p><b>unmuoȥe</b>, <i>sf.</i> occupation, restlessness.</p>
+
+<p><b>unnāch</b>, <i>av.</i> by no means.</p>
+
+<p><b>unnōt</b>, <i>sf.</i> without danger <i>or</i> need.</p>
+
+<p><b>unrewert</b> = <b>unerwert</b>, <i>part. aj.</i> unprohibited.</p>
+
+<p><b>unriuweclīche</b>, <i>av.</i> without trouble <i>or</i> care.</p>
+
+<p><b>unsælekeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> unhappiness; misfortune.</p>
+
+<p><b>unsælic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> unhappy, cursed.</p>
+
+<p><b>unschulde</b>, <i>sf.</i> innocence.</p>
+
+<p><b>unschuldigen</b>, <i>wv.</i> proclaim one’s innocence.</p>
+
+<p><b>unsegelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> unspeakable.</p>
+
+<p><b>unsenfte</b>, <i>aj.</i> painful, hard.</p>
+
+<p><b>unser</b>, <i>pr.</i> our, <a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href =
+"#para67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>unstæte</b>, <i>aj.</i> inconstant, fickle.</p>
+
+<p><b>unstæte</b>, <i>sf.</i> inconstancy, fickleness.</p>
+
+<p><b>untriuwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> faithlessness, deceit.</p>
+
+<p><b>untrœsten</b>, <i>wv.</i> dishearten, discourage.</p>
+
+<p><b>untrōst</b>, <i>sm.</i> despondency, discouragement.</p>
+
+<p><b>untugent</b>, <i>sf.</i> lack of good training.</p>
+
+<p><b>unversunnen</b>, <i>pp.</i> unconscious.</p>
+
+<p><b>unvrō</b>, <b>unfrō</b>, <i>aj.</i> unhappy, sad, mournful.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">205</span>
+
+<p><b>unwandelbære</b>, <i>aj.</i> steadfast, unchangeable.</p>
+
+<p><b>unwendic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> unchangeable.</p>
+
+<p><b>unwërt</b>, <i>sm.</i> unworthiness, contempt for, scorn.</p>
+
+<p><b>unwīp</b>, (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sn.</i> bad woman; unwomanly
+creature; unworthy the name of Weib.</p>
+
+<p><b>unwīse</b>, <i>sf.</i> false tone <i>or</i> sound; bad style.</p>
+
+<p><b>unze</b>, <b>unz</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>conj.</i> till, until,
+up to, down to,&nbsp;to;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>unz her</b>, hitherto;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>unz enmitten an</b>, right down to.</p>
+
+<p><b>unzerworht</b>, <i>aj.</i> undivided, undissected, not
+cut&nbsp;up.</p>
+
+<p><b>Uote</b>, <i>pn.</i> <a href = "#para54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>üppic</b>, <i>aj.</i> unnecessary, superfluous; proud.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūȥ</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> out, out of, of, from;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ūȥen</b>, <i>av.</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ūȥerwelt</b>, select, chosen.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūȥer</b>, <i>prep.</i> out of, from.</p>
+
+<p><b>ūȥreise</b>, <i>sf.</i> marching, going out <i>or</i> off;
+departure; song sung by knights on the march.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_V" id = "gloss_V">
+V (F)</a></p>
+
+<p><b>vadem</b>, <i>sm.</i> thread, <a href =
+"#para9_2">9.2</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vāhen</b>, <b>fāhen</b> (<b>vān</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, catch,
+seize, take, <a href = "#para29">29</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>,
+<a href = "#para38">38</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>val</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> yellow,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vallen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, fall, fall down, fall to one’s lot,
+<a href = "#para32_4">32.4</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>valsch</b>, <i>aj.</i> false, deceitful.</p>
+
+<p><b>valsch</b>, <i>sm.</i> fault, spot, impurity, deceit;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>valsches laȥ</b>, free from deceit <i>or</i> falseness.</p>
+
+<p><b>valten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, fold, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vancnüsse</b>, <i>sf.</i> captivity, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>var</b>, <b>vare</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> coloured; formed,
+looking.</p>
+
+<p><b>vāren</b>, <i>wv.</i> place behind, watch, lie in wait.</p>
+
+<p><b>varn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, go, fare, betake oneself, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para74n">74
+note</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para85">85</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>varndeȥ guot</b>, movable property.</p>
+
+<p><b>vart</b>, <i>sf.</i> way, march, journey.</p>
+
+<p><b>varwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> colour, form, appearance.</p>
+
+<p><b>vaste</b>, <i>av.</i> fast, quickly, strongly, firmly; very.</p>
+
+<p><b>vater</b>, <i>sm.</i> (<i>pl.</i> <b>veter</b>, <b>väter</b>),
+father, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>väterlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> fatherly, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>väterlīn</b>, <i>dim.</i> of <b>vater</b>, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vaȥȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> seize, take, gather.</p>
+
+<p><b>vëhten</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, fight, <a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>veile</b>, <i>aj.</i> cheap, purchasable.</p>
+
+<p><b>vël</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>sn.</i> hide, skin, <a href =
+"#para32_1">32.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vellen</b>, <i>wv.</i> fell, kill, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vels</b>, <i>swm.</i> rock, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>velschen</b>, <i>wv.</i> falsify; make faithless.</p>
+
+<p><b>vëlt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> field.</p>
+
+<p><b>venster</b>, <i>sn.</i> window, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>verbërgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, hide, conceal.</p>
+
+<p><b>verbërn</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, spare, abstain from, forbear, avoid,
+keep from, give&nbsp;up.</p>
+
+<p><b>verbieten</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, forbid, hinder, prevent, obstruct;
+ward off.</p>
+
+<p><b>verdagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> keep secret, conceal.</p>
+
+<p><b>verdërben</b>, perish, spoil, destroy,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>verdërbnisse</b>, <i>sfn.</i> destruction,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>verdienen</b>, <i>wv.</i> deserve, earn.</p>
+
+<p><b>verdrieȥen</b> (<i>impers. c. gen.</i>), <i>sv.</i> III, grieve,
+fret, vex.</p>
+
+<p><b>verdringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, crowd out, suppress, displace,
+push on one side.</p>
+
+<p><b>vereinen</b>, <i>wv. refl.</i> unite.</p>
+
+<p><b>verenden</b>, <i>wv.</i> end.</p>
+
+<p><b>vergëben</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, poison, infect.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">206</span>
+
+<p><b>vergëlten</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, repay, requite.</p>
+
+<p><b>vergëȥȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, forget,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vergieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, pour over, sprinkle with water.</p>
+
+<p><b>verhëln</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, conceal.</p>
+
+<p><b>verhouwen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-hiu</b> and <b>-hie</b>, also weak
+<b>-houte</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, hew in pieces, cut asunder.</p>
+
+<p><b>verjëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, say, tell, relate; give to understand,
+assure.</p>
+
+<p><b>verkēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> change, turn round; destroy.</p>
+
+<p><b>verkiesen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, give up, forgo, forget.</p>
+
+<p><b>verklagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> cease to mourn, bear with patience.</p>
+
+<p><b>verkrenken</b>, <i>wv.</i> destroy.</p>
+
+<p><b>verlāȥen</b> (<b>verlān</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, leave off,
+forsake.</p>
+
+<p><b>verleiten</b>, <i>wv.</i> lead astray.</p>
+
+<p><b>verleschen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, become extinguished,
+extinguish.</p>
+
+<p><b>verliesen</b> (<b>vliesen</b>), <i>sv.</i> II, lose,&nbsp;<a href
+= "#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>verligen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, miss through sleeping too long,
+over-sleep.</p>
+
+<p><b>verlust</b>, <i>sm.</i> loss.</p>
+
+<p><b>vermīden</b>, (<i>pp.</i> <b>vermiten</b>), <i>sv.</i> I, avoid,
+omit, not to take place, keep aloof from.</p>
+
+<p><b>vermischen</b>, <i>wv.</i> mix, mingle.</p>
+
+<p><b>vernëmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, perceive, observe, get to know.</p>
+
+<p><b>vërre</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> far, far away,
+distant,&nbsp;<a href = "#para31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>verrihten</b>, <i>wv.</i> settle, pass sentence upon.</p>
+
+<p><b>versagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> refuse, deny.</p>
+
+<p><b>verschaffen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, do <i>or</i> act in a bad manner,
+spoil, destroy.</p>
+
+<p><b>verschulden</b>, <i>wv.</i> pay back.</p>
+
+<p><b>versëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, observe, recognize;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>refl.</i> hope, dread.</p>
+
+<p><b>versinnen</b> (<b>sich</b>), <i>sv.</i> III, arrive at years of
+discretion;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>c. gen.</i> become conscious of.</p>
+
+<p><b>versmæhelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> disgraceful, ignominious.</p>
+
+<p><b>versmæhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> despise, mock.</p>
+
+<p><b>versperren</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>versparte</b>), <i>wv.</i> shut,
+close.</p>
+
+<p><b>versprëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, decline, spurn.</p>
+
+<p><b>verstān</b> (<b>-stēn</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, perceive,
+understand.</p>
+
+<p><b>verstōȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, drive away.</p>
+
+<p><b>versūmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> neglect, let slip, spoil.</p>
+
+<p><b>versuochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> try, test.</p>
+
+<p><b>verswern</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, abjure, deny by an oath.</p>
+
+<p><b>verswīgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, forbear talking.</p>
+
+<p><b>verswinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, disappear, flee.</p>
+
+<p><b>vertragen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, endure, bear.</p>
+
+<p><b>vertrīben</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, drive away, make to pass.</p>
+
+<p><b>vervāhen</b>, <b>verfāhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, reach, bring to
+pass;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mich vervæhet</b>, it is of use <i>or</i> advantage to&nbsp;me.</p>
+
+<p><b>vervluochen</b>, <b>-fluochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> curse.</p>
+
+<p><b>verwāȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, ruin; imprecate, curse.</p>
+
+<p><b>verwëgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, resolve.</p>
+
+<p><b>verweinen</b>, <i>wv.</i> exhaust by weeping.</p>
+
+<p><b>verwunden</b>, <i>wv.</i> wound.</p>
+
+<p><b>verwürken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-worhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> lose,
+forfeit, commit.</p>
+
+<p><b>verzagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> lose courage, withdraw, despair,
+despond.</p>
+
+<p><b>verzern</b>, <i>wv.</i> consume; destroy.</p>
+
+<p><b>veste</b>, <i>sf.</i> firmness, constancy.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīant</b>, <b>vīent</b>, <b>vīnt</b>, <i>sm.</i> enemy, fiend,
+<a href = "#para8">8</a>, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">207</span>
+<p><b>vier</b>, <i>num.</i> four,&nbsp;<a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vier</b>, <b>fier</b>, <i>aj.</i> proud, stately, majestic,
+beautiful;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>viere</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vierde</b>, <i>num.</i> fourth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vierzëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> fourteen, <a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vierzëhende</b>, <i>num.</i> fourteenth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vierzic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> forty,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vierzigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> fortieth.</p>
+
+<p><b>vihe</b>, <i>sn.</i> cattle, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vil</b>, <i>aj.</i> much, many;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> very;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>indecl. sb. c. gen.</i> much, many;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>vil wēnic ganz</b> <i>c. gen.</i> not at all complete <i>or</i>
+whole.</p>
+
+<p><b>vinden</b>, <b>finden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, find, <a href =
+"#para9_4n">9.4 note</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vinger</b>, <i>sm.</i> finger.</p>
+
+<p><b>vingerlīn</b>, <b>vingerīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> ring,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vingerlinc</b>, <i>sm.</i> ring.</p>
+
+<p><b>vinster</b>, <i>sf.</i> darkness, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vinster</b>, <i>aj.</i> dark, gloomy,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vinsternisse</b>, <i>sfn.</i> darkness,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vint</b> = <b>vindet</b>, <a href = "#para74n">74 note</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīnt</b>, see <b>vīant</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vīol</b>, <i>sm.</i> violet.</p>
+
+<p><b>virren</b>, <i>wv.</i> keep away from.</p>
+
+<p><b>visch</b>, <i>sm.</i> fish, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>viur</b>, <b>fiuwer</b>, <i>sn.</i> fire; lightning.</p>
+
+<p><b>vlēhen</b>, <b>flēhen</b> (<b>vlēn</b>), <i>wv.</i> beseech,
+implore,&nbsp;<a href = "#para38">38</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vlëhten</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, plait, <a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fleisch</b>, <i>sn.</i> flesh.</p>
+
+<p><b>vliegen</b>, <b>fliegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, fly, <a href =
+"#para10n3">10 note 3</a>, <a href = "#para25">25</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vliehen</b>, <b>fliehen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, flee, <a href =
+"#para18">18</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vliesen</b> = <b>verliesen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vlieȥen</b>, <b>flieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, flow, swim; ruin,
+destroy, <a href = "#para10n3">10 note 3</a>, <a href =
+"#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vlīȥ</b>, <b>flīȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> assiduity, zeal, eagerness,
+care;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze flīȥe</b>, diligently, carefully.</p>
+
+<p><b>vlīȥec</b>, <i>aj.</i> diligent, <a href =
+"#para60_3">60.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vlīȥeclīche(n)</b>, <i>av.</i> diligently, <a href =
+"#para60_3">60.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vluht</b>, <i>sf.</i> refuge.</p>
+
+<p><b>flühtesal</b>, <i>sf.</i> flight, escape; security.</p>
+
+<p><b>vluoch</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>vlüeche</b>), <i>sm.</i> curse.</p>
+
+<p><b>vogel</b>, <i>sm.</i> bird, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href
+= "#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vogelīn</b>, <b>vogel(l)īn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little bird,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vogelsanc</b>, <i>sm.</i> song of birds.</p>
+
+<p><b>vol</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>aj.</i> full, <a href =
+"#para15">15</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>volc</b>, <i>sn.</i> folk, people.</p>
+
+<p><b>volenden</b>, <i>wv.</i> bring to an end.</p>
+
+<p><b>volgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> follow, accompany.</p>
+
+<p><b>volgesagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> tell fully.</p>
+
+<p><b>volle</b>, <i>wm.</i> abundance, completeness.</p>
+
+<p><b>vollebringen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-brāhte</b>), <i>wv.</i>
+perfect, carry out.</p>
+
+<p><b>volleclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> fully, entirely.</p>
+
+<p><b>volleist</b>, <i>sm.</i> assistance, succour.</p>
+
+<p><b>von</b>, <i>prep.</i> from, away from, with, about,
+through,&nbsp;by;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>von schulden</b>, rightly, properly.</p>
+
+<p><b>vonme</b>, <b>vomme</b> = <b>von dëme</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vor</b>, <i>prep.</i> before, for.</p>
+
+<p><b>vorbilde</b>, <i>sn.</i> pattern, model.</p>
+
+<p><b>vorder</b>, <i>aj.</i> former, front,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vordern</b>, <i>wv.</i> further, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vorderste</b>, <i>aj.</i> foremost, <a href =
+"#para59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vorht</b>, <i>sf.</i> fear, dread.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrāge</b>, <i>sf.</i> question.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrāgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> ask, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href
+= "#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frävele</b>, <i>aj.</i> bold, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>frëch</b>, <i>aj.</i> courageous, daring, bold, brave; saucy,
+impudent.</p>
+
+<p><b>freischen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, come to know, learn, be told.</p>
+
+<p><b>vreise</b>, <b>freise</b>, <i>swf.</i> horror, what is dreadful
+<i>or</i> horrible.</p>
+
+<p><b>vremde</b>, <b>fremde</b> (<b>vrömde</b>), <i>aj.</i> strange,
+wonderful; unknown.</p>
+
+<p><b>vremen</b>, <i>wv.</i> perform, <a href =
+"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vreude</b>, <b>vröude</b>, <b>fröide</b>, <b>freude</b>,
+<b>fröude</b>, <i>swf.</i> joy, gladness;</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">208</span>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>fröuden</b> (<i>gen. pl.</i>) <b>lam</b>, bereft of joys,
+pleasures.</p>
+
+<p><b>vreudelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> joyless.</p>
+
+<p><b>freuderīche</b>, <i>aj.</i> rich in joy, very gratifying.</p>
+
+<p><b>vreuwen</b>, <b>vrewen</b>, <b>vreun</b>, <b>freuwen</b>,
+<b>frewen</b>, <b>freun</b>, <i>wv.</i> cause to rejoice, rejoice,
+gladden, give pleasure to, be glad.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+See <b>vröuwen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrevel</b>, <i>sf.</i> audacity, insolence.</p>
+
+<p><b>frevellīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> insolently, boldly, with
+impudence.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrëȥȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, devour, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrī</b>, <i>aj.</i> free, unrestrained, unmarried.</p>
+
+<p><b>vride</b>, <b>fride</b>, <i>sm.</i> peace, truce; protection,
+safety, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href =
+"#para43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrid(e)lich</b>, <i>aj.</i> peaceful.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrīe</b>, <i>sf.</i> freedom.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrīe</b>, <i>wm.</i> freeman.</p>
+
+<p><b>frīen</b>, <b>frījen</b>, <b>frīgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> free,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vriesen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, freeze, <a href =
+"#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrisch</b>, <b>frisch</b>, <i>aj.</i> fresh, new.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrist</b>, <i>sf.</i> time.</p>
+
+<p><b>vristen</b>, <i>wv.</i> keep alive, protect, rescue.</p>
+
+<p><b>vriundinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> female friend, <a href =
+"#para8">8</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vriunt</b>, <b>friunt</b>, <i>sm.</i> friend,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrō</b>, <b>frō</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> glad, joyful.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrœlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> joyful;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>vrœlīchen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrömde</b> = <b>vremde</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrömede</b>, <i>sf.</i> absence.</p>
+
+<p><b>frosch</b>, <i>sm.</i> frog.</p>
+
+<p><b>vröuen</b>, <b>vröuwen</b>, <b>fröwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> gladden,
+give pleasure&nbsp;to; be glad, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+See <b>vreuwen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrouwe</b>, <b>frouwe</b>, <b>frowe</b> (<b>vrou</b>, <b>frou</b>,
+<b>frō</b>, before proper names), <i>wf.</i> lady, madam, <a href =
+"#para9_6">9.6</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para10">10</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze frowen</b>, as wife.</p>
+
+<p><b>vröuwelīn</b>, <b>frouwelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little girl, maid,
+miss.</p>
+
+<p><b>vruht</b>, <i>sf.</i> fruit.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrum</b>, <i>aj.</i> brave, active, excellent, useful.</p>
+
+<p><b>vrumen</b>, <b>frumen</b>, <i>wv.</i> benefit, be of use <i>or</i>
+advantage.</p>
+
+<p><b>vruo</b>, <i>av.</i> early.</p>
+
+<p><b>vüegen</b>, <b>füegen</b>, <i>wv.</i> procure, bring to pass;
+grant.</p>
+
+<p><b>vüeren</b>, <b>füeren</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>fuorte</b>), <i>wv.</i>
+lead, carry, remove.</p>
+
+<p><b>fuhs</b>, <i>sm.</i> fox, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vūl</b>, <i>aj.</i> bad, rotten.</p>
+
+<p><b>vülle</b>, <i>sf.</i> fulness, <a href = "#para15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>füllen</b>, <i>wv.</i> fill, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>funden</b>, <i>pp.</i> of <b>finden</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vünf</b>, <b>fünf</b>, <b>finf</b>, <i>num.</i> five, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>fünfte</b>, <b>finfte</b>, <i>num.</i> fifth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vuoge</b>, <i>sf.</i> becomingness, decency.</p>
+
+<p><b>fuore</b>, <i>sf.</i> manner of life; way of acting.</p>
+
+<p><b>vuoȥ</b>, <b>fuoȥ</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>vüeȥe</b>), <i>sm.</i> foot,
+<a href = "#para10">10</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vür</b>, <b>für</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> for, before,
+over, against;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>für guot haben</b>, be content with, put up with;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>für iuch</b>, past you;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>für sie</b>, past them;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>für tōren kleit</b>, as fool’s clothing;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>vür wār</b>, in truth, truly.</p>
+
+<p><b>vürbaȥ</b>, <b>fürbaȥ</b>, <i>av.</i> further.</p>
+
+<p><b>vürhten</b>, <b>fürhten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>vorhte</b>),
+<i>wv.</i> fear, dread, <a href = "#para15">15</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>vürnames</b>, <i>av.</i> in the full sense of the word.</p>
+
+<p><b>vürste</b>, <b>fürste</b>, <i>wm.</i> prince;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ein dīn fürste</b>, one of thy princes.</p>
+
+<p><b>vurt</b>, <b>furt</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>fürte</b>), <i>sm.</i> ford,
+bed of a river.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_W" id = "gloss_W">
+W</a></p>
+
+<p><b>wā</b>, <i>av.</i> where, whither,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para39">39</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wāc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sn.</i> moving water, flood.</p>
+
+<p><b>wacker</b>, <i>aj.</i> watchful, <a href =
+"#para31_2">31.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wæjen</b> (<b>wæn</b>), <i>wv.</i> blow,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para90">90</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">209</span>
+
+<p><b>wæenen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>wānde</b>), <i>wv.</i> think,
+fancy,&nbsp;<a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wærlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> in truth, truly.</p>
+
+<p><b>wætlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> beautiful.</p>
+
+<p><b>wætlīche</b>, <i>sf.</i> beauty.</p>
+
+<p><b>wāfen</b>, <i>sn.</i> weapon, sword.</p>
+
+<p><b>wāfenen</b>, <b>wāpenen</b>, <i>wv.</i> arm, equip, array.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+See <b>wāpen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wage</b>, <i>wf.</i> cradle.</p>
+
+<p><b>wāge</b>, <i>sf.</i> balance, scale.</p>
+
+<p><b>wagen</b>, <i>sm.</i> wagon, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wahsen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, grow, <a href = "#para10">10</a>,
+<a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wal</b>, <i>sf.</i> choice, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>walden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, have power over.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+See <b>walten</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wāleis</b>, <i>pn.</i> Valois in France, inhabitant of Valois.</p>
+
+<p><b>wallen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>wiel</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, boil,
+bubble,&nbsp;<a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>walt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> wood, forest.</p>
+
+<p><b>walten</b> (with <i>gen.</i>), <i>sv.</i> VII, have power.</p>
+
+<p><b>wan</b>, <i>aj.</i> empty, bereft of.</p>
+
+<p><b>wan</b>, <i>av.</i> besides, but only;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>niht wan</b>, only, nothing but;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wan daȥ</b>, only that, if&mdash;not;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wan unz</b>, whilst, as long as;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wan dëm einen</b>, except for the one.</p>
+
+<p><b>wan</b> (<b>wande</b>, <b>want</b>), <i>conj.</i> for, if,
+because, then, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wān</b>, <i>sm.</i> faith, hope, mood.</p>
+
+<p><b>wanc</b> (<b>-kes</b>), <i>sm.</i> inconstancy, disloyalty,
+unfaithfulness, changeableness.</p>
+
+<p><b>wandel</b>, <i>smn.</i> change, fickleness; fault, defect,
+failing.</p>
+
+<p><b>wandeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> wander, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>,
+<a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wange</b>, <i>wn.</i> cheek, <a href = "#para50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wängelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little cheek.</p>
+
+<p><b>want</b>, <i>sf.</i> wall.</p>
+
+<p><b>wāpen</b> (with <b>sich</b>), <i>wv.</i> arm oneself.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+See <b>wāfenen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wāpen</b>, <i>sn.</i> weapon, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wāpenen</b>, see <b>wāfenen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wāpenroc</b>, <i>sm.</i> upper-garment drawn over the coat of
+mail.</p>
+
+<p><b>war</b>, <i>av.</i> where, whither;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>war umbe</b>, wherefore, why;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>war zuo</b>, for what purpose.</p>
+
+<p><b>war</b>, <i>sf.</i> attention, observation;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>war nëmen</b>, give attention.</p>
+
+<p><b>wār</b>, <i>sn.</i> truth; right;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wār haben</b>, be right.</p>
+
+<p><b>wār</b>, <i>aj.</i> true, right, real.</p>
+
+<p><b>wārheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> truth.</p>
+
+<p><b>wārinne</b>, <i>av.</i> wherein, <a href = "#para39">39</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wärmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> to warm, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href
+= "#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>warnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> equip, prepare.</p>
+
+<p><b>warten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>warte</b>), <i>wv.</i> wait; look,
+view, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>was</b>, <b>wasse</b>, <i>aj.</i> sharp,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>waschen</b> (<b>weschen</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, wash,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>waste</b>, <i>sf.</i> desert.</p>
+
+<p><b>wāt</b>, <i>sf.</i> clothing, dress.</p>
+
+<p><b>waten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, wade, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>waȥ</b>, <i>pr.</i> what, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href =
+"#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = "#para70">70</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> why, wherefore.</p>
+
+<p><b>wē</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>wēwes</b>), <i>sn.</i> woe, pain;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wē tuon</b>, hurt, <a href = "#para17">17</a>, <a href =
+"#para46">46</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>interj.</i> <b>wehe</b>, <b>wē</b>, woe! alas!;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mir ist wē</b>, I am sad.</p>
+
+<p><b>wëben</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, weave, <a href = "#para28">28</a>,
+<a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wëc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> way; homeward journey, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wecken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>wacte</b>, <b>wahte</b>), <i>wv.</i>
+awake.</p>
+
+<p><b>wëder</b>, <i>pr.</i> who of two, which of two, <a href =
+"#para70">70</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para71">71</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wëder&mdash;noch</b>, neither&mdash;nor.</p>
+
+<p><b>wegen</b>, <i>wv.</i> move, swing.</p>
+
+<p><b>wëgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, weigh, poise; put in motion, <a href =
+"#para83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wëhsal</b> (<b>-el</b>), <i>smn.</i> change,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>weich</b>, <i>aj.</i> weak.</p>
+
+<p><b>weideganc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> hunting way <i>or</i>
+path.</p>
+
+<p><b>weinen</b> (<i>pres. part.</i> <b>weinde</b> for <b>weinende</b>),
+<i>wv.</i> weep, bewail;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+also <i>sn.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>weise</b>, <i>wm.</i> orphan; precious stone in the royal
+crown.</p>
+
+<p><b>weiȥgot</b>, <i>interj.</i> verily.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">210</span>
+
+<p><b>welīch</b>, <b>welch</b>, <i>pr.</i> which, what kind of, <a href
+= "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para70">70</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wellen</b> (<i>pres. sing.</i> <b>wil</b>, <i>pret.</i>
+<b>wolte</b>), <i>anom. v.</i> will, wish,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para98">98</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>got dës niht enwelle</b>, may God forbid&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+<p><b>weln</b>, <b>welen</b>, <b>wellen</b>, <i>wv.</i> choose,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wenden</b> (<i>pp.</i> <b>gewant</b>), <i>wv.</i> with <i>gen.</i>
+turn, prevent, hinder, turn away, <a href = "#para32_3">32.3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wēnic</b>, <i>aj.</i> little, small;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>indecl. sb. c. gen.</i> little.</p>
+
+<p><b>wenke</b>, <i>sf.</i> turning, turn, change.</p>
+
+<p><b>wenken</b>, <i>wv.</i> totter, stagger, waver.</p>
+
+<p><b>wer</b>, <i>sf.</i> defence; protection; battle.</p>
+
+<p><b>wër</b>, <i>neut.</i> <b>waȥ</b>, <i>pr.</i> who, what;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wës</b>, <i>av.</i> wherefore, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>, <a href
+= "#para70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërben</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, turn, go to and fro, strive, work, be
+active,&nbsp;<a href = "#para33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërde</b>, <i>aj.</i> worthy, noble.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërdekeit</b>, <b>wërdikeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> worthiness, respect,
+honour, excellence.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, become, be, be born, <a href =
+"#para9_4n">9.4 note</a>, <a href = "#para38">38</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wërden wol innen</b>, perceive clearly;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wërden buoȥ</b>, with <i>dat.</i> of pers. and <i>gen.</i> of thing:
+<b>dëm wirt kumbers buoȥ</b>, he has compensation for his grief;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wërden rāt</b>, <i>c. gen.</i> be a remedy.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërdiclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> worthily.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, throw, set in quick motion, <a href =
+"#para10n">10 note</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërlt</b>, <b>wërelt</b>, <b>wëlt</b>, <i>sf.</i> world,
+people;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dër wërelde riuwe</b>, great sadness <i>or</i> grief, lit. sadness of
+the world.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërltlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> worldly, earthly.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërlttōre</b>, <i>wm.</i> one befooled by the world.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërltzage</b>, <i>wm.</i> arrant coward.</p>
+
+<p><b>wern</b> (<b>weren</b>), <i>wv.</i> check, ward off from,
+restrain, hinder,&nbsp;<a href = "#para90">90</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>c. gen.</i> and <i>sich</i>, protect <i>or</i> defend oneself
+against.</p>
+
+<p><b>wern</b>, <i>wv.</i> last, hold out, continue.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërren</b> (with <i>dat.</i>), <i>sv.</i> III, perplex, confuse,
+trouble, disturb, be a hindrance,&nbsp;<a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wërt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> worthy, noble;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>snm.</i> respect, good fortune;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>wërde</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wës</b> (<i>gen.</i> of <b>waȥ</b>), <i>av.</i> why,
+wherefore.</p>
+
+<p><b>wësen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, be, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href =
+"#para83">83</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wësen gāch</b>, <i>c. gen.</i> of person: hasten, exert oneself,
+eagerly.</p>
+
+<p><b>wëter</b>, <i>sn.</i> weather, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wetzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> whet, sharpen.</p>
+
+<p><b>wider</b> (<b>widere</b>), <i>sm.</i> wether, <a href =
+"#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wider</b>, <i>prep.</i> against, to;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> again, back.</p>
+
+<p><b>widersagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> renounce; proclaim war; contradict.</p>
+
+<p><b>widerstān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, resist, withstand, be
+opposed&nbsp;to.</p>
+
+<p><b>widervarn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, fall to the lot&nbsp;of.</p>
+
+<p><b>widerzæme</b>, <i>aj.</i> revolting, hateful, disgusting.</p>
+
+<p><b>wie</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i> how, as, that.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīgant</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> warrior,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> consecrate, bless.</p>
+
+<p><b>wilde</b>, <i>aj.</i> untamed, wild, <a href =
+"#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīle</b>, <b>wīl</b>, <i>sf.</i> time, while;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>die wīle</b>, meanwhile, in the meantime.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīlen(t)</b>, <i>av.</i> formerly, once upon a time.</p>
+
+<p><b>wille</b>, <i>wm.</i> will, wish, desire.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">211</span>
+
+<p><b>willeclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> willing, wishing;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>willeclīchen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>willekomen</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> welcome.</p>
+
+<p><b>wilt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> wild animals, game.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīn</b>, <i>sm.</i> wine, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href =
+"#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>winden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, wind, bind up,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wine</b>, <i>sm.</i> friend.</p>
+
+<p><b>wint</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> wind, <a href =
+"#para14_1">14.1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>winter</b>, <i>sm.</i> winter.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīp</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sn.</i> woman, wife, <a href =
+"#para5">5</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīpheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> womanliness.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīplīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> womanly.</p>
+
+<p><b>wirde</b>, <i>sf.</i> worthiness, dignity, honour,
+honourableness.</p>
+
+<p><b>wirden</b>, <i>wv.</i> make valuable.</p>
+
+<p><b>wirs</b>, <i>av.</i> worse, <a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wirser</b>, <i>aj.</i> worse, <a href = "#para58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wirsest</b>, <b>wir(se)ste</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> worst,
+<a href = "#para9_5">9.5</a>, <a href = "#para58">58</a>, <a href =
+"#para60">60</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wirt</b>, <i>sm.</i> head of a house, landlord;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>dër helle wirt</b>, devil.</p>
+
+<p><b>wirtinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> mistress, hostess,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīse</b>, <b>wīs</b>, <i>aj.</i> wise, sensible,
+experienced,&nbsp;<a href = "#para28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīse</b>, <b>wīs</b>, <i>sf.</i> manner, melody, song.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> guide, direct.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīsheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> wisdom.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīslīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> wisely, <a href = "#para8">8</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>wīslīchen</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīt</b>, <i>aj.</i> far, wide.</p>
+
+<p><b>witze</b>, <i>sf.</i> understanding, sense; reflection.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīȥ</b>, <i>aj.</i> white.</p>
+
+<p><b>wīȥen</b> (with <i>dat.</i>), <i>sv.</i> I, reproach, blame.</p>
+
+<p><b>wiȥȥen</b>, <i>pret.-pres.</i> (<i>pres.</i> <b>weiȥ</b>,
+<i>pret.</i> <b>weste</b>, <b>wiste</b>, <b>wesse</b>, <b>wisse</b>),
+know, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href =
+"#para28">28</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wol</b>, <b>wole</b>, <i>av.</i> well, <a href = "#para5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para61">61</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wolgezogen</b>, well-mannered;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wol getān</b>, beautiful;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wol im</b>, happy <i>or</i> lucky is he!;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wol dir</b>, hail to thee;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wol mich</b>, happy am I!;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wol tuon</b>, <i>c. dat.</i> do good, please;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>wol ir dës</b>, good luck to her for that!</p>
+
+<p><b>wolf</b>, <i>sm.</i> wolf, <a href = "#para15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wolken</b>, <i>sn.</i> cloud.</p>
+
+<p><b>wolle</b>, <i>wf.</i> wool, <a href = "#para15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wollust</b>, <i>smf.</i> joy, bliss, happiness.</p>
+
+<p><b>wonen</b>, <i>wv.</i> dwell, live, <a href =
+"#para9_4">9.4</a>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mir wont bī</b>, I possess.</p>
+
+<p><b>wort</b>, <i>sn.</i> word, speech, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wüllīn</b>, <b>wullīn</b>, <i>aj.</i> woollen,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wülpinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> she-wolf, <a href = "#para15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wunde</b>, <i>wf.</i> wound.</p>
+
+<p><b>wunder</b>, <i>sn.</i> wonder, marvel; a great amount <i>or</i>
+number, abundance;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>bluomen wunder</b>, a great quantity of flowers.</p>
+
+<p><b>wunderalt</b>, <i>aj.</i> very old.</p>
+
+<p><b>wundern</b>, <i>wv.</i> wonder, wonder at, admire, <a href =
+"#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wünne</b>, <b>wunne</b>, <i>sf.</i> joy, pleasure, <a href =
+"#para10n2">10 note&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wünneclīch</b>, <b>wunneclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> joyful, delightful,
+beautiful, pleasant;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> <b>wünneclīche(n)</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wunsch</b>, <i>sm.</i> wish, ideal, perfection, highest
+perfection.</p>
+
+<p><b>wünschen</b> (with <i>gen.</i>), <i>wv.</i> wish, desire,&nbsp;<a
+href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wunschleben</b>, <i>sn.</i> such a life as one could wish for.</p>
+
+<p><b>wunt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> wounded.</p>
+
+<p><b>wuof</b>, <i>sm.</i> cry of woe.</p>
+
+<p><b>wuofen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, bewail, <a href =
+"#para87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>würgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> take by the throat, choke, throttle.</p>
+
+<p><b>würken</b>, <b>wurken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>worhte</b>), <i>wv.</i>
+work, <a href = "#para28">28</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para91">91</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wurm</b>, <i>sm.</i> worm, snake, <a href = "#para5">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>wurze</b>, <i>wf.</i> root, plant.</p>
+
+<p><b>wurzel</b>, <i>swf.</i> root.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">212</span>
+<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_Z" id = "gloss_Z">
+Z</a></p>
+
+<p><b>zageheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> cowardice.</p>
+
+<p><b>zaher</b>, <i>sm.</i> tear, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zal</b>, <i>sf.</i> number, <a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href
+= "#para31_3">31.3</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zant</b>, <b>zan</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>zandes</b>), <i>sm.</i>
+tooth,&nbsp;<a href = "#para43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ze</b> (<b>zuo</b>), <i>prep.</i> at, in, to, as much as,
+(undergoes contraction with the def. art.);</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze bruoder</b>, as brother;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze rëhte</b>, rightly, properly;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>ze handen haben</b>, possess;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>av.</i> too: <b>ze sēre</b>, too much.</p>
+
+<p><b>zebrëchen</b>, <b>zerbrëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, break, break in
+pieces.</p>
+
+<p><b>zehant</b>, <i>av.</i> at once, on the spot.</p>
+
+<p><b>zēhe</b>, <i>wf.</i> toe.</p>
+
+<p><b>zëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> ten, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zëhente</b> (<b>-de</b>), <i>num.</i> tenth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zëhenzic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), hundred, <a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zëhenzigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> hundredth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zeichen</b>, <i>sn.</i> sign, mark, token, <a href =
+"#para23">23</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para1">1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zeigen</b>, <i>wv.</i> show, <a href = "#para33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zeim</b> = <b>ze einem(e)</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> reckon, count, <a href =
+"#para31_3">31.3</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zëme</b>, <b>zëm</b> = <b>ze dëme</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68
+note&nbsp;2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zëmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, suit, be becoming <i>or</i>
+fitting,&nbsp;<a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zën</b> = <b>ze dën</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68 note 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zër</b> = <b>ze dër</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68 note 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zergān</b>, <b>-gēn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, vanish, stop, perish.</p>
+
+<p><b>zerren</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>zarte</b>), <i>wv.</i> pull, tug,
+tear.</p>
+
+<p><b>zerwirken</b> (<i>pp.</i> <b>zerworht</b>), <i>wv.</i> cut up,
+dissect.</p>
+
+<p><b>zesamene</b>, <i>av.</i> together.</p>
+
+<p><b>zëse</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> right.</p>
+
+<p><b>zestunt</b>, <i>av.</i> on the spot.</p>
+
+<p><b>zeswëllen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, swell to the utmost.</p>
+
+<p><b>zewāre</b>, <b>zwār</b>, <i>av.</i> in truth, truly.</p>
+
+<p><b>ziehen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, draw;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>refl.</i> withdraw, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href =
+"#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href =
+"#para78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zierde</b>, <i>sf.</i> adornment, <a href =
+"#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zieren</b>, <i>wv.</i> adorn, decorate.</p>
+
+<p><b>zīhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, accuse, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zil</b>, <i>sn.</i> aim, object.</p>
+
+<p><b>zimieren</b>, <i>wv.</i> furnish with knightly accoutrements.</p>
+
+<p><b>zinsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> give as interest, give away.</p>
+
+<p><b>zir</b> = <b>ze ir</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zirke</b>, <i>wm.</i> garland, circle, prince’s crown.</p>
+
+<p><b>zirkel</b>, <i>sm.</i> prince’s crown.</p>
+
+<p><b>zīt</b>, <i>sf.</i> time, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zobel</b>, <i>sm.</i> robe furred with sable.</p>
+
+<p><b>zorn</b>, <i>sm.</i> anger.</p>
+
+<p><b>zorneclīche</b>, <i>av.</i> angrily, violently.</p>
+
+<p><b>zücken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>zuhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> pull quickly,
+tear.</p>
+
+<p><b>zuht</b>, <i>sf.</i> bringing up, education; good manners,
+politeness, demeanour; chastisement, punishment;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>mit zühten</b>, becomingly, gracefully, politely.</p>
+
+<p><b>zühtelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> ill-bred, rude, insolent.</p>
+
+<p><b>zunft</b>, <i>sf.</i> propriety, dignity, good breeding.</p>
+
+<p><b>zunge</b>, <i>wf.</i> tongue, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href =
+"#para7">7</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>, 53</p>
+
+<p><b>zuo</b>, <i>av.</i> to, toward; to it;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<b>zuo zwein</b>, into two.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+See <b>ze</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zuome</b> = <b>zuo dëme</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zürnen</b>, <b>zurnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be angry.</p>
+
+<p><b>zwei</b>, <i>num.</i> two, <a href = "#para35">35</a>, <a href =
+"#para62">62</a>, <a href = "#para63">63</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zweien</b> with <b>sich</b>, <i>wv.</i> fall out, quarrel;
+pair.</p>
+
+<p><b>zweinzic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> twenty,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">213</span>
+
+<p><b>zweinzigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> twentieth,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zwelf</b>, <i>num.</i> twelve, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zwelfte</b>, <i>num.</i> twelfth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zwene</b>, <b>zwei</b>, <b>zwō</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>zweier</b>,
+<b>zweiger</b>, <i>dat.</i> <b>zwein</b>), two, <a href =
+"#para35">35</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#para63">63</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zwī</b>, <b>zwic</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>zwīges</b>, <b>zwīes</b>),
+<i>smn.</i> twig, bough,&nbsp;<a href = "#para35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zwīfeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> doubt, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zwischen</b>, <i>prep.</i> between.</p>
+
+<p><b>zwīvel</b>, <b>zwīfel</b>, <i>sm.</i> doubt, uncertainty;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+<i>aj.</i> doubtful, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>zwīvellīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> doubtful, uncertain, dejected.</p>
+
+<p><b>zwīvellop</b> (<b>-bes</b>), doubtful <i>or</i> ambiguous
+praise.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- end div glossary -->
+
+<div class = "endnote">
+<h5><a name = "para88note" id = "para88note" href = "#para88">
+Paragraph 88 Table</a></h5>
+
+<p>A few other inflectional tables were similarly reformatted.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/para88.png" width = "392" height = "145"
+alt = "page image">
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Middle High German Primer
+       Third Edition
+
+Author: Joseph Wright
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22636]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+
+  This file is intended for users whose text readers cannot open the
+  "real" (UTF-8, Unicode) version of the file, even after making the
+  character substitutions suggested in that version.
+
+  This document can be used as-is, but it will be much more readable if
+  you open it in a word processor or text editor and make as many as
+  possible of the listed changes. The object is to reconstruct the real
+  file in a form that your own computer or text reader can handle. When
+  making changes, be sure to include the period after "Sec." and the
+  brackets surrounding all letters or letter groups.
+
+    Sec.  section symbol, or use pilcrow (paragraph symbol)
+    Secs. two section symbols
+
+    [ae] ae ligature
+    [oe] oe ligature
+
+    [a] a with macron (overline, "long" mark)
+      If macron is unavailable, use a-circumflex instead
+    [e] [i] [o] [u] (same for e, i, o, u)
+    [a:] [e:] [o:] [u:] a, e, o, u with umlaut
+    ['a] ['e] a, e with acute accent
+    [e.] e with dot under, used in reading selections
+      If you have nothing suitable, replace with plain e
+    [i.] same as above; rare
+
+    [z] z with hook at end of bottom line
+    [zz] two of these z's (often used in pairs)
+      If this character is unavailable, try z with cedilla.
+      As a last resort, replace with plain "z" after reading Sec. 19
+        carefully.
+
+    [A] [E] [I] [O] [U] [U:] (capital letters as above; rare)
+
+  A few additional characters are used mainly in the historical
+  introduction, along with two or three Greek words, here transliterated
+  and shown between +marks+. They can be disregarded.
+
+    [)a] [)e] [)i] [)o]
+      a, e, i, o with both macron and breve ("long" and "short" mark)
+    [-u:] u-umlaut with macron
+    [-ae] ae ligature with macron
+    [th] thorn
+    [dh] edh
+    [bh] b with line through stem
+    [zh] ezh
+    [ch] Greek letter chi
+    [ng] eng ("n" with curve below line)
+
+  Italics are marked with _lines_. Boldface type is shown with {braces}.
+  Boldface markings have generally been omitted from tables to aid
+  readability.
+
+  Punctuation in the Glossary has been silently regularized. Other
+  typographical errors are listed at the end of the text.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       A
+
+               MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN
+                     PRIMER
+
+                      with
+          Grammar, Notes, And Glossary
+
+                       by
+                 JOSEPH WRIGHT
+      M.A., Ph.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D.
+
+         Fellow of the British Academy
+Corpus Christi Professor of Comparative Philology
+          in the University of Oxford
+
+
+                 THIRD EDITION
+            Re-Written And Enlarged
+
+
+                     OXFORD
+             AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
+                      1917
+
+
+
+
+            OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
+
+      London  Edinburgh  Glasgow  New York
+          Toronto   Melbourne  Bombay
+
+                HUMPHREY MILFORD
+          Publisher to the University
+
+
+
+
+  EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES
+  TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS
+
+
+The present book has been written in the hope that it will serve as an
+elementary introduction to the larger German works on the subject from
+which I have appropriated whatever seemed necessary for the purpose. In
+the grammar much aid has been derived from Paul's _Mittelhochdeutsche
+Grammatik_, second edition, Halle, 1884, and Weinhold's
+_Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik_, second edition, Paderborn, 1883. The
+former work, besides containing by far the most complete syntax, is also
+the only Middle High German Grammar which is based on the present state
+of German Philology.... I believe that the day is not far distant when
+English students will take a much more lively interest in the study of
+their own and the other Germanic languages (especially German and Old
+Norse) than has hitherto been the case. And if this little book should
+contribute anything towards furthering the cause, it will have amply
+fulfilled its purpose.
+
+  LONDON: _January, 1888._
+
+
+When I wrote the preface to the first edition of this primer in 1888,
+I ventured to predict that the interest of English students in the
+subject would grow and develop as time went on, but I hardly expected
+that it would grow so much that a second edition of the book would be
+required within so short a period. It has been revised throughout, and
+several changes have been made in the phonology, but I have not thought
+it advisable to alter the general plan and scope of the former edition.
+After many years of personal experience as a teacher and examiner in the
+older periods of the German language, I have become firmly convinced
+that the larger books on the subject contain too many details for
+beginners. I feel sure that the easiest and best way to acquire a
+thorough knowledge of Middle High German is to start with an elementary
+book like the present, and then to learn the details of the grammar,
+especially the phonology of the various dialects, from a more advanced
+work.
+
+  OXFORD: _December, 1898._
+
+
+  PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
+
+In the preparation of the new edition, I have steadily kept in view the
+class of students for whom the book was originally written. When the
+first edition appeared twenty-eight years ago, there were very few
+students in this country who took up the serious study of the older
+periods of the various Germanic languages at the Universities. In late
+years, however, the interest in the study of these languages has grown
+so much that Honour Courses and Examinations in them have been
+established at all our Universities. The result is that a book even
+intended for beginners can now reasonably be expected to be of a higher
+standard than the previous editions of this Primer. The grammatical
+introduction has accordingly been entirely rewritten and expanded to
+more than twice its original size. The texts have also been nearly
+doubled by the addition of eighteen poems from Walther von der
+Vogelweide, and selections from Reinmar, Ulrich von Lichtenstein, and
+Wolfram von Eschenbach.
+
+The greater part of Middle High German literature is so excellent and
+interesting that most students, who have mastered the grammatical
+introduction and read the texts in the Primer, will doubtless desire to
+continue the subject. Such students should procure a copy of either the
+_Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik_ by Hermann Paul, eighth edition, Halle,
+1911, or the _Mittelhochdeutsches Elementarbuch_ by Victor Michels,
+second edition, Heidelberg, 1912, where the Grammar, especially the
+phonology and syntax, can be studied in greater detail. They should also
+procure a copy of the _Mittelhochdeutsches Taschenw[o:]rterbuch_ by
+Matthias Lexer, tenth edition, Leipzig, 1910, and also have access to
+the two standard Middle High German dictionaries-- _Mittelhochdeutsches
+W[o:]rterbuch mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Georg Friedrich Benecke_,
+ausgearbeitet von Wilhelm M[u:]ller und Friedrich Zarncke, drei B[a:]nde,
+Leipzig, 1854-61, and _Mittelhochdeutsches W[o:]rterbuch_, von Matthias
+Lexer, zugleich als Supplement und alphabetischer Index zum
+_Mittelhochdeutschen W[o:]rterbuch_ von Benecke-M[u:]ller-Zarncke,
+drei B[a:]nde, Leipzig, 1872-78. An excellent bibliography of the best
+editions of the Middle High German texts-- classified according to the
+dialects in which they were written-- will be found on pp. 20-35 of
+Michels' _Elementarbuch_.
+
+May the new edition of the Primer continue to further the study of the
+subject in the future to the same extent as it has done in the past!
+
+  JOSEPH WRIGHT.
+
+    OXFORD,
+    _October, 1916._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+             Pages
+
+INTRODUCTION ... 1
+
+  The classification of the MHG. dialects (Sec. 1).
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+The Vowels ... 2-22
+
+  The MHG. alphabet (Sec. 2). Pronunciation of the MHG. vowels (Sec. 3).
+  Phonetic survey of the MHG. vowel-system (Sec. 4). The OHG.
+  equivalents of the MHG. vowels (Sec. 5). The characteristic
+  differences between OHG. and MHG. (Sec. 6). The weakening of
+  unaccented vowels (Secs. 7-8). The loss of unaccented vowels (Sec. 9).
+  Umlaut (Sec. 10). The MHG. equivalents of the OHG. vowels (Sec. 11).
+  Ablaut (Sec. 12). Other vowel changes (Secs. 13-18).
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+The Consonants ... 22-35
+
+  Pronunciation of the consonants (Secs. 19-20). Phonetic survey of the
+  MHG. consonants (Sec. 21). Characteristic differences between High
+  German and the other West Germanic languages (Sec. 22). The High
+  German sound-shifting (Secs. 23-7). The interchange between {pf, b}
+  and {f}; {k, g} and {h}; {[zz], [z]} and {ss, s} (Sec. 28). The loss
+  of the guttural nasal {[ng]} (Sec. 29). Verner's Law (Sec. 30). The doubling
+  of consonants (Sec. 31). The simplification of double consonants
+  (Sec. 32). The interchange between the lenes and the fortes (Sec. 33).
+  Interchange between medial {h} and final {ch} (Sec. 34). Initial and
+  medial {j} (Sec. 35). Medial and final {w} (Sec. 36). The loss of
+  intervocalic {b, d, g} (Sec. 37). The loss of intervocalic {h}
+  (Sec. 38). The loss of final {r} (Sec. 39). The change of medial {t} to
+  {d} after nasals and {l} (Sec. 40).
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+Declension of Nouns ... 36-46
+
+  Introductory remarks (Sec. 41).
+  A. The vocalic or strong declension:-- Masculine nouns (Secs. 42-5);
+       Neuter nouns (Secs. 46-7); Feminine nouns (Secs. 48-9).
+  B. The weak declension (Secs. 50-3).
+  C. Declension of proper names (Sec. 54).
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+Adjectives ... 46-52
+
+  A. The declension of adjectives (Secs. 55-6).
+  B. The comparison of adjectives (Secs. 57-9).
+  C. The formation of adverbs from adjectives (Secs. 60-1).
+  D. Numerals (Secs. 62-4).
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+Pronouns ... 53-57
+
+  Personal (Sec. 65). Reflexive (Sec. 66). Possessive (Sec. 67).
+  Demonstrative (Sec. 68). Relative (Sec. 69). Interrogative (Sec. 70).
+  Indefinite (Sec. 71).
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+Verbs ... 57-75
+
+  Classification of MHG. verbs (Sec. 72).
+  A. Strong verbs:-- The conjugation of the model strong verb
+       {n[e:]men} (Secs. 73-4). Class I (Secs. 76-7). Class II (Secs. 78-80).
+       Class III (Sec. 81). Class IV (Sec. 82). Class V (Secs. 83-4).
+       Class VI (Secs. 85-6). Class VII (Sec. 87).
+  B. Weak Verbs:-- Classification of MHG. weak verbs (Secs. 88-9).
+       Class I (Sec. 90). Class II (Sec. 92).
+  C. Minor groups.-- Preterite-presents (Sec. 93). Anomalous verbs
+       (Secs. 94-8). Contracted verbs (Sec. 99).
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+Syntax ... 75-78
+
+  Cases (Secs. 100-2). Adjectives (Sec. 103). Pronouns (Sec. 104).
+  Verbs (Secs. 105-7). Negation (Sec. 108).
+
+
+TEXTS:--
+
+     I. Berthold von Regensburg                  79-83
+    II. The Swabian Lantrehtbuoch                83-85
+   III. Hartman von Ouwe                        86-116
+    IV. Walther von der Vogelweide             116-133
+     V. Reinmar                                133-139
+    VI. Ulrich von Lichtenstein                140-148
+   VII. Das Nibelungen-Lied                    149-158
+  VIII. Wolfram von Eschenbach                 158-168
+
+
+NOTES ... 169-171
+
+
+GLOSSARY ... 172-213
+
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
+
+
+  Goth.    = Gothic
+  Gr.      = Greek
+  HG.      = High German
+  Lat.     = Latin
+  MHG.     = Middle High German
+  NHG.     = New High German
+  OE.      = Old English
+  OHG.     = Old High German
+  OS.      = Old Saxon
+  P. Germ. = Primitive Germanic
+  UF.      = Upper Franconian
+  UG.      = Upper German
+
+The asterisk * prefixed to a word denotes a theoretical form, as MHG.
+{w[a:]rmen} from {*warmjan}, to warm.
+
+In representing prehistoric forms the following signs are used:--
+{[th]} (= {th} in Engl. {thin}), {[dh]} (= {th} in Engl. {then}), {[bh]}
+(= a bilabial spirant, which may be pronounced like the {v} in Engl.
+{vine}), {[zh]} (= {g} often heard in German {sagen}), {[ch]} (= NHG. {ch} and
+the {ch} in Scotch {loch}), {[ng]} (= {n} in Engl. {sunk}).
+
+
+
+
+GRAMMAR
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Sec. 1.
+
+MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN
+
+Middle High German (MHG.) embraces the High German language from about
+the year 1100 to 1500. It is divided into three great dialect-groups:
+Upper German, Franconian, and East Middle German.
+
+1. Upper German is divided into: (_a_) Alemanic, embracing High Alemanic
+(Switzerland), and Low Alemanic (South Baden, Swabia, and Alsace).
+(_b_) Bavarian, extending over Bavaria and those parts of Austria where
+German is spoken.
+
+2. Franconian (West Middle German), which is subdivided into Upper
+Franconian and Middle Franconian. Upper Franconian consists of East
+Franconian (the old duchy of Francia Orientalis) and Rhenish Franconian
+(the old province of Francia Rhinensis), Middle Franconian extending
+over the district along the banks of the Moselle and of the Rhine from
+Coblence to D[u:]sseldorf.
+
+3. East Middle German, extending over: Thuringia, Upper Saxony, and
+Silesia.
+
+Since it is impossible to deal with all these dialects in an elementary
+book like the present, we shall confine ourselves almost exclusively to
+Upper German, and shall only deal with that period of Middle High German
+which extends from about 1200 to 1300.
+
+
+
+
+PHONOLOGY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+
+THE VOWELS
+
+Sec. 2.
+
+MHG. had the following simple vowels and diphthongs:--
+
+  Short vowels  a, [a:], [e:], e, i, o, u, [o:], [u:].
+  Long    "     [a], [ae],    [e], [i], [o], [u], [oe], iu.
+  Diphthongs             ei, ie, ou, uo, [o:]u (eu), [u:]e.
+
+  NOTE.--{[e:]} represents primitive Germanic {e} (= Gr. epsilon, Lat.
+  {e}, as in Gr. +deka+, Lat. {decem}, MHG. {z[e:]hen}, _ten_) and is
+  generally written {[e:]} in Old and Middle High German grammars, in
+  order to distinguish it from the OHG. umlaut-{e} (Sec. 10). The former
+  was an open sound like the {e} in English {bed}, whereas the latter
+  was a close sound like the {['e]} in French {['e]t['e]}. {[a:]} was a very
+  open   sound nearly like the {a} in English {hat}, and arose in MHG. from
+  the {i}-umlaut of {a} (Sec. 10). Good MHG. poets do not rhyme Germanic
+  {[e:]} with the umlaut-{e}, and the distinction between the two sounds
+  is still preserved in many NHG. dialects. In like manner the modern
+  Bavarian and Austrian dialects still distinguish between {[a:]} and
+  {[e:]}. In the MHG. period {[a:], [e:]}, and {e} were kept apart in
+  Bavarian, but in Alemanic and Middle German {[a:]} and {[e:]} seem to
+  have fallen together in {[e:]} or possibly {[a:]}, as the two sounds
+  frequently rhyme with each other in good poets. MHG. texts do not
+  always preserve in writing the distinction between the old umlaut-{e}
+  and the MHG. umlaut-{[a:]}, both being often written {e} in the same
+  text.
+
+
+PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOWELS.
+
+Sec. 3.
+
+The approximate pronunciation of the above vowels and diphthongs was as
+follows:--
+
+  a  as in NHG. m_a_nn     man, _man_.
+  [a]  "  "  Engl. f_a_ther  h[a]t, _has_.
+  [a:]  "  "   "    m_a_n     m[a:]hte, _powers_.
+  [ae]  "  "   "    _ai_r     l[ae]re, _empty_.
+  [e:]  "  "   "    m_e_n     h[e:]lfen, _to help_.
+  e  "  "  Fr. _['e]_t_['e]_     geste, _guests_.
+  [e]  "  "  NHG. r_e_h      s[e], _sea_.
+  i  "  "  Engl. b_i_t     biten, _to beg_.
+  [i]  "  "   "    w_ee_n    w[i]n, _wine_.
+  o  "  "   "    p_o_t     golt, _gold_.
+  [o]  "  "  NHG. t_o_t      t[o]t, _dead_.
+  u  "  "  Engl. p_u_t     guld[i]n, _golden_.
+  [u]  "  "   "    f_oo_l    h[u]s, _house_.
+  [o:]  "  "  NHG. l_[o:]_cher   l[o:]cher, _holes_.
+  [oe]  "  "   "   sch_[o:]_n    sch[oe]ne, _beautiful_.
+  [u:]  "  "   "   f_[u:]_llen   v[u:]llen, _to fill_.
+  iu "  "   "   m_[u:]_de     hiuser, _houses_.
+       ei = e + i          stein, _stone_.
+       ie = i + e          knie, _knee_.
+       ou = o + u          ouge, _eye_.
+  [o:]u (eu) = [o:] _or_ e + [u:]   dr[o:]uwen, _to threaten_.
+       [u:]e = [u:] + e          gr[u:]e[z]en, _to greet_.
+       uo = u + o          bruoder, _brother_.
+
+To the above list should be added the MHG. {e} in unaccented syllables,
+which mostly arose from the weakening of the OHG. full vowels, as OHG.
+{zunga}, _tongue_, {hirti}, _shepherd_, {namo}, _name_, {fridu}, _peace_
+= MHG. {zunge}, {hirte}, {name}, {fride}; OHG. {hab[e]n}, _to have_,
+{sc[o]n[i]}, _beauty_, {salb[o]n}, _to anoint_, {zung[u]n}, _tongues_ = MHG.
+{haben}, {sch[oe]ne}, {salben}, {zungen}. The {e} in this position was
+pronounced like the {-e} in NHG. {zunge}, {name}, {friede}, &c.
+
+
+PHONETIC SURVEY OF THE MHG. VOWEL-SYSTEM.
+
+Sec. 4.
+
+  Palatal  { Short [a:], [e:], e, i, [o:], [u:].
+           { Long  [ae],    [e], [i], [oe], iu (= [u:]).
+
+  Guttural { Short a, o, u.
+           { Long  [a], [o], [u].
+
+
+THE OHG. EQUIVALENTS OF THE MHG. VOWELS.
+
+Sec. 5.
+
+The following are the OHG. equivalents of the MHG. short vowels, long
+vowels and diphthongs of accented syllables:--
+
+1. The short vowels a, [e:], e, i, o, u = the corresponding OHG. short
+vowels, as {tac}, _day_, {gast}, _guest_, {bant}, _he bound_, {gap}, _he
+gave_ = OHG. {tag}, {gast}, {bant}, {gab}.
+
+{w[e:]c}, _way_, {n[e:]men}, _to take_, {z[e:]hen}, _ten_ = OHG. {w[e:]g},
+{n[e:]man}, {z[e:]han}.
+
+{geste}, _guests_, {lember}, _lambs_, {vert}, _he goes_ = OHG. {gesti},
+{lembir}, {ferit}.
+
+{wi[zz]en}, _to know_, {hilfe}, _I help_, {visch}, _fish_ = OHG. {wi[zz]an},
+{hilfu}, {fisk}.
+
+{got}, _God_, {wol}, _well_, {geholfen}, _helped_ = OHG. {got}, {wola},
+{giholfan}.
+
+{sun}, _son_, {wurm}, _worm_, {gebunden}, _bound_ = OHG. {sunu}, {wurm},
+{gibuntan}.
+
+{[a:]} is the umlaut of {a} before certain consonant combinations which
+prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as {m[a:]hte}, _powers_,
+{h[a:]ltet}, _he holds_, {w[a:]rmen}, _to warm_ = OHG. {mahti}, {haltit},
+{warmen} from {*warmjan} (Sec. 10). It also occurs in derivatives ending in
+{-l[i]ch} and {-l[i]n}, as {m[a:]nl[i]ch}, _manly_, {t[a:]gel[i]ch}, _daily_,
+{v[a:]terl[i]n}, dim. of {vater}, _father_; and in words which originally had
+an {i} in the third syllable, the vowel of the second syllable having
+become {i} by assimilation, as {m[a:]gede}, _maids_, {z[a:]her(e)}, _tears_ =
+OHG. {magadi}, {zahari}.
+
+{[o:]} is the umlaut of OHG. {o}, as {l[o:]cher}, _holes_, {m[o:]hte},
+_I might_ = OHG. {lohhir}, {mohti}; {g[o:]tinne}, _goddess_, beside {got},
+_God_.
+
+{[u:]} is the umlaut of OHG. {u}, as {d[u:]nne}, _thin_, {s[u:]ne}, _sons_,
+{z[u:]ge}, _I might draw_ = OHG. {dunni}, {suni}, {zugi}.
+
+2. The long vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] = the corresponding OHG. long
+vowels, as {s[a]t}, _seed_, {sl[a]fen}, _to sleep_, {n[a]men}, _we took_,
+{d[a]hte}, _he thought_ = OHG. {s[a]t}, {sl[a]fan}, {n[a]mum}, {d[a]hta}.
+
+{s[e]le}, _soul_, {m[e]re}, _more_, {l[e]ren}, _to teach_ = OHG. {s[e]la},
+{m[e]ro}, {l[e]ren}.
+
+{w[i]p}, _wife_, {s[i]n}, _his_, {b[i][z]en}, _to bite_ = OHG. {w[i]b},
+{s[i]n}, {b[i][z]an}.
+
+{[o]re}, _ear_, {t[o]t}, _death_, {k[o]s}, _I chose_ = OHG. {[o]ra}, {t[o]d},
+{k[o]s}.
+
+{h[u]s}, _house_, {t[u]sent}, _thousand_, {d[u]hte}, _it seemed_ = OHG.
+{h[u]s}, {d[u]sunt}, {d[u]hta}.
+
+{[ae]} is the umlaut of OHG. {[a]}, as {l[ae]re}, _empty_, {n[ae]me}, _thou
+tookest_ = OHG. {l[a]ri}, {n[a]mi}.
+
+{[oe]} is the umlaut of OHG. {[o]}, as {sch[oe]ne}, _beautiful_, {h[oe]her},
+_higher_, {h[oe]ren}, _to hear_ = OHG. {sc[o]ni}, {h[o]hiro}, {h[o]ren} from
+{*h[o]rjan} older {*hausjan}.
+
+iu = (1) OHG. {iu} (diphthong), as {liute}, _people_,
+         {kiuset}, _he chooses_ = OHG. {liuti}, {kiusit}.
+
+   = (2) the umlaut of OHG. {[u]}, as {hiuser}, _houses_,
+         {briute}, _brides_ = OHG. {h[u]sir}, {br[u]ti}.
+
+3. The diphthongs ei, ou, uo = the corresponding OHG. diphthongs, as
+{bein}, _bone_, {leiten}, _to lead_, {schreip}, _I wrote_ = OHG. {bein},
+{leiten}, {screib}.
+
+{ouge}, _eye_, {houbet}, _head_, {bouc}, _I bent_ = OHG. {ouga},
+{houbit}, {boug}.
+
+{bruoder}, _brother_, {stuont}, _I stood_, {vuor}, _I went_ = OHG.
+{bruoder}, {stuont}, {fuor}.
+
+ie = (1) OHG. {ie} (diphthong) older {ia}, {ea, [e]} (Germanic {[e]}),
+         as {hier}, _here_, {miete}, _pay, reward_, {gienc}, _I went_
+         = OHG. {hier}, {mieta}, {gieng}.
+
+   = (2) OHG. {io} (Germanic {eu}), as {bieten}, _to offer_, {liep},
+         _dear_ = OHG. {biotan}, {liob}.
+
+   = (3) the OHG. {io} which occurs in the preterite of the old
+         reduplicated verbs whose presents have {ou}, {[o], uo} (Sec. 87),
+         as inf. {loufen}, _to run_, {st[o][z]en}, _to push_, {ruofen},
+         _to call_, preterite {lief}, {stie[z]}, {rief} = OHG. {liof},
+         {stio[z]}, {riof}.
+
+   = (4) Upper German {iu} (OHG. {io}) before labials and gutturals,
+         as {liup}, _dear_, {tiuf}, _deep_, {siuch}, _sick_,
+         {liugen}, _to tell a lie_ = {liep}, {tief}, {siech},
+         {liegen}.
+
+{[o:]u} ({eu}) is the umlaut of OHG. {ou}, as {l[o:]uber}, _leaves_,
+{l[o:]ufel}, _runner_ = OHG. {loubir}, {loufil}.
+
+{[u:]e} is the umlaut of OHG. {uo}, as {gr[u:]ene}, _green_, {g[u:]ete},
+_goodness_, {v[u:]ere}, _thou didst go_ = OHG. {gruoni}, {guot[i]}, {fuori}.
+
+
+UNACCENTED VOWELS AND UMLAUT.
+
+Sec. 6.
+
+The two most characteristic differences between OHG. and MHG. are: (1)
+the spread of umlaut (Sec. 10); (2) the weakening and partial loss of vowels
+in unaccented syllables.
+
+
+1. THE WEAKENING OF UNACCENTED VOWELS.
+
+Sec. 7.
+
+The short vowels a, i, o, u, and the long vowels [e], [i], [o], [u] were
+weakened to {e}. This {e} was pronounced like the final {-e} in NHG.
+{leute}, see Sec. 3. Examples are:--
+
+{g[e:]ba}, _gift_, {h[e:]rza}, _heart_, {zunga}, _tongue_, {taga}, _days_ =
+MHG. {g[e:]be}, {h[e:]rze}, {zunge}, {tage}; {heilag}, _holy_, neut.
+{blinda[z]}, _blind_, {n[e:]man}, _to take_ = MHG. {heilec}, {blinde[z]},
+{n[e:]men}.
+
+{kunni}, _race, generation_, {gesti}, _guests_ = MHG. {k[u:]nne}, {geste};
+{kuning}, _king_, {be[zz]isto}, _best_, dat. pl. {gestim}, _to guests_,
+gen. pl. {lembiro}, _of lambs_, {nimit}, _he takes_ = MHG. {k[u:]nec},
+{be[zz]est} ({beste}), {gesten}, {lember(e)}, {nimet}.
+
+{haso}, _hare_, nom. acc. pl. fem. {blinto}, _blind_, gen. pl. {tago},
+_of days_ = MHG. {hase}, {blinde}, {tage}; acc. sing. {hason}, _hare_ =
+MHG. {hasen}.
+
+{fridu}, _peace_, dat. sing. {g[e:]bu}, _to a gift_, {nimu}, _I take_ =
+MHG. {fride}, {g[e:]be}, {nime}; dat. pl. {tagum}, _to days_, {n[a]mum}, _we
+took_ = MHG. {tagen}, {n[a]men}.
+
+Nom. sing. masc. {blint[e]r}, _blind_, {uns[e]r}, _our_, {hab[e]n}, _to have_,
+{n[e:]m[e]m}, _we may take_ = MHG. {blinder}, {unser}, {haben}, {n[e:]men}.
+
+{sc[o]n[i]}, _beauty_ = MHG. {sch[oe]ne}; {s[a]l[i]g}, _blessed_,
+{n[a]m[i]m}, _we might take_ = MHG. {s[ae]lec}, {n[ae]men}.
+
+{salb[o]n}, _to anoint_, {suoht[o]s(t)}, _thou soughtest_, dat. pl.
+{g[e:]b[o]m}, {h[e:]rz[o]m} = MHG. {salben}, {suohtes(t)}, {g[e:]ben},
+{h[e:]rzen}.
+
+Gen. dat. acc. sing., nom. acc. pl. {zung[u]n} = MHG. {zungen}.
+
+
+Sec. 8.
+
+The vowel in suffixal and derivative syllables was generally weakened to
+{e} just as in the inflexional syllables, but in some suffixal and
+derivative syllables which had a secondary accent the vowel was not
+weakened to {e}. This was especially the case with derivatives in {-[ae]re}
+(denoting nomina agentis), {-inne}, {-inc} ({-ing}), {linc} ({-ling}),
+diminutives in {-[i]n} and {-l[i]n}, abstract nouns in {-nisse} ({-nusse},
+{-n[u:]sse}), {-unge}. In others the vowel fluctuated between the full
+vowel and {e}, as in {-isch} beside {-esch}; {-ic} (= OHG. {-ag}, and
+{-[)i]g}) beside {-ec}; superlative of adjectives {-ist} (= OHG. {-ist})
+beside {-est} (= OHG. {-[o]st}); {-sal} beside {-sel}. Beside the full
+forms {-l[i]ch}, {-r[i]ch} occurred the shortened forms {-lich}, {-rich}.
+
+The OHG. endings of the present participle {-anti}, {-enti}, {-[o]nti},
+{[e]nti} regularly became {-ende}, but {-ant} occurs in a few old
+participles which had become nouns, as {heilant}, _Saviour_, {w[i]gant},
+_warrior_, {v[i]ant} beside {v[i]ent} ({v[i]nt}), _fiend, enemy_. Examples
+are: {garten[ae]re}, _gardener_, {schepf[ae]re}, _creator_, {schr[i]b[ae]re},
+_scribe_.
+
+{k[u:]neginne}, _queen_, {vriundinne}, _female friend_, {wirtinne},
+_mistress_.
+
+{edelinc}, _son of a nobleman_, {hendelinc}, _glove_, {vingerlinc},
+_ring_; {m[u:]edinc}, _unhappy man_.
+
+{maged[i]n}, _little girl_, {vinger[i]n}, _ring_; {kindel[i]n}, _little
+child_, {vogel[i]n}, _little bird_.
+
+{hindernisse}, _hindrance_, {verd[e:]rbnisse}, _destruction_,
+{vinsternisse}, _darkness_, {vancn[u:]sse}, _captivity_.
+
+{be[zz]erunge}, _improvement_, {handelunge}, _action_, {m[e:]ldunge},
+_announcement_.
+
+{himelisch}, _heavenly_, {irdisch}, _earthly_, {kindisch}, _childish_,
+beside {-esch}.
+
+{heilic} (OHG. {heilag}), _holy_, {honic} (OHG. {honag}, {honig}),
+_honey_, {k[u:]nic} (OHG. {cuning}, {cunig}), _king_, {manic} (OHG.
+{manag}), _many a_, {s[ae]lic} (OHG. {s[a]l[i]g}), _blessed_, beside {-ec}.
+
+{oberist} beside {oberest}, _highest_.
+
+{kumbersal}, _distress_, {tr[u:]ebsal}, _gloom_, {w[e:]hsal} beside
+{w[e:]hsel}, _change_.
+
+{bitterl[i]ch}, _bitterly_, {sicherl[i]ch}, _surely_, {w[i]sl[i]ch}, _wisely_,
+beside {-lich}.
+
+{Dietr[i]ch}, {Heinr[i]ch}, beside {-rich}.
+
+The OHG. pronominal ending of the nom. sing. fem. and the nom. acc. pl.
+neuter remained unweakened, as OHG. {blintiu} = MHG. {blindiu} (Sec. 55).
+
+
+2. THE LOSS OF UNACCENTED VOWELS.
+
+Sec. 9.
+
+The weakened {e} regularly disappeared:--
+
+1. After {l} and {r} in dissyllables with short stems, as {ar}, older
+{are} (OHG. {aro}), _eagle_, acc. gen. dat. {arn}, beside {name},
+_name_, {namen}; {wol}, older {wole} (OHG. {wola}), _well_; {gar} (OHG.
+{garo}), _ready_, {milch} (OHG. {milih}), _milk_, {zal} (OHG. {zala}),
+_number_; {kil}, _quill_, gen. {kil(e)s}, dat. {kil}, pl. nom. acc.
+{kil}, dat. {kil(e)n}, beside {tac}, _day_, gen. {tages}, dat. {tage},
+pl. nom. acc. {tage}, dat. {tagen}; {b[e:]rn}, _to bear_, {st[e:]ln}, _to
+steal_, {nern}, _to rescue_, pres. sing. {stil}, {stils(t)}, {stilt};
+{ner}, {ners(t)}, {nert}, beside {h[oe]ren}, _to hear_, pres. sing. {h[oe]re},
+{h[oe]res(t)}, {h[oe]ret}.
+
+2. After liquids and nasals in trisyllabic and polysyllabic forms with
+long stems, as {s[ae]lde} (OHG. {s[a]lida}), _blessedness_, {h[e]rsen},
+{h[e:]rsen} (OHG. {h[e]ris[o]n}), _to rule_, {zierde} (OHG. {ziarida}),
+_adornment_, {wandelte} (OHG. {wantal[o]ta}), _I wandered_, {zw[i]feln}
+(OHG. {zw[i]fal[o]n}), _to doubt_, {wundern} (OHG. {wuntar[o]n}), _to wonder_,
+{sch[oe]nste} (OHG. {sc[o]nisto}), _most beautiful_, {diente}, {diende} (OHG.
+{dion[o]ta}), _I served_; {dienest}, _service_, gen. {dienstes}; {engel},
+_angel_, gen. {engel(e)s}, dat. {engel(e)}, pl. nom. acc. gen.
+{engel(e)}, dat. {engel(e)n}, and similarly with words like {acker},
+_acre_, {l[u]ter}, _clear_, {buosem}, _bosom_, {heiden}, _heathen_;
+{gr[oe][z]er} (OHG. {gr[o][z]iro}), _greater_, fem. dat. sing. {gr[oe][z]er}
+(OHG. {gr[o][z]iru}); dat. sing. {blindem(e)}, _blind_, {guotem(e)},
+_good_ = OHG. {blintemu}, {guotemu}; gen. pl. {blinder(e)} = OHG. {blintero}.
+After the analogy of forms with long stems it was also dropped in forms with
+short stems, as pl. {nagel}, _nails_, {vogel}, _birds_, beside {nagele},
+{vogele}; {wider} beside {widere} (OHG. {widaro}), _wether_, dat. sing.
+{disem(e)}, _this_, {vadem(e)}, _thread_, gen. {vadem(e)s}.
+
+There was however a strong tendency in MHG. for the medial vowel to
+disappear in trisyllabic forms with long stems irrespectively as to
+whether they contained a liquid or a nasal, as {market}, _market_, gen.
+{marktes}; {r[i]chsen} (OHG. {r[i]chis[o]n}), _to rule_, {ahte} (OHG.
+{aht[o]ta}), _he observed_, {wartte}, {warte} (OHG. {wart[e]ta}), _he
+waited_, {vr[a]gte} beside {vr[a]gete} (OHG. {fr[a]g[e]ta}), _he asked_,
+{dancte} beside {dankete} (OHG. {dank[o]ta}), _he thanked_. See Sec. 92.
+
+3. In the medial syllable of trisyllabic forms with long stems having
+liquids or nasals in successive syllables, as {d[i]me} beside {d[i]neme}
+(OHG. {d[i]nemu}), dat. of {d[i]n}, _thy_; {eime} beside {ein(e)me} (OHG.
+{einemu}), dat. of {ein}, _one_; {h[e]rre}, {h[e:]rre} (OHG. {h[e]riro}),
+_master_; {minre} beside {minner(e)} (OHG. {minniro}), _less_; {tiurre}
+(OHG. {tiuriro}), _dearer_.
+
+4. Finally after a nasal, and medially after a nasal before a following
+{t}, in forms with short stems, as {han(e)}, _cock_, {nam(e)}, _name_,
+{sun} (OHG. {sun}, {sunu}), _son_, {won(e)}, _I dwell_; {man(e)t}, _he
+admonishes_, {won(e)t}, _he dwells_, {scham(e)t}, _he shames_,
+{nim(e)t}, _he takes_, {n[e:]m(e)t}, _ye take_; pret. {won(e)te},
+{scham(e)te}. In these and similar forms the {e} was often restored
+through the influence of forms which regularly preserved the {e}.
+
+  NOTE.--The {e}, when not preceded by a nasal, was sometimes dropped
+  in verbal forms ending in {t}. This was especially the case in
+  {wirst}, {wirt} older {wirdes(t)}, {wirdet}; {siht}, _he sees_,
+  {s[e:]ht}, _ye see_, older {sihet}, {s[e:]het}; and often in forms like
+  {gilt}, {vint}, {spricht}, {sticht} beside {giltet}, {vindet},
+  {sprichet}, {stichet}.
+
+5. The superlative of adjectives often has double forms, the one with
+the loss of the medial {e}, and the other with the loss of the final
+{e}, as {beste}, _best_, {[e]rste}, _first_, {gr[oe]ste}, _greatest_,
+{leste}, _last_, {min(ne)ste}, _least_, {wir(se)ste}, _worst_, beside
+{be[zz]est(e)}, {[e]rest(e)}, {gr[oe][z]est(e)}, {le[zz]est(e)}, {minnest(e)},
+{wirsest(e)}, OHG. {be[zz]isto}, {[e]risto}, {gr[o][z]isto}, {le[zz]isto},
+{minnisto}, {wirsisto}.
+
+6. In the unstressed forms of dissyllables, as adv. {ane}, {abe},
+{mite}, {obe} beside the prepositions {an}, _on_, {ab}, _of_, {mit},
+_with_, {ob}, _over_; dat. sing. {d[e:]me}, {w[e:]me}, {ime}, beside {d[e:]m},
+{w[e:]m}, {im}; {unde}, _and_, {wande}, _for_, _because_, beside {und}
+({unt}), {wan(d)}; {h[e:]rre}, {vrouwe}, beside {h[e:]r}, {vrou} before proper
+names and titles.
+
+7. The {e} in the unaccented verbal prefixes {be-}, {ge-} often
+disappeared before {l, n, r}, as {bl[i]ben}, _to remain_, {gl[i]ch}, _like_,
+{glit}, _member_, {glouben}, _to believe_, {gn[a]de}, _favour_, {gnanne},
+_namesake_, {gnuoge}, _many_, {grade}, _quick_, {gr[e:]ch}, _straight_,
+beside {bel[i]ben}, {gel[i]ch}, {gelit}, {gelouben}, {gen[a]de}, {genanne},
+{genuoge}, {gerade}, {ger[e:]ch}; it disappeared before vowels during the
+OHG. period, as {bange}, _anxious_: {ange}, _anxiously_, {g[e:][zz]an} p.p.
+of {[e:][zz]an}, _to eat_, {gunnan}, MHG. {gunnen}, {g[u:]nnen}, _to grant_.
+
+
+3. UMLAUT.
+
+Sec. 10.
+
+By umlaut is meant the modification (palatalization) of an accented
+vowel through the influence of an {[)i]} or {j} which originally stood in
+the following syllable. The only vowel which underwent this change in
+OHG. was {a}, which became close {e} (Sec. 2, note).
+
+The change is first met with in OHG. monuments about the middle of the
+eighth century. In the ninth century the process was practically
+complete except when the {a} was followed by certain consonant
+combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place. These consonant
+combinations were:--
+
+1. {ht}, {hs}, or consonant + {w}, as {maht}, _power_, pl. {mahti;
+wahsit}, _he grows_, inf. {wahsan}; {bi-scatwen} from {*-scatwjan}, _to
+shade_.
+
+2. In Upper German before {l} + consonant, before {hh}, {ch} (= Germanic
+{k}), and often before {r} + consonant, and before {h} (= Germanic {h}),
+as Upper German {haltit} beside Upper Franconian {heltit}, _he holds_,
+inf. {haltan}; UG. {altiro} beside UF. {eltiro}, _older_; UG. {sachit}
+beside UF. {sehhit}, _he quarrels_, inf. {sachan}, Goth. {sakan}; UG.
+{warmen} beside {wermen}, Goth. {warmjan}, _to warm_; UG. {slahit}
+beside {slehit}, _he strikes_, inf. OHG. {slahan}, Goth. {slahan}.
+
+3. In words ending in {-nissi}, {-nissa}, or {-l[i]h}, as {firstantnissi},
+_understanding_; {infancnissa}, _assumption_; {kraftl[i]h}, _strong_;
+{tagal[i]h}, _daily_.
+
+Umlaut must have taken place earlier in the spoken language than it is
+expressed in late OHG. and early MHG. manuscripts, because the {[)i]}
+which caused the umlaut was weakened to {e} in MHG. (Sec. 7) and {j} had
+disappeared except between vowels. The vowels and diphthongs which
+underwent umlaut in MHG. are a, o, u, [a], [o], [u], ou, uo. The umlaut of all
+these sounds was completed by about the year 1200.
+
+a > e: {gast}, _guest_, pl. {geste} (OHG. {gesti}); {lamp}, _lamb_, pl.
+{lember} (OHG. {lembir}); inf. {graben}, _to dig_, pres. second and
+third pers. sing. {grebes(t)}, {grebet} (OHG. {grebis}, {grebit});
+{lanc}, _long_, beside {lenge} (OHG. {leng[i]}), _length_; {brennen},
+Goth. {brannjan}, _to burn_; {bette} (OHG. {betti}), _bed_.
+
+a > [a:]: From the twelfth century onwards the umlaut of {a} also
+occurs--often beside forms without umlaut--in words containing the
+consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG.,
+as pl. {m[a:]hte} (OHG. {mahti}), _powers_; {gesl[a:]hte} (OHG. {gislahti}),
+_race_, _generation_; {w[a:]hset} (OHG. {wahsit}), _he grows_; {w[a:]rmen}
+(OHG. {warmen}, older {*warmjan}), _to warm_; Upper German {[a:]lter} (OHG.
+{altiro}), _older_; {k[a:]lte} (OHG. {kalt[i]}), _coldness_; {h[a:]ltet} (OHG.
+{haltit}), _he holds_; {[a:]her} (OHG. {ahir}), _ear of corn_; {sl[a:]het}
+(OHG. {slahit}), _he strikes_. It also occurs in derivatives ending in
+{-l[i]ch}, {-l[i]n}, as {m[a:]nl[i]ch}, _manly_, {sch[a:]mel[i]ch}, _shameful_,
+{t[a:]gel[i]ch}, _daily_, {v[a:]terl[i]ch}, _fatherly_, {v[a:]terl[i]n},
+dim. of {vater}, _father_. It is likewise met with in MHG. words which
+originally had an {i} in the third syllable, the vowel of the second
+syllable having become {i} by assimilation, as {fr[a:]vele} (OHG.
+{frafali}), _bold_, pl. {m[a:]gede} (OHG. {magadi}), _maids_, pl.
+{z[a:]her(e)} (OHG. {zahari}), _tears_. See Sec. 2, Note.
+
+o > [o:]: Although {[o:]}, the umlaut of {o}, is common in MHG. and still
+commoner in NHG., yet all words containing this umlaut are really new
+formations due to levelling or analogy, because primitive Germanic {u}
+(Sec. 15) did not become {o} in OHG. when followed by an {[)i]} or {j} in the
+next syllable. Examples are: {boc}, _he-goat_, beside dim. {b[o:]ckl[i]n}
+(OHG. {pochil[i]}); {dorf}, _village_, beside pl. {d[o:]rfer}; {got}, _God_,
+beside {g[o:]tinne}, _goddess_; {hof}, _court_, beside {h[o:]vesch},
+_courtly_; {loch} (OHG. {loh}), _hole_, beside pl. {l[o:]cher} (OHG.
+{lohhir}); {tohter}, _daughter_, beside dim. {t[o:]hterl[i]n}; pret. subj.
+{m[o:]hte} (OHG. {mohti}), _I might_; {t[o:]rste} (OHG. {torsti}), _I might
+dare_.
+
+u > [u:]: {d[u:]nne} (OHG. {dunni}), _thin_; {k[u:]nne} (OHG. {kunni}), _race_,
+_generation_; pl. {s[u:]ne} (OHG. {suni}), _sons_; {t[u:]r} (OHG. {turi}),
+_door_; pret. subj. {z[u:]ge} (OHG. {zugi}), inf. {ziehen}, _to draw_.
+
+  NOTE.--In Upper German certain consonant combinations often
+  prevented umlaut from taking place where it might be expected. Of
+  these the principal are:--
+
+  1. Before a liquid + consonant, as {hulde} (OHG. {huld[i]}), _favour_;
+  {schuldec} (OHG. {sculd[i]g}), _guilty_; {gedultec} (OHG. {gidult[i]g}),
+  _indulgent_; {burge} (OHG. {burgi}), dat. of {burc}, _city_;
+  {sturbe} (OHG. {sturbi}), pret. subj. of {st[e:]rben}, _to die_;
+  {wurfe} (OHG. {wurfi}), pret. subj. of {w[e:]rfen}, _to throw_, cp.
+  2 above.
+
+  2. {u} fluctuates with {[u:]} when followed by a nasal + consonant,
+  as {dunken}, _to seem_, {umbe}, _about_, {wunne}, _joy_, beside
+  {d[u:]nken}, {[u:]mbe} (OHG. {umbi}), {w[u:]nne}. This fluctuation is
+  especially common in the pret. subjunctive, as {bunde}, {sunge},
+  beside {b[u:]nde}, {s[u:]nge}, inf. {binden}, _to bind_, {singen}, _to
+  sing_.
+
+  3. {u} fluctuates with {[u:]} when followed by {gg}, {ck}, {pf}, {tz},
+  {[zz]}, {st}, {ch}, and {g}, as {brugge}, {br[u:]gge}, {brucke},
+  {br[u:]cke}, _bridge_; {mugge}, {m[u:]gge}, {mucke}, {m[u:]cke}, _midge_;
+  {drucken}, {dr[u:]cken}, _to press_; {hupfen}, {h[u:]pfen}, _to hop_;
+  {schupfen}, {sch[u:]pfen}, _to push_; {nutzen}, {n[u:]tzen}, _to use_;
+  pret. subj. {flu[zz]e}, {fl[u:][zz]e}; {schu[zz]e}, {sch[u:][zz]e}, inf.
+  {flie[z]en}, _to flow_, {schie[z]en}, _to shoot_; pl. {bruste},
+  {br[u:]ste}, _breasts_; {kuchen}, {k[u:]chen}, _kitchen_; pret. subj.
+  {fluge}, {fl[u:]ge}, inf. {fliegen}, _to fly_.
+
+[a] > [ae]: {l[ae]re} (OHG. {l[a]ri}), _empty_; {m[ae]re} (OHG. {m[a]ri}),
+_renowned_; {s[ae]jen} (OHG. {s[a]jan}), _to sow_; pret. subj. {n[ae]me}
+(OHG. {n[a]mi}), pl. {n[ae]men} (OHG. {n[a]m[i]m}), inf. {n[e:]men},
+_to take_.
+
+[o] > [oe]: {h[oe]her} (OHG. {h[o]hiro}), _higher_; {h[oe]hest} (OHG.
+{h[o]histo}), _highest_; {h[oe]ren} (OHG. {h[o]ren}, from older
+{*h[o]rjan}), _to hear_; {sch[oe]ne} (OHG. {sc[o]ni}), _beautiful_.
+
+[u] > iu: pl. {briute} (OHG. {br[u]ti}), _brides_; {hiuser} (OHG. {h[u]sir}),
+_houses_.
+
+Traces of the umlaut of {[u]}, written {iu} (= {[=u:]}), occur in late OHG.
+monuments of the tenth century. It is common in the writings of Notker
+(d. 1022), as {hiute} older {h[u]ti}, _skins_; {chriuter} older {chr[u]tir},
+_herbs_. In other writings of the tenth to the twelfth century the
+umlaut of {[u]} is seldom found. Umlaut did not take place in Upper German
+before a following {m}, as {r[u]men} from {*r[u]mjan}, _to make room_;
+{s[u]men} from {*s[u]mjan}, _to tarry_.
+
+ou > [o:]u, often written {eu}, rarely {oi}, {[o:]i}: {l[o:]ufel} (OHG.
+{loufil}), _runner_; {l[o:]uber} (OHG. {loubir}), _leaves_.
+
+Umlaut of {ou} did not take place in the combination {ouw} = OHG. {ouw},
+{auw}, West Germanic {aww}, primitive Germanic {awj}, as {frouwe} (OHG.
+{frouwa}, prim. Germanic {*frawj[o]-}), _woman_; {ouwe} (OHG. {ouwa},
+{auwia}, prim. Germanic {*a([zh])wj[o]-}), _meadow_; {frouwen} (OHG.
+{frouwen}, prim. Germanic {*frawjan}), _to rejoice_, and similarly
+{douwen}, _to digest_, {drouwen}, _to threaten_, {strouwen}, _to strew_.
+Forms like {fr[o:]uwen}, {d[o:]uwen}, {dr[o:]uwen}, {str[o:]uwen} were
+analogical formations due to the influence of the pres. second and third
+pers. singular and the preterite which regularly had umlaut; see the
+Author's Historical German Grammar, Sec. 232.
+
+Umlaut of {ou} did not take place in Upper German before labials and
+{g}, as {erlouben}, _to allow_, {gelouben}, _to believe_, {houbet},
+_head_, {koufen}, _to buy_, {troumen}, _to dream_, {toufen}, _to
+baptize_, {bougen}, _to bend_, {ougen}, _to show_, beside Middle German
+{erl[o:]uben}, {gel[o:]uben}, {h[o:]ubet}, {k[o:]ufen}, {tr[o:]umen},
+{t[o:]ufen}, {b[o:]ugen}, {[o:]ugen}.
+
+uo > [u:]e: {gr[u:]ene} (OHG. {gruoni}), _green_; {g[u:]ete} (OHG. {guot[i]}),
+_goodness_; {v[u:]e[z]e} (OHG. {fuo[z]i}), _feet_; pret. pl. subj. {v[u:]eren}
+(OHG. {fuor[i]m}), _we might go_, inf. {varn}, _to fare_, _go_; {buoch},
+_book_, dim. {b[u:]echl[i]n}; {muoter}, _mother_, dim. {m[u:]eterl[i]n}.
+
+
+THE MHG. EQUIVALENTS OF THE OHG. VOWELS.
+
+Sec. 11.
+
+OHG. had the following short vowels, long vowels, and diphthongs:--
+
+  Short Vowels  a, e, [e:],      i,         o,    u.
+  Long    "     [a], [e],         [i],         [o],    [u].
+  Diphthongs       ei,   ie (ia, ea), ou (au), uo.
+                         io (eo),
+                         iu.
+
+The following are the MHG. equivalents of the above simple vowels and
+diphthongs in accented syllables:--
+
+1. The short vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. {a}
+to {[a:], o} to {[o:], u} to {[u:]} (Sec. 10), and of {[e:]} to {e} before
+certain consonants, the OHG. short vowels remained in MHG., as
+
+a = (1) MHG. a, as OHG. {fater}, _father_, {tag}, _day_, {faran},
+        _to go_ = MHG. {vater}, {tac}, {varn}.
+
+  = (2) MHG. [a:], in words containing the consonant combinations which
+        prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as OHG. {mahti},
+        _powers_, {kalt[i]}, _coldness_, {ahir}, _ear of corn_, {warmen},
+        _to warm_ = MHG. {m[a:]hte}, {k[a:]lte}, {[a:]her}, {w[a:]rmen},
+        see Sec. 10.
+
+e = MHG. e, as OHG. {gesti}, _guests_, {lembir}, _lambs_, {brennen},
+    _to burn_ = MHG. {geste}, {lember}, {brennen}.
+
+[e:] = (1) MHG. [e:], as OHG. {w[e:]g}, _way_, {h[e:]lfan}, _to help_,
+        {st[e:]lan}, _to steal_ = MHG. {w[e:]c}, {h[e:]lfen}, {st[e:]ln}.
+
+  = (2) MHG. e, before {st}, {sch}, and palatal {g}, as OHG. {n[e:]st},
+        _nest_, {sw[e:]ster}, _sister_ = MHG. {nest}, {swester}; and
+        similarly, {gestern}, _yesterday_, {deste}, _all the more_,
+        {weste}, _I knew_, {dreschen}, _to thrash_, {leschen},
+        _to go out_, {degen}, _warrior_; and also in a few words
+        before a following {l}, as {helm}, _helmet_, {vels}, _rock_,
+        {welch}, _which_, &c.
+
+i = MHG. i, as OHG. {fisk}, _fish_, {nimu}, _I take_, {wi[zz]an},
+    _to know_ = MHG. {visch}, {nime}, {wi[zz]en}.
+
+o = (1) MHG. o, as OHG. {got}, _God_, p.p. {giholfan}, _helped_,
+        {tohter}, _daughter_ = MHG. {got}, {geholfen}, {tohter}.
+  = (2) MHG. [o:], as OHG. {lohhir}, _holes_, {mohti}, _I might_ = MHG.
+        {l[o:]cher}, {m[o:]hte}.
+
+u = (1) MHG. u, as OHG. {sunu}, {sun}, _son_, {butum}, _we offered_,
+        {buntum}, _we bound_ = MHG. {sun}, {buten}, {bunden}.
+  = (2) MHG. [u:], as OHG. {dunni}, _thin_, {suni}, _sons_ = MHG. {d[u:]nne},
+        {s[u:]ne}.
+
+2. The long vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. {[a]} to
+{[ae], [o]} to {[oe]}, and {[u]} to {iu} (Sec. 10), the OHG. long vowels
+remained in MHG., as
+
+[a] = (1) MHG. [a], as OHG. {s[a]t}, _seed_, {sl[a]fan}, _to sleep_, {d[a]hta},
+        _I thought_ = MHG. {s[a]t}, {sl[a]fen}, {d[a]hte}.
+  = (2) MHG. [ae], as OHG {l[a]ri}, _empty_, {n[a]mi}, _I might take_
+        = MHG. {l[ae]re}, {n[ae]me}.
+
+[e] = MHG. [e], as OHG. {[e]ra}, _honour_, {l[e]ren}, _to teach_, {s[e]la},
+    _soul_ = MHG. {[e]re}, {l[e]ren}, {s[e]le}.
+
+[i] = MHG. [i], as OHG. {s[i]n}, _his_, {w[i]b}, _woman_, {sn[i]dan}, _to cut_
+    = MHG. {s[i]n}, {w[i]p}, {sn[i]den}.
+
+[o] = (1) MHG. [o], as OHG. {[o]ra}, _ear_, {t[o]d}, _death_, {k[o]s},
+        _I chose_ = MHG. {[o]re}, {t[o]t}, {k[o]s}.
+  = (2) MHG. [oe], as OHG. {h[o]hiro}, _higher_, {h[o]ren}, _to hear_,
+        {sc[o]ni}, _beautiful_ = MHG. {h[oe]her}, {h[oe]ren}, {sch[oe]ne}.
+
+[u] = (1) MHG. [u], as OHG. {h[u]s}, _house_, {r[u]m}, _room_, {d[u]hta},
+        _it seemed_ = MHG. {h[u]s}, {r[u]m}, {d[u]hte}.
+
+  = (2) MHG. iu, as OHG. {h[u]sir}, _houses_, {br[u]ti}, _brides_
+        = MHG. {hiuser}, {briute}.
+
+3. The diphthongs:
+
+ei = MHG. ei, as OHG. {bein}, _bone_, {leiten}, _to lead_, {sneid},
+     _I cut_ = MHG. {bein}, {leiten}, {sneit}.
+
+ie (older ia, ea = Germanic [e]) = MHG. ie, as OHG. {hier}, _here_,
+     {mieta}, _reward_, {hielt}, _I held_, {hie[z]}, _I called_, {slief},
+     _I slept_ = MHG. {hier}, {miete}, {hielt}, {hie[z]}, {slief}.
+
+io (eo) = Germanic eu (Sec. 16), and the io (eo) in the preterites of the
+          old reduplicated verbs whose presents have ou, [o], uo (Sec. 87).
+        = MHG. ie, as OHG. {liob}, _dear_, {biotan}, _to offer_
+          = MHG. {liep}, {bieten}; OHG. {liof}, _I ran_, {stio[z]},
+          _I pushed_, {riof}, _I called_ = MHG. {lief}, {stie[z]},
+          {rief}.
+
+iu = MHG. [-u:] written iu, as OHG. {liuti}, _people_, {kiusit}, _he
+     chooses_ = MHG. {liute}, {kiuset}.
+
+ou (older au) = (1) MHG. ou, as OHG. {ouga}, _eye_, {boug}, _I bent_,
+                    {loufan}, _to run_ = MHG. {ouge}, {bouc}, {loufen}.
+              = (2) MHG. [o:]u (eu), as OHG. {loubir}, _leaves_,
+                    {loufil}, _runner_ = MHG. {l[o:]uber}, {l[o:]ufel}.
+
+uo = (1) MHG. uo, as OHG. {bruoder}, _brother_, {muoter}, _mother_,
+         {stuont}, _I stood_ = MHG. {bruoder}, {muoter}, {stuont}.
+   = (2) MHG. [u:]e, as OHG. {gruoni}, _green_, {fuo[z]i}, _feet_,
+         = MHG. {gr[u:]ene}, {v[u:]e[z]e}.
+
+
+ABLAUT (VOWEL GRADATION).
+
+Sec. 12.
+
+By ablaut is meant the gradation of vowels both in stem and suffix,
+which was chiefly caused by the primitive Indo-Germanic system of
+accentuation. See the Author's Historical German Grammar, Sec. 23.
+
+The vowels vary within certain series of related vowels, called
+ablaut-series. In MHG. there are six such series, which appear most
+clearly in the stem-forms of strong verbs. Four stem-forms are to be
+distinguished in a MHG. strong verb which has vowel gradation as the
+characteristic mark of its different stems:--(1) the present stem, to
+which belong all the forms of the present, (2) the stem of the first or
+third person of the preterite singular, (3) the stem of the preterite
+plural, to which belong the second person of the preterite singular and
+the whole of the preterite subjunctive, (4) the stem of the past
+participle.
+
+By arranging the vowels according to these four stems we arrive at the
+following system:--
+
+        i.       ii.      iii.      iv.
+
+    I.  [i]        ei, [e]     i         i
+   II.  ie       ou, [o]     u         o
+  III.  i, [e:]     a         u         u, o
+   IV.  [e:]        a         [a]         o
+    V.  [e:]        a         [a]         [e:]
+   VI.  a        uo        uo        a
+
+  NOTE.--1. On the difference between {ei} and {[e]}, see Sec. 17; {ou} and
+  {[o]}, Sec. 18; and in Series III {i} and {[e:]}, Sec. 14; {u} and {o},
+  Sec. 15.
+
+  2. Strong verbs belonging to Series II have {iu} in the indicative
+  pres. singular; and strong verbs belonging to Series III-V with {[e:]}
+  in the infinitive have {i} in the indicative pres. singular
+  (Secs. 14, 16).
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+    I. sn[i]den, _to cut_     sn[i]de     sneit    sniten    gesniten;
+       l[i]hen, _to lend_     l[i]he      l[e]ch     lihen     gelihen.
+   II. biegen, _to bend_    biuge     bouc     bugen     gebogen;
+       sieden, _to seethe_  siude     s[o]t      suten     gesoten.
+  III. binden, _to bind_    binde     bant     bunden    gebunden;
+       h[e:]lfen, _to help_    hilfe     half     hulfen    geholfen.
+   IV. n[e:]men, _to take_     nime      nam      n[a]men     genomen.
+    V. g[e:]ben, _to give_     gibe      gap      g[a]ben     geg[e:]ben.
+   VI. graben, _to dig_     grabe     gruop    gruoben   gegraben.
+
+For further examples see the various classes of strong verbs Secs. 76-86.
+Class VII of strong verbs embracing the old reduplicated verbs (Sec. 87) has
+been omitted from the ablaut-series, because the exact relation in which
+the vowel of the present stands to that of the preterite has not yet
+been satisfactorily explained.
+
+
+OTHER VOWEL CHANGES.
+
+Sec. 13.
+
+Most of the following vowel changes took place in prehistoric times; but
+as they play an important part in the verbs and word-formation, &c., we
+shall give them here.
+
+
+Sec. 14.
+
+[e:] (= Indo-Germanic e) became i in the prehistoric period of all the
+Germanic languages:--
+
+1. Before a nasal + consonant, as OE. {wind}, OHG. MHG. {wint}, Lat.
+{ventus}, _wind_; OHG. {fimf}, {finf}, Gr. +pente+, _five_. This explains
+why verbs like MHG. {binden}, _to bind_, {rinnen}, _to run_, {singen},
+_to sing_, belong to the same ablaut-series as {h[e:]lfen}, _to help_,
+{w[e:]rden}, _to become_.
+
+2. Before other consonants when followed by an {[)i]} or {j} in the next
+syllable, and further in OHG. when followed by an {u} in the next
+syllable, as OHG. MHG. {ist}, Gr. +esti+, _is_; OHG. {fihu},
+Lat. {pecu}, _cattle_; {[e:]rde} (OHG. {[e:]rda}), _earth_, but {ird[i]n},
+_earthen_; {ligen} (OHG. {liggen} from {*ligjan}), _to lie down_,
+{sitzen} (OHG. {sitzen} from {*sitjan}), _to sit_, but p.p. {gel[e:]gen}
+(OHG. {gil[e:]gan}), {ges[e:][zz]en} (OHG. {gis[e:][zz]an}). This
+explains why strong verbs belonging to the fourth (Secs. 12, 82) and fifth
+(Secs. 12, 83) ablaut-series have {i} throughout the present singular,
+and similarly in verbs belonging to the third (Secs. 12, 81) series with
+{[e:]} in the infinitive, as
+
+  OHG. n[e:]man,  _to take_, three persons sing. nimu, nimis(t), nimit.
+  MHG. n[e:]men,       "       "      "     "    nime, nimes(t), nimet.
+  OHG. g[e:]ban,  _to give_,   "      "     "    gibu, gibis(t), gibit.
+  MHG. g[e:]ben,       "       "      "     "    gibe, gibes(t), gibet.
+  OHG. h[e:]lfan, _to help_,   "      "     "    hilfu, hilfis(t), hilfit.
+  MHG. h[e:]lfen,      "       "      "     "    hilfe, hilfes(t), hilfet.
+
+
+Sec. 15.
+
+{u}, followed originally by an {[)a]}, {[)o]}, or {[e]} in the next syllable,
+became {o} when not protected by a nasal + consonant or an intervening
+{[)i]} or {j}; hence the interchange between {u} and {o} in the preterite
+plural and past participle of verbs belonging to the second
+ablaut-series (Secs. 12, 78), as {bugen} (OHG. {bugum}), _we bent_, p.p.
+{gebogen} (OHG. {gibogan}); in the p.p. of verbs belonging to the third
+ablaut-series (Secs. 12, 81), as {gebunden} (OHG. {gibuntan}), but
+{geholfen} (OHG. {giholfan}); in weak verbs as {f[u:]rhten} (OHG. {furhten}
+from {*furhtjan}), _to fear_, beside pret. {vorhte} (OHG. {forhta});
+{h[u:]gen} (OHG. {huggen} from {*hugjan}) beside {hogen} (OHG. {hog[e]n}),
+_to think_; in preterite presents like {durfen} (OHG. {durfum}), _we
+dare_, beside pret. {dorfte} (OHG. {dorfta}); in many nouns and
+adjectives, as {wolle} (OHG. {wolla}), _wool_, beside {w[u:]ll[i]n},
+{wull[i]n}, _woollen_; {wolf} (stem {*wulfo-}), _wolf_, beside {w[u:]lpinne},
+_she-wolf_; {vol}, _full_, beside {v[u:]lle} (OHG. {full[i]}), _fulness_;
+{golt}, _gold_, beside {guld[i]n}, _golden_.
+
+
+Sec. 16.
+
+From primitive Germanic {eu} were developed two different diphthongs in
+OHG., viz. {eu} became {eo} (cp. Sec. 15), later {io}, when originally
+followed by an {[)a]}, {[)o]}, or {[e]} in the next syllable, and this {io}
+was regularly developed to {ie} in MHG.; whereas {eu} became {iu} in
+OHG. when originally followed by an {[)i], j} or {u} in the next syllable,
+and this {iu} became {[-u:]} (written {iu}) in MHG., even after the {[)i], j}
+or {u} had been weakened to {e}. This law explains the difference
+between the diphthong {ie} in the infinitive and the simple vowel {iu}
+(= {[-u:]}) in the three persons singular of the present indicative of
+verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (Secs. 12, 78), as
+
+  OHG. biogan, _to bend_, pres. sing. biugu, biugis(t), biugit;
+  MHG. biegen,      "       "     "   biuge, biuges(t), biuget.
+
+Cp. further {tief} (OHG. {tiof}), _deep_, beside OHG. {tiuf[i]}, _depth_;
+{lieht} (OHG. {lioht}), _a light_, beside {liuhten} (OHG. {liuhten} from
+{*liuhtjan}), _to light_.
+
+  NOTE.--The {iu} in the above and similar examples must not be
+  confounded with the {iu} in the OHG. and MHG. combination {iuw}
+  which arose from prim. Germanic {eww} (= {euw}), and {ewj}, as
+  {triuwe} (OHG. {triuwi}, Goth. {triggws}), _true_; {triuwen},
+  {tr[u]wen}, _to trust_, pret. {triuete}, {triute}, {tr[u]te}; {riuwe}
+  (OHG. {riuwa}), _regret_, {bliuwen} (OHG. {bliuwan}, Goth.
+  {bliggwan}), _to strike_, and similarly, {briuwen}, _to brew_,
+  {kiuwen}, _to chew_, {riuwen}, _to regret_; {niuwe} (OHG. {niuwi},
+  Goth. {niujis}, prim. Germanic stem-form {*newja-}), _new_. This
+  {iu} before {w} never interchanged with MHG. {ie} from prim.
+  Germanic {eu}, and explains why the strong verbs {bliuwen}, &c. have
+  {iu} in all forms of the present.
+
+
+Sec. 17.
+
+Accented primitive Germanic {ai} (= Goth. {['a]i}) became {[e]} in OHG.
+before {r, w}, Germanic {h} (cp. Sec. 23, 1), and finally; in MHG. it
+appears also as {[e]} before the same consonants and finally, as {m[e]re},
+{m[e]r} (OHG. {m[e]ro}, Goth. {m['a]iza}), _more_, {l[e]ren} (OHG. {l[e]ren},
+Goth. {l['a]isjan}), _to teach_; {s[e]le} (OHG. {s[e]la}, older {s[e]ula},
+Goth. {s['a]iwala}), _soul_; {sn[e]} (OHG. {sn[e]o}, Goth. {sn['a]iws}),
+_snow_, gen. OHG. and MHG. {sn[e]wes}; {sp[i]wen}, _to spit_, pret. {sp[e]}
+(OHG. {sp[e]o}, Goth. {sp['a]iw}); {d[i]hen}, _to thrive_, pret. {d[e]ch}
+(OHG. {d[e]h}, Goth. {d['a]ih}); {w[e]} (OHG. {w[e]}, Goth. {w['a]i}),
+_woe!_; in all other cases {ai} became {ei} in both OHG. and MHG., as
+{stein} (Goth. {st['a]ins}), _stone_, {hei[z]en} (OHG. {hei[z]an}, Goth.
+{h['a]itan}), _to call_; {sn[i]den}, _to cut_, pret. {sneit} (OHG. {sneid},
+Goth. {sn['a]i[th]}). This accounts for the difference between the {ei}
+and {[e]} in the preterite singular of strong verbs belonging to the first
+ablaut-series (Secs. 12, 76).
+
+
+Sec. 18.
+
+Primitive Germanic {au} became {[o]} in OHG. before the consonants
+{d, t}, {[z], s}, {n, r, l}, and Germanic {h} (cp. 23, 1). Before other
+consonants and finally {au} became {ou} in the ninth century. Hence the
+difference between {[o]} and {ou} in the preterite singular of strong
+verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (Secs. 12, 78), as:--
+
+  Infinitive bieten, _to offer_,  pret. sing. b[o]t
+      "      sieden, _to seethe_,   "     "   s[o]t
+      "      kiesen, _to choose_,   "     "   k[o]s
+      "      die[z]en, _to roar_,     "     "   d[o][z]
+      "      vliehen, _to flee_,    "     "   vl[o]ch (OHG. fl[o]h);
+  but "      biegen, _to bend_,     "     "   bouc
+      "      klieben, _to cleave_   "     "   kloup.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE CONSONANTS
+
+
+1. PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS.
+
+Sec. 19.
+
+The MHG. consonant-system was represented by the following letters:
+  b, c, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r,
+  s, sch, t, v, w, (x), z, [z].
+
+The letters k, l, m, n, p, t, w, (x) had nearly the same sound-values as
+in English. The remaining letters require special attention.
+
+When the pronunciation of consonants merely differs in the intensity or
+force with which they are produced, they are called fortes or lenes
+according as they are produced with more or less intensity or force. In
+MHG. the consonants {b, d, g} were not voiced explosives like English
+{b, d, g}, but were voiceless lenes, and only differed from the fortes
+{p, t, k} in being produced with less intensity or force, see Sec. 33.
+A similar difference in pronunciation existed between antevocalic and
+intervocalic {v, s} and final {f, s}, see Sec. 33.
+
+{c} and {k} represented the same sound. The latter was generally used at
+the beginning, and the former at the end of a syllable, as {kunst},
+_art_; {trinken}, _to drink_, {senken}, _to sink_ (trans.), pret.
+{tranc}, {sancte}.
+
+{ch} had the same sound as in NHG. {nacht}, {noch}, as {sprechen}, _to
+speak_, pret. {sprach}; {h[o]ch}, _high_.
+
+{f} had a twofold pronunciation in the oldest HG. It was a labiodental
+when it arose from Germanic {f} (cp. OHG. {fater}, English {father}),
+and bilabial when it arose from Germanic {p} (cp. inf. OHG. {sl[a]fan},
+English {sleep}), but during the OHG. period the bilabial {f} became
+labiodental. The two kinds of {f} did not however completely fall
+together in pronunciation. {f} = Germanic {f} became a lenis initially
+before and medially between vowels, and was often written {v} in the
+former and generally {v} in the latter position, but remained a
+fortis--written {f}--when final. In MHG. it was also often written {f}
+initially before {l, r, u}, as {fliehen}, _to flee_, {fride}, _peace_,
+{f[u:]nf}, _five_, beside {vliehen}, {vride}, {v[u:]nf}. On the other hand {f}
+= Germanic {p} (Sec. 23, 1), which only occurred medially and finally, was a
+fortis and was always written {f} ({ff}), as {sl[a]fen}, _to sleep_, pret.
+{slief}; {tief}, _deep_, {schif} (gen. {schiffes}), _ship_, {offen},
+_open_. The two {f} sounds thus fell together when final, but the
+distinction between the two sounds was still preserved in MHG. in the
+intervocalic position, as {hof}, _court_, {schif}, _ship_, but gen.
+{hoves}, {schiffes}.
+
+{h} before and after consonants was pronounced like {ch}, as {fuhs},
+_fox_, {naht}, _night_, {bev[e:]lhen}, _to confide._ In other cases it had
+the same sound as the {h} in English {hat}.
+
+{j} had nearly the same sound as the {y} in English {yet}, as {j[a]r},
+_year_, {junc}, _young_; {bl[u:]ejen}, _to blossom._
+
+{q} occurred only in combination with {u} as in English, as {qu[e:]c},
+_quick, alive_, {qu[e:]den}, _to say._
+
+{r} was a trilled sound in all positions like Scotch {r}, as {r[o]t},
+_red_, {hart}, _hard_, {b[e:]rn}, _to bear_, {vater}, _father._
+
+{s} was a lenis medially between vowels and probably also initially
+before vowels, but a fortis in other positions, as {sun}, _son_,
+{w[e:]sen}, _to be_, pret. {was}, {bresten}, _to burst_. It may be
+pronounced like the {s} in English {sit}.
+
+{sch} was like the {sh} in English {ship}, as {schif}, _ship_,
+{gesch[e:]hen}, _to happen_, {visch}, _fish._
+
+{v} was a voiceless lenis, and may be pronounced like the {v} in NHG.
+{voll}. See {f}.
+
+{w} was pronounced like the {w} in English {wet}, as {w[i]n}, _wine_,
+{bliuwen}, _to strike._
+
+{z} and {[z]} were not distinguished in MHG. manuscripts, both being
+written {z}. Both {z} and {[z]} (but {[zz]} medially between vowels when the
+first vowel was short) arose from Germanic {t} (see Sec. 23). {z} had the
+sound-value of {ts} (= NHG. {z}): (_a_) always initially, as {z[i]t},
+_time_; (_b_) medially and finally after consonants ({l, m}, {n, r}), as
+{holz} (gen. {holzes}), _wood_, {h[e:]rze}, _heart_, {sm[e:]rze}, _pain_,
+{ganz}, _whole_; (_c_) finally after vowels (= Germanic {tt}) in those
+words which change final {z} to {tz} when it becomes medial, as {schaz}
+(gen. {schatzes}), OE. {sceatt}, _money, treasure_. MHG. intervocalic
+{tz} always arose from older {tt}, as {setzen} = OE. {settan}, _to set_.
+{[z]} was a kind of lisped {s} and only occurred medially between and
+finally after vowels, as {b[i][z]en}, _to bite_, {[e:][zz]en}, _to eat_,
+{ha[z]}, _hatred_. It should be noted that good MHG. poets never rhymed
+pairs of words like {was}, _was_, and {wa[z]}, _what_; {missen}, _to miss_,
+and {wi[zz]en}, _to know_.
+
+{ph} and {pf} represent the same sound, viz. the {pf} in NHG. {pfund},
+_pound_.
+
+
+Sec. 20.
+
+MHG. has the following double consonants medially between vowels: {bb,
+gg}; {p, tt, ck}; {ff, ss, [zz]}; {mm, nn}; {ll, rr}. They were always
+pronounced long as in Italian and Swedish, as {bit-ter}, _bitter_,
+{[e:][z]-[z]en}, _to eat_, {k[u:]s-sen}, _to kiss_, {m[u:]g-ge}, _midge_,
+{rin-nen}, _to run_. In NHG. double consonants are never long, they merely
+indicate that the preceding vowel is short.
+
+
+Sec. 21.
+
+{Phonetic Survey of the MHG. Consonants.}
+
+                 LABIAL.         DENTAL.            GUTTURAL.
+
+  Voiceless     { fortis p, pp    t, tt              k, ck
+    explosives  { lenis  b, bb    d                  g, gg
+
+  Spirants      { fortis f, ff  { s, ss, sch, [z], [zz]   h (ch)
+                { lenis  v      { s
+
+  Nasals          m, mm           n, nn               n (= [ng])
+
+  Liquids                         l, ll; r, rr
+
+  Semi-vowels     w, j (palatal)
+
+To the above must be added the aspirate {h} and the affricatae (i.e. an
+explosive + a homorganic spirant) {z} (i.e. {ts}) and {pf} ({ph}).
+
+
+2. CONSONANT CHANGES.
+
+Sec. 22.
+
+The most characteristic difference between High German and the other
+West Germanic languages is the shifting which the consonants {p, t, k,
+[th]}; {pp, tt, kk, [th][th]}; {b ([bh]), d, g ([zh])}; {bb, dd, gg}
+underwent partly in the prehistoric and partly in the historic period of
+Old High German. In the following treatment of what is generally called
+the High German sound-shifting only such points are considered as are of
+importance for the purposes of this book. See Old High German Primer,
+Secs. 82-6.
+
+
+Sec. 23.
+
+The voiceless explosives p, t, k underwent a two-fold treatment
+according to their position in the word: (1) Medially or finally after
+vowels; (2) Initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n,
+r), and when doubled.
+
+  NOTE.--p, t, k remained unshifted in the combinations sp,
+  st, sk as also t in the combinations tr, ht, ft.
+
+1. Single p, t, k were shifted to the voiceless double spirants ff, [zz],
+hh (also written ch) = MHG. ff (f), [zz] ([z]), ch.
+
+p > ff. OE. {open}, OHG. {offan}, MHG. {offen}, _open_; OE. {sl[-ae]pan},
+OHG. {sl[a]ffan}, MHG. {sl[a]fen}, _to sleep_; OE. {[u]p}, OHG. MHG. {[u]f},
+_up_.
+
+t > [zz]. OE. {etan}, OHG. {[e:][zz]an}, MHG. {[e:][zz]en}, _to eat_;
+OE. {h[a]tan}, OHG. {hei[zz]an}, MHG. {hei[z]en}, _to call_; OE.
+{hw[ae]t}, OHG. {hwa[z]}, MHG. {wa[z]}, _what_. In a few cases the {[z],
+[zz]} became {s} in MHG. before {t} or {st}, as pret. {saste} from
+{sa[z]te}: {setzen}, _to set_; {beste}, _best_, {leste}, _last_ = OHG.
+{be[zz]isto}, {le[zz]isto}.
+
+k > hh. OE. {ic}, OHG. {ih}, MHG. {ich}, _I_; OE. {sprecan} ({specan}),
+OHG. {spr[e:]hhan}, MHG. {spr[e:]chen}, _to speak_; OE. {t[a]cen}, OHG.
+{zeihhan}, MHG. {zeichen}, _token_. This {ch} must not be confused with
+the MHG. {h, ch} which corresponded to Indo-Germanic {k} (= Germanic
+{h}), as {ziehen}, _to draw, lead_, pret. {z[o]ch}, cp. Lat. {d[u]c[o]}, _I
+lead_, see Sec. 34.
+
+The double consonants were simplified in OHG. and MHG. according to Sec. 32.
+
+2. {p}, {t} initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n,
+r), and when doubled, were shifted to the affricatae {pf} (also written
+{ph}), {tz} (generally written {zz} and {z}) = MHG. {pf} ({ph}), {tz}
+({z}).
+
+p > pf. OE. {pund}, OHG. MHG. {pfunt}, _pound_; OE. {gelimpan}, OHG.
+{gilimpfan}, MHG. {gelimpfen}, _to be meet_; OE. {scieppan}, OHG.
+{skepfen}, MHG. {schepfen}, _to create_. The {pf} became {f} after {l}
+and {r} already in OHG., as {h[e:]lfan}, MHG. {h[e:]lfen}, OE. {helpan}, _to
+help_; {w[e:]rfan}, MHG. {w[e:]rfen}, OE. {weorpan}, _to throw_.
+
+t > z. OE. {tunge}, OHG. {zunga}, MHG. {zunge}, _tongue_; OE. {heorte},
+OHG. {h[e:]rza}, MHG. {h[e:]rze}, _heart_; OE. {sealt}, OHG. MHG. {salz},
+_salt_; OE. {sittan}, OHG. {sizzen}, {sitzen}, MHG. {sitzen}, _to sit_;
+OE. {sceatt}, OHG. {scaz} (gen. {scazzes}, {scatzes}), MHG. {schaz}
+(gen. {schatzes}), _money, treasure_.
+
+{k}, {kk} (written {ck}) remained unshifted (except in High Alemanic),
+as OE. {corn}, OHG. MHG. {korn}, _corn_; OE. {cn[e]o}, OHG. {kneo}, MHG.
+{knie}, _knee_; OE. {sincan}, OHG. {sinkan}, MHG. {sinken}, _to sink_,
+pret. {sanc}; OE. {[th]eccan}, OHG. MHG. {decken}, _to cover_.
+
+
+Sec. 24.
+
+{[th]} became {d}, and {[th][th]} became {tt}, as OE. {[th]orn}, OHG. MHG.
+{dorn}, _thorn_; OE. {br[o][th]or}, OHG. MHG. {bruoder}, _brother_. OE.
+{smi[th][th]e}, OHG. {smitta}, MHG. {smitte}, _smithy_; OE. {mo[th][th]e},
+late MHG. {motte}, _moth_.
+
+
+Sec. 25.
+
+The voiced explosives {b, d, g}, and the voiced spirants {[bh], [zh]} did not
+undergo the same universal shifting as the voiceless explosives. {[bh], [zh]}
+became {b, g}. {b, g} remained, and {d} became {t}, as OE. {br[o][th]or},
+OHG. MHG. {bruoder}, _brother_; OE. {b[e]odan}, OHG. {biotan}, MHG.
+{bieten}, _to offer_; Goth. {giban} (= {gi[bh]an}), OHG. {g[e:]ban}, MHG.
+{g[e:]ben}, _to give_. OE. {dohtor}, OHG. MHG. {tohter}, _daughter_; OE.
+{b[e]odan}, OHG. {biotan}, MHG. {bieten}, _to offer_; OE. {d[e]ad}, OHG.
+MHG. {t[o]t}, _dead_. OE. {g[o]d}, OHG. MHG. {guot}, _good_; OE. {fl[e]ogan},
+OHG. {fliogan}, MHG. {fliegen}, _to fly_.
+
+
+Sec. 26.
+
+The double consonants {bb, dd, gg} = OHG. {pp (bb), tt, cc (gg)}, and
+MHG. {pp (b), {tt, ck (gg)}, as OE. {sibb}, OHG. {sippa} ({sibba}), MHG.
+{sippe} ({sibbe}), _relationship_; OE. {cribb}, OHG. {krippa}
+({kribba}), MHG. {krippe (kribbe)}, _crib_. OE. {biddan}, OHG. {bitten},
+MHG. {bitten}, later {biten}, _to request_; OE. {[th]ridda}, OHG. {dritto},
+MHG. {dritte}, later {drite}, _third_. OE. {brycg}, OHG. {brucca
+(brugga)}, MHG. {br[u:]cke} ({br[u:]gge}), _bridge_. The fluctuation in the
+writing of {pp} and {bb}, {ck} and {gg} is merely orthographical, and
+does not represent a difference in pronunciation. Both pairs were used
+to express the lenes medially between vowels. For other examples see
+Sec. 31.
+
+
+Sec. 27.
+
+The summary of the consonantal changes in Secs. 23-6 may be expressed as
+follows:--
+
+  WEST GERMANIC.                     MHG.
+  p; t; k; [th]      = ff (f), pf; [zz] ([z]), z;  ch; d.
+  pp; tt; kk; [th][th]  =         pf;    tz (z);  ck; tt.
+  b ([bh]); d; g ([zh]) = b;           t;         g.
+  bb; dd; gg      = pp (bb);    tt;         ck (gg).
+
+
+Sec. 28.
+
+The following sound-changes took place in primitive Germanic:--Every
+labial + {t} became {ft}; every guttural + {t} became {ht}; every dental
++ {t} became {ss}, which was simplified to {s} after long vowels. This
+explains the frequent interchange in MHG. between {pf, b} and {f};
+between {k, g} and {h}; and between {[zz], [z]} and {ss, s} in forms which
+are etymologically related.
+
+{pf}, {b}--{f}. {schepfen}, _to create_: {geschaft}, _creature_;
+{g[e:]ben}, _to give_: {gift}, _gift_; {w[e:]ben}, _to weave_: English {weft}.
+
+{k}, {g}--{h}. {w[u:]rken}, _to work_: pret. {worhte}; {denken}, _to
+think_: pret. {d[a]hte}; {mugen} ({m[u:]gen}), _to be able_: pret. {mohte};
+{bringen}, _to bring_: pret. {br[a]hte}.
+
+{[zz]}, {[z]}--{ss}, {s}. {gie[z]en}, _to pour_: {g[u:]sse}, _inundation_;
+{wi[zz]en}, _to know_: pret. {wisse (wiste): w[i]s}, _wise_; {muo[z]}, _must_:
+pret. {muose} ({muoste}); {[e:][zz]en}, _to eat_: {[a]s}, _carrion_. Preterites
+like {wiste}, {muoste} were formed after the analogy of preterites like
+{worhte}, {d[a]hte}, where the {t} was regular.
+
+
+Sec. 29.
+
+The guttural nasal {[ng]} (written n) only occurred in the combinations
+{nk} ({nc}) and {ng}. It disappeared before {h} (= prim. Germanic {[ch]})
+in primitive Germanic with lengthening of a preceding short vowel, as
+{v[a]hen} from prim. Germanic {*fa[ng][ch]anan}, _to seize, catch_, beside p.p.
+{gevangen}; and similarly {h[a]hen}, _to hang_, p.p. {gehangen}; pret.
+{br[a]hte}, {d[a]hte}, {d[u]hte}, beside {bringen}, _to bring_, {denken}, _to
+think_, {dunken}, _to seem_.
+
+The guttural nasal disappeared in an unstressed syllable when preceded
+by an {n} in a stressed syllable in the course of the OHG. and MHG.
+period, as OHG. {honag}, MHG. {honec}, beside OHG. {honang}, _honey_;
+OHG. {kunig}, MHG. {k[u:]nec}, beside OHG. {kuning}, _king_; OHG.
+{pfennig}, MHG. {pfennic}, beside OHG. {pfenning}, MHG. {pfenninc},
+penny. And similarly with dental {n}, as {senede} beside {senende},
+_longing, yearning_.
+
+
+Sec. 30.
+
+Strong verbs, which have a medial {v} ({f}), {d, h, s} in the present,
+have respectively {b, t, g} ({ng}), {r} in the second person sing. pret.
+indicative, the preterite plural indicative, the pret. subjunctive and
+the past participle. This interchange of consonants is called Verner's
+Law, see OHG. Primer, Secs. 72, 87:--
+
+                  INF.               PRET. PL.    P.P.
+  v(f)--b.      heven, _to raise_     huoben    gehaben.
+  d--t.         m[i]den, _to avoid_     miten     gemiten.
+                sn[i]den, _to cut_      sniten    gesniten.
+  h--g.         d[i]hen, _to thrive_    digen     gedigen.
+                ziehen, _to draw_     zugen     gezogen.
+                slahen, _to strike_   sluogen   geslagen.
+  h--ng (Sec. 29).  h[a]hen, _to hang_      hiengen   gehangen.
+                v[a]hen, _to catch_     viengen   gevangen.
+  s--r.         r[i]sen, _to fall_      rirn      gerirn.
+                kiesen, _to choose_   kurn      gekorn.
+
+This law has, however, many exceptions in MHG. owing to levelling having
+taken place with the infinitive, present indicative and preterite
+singular, as {risen}, {gerisen} beside {rirn}, {gerirn}.
+
+The same interchange of consonants exists between strong verbs and their
+corresponding causative weak verbs, as {l[i]den}, _to go_: {leiten}, _to
+lead_; {h[a]hen}, _to hang_: {hengen}, _to hang_ (trans.); {ge-n[e:]sen}, _to
+be saved_: {nern}, _to save_; and in nouns, &c., as {hof} (gen.
+{hoves}), _court_: {h[u:]besch}, _courtly_; {t[o]t} (gen. {t[o]des}), _death_:
+{t[o]t} (gen. {t[o]tes}), _dead_; {sw[e:]her}, _father-in-law_: {swiger},
+_mother-in-law_; {hase}: English {hare}.
+
+
+Sec. 31.
+
+The doubling of consonants took place under certain well-defined rules
+partly in prim. Germanic and partly in prim. West Germanic, see the
+Author's Hist. Germ. Grammar, Secs. 202, 213-14. Examples of words which had
+double consonants in prim. Germanic are: {kopf}, head; {napf} (OE.
+{hn[ae]p}, gen. {hn[ae]ppes}), _basin_; {boc} (OE. {bucca}), _buck_, gen.
+{bockes}; {rinnen}, _to run_; {swimmen}, _to swim_; {vol} (gen.
+{volles}), _full_; {v[e:]rre}, _far_; {gewisser}, _certain_.
+
+The chief cases in which double consonants arose in prim. West Germanic
+were:--
+
+1. The assimilation of {[bh]n, [zh]n, pn} to {bb, gg, pp} = MHG. {pp, ck (gg),
+pf}, as {knappe}: {knabe}, _boy_; {rappe}: {rabe}, _raven_; {rocke}:
+{rogge}, _rye_; {tropfe}, _drop_: {triefen}, _to drip_.
+
+2. {p, t, k} were doubled before a following {r} or {l}. The doubling
+regularly took place in the inflected forms, and was then extended to
+the uninflected forms by levelling, as {apfel} (OE. {[ae]ppel}), _apple_;
+{kupfer} (Lat. {cuprum}), _copper_; {bitter} (Goth. {b['a]itrs}), _bitter_,
+see Sec. 23 note; {l[u:]tzel} (OS. {luttil}), _little_; {acker} (Goth. {akrs}),
+_field_; {wacker} (OE. {w[ae]ccer}), _watchful_. See Sec. 23, 2.
+
+3. All single consonants, except {r}, were doubled after a short vowel
+when there was originally a {j} in the next syllable. The {bb}, {dd},
+{gg}; {pp}, {tt}, {kk}, which thus arose, became {pp} ({bb}), {tt}, {ck}
+({gg}); {pf}, {tz}, {ck} in MHG. (Secs. 23,2, 26), as {sippe} ({sibbe}),
+Goth. {sibja}, _relationship_; {bitten}, later {biten}, Goth. {bidjan},
+_to request_; {tretten} (_wv._): {tr[e:]ten} _(sv.), to tread_; {br[u:]cke}
+({br[u:]gge}), _bridge_; {ecke} ({egge}), _edge_; {m[u:]cke} ({m[u:]gge}),
+_midge_; {r[u:]cke} ({r[u:]gge}), _ridge, back_. {schepfen}, Goth. {skapjan},
+_to create_; {hitze}, _heat_: {hei[z]}, _hot_; {netzen}, _to wet_: {na[z]},
+_wet_; {setzen}, Goth. {satjan}, _to set_; {sitzen}, _to sit_: pret.
+{sa[z]}, p.p. {ges[e:][zz]en}; {decken}, _to cover_: {dach}, _cover_;
+{l[u:]cke}, _gap_: {loch}, _hole_. {zellen}, later {zeln}, _to count_:
+{zal}, _number_. {vremmen}, later {vremen} (OE. {fremman}), _to perform_.
+{henne}, _hen_: {hane}, _cock_.
+
+In MHG. the double consonants in verbs were often simplified through the
+levelling out of forms which regularly had a single consonant, e.g.
+regular forms were: {vremmen}, _to perform_, sing. {vremme}, {vremes(t),
+vremet}, pl. {vremmen}, {vremmet}, {vremment}, pret. {vremete}, p.p.
+{gevremet}, then the stem-form with single {m} was levelled out into all
+the forms, and similarly with many other verbs, as {denen}, _to
+stretch_; {seln}, _to hand over_; {weln}, _to choose_; {wenen}, _to
+accustom_; {legen} beside {lecken} ({leggen}), _to lay_; and the strong
+verbs {biten}, _to beg_; {ligen} beside {licken (liggen)}, _to lie
+down_.
+
+
+Sec. 32.
+
+Double consonants were simplified:--
+
+1. When they became final, as {boc}, _buck_, {kus}, _kiss_, {man},
+_man_, {schif}, _ship_, {stum}, _dumb_, {v[e:]l}, _hide_, beside gen.
+{bockes}, {kusses}, {mannes}, {schiffes}, {stummes}, {v[e:]lles}; pret.
+{ma[z]}, {ran}, {traf}, beside {m[e:][zz]en}, _to measure_, {rinnen}, _to run_,
+{tr[e:]ffen}, _to hit_.
+
+2. Before other consonants, as pret. {dacte (dahte), nante (nande),
+kuste}, beside {decken}, _to cover_, {nennen}, _to name_, {k[u:]ssen}, _to
+kiss_.
+
+3. After consonants, as pret. {sante} ({sande}) from {*santte}, {wante}
+({wande}) from {*wantte}, beside {senden}, _to send_, {wenden}, _to
+turn_.
+
+4. After long vowels and diphthongs, as pret. sing. {leite} from
+{*leitte}, pret. pl. {m[a][z]en}, {tr[a]fen}, {vielen}, beside {leiten},
+_to lead_, {m[e:][zz]en}, _to measure_, {tr[e:]ffen}, _to hit_, {vallen},
+_to fall_. This simplification of double consonants took place during the
+OHG. period, as {sl[a]fan}, _to sleep_, {hei[z]an}, _to call_, {loufan},
+_to run_, {zeichan}, _token_, beside older OHG. {sl[a]ffan}, {hei[zz]an},
+{louffan}, {zeihhan}.
+
+
+Sec. 33.
+
+In MHG. the lenes {b, d, g} became the fortes {p, t, c (k)} when they
+ended a syllable, that is when they came to stand finally, or medially
+before a voiceless consonant. Traces of this law existed already in OHG.
+The interchange between the lenes and fortes includes two independent
+processes, viz. the change of the medial lenes {b, d, g} to the final
+fortes {p, t, k}, and the change of the final {f, s} to the medial
+intervocalic lenes {v} and to what is written {s} (cp. also NHG.
+{lesen}, {las}). It must be noted that in MHG. the interchanging pairs
+of consonants were all voiceless and that the difference merely
+consisted in the intensity or force with which the sounds were produced.
+This is quite different from NHG. where the interchange is between
+voiced and voiceless sounds except in the case of {f} which is voiceless
+in all positions in native words. Examples are: {g[e:]ben}, _to give_,
+{gelouben}, _to believe_, {w[e:]rben}, _to turn_, beside pret. {gap},
+{geloupte}, {warp}; gen. {l[i]bes}, {lambes}, beside nom. {l[i]p}, _life_,
+{lamp}, _lamb_. {binden}, _to bind_, {w[e:]rden}, _to become_, beside pret.
+{bant}, {wart}; gen. {kindes}, {t[o]des}, beside nom. {kint}, _child_,
+{t[o]t}, _death_. {biegen}, _to bend_, {singen}, _to sing_, {zeigen}, _to
+show_, beside pret. {bouc}, {sanc}, {zeicte}; gen. {tages}, {b[e:]rges},
+beside nom. {tac}, _day_, {b[e:]rc}, _mountain_. {n[e:]ve}, _nephew_, beside
+{niftel}, _niece_; gen. {hoves}, {brieves}, beside nom. {hof}, _court_,
+{brief}, _letter_. {kiesen}, _to choose_, {l[e:]sen}, _to gather_, {l[oe]sen},
+_to loose_, beside pret. {k[o]s}, {las}, {l[o]ste}; pl. {hiuser}, beside
+sing. {h[u]s}, _house_.
+
+
+Sec. 34.
+
+Final {ch} after vowels interchanged with medial {h}, as {schuoch},
+_shoe_, gen. {schuohes}; {h[o]ch}, _high_, gen. {h[o]hes}; {n[a]ch}, _near_,
+adv. {n[a]he}; pret. {geschach}, {sach}, beside {gesch[e:]hen}, _to happen_,
+{s[e:]hen}, _to see_.
+
+The medial combinations {lh}, {rh} were written {lch}, {rch} when they
+came to stand finally, as {bev[e:]lhen}, _to confide_, pret. {bevalch};
+gen. {sch[e:]lhes}, {tw[e:]rhes}, beside nom. {sch[e:]lch}, {tw[e:]rch},
+_askew_, see Sec. 19. {h} (= {ch}) and {ch} often disappeared in unstressed
+syllables and particles, as {[)e]t}, _only_, {h[i]nte}, {h[i]nt},
+_to-night_, {niet}, _not_, {dur}, _through_, beside {[e:]ht}, {h[i]naht},
+{niht}, {nieht}, {durch}.
+
+
+Sec. 35.
+
+Initial {j} became or was written {g} before a following {i}, as
+{gihet}, _he assures_, beside inf. {j[e:]hen}, pret. {jach}, and similarly
+{j[e:]sen}, _to ferment_, {j[e:]ten}, _to weed_. In the verba pura forms with
+and without the intervocalic glide {j} existed side by side in OHG. and
+MHG., as {bl[u:]ejen} (OHG. {bluojen}) beside {bl[u:]en} (OHG. {bluoen}),
+_to bloom_; and similarly {dr[ae]jen}, _to twist_, {m[u:]ejen}, _to trouble_,
+{s[ae]jen}, _to sow_, beside {dr[ae]n}, {m[u:]en}, {s[ae]n}. In a few words
+forms with and without intervocalic {j (g)} existed side by side, as gen.
+{bl[i]ges} beside nom. {bl[i]}, _lead_; {eijer}, {eiger} beside {eier},
+_eggs_; {fr[i]jen}, {fr[i]gen} beside {fr[i]en}, _to free_; {meige}, {meie},
+_May_; {nerigen}, {nerjen} beside {nern}, _to save_, _rescue_;
+{swerigen}, {swerjen} beside {swern}, _to swear_; gen. {zw[i]ges},
+{zw[i]es}, nom. {zw[i]}, _twig_; gen. {zweiger}, {zweier}, _of two_.
+
+
+Sec. 36.
+
+In OHG. {w} became vocalized to {o} when it came to stand at the end of
+a word or syllable, and then generally disappeared after long vowels,
+but the medial {w} regularly remained in OHG. and MHG. when it was at
+the beginning of a syllable, as {bl[a]} (OHG. {bl[a]o}, {bl[a]}), _blue_, gen.
+{bl[a]wes}; {sn[e]} (OHG. {sn[e]o}, {sn[e]}), _snow_, gen. {sn[e]wes}; {str[o]}
+(OHG. {strao}, {str[o]} by contraction), _straw_, gen. {str[o]wes}; {knie}
+(OHG. {kneo}), _knee_, gen. {kniewes}, OHG. {kn[e:]wes}; {schate} (OHG.
+{scato}), _shadow_, gen. {schat(e)wes}; pret. {blou}, {hiu}, {kou},
+beside {bliuwen}, _to strike_, {houwen}, _to hew_, {kiuwen}, _to chew_;
+{fal} (OHG. {falo}), _fallow_, gen. {falwes}; {gar} (OHG. {garo}),
+_ready_, gen. {garwes}; {m[e:]l} (OHG. {m[e:]lo}), _meal_, gen. {m[e:]lwes};
+{sm[e:]r} (OHG. {sm[e:]ro}), _fat_; pret. {smirte}, {str[o:]ute}, beside
+{smirwen}, _to smear_, {str[o:]uwen}, _to strew_. See Sec. 9, r.
+
+The {w} element sometimes disappeared in the initial combinations
+{qua-}, {qu[a]-}, {qu[e:]-}, {qui-}, {qu[i]-} partly with and partly without
+influencing the quality of the following vowel, as pret. sing. {kam},
+{kom} beside {quam}, _he came_, pret. pl. {k[o]men}, {k[a]men} beside
+{qu[a]men}; {k[a]le} beside {qu[a]le}, _torture_; {k[e:]c} beside {quec},
+_alive_; {korder}, {k[o:]rder} beside {qu[e:]rder}, _bait_; {komen},
+{k[o:]men}, {kumen} beside {qu[e:]men}, _to come_; pres. sing. {kume},
+{k[u:]m(e)s(t)}, {kum(e)s(t)}, {k[u:]m(e)t}, {kum(e)t} = OHG. {quimu},
+{quimis}, {quimit}; {k[u:]cken} beside {quicken}, _to enliven_; {k[i]t}
+beside {qu[i]t} = {quidet}, _he says_.
+
+
+Sec. 37.
+
+Medial {-ibe-}, {-ide-}, {-ige-} were sometimes contracted to {[i]}; and
+medial {-age-}, {-ege-} to {ei}, as {g[i]st}, _thou givest_, {g[i]t}, _he
+gives_, beside {gibes(t)}, {gibet}; {qu[i]st}, _thou sayest_, {qu[i]t}, _he
+says_, beside {quides(t)}, {quidet}; {l[i]st}, _thou liest down_, {l[i]t},
+_he lies down_, beside {liges(t)}, {liget}. {meit} beside {maget},
+_maid_; {seist}, _thou sayest_, {seit}, _he says_, beside {sages(t)},
+{saget}; {leist}, _thou layest_, {leit}, _he lays_, beside {leges(t)},
+{leget}; {eisl[i]ch} beside {egesl[i]ch}, _terrible_; {gein} beside {gegen},
+_against_.
+
+
+Sec. 38.
+
+Intervocalic {h} often disappeared when the first vowel was long, and
+then the two vowels underwent contraction, as {h[a]n}, _to hang_, {v[a]n},
+_to catch_, {vl[e]n}, _to implore_, {h[o]} (adv.), _high_, beside {h[a]hen},
+{v[a]hen}, {vl[e]hen}, {h[o]he}. Other contracted forms will be found in the
+Glossary.
+
+
+Sec. 39.
+
+The final {r} disappeared after long vowels in monosyllables when the
+next word began with a consonant, but was often restored analogically,
+as {d[a]} (OHG. {d[a]r}), _there_: {d[a]rinne}, _therein_; {w[a]} (OHG.
+{w[a]r}), _where_: {w[a]rinne}, _wherein_; {hie} (OHG. {hiar}): {hierunder},
+_hereunder_; adv. {m[e]} (OHG. {m[e]r}), _more_; {[e]} (OHG. {[e]r}),
+_formerly_; {s[a]} (OHG. {s[a]r}), _at once_.
+
+
+Sec. 40.
+
+Medial {t} (Sec. 25) became {d} after nasals in late OHG. and early MHG.,
+as {senden}, _to send_, gen. {blindes} (nom. {blint}, _blind_), pret.
+{nande}, _he named_, {r[u]mde}, _he left_, beside early MHG. {senten},
+{blintes}, {nante}, {r[u]mte}. It also occasionally became {d} after {l},
+as {halden} beside {halten}, _to hold_, {solde} beside {solte}, pret. of
+{suln}, _shall_.
+
+
+
+
+ACCIDENCE
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+
+DECLENSION OF NOUNS
+
+Sec. 41.
+
+MHG. nouns have two numbers: singular and plural; three genders:
+masculine, feminine, and neuter, as in OHG. and NHG., from which the
+gender of nouns in MHG. does not materially differ; four cases:
+nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. Traces of an old locative
+occur in what is called the uninflected dative singular of {h[u]s},
+_house_, beside {h[u]se}, and in proper names like {Engellant} beside
+{Engellande}. The vocative is like the nominative.
+
+In MHG., as in the older periods of the other Germanic languages, nouns
+are divided into two great classes, according as the stem originally
+ended in a vowel or a consonant, cp. the similar division of nouns in
+Latin and Greek. Nouns whose stems originally ended in a vowel belong to
+the vocalic or so-called strong declension. Those whose stems originally
+ended in {-n} belong to the so-called weak or {n-}declension. All other
+consonantal stems are generally put together under the general heading,
+'Minor Declensions'. In OHG. nouns whose stems originally ended in a
+vowel are subdivided into the {a-}declension including pure {a-}stems,
+{ja-}stems, and {wa-}stems; the {[o]-}declension including pure {[o]-}stems,
+{j[o]-}stems, and {w[o]-}stems; the {[)i]-}declension, and the {u-}declension.
+All the nouns belonging to the {u-}declension went over into other
+declensions in MHG. (cp. Secs. 43, 44, 49). But as all final vowels either
+disappeared (some of them already in OHG.) or were weakened to {e} in
+MHG. (see Secs. 7, 8), it is no longer practicable to retain the OHG.
+subdivision fully without entering into the oldest and in many cases
+into the prehistoric period of the language, which would be quite out of
+place in a MHG. grammar. The old 'Minor Declensions' had begun to pass
+over into the vocalic, especially into the {i-} and {a-}, declensions in
+the oldest OHG. The remnants of the old inflexions preserved in MHG.
+will be noted in the following paragraphs. The neuter nouns whose stems
+originally ended in {-os}, {-es} (cp. Sec. 47) are in this Primer included
+in the strong declension.
+
+
+A. THE VOCALIC OR STRONG DECLENSION.
+
+1. {Masculine Nouns.}
+
+Sec. 42.
+
+{First declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns which
+form their plural in {-e} only. It includes: (a) the old masculine
+{a-}stems; (b) the old masculine {wa-}stems which lost their final {-w}
+after long vowels in OHG., as {s[e]}, _sea_, gen. {s[e]wes}, pl. {s[e]we}, and
+similarly {b[u]}, _dwelling_, {r[e]} (also neuter), _corpse_, {sn[e]}, _snow_,
+see Sec. 36; and (c) the old masculine {i-}stems which could not have umlaut
+in the plural (Sec. 44).
+
+                               SING.
+
+       Nom. Acc. tac, _day_    kil, _quill_        engel, _angel_
+            Gen. tages         kil(e)s             engel(e)s
+            Dat. tage          kil(e)              engel(e)
+
+                               PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. Gen. tage          kil(e)             engel(e)
+            Dat. tagen         kil(e)n            engel(e)n
+
+On the interchange between fortis and lenis, as in {tac}, _day_, {lop},
+_praise_, {sant}, _sand_, {hof}, _court_, gen. {tages}, {lobes},
+{sandes}, {hoves}, see Sec. 33.
+
+Like {tac} are also declined the old consonantal stems {v[i]ent}, _enemy_,
+and {vriunt}, _friend_, but pl. {vriunde} beside the old plural
+{vriunt}.
+
+Like {kil} are declined all monosyllabic masculine nouns having a short
+stem-vowel and ending in {-l} or {-r} (Sec. 9, 1).
+
+Like {engel} are declined masculine polysyllabic nouns ending in {-el},
+{-em}, {-en}, {-er}, when their stem-syllable is long, as {mantel},
+_mantle_, {[a]tem}, _breath_, {morgen}, _morning_, {acker}, _field_.
+Those in {-em}, {-en} generally retain the {e} in the dative plural.
+Polysyllabic nouns with short stem-syllables fluctuate between the
+retention or loss of the {e}, as gen. sing. {vogeles} or {vogels}, dat.
+sing, and nom. acc. pl. {vogele} or {vogel}, and similarly {vadem},
+_thread_, {r[e:]gen}, _rain_, {sumer}, _summer_, see Sec. 9,2.
+
+
+Sec. 43.
+
+{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns
+whose nom. and acc. singular end in {-e}, which is the only difference
+between this and the first declension. It includes: (a) the old
+masculine {ja-}stems; (b) many old {u-}stems with short stem-syllable,
+as {fride} (OHG. {fridu}), _peace_, {site} (OHG. {situ}), _custom_, and
+similarly {huge}, _thought_, {m[e:]te}, _mead_, {sige} beside {sic},
+_victory_, {wite}, _wood_ (see Sec. 36); (c) the old short {i-}stem {wine},
+_friend_; and (d) the old masculine {wa-}stem {schate} (gen.
+{schat(e)wes} beside {schates}), _shadow_.
+
+                SING.                   PLUR.
+
+     Nom. Acc. hirte, _shepherd_        hirte
+          Gen. hirtes                   hirte
+          Dat. hirte                    hirten
+
+
+Sec. 44.
+
+{Third declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns
+which form their plural in {-e} and with umlaut of the stem-vowel.
+It includes: (a) the old masculine {i-}stems; (b) the old masculine
+{u-}stem {sun} (OHG. {sunu}, {sun}), _son_; and (c) the two old
+consonant stems {fuo[z]}, _foot_, {zant} (gen. {zandes}), {zan}, _tooth_.
+
+                SING.                      PLUR.
+            MHG.     OHG.              MHG.     OHG.
+
+  Nom. Acc. gast     gast, _guest_     geste    gesti
+       Gen. gastes   gastes            geste    gesteo, -io
+       Dat. gaste    gaste             gesten   gestim
+
+The singular of nouns of this declension was inflected like the
+{a-}stems (Sec. 42) already in OHG. And owing to the weakening of the
+case-endings of the plural in passing from OHG. to MHG. (Sec. 7), the only
+difference in the two declensions is the presence or absence of umlaut
+in the plural. The old masculine {i-}stems which could not have umlaut
+in the plural accordingly came to be inflected entirely like the old
+masculine {a-}stems, as {schrit}, _step_, {snit}, _cut_, {bi[z]}, _bite_,
+pl. {schrite}, {snite}, {bi[zz]e}. A further consequence of the singular
+being inflected alike in both declensions is that the old {a-}stems
+began to have umlaut in the plural after the analogy of the {i-}stems,
+as {gedenke}, _thoughts_, {n[a:]gele}, _nails_, {w[a:]gene}, _wagons_, beside
+{gedanke}, {nagele}, {wagene}.
+
+Nouns ending in the fortis {p, t, c}, or {f} (= Germanic {f}) regularly
+change the fortis to lenis in the inflected forms, as {korp}, _basket_,
+{walt}, _wood_, {slac}, _blow_, {brief}, _letter_, gen. {korbes},
+{waldes}, {stages}, {brieves}.
+
+
+Sec. 45.
+
+The old consonant stems {vater}, _father_, {bruoder}, _brother_, often
+remain uninflected in the singular, as gen. {vater}, {bruoder} beside
+{vaters}, {bruoders} (cp. Sec. 9, 2). In the plural they take umlaut, as
+{veter}, {br[u:]eder}. The old consonant stem {man}, _man_, is either
+declined like {tac} (Sec. 42) or remains uninflected throughout, as
+
+            SING.            PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. man              manne, man
+       Gen. mannes, man      manne, man
+       Dat. manne, man       mannen, man
+
+The nom. plural {man}, now written {mann}, is still preserved in
+counting, as {hundert mann}, _a hundred men_.
+
+
+2. {Neuter Nouns.}
+
+Sec. 46.
+
+{First Declension.}--To this declension belong all neuter nouns which
+have their nominative case singular and plural alike. It includes three
+different types of nouns: (a) The old neuter {a-}stems like {wort},
+_word_, {venster}, _window_. (b) The old neuter {ja-}stems like {k[u:]nne},
+_race_, _generation_, {bette}, _bed_, {netze}, _net_. The characteristic
+of this type of noun is that it has umlaut in all forms of the singular
+and plural when the stem-vowel is capable of it (cp. Sec. 31, 3). And (c)
+the old neuter {wa-}stems (cp. Sec. 36) like {knie}, _knee_, gen. {kniewes}.
+
+                        SING.
+
+  Nom. Acc. wort    venster   k[u:]nne   knie
+       Gen. wortes  vensters  k[u:]nnes  kniewes (knies)
+       Dat. worte   venster   k[u:]nne   kniewe (knie)
+
+                         PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. wort    venster   k[u:]nne   knie
+       Gen. worte   venster   k[u:]nne   kniewe (knie)
+       Dat. worten  venstern  k[u:]nnen  kniewen (knien)
+
+(a) On the interchange between the fortes {p, t, c} and the lenes {b, d,
+g}, as in {grap}, _grave_, {g[e:]lt}, _money_, {dinc}, _thing_, gen.
+{grabes}, {g[e:]ldes}, {dinges}, see Sec. 33.
+
+Like {venster} are declined the neuter polysyllabic nouns ending in
+{-el}, {-em}, {-en}, {-er}, as {luoder}, _bait_, {w[a]fen}, {w[a]pen},
+_weapon_; {schapel}, _garland_, {gadem}, _house_, {w[e:]ter}, _weather_. On
+the endings, see Secs. 9, 42.
+
+(b) Like {k[u:]nne} is also declined the old neuter {u-}stem {vihe} (OHG.
+{fihu}), _cattle_.
+
+(c) Like {knie} are declined {m[e:]l}, _meal_, {r[e]} (also masc.), _corpse_,
+{sm[e:]r}, _fat_, {str[o]}, _straw_, {tou}, _dew_, {w[e]}, _woe_, gen.
+{m[e:]lwes}, {r[e]wes}, {sm[e:]rwes}, {str[o]wes}, {touwes}, {w[e]wes},
+see Sec. 36.
+
+
+Sec. 47.
+
+{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all neuter nouns which
+form their plural in {-er} and by umlaut of the stem-vowel when it is
+capable of it. This class of nouns corresponds to the Latin neuters in
+{-us}, as {genus}, gen. {generis}, pl. {genera}. The {-er} (OHG. {-ir})
+was originally a stem-forming suffix which came to be regarded as a
+plural ending. In the oldest period of the language only about
+half-a-dozen nouns belonged to this class, but during the MHG. period
+nearly twenty neuter {a-}stems passed into this declension, and in NHG.
+the number has increased to about a hundred.
+
+                SING.                      PLUR.
+            MHG.     OHG.             MHG.      OHG.
+
+  Nom. Acc. lamp     lamb, _lamb_     lember    lembir
+       Gen. lambes   lambes           lember    lembiro
+       Dat. lambe    lambe            lembern   lembirum
+
+On the loss of the {e} in the gen. and dat. plural, see Sec. 9, 2.
+
+Other examples are: {ei} (pl. {eiger}, {eijer}, {eier}, Sec. 35), _egg_,
+{huon}, _hen_, {kalp}, _calf_, {rat}, _wheel_, {rint}, _bullock_, {tal},
+_dale_.
+
+
+3. {Feminine Nouns.}
+
+Sec. 48.
+
+{First declension.}--To this declension belong all feminine nouns having
+their nominative case singular and plural alike. It includes: (a) the
+old feminine {[o]-}stems, as {g[e:]be}, _gift_, {s[e]le}, _soul_, {zal},
+_number_; (b) the old feminine {j[o]-}stems, as {k[u:]neginne}, {k[u:]negin},
+{k[u:]neg[i]n}, _queen_, and similarly {vriundinne}, _friend_, {g[u:]tinne},
+_goddess_; (c) the old feminine {w[o]-}stems with and without {w}, as
+{br[a]we}, {br[a]}, _brow_, pl. {br[a]} beside weak pl. {br[a]wen}; {diuwe},
+{diu}, _servant_; (d) the old feminine abstract nouns in {-[i]}, as
+{vinster} (OHG. {finstr[i]}), _darkness_, {sch[oe]ne} (OHG. {sc[o]n[i]}),
+_beauty_; and (e) the old consonant stem, {swester}, {sw[e:]ster},
+_sister_.
+
+                       SING.
+
+  Nom. Acc. g[e:]be       zal       vinster
+       Gen. g[e:]be       zal       vinster
+       Dat. g[e:]be       zal       vinster
+
+                       PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. g[e:]be       zal       vinster
+       Gen. g[e:]ben      zaln      vinstern
+       Dat. g[e:]ben      zaln      vinstern
+
+On the endings in nouns declined like {zal}, _number_, {dol}, _pain_,
+{wal}, _choice_, {nar}, _food_, {schar}, _flock_, and {vinster}, see Sec. 9,
+1,2.
+
+The gen. plural had the ending of the weak declension already in the
+oldest period of the language. Through the nom. singular and the gen.
+and dat. plural having the same endings as the feminine weak declension
+(Sec. 53), {[o]-}stems began in OHG. to be inflected after the analogy of the
+weak declension, especially in the plural. This process spread
+considerably in MHG. with concrete nouns, but not often with abstract
+nouns.
+
+
+Sec. 49.
+
+{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all feminine nouns
+which form their plural in {-e} and have umlaut in the stem-vowel. It
+includes: (a) the old feminine {i-}stems; (b) the old {u-}stem {hant},
+_hand_; and (c) several old consonantal stems, see below.
+
+                    SING.                           PLUR.
+            MHG.              OHG.              MHG.    OHG.
+
+  Nom. Acc. anst              anst, _favour_    enste    ensti
+       Gen. enste _or_ anst   ensti             enste    ensteo, -io
+       Dat. enste _or_ anst   ensti             ensten   enstim
+
+In {jugent} (OHG. {jugund}, pl. {jugundi}), _youth_, gen. dat. {jugende}
+beside {jugent}, pl. {jugende}, the original {-i} being in the third
+syllable did not cause umlaut in the stem-syllable; and similarly
+{tugent}, _valour_.
+
+{hant}, _hand_, originally belonged to the {u-}declension, which
+explains forms like gen. sing, and plural {hande} beside {hende}, dat.
+pl. {handen} beside {henden}. The old gen. plural has been preserved in
+NHG. {allerhand}, and the dat. plural in {abhanden}, {beihanden},
+{vorhanden}, {zuhanden}.
+
+Several old consonant stems went over partly or entirely into this
+declension, viz. {maget}, {meit} (Sec. 37), _maid_, pl. {m[a:]gede} or {meide};
+{kuo}, _cow_, pl. {k[u:]eje} or {k[u:]ewe} (OHG. {kuoi}), {s[u]}, _sow_, pl.
+{siuwe} (OHG. {s[u]i}); both these nouns generally remained uninflected in
+the gen. and dat. singular. {naht}, _night_, has gen. and dat. singular
+{naht} beside {n[a:]hte}; pl. nom. acc. gen. {naht} beside {n[a:]hte}, dat.
+{nahten} beside {n[a:]hten}, cp. also NHG. {weihnachten}, MHG. {z[e:]n w[i]hen
+nahten}. The MHG. adverbial gen. {nahts}, {d[e:]s nahtes} was formed after
+the analogy of {d[e:]s tages}. Like {naht} were also inflected {brust},
+_breast_, and {burc}, _citadel_.
+
+{muoter}, _mother_, and {tohter}, _daughter_, remain uninflected in the
+singular. In the plural they have umlaut: {m[u:]eter}, {t[o:]hter}.
+
+
+B. THE WEAK DECLENSION (N-STEMS).
+
+Sec. 50.
+
+The weak declension contains a large number of masculine and feminine
+nouns, but only four neuter nouns, viz. {h[e:]rze}, _heart_, {[o]re}, _ear_,
+{ouge}, _eye_, and {wange}, _cheek_; these nouns, especially {h[e:]rze},
+sometimes form their nom. acc. plural after the analogy of nouns like
+{k[u:]nne} (Sec. 46). The original case endings of the weak declension had
+disappeared in the oldest period of the language except in the nom.
+singular (masc. {-o}, fem., and neut. {-a}), the gen. pl. ({[o]no}) and
+dat. pl. ({-[o]m}). Owing to the weakening of the {-o}, {-a} to {-e} in
+MHG. the nom. singular became alike in all genders. And similarly the
+endings {-[o]no}, {-[o]m} and the endings of the other oblique forms were
+all weakened to {-en} in MHG. (Sec. 7), so that the element which originally
+formed part of the stem came to be regarded as a case ending.
+
+On the loss of the final and medial {e} in nouns like {ar}, _eagle_,
+{bir} (fem.), _pear_, {gevangen(e)}, _prisoner_, beside the inflected
+forms {arn}, {birn}, {gevangen} from {*gevangen-en} through the
+intermediate stage {*gevangenn}, see Sec. 9, 1,2.
+
+
+Sec. 51.
+
+1. {Masculine Nouns.}
+
+                  SING.
+            MHG.        OHG.
+
+       Nom. bote        boto, _messenger_
+       Acc. boten       boton, -un
+       Gen. boten       boten, -in
+       Dat. boten       boten, -in
+
+                   PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. boten       boton, -un
+       Gen. boten       bot[o]no
+       Dat. boten       bot[o]m
+
+
+Sec. 52.
+
+2. {Neuter Nouns.}
+
+                    SING.
+             MHG.           OHG.
+
+  Nom. Acc. h[e:]rze        h[e:]rza, _heart_
+       Gen. h[e:]rzen       h[e:]rzen, -in
+       Dat. h[e:]rzen       h[e:]rzen, -in
+
+                     PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. h[e:]rzen       h[e:]rzun, -on
+       Gen. h[e:]rzen       h[e:]rz[o]no
+       Dat. h[e:]rzen       h[e:]rz[o]m
+
+
+Sec. 53.
+
+3. {Feminine Nouns.}
+
+                  SING.
+             MHG.           OHG.
+
+       Nom. zunge        zunga, _tongue_
+       Acc. zungen       zung[u]n
+       Gen. zungen       zung[u]n
+       Dat. zungen       zung[u]n
+
+                   PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. zungen       zung[u]n
+       Gen. zungen       zung[o]no
+       Dat. zunge        zung[o]m
+
+
+C. DECLENSION OF PROPER NAMES.
+
+Sec. 54.
+
+Names of persons ending in {e} in the nominative follow the weak
+declension. Masculine names of persons take {-es} in the genitive, {-e}
+in the dative, and {-en} in the accusative after the analogy of the
+strong adjectives. The accusative ending {-en} was sometimes extended to
+the dative, and the dative ending {-e} to the accusative. And sometimes
+both these cases were without endings. Names of countries ending in
+{-lant} often have no ending in the dative, as {Engellant} beside
+{Engellande}, see Sec. 41. Feminine names of persons ending in a consonant
+take {-e} in the genitive, dative and accusative, but occasionally
+remain uninflected throughout.
+
+                         MASCULINE.
+
+            Nom. S[i]frit              Hagene
+            Gen. S[i]frides            Hagenen
+       Dat. Acc. S[i]frit, S[i]fride(n)  Hagenen
+
+                             FEMININE.
+
+            Nom. Kriemhilt               Uote
+  Gen. Dat. Acc. Kriemhilde, Kriemhilt   Uoten
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+ADJECTIVES
+
+
+A. THE DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES.
+
+1. {The Strong Declension.}
+
+Sec. 55.
+
+The MHG. adjectives are declined as strong or weak. They have three
+genders, and the same cases as nouns. The endings of the strong
+declension are partly nominal and partly pronominal. The nominal endings
+are: the accusative feminine singular, as {blinde} like {g[e:]be} (Sec. 48);
+and the genitive singular masculine and neuter, as {blindes} like
+{tages}, {wortes} (Secs. 43, 46). All the other endings are pronominal. The
+so-called uninflected form of adjectives in the nom. singular masculine
+and feminine and the nom. acc. neuter is a remnant of the time when
+adjectives and nouns were declined alike, see the Author's Hist. Germ.
+Grammar, Secs. 399-400. The strong declension includes three different types
+of adjectives, all of which are declined alike: (a) The old {a-}stems,
+as {blint}, infl. form {blinter}, _blind_; {bar}, _bare_, {guot},
+_good_, {heilec}, _holy_, {hol}, _hollow_, {michel}, _great_, {vinster},
+_dark_, and similarly with a very large number of adjectives, including
+the past participles of strong and weak verbs. (b) The old {ja-}stems,
+as {l[ae]re} (OHG. {l[a]ri}), infl. {l[ae]rer}, _empty_; {d[u:]nne}, _thin_,
+{enge}, _narrow_, {gr[u:]ene}, _green_, {niuwe}, _new_, {reine}, _pure_,
+{sch[oe]ne}, _beautiful_, {senfte}, _soft_, {wilde}, _wild_, and many
+others, including the present participles of strong and weak verbs. The
+{ja-}stems only differ from the {a-}stems in having {-e} in the
+uninflected form and umlaut in the stem-syllable when it is capable of
+it. (c) The old {wa-}stems, as {bl[a]} (OHG. {bl[a]o}, {bl[a]}), infl. form
+{bl[a]wer}, _blue_; {gar} (OHG. {garo}), infl. form {garwer} (see Secs. 9,1,
+36), _ready_; {gr[a]}, _grey_, {val}, _fallow_, {g[e:]l}, _yellow_, {kal},
+_bald_, &c., all of which have {w} in the inflected forms.
+
+The adjectival {i-} and {u-}stems had come to be declined like the
+{ja-}stems in the prehistoric period of the language, but a few remnants
+of such adjectives have survived in MHG. in forms without the final {-e}
+beside those with it, as {bereit}, {bereite}, _ready_, {dic}, {dicke},
+_thick_, {g[a]ch}, {g[ae]he}, _quick_, {gr[i]s}, {gr[i]se}, _old_, _grey_,
+{h[e]r}, {h[e]re}, _high_, _noble_, {rasch}, {resche}, _quick_, {r[i]ch},
+{r[i]che}, _noble_, {sw[a]}, {sw[ae]re}, _heavy_, {was}, {wasse}, _sharp_.
+
+                           SING.
+       _Masc._            _Neut._      _Fem._
+
+  Nom. blinder, _blind_   blinde[z]      blindiu
+  Acc. blinden            blinde[z]      blinde
+  Gen. blindes            blindes      blinder(e)
+  Dat. blindem(e)         blindem(e)   blinder(e)
+
+                    PLUR.
+
+  Nom.  blinde            blindiu      blinde
+  Acc.  blinde            blindiu      blinde
+  Gen.  blinder(e)        blinder(e)   blinder(e)
+  Dat.  blinden           blinden      blinden
+
+On the loss of the {-e} in {blindem(e), blinder(e)}, see Sec. 9, 2. Umlaut
+caused by the {-iu} occurs in the nom. sing. feminine and nom. acc. pl.
+neuter of {al}, _all_, and {ander}, _other, second_, as {[a:]lliu},
+{[a:]ndriu}. This rarely happens in other words.
+
+                       SING.
+         _Masc._             _Neut._      _Fem._
+
+  Nom.  micheler, _great_    michel(e)[z]   micheliu
+  Acc.  michel(e)n           michel(e)[z]   michel(e)
+  Gen.  michel(e)s           michel(e)s   michelre,
+                                          micheler
+  Dat.  michelme,            michelme,    michelre,
+        michel(e)m           michel(e)m   micheler
+
+                       PLUR.
+
+  Nom.  michel(e)            micheliu     michel(e)
+  Acc.  michel(e)            micheliu     michel(e)
+  Gen.  michelre,            michelre,    michelre,
+        micheler             micheler     micheler
+  Dat.  michel(e)n           michel(e)n   michel(e)n
+
+Like {michel} are inflected monosyllabic adjectives ending in {-l}, {-r}
+with a short stem-vowel, and polysyllabic adjectives ending in {-el},
+{-en}, {-er}, as {bar}, _bare_, {hol}, _hollow_; {zw[i]vel}, _doubtful_,
+{eigen}, _own_, {tougen}, _secret_, {ander}, _other, second_, {bitter},
+_bitter_, {vinster}, _dark_; {[e:]ben}, _even_, {[u:]bel}, _evil, bad_, &c.
+See Sec. 9, 1,2.
+
+
+2. {The Weak Declension.}
+
+Sec. 56.
+
+The weak declension of adjectives agrees exactly with that of the nouns.
+
+         SING.
+
+        _Masc._           _Neut._    _Fem._
+
+  Nom.  blinde, _blind_   blinde     blinde
+  Acc.  blinden           blinde     blinden
+  Gen.  blinden           blinden    blinden
+  Dat.  blinden           blinden    blinden
+
+  Plural {blinden} for all cases and genders.
+
+
+B. THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
+
+Sec. 57.
+
+The comparative was formed by means of the suffix {-er(e)} = OHG.
+{-iro}, {-[o]ro}, and the superlative by means of the suffix {-est(e)} =
+OHG. {-isto}, {-[o]sto}. On the loss of the medial or final {e} in such
+forms as {tiurre}, _dearer_, {tiurste}; {minner}, {minre}, _less_,
+{minnest}, {min(ne)ste}, see Sec. 9, 3. Most monosyllables have umlaut in
+the comparative and superlative either exclusively or have mutated
+beside unmutated forms. The cause of these double forms is in a great
+measure due to the two OHG. double suffixes: comp. {-iro}, {-[o]ro} and
+superl. {-isto}, {-[o]sto} having fallen together in {-er(e)} and
+{-est(e)} in MHG., as {elter}, _older_, {ermer}, _poorer_, {j[u:]nger},
+_younger_, {gr[oe][z]er}, _greater_, {h[oe]her}, _higher_, beside {alter},
+{armer}, {junger}, {gr[o][z]er}, {h[o]her}; superl. {eltest}, {ermest},
+{j[u:]ngest}, {gr[oe][z]est}, {h[oe]hest}, beside {altest}, {armest},
+{jungest}, {gr[o][z]est}, {h[o]hest}. Adjectives which have umlaut in the
+positive regularly preserve it in the comparative and superlative.
+
+The comparative is declined weak, but the superlative is declined strong
+and weak.
+
+
+Sec. 58.
+
+The following adjectives form their comparative and superlative from a
+different root than the positive:--
+
+  guot, _good_,     be[zz]er, be[zz]est, beste (Sec. 23).
+  [u:]bel, _bad_,      wirser, wirsest, wir(se)ste.
+  l[u:]tzel, _little_, minner, minre (Sec. 9, 3), minnest, min(ne)ste.
+  michel, _great_,  m[e]rer, m[e]r(r)e, meiste.
+
+
+Sec. 59.
+
+The following adjectives are defective:--
+
+  [e]rer, [e]rre, [e:]rre, _former_,  [e]rest, [e]rste, _first_.
+  hinder, _hinder_,            hinderste, _hindmost_.
+  ober, _upper_,               oberste, _uppermost_.
+                               le[zz]este, leste (Sec. 23), _last_.
+  vorder, _former_,            vorderste, _foremost_.
+
+
+C. FORMATION OF ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES.
+
+Sec. 60.
+
+1. By adding {-e} (= OHG. {-o}) to the adjective when this does not
+already end in {-e}, as {[e:]ben}, _even_, {h[o]ch}, _high_, {lanc}, _long_:
+adv. {[e:]bene}, {h[o]he}, {lange}; {edele} (OHG. {edili}), _noble_, {[u:]bel}
+(OHG. {ubil}), _evil_: adv. {edele} (OHG. {edilo}), {[u:]bele} (OHG.
+{ubilo}).
+
+2. Dissyllabic adjectives ending in {-e} and containing a mutated
+stem-vowel change it to the corresponding unmutated vowel, when used as
+adverbs, as {sch[oe]ne} (OHG. {sc[o]ni}), _beautiful_, {herte}, _hard_,
+{senfte}, _soft_, {s[u:]e[z]e}, _sweet_, {sw[ae]re}, _heavy_: adv. {sch[o]ne},
+{harte}, {sanfte}, {suo[z]e}, {sw[a]re}.
+
+3. By adding {-l[i]che} or {-l[i]chen} to the adjective, as {ganz}, _whole_,
+{vl[i][z]ec}, _diligent_: adv. {ganzl[i]che(n), vl[i][z]ecl[i]che(n)}.
+
+4. The comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs are the same as
+the corresponding uninflected forms of the adjectives without umlaut:--
+
+  Adjective lanc, _long_  lenger         lengest.
+  Adverb    lange         langer         langest
+                    (OHG. lang[o]r)  (OHG. lang[o]st).
+
+
+Sec. 61.
+
+The following are irregular:--
+
+  wol, _well_   ba[z], _better_                best(e), _best_.
+                wirs, _worse_                wirsest, wirste, _worst_.
+                min, minner, minre, _less_   minnest, minste, _least_.
+                m[e], m[e]r, m[e]re, _more_        meist, meiste, _most_.
+                [e], _formerly_                [e]r(e)st, [e]rste, _first_.
+
+
+Sec. 62.
+
+D. NUMERALS.
+
+  CARDINAL.                             ORDINAL.
+  ein, -er, -e[z], -iu, _one_             [e]rste
+  zwei, _two_                           ander
+  dr[i], _three_                          dritte
+  vier, _four_                          vierde
+  f[u:]nf (finf), _five_                   f[u:]nfte, finfte
+  s[e:]hs, _six_                           s[e:]hste
+  siben, _seven_                        sibende, -te
+  ahte, _eight_                         ahtede, ahte
+  niun, _nine_                          niunde, -te
+  z[e:]hen, _ten_                          z[e:]hende, -te
+  einlif (eilif), _eleven_              ei(n)lifte, eilfte
+  zwelf, _twelve_                       zwelfte
+  dr[i]z[e:]hen, _thirteen_                  dr[i]z[e:]hende
+  vierz[e:]hen, _fourteen_                 vierz[e:]hende
+  f[u:]nfz[e:]hen, _fifteen_                  f[u:]nfz[e:]hende
+  s[e:]h(s)z[e:]hen, _sixteen_                s[e:](h)sz[e:]hende
+  sibenz[e:]hen, _seventeen_               sibenz[e:]hende
+  ah(t)z[e:]hen, _eighteen_                ah(t)z[e:]hende
+  niunz[e:]hen, _nineteen_                 niunz[e:]hende
+  zweinzic (_or_ -zec), _twenty_        zweinzigeste
+  dr[i][z]ic           "    _thirty_        dr[i][z]igeste
+  vierzic          "    _forty_         vierzigeste
+  f[u:]nfzic          "    _fifty_         f[u:]nfzigeste
+  s[e:]hszic          "    _sixty_         s[e:]hszigeste
+  sibenzic         "    _seventy_       sibenzigeste
+  ah(t)zic         "    _eighty_        ah(t)zigeste
+  niunzic          "    _ninety_        niunzigeste
+  z[e:]henzic              _hundred_       z[e:]henzigeste
+    _or_ hundert                           _or_ hundertste
+  zwei hunt             _two hundred_   zweihundertste
+    _or_ hundert
+  t[u]sent                _thousand_      t[u]senste
+  zwei t[u]sent           _two thousand_  zweit[u]sentste
+
+
+Sec. 63.
+
+{Ein} follows the strong declension, when used as a numeral. The dat.
+{einme} is generally contracted to {eime} (Sec. 9, 3). When {ein} is used in
+the sense of _alone_, it follows the weak declension. On the inflexion
+of {ander}, _second_, see Sec. 55. {Zwei} and {dr[i]} are declined as
+follows:--
+
+            _Masc._           _Neut._         _Fem._
+
+  Nom. Acc. zw[e]ne             zwei            zw[o], zwuo, zw[a]
+       Gen. zwei(g)er (Sec. 35)   zwei(g)er       zwei(g)er
+       Dat. zwein, zweien     zwein, zweien   zwein, zweien
+
+  Nom. Acc. dr[i], dr[i]e       driu            dr[i], dr[i]e
+       Gen. dr[i](g)er (Sec. 35)    dr[i](g)er        dr[i](g)er
+       Dat. dr[)i]n, dr[i]en       dr[)i]n, dr[)i]en     dr[)i]n, dr[i]en
+
+
+Sec. 64.
+
+The other cardinals up to twelve are sometimes inflected; when such is
+the case the endings are:--
+
+       _Masc. and Fem._   _Neut._
+
+  Nom. Acc.  -e             -iu
+       Gen.  -er            -er
+       Dat.  -en            -en
+
+  {hundert} and {t[u]sent} are neuter nouns.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+
+PRONOUNS
+
+Sec. 65.
+
+1. PERSONAL.
+
+               SING.
+
+  Nom. ich, _I_         du, d[u], _thou_
+  Acc. mich             dich
+  Gen. m[i]n              d[i]n
+  Dat. mir              dir
+
+                PLUR.
+
+  Nom. wir              ir
+  Acc. unsich, uns      iuch
+  Gen. unser            iuwer
+  Dat. uns              iu
+
+                         SING.
+
+      _Masc._     _Neut._           _Fem._
+
+  Nom. [e:]r, _he_   [e:][z], _it, there_   si, s[i], siu, sie, _she_
+  Acc. in         [e:][z]                sie, si, s[i]
+  Gen. ([e:]s)       [e:]s                ir(e)
+  Dat. im(e)      im(e)             ir(e)
+
+                          PLUR.
+
+  Nom. Acc. si, s[i], sie (Neut. also siu), _they_
+       Gen. ir(e)
+       Dat. in
+
+  NOTE.--1. The gen. {ir} is often used as a possessive pronoun. For
+  {[e:][z]} the form {i[z]} sometimes appears.
+
+  2. For the acc. pl. {unsich} the dat. {uns} is mostly used. {iu} is
+  often used for {iuch}, and _vice versa_. {im}, {ir} are more usual
+  than {ime}, {ire}.
+
+  3. The unstressed forms of personal pronouns are often attached to
+  other words, as {ich[z]}, {i[z]} = {ich [e:][z]}; {ichne}, {ine}, {ichn}
+  = {ich ne} (_not_); {tuostu} = {tuost du}; {dune}, {dun} = {du ne}
+  (_not_); {tuo[z]} = {tuo [e:][z]}; {eist}, {[e]st} = {[e:][z] ist}; {dei[z]}
+  = {da[z] [e:][z]}; {mohter} = {mohte [e:]r}; {baten} = {bat in}; {wir[z]}
+  = {wir [e:][z]}, &c.
+
+
+Sec. 66.
+
+2. REFLEXIVE.
+
+          SING.         PLUR.
+
+  Acc.  sich             sich
+  Gen.  s[i]n  (fem. ir)   ir
+  Dat.  im, ir           in
+
+
+Sec. 67.
+
+3. POSSESSIVE.
+
+{m[i]n}, _my_; {d[i]n}, _thy_; {s[i]n}, _his_; {ir}, _her_; {unser}, _our_;
+{iuwer}, _your_; {ir}, _their_.
+
+They are declined like the strong adjective {michel}, _great_ (Sec. 55). The
+dat. sing. forms {d[i]nme}, {s[i]nme} are generally contracted to {d[i]me},
+{s[i]me}, see Sec. 9, 3.
+
+
+Sec. 68.
+
+4. DEMONSTRATIVE.
+
+                     SING.
+          _Masc._     _Neut._  _Fem._
+
+  Nom.    d[e:]r, _the_  da[z]      diu
+  Acc.    d[e:]n         da[z]      die
+  Gen.    d[e:]s         d[e:]s      d[e:]r(e)
+  Dat.    d[e:]m(e)      d[e:]m(e)   d[e:]r(e)
+  Instr.              diu
+
+                      PLUR.
+          _Masc._     _Neut._   _Fem._
+
+  Nom.    die         diu       die
+  Acc.    die         diu       die
+  Gen.    d[e:]r(e)      d[e:]r(e)    d[e:]r(e)
+  Dat.    d[e:]n         d[e:]n       d[e:]n
+
+Like {d[e:]r} is also declined {jener}, _that_, except that the Nom., Acc.
+sg. neut. ends in {-e[z]}. {d[e:]r}, &c., is used both as definite article
+and relative pronoun.
+
+  NOTE.--1. For the fem. nom. sing. and the neut. nom. acc. pl. {diu},
+  the form {die} was sometimes used; and conversely {diu} for {die} in
+  the fem. acc. singular. {diu} and {die} were sometimes weakened to
+  {de}, and to {d'} before words beginning with a vowel. {da[z]} was
+  sometimes weakened to {de[z]}, and still further to {[z]} which was then
+  attached to a preceding word, as {l[a]t[z] kind} = {l[a]t da[z] kint};
+  {an[z]} {in[z]} = {an}, {in da[z]}. {d[e]st}, {deis}, {d[e]s} = {da[z] ist}.
+
+  2. The various cases were often fused into one word with
+  prepositions, as {anme}, {ame}, {am} = {an d[e:]me}; {z[e:]me}, {z[e:]m}
+  = {ze d[e:]me}; {[u]fme} = {[u]f d[e:]me}; {z[e:]r} = {ze d[e:]r} (fem.);
+  {[u:]bern} = {[u:]ber d[e:]n}; {[u]f[e:]n} = {[u]f d[e:]n}; {z[e:]n}
+  = {ze d[e:]n}.
+
+                          SING.
+       _Masc._                      _Neut._           _Fem._
+
+  Nom. dirre (diser, dise), _this_  ditze, diz, di[z]   disiu
+  Acc. disen                        ditze, diz, di[z]   dise
+  Gen. dises                        dises             dirre
+  Dat. disem(e)                     disem(e)          dirre
+
+                                   PLUR.
+
+  Nom. dise                         disiu             dise
+  Acc. dise                         disiu             dise
+  Gen. dirre                        dirre             dirre
+  Dat. disen                        disen             disen
+
+
+5. RELATIVE.
+
+Sec. 69.
+
+A relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the
+Germanic languages, and accordingly the separate languages expressed it
+in various ways. In MHG. the following pronouns and adverbial particles
+were used to express it:--
+
+1. {d[e:]r}, {da[z]} (also used as a conjunction), {diu}, also in combination
+with the particles {dar der d[a]}. 2. {s[o]}, {als[o]} ({alse}, {als}), _as_;
+{sam} ({alsam}), _as_. 3. {d[a](r)}, _where_, {dar}, _thither, whither_,
+{darinne}, _therein_, {dannen}, _wherefrom_, {darumbe}, _therefore_,
+{d[o]}, _when, as._ 4. Indefinite relatives, as {sw[e:]r} (from {s[o] w[e:]r}),
+_whoever_, {swelch}, _each who_, {sw[e:]der}, _who of two_; {sw[a]}, {swar},
+_wherever_, {swannen}, {swanne} ({swenne}), _whenever_, {swie},
+_however, howsoever._ 5. The conjunction {unde}, _and_.
+
+
+6. INTERROGATIVE.
+
+Sec. 70.
+
+The MHG. simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the
+feminine, and is declined in the singular only.
+
+          _Masc. Fem._    _Neut._
+
+  Nom.    w[e:]r, _who_        wa[z]
+  Acc.    w[e:]n               wa[z]
+  Gen.    w[e:]s               w[e:]s
+  Dat.    w[e:]m(e)            w[e:]m(e)
+  Instr.                    wiu
+
+In the same manner are declined the compounds:
+
+{sw[e:]r} (from {s[o] w[e:]r}), _whoever_, {etew[e:]r}, {etesw[e:]r}, _anyone_,
+{nei[z]w[e:]r} (= {ne wei[z] w[e:]r}, _I do not know who_), _anyone_.
+
+{w[e:]der}, _who of two_, is declined like a strong adjective; {wel[i]ch}
+({welch}), _which_, is also declined like a strong adjective, but the
+nom. singular remains uninflected.
+
+
+7. INDEFINITE.
+
+Sec. 71.
+
+{ander}, _other_; {dechein}, {dehein}, {dekein}, _no, none_; {dew[e:]der},
+_neither_; {ein}, _one, some one_: when {ein} is used with the meaning
+_alone_ it follows the weak declension; {etel[i]ch}, {etl[i]ch}, {etesl[i]ch},
+{etsl[i]ch}, _anyone, many a_, pl. = _some_; {etew[e:]r}, {etesw[e:]r},
+_anyone_; {etewa[z]}, _anything_; {iegel[i]ch}, {iesl[i]ch}, {iegesl[i]ch},
+_each_; {ieman}, {iemen}, _someone, somebody_; {iew[e:]der}, {ietw[e:]der},
+_each_; {iewel[i]ch}, {iewelich}, _each_; {iewiht}, {iht}, _anything_;
+{kein}, _no_; {man}, _one_; {manec}, _many a_, declined {maneger},
+{manege[z]}, {manegiu}, &c.; {nehein}, _no, none_; {niht}, _nothing_;
+{solch}, _such_, declined like {manec}; {sum}, _any one at all_, pl.
+_some_; {sumel[i]ch}, {suml[i]ch}, _many a_; {swelch}, _each who_; {sw[e:]r},
+_whoever_; {w[e:]der}, _which of two_; {wel[i]ch} ({welch}), _which_,
+declined like {manec}.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+
+VERBS
+
+Sec. 72.
+
+The MHG. verb has the following independent forms:--one voice (active),
+two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and preterite), two
+complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter originally the
+optative), besides an imperative which is only used in the present
+tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive, and the gerund,
+generally called the inflected infinitive), a present participle with
+active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past participle).
+
+The MHG. verbs are divided into two great classes:--Strong and Weak. The
+strong verbs form their preterite (originally the perfect) and past
+participle by means of ablaut (Sec. 12). The weak verbs form their preterite
+by the addition of the syllable {-te}, and their past participle by
+means of a {t}-suffix. The strong verbs were originally further
+sub-divided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. The
+reduplication had, however, entirely disappeared in the oldest period of
+the language. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes
+according to the six ablaut-series (Sec. 12). The originally reduplicated
+verbs are put together here and called Class VII. Besides these two
+great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others which
+will be treated under the general heading _Minor Groups_.
+
+
+A. STRONG VERBS.
+
+Sec. 73.
+
+We are able to conjugate a MHG. strong verb when we know the four stems,
+as seen in (1) the infinitive or first pers. sing. of the present
+indicative, (2) the first or third pers. sing. of the preterite
+indicative, (3) the first pers. plural of the preterite indicative, (4)
+the past participle. The pret. subjunctive and the second pers. pret.
+indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret. plural indicative.
+
+
+Sec. 74.
+
+The conjugation of {n[e:]men}, OHG. {n[e:]man}, _to take_, will serve as a
+model for all strong verbs.
+
+                              _Present._
+
+             INDIC.                           SUBJ.
+           MHG.           OHG.              MHG.      OHG.
+  Sing. 1. nime           nimu              n[e:]me      n[e:]me
+        2. nimes(t)       nimis(t)          n[e:]mes(t)  n[e:]m[e]s(t)
+        3. nimet          nimit             n[e:]me      n[e:]me
+  Plur. 1. n[e:]men          n[e:]mem[e]s, -[e]m      n[e:]men     n[e:]m[e]m
+        2. n[e:]met          n[e:]met             n[e:]met     n[e:]m[e]t
+        3. n[e:]ment         n[e:]mant            n[e:]men     n[e:]m[e]n
+
+             IMPER.                           INFIN.
+           MHG.           OHG.              MHG.      OHG.
+  Sing. 2. nim            nim               n[e:]men     n[e:]man
+  Plur. 1. n[e:]men          n[e:]mem[e]s, -[e]m
+        2. n[e:]met, (-ent)  n[e:]met
+
+                                                      GERUND.
+                                                 MHG.        OHG.
+                                          Gen. n[e:]men(n)es  n[e:]mannes
+                                          Dat. n[e:]men(n)e   n[e:]manne
+
+                                               PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
+                                               n[e:]mende     n[e:]manti
+
+                            _Preterite._
+
+             INDIC.            SUBJ.
+           MHG.    OHG.      MHG.        OHG.
+  Sing. 1. nam     nam       n[ae]me      n[a]mi
+        2. n[ae]me    n[a]mi      n[ae]mes(t)  n[a]m[i]st
+        3. nam     nam       n[ae]me      n[a]mi
+  Plur. 1. n[a]men   n[a]mum     n[ae]men     n[a]m[i]m
+        2. n[a]met   n[a]mut     n[ae]met     n[a]m[i]t
+        3. n[a]men   n[a]mun     n[ae]men     n[a]m[i]n
+
+              PAST PARTICIPLE.
+
+           MHG.       OHG.
+           genomen    ginoman
+
+  NOTE.--The {e} in the endings is regularly lost according to the
+  rule given in Sec. 9,1, as sing. {stil}, {stilst}, {stilt}, inf.
+  {st[e:]ln}, _to steal_; sing. {var}, {verst}, {vert}, inf. {varn}, _to
+  go_. It was also frequently lost in the third pers. sing. pres.
+  indicative of other verbs, as {vint} = {vindet}, {siht} = {sihet},
+  see Sec. 9,4 note. The {n} in the first pers. plural was sometimes
+  dropped when the pronoun came after the verb, as {n[e:]me wir} = {n[e:]men
+  wir}.
+
+  The imperative singular sometimes has {-e} after the analogy of weak
+  verbs (Sec. 90).
+
+  The OHG. forms given above show in what forms umlaut regularly took
+  place, viz. in the second and third pers. singular of the pres.
+  indicative, when possible, in the second pers. singular of the pret.
+  indicative, and in the pret. subjunctive. The second pers. singular
+  of the pret. indicative always has the same stem-vowel as the pret.
+  subjunctive. On the absence of umlaut in the pret. subjunctive of
+  certain types of verbs, see Sec. 10, note. Forms without and with umlaut
+  are found in the second and third pers. singular of the present in
+  verbs belonging to Class VII, as {sl[a]fes(t)}, {sl[a]fet} beside
+  {sl[ae]fes(t)}, {sl[ae]fet}.
+
+  Concerning the changes between {i, [e:]}; {u, o}; {iu}, {ie}; {ei, [e]};
+  {ou, [o]} in the various classes of strong verbs, see Secs. 14-17.
+
+
+THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE STRONG VERBS.
+
+Sec. 75.
+
+We shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation
+of vowels and consonant changes. All other verbs occurring in the texts
+will be found in the Glossary referred to their proper class.
+
+
+CLASS I.
+
+Sec. 76.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the first ablaut-series (Sec. 12) and
+therefore have {[i]} in all forms of the present; {ei} in the first and
+third pers. sing. of the preterite, but {[e]} before {ch} (= Germanic {h},
+Sec. 23), and finally (Sec. 17); and {i} in the preterite plural and past
+participle, thus:--
+
+  b[i]ten, _to wait_        beit   biten   gebiten
+  sw[i]gen, _to be silent_  sweic  swigen  geswigen
+  tr[i]ben, _to drive_      treip  triben  getriben
+
+And similarly {bel[i]ben}, _to remain_, {b[i][z]en}, _to bite_, {r[i]ben}, _to
+rub_, {r[i]ten}, _to ride_, {sch[i]nen}, _to shine_, {schr[i]ben}, _to write_,
+{s[i]gen}, _to sink_, {str[i]ten}, _to quarrel_.
+
+  sn[i]den, _to cut_    sneit   sniten         gesniten
+  d[i]hen, _to thrive_  d[e]ch    digen          gedigen
+  r[i]sen, _to fall_    reis    rirn (risen)   gerirn (gerisen)
+
+And similarly {l[i]den}, _to suffer_, {m[i]den}, _to avoid_, {n[i]den}, _to
+envy_, {l[i]hen}, _to lend_, {z[i]hen}, _to accuse_. See Sec. 30.
+
+
+Sec. 77.
+
+The following two verbs which are also used as weak verbs have mixed
+forms in the preterite and past participle:--
+
+  schr[i]en, _to scream_  schr[e]   schriuwen  geschriuwen
+                        schrei  schr[u]wen   geschr[u]wen
+                                schrirn    geschrirn
+  sp[i]wen, _to vomit_    sp[e]     spiwen     gespiwen
+                        spei    spiuwen    gespiuwen
+                                sp[u]wen     gesp[u]wen
+                                spirn      gespirn
+
+
+CLASS II.
+
+Sec. 78.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the second ablaut-series (Sec. 12) and
+therefore have {ie} in the present, but {iu} in the present singular
+(Sec. 16); {ou} in the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, but {[o]}
+before {t, [z], s} and {ch} (= Germanic {h}), Sec. 18; {u} in the pret.
+plural; and {o} in the past participle, thus:--
+
+  biegen, _to bend_      biuge     bouc    bugen      gebogen
+  triefen, _to drop_     triufe    trouf   truffen    getroffen
+  bieten, _to offer_     biute     b[o]t     buten      geboten
+  schie[z]en, _to shoot_   schiu[z]e   sch[o][z]   schu[zz]en   gescho[zz]en
+
+And similarly {klieben}, _to cleave_, {kriechen}, _to creep_, {liegen},
+_to lie_, {riechen}, _to smell_, {schieben}, _to shove_, {vliegen}, _to
+fly_; {die[z]en}, _to roar_, {gie[z]en}, _to pour_, {vlie[z]en}, _to flow_.
+
+  sieden, _to seethe_  siude  s[o]t   suten  gesoten
+  ziehen, _to draw_    ziuhe  z[o]ch  zugen  gezogen
+  kiesen, _to choose_  kius   k[o]s   kurn   gekorn
+
+And similarly {vliehen}, _to flee_, {niesen}, _to sneeze_, {verliesen},
+_to lose_, {vriesen}, _to freeze_. See Sec. 30.
+
+
+Sec. 79.
+
+On the stem-vowels in the following verbs, see Sec. 16, note and Sec. 36:--
+
+  bliuwen, _to strike_  bliuwe  blou  bl[u]wen
+                                      bliuwen   gebliuwen
+                                      blouwen   geblouwen
+
+And similarly {briuwen}, _to brew_, {kiuwen}, _to chew_, {riuwen}, _to
+pain_.
+
+
+Sec. 80.
+
+To this class also belong the three aorist presents:--
+
+  l[u]chen, _to shut_       liuche    louch  luchen  gelochen
+                           (l[u]che)
+  s[u]fen, _to gulp down_   s[u]fe      souf   suffen  gesoffen
+  s[u]gen, _to suck_        s[u]ge      souc   sugen   gesogen
+
+
+CLASS III.
+
+Sec. 81.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the third ablaut-series (Sec. 12), and
+include the strong verbs having a medial nasal or a liquid + consonant.
+Those with nasal + consonant have {i} throughout the present tense and
+{u} in the past participle; the others have {i} in the present singular,
+{[e:]} in the plural, and {o} in the past participle (see Secs. 14, 15),
+thus:--
+
+  binden, _to bind_  binde   bant   bunden   gebunden
+  rinnen, _to run_   rinne   ran    runnen   gerunnen
+  singen, _to sing_  singe   sanc   sungen   gesungen
+
+And similarly {brinnen}, _to burn_, {dringen}, _to press_, {entrinnen},
+_to escape_, {gelingen}, _to succeed_, {gewinnen}, _to gain_,
+{schrinden}, _to split_, {sinken}, _to sink_, {sinnen}, _to reflect_,
+{spinnen}, _to spin_, {swimmen}, _to swim_, {trinken}, _to drink_,
+{vinden} (p.p. {vunden}), _to find_, {winden}, _to wind_. {beginnen},
+_to begin_, pret. sing. {began} beside {begunde}, {begonde}, pl.
+{begunden}, p.p. {begunnen}.
+
+  b[e:]rgen, _to hide_    birge    bare    burgen    geborgen
+  h[e:]lfen, _to help_    hilfe    half    hulfen    geholfen
+  st[e:]rben, _to die_    stirbe   starp   sturben   gestorben
+
+And similarly {bev[e:]lhen}, _to order_, {emph[e:]lhen}, {enph[e:]lhen},
+_to recommend_, {g[e:]lten}, _to pay_, {m[e:]lken}, _to milk_, {sch[e:]lten},
+_to revile_, {sw[e:]llen}, _to swell_, {verd[e:]rben}, _to destroy_,
+{w[e:]rfen}, _to throw_, {w[e:]rren}, _to confuse_, {w[e:]rden}, _to
+become_, pret. pl. {wurten}, {wurden}, p.p. {worten}, {(ge)worden}, see
+Sec. 30.
+
+
+CLASS IV.
+
+Sec. 82.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the fourth ablaut-series (Sec. 12). They
+include those strong verbs which have a liquid or a nasal before or
+after the stem-vowel, and a few others, thus:--
+
+    [e:]                   i             a       [a]         o
+  n[e:]men, _to take_     nime          nam     n[a]men     genomen
+  b[e:]rn, _to bear_      bir (Sec. 9, 1)   bar     b[a]ren     geborn
+  st[e:]ln, _to steal_    stil (Sec. 9, 1)  stal    st[a]len    gestoln
+  br[e:]chen, _to break_  briche        brach   br[a]chen   gebrochen
+  v[e:]hten, _to fight_   vihte         vaht    v[a]hten    gevohten
+
+And similarly {sch[e:]rn}, _to shear_, {schr[e:]cken}, _to frighten_,
+{spr[e:]chen}, _to speak_, {vl[e:]hten}, _to plait_, {z[e:]men} (p.p. also
+{gez[e:]men}), _to be befitting_, {st[e:]chen}, _to prick_, {tr[e:]ffen} (p.p.
+{troffen}), _to hit_; {dreschen}, _to thrash_, {leschen}, _to be
+extinguished_, see Sec. 11, 1. {komen} (OHG. {qu[e:]man}), _to come_, {kume},
+{quam}, {qu[a]men}, {komen}; on other forms of this verb, see Sec. 36.
+
+
+CLASS V.
+
+Sec. 83.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-series (Sec. 12). They
+include the strong verbs containing a medial consonant other than a
+nasal or liquid, thus:--
+
+    {[e:]}              {i}         {a}    {[a]}     {[e:]}
+  g[e:]ben, _to give_   gibe        gap    g[a]ben   geg[e:]ben
+  j[e:]hen, _to say_    gihe (Sec. 35)  jach   j[a]hen   gej[e:]hen
+  s[e:]hen, _to see_    sihe        sach   s[a]hen   ges[e:]hen
+  w[e:]gen, _to move_   wige        wac    w[a]gen   gew[e:]gen
+
+And similarly {gesch[e:]hen}, _to happen_, {kn[e:]ten}, _to knead_,
+{m[e:][zz]en}, _to measure_, {pfl[e:]gen}, _to be accustomed_, {tr[e:]ten},
+_to tread_, {verg[e:][zz]en}, _to forget_, {w[e:]ben}, _to weave_.
+
+  w[e:]sen, _to be_   wise   was   w[a]ren   gew[e:]sen
+
+And similarly {gen[e:]sen} (pret. pl. also {gen[a]sen}), _to recover_,
+{j[e:]sen}, _to ferment_, {l[e:]sen} (pret. pl. also {l[a]sen}), _to gather,
+read_. See Sec. 30.
+
+  [e:][zz]en, _to eat_       i[zz]e    [a][z](a[z])   [a][z]en     g[e:][zz]en
+     (Sec. 9,7)
+  vr[e:][zz]en, _to devour_  vri[zz]e  vr[a][z]     vr[a][z]en   vr[e:][zz]en
+
+These verbs had a long vowel in the pret. singular in the oldest period
+of all the Germanic languages, cp. also Lat. {[e]d[i]}.
+
+
+Sec. 84.
+
+To this class also belong the three verbs:--
+
+  bit(t)en, _to beg_     bite    bat   b[a]ten   geb[e:]ten
+  ligen, _to lie down_   lige    lac   l[a]gen   gel[e:]gen
+  sitzen, _to sit_       sitze   sa[z]   s[a][z]en   ges[e:][zz]en
+
+{bit(t)en}, OHG. {bitten} from {*bidjan}; {ligen}, OHG. {liggen} from
+{*ligjan}; {sitzen}, OHG. {sitzen} from {*sitjan}, see Secs. 14, 31,3. The
+inf. {ligen} is sometimes contracted to {l[i]n}, see Sec. 37.
+
+
+CLASS VI.
+
+Sec. 85.
+
+The verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-series (Sec. 12), and
+accordingly have {a} in the present; {uo} in the pret. singular and
+plural; and {a} in the past participle. They have umlaut in the second
+and third pers. singular, as {grebes(t)}, {grebet}; {verst}, {vert}. See
+Sec. 10.
+
+  graben, _to dig_     gruop   gruoben   gegraben
+  tragen, _to carry_   truoc   truogen   getragen
+  maln, _to grind_     muol    muolen    gemaln
+  varn, _to go_        vuor    vuoren    gevarn
+
+And similarly {laden}, _to load_, {nagen}, _to gnaw_, {schaffen}, _to
+create_, {spanen}, _to entice_, {waschen}, _to wash_, {wahsen}, _to
+grow_, {waten}, _to wade_.
+
+  slahen, _to strike_   sluoc   sluogen   geslagen
+  twahen, _to wash_     twuoc   twuogen   getwagen
+
+See Sec. 30. The pret. sing. {sluoc}, {twuoc} for {*sluoch}, {*twuoch} were
+formed after the analogy of the pret. plural.
+
+
+Sec. 86.
+
+To this class also belong:--
+
+  st[a]n, st[e]n (Sec. 96),
+    _to stand_                stuont    stuonden    gestanden
+  entseben (older entseven),
+    _to perceive_             entsuop   entsuoben   entsaben
+  gew[a:]henen,
+    _to mention_              gewuoc    gewuogen    gewagen
+  heben (older heven),
+    _to raise_                huop      huoben      gehaben
+  swern (see Sec. 35),
+    _to swear_                swuor     swuoren     geswarn}
+                                                    gesworn}
+
+The pret. singular {stuont}, {entsuop}, {gewuoc}, {huop} for {*stuot}
+(cp. Engl. {stood}), {*entsuof}, {*gewuoch}, {*huof} were formed after
+the analogy of the pret. plural. On the {b, g} in the pret. plural, see
+Sec. 30. The last four verbs in the list originally had a {j} in the
+present, which accounts for the umlaut, cp. OHG. {heffen}, Goth.
+{hafjan}, _to raise_. {heben} had its {b} from forms where it was
+regular.
+
+
+CLASS VII.
+
+Sec. 87.
+
+To this class belong the verbs which originally had reduplicated
+preterites. The present and past participle have the same stem-vowel;
+and the preterite singular and plural have {ie}. In OHG. the verbs which
+had {a, [a]} or {ei} in the present had {ia} (older {ea, [e]}) in the
+preterite; and those which had {ou ([o])}, {uo} in the present had {io}
+(older {eo}) in the preterite. But in MHG. the {ia} and {io} regularly
+fell together in {ie} (Sec. 11, 3), so that all the preterites had {ie}.
+
+  bannen, _to banish_   bien    bienen    gebannen
+  halten, _to hold_     hielt   hielten   gehalten
+  sl[a]fen, _to sleep_    slief   sliefen   gesl[a]fen
+  hei[z]en, _to call_     hie[z]    hie[z]en    gehei[z]n
+  loufen, _to run_      lief    liefen    geloufen
+  ruofen, _to call_     rief    riefen    geruofen
+
+And similarly {halsen}, _to embrace_, {salzen}, _to salt_, {spalten},
+_to split_, {spannen}, _to span_, {vallen}, _to fall_, {valten}, _to
+fold_, {wallen}, _to bubble_; {b[a]gen}, _to quarrel_, {bl[a]sen}, _to
+blow_, {br[a]ten}, _to roast_, {l[a][z]en} (see also Sec. 99), _to let_,
+_leave_, {r[a]ten}, _to advise_; {mei[z]en}, _to cut_, {scheiden}, _to
+separate_, {sweifen}, _to rove_; {b[o][z]en}, _to strike_, {st[o][z]en},
+_to push_, {houwen} (pret. {hiu} and {hie}, pl. {hiuwen}, {hiewen}),
+_to hew_, {wuofen}, _to bewail_.
+
+  g[a]n, g[e]n, _to go_          gienc (gie)  giengen  (ge)gangen
+  h[a]hen (Sec. 29) }
+  h[a]n (Sec. 38)   }, _to hang_   hienc (hie)  hiengen  gehangen
+  v[a]hen (Sec. 29) }
+  v[a]n (Sec. 38)   }, _to catch_  vienc (vie)  viengen  gevangen
+  erren, ern, _to plough_    ier          ieren     gearn
+
+On the interchange between {h} and {ng}, see Sec. 30; {erren}, {ern} from
+older {*arjan}.
+
+
+B. WEAK VERBS.
+
+Sec. 88.
+
+The OHG. weak verbs were divided into three great classes according as
+the infinitive ended in {-en} from older {*-jan}, {-on}, or {-[e]n}.
+
+The characteristic endings of the three OHG. classes were:--
+
+                       _Present._
+               CLASS I.            CLASS II.   CLASS III.
+
+  Indic. sing.  -u,                  -[o]n,        -[e]n
+                -is(t)               -[o]s(t)      -[e]s(t)
+                -it                  -[o]t         -[e]t
+    "    plur.  -[e]n                  -[o]n         -[e]n
+                -et                  -[o]t         -[e]t
+                -ent                 -[o]nt        -[e]nt
+
+  Subj. sing.   -e                   -o          -e
+                -[e]s(t)               -[o]s(t)      -[e]s(t)
+                -e                   -o          -e
+    "   plur.   -[e]n                  -[o]n         -[e]n
+                -[e]t                  -[o]t         -[e]t
+                -[e]n                  -[o]n         -[e]n
+
+  Imper. sing.  -i                   -o          -e
+    "    plur.  -[e]n                  -[o]n         -[e]n
+                -et                  -[o]t         -[e]t
+
+                       _Preterite._
+
+  Indic. sing.  -ta,     -ita,       -[o]ta,       -[e]ta,
+                -t[o]s(t), -it[o]s(t)    -[o]t[o]s(t)    -[e]t[o]s(t)
+                -ta,     -ita        -[o]ta        -[e]ta
+    "    plur.  -tun,    -itun       -[o]tun       -[e]tun
+                -tut,    -itut       -[o]tut       -[e]tut
+                -tun,    -itun       -[o]tun       -[e]tun
+
+  Subj. sing.   -ti,     -iti        -[o]ti        -[e]ti
+                -t[i]s(t), -it[i]s(t)    -[o]t[i]s(t)    -[e]t[i]s(t)
+                -ti,     -iti        -[o]ti        -[e]ti
+    "   plur.   -t[i]n,    -it[i]n       -[o]t[i]n        -[e]t[i]n
+                -t[i]t,    -it[i]t       -[o]t[i]t        -[e]t[i]t
+                -t[i]n,    -it[i]n       -[o]t[i]n        -[e]t[i]n
+
+                     _Past Participle._
+
+  Uninfl. form  -it                  -[o]t          -[e]t
+
+  Infl.    "    -t[e]r,  -it[e]r         -[o]t[e]r        -[e]t[e]r
+
+                      _Infinitive._
+
+                -en                  -[o]n          -[e]n
+
+In OHG. the verbs of Class I were divided into two sub-divisions:
+(_a_) polysyllabic verbs and those containing an old long stem-syllable;
+(_b_) those which originally had a short stem-syllable (cp. Sec. 31, 3). The
+former formed their preterite in {-ta}, and the latter in {-ita}; and
+similarly in the inflected form of the past participle. In MHG. all the
+unaccented vowels {i, e}, {a, o}, {u, [i]}, {[e], [o]} regularly fell together
+in {e} (Sec. 7), so that the old distinction between the endings of the
+three classes of verbs was to a great extent obliterated. The OHG. verbs
+with a short stem-syllable belonging to Classes II and III came in MHG.
+to be inflected entirely like sub-division (_b_) of Class I; and those
+with a long stem-syllable mostly came to be inflected like sub-division
+(_a_) of Class I, see Secs. 9,2, 92.
+
+Owing to all the OHG. unaccented vowels being weakened to {e} the MHG.
+endings are:--
+
+                      Sing.                   Plur.
+  Pres. Indic.:   -e, -es(t), -et        -en, -et, -ent
+    "    Subj.:   -e, -es(t), -e         -en, -et, -en
+
+  Pret. Indic. }  -te, -tes(t), -te   }  -ten, -tet, -ten    }
+    and Subj.: }  -ete, -etes(t) -ete }  -eten, -etet, -eten }
+
+  Imper.          -e                     -en, -et
+
+  P.P. Uninfl. form  -et
+       Infl.    "    -ter  }
+                     -eter }
+
+  Infin.  -en.
+
+Final {-n} in the first pers. sing. of the pres. indicative of the old
+Classes II and III remained in early MHG., but during the MHG. period
+the first person was remodelled after the analogy of Class I.
+
+  NOTE.--Old forms with {[)o]} ({u}) for later {e} occasionally occur in
+  verbs originally belonging to the OHG. Class II; and in like manner
+  {[)i]} for {e} in the pret. subjunctive.
+
+
+Sec. 89.
+
+The MHG. weak verbs are divided into two classes, according as the
+preterite is formed in {-te} or {-ete} (see however Sec. 40). The inflexion
+of the present is the same in both classes.
+
+
+CLASS I.
+
+Sec. 90.
+
+To this class belong (1) verbs which have old long stem-syllables. Those
+having a mutated vowel in the present have the corresponding unmutated
+vowel in the preterite. The {i} which would have caused umlaut in the
+preterite disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language. The
+past participle generally has two forms: one with a mutated vowel, and
+the other without it, properly from the old inflected form which did not
+have umlaut. (2) Verbs having a short stem-vowel followed by a single
+consonant ({l, r}), and trisyllabic verbs containing an {l, n}, or {r}
+in the second syllable, as {zeln}, older {zellen} (Sec. 31,3), _to count_,
+pret. {zelte} beside {zalte}, p.p. {gezelt} beside {gezalt}; {nern}, _to
+rescue_, pret. {nerte} (OHG. {nerita}), p.p. {genert}; and similarly
+{doln} (OHG. {dol[o]n}), _to tolerate_, {seln}, _to hand over_, {spiln},
+_to play_, {weln}, _to choose_; {wern}, _to defend_; {wandeln} (OHG.
+{wantal[o]n}), _to change_, pret. {wandelte}; {vordern} (OHG. {fordar[o]n}),
+_to further_, pret. {vorderte}; {s[e:]genen} (OHG. {s[e:]gan[o]n}), _to bless_,
+pret. {s[e:]gente}. See Secs. 9, 1,2, 92.
+
+              _Present._
+
+           INDIC.     SUBJ.      IMPER.
+  Sing. 1. kenne      kenne
+        2. kennes(t)  kennes(t)  kenne
+        3. kennet     kenne
+  Plur. 1. kennen     kennen     kennen
+        2. kennet     kennet     kennet, (-ent)
+        3. kennent    kennen
+
+              _Preterite._
+
+  Sing. 1. kante      kante
+        2. kantes(t)  kantes(t)
+        3. kante      kante
+  Plur. 1. kanten     kanten
+        2. kantet     kantet
+        3. kanten     kanten
+
+Infin. {kennen}, _to know_; Pres. Part. {kennende}; Past Part.
+{gekennet}, {gekant}.
+
+And similarly with a large number of verbs, as {bl[u:]emen}, _to bloom_,
+{brennen}, _to burn_, {f[u:]llen}, _to fill_, {gr[u:]e[z]en}, _to greet_,
+{h[oe]ren}, _to hear_, {k[u:]ssen}, _to kiss_, {l[oe]sen}, _to loose_,
+{nennen}, _to name_, {rennen}, _to run_, {senden} (pret. {sante}), _to send_,
+{senken}, _to sink_, {setzen} (pret. {satte}, {sazte}, p.p. {gesat},
+{gesazt}, {gesetzt}), _to set_, {stellen}, _to place_, {s[u:]e[z]en}, _to
+sweeten_, {vellen}, _to fell_, {w[-ae]nen}, _to fancy_, {w[u:]nschen}, _to
+wish_; {gelouben}, _to believe_, {k[e]ren}, _to turn_, {koufen}, _to buy_,
+{leiten} (pret. {leite}), _to lead_, {ougen}, _to show_, {suochen}, _to
+seek_. The verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite, as
+{dr[ae]jen}, {dr[ae]n} (Sec. 35), _to turn_, pret. {dr[a]te} beside the new
+formation {dr[ae]jete}, {dr[ae]te}, and similarly {bl[u:]ejen}, _to bloom_,
+{m[u:]ejen}, _to trouble_, {r[u:]ejen}, _to row_, {s[ae]jen}, _to sow_,
+{w[ae]jen}, _to blow_. Verbs with medial {ck} have double preterites, as
+{decken}, _to cover_, pret. {dacte} beside {dahte}, and similarly
+{dr[u:]cken}, {drucken}, _to press_, {smecken}, _to taste_, {wecken},
+_to awake_. See also Sec. 92.
+
+
+Sec. 91.
+
+The following are irregular:--
+
+    _Infin._                  _Pret._   _P.P._
+  denken, _to think_           d[a]hte    ged[a]ht (Secs. 28, 29)
+  dunken, d[u:]nken, _to seem_    d[u]hte    ged[u]h (Secs. 28, 29)
+  furhten, f[u:]rhten, _to fear_  vorhte   gevorht
+  wurken, w[u:]rken, _to work_    worhte   geworht
+  bringen, _to bring_          br[a]hte   gebr[a]ht (Secs. 28, 29)
+
+  NOTE.--The second pers. sing. of {br[a]hte} is {br[ae]hte} or
+  {br[a]htes(t)}, pret. subj. {br[ae]hte}; and similarly with {d[a]hte}; the
+  subj. of {d[u]hte} is {d[u]hte} or {diuhte}.
+
+
+CLASS II.
+
+Sec. 92.
+
+The verbs belonging to this class form their preterite in {-ete} and
+their past participle in {-et}. In other respects Class II has the same
+endings as Class I.
+
+It includes: (_a_) The dissyllabic verbs, having a short stem-vowel
+followed by a single consonant other than {l, r}, which in OHG. belonged
+to Classes II and III, as {loben} (OHG. {lob[o]n}), _to praise_, pret.
+{lobete}, p.p. {gelobet}; {l[e:]ben} (OHG. {l[e:]b[e]n}), _to live_, pret.
+{l[e:]bete}, p.p. {gel[e:]bet} (see Sec. 88). (_b_) The dissyllabic verbs
+of OHG. Class I with a short stem-vowel followed by double consonants other
+than {ll} (see Sec. 31, 3), as {legen}, older {leggen} (OHG. {leggen}),
+_to lay_, pret. {legete} or {leite} (Sec. 37), p.p. {geleget} or {geleit};
+{denen}, older {dennen} (OHG. {dennen}), _to stretch_, pret. {denete},
+p.p. {gedenet}.
+
+Other examples belonging to Class II are: {b[e:]ten}, _to pray_, {dagen},
+_to be silent_, {klagen}, _to complain_, {kl[e:]ben}, _to stick_, {laden},
+_to invite_, {namen}, _to name_, {sagen}, _to say_, pret. {sagete} and
+{seite} (Sec. 37).
+
+The verbs with a long stem-syllable, which belonged to OHG. Classes II
+and III, went over in MHG. either into Class I (1), see Sec. 90, or had
+preterites in {-te} beside {-ete}, as {danken}, _to thank_, pret.
+{dancte} beside {dankete}, p.p. {gedanct} beside {gedanket}; {vr[a]gen},
+_to ask_, pret. {vr[a]gte} beside {vr[a]gete}, p.p. {gevr[a]gt} beside
+{gevr[a]get}, and similarly {ahten}, _to observe_, {minnen}, _to love_,
+{trahten}, _to strive_, &c., see Secs. 9,2, 90; {dienen}, _to serve_, pret.
+{diende} (Sec. 40), &c.
+
+
+C. MINOR GROUPS.
+
+1. {Preterite-Presents.}
+
+Sec. 93.
+
+These have strong preterites with a present meaning, from which new weak
+preterites have been formed. The 2nd pers. sg. ends in {-t}, and has the
+same stem-vowel as the 1st and 3rd pers. sg. The following verbs belong
+to this class:--
+
+{wei[z]}, _I know_, 2nd pers. sg. {weist}; pl. {wi[zz]en}; inf. {wi[zz]en};
+pres. p. {wi[zz]ende}; pret. {wisse}, {wesse}, {wiste} _or_ {weste}; p.p.
+{gewist} _or_ {gewest}.
+
+{touc}, _I am of use_, inf. and pl. {tugen} _or_ {t[u:]gen}; pret. {tohte};
+subj. {t[o:]hte}.
+
+{gan}, _I grant_, 2nd pers. sg. {ganst}; inf. and pl. {gunnen} _or_
+{g[u:]nnen}; pret. {gunde}; subj. {gunde} _or_ {g[u:]nde}; p.p. {gegunnen},
+{gegunnet}, _or_ {gegunst}.
+
+{kan}, _I know_, 2nd pers. sg. {kanst}; inf. and pl. {kunnen} _or_
+{k[u:]nnen}; pret. {kunde} ({konde}); subj. {kunde} _or_ {k[u:]nde}.
+
+{darf}, _I need_, 2nd pers. sg. {darft}; pl. {durfen} _or_ {d[u:]rfen};
+pret. {dorfte}; subj. {d[o:]rfte}; infin. and p.p. only in {bed[u:]rfen},
+{bedorft}.
+
+{tar}, _I dare_, _venture_, 2nd pers. sg. {tarst}; inf. and pl. {turren}
+_or_ {t[u:]rren}; pret. {torste}; subj. {t[o:]rste}.
+
+{sol}, _I shall_, 2nd pers. sg. {solt}; inf. and pl. {suln} _or_ {s[u:]ln};
+pret. {solde} _or_ {solte}.
+
+{mac}, _I can_, 2nd pers. sg. {maht}; pl. {magen}, {megen}, {mugen},
+_or_ {m[u:]gen}; pret. {mahte} _or_ {mohte}; subj. {mehte (mahte)} _or_
+{m[o:]hte}.
+
+{muo[z]}, _I must_, 2nd pers. sg. {muost}; pl. {m[u:]e[z]en}; pret. {muoste}
+_or_ {muose}; subj. {m[u:]este} _or_ {m[u:]ese}.
+
+
+2. {Anomalous Verbs.}
+
+Sec. 94.
+
+(1) {tuon}, _to do_.
+
+               _Present._
+          INDIC.         SUBJ.
+
+        1. tuon (tuo)     tuo
+  Sing. 2. tuos(t)        tuos(t)
+        3. tuot           tuo
+
+        1. tuon           tuon
+  Plur. 2. tuot (tuont)   tuot
+        3. tuont          tuon
+
+           INFIN.   tuon
+           IMPER.   tuo
+           PRES. P. tuonde
+
+               _Preterite._
+
+        1. t[e:]te (t[e:]t)      t[ae]te (t[e:]te)
+  Sing. 2. t[ae]te            t[ae]tes(t)
+        3. t[e:]te (t[e:]t)      t[ae]te
+
+  Plur.    t[a]ten, (t[ae]ten, t[e:]ten)  t[ae]ten
+
+            P.P. get[a]n
+
+
+Sec. 95.
+
+(2) {g[a]n}, _to go_.
+
+                _Present._
+          INDIC.            SUBJ.
+
+        1. g[a]n, g[e]n         g[e] (g[a], gange)
+  Sing. 2. g[a]s(t), g[e]s(t)   g[e]s(t) (g[a]s(t), ganges(t))
+        3. g[a]t, g[e]t         g[e] (g[a], gange)
+
+  Plur.    g[a]n, g[e]n         g[e]n (g[a]n, gangen)
+
+           INFIN.   g[a]n, g[e]n
+           IMPER.   ganc, genc, ginc (g[a], g[e])
+           PRES. P. g[a]nde, g[e]nde
+
+                 _Preterite._
+
+            Sing. gienc _or_ gie
+            Plur. giengen
+            P.P.  (ge)gangen _or_ geg[a]n
+
+
+Sec. 96.
+
+(3) {st[a]n}, _to stand_.
+
+                 _Present._
+           INDIC.                  SUBJ.
+
+        1. st[a]n, st[e]n, st[a], st[e]   st[a], st[e] (stande),
+  Sing. 2. st[a]s(t), st[e]s(t)         &c.
+        3. st[a]t, st[e]t
+
+  Plur.    st[a]n, st[e]n
+
+           INFIN. st[a]n, st[e]n
+           IMPER. st[a], st[e], stant
+
+                _Preterite._
+
+                  stuont
+            P.P.  gestanden _or_ gest[a]n
+
+
+Sec. 97.
+
+(4) {s[i]n}, {w[e:]sen}, _to be_.
+
+                _Present._
+          INDIC.          SUBJ.
+
+        1. bin             s[i] (s[i]ge, s[i]e)
+  Sing. 2. bis(t)          s[i]s(t) (s[i]ges(t), s[i]es(t))
+        3. ist             s[i] (s[i]ge, s[i]e)
+        1. birn, s[i]n       s[i]n (s[i]gen, s[i]en)
+  Plur. 2. birt, s[i]t       s[i]t (s[i]get, s[i]et)
+        3. sint            s[i]n (s[i]gen, s[i]en)
+
+           INFIN. s[i]n, w[e:]sen.
+
+  Indic. Pret. Sing. was;   pl. w[a]ren (Sec. 30)
+  Subj.     "     "  w[ae]re;  pl. w[ae]ren
+               P.P.  gew[e:]sen (gew[e:]set)
+
+
+Sec. 98.
+
+(5) {wellen}, _to will_.
+
+                     _Present._
+           INDIC.          SUBJ.
+  Sing. 1. wil             welle
+        2. wil, wilt       welles(t)
+        3. wil             welle
+  Plur. 1. wellen, weln    wellen
+        2. wellet, welt    wellet
+        3. wellen, weln    wellen
+
+  Pret.  wolte _or_ wolde (Sec. 40)  wolte _or_ w[o:]lte
+  Infin. wellen.
+
+
+3. {Contracted Verbs.}
+
+Sec. 99.
+
+(1) {l[a]n} = {l[a][z]en}, _to let_, _leave_.
+
+  Pres. Sing. l[a]n, l[a]s(t), l[ae]s(t), l[a]t (l[ae]t)
+   "    Plur. l[a]n, l[a]t,            l[a]n
+  Pret. lie _or_ lie[z] (Sec. 87).
+
+                 Imper. l[a], l[a]t
+
+  Infin. l[a]n.    P.P. (ge)l[a]n
+
+(2) h[a]n = haben, _to have_.
+
+  Pres. Sing. h[a]n, h[a]s(t), h[a]t
+    "   Plur. h[a]n, h[a]t, h[a]n
+  Pret.       h[a]te (h[e:]te, h[e]t(e), hiet(e), h[ae]te), h[a]tes(t), &c.
+  Subj. pres. habe, habes(t), &c.
+    "   pret. h[ae]te, hete, h[e]te, hiete, hatte, &c.
+
+  Infin. h[a]n.    P.P. gehabet, gehapt, geh[a]t.
+
+The contracted form {h[a]n}, &c., is mostly used as an auxiliary.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+SYNTAX
+
+
+CASES.
+
+Sec. 100.
+
+{Accusative.} The accusative has much the same function as in NHG. It is
+sometimes used, however, where the dat. or a preposition would be
+required in NHG.:--{[e:]r vuor wa[zz]er unde w[e:]ge}, _he went by water and
+land_. The acc. is used after {wol}, _well_, when used as an
+interjection, as {wol mich}. A double accusative is required not only
+after {l[e]ren}, _to teach_, but also after {h[e:]ln}, {verh[e:]ln}, _to
+conceal_, {verdagen}, {versw[i]gen}, _to keep secret_.
+
+
+Sec. 101.
+
+{Dative.} {ruofen}, _to call_, and {schirmen}, _to protect_, take the
+dative. The dative is often used adverbially: {allenthalben}, _on all
+sides_, {w[i]len(t)}, _formerly_, &c.
+
+
+Sec. 102.
+
+{Genitive.} The genitives {hande}, {slahte}, {leie} = _manner_ are used
+adverbially: {maneger hande}, {slahte}, _or_ {leie}, _in many ways_,
+_manifoldly_.
+
+The gen. is used in combination with the comparative of adjectives, as
+{dicker eines d[u]mes}, _thicker by the breadth of a thumb_. Indefinite
+and interrogative pronouns, used substantively, take the genitive:
+{iemen armer liute}, _any poor people_; {niht sch[oe]neres}, _nothing more
+beautiful_; {d[e:]s enmac niht s[i]n}, _that cannot be_; {wa[z] mannes [e:]r
+w[ae]re}, _what kind of man he was_. In the same manner the rel. {swa[z]} may
+take the genitive: {swa[z] man vant d[e:]r armen}, _whatever poor people one
+found_.
+
+The genitive may be used predicatively:--{s[i]t s[i] d[e:]s gotesh[u]ses sint},
+_since they belong to the house of God_; {diu sorge ist m[i]n eines niht},
+_I am not the only one who has sorrow_.
+
+Impersonal verbs often take the genitive: {mich gen[u:]eget d[e:]s}, _that is
+enough for me_; {mich gezimt d[e:]s}, _that pleases me_.
+
+The genitives {d[e:]s} and {w[e:]s} may be used adverbially in the sense of
+_therefore_, _wherefore_; and likewise many nouns: {tages}, _by day_;
+{d[e:]s s[e:]lben tages}, _the same day_; {nahtes}, _by night_.
+
+Interjections usually take the genitive: {ow[e] mir m[i]nes leides!} _alas!
+for my grief_. {vil}, _much_, _many_; {m[e](re)}, _more_; {w[e]nic},
+{l[u:]tzel}, _little_; {minner}, {minre}, _less_; and {genuoc}, _enough_,
+used as indeclinable substantives, are followed by the genitive.
+Cardinal numerals, used substantively, are also followed by the
+genitive: {zweinzec starker man}, _twenty strong men_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+Sec. 103.
+
+The weak and strong forms are used in the same manner as in Mod. HG.
+{dirre}, _this_, is followed by the weak or strong form; {aller}, _all_,
+usually by the strong. The strong or weak form can be used after
+pronouns, as {ich armer} or {ich arme}, _I poor ..._ In the vocative the
+weak form without the article is used, as {guoten liute}, _(ye) good
+people_. When the same adjective refers to nouns of different gender, it
+is put in the neuter plural.
+
+{ein} and the possessive pronouns are followed by the strong form in the
+Nom. and Acc. singular; by the strong or weak form in the pl. and Gen.
+and Dative singular.
+
+The possessive pronouns are declined strong.
+
+The uninflected form of the adjective is used side by side with the
+inflected in the Nom. singular, all genders, and Acc. singular neuter,
+when the adjective comes before the noun: {ein guot man}, _a good man_.
+When the adjective stands after the noun the uninflected form may be
+used without reference to number, gender, or case, {ein}, {dehein}, and
+the possessive pronouns have the uninflected form in the Nom. for all
+genders, and Acc. neuter. The uninflected form of {al}, _all_, can be
+used before all forms of the definite article: {in al d[e:]r w[e:]rlte}, _in
+all the world_. See Sec. 55.
+
+
+PRONOUNS.
+
+Sec. 104.
+
+{im}, {ir}, pl. {in}, are used to express the dative of the reflexive
+pronoun. {d[e:]r} is sometimes used pleonastically, as {d[e:]r brunne}, {d[e:]r
+was k[u:]ele}, _the spring was cool_. {man} used as an indefinite pronoun
+can take the definite article along with it.
+
+
+VERBS.
+
+Sec. 105.
+
+{Number.} The verb can be used in the singular after a compound subject,
+as {Volk[e]r und Hagene s[o] s[e]re w[u:]eten began}, _... began to rage so
+furiously_.
+
+
+Sec. 106.
+
+{Tenses.} The fut. simple is expressed by {sol}, {muo[z]}, {wil} and the
+infin., or simply by the pres., as in OE.: {ich sol g[a]n}, _I shall go_;
+{bin ich gnisl[i]ch}, {s[o] genise ich}, _if I am curable_, _I shall
+recover_. For the fut. pf. the pf. is used: {da[z] ist schiere get[a]n},
+_that will soon have been done_. The pf. is expressed either by the
+simple pret. or the p.p. and the verbs {h[a]n}, {s[i]n}; in subordinate
+sentences the pret. often has the meaning of the pluperfect: {d[o] du von
+ir schiede, zehant sie starp}, _she died immediately after thou hadst
+taken leave of her_.
+
+The preterite acquires a pluperfect, and the present a future perfect
+meaning when the prefix {ge} is added to them: {swenne iuwer sun
+gewahset}, _when your son (shall have) has grown up_; {d[o] ich in
+gesach}, _when I had seen him_. The present participle with {s[i]n} is
+sometimes used as in English, see 'Arme Heinrich,' l. 24.
+
+
+Sec. 107.
+
+{Voice.} The present and preterite passive are expressed by {w[e:]rden} and
+the p.p., and the corresponding perfect tenses by {s[i]n} and the p.p.
+
+  Pres.  ich wirde gelobet.
+  Pret.  ich wart    "
+  Perf.  ich bin     "
+  Plupf. ich was     "
+
+  Inf.   gelobet s[i]n.
+
+
+Sec. 108.
+
+{Negation.} Negation in sentences is expressed by {ne} ({en, n}) before
+the verb, and {niht} after it: {[e:]r enist guot}, _he is not good_. {niht}
+is frequently omitted, especially after the preterite presents, the
+verbs {wellen}, {l[a]n}, sentences containing negative pronouns or
+adverbs, and in subordinate sentences.
+
+{en} without {niht} is used with the subjunctive in subordinate
+sentences in the sense of _unless_, _if not_, _except that_, _when
+that_, _that not_, &c.: {d[e:]n l[i]p wil ich verliesen, si enw[e:]rde
+m[i]n w[i]p}, _I will die if she will not become my wife_; {ich w[ae]ne
+nieman in d[e:]r w[e:]rlte l[e:]be, [e:]rn habe ein leit}, _I believe no
+one lives in the world who has not his trouble_.
+
+{en} is further also used in the sense of Latin 'quin': {ich mac da[z]
+niht bevarn, mirn w[e:]rde m[i]n ritterschaft benomen}, _I cannot prevent my
+knighthood being taken away from me_.
+
+
+
+
+TEXTS
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+
+  Line numbers have been removed from the prose passages. Note
+  references are marked as [1], [2]...
+
+  In the verse passages, some unstressed e's, and a few i's, were
+  printed with an under-dot: [e.] [i.]. This usage is not explained.
+  Some under-dots may be flyspecks, and a few umlauts were uncertain.]
+
+
+  I
+
+BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG.
+
+  His name was properly Berthold Lech. He was the most celebrated
+  preacher of the thirteenth century. He died in Regensburg in 1272.
+  The following extract is from a sermon on Matt. v. 8.
+
+
+'S[ae]lic sint die armen: wan da[z] himelr[i]ch ist ir,' etc. Mit disen
+aht tugenden sint alle die ze himelr[i]che komen, die d[a] sint, und
+mit den selben aht tugenden m[u:]e[z]ent noch alle die dar komen, die
+iemer m[e]r dar komen s[u:]ln. N[u] wil ich die siben under wegen l[a]n
+und wil niuwen von ir einer sagen, wan alse vil guoter dinge an
+ir iegl[i]cher ist; und von ir iegl[i]cher w[ae]re gar vil und gar lanc
+sunderl[i]chen ze sagenne; und wie manigiu untugent uns an disen
+ahte tugenden irret, da[z] w[u:]rde eht von iegl[i]cher gar lanc ze
+sagenne. Wan man e[z] alle[z] in einer predigen niht verenden mac,
+noch in vieren, noch in zehenen, s[o] wil ich iu hiute niuwen
+sagen von den, die ein reine herze habent, und von den man hiute
+d[a] liset in dem heiligen ewangelio 's[ae]lic sint, die reines
+herzen sint: die werdent got sehende.'[1] Die sint wol von rehte
+s[ae]lic, die d[a] got sehent. Ein [u:]berg[u:]lde ist e[z] aller der
+s[ae]likeit, diu ie wart oder iemer m[e]r eht werden mac, swer got
+ansehende eht wirt, als[o] s[u:]e[z]e und als[o] w[u:]nneclich ist diu
+gesiht, die man an got siht. S[o] wart nie deheiner muoter ir kint
+nie s[o] liep, [a]n unser frouwen, und solte si e[z] dr[i]e tage ane
+sehen [a]n underl[a][z], da[z] si anders niht enpfl[ae]ge,[2] wan eht si ir
+liebe[z] kint solte an sehen: si [ae][z]e an dem vierden tage vil
+gerner ein st[u:]cke br[o]tes. Und wolte ich vil gerner, da[z] ich als[o]
+ein guot mensche w[ae]re, als da[z] w[a]r ist, da[z] ich iezuo reden wil.
+Ob da[z] als[o] w[ae]re, da[z] man zuo einem menschen spr[ae]che, der iezuo
+b[i] gote ist, 'du h[a]st zehen kint [u]f ertr[i]che, und du solt in
+koufen allen samt, da[z] sie [e]re und guot haben unz an ir t[o]t, d[a]
+mit, da[z] du einigen ougenblic von gotes angesiht tuost, niuwen
+als lange als ein[z] s[i]n hant m[o:]ht umbe k[e]ren, und sich danne
+wider zuo gote, und du solt d[i]n ougen niemer m[e]r von im k[e]ren':
+der mensche ent[ae]te s[i]n niht. Alse w[a]r, herre, d[i]n w[a]rheit ist,
+alse w[a]r ist disiu rede, da[z] er disiu zehen kint unze an ir t[o]t
+[e] n[a]ch dem almuosen lie[z]e g[e]n, [e] danne er sich die kleine w[i]le
+von gote wolte wenden. In habent die engel wol sehzic hundert
+j[a]r an gesehen, und sehent in hiute als gerne als des [e]rsten
+tages. Und sie sint ouch alle samt sam des [e]rsten tages, d[o] sie
+got an sehende wurden. D[o] wart ir deheiner s[i]t nie eltl[i]cher
+danne des [e]rsten tages, und sint doch sider wol sehzic hundert
+j[a]r alt. Swelher hundert j[a]r alt w[u:]rde under uns, der w[ae]re den
+liuten alse sm[ae]he an ze sehenne von ungestaltheit und von dem
+gebresten, den da[z] alter an im h[ae]te gemaht: s[o] m[a]let man die
+engele--d[a] sehet ir wol, sw[a] man sie m[a]lt, da[z] man sie eht
+anders niht enm[a]lt wan als ein kint von f[u:]nf j[a]ren, als
+junclich, oder von sehsen. Wan alle, die got sehent, die werdent
+niemer eltl[i]cher, die in in himelr[i]che sehent in s[i]nen freuden
+und in s[i]nen [e]ren. [U]f ertr[i]che sehen wir in alle tage in s[i]nem
+gewalte. Dehein irdenischer muot noch irdenisch l[i]p m[o:]hte da[z]
+niht erl[i]den, da[z] in dehein irdenisch ouge iemer an gesehen
+m[o:]hte in s[i]nen freuden und in s[i]nen [e]ren, als er ze himelr[i]che
+ist. Wir sagen iu ettewenne ein gl[i]chnisse, wie sch[oe]ne got s[i].
+Seht, alle[z] da[z] wir iemer gesagen k[u:]nnen oder m[u:]gen, da[z] ist
+rehte dem gl[i]che, als obe ein kint uns solte sagen, ob e[z]
+m[u:]glich w[ae]re, von aller der wirde und von aller der gezierde,
+die diu werlt h[a]t, von der liehten sunnen, von den liehten
+sternen, von edelre gesteine craft und von ir maniger slahte
+varwe, von der edelen w[u:]rze craft und von dem edelen gesmacke,
+und von der r[i]chen gezierde, die man [u][z]er s[i]den und [u][z]er golde
+machet in dirre werlte, und von maniger hande s[u:]e[z]en stimme, die
+diu werlt h[a]t, von v[o:]gel[i]n sange und von seitenspil, und von
+maniger hande bluomen varwe, und von aller der gezierde, die
+disiu werlt h[a]t. Alse unm[u:]gelich unde alse unkuntl[i]chen eime
+kinde d[a] von ze redenne ist, als unkunt ist ouch uns d[a] von ze
+redenne, von der unsegel[i]chen w[u:]nne, diu d[a] ze himel ist, und
+von dem w[u:]nnecl[i]chen antl[u:]tze des lebendigen gotes. Wan alliu
+diu freude, diu d[a] ze himele ist, der ist niht wan von dem
+sch[i]ne, der von unsers herren antl[u:]tze g[e]t. Und rehte als alle
+sternen ir lieht von der sunnen nement, als[o] habent alle
+heiligen ir gezierde und ir sch[o]nheit von gote, und engele und
+alle[z] himelische her. Reht als alle die sternen des himeles, der
+m[a]ne und die plan[e]ten, gr[o][z] und kleine, die habent alle samt ir
+lieht von der sunnen, diu uns d[a] liuhtet: und als[o] h[a]t alle[z]
+himelische[z] her, engel und heiligen, die h[oe]hsten und die
+minnesten, die habent alle samt ir freude und ir w[u:]nne und ir
+gezierde und die [e]re und die wirde und ouch die sch[oe]nde, da[z]
+habent sie alle samt von der angesihte gotes, da[z] sie got an
+sehent. Die engele, die d[a] unser h[u:]etent, die sehent in ze aller
+z[i]t an, als ob sie b[i] im w[ae]ren. Wan alliu diu freude, diu in
+himelr[i]che ist, diu diuhte sie ze nihte, solten sie got niht an
+sehen. Und d[a] von 's[ae]lic sint, die reines herzen sint; wan sie
+werdent got sehende.' Nu sehent, wie s[ae]lic die sint, die d[a]
+reine[z] herze tragent. Ir, junge werlt, die noch unbewollen sint
+mit s[u:]nden, behaltent iuwer herze vor allen t[oe]tl[i]chen s[u:]nden, s[o]
+werdent ir got sehende in sol[i]chen freuden und in s[o] gr[o][z]en
+[e]ren, die ouge nie gesach oder [o]re nie geh[o]rte, alse sant Paulus
+d[a] sprichet; und alse sant Johannes sprichet: 'w[ae]r e[z] m[u:]gelich,
+da[z] man e[z] alle[z] samt geschr[i]ben m[o:]hte, s[o] m[o:]hte diu werlt diu
+buoch in ir niht behalten, d[a] e[z] an gest[u:]ende, da[z] ich gesach.
+Und alle[z], da[z] ich gesach, da[z] was niht wan got alleine.' Und
+dar umbe m[o:]hten wir doch gerne ze dem himelr[i]che komen und
+drumbe arbeiten. Ob uns niht diu minne und diu liebe dar tw[u:]nge,
+der wir gote schuldic s[i]n, seht, s[o] m[o:]hten wir dar umbe dar
+komen, durch da[z] wunder, da[z] d[a] ist. E[z] ist maniger vor mir: der
+im von s[o] get[a]ner freude[3] seite, da[z] si jenhalp meres w[ae]re, er
+f[u:]ere gar gerincl[i]chen dar von hinnen [u:]ber mer, niuwen da[z] er[z]
+ges[ae]he. S[o] m[o:]htent ir hundertstunt gerner dar umb arbeiten, da[z]
+ir[z] iemer m[e]re [e]wicl[i]chen nie[z]en soltet. Die vil w[u:]nnecl[i]chen
+angesiht des almehtigen gotes und der himelischen k[u:]niginne ze
+der zeswen s[i]ner s[i]ten in guld[i]ner w[ae]te, die m[o:]htet ir gerne an
+sehen. Wan w[u:]rde iu einiger anblic, s[o] w[ae]re in alliu diu freude
+und diu [e]re und aller der wollust, den diu werlt ie gewan, da[z]
+w[ae]r iu hinne f[u:]r als widerz[ae]me und ouch alse unm[ae]re, reht als
+sant Paulus d[a] sprach. Nu h[oe]ret wie er sprach; er sprach: 'alliu
+diu [e]re und diu freude und da[z] gemach, diu disiu werlt ie gewan
+von keisern und von k[u:]nigen, wider der freude, diu in himelr[i]ch
+ist; als widerz[ae]me einem w[ae]re ein diep an einem galgen, als
+kurz einem diu w[i]le d[a] mite w[ae]re, da[z] er einen erhangen man
+triuten solte, wider aller der freude, die diu werlt h[a]t: alse
+widerz[ae]me ist mir diu freude aller der werlte wider der [e]wigen
+freude.' Ei wol iuch wart, da[z] iuch iuwer muoter ie getruoc, die
+s[o] get[a]ne freude s[u:]ln besitzen. Der ist, ob got wil, vil maniger
+vor m[i]nen ougen. Ouch ist maniger, der vil kleine freude dar f[u:]r
+nimt hie [u]f ertr[i]che, und da[z] dem guoten sante Paulen gar
+versm[a]hte, des wirt im der t[u]sentste teil niht. Und die habent
+[u:]bel kouft, die s[o] [u:]bergr[o][z]e freude gebent umb ein s[o] kurze[z]
+freudel[i]n in dirre werlte. Die habent [u:]bel gevarn; wan sie
+habent weder hie noch dort niht. Als ich iezuo sprach, rehte in
+gl[i]cher w[i]se, rehte alse alle sternen des himeles ir lieht von
+der sunnen habent, als[o] h[a]t alle[z] himelisch her ir lieht von dem
+w[a]ren sunnen, s[i]t danne unser herre der w[a]re sunne und da[z] w[a]re
+lieht ist, alse der guote sant Johannes d[a] sprichet. Der hei et
+in da[z] w[a]re lieht; als ouch da[z] vil w[a]r ist: wan er ist da[z] w[a]re
+lieht, da[z] niemer m[e]r verlischet. Und alle, die von s[i]me
+gotvarwen liehte enz[u:]ndet werdent, die erleschent ouch niemer
+m[e]re von der sch[o]nheit, die sie von dem w[a]ren sunnen h[a]nt. Und
+als vil diu sunne liehter und gelpfer ist, danne wir d[a] sehen,
+rehte als vil diu liehtes und glastes [u:]ber alle sterne h[a]t, die
+an dem himel st[e]nt: als vil h[a]t der w[a]re sunne in himelr[i]che
+sch[i]nes und glastes m[e]r [u:]ber alle engele und ist gesch[oe]net und
+gewirdet an allen [e]ren, alse billich ist. Und d[a] von sint sie
+s[ae]lic, die ein reine[z] herze habent; wan si werdent got sehende.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE SWABIAN LANTREHTBUOCH.
+
+  This work was compiled by David von Augsburg, about 1280 A.D.
+
+
+HIE HEBET SICH AN DA[Z] LANTREHTBUOCH.
+
+Herre got, himelischer vater, durch d[i]ne milte g[u:]ete gesch[u:]efe
+du den menschen in dr[i]valtiger werdikeit. Diu [e]rste, da[z] er n[a]ch
+dir gebildet ist. Da[z] ist ouch ein als[o] h[o]hiu werdikeit, der dir
+alle[z] menschlich k[u:]nne sunderl[i]chen immer danken sol. Wan des
+haben wir gar michel reht, vil lieber herre, himelischer vater,
+s[i]t du uns zuo d[i]ner h[o]hen gotheit als[o] werdicl[i]chen geedelt
+h[a]st. Diu ander werdikeit, d[a] du, herre got, alm[a:]htic schepfer,
+den menschen zuo geschaffen h[a]st, da[z] ist diu, da[z] du alle dise
+werelt, die sunnen unde den m[a]nen, die sterne unde diu vier
+element, viur, wa[zz]er, luft unde die erden, die vogel in den
+l[u:]ften, die vische in dem w[a]ge, diu tier in dem walde, die w[u:]rme
+in der erden, golt unde edel gesteine, der edeln w[u:]rze s[u:]e[z]en
+smac, der bluomen liehte varwe, der boume fruht unde [e]t alle
+cr[e]at[u]re: da[z] h[a]st du, herre, alle[z] dem menschen ze nutze unde
+ze dienste geschaffen durch die triuwe unde durch die minne, die
+du ze dem menschen hetest. Diu dritte werdikeit, d[a] du, herre,
+den menschen mit gewirdet unde geedelt h[a]st, da[z] ist diu, da[z]
+der mensche die wirde unde die [e]re, die vreude unde die w[u:]nne
+immer mit dir [e]wicl[i]chen nie[z]en sol. Der werelde dienst unde nuz
+h[a]st du, herre, dem menschen umbe sust gegeben ze einer manunge
+unde ze einem vorbilde. S[i]t des s[o] vil ist, des du, herre, dem
+menschen umbe sust gegeben h[a]st, d[a] b[i] sol der mensche nu
+trahten, s[o] mege[4] des wol gar [u:]berm[ae][z]icl[i]chen vil s[i]n,
+des du dem menschen umbe s[i]nen dienst geben wilt. Unde dar umbe sol
+ein iegel[i]ch mensche got dienen mit ganzen triuwen; wan der l[o]n
+ist als[o] [u:]berm[ae][z]icl[i]chen gr[o][z], da[z] in herzen sin nie
+betrahten m[o:]hte noch menschen zunge nie gesprechen m[o:]hte, noch ougen
+sehen k[u:]nde in nie beliuhten, noch [o]re nie geh[oe]ren. Da[z] wir nu
+got der h[o]hen werdikeit gedanken unde den gr[o][z]en l[o]n verdienen,
+des helfe uns der alm[a:]htige got. [a]men.
+
+S[i]t uns got in s[o] h[o]her werdikeit geschaffen h[a]t, s[o] wil er
+ouch, da[z] wir werde[z] leben haben, unde da[z] wir einander wirde
+unde [e]re erbieten, triuwe unde w[a]rheit, niht ha[z] unde n[i]t
+einander tragen. Wir sullen mit fride unde mit suone under
+einander leben. Fridlich leben h[a]t unser herre got liep. Wan er
+kom von himelr[i]che [u]f erder[i]che durch anders niht wan durch den
+rehten fride, da[z] er uns einen rehten fride sch[u:]efe vor der
+[e]wigen marter, ob wir selben wellen. Unde d[a] von sungen die
+engel ob der krippen: '_Gloria in excelsis deo et in terra pax
+hominibus bonae voluntatis_'--'Gots [e]re in dem himel unde guot
+fride [u]f der erden allen den, die guoten willen habent [u]f
+erder[i]che!' D[o] unser herre got hie [u]f erder[i]che gie, s[o] was da[z]
+ie s[i]n ellich wort: '_Pax vobis!_' da[z] sprichet: 'der fride s[i]
+mit iu!' unde als[o] sprach er alle z[i]t zuo s[i]nen jungern unde zuo
+andern liuten. Unde d[a] b[i] suln wir merken, wie rehte liep der
+almehtige got den rehten vride h[a]t. Wan d[o] er von erder[i]che
+wider [u]f zuo himel fuor, d[o] sprach er aber zuo s[i]nen jungern:
+'der vride s[i] mit iu!' unde enphalh dem guoten Sant P[e]ter, da[z]
+er phleger w[ae]re [u:]ber den rehten fride, unde gap im den gewalt,
+da[z] er den himel [u]f sl[u:][zz]e allen den, die den fride hielten,
+unde swer den fride br[ae]che, da[z] er dem den himel vor besl[u:][zz]e.
+Da[z] ist als[o] gesprochen: [e]t alle, die diu gebot unsers herren
+zebrechent, die habent ouch den rehten fride gebrochen. Da[z] ist
+ouch von gote reht, swer diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, da[z]
+man dem den himel vor besliu[z]et, s[i]t uns got nu geholfen h[a]t,
+da[z] wir mit rehtem leben unde mit fridl[i]chem leben da[z] himelr[i]ch
+verdienen m[u:]gen. Wan da[z] was niht vor gotes geburt, swie wol der
+mensche t[ae]t in aller der werelde, s[o] mohte er doch ze dem
+himelr[i]ch niht komen. Got geschuof des [e]rsten himel unde erden,
+dar n[a]ch den menschen unde sazte in in da[z] paradys. Der zebrach
+die geh[o]rsam uns allen ze schaden; dar umbe gienge wir irre sam
+diu hirtel[o]sen sch[a]f, da[z] wir in da[z] himelr[i]ch niht mohten, unz
+an die z[i]t, da[z] uns got den wec dar w[i]ste mit s[i]ner marter, unde
+dar umbe solde wir got immer loben unde [e]ren von allem unserm
+herzen unde von aller unserre s[e]le unde von aller unserre maht,
+da[z] wir nu s[o] wol ze den [e]wigen freuden k[ae]men, ob wir wolden;
+da[z] hie vor manigen heiligen patriarken unde proph[e]ten tiure
+was. Diu gen[a]de unde diu s[ae]likeit ist uns kristen liuten nu
+widervaren, da[z] wir nu wol da[z] himelr[i]ch mugen verdienen. Unde
+swer des niht entuot unde diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, da[z]
+richet er bill[i]chen an im.
+
+
+VON VR[I]EN LIUTEN.
+
+Wir zelen dr[i]er hande vr[i]en. Der hei[z]ent eine sempervr[i]en:[5]
+da[z] sint die vr[i]en herren, als f[u:]rsten unde die ander fr[i]en ze
+man h[a]nt. S[o] hei[z]ent die andern miter[6] vr[i]en: da[z] sint die,
+die der h[o]hen vr[i]en man sint. Die driten vr[i]en da[z] sint die
+vr[i]en lants[ae][z]en, die geb[u]ren, die d[a] vr[i] sint. Der h[a]t
+iegl[i]cher s[i]n sunder reht, als wir her n[a]ch wol bescheiden.
+
+
+VON TIUTSCHER LIUTE [E]REN.
+
+Die tiutschen kiesent den k[u:]nic: da[z] erwarb in der k[u:]nic Karl.
+Swenne er gew[i]het wirt unt [u]f den stuol ze Ache gesetzet wirt
+mit der willen, die in erwelt h[a]nt, s[o] h[a]t er k[u:]nicl[i]chen gewalt
+unde namen.--Den k[u:]nic kiuset man ze rihter umbe eigen unde umbe
+l[e]hen unde [u:]ber iegl[i]ches menschen l[i]p unde umbe alle[z], da[z] v[u:]r
+in ze klagen kumet. Der keiser mac in allen landen niht ges[i]n,
+unde mac alle[z] ungerihte niht verrihten. D[a] von l[i]het er den
+f[u:]rsten unde andern herren wereltl[i]ch gerihte. An die vierten
+hant mac dehein gerihte nimmer komen mit rehte, d[a] man umbe
+menschenbluot rihten sol ode umbe alle vrevel.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+HARTMAN VON OUWE.
+
+  He was born somewhere between 1160-1170, in the neighbourhood of
+  Rottenburg in Swabia, and died about 1220.
+
+  The following extract is taken from Paul's edition: Der Arme
+  Heinrich, Halle, 1882.
+
+
+  Ein ritter s[o] gel[e]ret was
+  da[z] er an den buochen las
+  swa[z] er dar an geschriben vant.
+  der was Hartman genant,
+  dienstman was er ze Ouwe.                    5
+  er nam im mange schouwe
+  an misl[i]chen buochen:
+  dar an begunde er suochen
+  ob er iht des funde
+  d[a] mite er sw[ae]re stunde                     10
+  m[o:]hte senfter machen,
+  und von s[o] gewanten sachen
+  da[z] gotes [e]ren t[o:]hte
+  und d[a] mite er sich m[o:]hte
+  gelieben den liuten.                        15
+  nu beginnet er in diuten
+  ein rede die er geschriben vant.
+  dar umbe h[a]t er sich genant,
+  da[z] er s[i]ner arbeit
+  die er dar an h[a]t geleit                    20
+  iht [a]ne l[o]n bel[i]be,
+  und swer n[a]ch s[i]nem l[i]be
+  s[i] h[oe]re sagen oder lese,
+  da[z] er im bittende wese
+  der s[e]le heiles hin ze gote.                25
+  man seit, er s[i] s[i]n selbes bote
+  unde erl[oe]se sich d[a] mite,
+  swer [u:]ber des andern schulde bite.
+
+    Er las ditze m[ae]re,
+  wie ein herre w[ae]re                          30
+  ze Sw[a]ben gese[zz]en:
+  an dem enwas verge[zz]en
+  deheiner der tugende
+  die ein ritter in s[i]ner jugende
+  ze vollem lobe haben sol.                   35
+  man sprach d[o] niemen als[o] wol
+  in allen den landen.
+  er hete ze s[i]nen handen
+  geburt und dar zuo r[i]cheit:
+  ouch was s[i]n tugent vil breit.              40
+  swie ganz s[i]n habe w[ae]re,
+  s[i]n geburt unwandelb[ae]re
+  und wol den f[u:]rsten gel[i]ch,
+  doch was er unn[a]ch als[o] r[i]ch
+  der geb[u:]rte und des guotes                  45
+  s[o] der [e]ren und des muotes.
+
+    S[i]n name der was erkennelich,
+  und hie[z] der herre Heinrich,
+  und was von Ouwe geborn.
+  s[i]n herze h[a]te versworn                     50
+  valsch und alle t[o:]rperheit,
+  und behielt ouch vaste den eit
+  st[ae]te unz an s[i]n ende.
+  [a]n alle missewende
+  stuont s[i] [e]re und s[i]n leben.                55
+  im was der rehte wunsch gegeben
+  ze werltl[i]chen [e]ren:
+  die kunde er wol gem[e]ren
+  mit aller hande reiner tugent.
+  er was ein bluome der jugent,               60
+  der werlte fr[o:]ude ein spiegelglas.
+  st[ae]ter triuwe ein adamas,
+  ein ganziu kr[o]ne der zuht.
+  er was der n[o]thaften fluht,
+  ein schilt s[i]ner m[a]ge,                      65
+  der milte ein gl[i]chiu w[a]ge:
+  im enwart [u:]ber noch gebrast.
+  er truoc den arbeitsamen last
+  der [e]ren [u:]ber r[u:]cke.
+  er was des r[a]tes br[u:]cke,                    70
+  und sanc vil wol von minnen.
+  alsus kund er gewinnen
+  der werlte lop unde pr[i]s.
+  er was h[u:]besch und dar zuo w[i]s.
+
+    D[o] der herre Heinrich                     75
+  als[o] geniete sich
+  [e]ren unde guotes
+  und fr[oe]l[i]ches muotes
+  und werltl[i]cher w[u:]nne
+  (er was f[u:]r al s[i]n k[u:]nne                    80
+  gepr[i]set unde ge[e]ret),
+  s[i]n h[o]her muot wart verk[e]ret
+  in ein leben gar geneiget.
+  an im wart erzeiget,
+  also ouch an Absol[o]ne,                      85
+  da[z] diu [u:]ppige kr[o]ne
+  werltl[i]cher s[u:]e[z]e
+  vellet under f[u:]e[z]e
+  ab ir besten werdekeit,
+  als uns diu schrift h[a]t geseit.             90
+  e[z] spricht an einer stete d[a],
+  'm[e]di[a] v[i]t[a]
+  in morte sumus':
+  da[z] bediutet sich alsus,
+  da[z] wir in dem t[o]de sweben                  95
+  s[o] wir aller beste w[ae]nen leben.
+
+     Dirre werlte veste,
+  ir st[ae]te, unde ir beste
+  unde ir gr[oe]ste magenkraft,
+  diu st[a]t [a]ne meisterschaft.                100
+  des muge wir an der kerzen sehen
+  ein w[a]re[z] bilde geschehen,
+  da[z] s[i] zeiner aschen wirt
+  enmitten d[o] s[i] lieht birt.
+  wir s[i]n von br[oe]den sachen.                 105
+  n[u] sehent wie unser lachen
+  mit weinen erlischet.
+  unser s[u:]e[z]e ist vermischet
+  mit bitterre gallen.
+  unser bluome der muo[z] vallen               110
+  so er allergr[u:]enest w[ae]net s[i]n.
+  an hern Heinr[i]che wart wol sch[i]n,
+  der in dem h[oe]hsten werde
+  lebet [u]f dirre erde,
+  derst der versm[ae]hete vor gote.             115
+  er viel von s[i]me gebote
+  ab s[i]ner besten werdekeit
+  in ein versm[ae]hel[i]che[z] leit:
+  in ergreif diu miselsuht.
+  d[o] man die sw[ae]ren gotes zuht               120
+  gesach an s[i]nem l[i]be,
+  manne unde w[i]be
+  wart er d[o] widerz[ae]me.
+  n[u] sehent wie gen[ae]me
+  er [e] der werlte w[ae]re,                      125
+  und wart n[u] alse unm[ae]re
+  da[z] in niemen gerne an sach:
+  alse ouch J[o]be geschach,
+  dem edeln und dem r[i]chen,
+  der ouch vil j[ae]merl[i]chen                   130
+  dem miste wart ze teile
+  mitten in s[i]me heile.
+
+    Und d[o] der arme Heinrich
+  alr[e]st verstuont sich
+  da[z] er der werlte widerstuont,             135
+  als alle s[i]ne gel[i]chen tuont,
+  d[o] schiet in s[i]n bitter leit
+  von J[o]bes gedultikeit.
+  wan e[z] leit J[o]b der guote
+  mit gedultigem muote,                      140
+  do e[z] ime ze l[i]denne geschach,
+  durch der s[e]le gemach.
+  den siechtuom und die sm[a]cheit
+  die er von der werlte leit,
+  des lobet er got und fr[o:]ute sich.          145
+  d[o] tet der arme Heinrich
+  leider niender als[o]:
+  wan er was tr[u]rec unde unfr[o].
+  s[i]n swebende[z] herze da[z] verswanc,
+  s[i]n swimmendiu fr[o:]ude ertranc,             150
+  s[i]n h[o]chvart muoste vallen,
+  s[i]n honic wart ze gallen,
+  ein swinde vinster donreslac
+  zerbrach im s[i]nen mitten tac,
+  ein tr[u:]ebe[z] wolken unde dic                155
+  bedaht' im s[i]ner sunnen blic.
+  er sente sich vil s[e]re
+  da[z] er s[o] manege [e]re
+  hinder im m[u:]este l[a][z]en.
+  verfluochet und verw[a][z]en                   160
+  wart vil ofte der tac
+  d[a] s[i]n geburt ane lac.
+
+    Ein w[e]nic fr[o:]uwet er sich doch
+  von eime tr[o]ste dannoch:
+  wan im wart dicke geseit                   165
+  da[z] disiu selbe siecheit
+  w[ae]re vil mislich
+  und etel[i]chiu gnislich.
+  des wart vil maneger slahte
+  s[i]n gedinge und s[i]n ahte.                  170
+  er ged[a]hte da[z] er w[ae]re
+  vil l[i]hte genisb[ae]re,
+  und fuor als[o] dr[a]te
+  n[a]ch der arz[a]te r[a]te
+  gegen Munpasiliere.                        175
+  d[a] vant er vil schiere
+  niht wan den untr[o]st
+  da[z] er niemer w[u:]rde erl[o]st.
+
+    Da[z] h[o]rte er vil ungerne,
+  und fuor gegen S[a]lerne                     180
+  und suochte ouch d[a] durch genist
+  der w[i]sen arz[a]te list.
+  den besten meister er d[a] vant.
+  der seite ime zehant
+  ein selts[ae]ne m[ae]re,                         185
+  da[z] er genislich w[ae]re
+  und w[ae]re doch iemer ungenesen.
+  d[o] sprach er 'wie mac da[z] wesen?
+  diu rede ist harte unm[u:]gelich.
+  bin ich gnislich, s[o] genise ich:           190
+  und swa[z] mir f[u:]r wirt geleit
+  von guote oder von arbeit,
+  da[z] tr[u]we ich vollebringen.'
+  'n[u] l[a]t da[z] gedingen'
+  sprach der meister aber d[o]:                195
+  'iuw[e.]rre s[u:]hte ist als[o]
+  (wa[z] frumet da[z] ich[z] iu kunt tuo?):
+  d[a] h[oe]ret arzen[i]e zuo:
+  des w[ae]ret ir genisl[i]ch.
+  nu enist ab nieman s[o] r[i]ch                 200
+  noch von s[o] starken sinnen
+  der s[i] m[u:]ge gewinnen.
+  des sint ir iemer ungenesen,
+  got enwell[e.] der arz[a]t wesen.'
+
+    D[o] sprach der arme Heinrich              205
+  'war umbe untr[oe]stent ir mich?
+  j[a] h[a]n ich guotes wol die kraft:
+  ir enwellent iuwer meisterschaft
+  und iuwer reht ouch brechen
+  und dar zuo versprechen                    210
+  beidiu m[i]n silber und m[i]n golt,
+  ich mache iuch mir als[o] holt
+  da[z] ir mich harte gerne ernert.'
+  'mir w[ae]r[e.] der wille unrewert'
+  sprach der meister aber d[o]:                215
+  'und w[ae]r[e.] der arzen[i]e als[o]
+  da[z] man s[i] veile funde
+  oder da[z] man s[i] kunde
+  mit deheinen ding[e.]n erwerben,
+  ich enlie[z]e iuch niht verderben.           220
+  nu enmac des leider niht s[i]n:
+  d[a] von muo[z] iu diu helfe m[i]n
+  durch alle n[o]t s[i]n versaget.
+  ir m[u:]esent haben eine maget
+  diu vollen [e]rb[ae]re                          225
+  und ouch des willen w[ae]re
+  da[z] s[i] den t[o]t durch iuch lite.
+  nu enist e[z] niht der liute site
+  da[z] e[z] iemen gerne tuo.
+  s[o] h[oe]rt ouch anders niht dar zuo           230
+  niwan der megede herzen bluot:
+  da[z] w[ae]r[e.] f[u:]r iuwer suht guot.'
+
+    Nu erkant[e.] der arme Heinrich
+  da[z] da[z] w[ae]re unm[u:]gelich
+  da[z] iemen den erw[u:]rbe                      235
+  der gerne f[u:]r in st[u:]rbe.
+  alsus was im der tr[o]st benomen
+  [u]f den er dar was komen,
+  und dar n[a]ch f[u:]r die selben frist
+  h[a]t er ze s[i]ner genist                     240
+  dehein gedinge m[e]re.
+  des wart s[i]n herzes[e]re
+  als[o] kreftic unde gr[o][z]
+  da[z] in des aller meist verdr[o][z],
+  ob er langer solte leben.                  245
+  n[u] fuor er heim und begunde geben
+  s[i]n erbe und ouch s[i]n varnde guot,
+  als in d[o] s[i]n selbes muot
+  und w[i]ser r[a]t l[e]rte,
+  da er[z] aller best[e.] bek[e]rte.                250
+  er begund[e.] bescheidenl[i]chen
+  s[i]n armen friunde r[i]chen
+  und tr[o]ste ouch fr[o:]mde armen,
+  da[z] sich got erbarmen
+  geruochte [u:]ber der s[e]le heil:              255
+  gotes hiusern viel da[z] ander teil.
+  alsus s[o] tet er sich abe
+  bescheidenl[i]chen s[i]ner habe
+  unz an ein geriute:
+  dar fl[o]ch er die liute.                    260
+  disiu j[ae]merl[i]ch[e.] geschiht
+  diu was s[i]n eines klage niht:
+  in klageten elliu diu lant
+  d[a] er inne was erkant,
+  und ouch von vr[o:]mden landen                265
+  die in n[a]ch sage erkanden.
+
+    Der [e] ditz geriute
+  und der e[z] dannoch biute,
+  da[z] was ein fr[i]er b[u]man
+  der vil selten ie gewan                    270
+  dehein gr[o][z] ungemach,
+  da[z] and[e.]rn geb[u]ren doch geschach,
+  die wirs geherret w[a]ren,
+  und s[i] die niht verb[a]ren
+  beidiu mit stiure und mit bete.            275
+  swa[z] dirr[e.] geb[u]re gerne tete,
+  des d[u]hte s[i]nen herren gnuoc:
+  dar zuo er in [u:]bertruoc
+  da[z] er dehein arbeit
+  von fr[o:]mdem gewalte leit.                  280
+  des was deheiner s[i]n gel[i]ch
+  in dem lande als[o] r[i]ch.
+  zuo deme z[o]ch sich
+  s[i]n herr[e.], der arme Heinrich.
+  swa[z] er in het [e] gespart,                  285
+  wie wol da[z] n[u] gedienet wart
+  und wie sch[o]ne er s[i]n gen[o][z]!
+  wan in vil l[u:]tzel des verdr[o][z]
+  swa[z] im geschach durch in.
+  er hete die triuwe und ouch den sin        290
+  da[z] er vil willecl[i]che leit
+  den kumber und die arbeit
+  diu ime ze l[i]denne geschach.
+  er schuof ime r[i]ch gemach.
+
+    Got hete dem meiger gegeben              295
+  n[a]ch s[i]ner ahte ein reine[z] leben.
+  er hete ein wol erbeiten l[i]p
+  und ein wol werbende[z] w[i]p,
+  dar zuo het er sch[oe]niu kint,
+  diu gar des mannes fr[o:]ude sint,            300
+  unde hete, s[o] man saget,
+  und[e.]r den kinden eine maget,
+  ein kint von ahte j[a]ren:
+  da[z] kunde wol geb[a]ren
+  s[o] rehte g[u:]etl[i]chen:                       305
+  s[i] wolte nie entw[i]chen
+  von ir herren einen fuo[z]:
+  umb s[i]ne hulde und s[i]nen gruo[z]
+  s[o] diente si ime alle wege
+  mit ir g[u:]etl[i]chen pflege.                  310
+  s[i] was ouch s[o] gen[ae]me
+  da[z] s[i] wol gez[ae]me
+  ze kinde deme r[i]che
+  an ir w[ae]tl[i]che.
+
+    Die andern heten den sin                 315
+  da[z] s[i] ze rehter m[a][z]e in
+  wol gem[i]den kunden:
+  s[o] fl[o]ch s[i] zallen stunden
+  zuo ime und niender anders war.
+  s[i] was s[i]n kurzew[i]le gar.                  320
+  s[i] hete gar ir gem[u:]ete
+  mit reiner kindes g[u:]ete
+  an ir herren gewant,
+  da[z] man s[i] zallen z[i]ten vant
+  und[e.]r ir herren fuo[z]e.                     325
+  mit s[u:]e[z]er unmuo[z]e
+  wonte s[i] ir herren b[i].
+  dar zuo s[o] liebte er ouch s[i]
+  sw[a] mite s[o] er mohte,
+  und da[z] der meide tohte                    330
+  zuo ir kintl[i]chen spil,
+  des gab der herre ir vil.
+  ouch half in s[e]re da[z] diu kint
+  s[o] l[i]hte ze gewenenne sint.
+  er gewan ir swa[z] er veile vant,            335
+  spiegel unde h[a]rbant,
+  g[u:]rtel unde vingerl[i]n
+  und swa[z] kinden liep solte s[i]n.
+  mit dienste br[a]hte er s' [u]f die vart
+  da[z] s[i] im als[o] heimlich wart               340
+  da[z] er s[i] s[i]n gemahele hie[z].
+  diu guote maget in lie[z]
+  bel[i]ben selten eine:
+  er d[u]hte s[i] vil reine.
+  swie starke ir da[z] geriete                 345
+  diu kindische miete,
+  iedoch geliebte ir[z] aller meist
+  von gotes gebe ein s[u:]e[z]er geist.
+
+    Ir dienst war s[o] g[u:]etlich.
+  d[o] d[o] der arme Heinrich                    350
+  driu j[a]r d[a] getwelte
+  unde im got gequelte
+  mit gr[o][z]em j[a]mer den l[i]p,
+  n[u] sa[z] der meier und s[i]n w[i]p
+  unde ir tohter, diu maget                  355
+  von der ich iu [e] h[a]n gesaget,
+  b[i] im in ir unm[u:]e[z]ekeit
+  und begunden klagen ir herren leit.
+  diu klage tet in michel n[o]t:
+  wan s[i] vorhten da[z] s[i]n tot                 360
+  s[i] s[e]re solte letzen
+  und vil gar entsetzen
+  [e]ren unde guotes
+  und da[z] herters muotes
+  w[u:]rde ein ander herre.                     365
+  si ged[a]hten als[o] verre
+  unz dirre selbe b[u]man
+  alsus fr[a]gen began.
+
+    Er sprach 'lieber herre m[i]n,
+  m[o:]ht e[z] mit iuwern hulden s[i]n,             370
+  ich fr[a]gte vil gerne,
+  s[o] vil ze S[a]lerne
+  von arzen[i]en meister ist,
+  wie kumet da[z] ir deheines list
+  ze iuwerme ungesunde                       375
+  niht ger[a]ten kunde?
+  herre, des wundert mich.'
+  d[o] holt[e.] der arme Heinrich
+  tiefen s[u]ft von herzen
+  mit bitterl[i]chem smerzen:                  380
+  mit solher riuwe er d[o] sprach
+  da[z] ime der s[u]ft da[z] wort zerbrach.
+
+    'Ich h[a]n disen schemel[i]chen spot
+  vil wol gedienet umbe got.
+  wan d[u] s[ae]he wol hie vor                    385
+  da[z] h[o]h offen stuont m[i]n tor
+  n[a]ch werltl[i]cher w[u:]nne
+  und da[z] niemen in s[i]nem k[u:]nne
+  s[i]nen willen ba[z] hete dan ich:
+  und was da[z] doch unm[u:]gelich,               390
+  wan ich enhete niht gar.
+  d[o] nam ich s[i]n vil kleine war
+  der mir da[z] selbe wunschleben
+  von s[i]nen gn[a]den hete gegeben.
+  da[z] herze mir d[o] als[o] stuont               395
+  als alle werltt[o]ren tuont,
+  den da[z] saget ir muot
+  da[z] s[i] [e]re unde guot
+  [a]ne got m[u:]gen h[a]n.
+  sus troug ouch mich m[i]n tumber w[a]n,        400
+  wan ich in l[u:]tzel ane sach
+  von des gen[a]den mir geschach
+  vil [e]ren unde guotes.
+  d[o] d[o] des h[o]hen muotes
+  den h[o]hen porten[ae]r[e.] bedr[o][z],                405
+  die s[ae]lden porte er mir besl[o][z].
+  dane kum ich leider niemer in:
+  da[z] verworhte mir m[i]n tumber sin.
+  got h[a]t durch r[a]che an mich geleit
+  ein sus gewante siecheit                   410
+  die niemen mag erl[oe]sen,
+  n[u] versm[ae]hent mich die b[oe]sen,
+  die biderben ruochent m[i]n niht.
+  swie b[oe]se er ist der mich gesiht,
+  des boeser muo[z] ich dannoch s[i]n.           415
+  s[i]n unwert tuot er mir sch[i]n:
+  er wirf[e.]t diu ougen abe mir.
+  n[u] sch[i]net [e]rste an dir
+  d[i]n triuwe die d[u] h[a]st,
+  da[z] d[u] mich siechen b[i] dir l[a]st            420
+  und von mir niht enfliuhest.
+  swie d[u] mich niht enschiuhest,
+  swie ich niemen liep s[i] danne dir,
+  swie vil d[i]ns heiles st[e] an mir,
+  du vertr[u:]egest doch wol m[i]nen t[o]t.         425
+  n[u] wes unwert und wes n[o]t
+  wart ie zer werlte merre?
+  hie vor was ich d[i]n herre
+  und bin d[i]n d[u:]rftige n[u].
+  m[i]n lieber friunt, nu koufest d[u]           430
+  und m[i]n gemahele und d[i]n w[i]p
+  an mir den [e]wigen l[i]p
+  da[z] d[u] mich siechen b[i] dir l[a]st.
+  des d[u] mich gefr[a]get h[a]st,
+  da[z] sage ich dir vil gerne.                435
+  ichn kunde ze S[a]lerne
+  einen meister niender vinden
+  der sich m[i]n underwinden
+  get[o:]rste oder wolte.
+  wan d[a] mite ich solte                      440
+  m[i]ner s[u:]hte genesen,
+  da[z] m[u:]este ein solhiu sache wesen
+  die in der werlte nieman
+  mit nihte gewinnen kan.
+  mir wart niht anders d[a] gesaget            445
+  wan ich m[u:]este haben eine maget
+  diu vollen manb[ae]re
+  und ouch des willen w[ae]re
+  da[z] s[i] den t[o]t durch mich lite
+  und man s[i] zuo dem herzen snite,           450
+  und mir w[ae]r[e.] niht anders guot
+  wan von ir herzen da[z] bluot.
+  n[u] ist genuoc unm[u:]gelich
+  da[z] ir deheiniu durch mich
+  gerne l[i]de den t[o]t.                        455
+  des muo[z], ich schemel[i]che n[o]t
+  tragen unz an m[i]n ende.
+  da[z] mir[z] got schiere sende!'
+
+    Da[z] er dem vater hete gesagt,
+  da[z] erh[o]rte ouch diu reine magt:           460
+  wan e[z] hete diu vil s[u:]e[z]e
+  ir lieben herren f[u:]e[z]e
+  st[a]nde in ir sch[o][z]en,
+  man m[o:]hte wol gen[o][z]en
+  ir kintl[i]ch gem[u:]ete                        465
+  hin ze der engel g[u:]ete.
+  s[i]ner rede nam s[i] war
+  unde marhte s[i] ouch gar:
+  s[i] enkam von ir herzen nie
+  unz man des nahtes sl[a]fen gie.             470
+  d[o] s[i] zir vater f[u:]e[z]en lac
+  und ouch ir muoter, s[o] s[i] pflac,
+  und s[i] beide entsliefen,
+  manegen s[u]ft tiefen
+  holte s[i] von herzen.                       475
+  umbe ir herren smerzen
+  wart ir riuwe als[o] gr[o][z]
+  da[z] ir ougen regen beg[o][z]
+  der sl[a]fenden f[u:]e[z]e,
+  sus erwahte s[i] diu s[u:]e[z]e.                  480
+
+    D[o] s[i] der trehene enpfunden,
+  si erwachten und begunden
+  s[i] fr[a]gen wa[z] ir w[ae]re
+  und welher hande sw[ae]re
+  s[i] als[o] stille m[o:]hte klagen.               485
+  nu enwolte s[i] es in niht sagen,
+  wan da[z] ir vater aber tete
+  vil manege dr[o] unde bete
+  da[z] s[i] e[z] ime wolte sagen.
+  s[i] sprach 'ir m[o:]htent mit mir klagen.      490
+  wa[z] m[o:]hte uns m[e] gewerren
+  danne umb unsern herren,
+  da[z] wir den suln verliesen
+  und mit ime verkiesen
+  beide guot und [e]re?                        495
+  wir gewinnen niemer m[e]re
+  deheinen herren als[o] guot
+  der uns tuo da[z] er uns tuot.'
+
+    S[i] spr[a]chen 'tohter, d[u] h[a]st w[a]r.
+  n[u] frumet uns leider niht ein h[a]r          500
+  unser riuwe und d[i]n klage:
+  liebe[z] kint, d[a] von gedage.
+  e[z] ist uns als[o] leit s[o] dir.
+  leider n[u] enmuge wir
+  ime ze keinen staten komen.                505
+  got der h[a]t in uns benomen:
+  het e[z] iemen anders get[a]n,
+  der m[u:]ese unsern fluoch h[a]n.'
+
+    Alsus gesweig[e.]ten s[i] s[i] d[o].
+  die naht beleip s[i] unfr[o]                   510
+  und morne allen den tac.
+  swes iemen anders pflac,
+  diz enkam von ir herzen nie
+  unz man des andern nahtes gie
+  sl[a]fen n[a]ch gewonheit.                     515
+  d[o] s[i] sich hete geleit
+  an ir alte bettestat,
+  s[i] bereite aber ein bat
+  mit weinenden ougen:
+  wan s[i] truoc tougen                        520
+  n[a]he in ir gem[u:]ete
+  die aller meisten g[u:]ete
+  die ich von kinde ie vernam.
+  welch kint getete ouch ie alsam?
+  des einen s[i] sich gar verwac,              525
+  gelebet[e.] s[i] morne den tac,
+  da[z] s[i] benamen ir leben
+  umbe ir herren wolte geben.
+
+    Von dem gedanke wart s[i] d[o]
+  vil ringes muotes unde fr[o],                530
+  und hete deheine sorge m[e],
+  wan ein vorht[e.] diu tete ir w[e],
+  s[o] s[i][z] ir herren sagte,
+  da[z] er dar an verzagte,
+  und swenne s[i][z] in allen drin               535
+  get[ae]te kunt, da[z] s[i] an in
+  der gehenge niht enfunde
+  da[z] mans ir iht gunde.
+
+    Des wart s[o] gr[o][z] ir ungehabe
+  da[z] ir muoter dar abe                      540
+  unde ir vater wart erwaht
+  als ouch an der vordern naht.
+  s[i] rihten sich [u]f zuo ir
+  und spr[a]chen 'sich, wa[z] wirret dir?
+  d[u] bist vil alw[ae]re                         545
+  da[z] du dich s[o] manege sw[ae]re
+  von solher klage h[a]st an genomen
+  der niemen mac zeim ende komen.
+  war umb[e.] l[a]stu uns niht sl[a]fen?'
+  sus begunden s[i] s[i] str[a]fen.                550
+  wa[z] ir diu klage t[o:]hte,
+  die niemen doch enm[o:]hte
+  verenden noch geb[u:]e[z]en?
+  sus w[a]nden s[i] die s[u:]e[z]en
+  gesweigen an der selben stunt:             555
+  d[o] was ir wille in vil unkunt.
+
+    Sus antwurte in diu maget.
+  'als uns m[i]n herre h[a]t gesaget,
+  s[o] mac man in vil wol ernern.
+  zew[a]re, ir welt mir[z] danne wern,           560
+  s[o] bin ich ze der arzen[i]e guot.
+  ich bin ein maget und h[a]n den muot,
+  [e] ich in sihe verderben,
+  ich wil [e] f[u:]r in sterben.'
+
+    Von dirre rede wurden d[o]                 565
+  tr[u]ric unde unfr[o]
+  beide muoter unde vater.
+  s[i]ne tohter die bat er
+  da[z] s[i] die rede lie[z]e
+  und ir herren gehie[z]e                      570
+  da[z] s[i] geleisten m[o:]hte,
+  wand ir diz niht ent[o:]hte.
+
+    Er sprach 'tohter, du bist ein kint
+  und d[i]ne triuwe die sint
+  ze gr[o][z] an disen dingen.                   575
+  du enmaht es niht f[u:]r bringen
+  als d[u] uns hie h[a]st verjehen.
+  d[u] h[a]st des t[o]des niht gesehen.
+  swenn e[z] dir kumet [u]f die frist
+  da[z] des dehein r[a]t ist,                    580
+  d[u] enm[u:]e[z]est sterben,
+  und m[o:]htest d[u][z] erwerben,
+  d[u] lebetest gerner dannoch:
+  wan dun k[ae]me nie in leider loch.
+  d[a] von tuo zuo d[i]nen munt:                 585
+  und wirst[u] f[u:]r dise stunt
+  der rede iemer m[e]re l[u]t,
+  e[z] g[a]t dir [u]f d[i]ne h[u]t.'
+
+    Alsus s[o] w[a]nde er s[i] d[o]
+  b[e]diu mit bete und mit dr[o]                 590
+  gesweigen: d[o] enmohter.
+  sus antwurt ime s[i]n tohter.
+
+    'Vater m[i]n, swie tump ich s[i],
+  mir wonet iedoch diu witze b[i]
+  da[z] ich von sage wol die n[o]t               595
+  erkenne da[z] des l[i]bes t[o]t
+  ist starc unde strenge.
+  swer ouch dann[e.] die lenge
+  mit arbeiten leben sol,
+  dem ist iedoch niht ze wol.                600
+  wan swenne er hie geringet
+  und [u]f s[i]n alter bringet
+  den l[i]p mit michelre n[o]t,
+  s[o] muo[z] er l[i]den doch den t[o]t.
+  ist ime diu s[e]le dann[e.] verlorn,            605
+  s[o] w[ae]re er be[zz]er ungeborn.
+  e[z] ist mir komen [u]f da[z] zil,
+  des ich got iemer loben wil,
+  da[z] ich den jungen l[i]p mac geben
+  umb[e.] da[z] [e]wige leben.                      610
+  n[u] sult ir mir[z] niht leiden.
+  ich wil mir unde iu beiden
+  vil harte wol mite varn.
+  ich mag iuch eine wol bewarn
+  vor schaden und vor leide,                 615
+  als ich iu n[u] bescheide.
+  ir h[a]nt [e]re unde guot:
+  da[z] meinet m[i]nes herren muot;
+  wan er iu leit nie gesprach
+  und ouch da[z] guot nie abe gebrach.         620
+  die w[i]le da[z] er leben sol
+  s[o] st[e]t iuwer sache wol:
+  und l[a][z]e wir den sterben,
+  s[o] m[u:]e[z]en wir verderben.
+  den wil ich uns fristen                    625
+  mit als[o] sch[oe]nen listen
+  d[a] mite wir alle s[i]n genesen.
+  n[u] gunnet mirs, wan e[z] muo[z] wesen.'
+
+    Diu muoter weinende sprach,
+  d[o] s[i] der tohter ernst ersach,             630
+  'gedenke, tohter, liebe[z] kint,
+  wie gr[o][z] die arbeite sint
+  die ich durch dich erliten h[a]n,
+  und l[a] mich be[zz]ern l[o]n enpf[a]n
+  dan ich dich h[oe]re sprechen.                635
+  d[u] wilt m[i]n herze brechen.
+  senfte mir der rede ein teil.
+  j[a] wilt[u] alle[z] d[i]n heil
+  an uns verw[u:]rken wider got.
+  wan gedenkest d[u] an s[i]n gebot?             640
+  j[a] geb[o]t er unde bat er
+  da[z] man muoter unde vater
+  minne und [e]re biete,
+  und gehei[z]et da[z] ze miete
+  da[z] der s[e]le r[a]t werde                     645
+  und lancl[i]p [u]f der erde.
+  d[u] gihst, d[u] wellest d[i]n leben
+  umb unser beider fr[o:]ude geben:
+  d[u] wilt uns beiden
+  da[z] leben vaste leiden.                    650
+  da[z] d[i]n vater unde ich
+  gerne leben, da[z] ist durch dich.
+  wa[z] solte uns l[i]p unde guot,                 a
+  wa[z] solte uns werltlich muot,                b
+  swenne wir d[i]n enb[ae]ren?                      c
+  dune  . . . . . .                            d
+  j[a] solt[u], liebiu tohter m[i]n,
+  unser beider fr[o:]ude s[i]n,
+  gar unsers l[i]bes w[u:]nne,                    655
+  ein bluome in d[i]me k[u:]nne,
+  unsers alters ein stap.
+  und l[a]st[u] uns [u:]ber d[i]n grap
+  gest[e]n von d[i]nen schulden,
+  d[u] muost von gotes hulden                  660
+  iemer s[i]n gescheiden:
+  da[z] koufest an uns beiden.'
+  'wiltu uns tohter wesen guot,                a
+  s[o] solt[u] rede und den muot                   b
+  durch unsers herren hulde l[a]n,               c
+  die ich von dir vernomen h[a]n.'               d
+
+    Si sprach 'muoter, ich getr[u]we dir
+  und m[i]nem vater her ze mir
+  aller der gen[a]den wol                      665
+  der vater unde muoter sol
+  leisten ir kinde,
+  als ich e[z] wol bevinde
+  an iu allertegelich.
+  von iuwern gn[a]den h[a]n ich                  670
+  die s[e]le und einen sch[oe]nen l[i]p.
+  mich lobet man unde w[i]p,
+  und alle die mich sehende sint,
+  ich s[i] da[z] sch[oe]neste kint
+  da[z] s[i] zir lebene haben gesehen.           675
+  wem soll ich der gen[a]den jehen
+  niuwan iu zwein n[a]ch gote?
+  des sol ich ze iuwerm gebote
+  iemer vil gerne st[a]n:
+  wie michel reht ich des h[a]n!               680
+  muoter, s[ae]lige[z] w[i]p,
+  s[i]t ich n[u] s[e]le unde l[i]p
+  von iuwern gen[a]den h[a]n,
+  s[o] l[a]nt[z] an iuwern hulden st[a]n
+  da[z] ich ouch die beide                     685
+  von dem tiuvel scheide
+  und mich gote m[u:]e[z]e geben.
+  j[a] ist dirre werlte leben
+  niuwan der s[e]le verlust.
+  ouch h[a]t mich werltl[i]ch gelust             690
+  unz her noch niht ber[u:]eret,
+  der hin zer helle f[u:]eret.
+  n[u] wil ich gote gen[a]de sagen
+  da[z] er in m[i]nen jungen tagen
+  mir die sinne h[a]t gegeben                  695
+  da[z] ich [u]f diz br[oe]de leben
+  ahte harte kleine.
+  ich wil mich alsus reine
+  antw[u:]rt[e.]n in gotes gewalt.
+  ich f[u:]rhte, solt ich werden alt,           700
+  da[z] mich der werlte s[u:]e[z]e
+  zuhte under f[u:]e[z]e,
+  als s[i] vil manegen h[a]t gezogen
+  den ouch ir s[u:]e[z]e h[a]t betrogen:
+  s[o] w[u:]rde ich l[i]hte gote entsaget.          705
+  gote m[u:]e[z]e e[z] s[i]n geklaget
+  da[z] ich unz morne leben sol:
+  mir behaget diu werlt niht s[o] wol.
+  ir meiste liep ist herzeleit
+  (da[z] s[i] iu f[u:]r w[a]r geseit),                710
+  ir s[u:]e[z]er l[o]n ein bitter n[o]t,
+  ir lancleben ein g[ae]her t[o]t.
+  wir h[a]n niht gewisses m[e]
+  wan hiute wol und morne w[e]
+  und ie ze jungest der t[o]t.                 715
+  da[z] ist ein j[ae]merl[i]chiu n[o]t.
+  e[z] enschirmet geburt noch guot,
+  sch[oe]ne, sterke, h[o]her muot,
+  e[z] enfrumt tugent noch [e]re
+  f[u:]r den t[o]t niht m[e]re                      720
+  dann ungeburt und untugent.
+  unser leben und unser jugent
+  ist ein nebel unde ein stoup,
+  unser st[ae]te bibent als ein loup.
+  er ist ein vil verschaffen gouch           725
+  der gerne in sich va[zz]t den rouch,
+  e[z] s[i] w[i]p oder man,
+  der diz niht wol bedenken kan
+  und ouch der werlt n[a]ch volgende ist.
+  wan uns ist [u:]ber den f[u]len mist            730
+  der pfeller hie gespreitet:
+  swen n[u] der blic verleitet,
+  der ist zuo der hell[e.] geborn
+  unde enh[a]t niht m[e] verlorn
+  wan beidiu s[e]le unde l[i]p.                  735
+  nu gedenkent, s[ae]lige[z] w[i]p,
+  m[u:]eterl[i]cher triuwe
+  und senftent iuwer riuwe
+  die ir d[a] habent umbe mich:
+  so bedenket ouch der vater sich.           740
+  ich wei[z] wol da[z] er mir heiles gan.
+  er ist ein als[o] biderber man
+  da[z] er erkennet wol da[z] ir
+  unlange doch mit mir
+  iuwer fr[o:]ude m[u:]gent h[a]n,                   745
+  ob ich joch lebende best[a]n.
+  bel[i]be ich [a]ne man b[i] iu
+  zwei j[a]r oder driu,
+  s[o] ist m[i]n herre l[i]hte t[o]t,
+  und kument in s[o] gr[o][z]e n[o]t                 750
+  vil l[i]hte von armuot
+  da[z] ir mir alsolhe[z] guot
+  zeinem man niht mugent geben,
+  ich enm[u:]e[z]e alse swache leben
+  da[z] ich iu lieber w[ae]re t[o]t.                755
+  nu versw[i]g[e.] wir aber der n[o]t,
+  da[z] uns niht enwerre
+  und uns m[i]n lieber herre
+  were und als[o] lange lebe
+  unz da[z] man mich zeim manne gebe           760
+  der r[i]che s[i] unde wert:
+  s[o] ist geschehen des ir d[a] gert
+  und w[ae]nent mir s[i] wol geschehen.
+  anders h[a]t mir m[i]n muot verjehen.
+  wirt er mir liep, da[z] ist ein n[o]t:         765
+  wirt er mir leit, da[z] ist der t[o]t.
+  wan s[o] h[a]n ich iemer leit
+  und bin mit ganzer arbeit
+  gescheiden von gemache
+  mit maneger hande sache                    770
+  diu den w[i]ben wirret
+  und s[i] ze fr[o:]uden irret.
+  n[u] setzt mich in den vollen r[a]t
+  der d[a] niemer zerg[a]t.
+  m[i]n gert ein fr[i]er b[u]man                   775
+  dem ich wol m[i]nes l[i]bes gan.
+  zw[a]re, dem sult ir mich geben,
+  s[o] ist geschaffet wol m[i]n leben.
+  im g[e]t s[i]n pfluoc harte wol,
+  s[i]n hof ist alles r[a]tes vol,               780
+  da enstirbet ros noch da[z] rint,
+  da enm[u:]ent diu weinenden kint,
+  da enist ze hei[z] noch ze kalt,
+  d[a] wirt von j[a]ren niemen alt,
+  der alte wirt junger,                      785
+  da enist frost noch hunger,
+  da enist deheiner slahte leit,
+  da ist ganziu fr[o:]ude [a]n arbeit.
+  ze dem wil ich mich ziehen
+  und solhen b[u] fliehen                      790
+  den da[z] fiur und der hagel sleht
+  und der w[a]c abe tweht,
+  mit dem man ringet unde ie ranc.
+  swa[z] man da[z] j[a]r alse lanc
+  dar [u]f gearbeiten mac,                     795
+  da[z] verliuset schiere ein halber tac.
+  den b[u] den wil ich l[a][z]en:
+  er s[i] von mir verw[a][z]en.
+  ir minnent mich: deist billich.
+  n[u] sihe ich gerne da[z] mich                 800
+  iuwer minne iht unminne.
+  ob ir iuch rehter sinne
+  an mir verst[a]n kunnent
+  und ob ir mir gunnent
+  beide guotes unde [e]ren,                    805
+  s[o] l[a][z]et mich k[e]ren
+  ze unserm herren J[e]s[u] Krist,
+  des gn[a]de als[o] st[ae]te ist
+  da[z] s[i] niemer zerg[a]t,
+  unde ouch zuo mir armen h[a]t                810
+  als[o] gr[o][z]e minne
+  als zeiner k[u:]niginne.
+  ich sol von m[i]nen schulden
+  [u][z] iuwern hulden
+  niemer komen, wil e[z] got.                  815
+  e[z] ist gewisse s[i]n gebot
+  da[z] ich iu s[i] undert[a]n,
+  wan ich den l[i]p von iu h[a]n:
+  da[z] leist ich [a]ne riuwe.
+  ouch sol ich m[a]ne triuwe                   820
+  an mir selber niht brechen.
+  ich h[o]rte ie da[z] sprechen,
+  swer den andern fr[o:]uwet s[o]
+  da[z] er selbe wirt unfr[o],
+  und swer den andern kr[oe]net                 825
+  und sich selben h[oe]net,
+  der triuwen s[i] ze vil.
+  wie gerne ich iu des volgen wil
+  da[z] ich iu triuwe leiste,
+  mir selber doch die meiste.                830
+  welt ir mir wenden m[i]n heil,
+  s[o] l[a][z] ich iuch ein teil
+  [e] n[a]ch mir geweinen,
+  ich enwelle mir erscheinen
+  wes ich mir selber schuldic bin.           835
+  ich wil iemer d[a] hin
+  da ich volle fr[o:]ude vinde.
+  ir h[a]nt doch m[e] kinde:
+  diu l[a]nt iuwer fr[o:]ude s[i]n
+  und getr[oe]stent ir iuch m[i]n.                840
+  wan mir mac da[z] nieman erwern,
+  zw[a]re, ich enwelle ernern
+  m[i]nen herren unde mich.
+  muoter, j[a] h[o]rte ich dich
+  klagen unde sprechen [e],                    845
+  e[z] t[ae]te d[i]me herzen w[e],
+  soltest d[u] ob m[i]me grabe st[a]n.
+  des wirst du harte wol erl[a]n:
+  d[u] st[a]st ob m[i]me grabe niht.
+  wan d[a] der t[o]t geschiht,                   850
+  da[z] enl[a]t dich niemen sehen:
+  e[z] sol ze S[a]lerne geschehen.
+  d[a] sol uns viere der t[o]t                     a
+  l[oe]s[e.]en von aller slahte n[o]t.                 b
+  des t[o]des des genese wir,
+  und ich doch verre ba[z] dan ir.'
+
+    D[o] s[i] da[z] kint d[o] s[a]hen                  855
+  ze dem t[o]de s[o] g[a]hen,
+  und e[z] s[o] w[i]sl[i]chen sprach
+  unde menschlich reht zerbrach,
+  si begunden ahten under in
+  da[z] die w[i]sheit und den sin                860
+  niemer erzeigen kunde
+  dehein zunge in kindes munde.
+  s[i] j[a]hen da[z] der heiliggeist
+  der rede w[ae]re ir volleist,
+  der ouch sante Niklauses pflac             865
+  d[o] er in der wagen lac
+  und in die w[i]sheit l[e]rte
+  da[z] er ze gote k[e]rte
+  s[i]ne kintl[i]che g[u:]ete:
+  und bed[a]ht[e.]n sich in ir gem[u:]ete            870
+  da[z] s[i] niht enwolden
+  s[i] wenden noch ensolden
+  des s[i] sich hete an genomen:
+  der will[e.] s[i] ir von gote komen.
+  von j[a]m[e.]r erkalte in der l[i]p,              875
+  d[o] der meiger und s[i]n w[i]p
+  an dem bette s[a][z]en
+  und vil gar verg[a][z]en
+  durch des kindes minne
+  der zungen und der sinne                   880
+  s[a] ze der selben stunde.
+  ir enweder[z] enkunde
+  einic wort gesprechen.
+  da[z] gegiht[e.] begunde brechen
+  die muoter von leide.                      885
+  sus ges[a][z]en s[i] beide
+  riuwic unde unfr[o]
+  unz s[i] sich bed[a]hten d[o]
+  wa[z] in ir tr[u]ren t[o:]hte:
+  s[o] man ir doch niht enm[o:]hte                890
+  benemen ir willen unde ir muot,
+  s[o] enw[ae]re in niht als[o] guot
+  s[o] da[z] s[i] irs wol gunden,
+  wan s[i] doch niht enkunden
+  ir niemer werden [a]ne ba[z];                  895
+  enpfiengen s[i] der rede ha[z],
+  e[z] m[o:]hte in umbe ir herren
+  vil harte wol gewerren,
+  und verviengen anders niht d[a] mite.
+  mit vil willecl[i]chem site                  900
+  spr[a]chen s[i] beide d[o]
+  da[z] s[i] der rede w[ae]ren fr[o].
+
+    Des fr[o:]ute sich diu reine maget.
+  d[o] e[z] vil k[u]me was getaget
+  d[o] gie s[i] d[a] ir herre slief.               905
+  s[i]n tr[u]tgemahele ime rief,
+  s[i] sprach 'herre, sl[a]fent ir?'
+  'nein ich, gemahele, sage mir,
+  wie bist[u] hiute als[o] fruo?'
+  'herr[e.], d[a] twinget mich derzuo             910
+  der j[a]mer iuwerr siecheit.'
+  er sprach 'gemahel[e.], da[z] ist dir leit:
+  da[z] erzeigest du an mir wol,
+  als e[z] dir got vergelten sol.
+  nune mag es dehein r[a]t s[i]n.'               915
+  'entriuwen, lieber herre m[i]n,
+  iuwer wirt vil guot r[a]t.
+  s[i]t e[z] alsus umbe iuch st[a]t
+  da[z] man iu gehelfen mac,
+  ichn ges[u]me iuch niemer tac.               920
+  herre, ir h[a]nt uns doch gesaget,
+  ob ir hetent eine maget
+  diu gern[e.] den t[o]t durch iuch lite,
+  d[a] soltent ir genesen mite.
+  diu wil ich wei[z]got selbe s[i]n:             925
+  iuwer leben ist n[u:]tzer dan da[z] m[i]n.'
+
+    D[o] gn[a]d[e.]te ir der herre
+  des willen harte verre.
+  und ervoll[e.]ten im diu ougen
+  von j[a]mer als[o] tougen.                     930
+  er sprach 'gemahel[e.], ja ist der t[o]t
+  iedoch niht ein senftiu n[o]t,
+  als d[u] dir l[i]hte h[a]st ged[a]ht.
+  du h[a]st mich des wol innen br[a]ht,
+  m[o:]htest[u], d[u] h[u:]lfest mir.                  935
+  des gen[u:]eg[e.]t mich wol von dir.
+  ich erkenne d[i]nen s[u:]e[z]en muot:
+  d[i]n wille ist reine unde guot.
+  ichn sol ouch niht m[e] von dir gern.
+  d[u] maht mich des niht wol gewern           940
+  da[z] d[u] d[a] gesprochen h[a]st.
+  die triuwe die du an mir beg[a]st,
+  die sol dir vergelten got.
+  ditz w[ae]r[e.] der lantliute spot,
+  swa[z] ich mich f[u:]r dise stunde              945
+  arzen[i]en underwunde,
+  und mich doch niht vervienge
+  wan als e[z] doch ergienge.
+  gemahele, d[u] tuost als diu kint
+  diu d[a] g[ae]hes muotes sint:                  950
+  swa[z] den kumet in den muot,
+  e[z] s[i] [u:]bel oder guot,
+  dar zuo ist in allen g[a]ch,
+  und geriuw[e.]t s[i] s[e]re dar n[a]ch.
+  gemahele, als[o] tuost ouch d[u].              955
+  der rede ist dir ze muote n[u]:
+  der die von dir nemen wolte,
+  s[o] man[z] danne enden solte,
+  so geriuwe[z] dich vil l[i]hte doch.'
+  und da[z] s[i] sich ein teil noch              960
+  ba[z] bed[ae]hte des bat er.
+  er sprach 'd[i]n muoter und d[i]n vater
+  die enmugen d[i]n niht wol enbern.
+  ich sol ouch niht ir leides gern
+  die mir ie gn[a]de t[a]ten.                    965
+  swa[z] s[i] dir beide r[a]ten,
+  lieb[e.] gemahele, da[z] tuo.'
+  hie mite lachete er dar zuo,
+  wan er l[u:]tzel sich versach
+  da[z] doch sider d[o] geschach.                970
+
+    Sus sprach er zuo der guoter.
+  der vater und diu muoter
+  spr[a]chen 'lieber herre,
+  ir h[a]nt uns vil verre
+  geliebet und ge[e]ret:                       975
+  da[z] enw[ae]r[e.] niht wol bek[e]ret,
+  wir eng[u:]lten[z] iu mit guote.
+  unser tohter ist ze muote
+  da[z] s[i] den t[o]t durch iuch dol:
+  des gunne wir ir harte wol.                980
+  e[z] ist hiut[e.] der dritte tac
+  da[z] s[i] uns alle[z] ane lac
+  da[z] wir ir s[i]n gunden:
+  n[u] h[a]t s[i][z] an uns funden.
+  n[u] l[a][z]e iuch got mit ir genesen:           985
+  wir wellen ir durch iuch entwesen.'
+
+    Do im s[i]n gemahele d[o] b[o]t
+  f[u:]r s[i]nen siechtuom ir t[o]t
+  und man ir ernest ersach,
+  d[o] wart d[o] michel ungemach                 990
+  und j[ae]merl[i]ch geb[ae]rde.
+  manc misl[i]chiu besw[ae]rde
+  huop sich d[o] under in,
+  zwisch[e.]n dem herren unde in drin.
+  ir vater unde ir muoter die                995
+  erhuoben michel weinen hie:
+  des weinens tet in michel n[o]t
+  umb ir vil lieben kindes t[o]t.
+  n[u] begunde ouch der herre
+  gedenken als[o] verre                       1000
+  an des kindes triuwe,
+  und begreif in ein riuwe,
+  da[z] er s[e]re weinen began,
+  und zw[i]velte vaste dran
+  weder e[z] be[zz]er get[a]n                     1005
+  m[o:]hte s[i]n oder verl[a]n.
+  von vorhten weinte ouch diu maget:
+  s[i] w[a]nde er w[ae]re dran verzaget.
+  sus w[a]rens alle unfr[o].
+  s[i] gerten keines dankes d[o].               1010
+
+    Ze jungest d[o] bed[a]hte sich
+  ir herr[e.], der arme Heinrich,
+  und begunde sagen in
+  gr[o][z]e gn[a]de allen drin
+  der triuwen und des guotes                1015
+  (diu maget wart r[i]ches muotes
+  da[z] ers gevolg[e.]te gerne),
+  und bereit[e.] sich ze S[a]lerne
+  s[o] er schiereste mohte.
+  swa[z] ouch der megede tohte,               1020
+  da[z] wart vil schiere bereit:
+  sch[oe]niu pfert und r[i]chiu kleit,
+  diu s[i] getruoc nie vor der z[i]t:
+  hermin unde sam[i]t,
+  den besten zobel den man vant,            1025
+  da[z] was der megede gewarit.
+
+    N[u] wer m[o:]hte volgesagen
+  die herzeriuwe und da[z] klagen,
+  der muoter grimmige[z] leit
+  und ouch des vater arbeit?                1030
+  e[z] w[ae]r[e.] wol und[e.]r in beiden
+  ein j[ae]merli[i]che[z] scheiden,
+  d[o] s[i] ir liebe[z] kint von in
+  gefrumten s[o] gesunde[z] hin
+  niemer m[e] ze sehenne in den t[o]t,          1035
+  wan da[z] in senftet ir n[o]t
+  diu reine gotes g[u:]ete,
+  von der doch da[z] gem[u:]ete
+  ouch dem jungen kinde quam
+  da[z] e[z] den t[o]t gerne nam.                 1040
+  e[z] was [a]ne ir r[a]t k[o]men:
+  d[a] von wart von ir herz[e.]n genomen
+  alliu klage und sw[ae]re,
+  wan e[z] anders wunder w[ae]re
+  da[z] in ir herze niht zerbrach.            1045
+  ze liebe wart ir ungemach,
+  da[z] s[i] dar n[a]ch deheine n[o]t
+  liten umbe ir kindes t[o]t.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE.
+
+  The exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. His chief poems
+  were written between the years 1187 and 1230.
+
+  The best edition of his works is: Walther von der Vogelweide,
+  herausgegeben und erkl[a:]rt von W. Wilmanns, Halle, 1883 (2nd edit.).
+
+
+1.
+
+    Ir sult sprechen: 'willekomen!'
+  der iu m[ae]re bringet, da[z] bin ich.
+    Alle[z] da[z] ir habt vernomen,
+  da[z] ist gar ein wint: n[u] fr[a]get mich.
+    Ich wil aber miete:                                    5
+  wirt m[i]n l[o]n iht guot,
+  s[o] sage ich iu vil l[i]hte, da[z] in sanfte tuot.
+  seht, wa[z] man mir [e]ren biete.
+
+    Ich wil tiuschen frouwen sagen
+  solhiu m[ae]re, da[z] si deste ba[z]                           10
+    Al der werlte suln behagen:
+  [a]ne gr[o][z]e miete tuon ich da[z].
+    Wa[z] wold' ich ze l[o]ne?
+  si sint mir ze h[e]r;
+  s[o] bin ich gef[u:]ege und bite si nihtes m[e]r               15
+  wan da[z] si mich gr[u:]e[z]en sch[o]ne.
+
+    Ich h[a]n lande vil gesehen
+  unde nam der besten gerne war:
+    [U:]bel m[u:]e[z]e mir geschehen,
+  k[u:]nde ich ie m[i]n herze bringen dar,                     20
+    Da[z] im wol gevallen
+  wolde fremeder site.
+  n[u] wa[z] h[u:]lfe mich, ob ich unrehte strite?
+  tiuschiu zuht g[a]t vor in allen.
+
+    Von der Elbe unz an den R[i]n                           25
+  und her wider unz an Ungerlant
+    M[u:]gen wol die besten s[i]n,
+  die ich in der werlte h[a]n erkant.
+    Kan ich rehte schouwen
+  guot gel[a][z] und l[i]p,                                     30
+  sam mir got, s[o] sw[u:]ere ich wol, da[z] hie diu w[i]p
+  be[zz]er sint danne ander frouwen.
+
+    Tiusche man sint wol gezogen,
+  rehte als engel sint diu w[i]p get[a]n.
+    Swer si schiltet, derst betrogen:                     35
+  ich enkan s[i]n anders niht verst[a]n.
+    Tugent und reine minne,
+  swer die suochen wil,
+  der sol komen in unser lant: da ist w[u:]nne vil:
+  lange m[u:]e[z]e ich leben dar inne!                         40
+
+
+2.
+
+  Ow[e] war sint verswunden / alliu m[i]niu j[a]r!
+  ist mir m[i]n leben getroumet / oder ist e[z] w[a]r?
+  da[z] ich ie w[a]nde, da[z] / iht w[ae]re, was da[z] iht?
+  dar n[a]ch h[a]n ich gesl[a]fen / und enwei[z] es niht.                 45
+    N[u] bin ich erwachet, / und ist mir unbekant,
+  da[z] mir hie vor was k[u:]ndic / als m[i]n ander hant.
+  liut unde lant, d[a] ich / von kinde bin erzogen,
+  die sint mir fremde worden, / reht' als e[z] s[i] gelogen:
+    Die m[i]ne gespilen w[a]ren, / die sint tr[ae]ge und alt;            50
+  bereitet ist da[z] velt, / verhouwen ist der walt:
+  wan da[z] da[z] wa[zz]er fliu[z]et, / als e[z] w[i]lent fl[o][z],
+  f[u:]r w[a]r ich w[a]nd[e.] / m[i]n ungel[u:]cke w[u:]rde gr[o][z].
+  mich gr[u:]e[z]et maneger tr[a]ge, / der mich bekande [e] wol.
+  diu werlt ist allenthalben / ungen[a]den vol.                     55
+  als ich gedenke an manegen / w[u:]nnecl[i]chen tac,
+  die sint mir enpfallen gar / als in da[z] mer ein slac,
+  iemer m[e]re ow[e]!
+    Ow[e] wie j[ae]merl[i]che / junge liute tuont!
+  den vil unriuwecl[i]che / ir gem[u:]ete stuont,                      60
+  die kunnen niuwan sorgen: / ow[e] wie tuont si s[o]?
+  swar ich zer werlte k[e]re, / d[a] ist nieman fr[o]:
+    Tanzen unde singen / zerg[a]t mit sorgen gar.
+  nie kristenman gesach / s[o] j[ae]merl[i]chiu j[a]r.
+  n[u] merket, wie den frouwen / ir gebende st[a]t;                   65
+  die stolzen ritter tragent / d[o:]rperl[i]che w[a]t.
+    Uns sint unsenfte brieve / her von R[o]me komen,
+  uns ist erloubet tr[u]ren / und fr[o:]ude gar benomen.
+  da[z] m[u:]et mich innecl[i]chen / (wir lebten [e] vil wol),
+  da[z] ich n[u] f[u:]r m[i]n lachen / weinen kiesen sol.                  70
+  diu wilden vogell[i]n / betr[u:]ebet unser klage:
+  wa[z] wunders ist, ob ich / d[a] von vil gar verzage?
+  wa[z] spriche ich tumber man / durch m[i]nen b[oe]sen zorn?
+  swer dirre w[u:]nne volget, der / h[a]t jene dort verlorn
+  iemer m[e]re, ow[e]!                                                75
+    Ow[e] wie uns mit s[u:]e[z]en / dingen ist vergeben!
+  ich sihe die gallen mitten / in dem honege sweben.
+  diu werlt ist [u][z]en sch[oe]ne, / w[i][z], gr[u:]en' unde r[o]t
+  und innen swarzer varwe, / vinster sam der t[o]t.
+    Swen si n[u] habe verleitet, / der schouwe s[i]nen tr[o]st:         80
+  er wirt mit swacher buo[z]e / gr[o][z]er s[u:]nde erl[o]st.
+  dar an gedenket, ritter! / e[z] ist iuwer dinc;
+  ir traget die liehten helme / und manegen herten rinc,
+    Dar zuo die vesten schilte / und diu gew[i]hten swert.
+  wolte got, w[ae]r ich / der sigen[u:]nfte wert,                       85
+  s[o] wolte ich n[o]tic man / verdienen r[i]chen solt.
+  joch meine ich niht die huoben / noch der h[e]rren golt:
+  ich wolte selbe kr[o]ne / [e]wecl[i]chen tragen;
+  die m[o:]hte ein solden[ae]re / mit s[i]me sper bejagen.
+  m[o:]ht ich die lieben reise / gevaren [u:]ber s[e],                    90
+  s[o] wolte ich denne singen 'wol' / und niemer m[e]re 'ow[e],'
+  niemer m[e]re 'ow[e]!'
+
+
+3.
+
+  D[o] der sumer komen was
+  und die bluomen durch da[z] gras
+  w[u:]nnecl[i]che ensprungen,
+  ald[a] die vogele sungen,                     95
+  d[a]r kom ich gegangen
+  an einen anger langen,
+  d[a] ein l[u]ter brunne entspranc;
+  vor dem walde was s[i]n ganc,
+  d[a] diu nahtegale sanc.                     100
+
+  B[i] dem brunnen stuont ein boum,
+  d[a] gesach ich einen troum.
+  ich was zuo dem brunnen
+  gegangen von der sunnen,
+  da[z] diu linde m[ae]re                         105
+  den k[u:]elen schaten b[ae]re.
+  b[i] dem brunnen ich gesa[z]:
+  m[i]ner sw[ae]re ich gar verga[z],
+  schiere entslief ich umbe da[z].
+
+  D[o] bed[u]hte mich zehant,                    110
+  wie mir dienten elliu lant,
+  wie m[i]n s[e]le w[ae]re
+  ze himel [a]ne sw[ae]re
+  und der l[i]p hie solte
+  geb[a]ren swie er wolte.                     115
+  d[a] enwas mir niht ze w[e].
+  got der waldes, swie'[z] erg[e]:
+  sch[oe]ner troum enwart nie m[e].
+
+  Gerne sliefe ich iemer d[a],
+  wan ein uns[ae]ligiu kr[a],                     120
+  diu begonde schr[i]en.
+  da[z] alle kr[a] ged[i]en
+  alse ich in des g[u:]nne!
+  si nam mir michel wunne.
+  von ir schr[i]enne ich erschrac:             125
+  wan da[z] d[a] niht steines lac,
+  s[o] w[ae]r' e[z] ir suontac.
+
+  Wan ein wunderalte[z] w[i]p
+  diu getr[o]ste mir den l[i]p.
+  die begonde ich eiden.                     130
+  n[u] h[a]t si mir bescheiden
+  wa[z] der troum bediute.
+  da[z] merken w[i]se liute;
+  zw[e]ne und einer da[z] sint dr[i];
+  dannoch seit[e.] si mir d[a] b[i],                135
+  da[z] m[i]n d[u]me ein vinger s[i].
+
+
+4.
+
+  Ich sa[z] [u]f eime steine
+  und dahte bein mit beine;
+  dar [u]f satzt ich den ellenbogen;
+  ich hete in m[i]ne hant gesmogen             140
+  da[z] kinne und ein m[i]n wange:
+  d[o] d[a]hte ich mir vil ange,
+  wie man zer werlte solte leben.
+  deheinen r[a]t kond ich gegeben,
+  wie man driu dinc erw[u:]rbe,                 145
+  der keine[z] niht verd[u:]rbe.
+  diu zwei sint [e]re und varnde guot,
+  da[z] dicke einander schaden tuot;
+  da[z] dritte ist gotes hulde,
+  der zweier [u:]bergulde.                      150
+  die wolte ich gerne in einen schr[i]n;
+  j[a] leider des enmac niht s[i]n,
+  da[z] guot und werltl[i]ch [e]re
+  und gotes hulde m[e]re
+  zesamene in ein herze komen.               155
+  st[i]g' unde wege sint in benomen:
+  untriuwe is in der s[a][z]e,
+  gewalt vert [u]f der str[a][z]e,
+  fride unde reht sint s[e]re wunt.
+  diu driu enhabent geleites niht,           160
+  diu zwei enwerden [e] gesunt.
+
+
+5.
+
+  Ich h[o]rte ein wa[zz]er die[z]en
+  und sach die vische flie[z]en;
+  ich sach swa[z] in der werlte was,
+  velt unde walt, loup r[o]r und gras;         165
+  swa[z] kriuchet unde fliuget
+  und bein zer erden biuget,
+  da[z] sach ich unde sage iu da[z]:
+  der keine[z] lebet [a]ne ha[z].
+  da[z] wilt und da[z] gew[u:]rme                   170
+  die str[i]tent starke st[u:]rme,
+  sam tuont die vogel under in;
+  wan da[z] sie habent einen sin:
+  sie diuhten sich ze nihte,
+  sie ensch[u:]efen starc gerihte:              175
+  sie kiesent k[u:]nege unde reht,
+  sie setzent h[e]rren unde kneht.
+  s[o] w[e] dir, tiuschiu zunge,
+  wie st[e]t d[i]n ordenunge,
+  da[z] n[u] diu mucke ir k[u:]nic h[a]t              180
+  und da[z] d[i]n [e]re als[o] zerg[a]t!
+  bek[e]r[a] dich, bek[e]re!
+  die zirken sint ze h[e]re,
+  die armen k[u:]nege dringent dich:
+  Philippe setze en weisen [u]f
+          und hei[z] sie treten hinder sich!
+
+
+6.
+
+  Ich sach mit m[i]nen ougen
+  man unde w[i]be tougen,
+  d[a] ich geh[o]rte und gesach
+  swa[z] iemen tet, swa[z] iemen sprach.
+  ze R[o]me h[o]rte ich liegen                   190
+  und zw[e]ne k[u:]nege triegen.
+  d[a] von huop sich der meiste str[i]t,
+  der [e] was oder iemer s[i]t,
+  da[z] sich begonden zweien
+  die pfaffen unde leien.                    195
+  da[z] was ein n[o]t vor aller n[o]t:
+  l[i]p unde s[e]le lac d[a] t[o]t,
+  die pfaffen striten s[e]re:
+  doch wart der leien m[e]re.
+  diu swert sie legeten dernider             200
+  und griffen zuo der st[o]le wider:
+  sie bienen die sie wolten
+  und niuwet den sie solten.
+  d[o] st[o]rte man diu gotesh[u]s.
+  ich h[o]rte verre in einer kl[u]s              205
+  vil michel ungeb[ae]re:
+  d[a] weinde ein kl[o]sen[ae]re,
+  er klagete gote s[i]niu leit:
+  '[o]w[e], der b[a]best ist ze junc:
+          hilf, h[e]rre, d[i]ner Kristenheit!'
+
+
+7.
+
+  Diu kr[o]ne ist elter dan der k[u:]nec Philippes s[i]:        210
+  d[a] muget ir alle schouwen wol ein wunder b[i],
+  wie s' ime der smit s[o] ebene habe gemachet.
+  s[i]n keiserliche[z] houbet zimt ir als[o] wol,
+  da[z] sie ze rehte nieman guoter scheiden sol.
+  ir dwedere[z] da[z] ander niht enswachet.                  215
+  sie liuhtent beide ein ander an,
+  da[z] edele gesteine wider den jungen man:
+  die ougenweide sehent die f[u:]rsten gerne.
+  swer n[u] des r[i]ches irre g[e],
+  der schouwe, wem der weise ob s[i]me nacke st[e]:          220
+  der stein ist aller f[u:]rsten leitesterne.
+
+
+8.
+
+  Mir ist verspart der s[ae]lden tor:
+  d[a] st[e]n ich als ein weise vor,
+  mich hilfet niht swa[z] ich dar an geklopfe.
+  wie m[o:]hte ein wunder gr[oe][z]er s[i]n?                       225
+  e[z] regent beidenthalben m[i]n,
+  da[z] mir des alles niht enwirt ein tropfe.
+  des f[u:]rsten milte [u][z] [O]sterr[i]che
+  freut dem s[u:]e[z]en regen gel[i]che
+  beidiu liute und ouch da[z] lant.                        230
+  er ist ein sch[oe]ne wol gezieret heide,
+  dar abe man bluomen brichet wunder:
+  und br[ae]che mir ein blat dar under
+  diu s[i]n vil milte r[i]chiu hant,
+  s[o] m[o:]hte ich loben die s[u:]e[z]en ougenweide.              235
+  hie b[i] s[i] er an mich gemant.
+
+
+9.
+
+  Ich h[a]n m[i]n l[e]hen, al die werlt! ich h[a]n m[i]n l[e]hen!
+  n[u] enf[u:]rhte ich niht den hornunc an die z[e]hen
+  und wil alle b[oe]se h[e]rren deste minre vl[e]hen.
+  der edel k[u:]nec, der milte k[u:]nec h[a]t mich ber[a]ten,              240
+  da[z] ich den sumer luft und in dem winter hitze h[a]n.
+  m[i]n' n[a]hgeb[u]ren dunke ich verre ba[z] get[a]n:
+  sie sehent mich niht m[e]r an in butzen w[i]s, als[o] sie t[a]ten.
+  ich bin ze lange arm gewesen [a]n' m[i]nen danc.
+  ich was s[o] volle scheltens, da[z] m[i]n [a]tem stanc.                245
+  da[z] h[a]t der k[u:]nec gemachet reine und dar zuo m[i]nen sanc.
+
+
+10.
+
+  [O]w[e] hovel[i]che[z] singen,
+  da[z] dich ungef[u:]ege d[oe]ne
+  solten ie ze hove verdringen!
+  da[z] sie schiere got geh[oe]ne!                250
+  [o]w[e], da[z] d[i]n wirde als[o] geliget,
+  des sint alle d[i]ne friunde unfr[o].
+  da[z] muo[z] eht s[o] s[i]n, n[u] s[i] als[o]:
+  fr[o] Unfuoge, ir habt gesiget.
+
+    Der uns freude wider br[ae]hte,             255
+  diu reht und gef[u:]ege w[ae]re,
+  hei wie wol man des ged[ae]hte,
+  sw[a] man von im seite m[ae]re!
+  e[z] w[ae]r' ein vil hovel[i]cher muot,
+  des ich iemer gerne w[u:]nschen sol.          260
+  frouwen unde h[e]rren z[ae]me e[z] wol:
+  [o]w[e] da[z] e[z] nieman tuot!
+
+    Die da[z] rehte singen st[oe]rent,
+  der ist ungel[i]che m[e]re
+  danne die e[z] gerne h[oe]rent.                 265
+  des volg' ich der alten l[e]re:
+  ich enwil niht werben ze der m[u:]l;
+  d[a] der stein s[o] riuschend' umbe g[a]t
+  und da[z] rat s[o] maneg[e.] unw[i]se h[a]t,
+  merket wer d[a] harpfen s[u:]l!                 270
+
+    Die s[o] frevell[i]chen schallent,
+  der muo[z] ich vor zorne lachen,
+  da[z] s' in selben wol gevallent
+  mit als ungef[u:]egen sachen.
+  die tuont sam die fr[o:]sche in eime s[e],      275
+  den ir schr[i]en als[o] wol behaget,
+  da[z] diu nahtegal d[a] von verzaget,
+  s[o] si gerne sunge m[e].
+
+    Der unfuoge sw[i]gen hie[z]e,
+  wa[z] man noch von freuden sunge,            280
+  und sie abe den b[u:]rgen stie[z]e,
+  da[z] si d[a] die fr[o]n iht twunge!
+  wurden ir die gr[o][z]en h[o:]ve benomen,
+  da[z] w[ae]r' alle[z] n[a]ch dem willen m[i]n:
+  bien geb[u]ren lie[z]e ich sie wol s[i]n,        285
+  dannen ist s' ouch here komen.
+
+
+11.
+
+  Der r[i]fe tet den kleinen vogelen w[e],
+  da[z] sie niht ensungen.
+  n[u] h[o]rte ich s'aber w[u:]nnecl[i]che als [e]:
+  n[u] ist diu heide entsprungen.                      290
+  d[a] sach ich bluomen str[i]ten wider den kl[e],
+  weder ir lenger w[ae]re.
+  m[i]ner frouwen seite ich disiu m[ae]re.
+
+  Uns h[a]t der winter kalt und ander n[o]t
+  vil get[a]n ze leide.                                295
+  ich w[a]nde, da[z] ich iemer bluomen r[o]t
+  s[ae]he an gr[u:]ener heide.
+  joch sch[a]te e[z] guoten liuten, w[ae]re ich t[o]t,
+  die n[a]ch freuden rungen
+  und ie gerne tanzten unde sprungen.                300
+
+  Vers[u]mde ich disen w[u:]nnecl[i]chen tac,
+  s[o] w[ae]r' ich verw[a][z]en
+  und w[ae]re an freude ein angestl[i]cher slac:
+  dennoch m[u:]ese ich l[a][z]en
+  al m[i]ne freude, der ich w[i]lent pflac.              305
+  got gesegen' iuch alle:
+  w[u:]nschet noch, da[z] mir ein heil gevalle.
+
+
+12.
+
+  W[i]p muo[z] [e]t iemer s[i]n der w[i]be h[o]hste name
+  und tiuret ba[z] dan frouwe, als ich'[z] erkenne.
+  sw[a] n[u] deheiniu s[i], diu sich ir w[i]pheit schame,           310
+  diu merke disen sanc und kiese denne.
+  under frouwen sint unw[i]p,
+  under w[i]ben sint sie tiure:
+  w[i]bes name und w[i]bes l[i]p
+  die sint beide vil gehiure.                                        315
+  swie'[z] umb' alle frouwen var,
+  w[i]p sint alle frouwen gar.
+  zw[i]vellop da[z] h[oe]net,
+  als under w[i]len frouwe: w[i]p d[e]st ein name der s'alle kr[oe]net.
+
+
+13.
+
+  S[o] die bluomen [u][z] dem grase dringent,          320
+  same sie lachen gegen der spileden sunnen,
+  in einem meien an dem morgen fruo,
+  und diu kleinen vogell[i]n wol singent
+  in ir besten w[i]se die sie kunnen,
+  wa[z] w[u:]nne mac sich d[a] gen[o][z]en zuo?             325
+  e[z] ist wol halb ein himelr[i]che.
+  suln wir sprechen, wa[z] sich deme gel[i]che,
+  s[o] sage ich, wa[z] mir dicke ba[z]
+  in m[i]nen ougen h[a]t get[a]n,
+  und t[ae]te ouch noch, ges[ae]he ich da[z].            330
+
+  Sw[a] ein edeliu sch[oe]ne frouwe reine
+  wol gekleidet unde wol gebunden
+  durch kurzew[i]le zuo vil liuten g[a]t,
+  hovel[i]chen h[o]chgemuot, niht eine,
+  umbe sehend[e.] ein w[e]nic under stunden:          335
+  alsam der sunne gegen den sternen st[a]t:
+  der meie bringe uns al s[i]n wunder,
+  wa[z] ist d[a] s[o] w[u:]nnecl[i]ches under
+  als ir vil minnecl[i]cher l[i]p?
+  wir l[a][z]en alle bluomen st[a]n,                   340
+  und kapfen an da[z] werde w[i]p.
+
+  N[u] wol dan, welt ir die w[a]rheit schouwen,
+  g[e]n wir zuo des meien h[o]chgez[i]te!
+  der ist mit aller s[i]ner krefte komen.
+  seht an in und seht an werde frouwen,          345
+  wedere[z] da[z] ander [u:]berstr[i]te,
+  da[z] be[zz]er spil ob ich da[z] habe genomen.
+  [o]w[e] der mich d[a] welen hie[z]e,
+  deich da[z] eine durch da[z] ander lie[z]e,
+  wie rehte schiere ich danne k[u:]re!              350
+  h[e]r Meie, ir m[u:]eset merze s[i]n,
+  [e] ich m[i]ne frouwen d[a] verl[u:]re.
+
+
+14.
+
+  Swie wol der heide ir manicvaltiu varwe st[a]t,
+  s[o] wil ich doch dem walde jehen,
+  da[z] er vil m[e]re w[u:]nnecl[i]cher dinge h[a]t.                355
+  noch ist dem velde ba[z] geschehen.
+  s[o] wol dir, sumer, sus get[a]ner em[z]ekeit!
+  sumer, da[z] ich iemer lobe d[i]ne tage,
+  m[i]n tr[o]st, s[o] tr[oe]ste ouch m[i]ne klage:
+  ich sage dir, wa[z] mir wirret:                          360
+  diu mir ist liep, der bin ich leit.
+
+  Ich mac der guoten niht verge[zz]en noch ensol,
+  diu mir s[o] vil gedanke nimet.
+  die w[i]le ich singe, wil ich vinden iemer wol
+  ein niuwe lop, da[z] ir gezimet.                         365
+  n[u] habe ir di[z] f[u:]r guot (s[o] lobe ich danne m[e]):
+  e[z] tuot in den ougen wol, da[z] man sie siht,
+  und da[z] man ir vil tugende giht,
+  da[z] tuot wol in den [o]ren.
+  s[o] wol ir des! s[o] w[e] mir, w[e]!                          370
+
+
+15.
+
+  In einen zw[i]vell[i]chen w[a]n
+  was ich gese[zz]en und ged[a]hte,
+  ich wolte von ir dienste g[a]n,
+  wan da[z] ein tr[o]st mich wider br[a]hte.
+  tr[o]st mag e[z] rehte niht gehei[z]en, ouw[e] des!            375
+  e[z] ist vil k[u]me ein kleine[z] tr[oe]stel[i]n,
+  s[o] kleine, swenne ich'[z] iu gesage, ir spottet m[i]n;
+  doch fr[o:]wet sich l[u:]tzel ieman, er enwi[zz]e wes.
+
+  Mich h[a]t ein halm gemachet fr[o]:
+  er giht, ich s[u:]le gen[a]de vinden.                       380
+  ich ma[z] da[z] selbe kleine str[o],
+  als ich hie vore sach von kinden.
+  n[u] h[oe]ret unde merket, ob si'[z] denne tuo:
+  'si tuot, si entuot, si tuot, si entuot, si tuot.'
+  swie dicke ich'[z] tete, s[o] was ie da[z] ende guot.        385
+  da[z] tr[oe]stet mich: d[a] h[oe]ret ouch geloube zuo.
+
+
+16.
+
+  Nieman kan beherten
+  kindes zuht mit gerten:
+  den man z'[e]ren bringen mac,
+  dem ist ein wort als ein slac.             390
+  dem ist ein wort als ein slac,
+  den man z'[e]ren bringen mac:
+  kindes zuht mit gerten
+  nieman kan beherten.
+
+    H[u:]etet iuwer zungen,                     395
+  da[z] zimt wol den jungen;
+  st[o][z] den rigel f[u:]r die t[u:]r,
+  l[a] kein b[oe]se wort dar f[u:]r.
+  l[a] kein b[oe]se wort dar f[u:]r,
+  st[o][z] den rigel f[u:]r die t[u:]r:                400
+  da[z] zimt wol den jungen,
+  h[u:]etet iuwer zungen.
+
+    H[u:]etet iuwer ougen
+  offenb[a]re und tougen:
+  l[a]t sie guote site spehen                  405
+  und die b[oe]sen [u:]bersehen;
+  und die b[oe]sen [u:]bersehen
+  l[a]t sie, guote site spehen:
+  offenb[a]re und tougen
+  h[u:]etet iuwer ougen.                        410
+
+  H[u:]etet iuwer [o]ren,
+  oder ir s[i]t t[o]ren:
+  l[a]t ir b[oe]siu wort dar in,
+  da[z] gun[e]ret iu den sin.
+  da[z] gun[e]ret in den sin,                    415
+  l[a]t ir b[oe]siu wort dar in,
+  oder ir s[i]t t[o]ren:
+  h[u:]etet iuwer [o]ren.
+
+  H[u:]etet wol der dr[i]er
+  leider alze fr[i]er:                         420
+  zungen ougen [o]ren sint
+  dicke schalchaft, z'[e]ren blint.
+  dicke schalchaft, z'[e]ren blint
+  zungen ougen [o]ren sint:
+  leider alze fr[i]er                          425
+  h[u:]etet wol der dr[i]er.
+
+
+17.
+
+  Junc man, in swelher aht d[u] bist,
+  ich wil dich l[e]ren einen list:
+  d[u] l[a] dir niht ze w[e] s[i]n n[a]ch dem guote:
+  l[a] dir'[z] ouch niht z'unm[ae]re s[i]n.                   430
+  und volges d[u] der l[e]re m[i]n,
+  s[o] wis gewis, e[z] frumt dir an dem muote.
+  die rede wil ich dir ba[z] bescheiden.
+  l[a]st d[u] dir'[z] ze s[e]re leiden,
+  zerg[a]t e[z] so ist d[i]n freude t[o]t:                   435
+  wilt aber d[u] da[z] guot ze s[e]re minnen,
+  d[u] maht verliesen s[e]le und [e]re.
+  d[a] von s[o] volge m[i]ner l[e]re:
+  leg' [u]f die w[a]ge ein rehte[z] l[o]t
+  und wig ouch dar mit allen d[i]nen sinnen,           440
+  als e[z] diu m[a][z]e eht ie geb[o]t.
+
+
+18.
+
+    Die v[a:]ter h[a]nt ir kint erzogen,
+  dar an sie beide sint betrogen:
+  sie brechent dicke Salom[o]nes l[e]re:
+  der sprichet, swer den besmen spar,                445
+  da[z] der den sun vers[u]me gar:
+  des sint die ungebatten gar [a]n' [e]re.
+  hie vor d[o] was diu werlt s[o] sch[oe]ne,
+  n[u] [i.]st sie worden als[o] h[oe]ne.
+  des enwas niht w[i]lent [e]:                           450
+  die jungen h[a]nt die alten s[o] verdrungen.
+  n[u] spottet alse dar der alten!
+  e[z] wirt iu selben noch behalten.
+  beitet unz iuwer jugent zerg[e]:
+  swa[z] ir n[u] tuot, da[z] rechent iuwer jungen,         455
+  da[z] wei[z] ich wol und wei[z] noch m[e].
+
+
+19.
+
+  Wer zieret n[u] der [e]ren sal?
+  der jungen ritter zuht ist smal,
+  s[o] pflegent die knehte gar unh[o:]vescher dinge
+  mit worten und mit werken ouch.                    460
+  swer z[u:]hte h[a]t, der ist ir gouch.
+  nemt war, wie gar unfuoge f[u:]r sich dringe!
+  hie vor d[o] berte man die jungen,
+  die d[a] pfl[a]gen frecher zungen;
+  n[u] ist e[z] ir werdekeit:                            465
+  sie schallent unde scheltent reine frouwen.
+  w[e] ir hiuten unde ir h[a]ren,
+  die niht kunnen fr[o] geb[a]ren
+  sunder w[i]be herzeleit!
+  d[a] mac man s[u:]nde b[i] der schande schouwen,          470
+  die maneger [u]f sich selben leit.
+
+
+20.
+
+  Swer [a]ne vorhte, h[e]rre got,
+  wil sprechen d[i]niu zehen gebot
+  und brichet diu, da[z] ist niht rehtiu minne.
+  dich hei[z]et vater maneger vil:                     475
+  swer m[i]n ze bruoder niht enwil,
+  der sprichet starkiu wort [u][z] krankem sinne.
+  wir wahsen [u][z] gel[i]chem dinge:
+  sp[i]se frumet uns, diu wirt ringe,
+  s[o] si durch den munt gevert.                       480
+  wer kan den h[e]rren von dem knehte scheiden
+  swa [e.]r ir gebeine bl[o][z]e[z] f[u:]nde,
+  und h[ae]te er ir joch lebender k[u:]nde,
+  s[o] gew[u:]rme da[z] fleisch verzert?
+  im dienent kristen, juden unde heiden,             485
+  der elliu lebendiu wunder nert.
+
+
+21.
+
+  [O]w[e] da[z] w[i]sheit unde tugent,
+  des mannes sch[oe]ne noch s[i]n jugent
+  niht erben sol, s[o] ie der l[i]p erstirbet!
+  da[z] mac wol klagen ein w[i]ser man,                                  490
+  der sich des schaden versinnen kan.
+  Reinm[a]r, wa[z] guoter kunst an dir verdirbet!
+  d[u] solt von schulden iemer des genie[z]en,
+  da[z] dich des tages wolte nie verdrie[z]en,
+  du'n spr[ae]ches ie den frouwen wol und guoten w[i]bes siten.           495
+  des suln sie iemer danken d[i]ner zungen.
+  und h[ae]test niht wan eine rede gesungen:
+  's[o] wol dir, w[i]p, wie reine ein nam!', d[u] h[ae]test an gestriten
+  ir lobe, da[z] elliu w[i]p dir iemer gn[a]den solten biten.
+
+
+22.
+
+  D[e]sw[a]r, Reinm[a]r, d[u] riuwes mich                             500
+  michels harter denne ich dich,
+  obe d[u] lebtes unde ich w[ae]re erstorben
+  ich wil'[z] b[i] m[i]nen triuwen sagen:
+  dich selben wil ich l[u:]tzel klagen,
+  ich klage d[i]n edelen kunst, da[z] s'ist verdorben.                   505
+  d[u] kundest al der werlte freude m[e]ren,
+  s[o] du'[z] ze guoten dingen woltest k[e]ren.
+  mich riuwet d[i]n wol redender munt und d[i]n vil s[u:]e[z]er sanc,
+  da[z] der verdorben ist b[i] m[i]nen z[i]ten.
+  da[z] d[u] niht eine w[i]le mohtest b[i]ten!                         510
+  s[o] leiste ich dir geselleschaft: m[i]n singen ist niht lanc.
+  d[i]n s[e]le m[u:]e[z]e wol gevarn und habe d[i]n zunge danc.
+
+
+V
+
+REINMAR.
+
+  Reinmar, often called Reinmar der Alte, was by birth an Alsatian.
+  He spent many years of his active life as Court poet at Vienna,
+  where he was extremely popular. Next to his rival Walther von der
+  Vogelweide he was the most prolific and important lyrical poet of
+  his period, cp. ll. 487-512, pp. 132-3. He died some time during the
+  first decade of the thirteenth century. See Burdach, Reinmar der
+  Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide, Leipzig, 1880, and Bartsch,
+  Deutsche Liederdichter des zw[o:]lften his vierzehnten Jahrhunderts,
+  Stuttgart, 1879.
+
+
+1
+
+  'S[i] koment underw[i]len her
+  die ba[z] d[a] heime m[o:]hten s[i]n.
+  Ein ritter des ich lange ger,
+  bed[ae]hte er ba[z] den willen m[i]n,
+  s[o] w[ae]re er z'allen z[i]ten hie,                    5
+  als ich in gerne s[ae]he.
+  ow[e] des, wa[z] suochent die
+  die n[i]dent da[z] ob iemen guot gesch[ae]he?'
+
+    Mir ist geschehen da[z] ich niht bin
+  langer vr[o] wan unz ich lebe.                    10
+  s[i] wundert wer mir sch[oe]nen sin
+  und da[z] h[o]hgem[u:]ete gebe
+  da[z] ich zer werlte niht getar
+  ze rehte als[o] geb[a]ren,
+  nie genam ich vrowen war,                       15
+  ich w[ae]re in holt die mir ze m[a][z]e w[a]ren.
+
+
+2
+
+  Ein rede der liute tuot mir w[e]:
+  da enkan ich niht gedultecl[i]chen zuo geb[a]ren.
+  nu tuont si'[z] alle deste m[e]:
+  s[i] fr[a]gent mich ze vil von m[i]ner frouwen j[a]ren              20
+  und sprechent welher tage s[i] s[i],
+  dur da[z] ich ir s[o] lange bin gewesen mit triuwen b[i];
+  s[i] jehent da[z] es m[o:]hte mich verdrie[z]en.
+  nu l[a] da[z] aller beste w[i]p
+  ir z[u:]htel[o]ser vr[a]ge mich genie[z]en.                          25
+
+
+3
+
+  S[i] jehent, der sumer der s[i] hie,
+  diu wunne diu s[i] komen
+  und da[z] ich mich wol gehabe als [e].
+  nu r[a]tet unde sprechet wie:
+  der t[o]t h[a]t mir benomen                                     30
+  da[z] ich niemer [u:]berwinde m[e].
+  wa[z] bedarf ich wunnecl[i]cher z[i]t,
+  s[i]t aller vr[o:]uden h[e]rre Liutpolt in der erde l[i]t,
+  den ich nie tac getr[u]ren sach?
+  e[z] h[a]t diu werlt an ime verlorn                             35
+  da[z] ir an manne nie
+  s[o] j[ae]merl[i]cher schade geschach.
+
+  'Mir armen w[i]be was ze wol,
+  d[o] ich ged[a]hte an in
+  wie m[i]n heil an s[i]nem l[i]be lac.                             40
+  da[z] ich des n[u] niht haben sol,
+  des g[a]t mit sorgen hin
+  swa[z] ich iemer m[e] geleben mac.
+  m[i]ner wunnen spiegel derst verlorn
+  den ich mir hete ze sumerl[i]cher ougen weide erkorn,         45
+  des muo[z] ich leider [ae]nic s[i]n.
+  d[o] man mir seite er w[ae]re t[o]t,
+  zehant wiel mir da[z] bluot
+  von herzen [u]f die s[e]le m[i]n.
+
+    Die fr[o:]ide mir verboten h[a]t                               50
+  m[i]ns lieben h[e]rren t[o]t
+  als[o] deich ir m[e]r enberen sol.
+  s[i]t des nu niht mac werden r[a]t,
+  in ringe mit der n[o]t,
+  da[z] m[i]n klagede[z] herze ist j[a]mers vol,                      55
+  diu in iemer weinet, da[z] bin ich,
+  wan er vil s[ae]lic man, j[a] tr[o]ste er wol ze lebenne mich.
+  der ist nu hin: wa[z] t[o:]hte ich hie?
+  wis ime gen[ae]dic, h[e]rre got,
+  wan tugenthafter gast                                       60
+  kam in d[i]n ingesinde nie.'
+
+
+4
+
+  Ich welte [u]f guoter liute sage
+  und ouch durch m[i]nes herzen r[a]t
+  ein w[i]p von der ich dicke trage
+  vil manige n[o]t diu n[a]he g[a]t.                65
+  die sw[ae]re ich z'allen z[i]ten klage,
+  wand e[z] mir kumberl[i]che st[a]t.
+  ich tet ir sch[i]n den dienst m[i]n:
+  wie m[o:]hte ein gr[oe][z]er wunder s[i]n,
+  da[z] s[i] mich des engelten l[a]t?               70
+
+    Ze rehter m[a][z]e sol ein man
+  beidiu da[z] herze und al den sin
+  ze st[ae]te wenden, ob er kan:
+  da[z] wirt im l[i]hte ein guot gewin.
+  swem d[a] von ie kein leit bekan,             75
+  der wei[z] wol wie'ch gebunden bin.
+  ich gloube im wol, als er mir sol.
+  von schulden ich den kumber dol:
+  ich br[a]hte selbe mich dar in.
+
+
+5
+
+  'Er h[a]t ze lange mich gemiten                                       80
+  den ich mit triuwen nie gemeit.
+  von s[i]ner schulde ich h[a]n erliten
+  da[z] ich nie gr[oe][z]er n[o]t erleit.
+  s[o] lebt m[i]n l[i]p n[a]ch s[i]nem l[i]be.
+  ich bin ein w[i]p, da[z] im von w[i]be                                    85
+  nie liebes m[e] geschach, swie mir von im gesch[ae]he.
+  m[i]n ouge in gerner nie gesach dann ich in hiute s[ae]he.'
+
+    Mir ist vil liebe nu geschehen,
+  da[z] mir s[o] liebe nie geschach.
+  s[o] gerne h[a]n ich s[i] gesehen                                         90
+  da[z] ich s[i] gerner nie gesach.
+  ich scheide ir muot von schwachem muote:
+  s[i] ist s[o] guot, ich wil mit guote
+  ir l[o]nen, ob ich kan, als ich doch gerne kunde.
+  vil m[e]re fr[o:]iden ich ir gan dann ich mir selben gunde.              95
+
+
+6
+
+  Wol mich lieber m[ae]re,
+  diu ich h[a]n vernomen,
+  da[z] der winter sw[ae]re
+  welle ze ende komen.
+  k[u]me ich des erbeiten mac,                 100
+  want ich fr[o:]ide niht enpflac
+  s[i]t der kalte r[i]fe lac.
+
+    Mich enha[zz]et niemen,
+  ob ich bin gemeit.
+  Wei[z] got, tuot e[z] iemen,                   105
+  deist uns[ae]lekeit,
+  wande ich schaden niht enkan.
+  swes ot s[i] mir wole gan,
+  wa[z] wil des ein ander man?
+
+    Solte ich m[i]ne liebe                     110
+  bergen unde heln,
+  s[o] m[u:]est ich ze diebe
+  werden unde steln.
+  sinnecl[i]ch ich da[z] bewar.
+  m[i]n gewerbe ist anderswar,                 115
+  ich g[e] dannen oder dar.
+
+    S[o] s[i] mit dem balle
+  tr[i]bet kindes spot,
+  da[z]'s iht s[e]re valle,
+  da[z] verbiete got.                          120
+  megde, l[a]t iur dringen s[i]n:
+  st[o][z]et ir m[i]n frouwel[i]n,
+  so'st der schade halber m[i]n.
+
+
+7
+
+  Ich sach vil wunnecl[i]che st[a]n
+  die heide mit den bluomen r[o]t,             125
+  der v[i]ol der ist wol get[a]n:
+  des h[a]t diu nahtegal ir n[o]t
+  wol [u:]berwunden diu s[i] twanc.
+  zergangen ist der winter lanc.
+  ich h[o]rte ir sanc.                         130
+
+    D[o] ich da[z] gr[u:]ene loup ersach,
+  d[o] lie[z] ich vil der sw[ae]re m[i]n.
+  von einem w[i]be mir geschach
+  da[z] ich muo[z] iemer m[e]re s[i]n
+  vil wunnecl[i]chen wol gemuot.               135
+  e[z] sol mich alle[z] dunken guot
+  swa[z] s[i] mir tuot.
+
+    S[i] schiet von sorgen m[i]nen l[i]p,
+  da[z] ich dekeine sw[ae]re h[a]n.
+  wan [a]ne s[i] vier t[u]sent w[i]p                 140
+  dien heten's alle niht get[a]n.
+  ir g[u:]ete wendet m[i]niu leit.
+  ich h[a]n s[i] mir ze friunt bereit,
+  swa[z] iemen seit.
+
+    Mir'n mac niht leides widerst[a]n:         145
+  des wil ich gar [a]n angest s[i]n.
+  ergienge e[z] als ich willen h[a]n,
+  s[o] l[ae]ge's an dem arme m[i]n.
+  da[z] mir der sch[oe]nen wurde ein teil,
+  da[z] diuhte mich ein michel heil,           150
+  und w[ae]re ouch geil.
+
+    Deich ir s[o] holde[z] herze trage,
+  da[z] ist in sumel[i]chen leit.
+  dar umbe ich niemer s[o] verzage:
+  s[i] vliesent alle ir arebeit.               155
+  wa[z] hilfet s[i] ir arger list?
+  si'n wi[zz]en wie'[z] ergangen ist
+  in kurzer frist.
+
+
+8
+
+  M[i]n ougen wurden liebes als[o] vol,
+  d[o] ich die minnecl[i]chen [e]rst gesach,                   160
+  da[z] e[z] mir hiute und iemer m[e] tuot wol.
+  ein minnecl[i]che[z] wunder d[o] geschach:
+  s[i] gie mir alse sanfte dur m[i]n ougen
+  da[z] s[i] sich in der enge niene stie[z].
+  in m[i]nem herzen s[i] sich nider lie[z]:                    165
+  d[a] trage ich noch die werden inne tougen.
+
+    L[a] st[a]n, l[a] st[a]n! wa[z] tuost du, s[ae]lic w[i]p,
+  da[z] du mich heimesuochest an der stat,
+  dar s[o] gewaltecl[i]che w[i]bes l[i]p
+  mit starker heimesuoche nie getrat?                    170
+  gen[a]de, frowe! ich mac dir niht gestr[i]ten.
+  m[i]n herze ist dir ba[z] veile danne mir:
+  e[z] solde s[i]n b[i] mir, nu'st e[z] b[i] dir:
+  des muo[z] ich [u]f gen[a]de l[o]nes b[i]ten.
+
+
+9
+
+  Ze fr[o:]iden n[a]het alle tage                 175
+  der werlte ein wunnecl[i]chiu z[i]t,
+  ze senfte maniges herzen klage
+  die nu der sw[ae]re winter g[i]t.
+  von sorge ich dicke s[o] verzage,
+  swenn als[o] j[ae]merl[i]che l[i]t                  180
+  diu heide breit. da[z] ist mir leit.
+  diu nahtegal uns schiere seit
+  da[z] sich gescheiden h[a]t der str[i]t.
+
+
+10
+
+  S[o] wol dir, w[i]p, wie reine ein nam!
+  wie sanfte er doch z'erkennen und ze nennen ist!                   185
+  e[z] wart nie niht s[o] lobesam,
+  sw[a] du'[z] an rehte g[u:]ete k[e]rest, s[o] d[u] bist.
+  d[i]n lop mit rede nieman wol volenden kan.
+  swes d[u] mit triuwen pfligest wol, der ist ein s[ae]lic man
+  und mac vil gerne leben.                                           190
+  d[u] g[i]st al der werlte hohen muot:
+  maht d[u] ouch mir ein w[e]nic freude geben?
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+ULRICH VON LICHTENSTEIN.
+
+  Ulrich von Lichtenstein came of a better-class Styrian family, and
+  was born about the year 1200 and died in 1275 or 1276. He was one of
+  the best representatives of the later Court lyrical poets. For
+  editions of his works, see Lachmann, Ausgabe der Dichtungen Ulrichs
+  von Lichtenstein, Berlin, 1841; Bechstein, Ulrichs von Lichtenstein
+  Frauendienst, Leipzig, 1887. The following extracts are taken from
+  Bartsch, Deutsche Liederdichter des zw[o:]lften bis vierzehnten
+  Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1889.
+
+
+1
+
+{Ein tanzw[i]se, und ist diu vierde w[i]se.}
+
+  In dem walde s[u:]e[z]e d[oe]ne
+  singent kleiniu vogell[i]n.
+  an der heide bluomen sch[oe]ne
+  bl[u:]ejent gegen des meien sch[i]n.
+  als[o] bl[u:]et m[i]n h[o]her muot                    5
+  mit gedanken gegen ir g[u:]ete,
+  diu mir r[i]chet m[i]n gem[u:]ete
+  sam der troum den armen tuot.
+
+    E[z] ist ein vil h[o]ch gedinge
+  den ich gegen ir tugenden trage,            10
+  da[z] mir noch an ir gelinge,
+  da[z] ich s[ae]lde an ir bejage.
+  des gedingen bin ich vr[o].
+  god geb' da[z] ich'[z] wol verende,
+  da[z] sie mir den w[a]n iht wende               15
+  der mich freut s[o] rehte h[o].
+
+    Sie vil s[u:]e[z]e, valsches [a]ne,
+  vr[i] vor allem wandel gar,
+  l[a][z]e mich in liebem w[a]ne
+  die w[i]l e[z] niht ba[z] envar;                  20
+  da[z] diu vreude lange wer,
+  da[z] ich weinens iht erwache,
+  da[z] ich gegen dem tr[o]ste lache
+  des ich von ir hulden ger.
+
+    W[u:]nschen unde wol gedenken                25
+  d[e]st diu meiste vreude m[i]n.
+  des sol mir ir tr[o]st niht wenken,
+  sie enl[a][z]e mich ir s[i]n
+  mit den beiden n[a]hen b[i],
+  s[o] da[z] sie mit willen gunne                 30
+  mir von ir s[o] werder wunne
+  da[z] sie s[ae]lic immer s[i].
+
+    S[ae]lic meie, du aleine
+  tr[oe]stest al die welde gar.
+  du und al diu werlt gemeine                 35
+  vreut mich min dann umb ein h[a]r.
+  wie m[o:]ht' ir mir vreude geben
+  [a]ne die vil lieben guoten?
+  von der sol ich tr[o]stes muoten;
+  wan ir tr[o]stes muo[z] ich leben.              40
+
+
+2
+
+{Ein sincw[i]se, und ist diu sibende w[i]se.}
+
+  W[e] war umbe sul wir sorgen?
+  vreude ist guot.
+  von den w[i]ben sol man borgen
+  h[o]hen muot.
+  wol im der in kan gewinnen                  45
+  von in! der'st ein s[ae]lic man.
+  freude sol man durch sie minnen,
+  wan d[a] l[i]t vil [e]ren an.
+
+  Wir suln tanzen singen lachen
+  durch diu w[i]p.                              50
+  d[a] mit mac ein man gemachen
+  da[z] s[i]n l[i]p
+  wirdet wert, ob er mit triuwen
+  dienet guoter w[i]be gruo[z].
+  swen s[i]n dienest wil geriuwen,              55
+  dem wirt selten kumbers buo[z].
+
+    Mit dem wa[zz]er man da[z], fiuwer
+  laschet gar:
+  vinster ist der sunnen tiuwer.
+  beidiu w[a]r                                  60
+  sint diu m[ae]re: ir h[oe]ret m[e]re.
+  habet f[u:]r w[a]r [u]f minen l[i]p:
+  rehten man von herzen s[e]re
+  scheidet nieman wan diu w[i]p.
+
+    Ow[e] ow[e], frowe Minne,                     65
+  mir ist w[e].
+  nu gr[i]f her wie s[e]re ich brinne.
+  kalder sn[e]
+  m[u:]este von der hitze brinnen
+  diu mir an dem herzen l[i]t.                  70
+  kanstu, Minne, triuwe minnen,
+  s[o] hilfestu mir enz[i]t.
+
+
+3
+
+{Da[z] ist ein [u][z]reise.}
+
+  Wil iemen n[a]ch [e]ren die z[i]t wol vertr[i]ben,
+  ze s[ae]lden sich k[e]ren, b[i] freuden bel[i]ben,
+  der diene ze fl[i][z]e mit triuwen vil sch[o]ne                   75
+  n[a]ch der minne l[o]ne: der ist s[u:]e[z]e, reine,
+  vil guot und aleine den guoten gemeine.
+
+    Swer volget dem schilde, der sol e[z] enblanden
+  dem l[i]be, dem guote, dem herzen, den handen.
+  des l[o]net vil h[o]he mit guotem gewinne                       80
+  diu vil werde Minne: diu g[i]t freud' und [e]re.
+  wol ir s[u:]e[z]en l[e]re! sie kan tr[oe]sten s[e]re.
+
+    Der schilt wil mit z[u:]hten vil baltl[i]che[z] ellen:
+  er ha[zz]et, er schiuhet Schand' und ir gesellen.
+  got des niht enwelle da[z] man b[i] im vinde                    85
+  s[o] swachl[i]ch gesinde, er wil da[z] die s[i]nen
+  [u]f [e]re sich p[i]nen, in tugenden ersch[i]nen.
+
+    Erg' unde unfuoge und unfuore diu wilde
+  gezimt niht dem helme und touc niht dem schilde,
+  der schilt ist ein dach da[z] niht schande kan decken.        90
+  s[i]n blic t[ae]t' enblecken an [e]ren die weichen,
+  von vorhten erbleichen: diu varwe ist ir zeichen.
+
+    H[o]chgemuote frouwen, ir s[u:]lt wol gedenken:
+  getriuwen gesellen vil st[ae]te [a]ne wenken
+  den minnet, den meinet, mit herzen, mit muote,              95
+  da[z] in iwer huote behalte, beh[u:]ete
+  mit liebe, mit g[u:]ete, vr[i] vor ungem[u:]ete.
+
+    Sie ist [a]ne schulde mir ha[z]l[i]ch erbolgen
+  der ich ze dienste dem schilde wil volgen.
+  nu h[a]n ich f[u:]r z[u:]rnen noch f[u:]r herzen s[e]re                 100
+  niht ander schilt m[e]re wan den tr[o]st aleine,
+  da[z] ich sie ba[z] meine dann ie w[i]p deheine.
+
+    Gein ir langen kriege setz' ich m[i]n gedulde:
+  s[o] st[e] gein ir ha[zz]e ze wer m[i]n unschulde.
+  m[i]n wer gein den valschen da[z] sol s[i]n m[i]n triuwe           105
+  vil s[u:]e[z]e [a]ne riuwe: m[i]n kampfl[i]ch gew[ae]te
+  f[u:]r ir n[i]det[ae]te da[z] sol s[i]n m[i]n st[ae]te.
+
+
+4
+
+{Ditz ist der leich.}
+
+  Got f[u:]ege mir'[z] ze guote:
+  ich bin noch in dem muote
+  da[z] ich wil guoten w[i]ben                                           110
+  mit dienest [a]ne valschen muot immer b[i] bel[i]ben.
+  d[a] von r[a]t' ich einen r[a]t
+  der allen wol gemuoten mannen tugentl[i]chen st[a]t.
+
+    Ich r[a]t' iu, [e]re gerende man,
+  mit triuwen, als ich beste kan:                                    115
+  ob ir welt werende freude h[a]n,
+  s[o] s[i]t den w[i]ben undert[a]n
+  mit triwen [a]ne valschen muot.
+  ir g[u:]ete ist als[o] rehte guot,
+  swer in mit triwen dienest tuot,                                   120
+  den kunnen sie wol machen fr[o].
+  der werlde heil gar an in l[i]t:
+  ir g[u:]ete ist freuden h[o]chgez[i]t,
+  ir sch[oe]ne s[o] vil freuden g[i]t,
+  d[a] von diu herze st[i]gent h[o].                                       125
+
+    Werdekeit
+  sunder leit
+  kunnen sie wol friunden geben.
+  swem s[o] s[i]
+  witze b[i],                                                          130
+  der sol n[a]ch ir hulden streben
+  unde zinsen in s[i]n leben:
+  da[z] r[a]te ich [u]f die triwe m[i]n.
+  swer [e]ren s[ae]lic welle s[i]n
+  und r[i]che an h[o]hem muote,                                          135
+  der sol mit triwen guotiu w[i]p
+  reht minnen als s[i]n selbes l[i]p.
+  vil guot vor allem guote
+  ist der w[i]be g[u:]ete, unde ir sch[oe]ne sch[oe]ne ob aller sch[oe]ne.
+  ir sch[oe]ne ir g[u:]ete ir werdikeit ich immer gerne kr[oe]ne.      140
+  an ir sch[oe]ne und an ir g[u:]ete st[a]t m[i]n heil und ouch m[i]n wunne.
+  w[ae]r' guoter w[i]be sch[oe]ne niht, wie selten ich gewunne
+  deheinen [e]ren gernden muot.
+  wol mich da[z] sie sint als[o] guot,
+  da[z] man h[a]t von ir g[u:]ete                                      145
+  s[o] h[o]hen tr[o]st f[u:]r senediu leit.
+  ir sch[oe]ne, ir g[u:]ete, ir werdikeit
+  g[i]t mir vil h[o]ch gem[u:]ete.
+
+    M[i]n muot von w[i]ben h[o]he st[a]t.
+  wa[z] danne ob mir ir einiu h[a]t                                      150
+  erzeiget h[o]he misset[a]t?
+  d[e]sw[a]r des mac wol werden r[a]t.
+
+    Wa[z] sie gegen mir h[a]t get[a]n,
+  da[z] wil ich gerne wi[zz]en l[a]n
+  mit z[u:]hten, als ich beste kan,                                     155
+  [u]f gen[a]de guotiu w[i]p.
+  ich h[a]n ir driu und zehen j[a]r
+  gedienet sunder wenken gar,
+  b[i] m[i]nen triwen, da[z] ist w[a]r,
+  da[z] in der z[i]t m[i]n seneder l[i]p                               160
+  nie gewan
+  s[o:]lhen w[a]n,
+  des m[i]n st[ae]te wurde kranc.
+  al m[i]n gir
+  was gein ir                                                        165
+  sleht mit triwen [a]ne wanc.
+  nu vert entwer ir habedanc
+  reht als ein rat da[z] umbe g[a]t
+  und als ein marder den man h[a]t
+  in eine lin gebunden.                                              170
+  kund' ich als sie unst[ae]te s[i]n,
+  s[o] h[ae]t' ich n[a]ch dem willen m[i]n
+  [a]n sie ein frowen funden.
+
+  [E] daz ich m[i]n ritterl[i]che st[ae]te br[ae]ch' an guoten w[i]ben
+  ich wold' [e] immer valscher w[i]be hulde vr[i] bel[i]ben.           175
+  ich muo[z] in der st[ae]ten w[i]be dienest sunder l[o]n verderben
+  oder ich muo[z] ir st[ae]ten herzen liebe alsus erwerben
+  da[z] ich gewenke nimmer wanc
+  von in. ir h[o]hen habedanc,
+  und mag ich den erringen,                                          180
+  s[o] h[a]n ich alle[z] da[z] ich wil,
+  s[u:]e[z]' ougen wunne, herzen spil,
+  vil wunne an allen dingen.
+
+    Nu wa[z] bedarf m[i]n seneder l[i]p
+  gen[a]den m[e]r, ob ich ein w[i]p                                        185
+  ze frowen vinde als[o] gemuot,
+  diu sich vor wandel h[a]t behuot
+  und niht wan da[z] beste tuot?
+  der sol m[i]n dienest s[i]n bereit
+  immer m[e],                                                          190
+  swie'[z] erg[e],
+  sunder valsch mit st[ae]tikeit.
+  d[a] von gewinne ich werdikeit
+  und als[o] freuder[i]chen sin,
+  des ich getiuret immer bin                                         195
+  an aller hande dingen.
+
+    Vind' ich sie, ich sol s[o] ritterl[i]chen n[a]ch ir hulden ringen.
+  da[z] mir von ir st[ae]tikeit muo[z] h[o] an ir gelingen.
+  sie muo[z] abr [u]f die triwe m[i]n
+  gar vr[i] vor allem wandel s[i]n,                                      200
+  diech m[e]r mich l[a][z]e twingen
+  und ouch in kumber bringen.
+  j[a] geh[oe]ret man mich nimmer m[e]
+  deheines valschen w[i]bes lop gesprechen noch gesingen.
+
+
+5
+
+  In dem lufte s[u:]e[z]em meien,                 205
+  s[o] der walt gekleidet st[a]t,
+  s[o] siht man sich sch[o]ne zweien
+  alle[z] da[z] iht liebes h[a]t,
+  unde ist mit ein ander vr[o].
+  da[z] ist reht: diu z[i]t wil s[o].              210
+
+    Sw[a] sich liep ze liebe zweiet,
+  h[o]hen muot diu liebe g[i]t.
+  in der beider herzen meiet
+  e[z] mit vreuden alle z[i]t.
+  tr[u]rens wil diu liebe niht,                215
+  sw[a] man liep b[i] liebe siht.
+
+    Sw[a] zwei liep ein ander meinent
+  herzenl[i]chen [a]ne wanc
+  und sich beidiu s[o] vereinent
+  da[z] ir liebe ist [a]ne kranc,                220
+  die h[a]t got zesamne geben
+  [u]f ein wunnecl[i]che[z] leben.
+
+    St[ae]tiu liebe hei[z]et minne.
+  liebe, minne, ist al ein:
+  die kan ich in m[i]nem sinne                 225
+  niht gemachen wol zuo zwein.
+  liebe muo[z] mir minne s[i]n
+  immer in dem herzen m[i]n.
+
+  Sw[a] ein st[ae]te[z] herze vindet
+  st[ae]te liebe, st[ae]ten muot,                  230
+  d[a] von al s[i]n tr[u]ren swindet.
+  st[ae]tiu liebe ist als[o] guot
+  da[z] sie st[ae]te freude g[i]t
+  st[ae]tem herzen alle z[i]t.
+
+    M[o:]hte ich st[ae]te liebe vinden,            235
+  der wold' ich s[o] st[ae]te s[i]n
+  da[z] ich d[a] mit [u:]berwinden
+  wolde gar die sorge m[i]n.
+  st[ae]ter liebe wil ich gern
+  unde unst[ae]te gar verbern.                  240
+
+
+6
+
+  Disiu liet diu hei[z]ent vrowen tanz:
+  diu sol niemen singen, er'n s[i] vr[o].
+  swer mit z[u:]hten treit der freuden kranz,
+  und dem s[i]n muot st[a]t von w[i]ben h[o],
+  dem erloube ich sie ze singen wol:                 245
+  bl[i]decl[i]chen man sie tanzen sol.
+
+    Tr[u]ren ist ze w[a]re niemen guot
+  wan dem einen der s[i]n s[u:]nde klaget,
+  h[o]hen lop erwirbet h[o]her muot.
+  guoten w[i]ben h[o]chmuot wol behaget:                 250
+  d[a] von wil ich immer m[e]re s[i]n
+  h[o]chgemuot durch dich, guot vrowe m[i]n.
+
+    Vreude gibt mir d[i]n wol redender munt,
+  h[o]hen muot d[i]n reine senfte sit':
+  vreuden tou mir [u][z] des herzen grunt                255
+  kumt von dir in elliu m[i]niu lit.
+  got h[a]t s[i]nen vl[i][z] an dich geleit,
+  d[a] von d[i] lop [e]ren kr[o]ne treit.
+
+  Liehtiu ougen, d[a] b[i] br[u]ne br[a],
+  h[a]stu und zwei r[o]tiu w[a:]ngel[i]n.                     260
+  sch[oe]ne bistu hie und sch[oe]ne d[a].
+  br[u]n r[o]t w[i][z], der dr[i]er varwe sch[i]n
+  treit d[i]n h[o]chgeborner sch[oe]ner l[i]p.
+  tugende h[a]stu vil, guot w[i]pl[i]ch w[i]p.
+
+    Da[z] du als[o] manege tugende h[a]st,                 265
+  d[a] von bin ich alles tr[u]rens vr[i].
+  s[o] du als[o] sch[oe]niu vor mir g[a]st,
+  s[o] ist mir als ich in dem himel s[i].
+  got s[o] sch[oe]nen engel nie gewan
+  den ich f[u:]r dich wolde sehen an.                   270
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED.
+
+
+  B. Text. [A]VENTIURE XVII.
+
+WIE KRIEMHILT IR MAN KLAGTE UND WIE ER BEGRABEN WART.
+
+  The following extract is from Bartsch's edition, Leipzig, 1879.
+
+
+  D[o] erbiten si der nahte / und fuoren [u:]ber R[i]n.
+  von heleden kunde nimmer / wirs gejaget s[i]n.
+  ein tier da[z] si d[a] sluogen, / da[z] weinden edeliu kint.
+  j[a] muosen s[i]n engelten / vil guote w[i]gande sint.                     4
+
+  Von gr[o][z]er [u:]berm[u:]ete / muget ir h[oe]ren sagen,
+  und von eisl[i]cher r[a]che. / d[o] hie[z] Hagene tragen
+  S[i]friden als[o] t[o]ten / von Nibelunge lant
+  f[u:]r eine kemen[a]ten / d[a] man Kriemhilde vant.                         8
+
+  Er hie[z] in tougenl[i]chen / legen an die t[u:]re,
+  da[z] sin d[a] solde vinden / so si gienge derf[u:]re
+  him zer mett[i]ne / [e] da[z] e[z] wurde tac,
+  der diu vrouwe Kriemhilt / vil selten keine verlac.                 12
+
+  Man l[u]te d[a] zem m[u:]nster / n[a]ch gewoneheit.
+  vrou Kriemhilt diu sch[oe]ne / wahte manige meit:
+  ein lieht bat si ir bringen / und ouch ir gewant.
+  d[o] kom ein kamer[ae]re / d[a] er S[i]friden vant.                  16
+
+  Er sah in bluotes r[o]ten: / s[i]n w[a]t was elliu na[z].
+  da[z] e[z] s[i]n herre w[ae]re, / nine wesse er da[z].
+  hin zer kemen[a]ten / da[z] lieht truog an der hant
+  von dem vil leider m[ae]re / diu vrouwe Kriemhilt ervant.              20
+
+  D[o] si mit ir vrouwen / zem m[u:]nster wolde g[a]n,
+  d[o] sprach der kamer[ae]re / 'j[a] sult ir stille st[a]n:
+  e[z] l[i]t vor dem gademe / ein ritter t[o]t erslagen.'
+  d[o] begonde Kriemhilt / vil harte unm[ae][z]l[i]che klagen.         24
+
+  [E] da[z] si rehte erfunde / da[z] i[z] w[ae]re ir man,
+  an die Hagenen vr[a]ge / denken si began,
+  wie er in solde vristen: / d[o] wart ir [e]rste leit.
+  von ir was allen vreuden / mit s[i]me t[o]de widerseit.                 28
+
+  D[o] seic si zuo der erden, / da[z] si niht ensprach:
+  die sch[oe]nen vreudel[o]sen / ligen man d[o] sach.
+  Kriemhilde j[a]mer / wart unm[a][z]en gr[o][z]:
+  do [e.]rschr[e] si n[a]ch unkrefte / da[z] al diu kemen[a]te erd[o][z].  32
+
+  D[o] sprach da[z] gesinde: / 'wa[z] ob e[z] ist ein gast?'
+  da[z] bluot ir [u][z] dem munde / von herzen j[a]mer brast.
+  d[o] sprach si 'e[z] ist S[i]frit, / der m[i]n vil lieber man:
+  e[z] h[a]t ger[a]ten Pr[u:]nhilt, / da[z] e[z] hat Hagene get[a]n.' 36
+
+  Diu vrouwe bat sich w[i]sen / d[a] si den helt vant.
+  si huop s[i]n sch[oe]ne houbet / mit ir vil w[i][z]en hant.
+  swie r[o]t e[z] was von bluote, / si het in schiere erkant.
+  d[o] lac vil j[ae]merl[i]che / der helt von Nibelunge lant.          40
+
+  D[o] rief vil tr[u]recl[i]che / diu k[u:]neginne milt:
+  'ow[e] mir m[i]nes leides! / nu ist dir d[i]n schilt
+  mit swerten niht verhouwen: / du l[i]st ermorder[o]t.
+  unt wesse ich wer i[z] het get[a]n, / ich riete im immer s[i]nen t[o]t.'  44
+
+  Alle[z] ir gesinde / klagete und scr[e]
+  mit ir lieben vrouwen, / wand' in was harte w[e]
+  umb' ir vil edelen herren, / den si d[a] heten verlorn.
+  d[o] het gerochen Hagene / harte Pr[u:]nhilde zorn.                      48
+
+  D[o] sprach diu j[a]merhafte: / 'ir sult hine g[a]n
+  und wecket harte balde / die S[i]frides man.
+  ir sult ouch Sigemunde / m[i]nen j[a]mer sagen,
+  ob er mir helfen welle / den k[u:]enen S[i]friden klagen.'               52
+
+  D[o] lief ein bote balde / da [e.]r si ligen vant,
+  die S[i]frides helede / von Nibelunge lant.
+  mit den vil leiden m[ae]ren / ir vreude er in benam.
+  si wolden'[z] niht gelouben / unz man da[z] weinen vernam.              56
+
+  Der bote kom ouch schiere / d[a] der k[u:]nic lac.
+  Sigemunt der herre / des sl[a]fes niht enpflac:
+  ich w[ae]n' s[i]n herze im sagete / da[z] im was geschehen,
+  ern m[o:]hte s[i]nen lieben sun / lebenden nimmer gesehen.               60
+
+  'Wachet, herre Sigemunt. / mich bat n[a]ch iu g[a]n
+  Kriemhilt m[i]n vrouwe. / der ist ein leit get[a]n
+  da[z] ir vor allen leiden / an ir herze g[a]t:
+  da[z] sult ir klagen helfen, / wand' e[z] iuch s[e]re best[a]t.'     64
+
+  [U]f rihte sich d[o] Sigemunt; / er sprach: 'wa[z] sint diu leit
+  der sch[oe]nen Kriemhilde, / diu du mir h[a]st geseit?'
+  der bote sprach mit weinen: / 'ine kan iu niht verdagen:
+  j[a] ist von Niderlanden / der k[u:]ene S[i]frit erslagen.'          68
+
+  D[o] sprach der herre Sigemunt: / 'l[a]t da[z] schimpfen s[i]n
+  und als[o] b[oe]siu m[ae]re / durch den willen m[i]n,
+  da[z] ir da[z] saget iemen / da[z] er s[i] erslagen:
+  wand' ine kunde in nimmer / unz an m[i]n ende verklagen.'             72
+
+  'Welt ir mir niht gelouben / da[z] ir mich h[oe]ret sagen,
+  s[o] muget ir selbe h[oe]ren / Kriemhilde klagen
+  unt alle[z] ir gesinde / den S[i]frides t[o]t.'
+  vil s[e]re erscrac d[o] Sigemunt: / des gie im w[ae]rl[i]chen n[o]t. 76
+
+  Mit hundert s[i]nen mannen / er von den betten spranc.
+  si zuhten zuo den handen / diu scharpfen w[a]fen lanc,
+  si liefen zuo dem wuofe / vil j[a]merliche dan.
+  d[o] k[o]men t[u]sent recken / des k[u:]enen S[i]frides man.         80
+
+  D[o] si s[o] j[ae]merl[i]che / die vrouwen h[o]rten klagen,
+  d[o] w[a]nden sumel[i]che, / si solden kleider tragen.
+  jan[e.] mohten si der sinne / vor leide niht gehaben:
+  in wart vil michel sw[ae]re / in ir herzen begraben.                   84
+
+  D[o] kom der k[u:]nec Sigemunt / da [e.]r Kriemhilde vant.
+  er sprach: 'ow[e] der reise / here in ditze lant.
+  wer h[a]t mich m[i]nes kindes / und iuch des iuwern man
+  b[i] als[o] guoten friunden / sus mortl[i]ch [a]ne get[a]n?'         88
+
+  'Hey solde ich den bekennen,' / sprach da[z] vil edele w[i]p,
+  'holt enwurde im nimmer / m[i]n herze unt ouch m[i]n l[i]p:
+  ich geriete im als[o] leide / da[z] die friunde s[i]n
+  von den m[i]nen schulden / m[u:]esen weinende s[i]n.'                      92
+
+  Sigemunt der herre / den f[u:]rsten umbesl[o][z].
+  d[o] wart von s[i]nen vriunden / der j[a]mer als[o] gr[o][z]
+  da[z] von dem starken wuofe / palas unde sal
+  und ouch diu stat ze Worme[z] / von ir weinen erschal.                96
+
+  Don[e.] kunde niemen tr[oe]sten / da[z] S[i]frides w[i]p.
+  man z[o]ch [u][z] den kleidern / den s[i]nen sch[oe]nen l[i]p.
+  man wuosch im s[i]ne wunden / unt leit' in [u]f den r[e].
+  d[o] was s[i]nen liuten / von gr[o][z]em j[a]mere w[e].              100
+
+  D[o] spr[a]chen s[i]ne recken / von Nibelunge lant:
+  'in sol immer rechen / mit willen unser hant.
+  er ist in dirre b[u:]rge, / der i[z] h[a]t get[a]n.'
+  d[o] [i]lten n[a]ch w[a]fen / alle S[i]frides man.                   104
+
+  Die [u][z] erwelten degene / mit schilden k[o]men dar,
+  einlef hundert recken: / die hete an s[i]ner schar
+  Sigemunt der herre. / s[i]nes sunes t[o]t
+  den wolde er gerne rechen: / des gie im w[ae]rl[i]chen n[o]t.             108
+
+  Sin[e.] wessen wen si solden / mit str[i]te d[o] best[a]n,
+  s[i]ne t[ae]ten'[z] Gunther / unde s[i]ne man,
+  mit den der herre S[i]frit / an da[z] gejegede reit.
+  Kriemhilt sach si gew[a]fent: / da[z] was ir gr[oe][z]l[i]che leit.  112
+
+  Swie michel w[ae]r' ir j[a]mer / und swie starc ir n[o]t,
+  d[o] vorhte si harte / der Nibelunge t[o]t
+  von ir bruoder mannen, / da[z] si e[z] understuont.
+  si warnt' si g[u:]etl[i]che / s[o] vriunde liebe vriunde tuont.           116
+
+  D[o] sprach diu j[a]mers r[i]che: / 'm[i]n her Sigemunt,
+  wes welt ir beginnen? / iu ist niht rehte kunt.
+  j[a] h[a]t der k[u:]nic Gunther / s[o] manigen k[u:]enen man:
+  ir welt iuch alle vliesen, / welt ir die recken best[a]n.'           120
+
+  Mit [u]f erb[u:]rten schilden / in was ze str[i]te n[o]t.
+  diu edel k[u:]neginne / bat und ouch geb[o]t
+  da[z] si[z] m[i]den solden, / die recken vil gemeit.
+  d[o] si[z] niht l[a][z]en wolden, / da[z] was ir w[ae]rl[i]chen leit.  124
+
+  Si sprach: 'herre Sigemunt, / ir sult i[z] l[a][z]en st[a]n
+  unz e[z] sich ba[z] gef[u:]ege: / s[o] wil ich m[i]nen man
+  immer mit iu rechen. / der mir in h[a]t benomen,
+  wirde ich des bew[i]set, / ich sol im schedel[i]che komen.             128
+
+  E[z] ist der [u:]berm[u:]eten / hie b[i] R[i]ne vil:
+  d[a] von ich iu des str[i]tes / r[a]ten niht enwil.
+  si habent wider einen / ie wol dr[i][z]ec man.
+  nu l[a][z]' in got gelingen / als si umb uns gedienet h[a]n.             132
+
+  Ir sult hie bel[i]ben, / unt dolt mit mir diu leit;
+  als i[z] tagen beginne, / ir helde vil gemeit,
+  s[o] helfet mir besarken / den m[i]nen lieben man.'
+  d[o] spr[a]chen die degene: / 'da[z] sol werden get[a]n.'            136
+
+  Iu enkunde niemen / da[z] wunder volsagen
+  von rittern unt von vrouwen, / wie man die h[o]rte klagen,
+  s[o] da[z] man des wuofes / wart in der stat geware.
+  die edelen burg[ae]re / die k[o]men g[a]hende dare.                       140
+
+  Si klageten mit den gesten, / want in was harte leit.
+  die S[i]frides schulde / in niemen het geseit,
+  durch wa[z] der edele recke / verl[u:]re den s[i]nen l[i]p.
+  d[o] weinden mit den vrouwen / der guoten burg[ae]re w[i]p.               144
+
+  Smide hie[z] man g[a]hen, / wurken einen sarc,
+  von silber und von golde, / vil michel unde starc.
+  man hie[z] in vaste spengen / mit stahel, der was guot.
+  d[o] was al den liuten / harte tr[u]rec der muot.                      148
+
+  Diu naht was zergangen: / man sagte e[z] wolde tagen.
+  d[o] hie[z] diu edele vrouwe / zuo den m[u:]nster tragen
+  S[i]frit den herren, / ir vil lieben man.
+  swa[z] er d[a] vriunde h[e]te, / die sach man weinende g[a]n.        152
+
+  D[o] s[i.] in zem munster br[a]hten, / vil der gloken klanc.
+  d[o] h[o]rt' man allenthalben / vil maniges pfaffen sanc.
+  d[o] kom der k[u:]nic Gunther / mit den s[i]nen man
+  und ouch der grimme Hagene / zuo dem wuofe geg[a]n.                  156
+
+  Er sprach: 'vil liebiu swester, / ow[e] der leide d[i]n,
+  da[z] wir niht mohten [a]ne / des gr[o][z]en schaden s[i]n.
+  wir m[u:]e[z]en klagen immer / den S[i]frides l[i]p.'
+  'da[z] tuot ir [a]ne schulde', / sprach da[z] j[a]merhafte w[i]p.    160
+
+  'W[ae]r' iu dar umbe leide, / son w[ae]r' es niht geschehen.
+  ir hetet m[i]n verge[zz]en, / des mag ich wol jehen,
+  da [i.]ch d[a] wart gescheiden / von m[i]me lieben man.
+  da[z] wolde got', sprach Kriemhilt, / 'w[ae]r' i[z] mir selber get[a]n.'  164
+
+  Si buten vaste ir lougen. / Kriemhilt begonde jehen
+  'swelher sich unschuldige, / der l[a][z]e da[z] gesehen;
+  der sol zuo der b[a]re / vor den liuten g[e]n.
+  d[a] b[i] mac man die w[a]rheit / harte schiere verst[e]n.'          168
+
+  Da[z] ist ein michel wunder: / vil dicke e[z] noch geschiht,
+  sw[a] man den mortmeilen / b[i] dem t[o]ten siht,
+  s[o] bluotent im die wunden: / als ouch d[a] gescach.
+  d[a] von man die sculde / d[a] ze Hagenen gesach.                      172
+
+  Die wunden vlu[zz]en s[e]re / alsam si t[a]ten [e].
+  die [e] d[a] s[e]re klageten, / des wart nu michel m[e].
+  d[o] sprach der k[u:]nic Gunther / 'ich wil'[z] iuch wi[zz]en l[a]n.
+  in sluogen sch[a]ch[ae]re: / Hagene h[a]t es niht get[a]n.'          176
+
+  'Mir sint die sch[a]ch[ae]re', / sprach si, 'vil wol bekant.
+  nu l[a][z]e e[z] got errechen / noch s[i]ner vriunde hant.
+  Gunther unde Hagene, / j[a] habet ir i[z] get[a]n.'
+  die S[i]frides degene / heten d[o] ze str[i]te w[a]n.                180
+
+  D[o] sprach aber Kriemhilt: / 'nu habt mit mir die n[o]t.'
+  d[o] k[o]men dise beide / d[a] si in funden t[o]t,
+  G[e]rn[o]t ir bruoder / und G[i]selher da[z] kint.
+  in triuwen si in klageten / mit den anderen sint.                  184
+
+  Si weinden innecl[i]che / den Kriemhilde man.
+  man solde messe singen: / zuo dem m[u:]nster dan
+  giengen allenthalben / man w[i]p unde kint.
+  die s[i]n doch l[i]hte enb[a]ren, / die weinden S[i]friden sint.     188
+
+  G[e]rn[o]t und G[i]selher / spr[a]chen: 'swester m[i]n,
+  nu tr[oe]ste dich n[a]ch t[o]de, / als i[z] doch muo[z] s[i]n.
+  wir wellen dich's ergetzen / die w[i]le unt wir geleben.'
+  don[e.] kunde ir tr[o]st deheinen / zer werlde niemen gegeben.          192
+
+  S[i]n sarc der was bereitet / wol umbe'n mitten tac.
+  man huop in von der b[a]re / d[a] er [u]fe lac.
+  in wolde noch diu frouwe / l[a][z]en niht begraben.
+  des muosen al die liute / michel arebeite haben.                   196
+
+  In einen r[i]chen pfellel / man den t[o]ten want.
+  ich w[ae]ne man d[a] iemen / [a]ne weinen vant.
+  d[o] klagete herzenl[i]che / Uote, ein edel w[i]p,
+  und alle[z] ir gesinde / den s[i]nen w[ae]tl[i]chen l[i]p.           200
+
+  D[o] man da[z] geh[o]rte, / da[z] man zem m[u:]nster sanc,
+  unt in gesarket h[e]te, / d[o] huop sich gr[o][z] gedranc:
+  durch willen s[i]ner s[e]le / wa[z] opfers man d[o] truoc!
+  er hete b[i] den v[i]nden / doch guoter vriunde genuoc.                204
+
+  Kriemhilt diu arme / zir kamer[ae]ren sprach:
+  'si suln durch m[i]ne liebe / l[i]den ungemach,
+  die im iht guotes g[u:]nnen / und mir wesen holt;
+  durch S[i]frides s[e]le / sol man teilen s[i]n golt.'                208
+
+  Dehein kint was s[o] kleine / da[z] witze mohte haben,
+  da[z] muose g[e]n zem opfer. / [e] [e.]r wurde begraben,
+  ba[z] danne hundert messe / man d[a] des tages sanc.
+  von S[i]frides vriunden / wart d[o] gr[o][z]er gedranc.              212
+
+  D[o] man d[a] hete gesungen, / da[z] volc huop sich von dan.
+  d[o] sprach diu vrouwe Kriemhilt / 'irn sult niht eine l[a]n
+  h[i]nte mich bewachen / den [u][z] erwelten degen.
+  e[z] ist an s[i]me l[i]be / al m[i]n vreude gelegen.                 216
+
+  Dr[i] tage und dr[i] nahte / wil ich in l[a][z]en st[a]n,
+  unz ich mich geniete / m[i]ns vil lieben man.
+  wa[z] ob da[z] got gebiutet / da[z] mich ouch nimet der t[o]t?
+  s[o] w[ae]re wol verendet / m[i]n armer Kriemhilde n[o]t.'           220
+
+  Zen herbergen giengen / die liute von der stat.
+  pfaffen unde m[u:]niche / si bel[i]ben bat
+  und alle[z] s[i]n gesinde, / da[z] des heldes pflac.
+  si heten naht vil arge / unt vil m[u:]el[i]chen tac.                    224
+
+  [A]n e[zz]en und [a]n trinken / beleip d[a] manic man.
+  die e[z] nemen wolden, / den wart da[z] kunt get[a]n,
+  da[z] man's in den vollen g[ae]be: / da[z] schuof Sigemunt.
+  d[o] was den Nibelungen / vil michel arebeite kunt.                  228
+
+  Die dr[i]e tagez[i]te, / s[o] wir h[oe]ren sagen,
+  die d[a] kunden singen, / da[z] si muosen tragen
+  vil der arebeite. / wa[z] man in opfers truoc!
+  die vil arme w[a]ren, / die wurden r[i]che genuoc.                     232
+
+  Swa[z] man vant der armen / die es niht mohten h[a]n,
+  die hie[z] man doch zem opfer / mit dem golde g[a]n
+  [u][z] s[i]n selbes kamere. / do [e.]r niht solde leben,
+  umbe s[i]ne s[e]le / wart manic t[u]sent marc gegeben.                   236
+
+  Urbor [u]f der erden / teilte s'in diu lant,
+  sw[a] s[o] man diu kl[o]ster / und guote liute vant.
+  silber unde w[ae]te / gap man den armen gnuoc.
+  si tet dem wol gel[i]che / da[z] sim holden willen truoc.              240
+
+  An dem dritten morgen / ze rehter messez[i]t
+  s[o] was b[i] dem m[u:]nster / der kirchof als[o] w[i]t
+  von den lantliuten / weinens als[o] vol:
+  si dienden im n[a]ch t[o]de / als man lieben vriunden sol.             244
+
+  In den tagen vieren, / man h[a]t gesaget da[z],
+  ze dr[i][z]ec t[u]sent marken, / oder dannoch ba[z],
+  wart durch s[i]ne s[e]le / den armen d[a] gegeben.
+  d[o] was gelegen ringe / s[i]n gr[o][z]iu sch[oe]ne und ouch s[i]n leben.  248
+
+  D[o] gote d[a] wart gedienet / und da[z] man vol gesanc,
+  mit ungef[u:]egem leide / vil des volkes ranc.
+  man hie[z] in [u][z] dem m[u:]nster / zuo dem grabe tragen.
+  die s[i]n ungern enb[a]ren, / die sah man weinen unde klagen.          252
+
+  Vil l[u]te scr[i]ende / da[z] liut gie mit im dan:
+  vr[o] enwas d[a] niemen, / weder w[i]p noch man.
+  [e] da[z] man in begr[u:]ebe, / man sanc unde las:
+  hey wa[z] guoter pfaffen / ze s[i]ner p[i]filde was!                     256
+
+  [E] da[z] zem grabe k[oe]me / da[z] S[i]frides w[i]p,
+  d[o] ranc mit solhem j[a]mer / der ir getriuwer l[i]p,
+  da[z] man si mit dem brunnen / vil dicke d[a] verg[o][z].
+  e[z] was ir ungem[u:]ete / vil harte unm[ae][z]l[i]chen gr[o][z].    260
+
+  E[z] was ein michel wunder / da[z] si ie genas.
+  mit klage ir helfende / manic vrouwe was.
+  d[o] sprach diu k[u:]neginne: / 'ir S[i]frides man,
+  ir sult durch iuwer triuwe / an mir gen[a]de beg[a]n.                  264
+
+  L[a]t mir n[a]ch m[i]me leide / da[z] kleine liep geschehen,
+  da[z] ich s[i]n sch[oe]ne houbet / noch eines m[u:]e[z]e sehen.'
+  d[o] bat si's als[o] lange / mit j[a]mers sinnen starc,
+  da[z] man zebrechen muose / den vil h[e]rl[i]chen sarc.                  268
+
+  D[o] br[a]hte man die vrouwen / d[a] si in ligen vant.
+  si huop s[i]n sch[oe]ne houbet / mit ir vil w[i][z]en hant;
+  d[o] kuste s' als[o] t[o]ten / den edelen ritter guot.
+  ir vil liehten ougen / vor leide weineten bluot.                   272
+
+  Ein j[ae]merl[i]che[z] scheiden / wart d[o] d[a] get[a]n.
+  d[o] truoc man si von dannen: / sine mohte niht geg[a]n.
+  d[o] vant man sinnel[o]se / da[z] h[e]rl[i]che w[i]p.
+  vor leide m[o:]ht' ersterben / der ir vil w[u:]nnecl[i]cher l[i]p.   276
+
+  D[o] man den edelen herren / hete nu begraben,
+  leit [a]ne m[a][z]e / sah man die alle haben
+  die mit im komen w[a]ren / von Nibelunge lant.
+  vil selten vr[oe]l[i]chen / man d[o] Sigemunden vant.                     280
+
+  D[o] was der etel[i]cher / der dr[i]er tage lanc
+  vor dem gr[o][z]em leide / niht a[z] noch entranc.
+  doch mohten si dem l[i]be / s[o] gar gesw[i]chen niht:
+  si nerten sich n[a]ch sorgen, / s[o] noch genuogen geschiht.           284
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH.
+
+  Wolfram von Eschenbach was a native of Bavaria. Of his life little
+  is known, not even the exact dates of his birth and death. He
+  flourished in the latter part of the twelfth and early part of the
+  thirteenth century, and was by far the best and most extensive
+  representative of the Court epic poetry. He is best known by his
+  Parzival, which contains 24,812 lines divided up into sixteen books.
+  The following extract is taken from Book III. For editions of his
+  works, see Lachmann, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Berlin, 1833, fifth
+  edition, Berlin, 1891; Bartsch, Wolfram's von Eschenbach Parzival
+  und Titurel, Leipzig, 1875.
+
+
+    Sich z[o]ch diu frouwe j[a]mers balt
+  [u][z] ir lande in einen walt,
+  zer waste in Solt[a]ne;
+  niht durch bluomen [u]f die pl[a]ne,
+  ir herzen j[a]mer was s[o] ganz,                         5
+  sin[e.] k[e]rte sich an keinen kranz,
+  er w[ae]re r[o]t oder val.
+  sie br[a]hte dar durch fl[u:]htesal
+  des werden Gahmuretes kint.
+  liute, die b[i] ir d[a] sint,                           10
+  m[u:]e[z]en b[u]wen unde riuten.
+  sie kunde wol getriuten
+  ir sun. [e] da[z] sich der versan,
+  ir volc sie gar f[u:]r sich gewan:
+  e[z] w[ae]re man oder w[i]p,                               15
+  den geb[o]t sie allen an den l[i]p,
+  da[z] se iemer r[i]ters wurden l[u]t.
+  'wan friesche da[z] m[i]ns herzen tr[u]t,
+  welch r[i]ters leben w[ae]re,
+  da[z] wurde mir vil sw[ae]re.                            20
+  nu habet iuch an der witze kraft,
+  und helt in alle r[i]terschaft.'
+
+    Der site fuor angestl[i]che vart.
+  der knappe alsus verborgen wart
+  zer waste in Solt[a]ne erzogen,                       25
+  an k[u:]necl[i]cher fuore betrogen;
+  e[z] [e.]nm[o:]hte an eime site s[i]n:
+  bogen unde b[o:]lzel[i]n
+  die sneit er mit s[i]n selbes hant,
+  und sch[o][z] vil vogele die er vant.                   30
+  swenne ab er den vogel ersch[o][z],
+  des schal von sange [e] was s[o] gr[o][z],
+  s[o] weinde er unde roufte sich,
+  an s[i]n h[a]r k[e]rt' er gerich.
+  s[i]n l[i]p was kl[a]r unde fier:                         35
+  [u]f dem pl[a]n am rivier
+  twuog er sich alle morgen.
+  er'n kunde niht gesorgen,
+  e[z] [e.]nw[ae]re ob im der vogelsanc,
+  die suo[z]e in s[i]n herze dranc:                       40
+  da[z] erstracte im s[i]niu pr[u:]stel[i]n.
+  al weinde er lief zer k[u:]neg[i]n.
+  s[o] sprach sie 'wer h[a]t dir get[a]n?
+  du w[ae]r' hin [u][z] [u]f den pl[a]n.'
+  er'n kunde es ir gesagen niht,                      45
+  als kinden l[i]hte noch geschiht.
+  dem m[ae]re gienc sie lange n[a]ch.
+  eins tages sie in kapfen sach
+  [u]f die boume n[a]ch der vogele schal.
+  sie wart wol innen da[z] zeswal                       50
+  von der stimme ir kindes brust.
+  des twang in art und s[i]n gelust.
+  frou Herzeloyde k[e]rte ir ha[z]
+  an die vogele, sine wesse um wa[z]:
+  sie wolte ir schal verkrenken.                      55
+  ir b[u]liut[e.] und ir enken
+  die hie[z] sie vaste g[a]hen,
+  vogele w[u:]rgen unde v[a]hen.
+  die vogele w[a]ren ba[z] geriten:
+  etsl[i]ches sterben wart vermiten:                    60
+  der bleip d[a] lebendic ein teil,
+  die s[i]t mit sange wurden geil.
+
+    Der knappe sprach zer k[u:]neg[i]n
+  'wa[z] w[i][z]et man den vogel[i]n?'
+  er gerte in frides s[a] zestunt.                      65
+  s[i]n muoter kuste in an den munt:
+  diu sprach 'wes wende ich s[i]n gebot,
+  der doch ist der h[oe]hste got?
+  suln vogele durch mich fr[o:]ude l[a]n?'
+  der knappe sprach zer muoter s[a]n                    70
+  'ow[e] muoter, wa[z] ist got?'
+  'sun, ich sage dir'[z] [a]ne spot.
+  er ist noch liehter denn' der tag,
+  der antlitzes sich bewac
+  n[a]ch menschen antlitze.                             75
+  sun, merke eine witze,
+  und fl[e]he in umbe d[i]ne n[o]t:
+  s[i]n triwe der werlde ie helfe b[o]t.
+  s[o] hei[z]et ein[e.]r der helle wirt:
+  der [i.]st swarz, untriuwe in niht verbirt.            80
+  von dem k[e]r' d[i]ne gedanke,
+  und och von zw[i]vels wanke.'
+  s[i]n muoter underschiet im gar
+  da[z] vinster unt da[z] lieht gevar.
+  dar n[a]ch s[i]n snelheit verre spranc.                 85
+  er lernt[e.] den gabyl[o]tes swanc,
+  d[a] mite er manegen hirz ersch[o][z]:
+  des s[i]n muoter und ir volc gen[o][z].
+  e[z] w[ae]re [ae]ber oder sn[e],
+  dem wilde tet' s[i]n schie[z]en w[e].                     90
+  nu h[oe]ret fremdiu m[ae]re.
+  swenne er'rsch[o][z] da[z] sw[ae]re,
+  des w[ae]re ein m[u]l geladen genuoc,
+  als unzerworht hin heim er'[z] truoc.
+
+    Eins tages gieng er den weideganc                 95
+  an einer halden, diu was lanc:
+  er brach durch blates stimme 'en zw[i]c.
+  d[a] n[a]hen b[i] im gienc ein st[i]c:
+  d[a] h[o]rt' er schal von huofslegen.
+  s[i]n gabyl[o]t begund'er wegen:                       100
+  d[o] sprach er 'wa[z] h[a]n ich vernomen?
+  wan wolte et nu der tiuvel komen
+  mit grimme zornecl[i]che!
+  den best[u:]ende ich sicherl[i]che.
+  m[i]n muoter freisen von im saget:                   105
+  ich w[ae]ne ir ellen s[i] verzaget.'
+  alsus stuont er in str[i]tes ger.
+  nu seht, dort kom gesch[u]ftet her
+  dr[i] r[i]ter n[a]ch wunsche var,
+  von fuo[z]e [u]f gew[a]pent gar.                         110
+  der knappe w[a]nde sunder spot,
+  da[z] iesl[i]cher w[ae]re ein got.
+  d[o] stuont ouch er niht langer hie,
+  in'[z] phat viel er [u]f s[i]niu knie.
+  l[u]te rief der knappe s[a]n                           115
+  'hilf, got: du maht wol helfe h[a]n.'
+  der vorder zornes sich bewac,
+  d[o] der knappe im phade lac:
+  'dirre t[oe]rsche W[a]leise
+  unsich wendet g[a]her reise.'                        120
+  ein pr[i]s den wir Beier tragen,
+  muo[z] ich von W[a]leisen sagen:
+  die sint t[oe]rscher denne beiersch her,
+  und doch b[i] manl[i]cher wer.
+  swer in den zwein landen wirt,                     125
+  gefuoge ein wunder an im birt.
+
+    D[o] kom geleischieret
+  und wol gezimieret
+  ein r[i]ter, dem was harte g[a]ch.
+  er reit in str[i]tecl[i]chen n[a]ch,                     130
+  die verre w[a]ren von im komen:
+  zw[e]n' r[i]ter heten im genomen
+  ein' frouwen in s[i]m' lande,
+  den helt e[z] d[u]hte schande:
+  in m[u:]et[e.] der juncfrouwen leit,                     135
+  diu j[ae]merl[i]che vor in reit.
+  dise dr[i] w[a]ren s[i]ne man.
+  er reit ein sch[oe]ne kastel[a]n:
+  s[i]ns schildes was vil w[e]nic ganz.
+  er hie[z] Karnahkarnanz                              140
+  leh cons Ulterlec.
+  er sprach 'wer irret uns den wec?'
+  sus fuor er zuome knappen s[a]n.
+  den d[u]hte er als ein got get[a]n:
+  er'n het' [e] s[o] liehtes niht erkant.                145
+  [u]f[e.]m towe der w[a]penroc erwant.
+  mit guld[i]n schellen kleine
+  vor ietwederem beine
+  w[a]rn die stegreife erklenget
+  unt ze rehter m[a][z]e erlenget.                       150
+  s[i]n zeswer arm von schellen klanc,
+  swar er'n b[o]t oder swanc.
+  der was durch swertslege s[o] hel:
+  der helt was gein pr[i]se snel.
+  sus fuor der f[u:]rste r[i]che,                         155
+  gezimiert w[u:]nnecl[i]che.
+
+    Aller manne sch[oe]ne ein bluomen kranz,
+  den vr[a]gte Karnahkarnanz
+  'junch[e]rre, s[a]ht ir f[u:]r iuch varen
+  zw[e]n' r[i]ter die sich niht bewaren                  160
+  kunnen an r[i]terl[i]cher zunft?
+  sie ringent mit der n[o]tnunft
+  und sint an werdekeit verzaget:
+  sie f[u:]erent roubes eine maget.'
+  der knappe w[a]nde, swa[z] er sprach,                  165
+  e[z] w[ae]re got, als ime verjach
+  frou Herzeloyd' diu k[u:]neg[i]n,
+  do s'im underschiet den liehten sch[i]n.
+  d[o] rief er l[u]te sunder spot
+  'nu hilf mir, helfe r[i]cher got.'                   170
+  vil dicke viel an s[i]n gebet
+  fil li roy Gahmuret.
+  der f[u:]rste sprach 'ich pin niht got,
+  ich leiste ab gerne s[i]n gebot.
+  du maht his vier r[i]ter sehen,                      175
+  ob du ze rehte kundest spehen.'
+  der knappe fr[a]gte f[u:]rba[z]
+  'du nennest r[i]ter: wa[z] ist da[z]?
+  h[a]stu niht gotel[i]cher kraft,
+  s[o] sage mir, wer g[i]t r[i]terschaft.'                 180
+  'da[z] tuot der k[u:]nec Art[u]s.
+  junch[e]rre, komet ir in des h[u]s,
+  der bringet iuch an r[i]ters namen,
+  da[z] ir's iuch niemer durfet schamen.
+  ir muget wol s[i]n von r[i]ters art.'                  185
+  von den helden er geschouwet wart:
+  d[o] lac diu gotes kunst an ime.
+  von der [a]ventiur[e.] ich da[z] nime,
+  diu mich mit w[a]rheit des beschiet:
+  nie mannes varwe ba[z] geriet                        190
+  vor ime s[i]t Ad[a]mes z[i]t.
+  des wart s[i]n lop von w[i]ben w[i]t.
+
+    Aber sprach der knappe s[a]n
+  d[a] von ein lachen wart get[a]n.
+  'ay r[i]ter got, wa[z] mahtu s[i]n?                      195
+  du h[a]st sus manec vingerl[i]n
+  an d[i]nen l[i]p gebunden,
+  dort oben unt hie unden.'
+  ald[a] begreif des knappen hant
+  swa[z] er [i]sers ame f[u:]rsten vant:                    200
+  des harnasch begunder schouwen.
+  'm[i]ner muoter juncfrouwen
+  ir vinger[i]n an sn[u:]eren tragent,
+  diu niht sus an ein ander ragent.'
+  der knappe sprach durch s[i]nen muot                 205
+  'war zuo ist ditze guot,
+  da[z] dich s[o] wol kan schicken?
+  i'ne mages niht abe gezwicken.'
+  der f[u:]rste im zeigete s[a] s[i]n swert:
+  'nu sich, swer an mich str[i]tes gert,               210
+  des selben wer ich mich mit slegen:
+  f[u:]r die s[i]ne muo[z] ich an mich legen,
+  und f[u:]r den schu[z] und f[u:]r den stich
+  muo[z] ich alsus w[a]pen mich.'
+  aber sprach der knappe snel                        215
+  'ob die hirze tr[u:]egen sus ir vel,
+  son' verwunt' ir niht m[i]n gabyl[o]t.
+  der vellet manger vor mir t[o]t.'
+
+    Die r[i]ter zurnden da[z] er hielt
+  bi dem knappen der vil tumpheit wielt.             220
+  der f[u:]rste sprach 'got h[u:]ete d[i]n.
+  [o]w[i] wan w[ae]r' d[i]n sch[oe]ne m[i]n!
+  dir hete got den wunsch gegeben,
+  ob du mit witzen soldest leben.
+  diu gotes kraft dir virre leit.'                   225
+  die s[i]ne und och er selbe reit,
+  unde g[a]heten balde
+  z'einem velde in dem walde.
+  d[a] vant der gef[u:]ege
+  fr[o]n Herzeloyden phl[u:]ege.                          230
+  ir volke leider nie geschach;
+  die er balde eren sach:
+  si b[e.]gunden s[ae]n, dar n[a]ch egen,
+  ir gart ob starken ohsen wegen.
+  der f[u:]rste in guoten morgen b[o]t,                   235
+  und fr[a]gte s[e.], op sie s[ae]hen n[o]t
+  eine juncfrouwen l[i]den,
+  sine kunden niht vermiden,
+  swes er vr[a]gt', da[z] wart gesaget.
+  'zw[e]ne r[i]ter und ein maget                         240
+  d[a] riten hiute morgen.
+  diu frouwe fuor mit sorgen:
+  mit sporen sie vaste ruorten,
+  die die juncfrouwen fuorten.'
+  e[z] was Meljahkanz.                                 245
+  den erg[a]hte Karnachkarnanz,
+  mit str[i]te er ime die frouwen nam:
+  diu was d[a] vor fr[o:]uden lam.
+  sie hie[z] [I]m[a]ne
+  von der B[e][a]font[a]ne.                                250
+
+    Die b[u]liute verzageten,
+  d[o] die helde f[u:]r sie jageten.
+  sie spr[a]chen 'wie'st uns sus geschehen?
+  h[a]t unser junch[e]rre ersehen
+  [u]f disen r[i]tern helme schart,                      255
+  son[e.] h[a]n wir uns niht wol bewart.
+  wir sulen der k[u:]neginne ha[z]
+  von schulden h[oe]ren umbe da[z],
+  wand' er mit uns d[a] her lief
+  hiute morgen d[o] sie dannoch slief.'                260
+  der knappe enruochte ouch wer d[o] sch[o][z]
+  die hirze kleine unde gr[o][z]:
+  er huop sich gein der muoter wider,
+  und sagete ir m[ae]r'. d[o] viel sie nider:
+  s[i]ner worte sie s[o] s[e]re erschrac,                  265
+  da[z] s[i.] unversunnen vor im lac.
+  d[o] diu k[u:]neginne
+  wider kom z'ir sinne,
+  swie sie d[a] vor w[ae]r' verzaget,
+  d[o] sprach sie 'sun, wer h[a]t gesaget                270
+  dir von r[i]ters orden?
+  w[a] bist du's innen worden?'
+  'muoter, ich sach vier man
+  noch liehter danne got get[a]n:
+  die sageten mir von r[i]terschaft.                   275
+  Art[u]ses k[u:]necl[i]chiu kraft
+  sol mich n[a]ch r[i]ters [e]ren
+  an schildes ambet k[e]ren.'
+  sich huop ein niuwer j[a]mer hie.
+  diu frouwe enwesse rehte, wie                      280
+  da[z] sie ir den list erd[ae]hte
+  unde in von dem willen br[ae]hte.
+
+    Der knappe tump unde wert
+  iesch von der muoter dicke ein pfert.
+  da[z] begunde s[e.] in ir herzen klagen.                285
+  sie d[a]hte 'i'n wil im niht versagen:
+  e[z] muo[z] aber vil b[oe]se s[i]n.'
+  d[o] ged[a]hte m[e]r diu k[u:]neg[i]n
+  'der liute vil b[i] spotte sint.
+  t[o]ren kleider sol m[i]n kint                         290
+  ob s[i]me liehten l[i]be tragen.
+  wirt er geroufet unt geslagen,
+  s[o] kumet er mir her wider wol.'
+  [o]w[e] der j[ae]merl[i]chen dol!
+  diu frouwe nam ein sactuoch:                       295
+  sie sneit im hemede unde bruoch,
+  da[z] doch an eime st[u:]cke erschein,
+  unz enmitten an s[i]n blanke[z] bein.
+  da[z] wart f[u:]r t[o]ren kleit erkant.
+  ein gugel man obene dr[u]fe vant.                    300
+  al frisch r[u]ch kelber[i]n
+  von einer h[u]t zwei ribbal[i]n
+  n[a]ch s[i]nen beinen wart gesniten.
+  d[a] wart gr[o][z] j[a]mer niht vermiten.
+  diu k[u:]neg[i]n was als[o] bed[a]ht,                       305
+  sie bat bel[i]ben in die naht.
+  'dun[e.] solt niht hinnen k[e]ren,
+  ich wil dich list [e] l[e]ren.
+  an ungebanten str[a][z]en
+  soltu tunkel f[u:]rte l[a][z]en:                          310
+  die s[i]hte unde l[u]ter s[i]n,
+  d[a] solte al balde r[i]ten [i]n.
+  du solt dich site nieten,
+  der werelde gr[u:]e[z]en bieten.
+  ob dich ein gr[a] w[i]se man                           315
+  zuht wil l[e]rn als er wol kan,
+  dem soltu gerne volgen,
+  und wis im niht erbolgen.
+  sun, l[a] dir bevolhen s[i]n,
+  swa du guotes w[i]bes vingerl[i]n                      320
+  m[u:]gest erwerben unt ir gruo[z],
+  da[z] nim: e[z] tuot dir kumbers buo[z].
+  du solt z'ir kusse g[a]hen
+  und ir l[i]p vast' umbev[a]hen:
+  da[z] g[i]t gel[u:]cke und h[o]hen muot,                    325
+  op sie kiusche ist unde guot.
+  du solt och wi[zz]en, sun m[i]n,
+  der stolze k[u:]ene L[a:]hel[i]n
+  d[i]nen f[u:]rsten abe ervaht zwei lant,
+  diu sollen dienen d[i]ner hant,                      330
+  W[a]leis und Norg[a]ls.
+  ein d[i]n f[u:]rste Turkentals
+  den t[o]t von s[i]ner hende enphienc:
+  d[i]n volc er sluoc unde vienc.'
+  'diz riche ich, muoter, ruocht es got:             335
+  in verwundet noch m[i]n gabyl[o]t.'
+
+    Des morgens d[o] der tag erschein,
+  der knappe balde wart enein,
+  im was gein Art[u]se g[a]ch.
+  frou Herzeloyde in kuste und lief im n[a]ch.         340
+  der werelde riuwe ald[a] geschach.
+  d[o] sie ir sun niht langer sach
+  (der reit enwec: wem'st deste ba[z]?),
+  d[o] viel diu frouwe valsches la[z]
+  [u]f die erde, ald[a] sie j[a]mer sneit                  345
+  d[o] da[z] se ein sterben niht vermeit.
+  ir vil getriul[i]cher t[o]t
+  der frouwen wert' die hellen[o]t.
+  [o]wol sie da[z] se ie muoter wart!
+  sus fuor die l[o]nes bernden vart                    350
+  ein wurzel der g[u:]ete
+  und ein stam der diem[u:]ete.
+  [o]w[e] da[z] wir nu niht enh[a]n
+  ir sippe unz an den eilften sp[a]n!
+  des wirt gevelschet manec l[i]p.                     355
+  doch solten nu getriuwiu w[i]p
+  heiles w[u:]nschen disem knaben,
+  der sich hie von ir h[a]t erhaben.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+  Notes to the prose passages are identified by numbers [1]-[6].
+  The following bracketed sentence is from the original text.]
+
+[The references refer to the paragraphs in the Grammar.]
+
+
+I. BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG
+
+[1] p. 79, l. 13. {werdent sehende}, will see.
+
+[2] p. 79, l. 19. {da[z] si anders niht enpfl[ae]ge}, see Secs. 102, 108.
+
+[3] p. 81, l. 34. {von s[o] get[a]ner freude}, of joy of such a beautiful
+kind.
+
+
+II. LANTREHTBUOCH
+
+[4] p. 83, l. 26. {mege}, pres. subj. of {mac}, see Sec. 93.
+
+[5] p. 85, l. 15. {sempervr[i]en}, from {sentb[ae]revr[i]en}, the highest class
+of freemen.
+
+[6] p. 85, l. 17. {miter} = {mitter(e)}, _aj. nom. pl._, middle, see
+Sec. 9, 2.
+
+
+III. DER ARME HEINRICH
+
+l. 6. {im}, is reflexive, see Secs. 66, 104.
+
+ll. 24-5. That this one (er) may pray to God for the salvation of
+Heinrich's soul.
+
+l. 31. {ze Sw[a]ben} = in the country of the Swabians, i.e. Swabia.
+
+l. 38. {ze handen haben}, possess.
+
+l. 50. {versworn}, _pp._ of {verswern}, Sec. 86.
+
+l. 101. {des muge wir}: {des} is dependent on {ein w[a]re[z] bilde}; for
+{muge}, see Sec. 74, note.
+
+l. 106. {sehent} = {sehet}, imperative.
+
+l. 133-4. {d[o] . . . alr[e]st}, as soon as.
+
+l. 164. {eime} = {eineme}, see Sec. 9, 3.
+
+l. 190. {gnislich} = {genislich}, cp. Sec. 9, 7.
+
+l. 239. {f[u:]r die selben frist}, since then.
+
+ll. 240-1. no longer any hopes of being healed.
+
+l. 257. {sich abe tuon}, renounce, resign.
+
+l. 351. {getwelte}, had dwelt, see Sec. 106.
+
+ll. 372-3. The construction is {s[o] ze Salerne vil meister} (_gen._) {von
+arzen[i]en ist}, see Sec. 102.
+
+l. 376. {kunde} for {kundet}.
+
+l. 486. {es} _gen._ is dependent on {niht}.
+
+l. 547. {sich ein dinc an nemen}, to take a thing to heart.
+
+l. 591. {mohter} = {mohte er}, see Sec. 65, note 3.
+
+l. 621. {die w[i]le da[z]}, so long as.
+
+l. 640. {wan} = {wa[z] ne}, why not.
+
+l. 756. {versw[i]ge wir} is the imperative, cp. also note to l. 101.
+
+l. 846. {d[i]me} = {d[i]neme}, see Sec. 9, 3.
+
+
+IV. WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE
+
+l. 144. {kond} _pret._ of {kan}.
+
+ll. 174-5. They would imagine themselves ruined if they did not exercise
+a stern rule. On the omission of the negative see Sec. 108.
+
+l. 178. {tiuschiu zunge}, German language, i.e. Germany.
+
+l. 182. {bek[e]r[a]}, see {[a]} in the Glossary.
+
+l. 185. {Philippe} is _dative_; {en} = {den}.
+
+l. 187. {man . . . w[i]be} are the _gen. plural_.
+
+l. 214. {guoter} is _gen. plural_.
+
+l. 232. {bluomen . . . wunder}, a great multitude of flowers.
+
+l. 250. {da[z] sie schiere got geh[oe]ne!} may God curse them soon.
+
+l. 255. {Der uns freude wider br[ae]hte}, if anyone would bring us joy
+again.
+
+l. 285. {bien} = {b[i] den}.
+
+l. 292. {weder ir}, which of the two.
+
+l. 308. {h[o]hste} (weak form) {name}, the most beautiful _or_ precious
+name.
+
+l. 429. {du l[a] dir niht ze w[e] s[i]n n[a]ch dem guote}, do not worry
+yourself too much about wealth.
+
+ll. 475-6. Very many call thee father, who will not recognize me as
+their brother.
+
+ll. 498-9. See Extracts from Reinmar, ll. 184-192.
+
+
+V. REINMAR
+
+l. 33. {Liutpolt}: Duke Leopold VI of Austria.
+
+l. 75. {bekan} = {bekam}.
+
+
+VII. DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED
+
+l. 28. {s[i]me} = {s[i]neme}, see Sec. 9,3; {widerseit} = {widersaget},
+Sec. 37.
+
+l. 32. {n[a]ch unkrefte}, after she had regained her consciousness.
+
+l. 37. {bat sich w[i]sen}, asked them to lead her to.
+
+l. 43. {ermorder[o]t}, older form of _pp._ of {ermordern}, see Sec. 88, note.
+
+l. 88. {[a]ne tuon}, with _gen._ and _acc._, bereave, rob.
+
+l. 92. {weinende s[i]n} = {weinen}, see Sec. 106.
+
+l. 213. {huop sich von dan}, betook themselves away.
+
+
+VIII.   PARZIVAL
+
+l. 17. that they should never mention the word 'knight'. On the omission
+of the negative see Sec. 108.
+
+l. 42. {weinde} = {weinende}, see Sec. 29.
+
+ll. 83-4. The mother explained to him fully the difference between
+darkness and light, i.e. between the Devil and God.
+
+l. 141. {leh cons} = {le (li) cons}, the Count.
+
+ll. 157-8. K. asked him, who was the perfection of human beauty.
+
+l. 172. {fil li roy}, son of the king.
+
+l. 243. Supply {ros} as object.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+
+_ABBREVIATIONS_
+
+  _sm._, _sf._, _sn._, = strong masculine, &c.
+  _sv._ = strong verb.
+  _wm._, _wf._, _wn._, = weak masculine, &c.
+  _wv._ = weak verb.
+  _pret.-pres._ = preterite-present.
+  _pn._ = proper name.
+
+  The remaining abbreviations need no explanation.
+
+  The Roman numeral after a verb indicates the class to which the
+  verb belongs. The ordinary numerals after a word indicate the
+  paragraph in the Grammar where the word either occurs or some
+  peculiarity of it is explained.
+
+
+  A
+
+  {[a]}, _interj._ added to the imperative, nouns, and particles;
+    {nein[a]}, certainly not.
+  {ab}, {abe}, _prep. c. dat._ of, from;
+    _av._ away, away from, 9.6.
+  {aber}, {abr}, {ab}, _av._ and _cj._ again, once more, but;
+    {aber spr[e:]chen}, answer, reply.
+  {acker}, _sm._ field, acre, 9.2, 31.2, 42.
+  {Ad[a]m}, _pn._ Adam.
+  {adamas}, _sm._ diamond.
+  {[ae]ber}, _sn._ place where the snow has melted away.
+  {[ae]nic} (with _gen._), _aj._ bereft.
+  {[a:]her} (OHG. {ahir}), _sn._ ear of corn.
+  {aht(e)}, _num._ eight, 62.
+  {aht(e)}, _sf._ attention, meditation; station, position.
+  {ahtede}, _num._ eighth, 62.
+  {ahten}, _wv._ observe, consider, deliberate.
+  {ah(t)z[e:]hen}, _num._ eighteen, 62.
+  {ah(t)z[e:]hende}, _num._ eighteenth, 62.
+  {ah(t)zic} ({-ec}), _num._ eighty, 62.
+  {ah(t)zigeste}, _num._ eightieth, 62.
+  {al} (_infl._ {aller}, {alle[z]}, {alliu} ({[a:]lliu}, {elliu})), _aj._
+      all;
+    {al d[a]}, there, thereupon;
+    {al d[o]}, as soon as;
+    {al ein}, all one, the same;
+    {aller hande}, of all kinds;
+    {alle w[e:]ge}, everywhere, 55.
+  {aleine}, _av._ alone.
+  {allenthalben}, _av._ on all sides.
+  {allertegel[i]ch}, _av._ daily.
+  {alle[z]}, _av._ always, already.
+  {allmahtic} ({alm[a:]htic}, {almehtic}), _aj._ all-powerful, almighty.
+  {almuosen}, _sn._ alms, charity.
+  {alr[e]st} = {aller [e]rst}, at first.
+  {als}, see {als[o]}.
+  {alsam}, _av._ as, just as, 69.
+  {als[o]} ({alse}, {als}), _av._ as, just as, so, likewise, 69;
+    {alse dar}, always, all the time.
+  {alsolch} = {solch}.
+  {alsus} ({alsust}), _av._ in this manner, so, thus.
+  {alt}, _aj._ old, former, 10, 57.
+  {alter}, _sn._ age.
+  {alw[ae]re}, _aj._ foolish.
+  {alze}, _av._ too, too much.
+  {alzehant}, _av._ on the spot, at once, immediately.
+  {am} = {an d[e:]m}.
+  {ambet}, _sn._ service, office, calling.
+  {anblic}, _sm._ look.
+  {ander}, _num._ and _pr._ other, second, 55, 62, 71.
+  {anders}, _av._ otherwise, else;
+    {niht anderswan}, nothing but.
+  {anderswar}, _av._ elsewhere.
+  {ane} ({an}), _prep. c. dat._ or _acc._ on, by, in; of;
+      along with; until, 9.6;
+    {an d[e:]n l[i]p}, by (their) life, on the penalty of (their) life;
+    {an d[e:]r stat}, at once, on the spot.
+  {[a]ne} ({[a]n}), _av._ alone, free, deprived of;
+    {eines [a]ne w[e:]rden}, to lose;
+    _cj._ except;
+    _prep. c. acc._ or _gen._ without, except, next to.
+  {ange}, _av._ narrowly, exactly, carefully, anxiously, 9.7.
+  {anger}, _sm._ grass plot.
+  {angesiht}, _sf._ sight.
+  {angest}, _smf._ care, sorrow, anxiety.
+  {anges(t)lich}, _aj._ anxious, fearful, dangerous, terrible.
+  {anme}, {amme}, {ame}, {am} = {an d[e:]me}, 68, note 2.
+  {ans[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, look at, behold.
+  {anst} (_pl._ {enste}), _sf._ favour, 49.
+  {antl[u:]tze}, {antlitze}, _sn._ face, countenance.
+  {antw[u:]rten} (_pret._ {antwurte}), _wv._ answer.
+  {apfel}, _sm._ apple, 31, 2.
+  {ar}, _wm._ eagle, 9.1, 50.
+  {arbeit} ({arebeite}), _sf._ work, trouble, grief.
+  {arbeitsam}, _aj._ painful, troublesome.
+  {arc} ({-ges}), _aj._ bad, mischievous, wicked.
+  {arm}, _aj._ poor, helpless, unhappy, 57.
+  {arm}, _sm._ arm.
+  {armuot}, _sf._ poverty, want.
+  {art}, _smf._ inborn manner, nature, quality; origin, descent.
+  {Art[u]s}, _pn._ Arthur, king of Britain.
+  {arz[a]t}, _sm._ physician.
+  {arzen[i]e}, _sf._ medicine, remedy.
+  {[a]s}, _sn._ carrion, 28.
+  {[a]tem}, _sm._ breath, 42.
+  {[a]ventiure}, _sf._ wonderful event
+  {ay}, _interj._ ah! alas!
+
+
+  B
+
+  {b[a]best}, _sm._ pope.
+  {b[a]gen}, _sv._ VII, quarrel, 87.
+  {bal} ({-lles}), _sm._ ball.
+  {balde}, _av._ boldly, bravely, valiantly; quickly;
+    {balde w[e:]rden enein}, be quickly resolved.
+  {balt}, _aj._ courageous, full of courage, firm, unyielding.
+  {baltl[i]ch}, _aj._ courageous.
+  {bange}, _aj._ anxious, 9.7.
+  {bannen}, _sv._ VII, banish, expel, put under the ban, 87.
+  {bar}, _aj._ bare, 55.
+  {b[a]re}, _sf._ bier.
+  {bat} ({-des}), _sn._ bath, flood of tears.
+  {ba[z]}, _av._ better, more, 61;
+    {ba[z] geriten}, quicker;
+    {ba[z] veile}, of less value;
+    {w[e:]m'st deste ba[z]?}, who feels joy at this parting?
+  {B[e][a]font[a]ne}, _pn._
+  {bed[a]ht}, _p.p._ thoughtful, intent.
+  {b[e]de} = {beide}.
+  {bedecken} (_pret._ {-dacte}, {-dahte}), _wv._ cover, 90.
+  {bedenken} (_pret._ {-d[a]hte}, _subj. pret._ {-d[ae]hte}), think over,
+      consider;
+    {sich d[e:]s willen bedenken}, decide upon a thing.
+  {bediuten}, _wv._ expound;
+    _refl._ mark, denote.
+  {bedrie[z]en}, _sv._ II, seem troublesome _or_ irksome.
+  {bedunken} (_pret._ {-d[u]hte}), _wv._ seem, appear.
+  {bedurfen}, {bed[u:]rfen} (_pr. sing._ {-darf}), _pret. pres._, need,
+      require;
+    see {durfen}.
+  {beg[a]n}, _anom. v._ to do a thing;
+    _refl._ live;
+    see {g[a]n}.
+  {begie[z]en}, _sv._ II, pour over, moisten.
+  {beginnen}, _sv._ III (_pret._ also weak {begunde}, {begonde}),
+      begin, 81.
+  {begraben}, _sv._ VI, bury, inter.
+  {begr[i]fen}, _sv._ I, grasp, understand.
+  {begunder} = {begunde [e:]r}.
+  {behagen}, _wv._ please, delight, suit.
+  {behalten}, _sv._ VII, hold, keep, preserve, reserve, store up.
+  {beherten}, _wv._ harden, enforce.
+  {beh[u:]eten}, _wv._ keep, preserve, protect.
+  {behuot}, _p.p._ of {beh[u:]eten}.
+  {beide} ({b[e]de}), _num._, _neut._ {beidiu}, both;
+    {beide--und}, both--and.
+  {beidenthalben}, _av._ on both sides.
+  {Beier}, _pn._ people of Bavaria, Bavarians.
+  {beier(i)sch}, _aj._ Bavarian.
+  {bein}, _sn._ bone, leg, 5, 11.
+  {beiten}, _wv._ wait;
+    _sn._ a waiting.
+  {bejagen}, _wv._ acquire, get.
+  {bej[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, assure.
+  {bekan} = {bekam}.
+  {bekennen} (_pret._ {-kante}), _wv._ know, recognize, get to know.
+  {bek[e]ren}, _wv._ employ, turn;
+    {bek[e]ren sich}, turn round.
+  {bekomen}, _sv._ IV, get, obtain.
+  {bel[i]ben} ({bl[i]ben}), _sv._ I, remain, 9.7, 76;
+    {under w[e:]gen bel[i]ben}, be left undone, cease.
+  {beliuhten}, _wv._ illumine, explain, make manifest.
+  {benamen} = {b[i] namen}, in the true sense of the word.
+  {ben[e:]men}, _sv._ IV, take, take away;
+    _c. gen._ exempt.
+  {ber[a]ten}, _sv._ VII, consider, arrange, provide for;
+    _refl._ consider, reflect.
+  {b[e:]rc} ({-ges}), _sm._ mountain.
+  {bereit} ({bereite}), _aj._ ready, willing;
+    _av._ readily, willingly, 55.
+  {bereiten} (_pret._ {-reite}), _wv._ plough, make arable, prepare,
+      make ready.
+  {b[e:]rgen}, _sv._ III, hide, 81.
+  {b[e:]rn}, _sv._ IV, bear, carry, bring forth, 9.1, 19, 82.
+  {bern} (_pret._ {berte}), _wv._ beat, strike.
+  {berouben}, _wv._ bereave, rob.
+  {ber[u:]eren}, _wv._ touch, move.
+  {besarken} ({beserken}), _wv._ put into the coffin.
+  {besch[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, happen.
+  {bescheiden}, _sv._ VII, make clear, explain.
+  {bescheiden} ({bescheidenl[i]ch}), _aj._ sensible, prudent.
+  {bescheidenheit}, _sf._ understanding, sense, prudence.
+  {bescheidenl[i]chen}, _av._ definitely, clearly, sensibly.
+  {beschern}, _wv._ bestow upon, divide, let out.
+  {b[e:]seme}, _wm._ besom; rod.
+  {besitzen} (_pret._ {-sa[z]}), _sv._ V, take possession of.
+  {beslie[z]en}, _sv._ II, close, shut.
+  {besorgen}, _wv._ provide, be conscious of; requite.
+  {best[a]n}, _anom. v._ remain; attack, assail;
+    {einen best[a]n}, concern, belong to.
+  {beste}, _aj._ and _av._ best, 9.5, 23.1, 61.
+  {besunder}, _av._ apart.
+  {besw[ae]rde}, _sf._ affliction, grief, sadness.
+  {besw[ae]ren}, _wv._ afflict, grieve.
+  {beswern} (_pret._ {-swuor}, _pp._ {-sworn}), _sv_. VI, take an oath,
+      swear to.
+  {b[e:]te}, _sf._ request, command.
+  {b[e:]ten}, _wv._ pray, 92.
+  {betrahten}, _wv._ view, consider.
+  {betriegen}, _sv._ II, deceive.
+  {betr[u:]eben}, _wv._ make gloomy _or_ angry.
+  {bette}, _sn._ bed, 10, 46.
+  {bettestat}, _sf._ couch, place of rest.
+  {bev[e:]lhen}, _sv._ III, order, recommend;
+    bring home to a person, 19, 34, 81.
+  {bevinden}, _sv._ III, become sensible of, get to know.
+  {bewachen}, _wv._ watch, guard.
+  {bewarn}, _wv._ protect, guard against, preserve;
+    avert, ward off, prevent.
+  {bew[e:]gen} ({sich} with _gen._), _sv._ V, resolve to _or_ upon,
+      take upon oneself; part with, cast off.
+  {bewenden} (_pp._ {-want}), _wv._ turn to, use.
+  {bew[i]sen}, _wv._ put right, inform, instruct.
+  {be[zz]er} (_superl._ {be[zz]est}, {beste}), _aj._ better, 58.
+  {be[zz]ern}, _wv. refl._ get better, improve.
+  {be[zz]erunge}, _sf._ improvement, 8.
+  {b[i]}, _prep._ and _av._ near, near by, with, beside; thereby;
+    {b[i] s[i]n} with _dat._ of person: be near, have;
+    {b[i] m[i]nen triuwen}, in truth, upon my word!;
+    {b[i] m[i]nen z[i]ten}, during my lifetime;
+    {b[i] spotte s[i]n}, like mockery;
+    {b[i] w[e:]sen}, remain.
+  {bibenen} ({biben}, _pp._ {bibent}), _wv._ quake, tremble.
+  {biderbe}, _aj._ noble, active, good.
+  {biegen}, _sv._ II, bow, bend, 5, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 33, 78.
+  {bien} = {b[i] d[e:]n}.
+  {bieten}, _sv._ II, offer, show, 5, 11, 18, 25, 78.
+  {bilde}, _sn._ example, comparison.
+  {bilden}, _wv._ form.
+  {billich}, _aj._ becoming, right.
+  {bill[i]chen}, _av._ rightly, properly, befittingly.
+  {bin}, am, 97.
+  {binden}, _sv._ III, bind, fasten, 10 note 2, 11, 12, 15, 33, 81;
+    {wol gebunden}, with the hair neatly braided and decked out.
+  {bir}, _swf._ pear, 50.
+  {b[i]ten}, _sv._ I, wait, put off, delay, 76.
+  {bit(t)en} (_pret._ {bat}), _sv._ V, ask, beg, request, command,
+      3, 26, 31.3, 84.
+  {bitter}, _aj._ bitter, 20, 31.2, 55.
+  {bitterl[i]ch}, _aj._ bitter, 8.
+  {bitterl[i]chen}, _av._ bitterly.
+  {bi[z]}, _sm._ bite, 44.
+  {b[i][z]en}, _sv._ I, bite, 5, 19, 76.
+  {bl[a]} ({-wes}), _aj._ blue, 36, 55.
+  {blanc}, _aj._ white, shining, beautiful.
+  {bl[a]sen}, _sv._ VII, blow, 87.
+  {blat}, _sn._ leaf.
+  {bl[i]} ({-ges}), _snm._ lead, 35.
+  {bl[i]ben} = {bel[i]ben}.
+  {blic} ({-ckes}), _sm._ glance, look; splendour.
+  {bl[i]decl[i]chen}, _av._ blithely, joyfully.
+  {blint} ({-des}), _aj._ blind, 7, 9.2, 55, 56.
+  {bliuwen}, _sv._ II, strike, 16 note, 19, 36, 79.
+  {bl[o][z]}, _aj._ bare, naked; only.
+  {bl[u:]ejen}, {bl[u:]ewen}, {bl[u:]en}, _wv._ bloom, 19, 35, 90.
+  {bl[u:]emen}, _wv._ bloom, 90.
+  {bluome}, _wmf._ flower, blossom.
+  {bluot}, _sn._ blood.
+  {bluoten}, _wv._ bleed.
+  {boc} ({-ckes}), _sm._ he-goat, 10, 32.1.
+  {b[o:]ckl[i]n}, _sn._ little he-goat, 10.
+  {b[oe]se}, _aj._ bad, worthless, despicable.
+  {boge}, _wm._ bow.
+  {b[o:]lzel[i]n}, _sn._ little cross-bow, bolt _or_ arrow.
+  {borgen}, _wv._ borrow.
+  {bote}, _wm._ messenger, 51.
+  {bougen}, {b[o:]ugen}, _wv._ bend, 10.
+  {boum}, _sm._ tree.
+  {b[o][z]en}, _sv._ VII, beat, strike, 87.
+  {br[a]} ({br[a]we}), _swf._, brow, eyebrow; eyelash, 48.
+  {br[a]ten}, _sv._ VII, roast, 87.
+  {br[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, break, pluck, gather; neglect, 82.
+  {breit}, _aj._ wide, broad.
+  {brennen}, _wv._ burn, 10, 11, 90.
+  {bresten}, _sv._ IV, break, burst, be deficient, want, lack, 19.
+  {brief} ({-ves}), _sm._ letter, 33, 44.
+  {bringen} (_pret._ {br[a]hte}, _pret. subj._ {br[ae]hte}), bring,
+      28, 29, 91;
+    {sich bringen l[a][z]en}, let oneself be brought;
+    {v[u:]r bringen}, carry out.
+  {brinnen}, _sv._ III, burn, 81.
+  {briuwen}, _sv._ II, brew, 16 note, 79.
+  {br[oe]de}, _aj._ breakable, perishable.
+  {br[o]t}, _sn._ bread.
+  {brugge}, {br[u:]gge} ({brucke}, {br[u:]cke}), _sf._ bridge, 10 note 3,
+      26, 31.3.
+  {br[u]n}, _aj._ brown; dark-coloured.
+  {brunne}, _wm._ spring, well, brook.
+  {bruoch}, _sf._ covering for the upper part of the thigh.
+  {bruoder}, _sm._ brother, 3, 5, 11, 24, 25, 45.
+  {brust} (_pl._ {bruste}, {br[u:]ste}), _sf._ breast, bosom,
+      10 note 3, 49.
+  {br[u]t} (_pl._ {briute}), bride, 5, 10, 11.
+  {b[u]} ({-wes}), _smn._ cultivated land; farmhouse;
+    dwelling, abode, 42.
+  {b[u:]echl[i]n}, _sn._ little book, 10.
+  {b[u]man} (_pl._ {b[u]liute}), _sm._ peasant, farmer, farm labourer.
+  {buoch}, _sn._ book, 10.
+  {buosem}, _sm._ bosom, 9.2.
+  {buo[z]}, _sm._ remedy, compensation, reparation;
+    {buo[z] tuon} _c gen._, free from, liberate from.
+  {b[u]r}, _sm._ peasant.
+  {burc} ({-ge}), _sf._ castle, town, 10 note 1, 49.
+  {burg[ae]re}, _sm._ citizen, parishioner.
+  {burt}, _sf._ birth, of good family.
+  {butze}, _wm._ hobgoblin, bug-bear;
+    {in butzen w[i]s}, like a ghostly hobgoblin.
+  {b[u]wen}, {biuwen} (_pret._ {biute}), _wv._ till, cultivate, plant.
+
+
+  C
+
+  For {c} see {k}.
+
+
+  D
+
+  {d[a]}, {d[a]r}, _av._ there, where, 39, 69;
+    {d[a] mite}, therewith;
+    {d[a] von}, thereby;
+    {d[a] vor}, before it _or_ that;
+    {d[a] zuo}, thereby, therewith, thereto.
+  {dach}, _sn._ covering, 31.3.
+  {dagen}, _wv._ be silent, 92.
+  {dahte}, see {decken}.
+  {danc} ({-kes}), _sm._. thanks, wish;
+    {sunder} _or_ {an' m[i]nen danc}, against my wish.
+  {danken}, _wv._ thank, 9.2.
+  {danne}, {denne} ({dan}), _av._ then;
+    _after the comparative_, than as;
+    in conditional sentences with or without {ne} = unless.
+  {dannen}, _av._ from there, thence; wherefrom, 69.
+  {dannoch} ({dennoch}), _av._ however, even, still;
+    besides, in addition to this; moreover.
+  {dar}, {dare}, _av._ thither, whither, 69;
+    {dar an}, thereon, in that, therein;
+    {dar f[u:]r}, before it;
+    {dar n[a]ch}, thereupon, after that;
+    {dar umbe}, therefore, 69;
+    {dar under}, amongst them, in between;
+    {dar zuo}, besides, in addition.
+  {d[a]rinne}, {darinne}, _av._ therein.
+  {da[z]} _cj._ that.
+  {dechein}, _pr._ no, none, 71.
+  {decken} (_pret._ {dacte}, {dahte}), _wv._ cover, 23.2, 31.3,
+      32.2, 90.
+  {d[e:]gen}, _sm._ warrior, vassal, 11.
+  {dehein}, {dekein}, _pr._ any one; no, none, 71.
+  {deich} = {da[z] ich}.
+  {deist} = {da[z] ist}.
+  {denen} ({dennen}), _wv._ stretch, 92.
+  {denken} (_pret._ {d[a]hte}), think, 5, 11, 28, 29, 91.
+  {denne} = {danne}.
+  {dennoch}, see {dannoch}.
+  {d[e:]r}, {da[z]}, {diu}, _def. art._, _dem. pr._, and _rel. pr._, the,
+      who; 9.6, 68, 69;
+    {d[e:]s}, _av._ with which, thereby, therefore, wherefore.
+  {derf[u:]re}, _av._ out.
+  {dernider}, _av._ down.
+  {d[e:]rst} = {d[e:]r ist}.
+  {d[e]st}, {deis}, {d[e]s} = {da[z] ist}, 68 note 1.
+  {deste}, _av._ the more, all the more;
+    _before comparatives_, the, so much, 11.
+  {d[e]sw[a]r} (= {da[z] ist w[a]r}), _av._ truly, in truth, indeed.
+  {dew[e:]der}, {dw[e:]der}, _pr._ one of two, neither of two, 71.
+  {de[z]} = {da[z]}.
+  {dic} ({dicke}), _aj._ thick, dark, 55;
+    _av._ {dicke}, often;
+    {dicke ba[z]}, often still better.
+  {die} = Middle Germ. form of {d[e:]r}.
+  {diech} = {da[z] ich}.
+  {diem[u:]ete}, _sf._ humility.
+  {dien} = {die en}.
+  {dienen}, _wv._ serve, earn, deserve; requite, 9.2, 92.
+  {dienest} ({dienst}), _sm._ service, serviceableness; devotion, 9.2;
+    {ze dienste}, out of devotion.
+  {dienstman}, _sm._ servant, feoffee.
+  {diep} ({-bes}), _sm._ thief;
+    {ze diebe w[e:]rden}, become a thief.
+  {die[z]en}, _sv._ II, resound, roar, rush, 18, 78.
+  {d[i]hen} (_pret._ {d[e]ch}, _pp._ {gedigen}), _sv._ I, thrive,
+      17, 30, 76.
+  {d[i]n}, _pr._ thy, 9.3, 67.
+  {dinc} ({-ges}), _sn._ thing, affair, 46.
+  {dingen}, _wv._ speak, make a contract.
+  {dirre}, {diser}, {dise} (_neut._ {ditze}, {diz}, {di[z]};
+      _fem._ {disiu}), _pr._ this, 68.
+  {diuhen}, _wv._ change, remove; press, shove.
+  {diuten}, _wv._ intimate, relate, display.
+  {diuwe} ({diw}), _sf._ servant, 48.
+  {d[o]}, {do}, _av._ and _cj._ then, when, as, 69.
+  {doch}, _av._ yet, however, nevertheless.
+  {dol}, _sf._ suffering, pain, distress, misery, 48.
+  {doln}, _wv._ endure, tolerate, suffer, 90.
+  {d[o]n}, {t[o]n} (_pl._ {d[oe]ne}), _sm._ sound, melody, song.
+  {donreslac} ({-ges}), _sm._ thunder-clap, lightning,
+  {dorf} (_pl._ {d[o:]rfer}), _sn._ village, hamlet, 10.
+  {dorn}, _sm._ thorn, 24.
+  {d[o:]rperl[i]ch}, _aj._ peasant-like, rustic.
+  {dort}, _av._ there, yonder.
+  {douwen}, {d[o:]uwen}, _wv._ digest, 10.
+  {dr[ae]jen} ({dr[ae]n}), _wv._ turn, 35, 90.
+  {dr[a]te}, _av._ quickly, immediately;
+    {als[o] dr[a]te}, directly, forthwith.
+  {dreschen}, _sv._ IV, thrash, 11, 82.
+  {dr[i]} (_neut._ {driu}), _num._ three, 62, 63;
+    {dr[i]er hande}, of three kinds.
+  {dringen}, _sv._ III, press, throng, shoot up, also _sn._, 81;
+    {f[u:]r sich dringen}, press forwards, spread.
+  {dr[i]stunt}, _av._ thrice.
+  {dritte}, {drite}, _num._ third, 26, 62.
+  {dr[i]valtic}, _aj._ threefold.
+  {dr[i][z]ic} ({-ec}), _num._ thirty, 62.
+  {dr[i]z[e:]hen}, _num._ thirteen, 62.
+  {dr[i]z[e:]hende}, _num._ thirteenth, 62.
+  {dr[i][z]igeste}, _num._ thirtieth, 62.
+  {drouwe} ({drowe}, {dr[o]}), _sf._ threat, threatening.
+  {drouwen}, {dr[o:]uwen}, _wv._ threaten, 3, 10.
+  {drucken}, {dr[u:]cken}, _wv._ press, 10 note 3, 90.
+  {dr[u]fe} = {dar [u]fe}.
+  {drumb(e)}, _av._ to that end, therefore.
+  {drunder} = {dar under}.
+  {d[u]}, {du}, _pr._ thou;
+    _gen._ {d[i]n};
+    _dat._ {dir};
+    _acc._ {dich};
+    _pl. nom._ {ir};
+    _gen._ {iuwer};
+    _dat._ {iu};
+    _acc._ {iuch}, 65.
+  {dulden}, _wv._ endure.
+  {d[u]me}, _wm._ thumb.
+  {dunken}, {d[u:]nken} (_pret._ {d[u]hte}, _pret. subj._ {diuhte}), seem,
+      appear, 5, 10 note 2, 11, 29, 91;
+    {sich ze nihte dunken}, to imagine oneself undone.
+  {d[u:]nne}, _aj._ thin, 5, 10, 11, 55.
+  {durch} ({dur}), _prep._ through, on account of, for, for the sake
+      of, 34;
+    {dur da[z]}, on this account, for that reason, therefore;
+    {durch plates stimme}, for drawing sounds _or_ notes from the
+      leaf; for making a whistling sound on the leaf;
+    {durch s[i]nen muot}, through his (childish) mind.
+  {durfen}, {d[u:]rfen} (_pres. sing._ {darf}, _pret._ {dorfte},
+      _pret. subj._ {d[o:]rfte}), _pret. pres._ need, 16, 93.
+  {durftige}, _wm._ beggar, one in want of help.
+  {d[u][z]} = {du [e:][z]}.
+
+
+  E
+
+  {[e], [e]r}, _av._ formerly, rather, sooner, before, 39, 61
+  {[e:]ben}, _aj._ even, 55, 60.
+  {[e:]bene}, _av._ evenly, smoothly, well-fitting, 60.
+  {ecke}, _swf., sn._ corner, 31, 3.
+  {edel(e)}, _aj._ and _av._ noble, 60.
+  {edelinc}, _sm._ son of a nobleman, 8.
+  {edeln}, _wv._ ennoble.
+  {egen}, _wv._ harrow.
+  {egesl[i]ch} ({eisl[i]ch}), _aj._ fearful, terrible, 37.
+  {[e:]ht} ({[)e]t}, {[)o]t}), _av._ only; even, at any rate, 34.
+  {ei} (_pl._ {eijer}, {eiger}, {eier}), _sn._ egg, 35, 47
+  {ei}, _interj._ ah.
+  {eiden}, _wv._ take an oath, pledge.
+  {eigen}, _aj._ own, 55.
+  {eigen}, _sn._ property;
+    {ze eigen g[e:]ben}, present.
+  {eilfte}, _aj._ eleventh, 62.
+  {ein}, _num._ and _indef. art._ one; a, an, 9.3, 62, 63;
+    _indef, pr._ one, some one, 71.
+  {einander}, _pr._ one another.
+  {eine}, _av._ alone.
+  {eines}, _av._ once.
+  {einic} ({-ec}), _aj._ only, single.
+  {einlif}, {einlef} ({eilif}), _num._ eleven, 62.
+  {ei(n)lifte} ({eilfte}), _num._ eleventh, 62.
+  {eischen}, _sv._ VII, ask, demand.
+  {eisl[i]ch}, see {egesl[i]ch}.
+  {eit} ({-des}), _sm._ oath.
+  {element}, _sn._ element.
+  {[e]l[i]ch}, _aj._ legal, conjugal.
+  {ellen}, _sn._courage, valour; manliness.
+  {ellenboge}, _wm._ elbow.
+  {ellenden}, _wv._ go abroad.
+  {ellich}, _aj._ universal, constant.
+  {elter}, _aj._ older.
+  {eltl[i]ch}, _aj._ elderly, old.
+  {emph[e:]lhen}, _sv._ III, recommend, 81.
+  {emzekeit}, _sf._ activity, diligence, industry.
+  {en}, _neg. particle_, generally used before the verb with or
+      without {niht} after the verb, _not_.
+    {en} in subordinate sentences with the subjunctive, _unless_,
+      _if not_, _except that_, _when that_, _that not_, &c.
+  {en} = {in}; shortened form of {d[e:]n}.
+  {enb[e:]rn}, _sv._ IV, be without a thing, do without.
+  {enbieten}, _sv._ II, bid, announce, summon.
+  {enblanden}, _sv._ VII, let be painful _or_ irksome to.
+  {enblecken}, _wv._ make visible, expose.
+  {ende}, _sn._ end.
+  {endel[i]chen}, _av._ throughout, entirely.
+  {enden}, _wv._ end, finish.
+  {enein} = {in ein}.
+  {enge}, _aj._ narrow, 55.
+  {enge}, _sf._ narrow place, strait, difficulty.
+  {engel}, _sm._ angel, 9.2, 42.
+  {Engellant}, _pn._ England, 54.
+  {eng[e:]lten}, _sv._ III, pay, requite.
+  {enges(t)l[i]ch}, _aj._ anxious, timid, dangerous.
+  {enke}, _wm._ man who tends the cattle.
+  {enmitten}, _av._ in the midst;
+    {enmitten d[o]}, during, whilst.
+  {enpf[a]hen}, {enpf[a]n}, _sv._ VII, accept, receive.
+  {enpfallen}, _sv._ VII, pass away, perish.
+  {enpfinden}, _sv._ III, perceive, become conscious of.
+  {enpfl[e:]gen}, _sv._ V, care for, cherish.
+  {enph[e:]lhen}, _sv._ III, order, recommend, 81.
+  {entrinnen}, _sv._ III, escape.
+  {entsagen}, _wv._ free, remove, withdraw.
+  {entseben} ({-seven}), _sv._ VI, perceive, 86.
+  {entsetzen}, _wv._ bereave, rob.
+  {entsl[a]fen}, _sv._ VII, fall asleep.
+  {en(t)springen}, _sv._ III, spring up, shoot up, shoot forth.
+  {entst[a]n}, _sv._ VI, understand.
+  {entw[e:]r}, {entw[e:]rch}, _av._ athwart; perversely.
+  {entw[e:]sen}, _sv._ V, be without, do without.
+  {entw[i]chen}, _sv._ I, yield, go away.
+  {enw[e:]c}, _av._ away.
+  {enz[i]t}, _av._ by times, soon.
+  {enz[u:]nden}, _wv._ light, kindle.
+  {enzwischen}, _prep._ between.
+  {[e:]r}, {si} ({s[i]}, {siu}, {sie}), {[e:][z]}, _pr._ he, she, it;
+    _gen._ {s[i]n} ({[e:]s}), {ir}, {[e:]s};
+    _dat._ {im(e)}, {ir}, {im(e)};
+    _acc._ {in}, {sie} ({si}, {s[i]}), {[e:][z]} ({i[z]});
+    _pl. nom. acc._ {si}, {s[i]}, {sie}, _neut._ also {siu};
+    _gen._ {ir(e)};
+    _dat._ {in}, 65.
+  {[e]rb[ae]re}, _aj._ honourable, decent, modest.
+  {erbarmen}, _wv._ move to pity.
+  {erbe}, _sn._ inherited property, inheritance.
+  {erbeit} = {arbeit}.
+  {erbeiten}, _wv._ work, have trouble;
+    _c. gen._ wait for.
+  {erb[e:]lgen}, _sv._ III, become angry, grow angry.
+  {erben}, _wv._ be hereditary, descend from generation to generation.
+  {erbieten}, _sv._ II, show, manifest.
+  {erb[i]ten}, _sv._ I, wait.
+  {erbleichen}, _wv._ become pale.
+  {erbolgen}, _pp._ angered, angry with.
+  {erb[u:]rn}, _wv._ raise, lift up.
+  {[e:]rde}, _wf._ earth, world, 14.2.
+  {erdenken} (_pret._ {erd[a]hte}, _pret. subj._ {erd[ae]hte}), _wv._
+      think out, devise, contrive.
+  {[e:]rder[i]ch} = {[e:]rtr[i]ch}.
+  {erdie[z]en}, _sv._ II, resound, re-echo.
+  {erdringen}, _sv._ III, gain by force.
+  {erdr[o:]uwen}, _wv._ compel by threats.
+  {[e]re}, _wf._ honour, renown, 11.
+  {[e]ren}, _wv._ honour.
+  {[e]rest}, {[e]rste}, _aj._ first, 59.
+  {erg[a]hen}, _wv._ overtake, go to meet.
+  {erg[a]n}, _sv._ VII, come out, happen.
+  {erge}, _sf._ wickedness.
+  {erg[e:]ben}, _sv._ V, submit, devote.
+  {ergetzen}, _wv._ cause to forget, compensate.
+  {ergr[i]fen}, _sv._ I, seize.
+  {erh[a]hen}, {erh[a]n}, _sv._ VII, hang.
+  {erheben}, _sv_. VI, raise;
+    _refl._ rise.
+  {erh[oe]ren}, _wv._ hear.
+  {erkalten}, _wv._ become cold.
+  {erkant}, _aj._ known.
+  {erkennelich}, _aj._ well-known, renowned.
+  {erkennen} (_pret._ {-kante}, {-kande}), _wv._ recognize, perceive,
+      understand; know.
+  {erkiesen}, _sv._ II, elect, select, choose.
+  {erklengen}, _wv._ make resonant _or_ sonorous.
+  {erl[a][z]en}, {erl[a]n}, _sv._ VII, release, forgive.
+  {erlengen}, _wv._ lengthen.
+  {erleschen}, _sv._ IV, extinguish.
+  {erl[i]den}, _sv._ I, suffer.
+  {erlouben}, {erl[o:]uben}, _wv._ allow, permit, 10.
+  {erl[oe]sen} (_pp._ {erl[o]st}), _wv._ remove, free, deliver.
+  {ermordern}, _wv._ murder.
+  {ern}, {eren}, {erren} (_pret._ {ier}, _pp._ {gearn}), _sv._ VII,
+      till, plough, 87.
+  {[e:]rn} = {[e:]r ne}.
+  {ernern}, _wv._ rescue, heal, cure.
+  {erniuwen}, _wv._ renew.
+  {[e:]rnst}, _sm._ fervour.
+  {err[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, avenge.
+  {[e]rrer}, {[e]rre}, {[e:]rre}, _aj._ former, 59.
+  {erringen}, _sv._ III, gain, obtain, get.
+  {erscheinen}, _wv._ show, make to appear.
+  {ersch[e:]llen}, _sv._ III, resound.
+  {erschie[z]en}, _sv._ II, shoot, shoot through, pierce to death.
+  {ersch[i]nen}, _sv._ I, appear; dawn.
+  {erschr[e:]cken}, _sv._ IV, frighten, become frightened;
+    _refl. c. gen._ become frightened at.
+  {erschr[i]en} (_pret._ {-schr[e]}), _sv._ I, shriek, cry out.
+  {ers[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, see, perceive.
+  {erslahen}, {ersl[a]n}, _sv._ VI, slay, kill.
+  {[e]r(e)st}, {[e]rste}, _av._ at first, so soon as, 61.
+  {[e]rste}, _num._ first, 9.5, 62.
+  {erst[e:]rben}, _sv._ III, die.
+  {erstrecken} (_pret._ {erstracte}), _wv._ expand, spread out.
+  {[e:]rtr[i]ch} ({[e:]rder[i]ch}), _sn._ earth, world.
+  {ertrinken}, _sv._ III, drown, perish.
+  {erv[e:]hten}, _sv._ IV, gain by fighting;
+    with {abe} and _dat._: win _or_ gain from by fighting.
+  {ervinden}, _sv._ III, experience, get to know.
+  {ervollen}, _wv._ become full.
+  {ervr[o:]uwen}, _wv._ rejoice, make glad.
+  {erwachen}, _wv._ awake.
+  {erwecken} (_pret._ {-wahte}), _wv._ waken, awaken.
+  {erweln}, _wv._ elect, choose.
+  {erw[e:]rben}, _sv._ III, reach, attain, acquire, beget.
+  {erwern}, _wv._ prevent, hinder.
+  {erwinden}, _sv._ III, turn round; be thrown back, be reflected.
+  {erzeigen}, _wv._ show, prove.
+  {erziehen}, _sv._ II, bring up, educate.
+  {esche}, _wf._ ash.
+  {[e:]t}, {[e]t} = {[e:]ht}.
+  {etel[i]ch}, {etesl[i]ch} ({etl[i]ch}, {etsl[i]ch}), _pr._ many a one,
+      any one;
+    _pl._ some, 71.
+  {etew[e:]r}, {etesw[e:]r}, _pr._ any _or_ some one;
+    _neut._ {etewa[z]}, anything, something, 70, 71.
+  {ettewanne} ({eteswenne}, {ettewenne}), _av._ sometimes.
+  {[e]vang[e]lium}, _sn._ gospel.
+  {[e]wic}, _aj._ everlasting.
+  {[e]wicl[i]chen}, _av._ ever, everlastingly.
+  {[e:][z]}, _pr._ it, 65.
+  {[e:][zz]en} (_pp._ {g[e:][zz]en}), _sv._ V, eat, 9.7, 19, 20, 23.1, 28, 83.
+
+
+  F
+
+  For {f} see {v}.
+
+
+  G
+
+  {g[a]be}, _sf._ gift.
+  {gabyl[o]t}, {gabil[o]t}, _sn._ small javelin _or_ dart.
+  {g[a]ch} ({-hes}), _aj._ quick, rapid, 55;
+    {g[a]ch w[e:]sen} (with _dat._ of pers.), be in a hurry;
+    {mir ist g[a]ch}, I hasten;
+    _gen._ {g[a]hes} as _av._
+  {gadem}, _sn._ room, bed-room; house, 46.
+  {g[ae]he}, _aj._ quick, hasty.
+  {g[a]hel[o]s}, _aj._ fickle, wanton.
+  {g[a]hen}, {g[ae]hen}, _wv._ hasten, hurry.
+  {Gahmuret}, _pn._ the name of Parzival's father.
+  {galge}, _wm._ gallows, scaffold.
+  {galle}, _swf._ gall, bitterness, grief.
+  {gan}, see {gunnen}.
+  {g[a]n}, {g[e]n}, _sv._ VII, go, 87, 95;
+    {umbe g[a]n}, go _or_ turn round.
+  {ganz}, _aj._ whole, entire, complete, 19, 60.3.
+  {ganzl[i]che(n)}, _av._ completely, 60.3.
+  {gar} ({-wes}), _aj._ ready, prepared, 9.1, 36, 55.
+  {gar}, _av._ fully, entirely, completely.
+  {gart}, _sm._ goad, whip.
+  {garten[ae]re}, _sm._ gardener, 8.
+  {gast} (_pl._ {geste}), stranger, guest, 3, 5, 10, 11, 44.
+  {gearbeiten}, _wv._ work.
+  {geb[ae]rde}, _sf._ countenance.
+  {geb[a]ren}, _wv._ behave, conduct oneself.
+  {g[e:]be}, _sf._ gift, 7, 48.
+  {gebeine}, _sn._ bones, remains.
+  {g[e:]ben}, _sv._ V, give, grant, 5, 12, 14.2, 25, 28, 33, 83.
+  {g[e:]ben}, _pp._ = {geg[e:]ben}.
+  {gebende}, _sn._ head-dress.
+  {geb[e:]t}, _sn._ prayer.
+  {gebieten}, _sv._ II, order, command.
+  {gebot}, _sn._ command, order, commandment.
+  {gebr[e:]chen} = {br[e:]chen}.
+  {gebreste}, _wm._ defect, waste.
+  {gebresten} = {bresten}.
+  {geb[u:]e[z]en}, _wv._ atone for, improve.
+  {geb[u]re}, _wm._ peasant, citizen.
+  {geburt}, _sf._ birth, noble birth.
+  {gedagen}, _wv._ keep silent.
+  {gedanc}, _sm._ thought, 44.
+  {gedanken} = {danken}.
+  {gedenken} (_pret._ {-d[a]hte}), _wv._ think, intend, strive;
+    bear in mind, remember.
+  {gedienen}, _wv._ earn, deserve, obtain.
+  {ged[i]hen} ({ged[i]en}), _sv._ I, thrive, speed well, advance.
+  {gedinge}, _wm._ or _sfn._ hope, confidence; thought; contract.
+  {gedingen}, _wv._ negotiate.
+  {gedranc} ({-ges}), _sm._ thronging, crowd.
+  {gedulde}, {gedult}, _sf._ patience.
+  {gedultecl[i]chen}, _av._ patiently.
+  {gedultic} ({-ec}), _aj._ patient, indulgent, 10 note 1.
+  {gedultikeit}, _sf._ patience.
+  {geenden}, _wv._ end, finish.
+  {gef[u:]ege}, _aj._ befitting, suitable, seemly.
+  {gefuoge}, _sf._ fitness, good breeding.
+  {geg[a]n} = {g[a]n}.
+  {geg[e:]ben} = {g[e:]ben}.
+  {g[e:]gen} ({gein}), _prep._ against, opposite to, towards, to;
+    at, for, 37.
+  {gegihte}, _sn._ gout, cramp.
+  {gegr[u:]e[z]en}, _wv._ greet, salute.
+  {gehaben} (_refl._), _wv._ be, fare, feel.
+  {gehei[z]en}, _sv._ VII, promise; call, name.
+  {geh[e:]lfen} = {h[e:]lfen}.
+  {gehenge}, _sf._ permission.
+  {gehiure}, _aj._ lovely, charming, gracious.
+  {geh[oe]nen}, _wv._ dishonour, abuse, revile, curse.
+  {geh[oe]ren}, _wv._ hear.
+  {geh[o]rsam(e)}, _sf._ obedience.
+  {geil}, _aj._ joyous, joyful, gay.
+  {geist}, _sm._ spirit, mind, ghost.
+  {gejegede}, _sn._ hunt.
+  {geklopfen}, _wv._ knock.
+  {g[e:]l} ({-wes}), _aj._ yellow, 55.
+  {gel[a][z]}, _snm._ formation, figure, shape.
+  {gel[e:]ben}, _wv._ live, live to see.
+  {geleischiert}, _pp._ with or having the reins of the horse slack;
+    see {leischieren}.
+  {geleisten} = {leisten}.
+  {geleit} = {geleget}.
+  {geleite}, _sn._ protection, retinue;
+    _wm._ attendant, companion.
+  {g[e:]lf} ({g[e:]lph}), _aj._ shining; merry, insolent.
+  {gel[i]ch} ({gl[i]ch}), _aj._ like, same, straight, even, 9.7;
+    _av._ {gel[i]che}, equally, in like manner.
+  {gel[i]chen}, _refl. wv._ be like, be equal; resemble.
+  {gelieben}, _wv._ love, make dear, please.
+  {geligen}, _sv._ V, succumb, be ruined.
+  {gelimpfen}, _wv._ be meet, 23.2.
+  {gelingen}, _sv._ III, succeed, 81;
+    {mir gelingt wol}, I have good success.
+  {gelit}, {glit} ({-des}), _sn._ member, 9.7.
+  {geloube}, _wm._ faith.
+  {gelouben}, {gel[o:]uben}, _wv._ believe, think, 10, 33, 90.
+  {g[e:]lt} ({-des}), _sn._ money.
+  {g[e:]lten}, _sv._ III, pay, requite; procure, 9.4 note, 81.
+  {gel[u:]cke}, _sn._ good fortune, happiness.
+  {gelust}, _sm._ wish, desire; joy, pleasure.
+  {gemach}, _smn._, rest, ease; bedroom.
+  {gemachen}, _wv._ make.
+  {gemahele}, _wf._ bride.
+  {gemeine}, _aj._ common, familiar.
+  {gemeit}, _aj._ happy, joyful.
+  {gem[e]ren}, _wv._ increase.
+  {gem[i]den}, _sv._ I, avoid, keep at a distance.
+  {gem[i]ten}, _sv._ I, shun, avoid.
+  {gem[u:]ete}, _sn._ disposition, desire, longing; heart.
+  {gemuot}, _aj._ minded, disposed, inclined.
+  {gen[a]de}, {gn[a]de}, _sf._ grace, favour, kindness, 9.7;
+    in addressing a person: be gracious;
+    {gen[a]de sagen}, thank;
+    {[u]f gen[a]de}, graciously.
+  {gen[a]del[o]s}, _aj._ unhappy, without grace.
+  {gen[a]den}, _wv._ to thank.
+  {gen[ae]dic}, _aj._ gracious, merciful.
+  {gen[ae]me}, _aj._ beloved, dear, pleasant.
+  {genanne}, {gnanne}, _wm._ namesake, 9.7.
+  {gen[e:]sen}, _sv._ V, recover, become well _or_ free, 30, 83.
+  {genieten}, _wv. refl._ rejoice, be glad, become satisfied with.
+  {genie[z]en}, _sv._ II _c. gen._, enjoy, have advantage of;
+    make use of, use as food.
+  {genisb[ae]re}, _aj._ healable, curable.
+  {genisl[i]ch}, _aj._ healable, curable.
+  {genist}, _sf._ recovery.
+  {gen[o][z]}, _sm._ companion.
+  {gen[o][z]en} ({hin ze}), _wv._ compare, compare with.
+  {gen[u:]egen}, _wv._ be sufficient, suffice;
+    {mich gen[u:]eget d[e:]s}, that is enough for me.
+  {genuoc}, {gnuoc}, _aj._ and _av._ enough, 9.7;
+    _pl._ many;
+    as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ enough.
+  {gen[u:]ogen} = {gen[u:]egen}.
+  {gequeln}, _wv._ plague, torment.
+  {g[e:]r}, {gir}, _sf._ longing, eager desire.
+  {ger[a]de}, {gr[a]de}, _aj._ quick, 9.7.
+  {ger[a]ten} (_pret._ {-riet}), _sv._ VII, advise; come at;
+    prosper, thrive, succeed.
+  {ger[e:]ch}, {gr[e:]ch}, _aj._ straight, 9.7.
+  {gerich}, _sm._ revenge, vengeance.
+  {gerihte}, _sn._ jurisdiction.
+  {gerincl[i]chen}, _av._ small, easily.
+  {geringen}, _sv._ III, struggle, strive.
+  {geriute}, _sn._ arable land.
+  {geriuwen}, _wv._ repent, lament.
+  {g[e:]rn} (with _gen._ and _dat._), _wv._ long for, yearn for, desire,
+      want, hanker after.
+  {g[e:]rne}, _av._ willingly, gladly.
+  {gerte}, _swf._ rod.
+  {ger[u]men}, _wv._ leave, make room.
+  {geruochen}, _wv._ be pleased, hold good for.
+  {gesagen}, _wv._ say, tell.
+  {geschaffen}, _sv._ VI, provide, care for, create.
+  {geschaft}, _sf._ creature, 28.
+  {gesch[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, happen, fall to one's lot _or_ share,
+      19, 34, 83.
+  {geschiht}, _sf._ occurrence, event.
+  {geschl[a:]hte}, _sn._ race, generation, 10.
+  {ges[e:]gen}, _wv._ bless.
+  {ges[e:]hen} = {s[e:]hen}.
+  {geselle}, _wm._ companion.
+  {geselleschaft}, _sf._ company.
+  {ges[i]n} = {s[i]n}.
+  {gesinde}, _sn._ retinue;
+    _wm._ retainer.
+  {gesingen} = {singen}.
+  {gesitzen} = {sitzen}.
+  {gesmac}, _sm._ taste, smell.
+  {gesorgen}, _wv._ trouble oneself; fear, dread.
+  {gespile}, _wm._ play-mate, comrade.
+  {gespr[e:]chen} = {spr[e:]chen}.
+  {gest[a]n}, _sv._ VI, remain.
+  {gesteine}, _sn._ precious stones.
+  {gestern}, _av._ yesterday.
+  {gestr[i]ten}, _sv._ I, quarrel, fight, strive.
+  {ges[u]men}, _wv._ stay, delay, let one wait.
+  {gesunde} ({gesunt}), _aj._ healthy, alive.
+  {gesunt}, _sm._ health.
+  {gesweigen}, _wv._ bring to silence.
+  {gesw[i]chen}, _sv._ I, weary, tire; leave in the lurch.
+  {getar} = {tar}, see {turren}.
+  {getragen} = {tragen}.
+  {getriul[i]ch}, _aj._ through, owing to faithfulness.
+  {getriuten}, _wv._ love, like, be fond of.
+  {getriuwe}, _aj._ faithful, good.
+  {getriuwen}, {getr[u]wen}, _wv._ trust, confide in.
+  {getr[oe]sten}, _wv. refl._ bear with patience, forget.
+  {getr[u]ren}, _wv._ mourn, grieve, be downcast.
+  {getr[u]wen}, see {getriuwen}.
+  {getuon} = {tuon}.
+  {geturren}, _pret. pres._ dare, venture.
+  {getweln}, _wv._ dwell, stay.
+  {gevallen}, _sv._ VII, fall to one's lot, please.
+  {gevangen(e)}, _wm._ prisoner, 50.
+  {gevar}, _aj._ having colour.
+  {gevarn}, _sv._ VI, go, travel;
+    {wol gevarn}, make a successful journey.
+  {gevolgen}, _wv._ obey.
+  {gev[u:]ege}, {gef[u:]ege}, _aj._ courteous, well-bred.
+  {gew[ae]te}, _sn._ clothing.
+  {gew[a:]henen}, _sv._ VI, mention, 86.
+  {gewalt}, _smf._ power, might, command.
+  {gewaltecl[i]ch}, _aj._ violent, mighty;
+    _av._ {gewaltecl[i]che}.
+  {gewaltic}, _aj._ powerful, mighty.
+  {gewant}, _sn._ clothing.
+  {gewant} (_pp._ of {wenden}), conditioned, circumstanced;
+    {so gewante sache}, of such a nature;
+    {[e:][z] ist als[o] gewant}, it is important;
+    {[e:][z] ist niht als[o] gewant}, the matter is not so.
+  {gewar(e)}, _aj._ sensible, mindful.
+  {geweinen}, _wv._ weep, cry.
+  {gewenen}, _wv._ accustom.
+  {gewenken}, _wv._ waver, vacillate; bend, turn.
+  {gew[e:]rbe}, _sn._ activity.
+  {gew[e:]rn}, _wv._ perceive, perform.
+  {gew[e:]rren}, _sv._ III, be troublesome, hinder.
+  {gewin} ({-nnes}), _sm._ gain, advantage.
+  {gewinnen}, _sv._ III, get, gain, obtain, receive, 81;
+    {f[u:]r sich gewinnen}, get for oneself.
+  {gewis} ({-sses}), _aj._ certain, sure, 31.
+  {gewisse}, _av._ surely, truly, certainly.
+  {gewonheit}, _sf._ custom.
+  {gew[u:]rme}, _sn._ worm, insect; reptile, creeping creature.
+  {gez[e:]men}, _sv._ IV, become, beseem;
+    {mich gezimt d[e:]s}, that pleases me.
+  {gezierde}, _sf._ adornment.
+  {gezwicken}, _wv._ pinch, pull, pluck.
+  {gie[z]en}, _sv._ II, pour, 28, 78.
+  {gift}, _sf._ gift, 28.
+  {giht}, _third pers. sing._ of {j[e:]hen}.
+  {gir}, see {g[e:]r}.
+  {g[i]st} = {gibest}, 37.
+  {g[i]t} = {gibet}, 37.
+  {glast}, _sm._ splendour.
+  {gl[i]chnisse}, _sn._ parable.
+  {glocke}, _sf._ bell.
+  {gnanne}, see {genanne}.
+  {golt}, _sn._ gold, 3, 15.
+  {got}, _sm._ God, 5, 10, 11.
+  {gotel[i]ch}, _aj._ divine.
+  {gotesh[u]s}, _sn._ church, monastery.
+  {gotheit}, _sf._ godhead.
+  {g[o:]tinne}, _sf._ goddess, 5, 10.
+  {gotvar} ({-wes}), _aj._ godlike, divine.
+  {gouch}, _sm._ cuckoo; fool.
+  {gr[a]} ({-wes}), _aj._ grey, 55.
+  {graben}, _sv._ VII, dig, 10, 12, 85.
+  {gram}, _aj._ hostile.
+  {grap} ({-bes}), _sn._ grave, 46.
+  {gras}, _sn._ grass.
+  {gr[i]fen}, _sv._ I, seize, grasp, touch, feel.
+  {grim} ({-mmes}), _sm._ rage, fury.
+  {grimme} ({grimmic}), _aj._ fearful, angry; great.
+  {grimmen}, _sv._ III, rage.
+  {gr[i]s} ({gr[i]se}), _aj._ grey, old, 55.
+  {gr[oe][z]l[i]ch}, _aj._ great.
+  {gr[oe][z]l[i]chen}, _av._ greatly, very.
+  {gr[o][z]}, _aj._ great, large, 9.2, 57.
+  {gr[u:]en(e)}, _aj._ green, 5, 10, 55.
+  {gr[u:]e[z]en}, _wv._ greet, 39; also _sn._
+  {grunt} ({-des}), _sm._ bottom.
+  {gruo[z]}, _sm._ greeting, salutation.
+  {g[u:]ete}, _sf._ goodness, kindness, 5, 10.
+  {g[u:]etlich}, _aj._ friendly;
+    _av._ {g[u:]etl[i]chen}.
+  {gugel}, _sf._ cowl; cape, hood.
+  {guld[i]n}, _aj._ golden, 3, 15.
+  {gun[e]ren}, _wv._. dishonour, disgrace.
+  {gunnen}, {g[u:]nnen} (_pres. sing._ {gan}; _pret._ {gunde},
+      _pret. subj._ {gunde}, {g[u:]nde}), _pret. pres._ grant, bestow,
+      not to grudge, 9.7, 93.
+  {guot}, _aj._ good, 9.2, 25, 55, 58;
+    {da[z] guot}, wealth, property;
+    {ze guote}, to the good.
+  {g[u:]rtel}, _sm._ girdle, belt, sash.
+  {g[u:]sse}, _sf._ inundation, 28.
+  {g[u:]tinne}, _sf._ goddess, 48.
+
+H.
+  {habe}, _sf._ possession.
+  {habedanc}, _sm._ thanks with words.
+  {haben} ({h[a]n}), _wv._ have, hold, 3, 99;
+    {haben sich an d[e:]r witze kraft}, collect all one's wits together.
+  {hacken}, _sm._ hook, fetter; footprint.
+  {haft}, _sm._ bond, fetter.
+  {hagel}, _sm._ hail; misfortune, destruction.
+  {Hagene}, _pn._, 54.
+  {h[a]hen} ({h[a]n}), _sv._ VII, hang, 29, 30, 38, 87.
+  {halde}, _wf._ slope, declivity.
+  {halm}, _sm._ blade, stalk.
+  {halp} ({-bes}), _aj._ half.
+  {halsen}, _sv._ VII, embrace, 87.
+  {halten} ({halden}), _sv._ VII, hold, keep;
+    stop, keep from, 5, 10, 11, 40, 87.
+  {h[a]n}, see {haben}.
+  {handeln}, _wv._ do, perform.
+  {handelunge}, _sf._ action, 8.
+  {han(e)}, _wm._ cock, 9.4, 31.3.
+  {hant} (_pl._ {hende}), hand, 49.
+  {h[a]r}, _sn._ hair.
+  {h[a]rbant}, _sn._ head-band.
+  {harnasch}, _smn._ harness.
+  {harpfen}, _wv._ play the harp.
+  {hart}, _aj._ hard, 19.
+  {harte}, _av._ very, very great, 60;
+    _comp._ {harter}, more; more seriously.
+  {hase}, _wm._ hare, 7, 30.
+  {ha[z]}, _sm._ hate, hatred, enmity; indignation, anger, wrath, 19.
+  {ha[z]l[i]ch}, _aj._ full of hate, hostile.
+  {ha[zz]en}, _wv._ hate.
+  {heben} ({heven}), _sv._ VI, raise, 30, 86;
+    {sich (an) heben}, betake oneself, begin.
+  {hei}, _interj._ an exclamation of joy, grief, or wonder.
+  {heide}, _sf._, heath, uncultivated land; meadow.
+  {heiden}, _sm._ heathen, 9.2.
+  {heil}, _sn._ happiness, welfare, good fortune.
+  {heilant}, _sm._ Saviour, 8.
+  {heilic} ({-ec}), holy, 7, 8, 55.
+  {heiliggeist}, _sm._ holy ghost.
+  {heim}, _smn._ home;
+    {heime}, _av._ at home.
+  {heiml[i]ch} ({-lich}), _aj._ homely, familiar.
+  {heimsuochen}, _wv._ visit; attack with evil intent.
+  {heimsuochunge}, _sf._ disturbance of domestic peace and security.
+  {heimvart}, _sf._ homeward journey.
+  {hei[z]}, _aj._ hot, 31.3.
+  {hei[z]en}, _sv._ VII, call, be called, named; bid, 11, 17, 23.1, 87.
+  {h[e:]l} ({-lles}), _aj._ resounding.
+  {h[e:]lfe}, _sf._ help.
+  {h[e:]lfen}, _sv._ III, help, 3, 11, 12, 14.2, 15, 23.2, 81.
+  {helle}, _sf._ hell.
+  {hellem[o]r}, _sm._ devil.
+  {hellen[o]t}, _sf._ necessity of hell.
+  {helm}, _sm._ helm, helmet, 11.
+  {helme}, _wm._ warrior.
+  {h[e:]ln} (with double _acc._), _sv._ IV, hide, conceal.
+  {helt} (_gen._ {heldes}, {heledes}), _sm._ hero, protector, brave
+      warrior.
+  {hemede}, {hemde}, _sn._ shirt.
+  {hendelinc} ({-ges}), _sm._ glove, 8.
+  {hengen}, _wv._ hang, 30.
+  {henne}, _swf._ hen, 31.3.
+  {h[e]r}, {h[e]re}, _aj._ and _av._ high, proud, haughty, agreeable, 55.
+  {her}, _sn._ army, host.
+  {h[e:]r(e)}, _av._ hither, this way.
+  {herb[e:]rge}, _sf._ lodging.
+  {h[e]rl[i]ch}, _aj._ agreeable, distinguished;
+    _av._ {h[e]rl[i]chen}.
+  {h[e]rre}, {h[e:]rre}, {h[e:]r}, _wm._ master, lord, 9.3, 9.6.
+  {h[e:]rren}, _wv._ to make as master.
+  {h[e]rsen}, {h[e:]rsen}, _wv._ rule, govern, 9.2.
+  {herte} ({hart}), _aj._ hard, difficult, 60;
+    _av._ {harte} ({herte}), 60.
+  {h[e:]rze}, _wn._ heart, 7, 19, 23.2, 50, 52.
+  {h[e:]rzeleit}, _sn._ heart-sore, grief.
+  {h[e:]rzel[i]ch}, _aj._ dear, affectionate.
+  {h[e:]rzeliep}, _sn._ heart's joy.
+  {H[e:]rzeloyde}, _pn._ the name of Parzival's mother.
+  {h[e:]rzenl[i]ch}, _aj._ hearty, dear, affectionate;
+    _av._ {h[e:]rzenl[i]chen}.
+  {h[e:]rzeriuwe}, _sf._ great grief, sadness of heart, pain.
+  {h[e:]rzes[e]re}, _sf._ great sorrow, grief.
+  {heven}, see {heben}.
+  {hey}, _interj._, hey!
+  {hie}, {hier}, _av._ here, 5, 11, 39;
+    {hie b[i]}, herewith, hereby;
+    {hie vor(e)}, formerly, in former times.
+  {hierunder}, _av._ hereunder, 39.
+  {himel}, _sm._ heaven, sky.
+  {himelisch}, _aj._ heavenly, 8.
+  {himelkr[o]ne}, _sf._ heavenly crown.
+  {himelr[i]ch}, _sn._ kingdom of heaven.
+  {hin}, {hinnen}, _av._ from here, hence, away;
+    {hin f[u:]r}, without, out of doors;
+    {hin heim}, away home.
+  {hinder}, _aj._ hinder;
+    _prep._ behind, 59.
+  {hindernisse}, _snf._ hindrance, 8.
+  {hinderste}, _aj._ hindmost, 59.
+  {h[i]nte}, {h[i]nt}, {h[i]naht}, _av._ to-night, 34.
+  {h[i]r[a]t}, _sm._ marrying, marriage.
+  {hirte}, _sm._ shepherd, 3, 43.
+  {hirtel[o]s}, _aj._ shepherdless.
+  {hir[z]} (OHG. {hiru[z]}) beside {hirz} (OHG. {hirz}), _sm._ stag.
+  {hitze}, _sf._ heat, warmth, 31.3.
+  {hiute}, _av._ to-day;
+    {hiute morgen}, this morning.
+  {h[o]ch} (_comp._ {h[oe]her}, _superl._ {h[oe]hst}, {h[o]hst}), _aj._ high,
+      5, 10, 11, 19, 34, 57, 60.
+  {h[o]chgeborn}, _aj._ of gentle birth; noble.
+  {h[o]chgemuot}, _aj._ noble, high-minded; lofty, proud;
+    joyful, in high spirits.
+  {h[o]chgez[i]t}, _sfn._ festival, feast, highest joy.
+  {h[o]chmuot}, _sm._ consciousness, pride, well-being.
+  {h[o]chvart}, _sf._ pride, haughtiness.
+  {h[oe]ne}, _aj._ haughty; contemptible.
+  {h[oe]nen}, _wv._ dishonour, calumniate.
+  {h[oe]ren}, _wv._ hear; be requisite, be necessary, require; listen;
+    belong to, 5, 10, 11, 90.
+  {hof} ({-ves}), _sm._ court, 19, 30, 33, 42.
+  {hogen}, _wv._ think, consider.
+  {h[o]he}, {h[o]}, _av._ highly, 60.
+  {h[o]hgem[u:]ete}, _sn._ joyousness, joyfulness.
+  {hol}, _aj._ hollow, 55.
+  {holn}, _wv._ fetch;
+    {tiefen siuft holn}, sigh deeply.
+  {holt} ({-des}), _aj._ kind, affectionate, well-disposed.
+  {holz}, _sn._ wood, 19.
+  {honic}, {honec} ({-ges}), _smn._ honey, 29.
+  {hornunc} ({-ges}), _sm._ February; frost; chilblain.
+  {houbet}, _sn._ head, 5, 10.
+  {houwen}, _sv._ VII, hew, 36, 87.
+  {hovel[i]ch}, _aj._ courtly, court-like.
+  {hovel[i]chen}, _av._ courtly, in the manner of the court.
+  {h[u:]besch}, _aj._ noble, courtly, chivalrous, 30.
+  {h[u:]eten}, _wv._ protect, shield, hold, keep, guard.
+  {huge}, _sm._ thought, 43.
+  {h[u:]gen}, _wv._ consider, 15.
+  {hulde}, _sf._ grace, favour, kindness, permission, 10 note 1.
+  {hundertste}, _num._ hundredth, 62.
+  {hundertstunt}, _num._ hundred times.
+  {hunger}, _sm._ hunger.
+  {hunt}, {hundert}, _num._ hundred, 62, 64.
+  {huobe}, _sf._ a piece (hide) of land.
+  {huofslac} (_dat. pl._ {huofslegen}), _sm._ horseshoe.
+  {huon} (_pl._ {h[u:]ener}), _sn._ hen, 47.
+  {huote}, _sf._ care, guardianship.
+  {hupfen}, {h[u:]pfen}, _wv._ hop, 10 note 3.
+  {h[u]s} (_pl._ {hiuser}), _sn._ house, 3, 5, 10, 11, 33.
+  {h[u]t} (_dat. pl._ {hiuten}), _sf._ skin, hide.
+
+
+  I
+
+  {ich}, _pr._ I, 23, 65.
+  {ie}, _av._ ever.
+  {iedoch}, _av._ however.
+  {iegel[i]ch}, {iegesl[i]ch} ({iegl[i]ch}, {iesl[i]ch}), _pr._ each, 71.
+  {ieman}, {iemen}, _pr._ anyone, no one, someone, somebody, 71.
+  {iemer}, {immer}, _av._ ever, always, at any time, never.
+  {ietw[e:]der}, _pr. aj._ each of two, 71.
+  {iew[e:]der}, _pr._ each, 71.
+  {iewel[)i]ch}, _pr._ each, 71.
+  {iewiht}, _pr._ anything, 71.
+  {iezuo}, _av._ now, directly.
+  {iht}, _pr._ anything;
+    _av._ not, 71.
+  {[i]len}, _wv._ hasten.
+  {Im[a]ne}, _fpn._
+  {in}, _prep._ in, into.
+  {in}, _pr. acc._ him.
+  {[i]n}, {in}, _av._ in, into, from out here.
+  {in}, {ine} = {ich ne}, I not.
+  {i'n} = {ich in}.
+  {ingesinde}, _sn._ household, family; followers.
+  {inme}, {imme} = {in d[e:]me}.
+  {innecl[i]ch}, _aj._ inward;
+    _av._ {innecl[i]chen}, at heart.
+  {innen}, {inne}, _av._ within, inwardly;
+    {inne bringen}, observe, let understand, convince;
+    {inne w[e:]rden}, hear of, learn of.
+  {ir}, _pr._ her, their, ye, 71.
+  {irdenisch}, _aj._ earthly.
+  {ird[i]n}, _aj._ earthen, 14.2.
+  {irdisch}, _aj._ earthly, 8.
+  {irre}, _aj._ astray;
+    {d[e:]s r[i]ches irre}, astray in regard to the kingdom.
+  {irren}, _wv._ put out, confound, hinder, interrupt, stop.
+  {irs} = {ir [e:]s}.
+  {[i]ser}, _sn._ iron, iron weapon, armour.
+  {iuwer} ({iwer}), _pr._ your, 67.
+  {i[z]} = {[e:][z]}, 65 note 1.
+
+
+  J
+
+  {j[a]}, _interj._ forsooth.
+  {j[ae]merl[i]ch}, _aj._ pitiable, sad, sorrowful;
+    _av._ {j[ae]merl[i]che(n)}.
+  {jagen}, _wv._ pursue, follow, hunt.
+  {j[a]mer}, _sm._ grief, pain;
+    {j[a]mers balt}, courageous in grief.
+  {j[a]merhaft}, _aj._ painful, sorrowful.
+  {j[a]r}, _sn._ year; age, 19.
+  {j[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, say, speak; assure, grant, concede, 35, 83.
+  {jener}, _pr._ that, 68.
+  {jenhalp}, _av._ on that side, the other side.
+  {j[e:]sen}, _sv._ V, ferment, 35, 83.
+  {j[e:]ten}, _sv._ V, weed, 35.
+  {joch}, _av._ and _conj._ also, even, yet.
+  {jude}, _wm._ Jew.
+  {jugent}, _sf._ youth, 49.
+  {junc} ({-ges}), _aj._ young, 19, 57.
+  {juncfrouwe}, _wf._ maiden.
+  {junch[e]rre}, _wm._ young sir.
+  {junger}, _sm._ disciple.
+
+
+  K
+
+  {kal} ({-wes}), _aj._ bald, 55.
+  {k[a]le}, see {qu[a]le}, 36.
+  {kalp} (_pl._ {k[a:]lber}), _sn._ calf, 47.
+  {kalt}, _aj._ cold.
+  {k[a:]lte}, _sf._ coldness, 11.
+  {kamer[ae]re}, _sm._ chamberlain, guard of the treasure, _or_ bed-room.
+  {kampfl[i]ch}, _aj._ warlike.
+  {kapfen}, _wv._ stare, gape, look on with astonishment.
+  {Karnahkarnanz}, {Karnachkarnanz}, _pn._ Count of Unterlec.
+  {kastel[a]n}, _sn._ Castilian horse.
+  {k[e:]c}, see {qu[e:]c}.
+  {kein}, _pr._ no, none, 71.
+  {keiser}, _sm._ emperor.
+  {keiserl[i]ch}, _aj._ imperial.
+  {kelber[i]n}, _aj._ of a calf.
+  {kemen[a]te}, _sf._ room, bed-room.
+  {kennen}, _wv._ know, 90.
+  {k[e]ren}, _wv._ turn, go, 90;
+    {sich k[e]ren}, turn;
+    {ze gote k[e]ren}, apply to God's service.
+  {kerze}, {k[e:]rze}, _wf._ candle.
+  {kiesen}, _sv._ II, test, try, choose, elect, 5, 11, 18, 30, 33, 78.
+  {kil}, _sm._ quill, 9.1, 42.
+  {kindel[i]n}, _sn._ little child, 8.
+  {kindisch}, _aj._ childish, 8.
+  {kinne}, _sn._ chin.
+  {kint} ({-des}), _sn._ child, 33.
+  {kintl[i]ch}, _aj._ childish.
+  {kirchhof}, _sm._ churchyard.
+  {k[i]t} = {qu[i]t}, 36.
+  {kiusch(e)}, _aj._ chaste, modest, pure, spotless; maidenly.
+  {kiuwen}, _sv._ II, chew, 16 note, 36, 79.
+  {klage}, _sf._ complaint, lamentation.
+  {klagen}, _wv._ complain, bewail, 92;
+    {klagede[z] h[e:]rze}, mournful heart.
+  {kl[a]r}, _aj._ clear, bright, beautiful, pure.
+  {kl[e]} ({-wes}), _sm._ clover, trefoil.
+  {kl[e:]ben}, _wv._ stick, 92.
+  {kleiden}, _wv._ clothe, dress.
+  {klein(e)}, _aj._ little, neat, insignificant;
+    _av._ {kleine}.
+  {kleit} (_pl._ {kleit} or {kleider}), _sn._ dress.
+  {klieben}, _sv._ II, cleave, 18, 78.
+  {klingen}, _sv._ III, ring, toll.
+  {kl[o]sen[ae]re}, _sm._ hermit, recluse.
+  {kl[o]ster}, _sn._ cloister, monastery.
+  {kl[u]s}, _sf._ cell, hermitage.
+  {knabe}, _wm._ boy, youth, 31.1.
+  {knappe}, _wm._ a youth who has not yet become a knight, 31.1.
+  {kn[e:]ht}, _sm._ boy, candidate for knighthood, attendant; warrior.
+  {kn[e:]ten}, _sv._ V, knead, 83.
+  {knie} (_gen._ {kniewes}), _sn._ knee, 3, 23.2, 36, 46.
+  {komen}, _sv._ IV (_pres._ {kume}, {kum}; _pret._ {quam}, {kom};
+      _pret. subj._ {qu[ae]me}, _pp._ {komen}), come, 36, 82.
+  {kopf}, _sm._ head.
+  {k[o]r}, _sm._ choir.
+  {korder}, {k[o:]rder}, see {qu[e:]rder}, 36.
+  {korn}, _sn._ corn, 23.2.
+  {korp} ({-bes}), _sm._ basket.
+  {koufen}, {k[o:]ufen}, _wv._ buy, acquire; earn, 10, 90.
+  {kr[a]}, {kr[a]we}, _sf._ crow.
+  {kraft}, _sf._ strength, might; multitude.
+  {kranc}, _sm._ weakness.
+  {kranc}, _aj._ impotent, weak; little; worthless.
+  {kranz}, _sm._ garland, wreath.
+  {kr[e]atiure}, {kr[e]at[u]r(e)}, _sf._ creature.
+  {kreftic}, _aj._ strong, powerful.
+  {kriec} ({-ges}), _sm._ resistance, strife, quarrel.
+  {kriechen}, _sv._ II, creep, crawl, 78.
+  {Kriemhilt}, _pn._ 54.
+  {krippe} ({kribbe}), _swf._, manger (cradle), crib, 26.
+  {Krist}, _sm._ Christ.
+  {kristen}, _aj._ and _sb._ christian.
+  {kristenheit}, _sf._ christianity, christian faith.
+  {kriuze}, _sn._ cross.
+  {kr[oe]nen}, _wv._ crown, adorn.
+  {kr[o]ne}, _swf._ crown.
+  {kuchen}, {k[u:]chen}, _sf._ kitchen, 10 note 3.
+  {k[u:]ele}, _aj._ cool.
+  {k[u:]en(e)}, _aj._ bold, warlike.
+  {kumber}, _sm._ grief, trouble.
+  {kumberl[i]che}, _av._ with grief, with oppression.
+  {kumbersal}, _sn._ distress, 8.
+  {k[u]me}, _av._ scarcely, hardly.
+  {k[u:]nde}, _sf._ acquaintance, knowledge;
+    {kunde haben} (with _gen._), know.
+  {kunde}, see {k[u:]nnen}.
+  {k[u:]nden}, _wv._ announce, promise.
+  {k[u:]ndic}, _aj._ known.
+  {k[u:]necl[i]ch}, _aj._ kingly, royal.
+  {k[u:]nic} ({-ec}), _sm._ king, 7, 8, 29.
+  {k[u:]nne}, race, generation; relationship, 7, 10, 46.
+  {k[u:]n(n)egin(ne)}, {k[u:]neg[i]n}, _sf._ queen, king's daughter, 8, 48.
+  {k[u:]nnen}, {kunnen} (_pret._ {kunde}, {konde}), _pret. pres._ know,
+      understand, can, 93.
+  {kunst}, _sf._ art, skill, 19.
+  {kunt} ({-des}), _aj_. known.
+  {kuo} (_pl._ {k[u:]eje}, {k[u:]ewe}), _sf._ cow, 49.
+  {kupfer}, _sn._ copper, 31.2.
+  {kurz}, _aj._ short, small;
+    {vor kurzer stunt}, recently.
+  {kurzew[i]le}, _sf._ pastime, entertainment.
+  {kus} ({-sses}), _smn._ kiss, 32.1.
+  {k[u:]ssen}, _wv._ kiss, 20, 32.2, 90.
+
+
+  L
+
+  {l[a]}, _imperative_ of {l[a][z]en}, q.v.
+  {lachen}, _wv._ laugh, laugh at;
+    also _sn._
+  {laden}, _sv._ VI, load, 85.
+  {laden}, _wv._ invite, 92.
+  {l[ae]re}, _aj._ empty, 3, 5, 10, 11, 55.
+  {L[a:]hel[i]n}, _mpn._
+  {lam}, _aj._ lame, weak in the limbs.
+  {lamp} (_pl._ {lember}), lamb, 5, 10, 11, 33, 47.
+  {l[a]n}, see {l[a][z]en}.
+  {lanc}, _aj._ long, 10, 60;
+    _av._ {lange}, 60.
+  {lancl[e:]ben}, _sn._ long life.
+  {lancl[i]p}, _sm._ long life.
+  {lant} ({-des}), _sn._ land, country.
+  {lantliut}, _sn._ country folk, vassalage;
+    _pl._ inhabitants.
+  {lantr[e:]htbuoch}, _sn._ book of common _or_ land laws.
+  {lants[ae][z]e}, _wm._ freeholder.
+  {last}, _sm._ burden.
+  {laster}, _sn._ ignominy, disgrace.
+  {la[z]} ({-[zz]es}), _aj._ feeble, languid, faint, exhausted; weary.
+  {l[a][z]en}, {l[a]n}, _sv._ VII, let, leave, give up; stop, avoid, 87, 99;
+    {l[a]n niht ze w[e] s[i]n}, not to worry too much;
+    {l[a][z]en s[i]n}, cease, stop;
+    {l[a] st[a]n}, cease! stop!
+  {l[e:]ben}, _wv._ live, cause to live, 92.
+  {l[e:]ben}, _sn._ life.
+  {l[e:]bendic} ({-ec}), _aj._ living, alive.
+  {legen} ({leggen}, {lecken}), _wv._ lay, place, put, 31.3, 92;
+    {arbeit dar an legen}, expend much trouble on a thing.
+  {leh} (= {le} or {li}) {cons}, Count.
+  {l[e]hen}, _sn._ feudal tenure, loan, fee, feod.
+  {leich}, _sm._ song consisting of strophes of unequal length.
+  {leide}, _av._ painfully, sorrowfully;
+    _comp._ {leider}, greater pain, grief, trouble.
+  {leiden}, _wv._ be repugnant, odious, _or_ offensive;
+    render disagreeable, do harm;
+    {mir leidet [e:][z]}, it is repugnant to me.
+  {leider}, _av._ and _interj._ unfortunately, alas!
+  {leie}, _wm._ layman.
+  {leischieren}, _wv._ give a horse its head.
+  {leisten} (_pret. subj._ {leiste} = {leistete}), _wv._ follow the
+      trace of, follow, perceive;
+    {leisten geselleschaft}, accompany.
+  {leit} ({-des}), _aj._ sorrowful, bitter, painful, disagreeable;
+    hateful, vexatious.
+  {leit} ({-des}), _sn._ grief, pain.
+  {leit} = {leget}, 37.
+  {leiten} (_pret._ {leite}), _wv._ to lead, 5, 11, 30, 32.4, 90.
+  {leitest[e:]rne}, _wm._ loadstar.
+  {lenge}, _sf._ length, 10.
+  {l[e]re}, _sf._ teaching, instruction, precept, guidance, advice;
+    saying.
+  {l[e]ren} ({l[e]rn}), _wv._ teach, 5, 11, 17.
+  {l[e:]rnen}, _wv._ learn.
+  {leschen}, _sv._ IV, be extinguished, go out, 11, 82.
+  {leschen}, _wv._ extinguish, put out.
+  {l[e:]sen}, _sv._ V, gather, read, 33, 83.
+  {leste}, _aj._ last, 9.5, 23.1.
+  {lesterl[i]ch}, _aj._ disgraceful, ignominious.
+  {letzen}, _wv._ injure, prejudice; forsake.
+  {le[zz]este}, {leste}, _aj._ last, 59.
+  {l[i]den}, _sv._ I, suffer, endure, 30, 76.
+  {liebe}, _sf._ love, joy.
+  {lieben}, _wv._ give pleasure, gladden; present with.
+  {liegen}, _sv._ II, lie, tell a lie, 5, 78.
+  {lieht}, _sn._ light, 16.
+  {lieht}, _aj._ bright;
+    _av._ liehte.
+  {liep} ({-bes}), _aj._ dear, pleasant, friendly, 5, 11;
+    _sn._ what is lovable; dearest joy; lover.
+  {liet} ({-des}), _sn._ song, poem.
+  {ligen} ({liggen}, {licken}), _sv._ V, lie, lie down, 14.2, 31.3, 84.
+  {l[i]hen}, _sv._ I, lend, 12, 76.
+  {l[i]hte}, _aj._ light, easy, worthless;
+    _av._ easily, perhaps;
+    {l[i]hte noch}, still now-a-days.
+  {lin}, {line}, _swf._ window with balcony.
+  {linde}, _wf._ linden-tree.
+  {l[i]p} ({-bes}), _sm._ life, body, person, 33.
+  {list}, _sm._ prudence, wisdom, advice; means, art;
+    artfulness, cunning.
+  {l[i]st} = {liges(t)}, 37.
+  {lit} ({-des}), _sn._ limb, member.
+  {l[i]t} = {liget}, 37.
+  {liuhten}, _wv._ light, shine, shed lustre, 16.
+  {liut}, _sn._ folk, people, army, 5, 11.
+  {liuten}, _wv._ ring.
+  {liuterl[i]ch}, _av._ expressly, quite, entirely.
+  {Liutpolt}, _pn._ Leopold of Austria.
+  {lobel[i]ch}, _aj._ praiseworthy.
+  {loben}, _wv._ praise, 92.
+  {lobesam}, _aj._ praiseworthy, glorious.
+  {loch} (_pl._ {l[o:]cher}), _sn._ hole, 5, 10, 31.3.
+  {l[oe]sen}, _wv._ loose, 33, 90.
+  {l[o]n}, _sm._ pay, reward.
+  {l[o]nen}, _wv._ reward.
+  {lop} ({-bes}), _smn._ praise, glorification; price.
+  {l[o]sen}, _wv._ be rid, released of;
+    {hin ze einem l[o]sen}, flatter.
+  {l[o]t}, _sn._ weight.
+  {l[o:]ufel}, _sm._ runner, 5, 10.
+  {loufen}, _sv._ VII, run, 5, 11, 87.
+  {lougen}, _sn._ a denying, denial;
+    {[a]ne lougen}, truly.
+  {loup} (_pl._ {l[o:]uber}), _sn._ foliage, leaf, 5, 10, 11.
+  {l[u]chen}, _sv._ II, shut, 80.
+  {l[u:]cke}, _swf._ gap, hole, 31.3.
+  {luft}, _smf._ air, firmament.
+  {luoder}, _sn._ bait, 46.
+  {l[u]t}, _aj._ loud;
+    {l[u]t w[e:]rden} (_c. gen._), give to understand, mention, be heard.
+  {l[u]te}, _av._ aloud, loudly.
+  {l[u]ter}, _aj._ clear, bright, 9.2;
+    _av._ {l[u]terl[i]che}.
+  {l[u:]tzel}, _aj._ and _av._ little, small, 31.2, 58;
+    {l[u:]tzel ieman}, nobody, no one;
+    as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._, little.
+
+
+  M
+
+  {mac}, see {m[u:]gen}.
+  {m[a]c} ({-ges}), _sm._ relation.
+  {machen}, _wv._ make.
+  {m[ae]re}, _sn._ story, tidings, report.
+  {m[ae]re}, _aj._ known, renowned, 10.
+  {maged[i]n}, _sn._ maid, maiden, 8.
+  {magen}, {megen}, see {mugen}.
+  {maget} (_pl._ {m[a:]gede}, {megde}), _sf._ girl, maiden, 5, 10, 37, 49.
+  {maht} (_pl._ {m[a:]hte}), _sf._ strength, power, might, 5, 11.
+  {mahtu} = {maht d[u]}.
+  {m[a]len}, _wv._ paint, draw.
+  {maln}, _sv._ VI, grind, 85.
+  {man}, _sm._ man, 3, 32.1, 45;
+    _pr._ one, 71.
+  {manb[ae]re}, _aj._ marriageable.
+  {m[a]ne}, _wm._ moon.
+  {manen}, _wv._ urge on, remind, admonish.
+  {manic}, {manec} ({manc}), _aj._ many, much, 8;
+    _pr._ many a, 71;
+    {maneger hande}, {slahte}, _or_ {leie}, in many ways, manifoldly;
+    {maneger vil}, very many.
+  {manicvalt}, _aj._ manifold, variegated.
+  {manl[i]ch}, _aj._ manly, brave, 5, 10.
+  {mantel}, _sm._ mantle, 42.
+  {manunge}, _sf._ exhortation, admonition.
+  {marc}, _sf._ half pound of gold _or_ silver.
+  {marder}, _sm._ marten; skin of a marten.
+  {market}, _sm._ market, 9.2.
+  {marter}, _sf._ martyr; torture.
+  {m[a][z]e}, _sf._ measure, manner; moderation, propriety, fitness;
+    {ze einer m[a][z]e}, little, moderate;
+    {ze m[a][z]e}, fairly, sufficiently;
+    {ze r[e:]hter m[a][z]e}, to the right length.
+  {m[e]}, {m[e]re}, _aj._ and _av._ more, further, 5, 17, 39, 61;
+    as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ more.
+  {meie}, _wm._ May; spring of the year, 35.
+  {meien}, _wv._ become May; be joyful, make merry.
+  {meier} ({meiger}), _sm._ farmer.
+  {meierin}, _sf._ farmer's wife.
+  {meinen}, _wv._ mean, mean well, have in view; cause.
+  {meist}, {meiste}, _aj._ and _av._ most, greatest, 58, 61.
+  {meister}, _sm._ master.
+  {meisterschaft}, _sf._ skill in an art, mastery, order.
+  {meit} = {maget}, 37.
+  {mei[z]en}, _sv._ VII, cut, 87.
+  {m[e:]l} ({-wes}), _sn._ meal, 36, 46.
+  {m[e:]lden}, _wv._ announce, make known; betray.
+  {m[e:]ldunge}, _sf._ announcement, 8.
+  {Meljahkanz}, _pn._
+  {m[e:]lken}, _sv._ III, milk.
+  {mensch(e)}, _wsmn._ man ('homo').
+  {menschenbluot}, _sn._ human blood.
+  {menschlich}, _aj._ human.
+  {mer}, _sn._ sea.
+  {m[e]re}, see {m[e]}.
+  {m[e]ren}, _wv._ increase.
+  {m[e]rer}, {m[e]r(r)e}, _aj._ more, 58.
+  {merken} (_pret._ {markte}), _wv._ observe, perceive, understand.
+  {merze}, _wm._ March.
+  {m[e:]sse}, _sf._ mass;
+    {m[e:]ssez[i]t}, _sf._ time for mass.
+  {m[e:]te}, _sm._ mead, 43.
+  {mett[i]ne}, _sf._ matins, primes.
+  {m[e:][zz]en}, _sv._ V, measure, 32.1, 32.4, 83.
+  {m[e:][zz]er}, _sn._ knife.
+  {michel}, _aj._ great;
+    {michels}, _av._ by far, 55, 58.
+  {m[i]den}, _sv._ I, avoid, shun, do without, 30, 76.
+  {miete}, _sf._ pay, reward, present, 5, 11.
+  {milch}, _sf._ milk, 9.1.
+  {milt} ({-des}), _aj._ generous;
+    _av._ {miltl[i]che}, {miltecl[i]che}.
+  {milte}, _aj._ generous, bounteous.
+  {milte}, _sf._ liberality, generosity; grace, favour.
+  {min}, _av._ less, 61.
+  {m[i]n}, _pr._ my, 67.
+  {minne}, _sf._ love; loving memory, remembrance.
+  {minnecl[i]ch}, _aj._ dear, lovely, loving, kind.
+  {minnen}, _wv._ love, value, 92.
+  {minner}, {minre}, {min}, _aj._ and _av._ less, 9.3, 57, 58;
+    as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ less.
+  {minnest}, {min(ne)ste}, _aj._ and _av._ least, 9.5, 57, 58, 61.
+  {mirs} = {mir [e:]s}.
+  {miselsuht}, _sf._ leprosy.
+  {misl[i]ch}, _aj._ sundry, uneven, different.
+  {misselingen}, _sv._ III, not to succeed.
+  {missesagen}, _wv._ deceive, lie.
+  {misset[a]t}, _sf._ misdeed, offence.
+  {missewende}, _sf._ mistake, fault, blot.
+  {mist}, _sm._ dung, dirt.
+  {mit}, {mite}, _prep._ and _av._ with, by, through, 9.6;
+    {mit sorgen}, sorrowfully;
+    {mit triuwen}, faithful, faithfully;
+    {mit willen}, gladly, willingly;
+    {mit witze}, reasonably, sensibly, cleverly, prudently, wisely;
+    {mit z[u:]hten}, politely.
+  {mitte}, _aj._ middle;
+    _av._ {mitten}.
+  {morgen} ({morne}), _sm._ morning, 42;
+    {d[e:]s morgens}, in the morning.
+  {mortl[i]ch}, _aj._ murderous;
+    _av._ {mortl[i]che}.
+  {mortmeile}, _aj._ blood-stained, blood-guilty.
+  {motte}, _swf._ moth, 24.
+  {m[u:]edinc}, _sm._ unhappy man, 8.
+  {m[u:]el[i]ch}, _aj._ and _av._ painful, troublesome.
+  {m[u:]en} ({m[u:]ejen}, {m[u:]ewen}), _wv._ torment, trouble, distress,
+      grieve, 35, 90.
+  {m[u:]eterl[i]ch}, _aj._ motherly.
+  {m[u:]eterl[i]n}, _sn._ little mother, 10.
+  {m[u:]e[z]en}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres. sing._ {muo[z]}, _pret._ {muoste},
+      {muose}), must, 28, 93.
+  {m[u:]e[z]ic}, _aj._ idle, at leisure.
+  {m[u:]g(e)lich}, _aj._ possible.
+  {m[u:]gen}, {mugen}, {magen}, {megen} (_pres. sing._ {mac}, _pret._
+      {mohte}, _pret. subj._ {m[o:]hte}), _pret.-pres._ may, can,
+      10, 11, 28, 93.
+  {mugge}, {m[u:]gge} ({mucke}, {m[u:]cke}), _wf._ midge, fly, 10 note 3, 20.
+  {m[u:]l}, _sf._ mill.
+  {m[u]l}, _sn._ mule.
+  {m[u:]nich}, _sm._ monk.
+  {m[u:]nster}, _sn._ minster.
+  {munt} ({-des}), _sm._ mouth.
+  {muot}, _sm._ sense, mind, spirits, mood, feeling, courage,
+      disposition, sentiment;
+    {r[i]ches muotes w[e:]rden}, be in good spirits.
+  {muoten}, _wv. c. gen._ desire, long for.
+  {muoter}, _sf._ mother, 10, 11, 49.
+
+
+  N
+
+  {nac} ({-ckes}), _sm._ back part of the head.
+  {n[a]ch}, _prep._ after, according to, on account of, at, for, to, 34;
+    {nach d[e:]m guote}, about wealth _or_ money;
+    {n[a]ch [e]ren}, honourably;
+    {n[a]ch s[i]nen beinen}, made to fit his legs;
+    {n[a]ch w[u:]nsche}, to perfection, all that one could wish for;
+    {vil n[a]ch}, nearly.
+  {nacket}, _aj._ naked.
+  {nagel}, _sm._ nail, 9.2, 44.
+  {nagen}, _sv._ VI, gnaw, 85.
+  {n[a]he} ({n[a]ch}), _av._ near, nigh, 34;
+    {n[a]he tragen}, take to heart;
+    {n[a]he g[a]n}, go closely, touch;
+    {n[a]hen}, near by.
+  {n[a]hen}, _wv._ draw near, come near, approach, be near.
+  {n[a]hgeb[u]re}, _wm._ neighbour.
+  {naht}, _sf._ night, 19, 49;
+    _av._ {nahtes}, by night.
+  {nahtigale}, {nahtegal(e)}, _sf._ nightingale.
+  {nam(e)}, _wm._ name, position, 3, 9.1, 9.4.
+  {namen}, _wv._ name, 92.
+  {napf}, _sm._ basin, 31.
+  {nar}, _sf._ food, 48.
+  {n[a]t}, _sf._ seam.
+  {na[z]} ({-[zz]es}), _aj._ wet, 31.3.
+  {ne}, {n'}, _neg. particle_, generally used before the verb with
+      and without {niht}, _not_, 108.
+  {n[e:]bel}, _sm._ fog, mist,
+  {nehein}, _pr._ no, none, 71.
+  {neigen}, _wv._ bow, bend down.
+  {nei[z]w[e:]r}, _pr._ anyone, 70.
+  {n[e:]men}, _sv._ IV, take;
+    _c. dat. pers._ take away, rob, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14.2, 74, 82.
+  {nennen}, _wv._ name, mention the name of, 32.2, 40, 90.
+  {nern} ({nerigen}, {nerjen}), _wv._ nourish, rescue, keep alive,
+      _refl._ subsist on, 9.1, 30, 35, 90.
+  {nest}, {n[e:]st}, _sn._ nest, 11.
+  {netze}, _sn._ net, 46.
+  {netzen}, _wv._ make wet, 31.3.
+  {n[e:]ve}, _wm._ nephew, 33.
+  {n[i]den}, _sv._ I, hate, envy, 76.
+  {nider}, _av._ down;
+    {sich nider la[z]en}, settle, establish oneself.
+  {n[i]det[a]t}, _sf._ spiteful action.
+  {nie}, _av._ never.
+  {nieman}, {niemen}, _pr._ nobody, no one, 71.
+  {niem[e]r} ({niemer}, {nimer}, {nimmer}), _av._ never.
+  {niender}, _av._ by no means.
+  {niene}, _av._ not, not at all.
+  {niesen}, _sv._ II, sneeze, 78.
+  {nieten} (_refl._ with _gen._), _wv._ be eager _or_ zealous for.
+  {nie[z]en} = {genie[z]en}.
+  {niftel}, _sf._ niece, 33.
+  {niht}, {nieht}, {niet}, _av._ not;
+    _pr._ nothing, 71;
+    _indecl. sb. c. gen._ nothing.
+  {nine} = {niene}, not at all.
+  {n[i]t} ({-des}), _sm._ hatred, anger, hostility.
+  {niun}, _num._ nine, 62.
+  {niunte} ({-de}), _num._ ninth, 62.
+  {niunz[e:]hen}, _num._ nineteen, 62.
+  {niunz[e:]hende}, _num._ nineteenth, 62.
+  {niunzic} ({-ec}), _num._ ninety, 62.
+  {niunzigeste}, ninetieth, 62.
+  {niuwan} ({niwan}, {niuwen}), _av._ nothing but, only;
+    _cj._ except, except that.
+  {niuwe}, _aj._ new, 16 note, 55.
+  {niuwet}, _av._ not.
+  {noch}, _av._ still;
+    {noch en noch}, neither--nor.
+  {Norg[a]ls}, _pn._ the country belonging to Herzeloyde.
+  {n[o]t}, _sf._ need, danger, trouble, distress.
+  {n[o]thaft}, _aj._ needy, poor,
+  {n[o]tic}, _aj._ in distress, hasty.
+  {n[o]tnunft}, _sf._ abduction by violence.
+  {n[u]} ({nu}), _av._ now;
+    {nu wol dan}, well then be off there!
+  {nutz} ({nuz}), _sm._ use, advantage.
+  {n[u:]tze}, _aj._ useful.
+  {nutzen}, {n[u:]tzen}, _wv._ to use, 10 note 3.
+
+
+  O
+
+  {ob}, {obe}, {op}, _prep._ and _av._ over, above;
+    _conj._ if, in case that, whether, 9.6.
+  {oben} ({e}), _av._ from above, above.
+  {ober}, _aj._ upper, 59.
+  {oberste}, {oberist}, {oberest}, _aj._ highest, uppermost, 8, 59.
+  {oder}, {ode}, _conj._ or.
+  {offen}, _aj._ and _av._ open, 23.1.
+  {offenb[a]re}, _av._ openly.
+  {ofte}, _av._ often.
+  {ohse}, _wm._ ox.
+  {opfer}, _sn._ offering.
+  {orden}, _sm._ order, rule; rank;
+    {r[i]ters orden}, knightly order.
+  {ordenunge}, _sf._ order, rule.
+  {[o]re}, _wn._ ear, 5, 11, 50.
+  {op} = {ob}.
+  {[O]sterr[i]ch}, _pn._ Austria.
+  {ot}, see {[e:]ht}.
+  {ouch}, {[)o]ch}, _av._ also; henceforward.
+  {ouge}, _wn._ eye, 3, 5, 11, 50.
+  {ougen}, _wv._ show, 10, 90.
+  {ougenweide}, _sf._ delight of the eyes, sight, appearance.
+  {ouw[e]}, _sf._ water; meadow, 10.
+  {ow[e]}, {ouw[e]}, {[)o]w[i]}, _interj._ woe! alas! ah!;
+    {ow[e] mir m[i]nes leides!} alas! for my grief;
+    {[o]w[i] wan}, used to express a wish: would that;
+    {ow[e] d[e:]s}, alas for that!
+  {[o]wol}, _interj._ well!
+
+
+  P
+
+  {palas}, _sn._ hall.
+  {paradys}, _sn._ paradise.
+  {pfaffe}, _wm._ priest.
+  {pfeller}, {pfellel}, _sm._ carpet, silk cloth.
+  {pfennic}, {pfenninc} ({-ges}), _sm._ penny, 29.
+  {pfert} ({-des}), _sn._ horse.
+  {pfl[e:]ge}, _sf._ care, fostering.
+  {pfl[e:]gen} ({phl[e:]gen}), _sv._ V, be accustomed, use, practise,
+      care for, 83.
+  {pfluoc}, {phluoc} ({-ges}), _sm._ plough; ploughman.
+  {pfunt}, _sn._ pound, 23.2.
+  {phat} ({-des}), _smn._ path, footway.
+  {phel} ({phelle}) = {pfeller}.
+  {Philip}, {Philippes} (_dat._ {Philippe}), _pn._ Philip.
+  {phl[e:]ger}, _sm._ guardian, protector.
+  {pin} = {bin}.
+  {p[i]nen} (with {sich} and {[u]f}), _wv._ exert oneself for.
+  {pl[a]n}, _smf._, {pl[a]ne}, _sf._ plain, open space, meadow.
+  {plan[e]te}, _wm._ planet.
+  {porte}, _sf._ door, gate.
+  {porten[ae]re}, _sm._ porter, door-keeper.
+  {pr[e:]dige}, _wf._ sermon.
+  {pr[i]s}, _sm._ praise, renown, reputation; price.
+  {pr[i]sen}, _wv._ value, praise, extol.
+  {proph[e]te}, _wm._ prophet.
+  {pr[u:]stel[i]n}, _sn._ breast, chest.
+
+
+  Q
+
+  {qu[a]le} ({k[a]le}), _sf._ torture, 36.
+  {qu[e:]c} ({k[e:]c}), _aj._ quick, alive, 19, 36.
+  {qu[e:]den}, _sv._ V, say, 19, 36.
+  {qu[e:]rder} ({korder}, {k[o:]rder}), _smn._ bait, 36.
+  {quicken} ({k[u:]cken}), _wv._ enliven, 36.
+  {qu[i]st} = {quides(t)}, 37.
+
+
+  R
+
+  {rabe}, _wm._ raven, 31.1.
+  {r[a]che}, _sf._ revenge, punishment.
+  {ragen}, _wv._ strike, knock, hit.
+  {rappe}, _wm._ raven, 31.1.
+  {rasch} ({rasche}), _aj._ quick, 55.
+  {rat} ({-des}), _sn._ wheel, 47.
+  {r[a]t}, _sm._ (_pl._ {r[ae]te}), advice, care, resolution;
+    {r[a]t w[e:]rden}, be helped.
+  {r[a]ten}, _sv._ VII, advise, devise, 87.
+  {r[e]} ({-wes}), _smn._ corpse; bier, hearse, 42, 46.
+  {r[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, avenge, punish.
+  {r[e:]de}, _sf._ speech, answer, story, saying.
+  {r[e:]gen}, _sm._ rain, 42.
+  {r[e:]ht}, _aj._ and _sn._ right, proper, just; right, duty, law.
+  {r[e:]hte}, _av._ rightly, properly; very.
+  {reine}, {rein}, _aj._ pure, spotless, perfect, 55.
+  {reise}, _sf._ journey, march.
+  {rei[z]en}, _wv._ irritate; entice, allure.
+  {rennen}, _wv._ run, 90.
+  {ribbal[i]n}, _sn._ foot-covering, shoe.
+  {r[i]ben}, _sv._ I, rub, 76.
+  {r[i]ch}, {r[i]che}, _aj._ powerful, mighty, noble, great, fine, rich,
+      free, 55.
+  {r[i]che}, _sn._ kingdom.
+  {r[i]cheit}, _sf._ wealth, power.
+  {r[i]chen}, _wv._ make rich, enrich, present with.
+  {r[i]chsen}, _wv._ rule, 9.2.
+  {riechen}, _sv._ II, smell, 78.
+  {r[i]fe}, _wm._ hoar-frost.
+  {rigel}, _sm._ bolt, bar.
+  {rihten}, _wv._ put right, confirm, judge;
+    _refl._ get up.
+  {rinc} ({-ges}), _sm._ ring.
+  {ringe}, _aj._ easy, light, small; consumed.
+  {ringen}, _sv._ III, strive, struggle; busy oneself, wrestle;
+    {ringen n[a]ch}, strive for _or_ after.
+  {rinnen}, _sv._ III, run, 20, 31, 32.1, 81.
+  {rint} (_pl._ {rinder}), _sn._ cow, heifer.
+  {r[i]sen}, _sv._ I, fall, 30, 76.
+  {r[i]ten}, _sv._ I, ride, 76.
+  {r[i]ter}, {ritter}, _sm._ rider; knight, the name of knight.
+  {r[i]terl[i]ch}, _aj._ knightly.
+  {r[i]terschaft}, _sf._ knighthood, customs and manners of knights.
+  {ritterl[i]chen}, _av._ in knightly manner.
+  {riuschen}, _wv._ rush, move noisily.
+  {riuten}, _wv._ root out, clear the land, bring the land into
+      cultivation.
+  {riuwe}, _sf._ sadness, grief, pity, regret, 16 note.
+  {riuwen}, _wv._ grieve, grieve for, regret.
+  {riuwen}, _sv._ II, pain, grieve, regret, 16 note, 78.
+  {riuwic}, _aj._ sorrowful, repentant.
+  {rivier}, _sm._ brook, stream.
+  {rocke}, {rogge}, _wm._ rye, 31.1.
+  {R[o]me}, _pn._ Rome.
+  {r[o]r}, _sn._ reed.
+  {ros}, _sn._ horse.
+  {r[o]t}, _aj._ red, 19.
+  {rouben}, _wv._ rob.
+  {rouch}, _sm._ smoke.
+  {roufen}, _wv._ pluck, pull up, pull at, lug;
+    _refl._ tear _or_ pull out one's hair.
+  {roup} ({-bes}), _sm._ robbery;
+    {roubes}, _av._ by robbery.
+  {r[u]ch}, _aj._ raw; coarse.
+  {rucke}, {r[u:]gge}, _swm._ back.
+  {ruejen}, _wv._ row, 90.
+  {r[u:]emen}, _wv._ praise, commend.
+  {rueren} (_pret._ {ruorte}), _wv._ drive, urge on;
+    with {ros} understood: run.
+  {r[u]m}, _sm._ room, 11.
+  {r[u]men}, _wv._ make room, 10, 40.
+  {ruochen}, _wv._ trouble oneself about a thing, observe;
+    with _gen._ deign, will, wish.
+  {ruofen}, _sv._ VII, call, 5, 11, 87.
+
+
+  S
+
+  {s[a]}, {s[a]n}, _av._ presently, at once, forthwith, immediately,
+      quickly.
+  {sache}, _sf._ thing.
+  {sactuoch}, _sn._ sacking, sackcloth.
+  {s[ae]jen}, {s[ae]wen}, {s[ae]n}, sow, 10, 35, 90.
+  {s[ae]lde}, _sf._ happiness, good fortune, excellence, blessedness, 9.2.
+  {s[ae]lic}, {s[ae]lec} ({-ges}), _aj._ blessed, happy, 7, 8.
+  {s[ae]likeit}, _sf._ blessedness.
+  {sage}, _sf._ saying, statement, report;
+    {n[a]ch sage}, by hear-say.
+  {sagen}, _wv._ say, tell, 37, 92;
+    {sagen m[ae]re}, relate what has happened.
+  {sal}, _sm._ room, hall; house.
+  {salben}, _wv._ anoint.
+  {Salom[o]n}, _sm._ Solomon.
+  {salz}, _sn._ salt, 23.2.
+  {salzen}, _sv._ VII, salt, 87.
+  {same}, {sam}, _av._ so, as, like, just as, even as, 69.
+  {sam[i]t}, _sm._ velvet.
+  {samt}, _av._ together.
+  {s[a]n}, see {s[a]}.
+  {sanc} ({-ges}), _sm._ song, singing.
+  {sanfte}, _av._ softly, slowly, pleasantly, 60.
+  {sant} ({-des}), _sm._ sand, 42.
+  {sant(e)}, _aj._ holy; holy one.
+  {sarc}, _sm._ coffin.
+  {sarken}, {serken}, _wv._ put into the coffin.
+  {s[a]t}, _sf._ seed, 5, 11.
+  {satzt(e)}, _pret._ of {setzen}.
+  {s[a][z]e}, _sf._ ambush, trap, snare.
+  {sazte}, _pret._ of {setzen}.
+  {sch[a]ch[ae]re}, _sm._ robber.
+  {schade}, _wm._ injury, loss.
+  {schaden} (_pret._ {schadete}, {sch[a]te}), _wv._ injure, harm.
+  {sch[a]f}, _sn._ sheep.
+  {schaffen}, _sv._ VI, create, exercise, institute, 85.
+  {schaffen}, _wv._ do, perform, provide.
+  {schal} ({-lles}), _sm._ sound, noise, loud tone; singing.
+  {schalchaft}, _aj._ malicious, mischievous.
+  {schallen}, _wv._ be noisy; bluster; exult, boast, swagger.
+  {schame}, _wf._ shame.
+  {sch[a:]melich}, _aj._ shameful, 10.
+  {schamen}, _wv._ shame;
+    _c. gen._ be ashamed, 9.4.
+  {schande}, _sf._ disgrace, disgracefulness, shamefulness, shameful
+      _or_ disgraceful act.
+  {schapel}, _sn._ garland, 46.
+  {schar}, _sf._ crowd, flock, 48.
+  {scharpf}, _aj._ sharp.
+  {schart}, _aj._ jagged, hacked, hewn, battered.
+  {schate} (_gen._ {schat(e)wes}), _sm._ shade, shadow, 36, 43.
+  {schaz} (_gen._ {schatzes}), _sm._ treasure, 19, 23.2.
+  {schedel[i]che}, _av._ injuriously.
+  {scheiden}, _sv._ VII, sever, separate, deprive; go away, 87;
+    {sich scheiden}, come to an end, be decided.
+  {sch[e:]lch} (_gen._ {sch[e:]lhes}), _aj._ askew, 34.
+  {schelle}, _wf._ little bell.
+  {sch[e:]lten}, _sv._ III, abuse, revile, mock, 81;
+    also as _sn._
+  {schemel[i]ch}, _aj._ disgraceful.
+  {schepfen} (_pret._ {schuof}, _pp._ {geschaffen}), _sv._ VI, create,
+      23.2, 28, 31.3.
+  {schepf[ae]re}, {schepfer}, _sm._ creator, 8.
+  {sch[e:]rn}, _sv._ IV, shear, 82.
+  {schicken} (with _acc._), _wv._ become, suit, fit.
+  {schieben}, _sv._ II, shove, 78.
+  {schiere}, _av._ quickly, soon.
+  {schie[z]en}, _sv._ II, shoot;
+    _sn._ shooting, 10 note 3, 78.
+  {schif} ({-ffes}), _sn._ ship, 19, 32.1.
+  {schilt} ({-des}), _sm._ shield, protection;
+    {schildes ambet}, knight-service, chivalry.
+  {schimpfen}, _wv._ make fun of, jest;
+    also as _sn._
+  {sch[i]n}, _aj._ visible, clear;
+    {sch[i]n tuon}, make clear, show;
+    _sm._ splendour.
+  {sch[i]nen}, _sv._ I, shine, become evident or manifest, 76.
+  {schirmen}, _wv. c. dat._ protect.
+  {schiuhen}, _wv._ fear, shun.
+  {sch[oe]nde}, _sf._ beauty.
+  {sch[oe]ne}, _aj._ beautiful, fine, 3, 5, 9.2, 55, 60.
+  {sch[oe]ne}, _sf._ beauty, 3, 48.
+  {sch[oe]nen}, _wv._ make beautiful.
+  {sch[o]ne}, _av._ beautifully, 60.
+  {schouwen}, _wv._ see, behold, look, inspect, survey.
+  {schr[e:]cken}, _sv._ IV, frighten, 82.
+  {schr[i]b[ae]re}, _sm._ scribe, 8.
+  {schr[i]ben}, _sv._ I, write, 5, 76.
+  {schr[i]en} ({scr[i]en}), _sv._ I, cry, cry out, scream; croak, 77;
+    also as _sn._
+  {schrift}, _sf._ writing (Bible).
+  {schr[i]n}, _sm._ box.
+  {schrinden}, _sv._ III, split, 81.
+  {schrit}, _sm._ step, 44.
+  {schrunde}, _wf._ scratch, tear, slit.
+  {sch[u]ften}, _wv._ gallop, canter.
+  {schulde}, _sf._ reason, cause;
+    {von welhen schulden}, wherefore.
+  {schuldic} ({-ec}), _aj._ guilty, 10 note 1;
+    {schuldic s[i]n}, owe.
+  {schuoch} (_gen._ {schuohes}), _sm._ shoe, 34.
+  {schupfen}, {sch[u:]pfen}, _wv._ push, 10 note 3.
+  {schuz} ({-tzes}), _sm._ protection.
+  {se} = {sie}.
+  {s[e]} ({-wes}), _sm._ sea, lake, 3, 42.
+  {s[e:]genen}, _wv._ bless, 90.
+  {s[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, see, look, 9.4 note, 34, 74 note, 83.
+  {s[e:]hs}, _num._ six, 62.
+  {s[e:]hste}, _num._ sixth, 62.
+  {s[e:]h(s)z[e:]hen}, _num._ sixteen, 62.
+  {s[e:]h(s)zeh[e:]nde}, _num._ sixteenth, 62.
+  {s[e:]h(s)zic} ({-ec}), _num._ sixty, 62.
+  {s[e:]h(s)zigeste}, _num._ sixtieth, 62.
+  {seist} = {sages(t)}, 37.
+  {seit} = {saget}, 37.
+  {seite}, _wm._ string.
+  {seite} = {sagete}.
+  {seitenspil}, _sn._ playing of stringed instrument.
+  {sele}, _sf._ soul, 5, 11, 17, 48.
+  {seln}, _wv._ hand over, 90.
+  {s[e:]lp} ({-bes}), _pr._ self.
+  {s[e:]lten}, _av._ seldom.
+  {s[e:]lts[ae]ne}, _aj._ rare, strange.
+  {senden} (_pret._ {sante}), _wv._ send, 32.3, 40, 90.
+  {senede}, {sende}, _pp._ of {senen}, painfully longing, yearning,
+      love-sick, 29.
+  {senen}, _wv. refl._ fret oneself, be sick at heart.
+  {senfte}, _sf._ softening.
+  {senfte}, _aj._ soft, gentle, tender, mild, easy; quiet, 55, 60.
+  {senften}, _wv._ appease, soften.
+  {senken}, _wv._ sink, 19, 90.
+  {s[e]r}, _snm._ pain; grief, trouble; sore.
+  {s[e]re}, _av._ sorely, violently; very.
+  {setzen} (_pret._ {satzte}), _wv._ put, set, place, appoint, 19,
+      23.1, 31.3, 90.
+  {si}, {s[i]}, {siu}, {sie}, _pr._ she, 65.
+  {siben}, _num._ seven, 62.
+  {sibende}, _num._ seventh, 62.
+  {sibenz[e:]hen}, _num._ seventeen, 62.
+  {sibenz[e:]hende}, _num._ seventeenth, 62.
+  {sibenzic} ({-ec}), seventy, 62.
+  {sibenzigste}, seventieth, 62.
+  {sich}, _refl. pr._ himself, themselves, 66.
+  {sicherheit}, _sf._ assurance.
+  {sicherl[i]ch(e)}, _av._ certainly, surely, assuredly, 8.
+  {s[i]de}, _sf._ silk.
+  {sider}, _av._ since, afterwards.
+  {siech}, _aj._ sick, ill, 5.
+  {siecheit}, _sf._, {siechtuom}, _sm._ sickness.
+  {sieden}, _sv._ II, seethe, 12, 18, 78.
+  {S[i]frit}, _pn._, 54.
+  {sige} ({sic}), _sm._ victory, 43.
+  {s[i]gen}, _sv._ I, sink, 76.
+  {sigenunft}, _sf._ victory.
+  {s[i]hte}, _aj._ shallow.
+  {silber}, _sn._ silver.
+  {sim} = {si im}.
+  {sin}, _sm._ sense, mind, feeling; courage.
+  {s[i]n}, _pr._ his;
+    {s[i]n s[e:]lbes}, of himself, 5, 11, 67.
+  {s[i]n}, _anom. v._ be, 97.
+  {sin} = {si in}.
+  {sincw[i]se}, _sf._ song.
+  {singen}, _sv._ III, sing;
+    also as _sn._ song, lay, 10 note 2, 33, 81.
+  {sinken}, _sv._ III, sink, 23.2, 81.
+  {sinne}, _sf._ sense, mind;
+    {ze sinne wider komen}, recover consciousness, become conscious
+      again.
+  {sinnecl[i]ch}, _aj._ sensible, reasonable.
+  {sinnel[o]s}, _aj._ unconscious.
+  {sinnen}, _sv._ III, reflect, 81.
+  {sint} = {s[i]t}.
+  {sippe} ({sibbe}), _sf._ consanguinity, relationship, 26, 31.3.
+  {s[i]t} ({s[i]d}, {sint}), _av._ and _conj._ afterwards, since, because.
+  {site}, _sm._ custom, habit; bearing, demeanour, behaviour, 43.
+  {s[i]te}, _swf._ side.
+  {sitzen} (_pret._ {sa[z]}, _pp._ {ges[e:][zz]en}), sit, 14.2, 23.2, 31.3, 84.
+  {si[z]} = {s[i] [e:][z]}.
+  {slac} ({-ges}), _sm._ blow; misfortune, 44.
+  {sl[a]f}, _sm._ sleep.
+  {sl[a]fen}, _sv._ VII, sleep, 5, 11, 19, 23.1, 74 note, 87.
+  {slahen}, _sv._ VI, beat, strike, slay, 10, 30, 85.
+  {slahte}, _sf._ manner; race.
+  {sl[e:]ht}, _aj._ straight; straight-forward, honest.
+  {slie[z]en}, _sv._ II, close, shut.
+  {smac} ({-ckes}), _sm._ taste, smell.
+  {sm[a]cheit}, _sf._ shameful treatment.
+  {sm[ae]he}, _aj._ little, despicable, disgusting.
+  {smal}, _aj._ small, little.
+  {smecken}, _wv._ taste, 90.
+  {sm[e:]r} ({-wes}), _smn._ fat, 36, 47.
+  {sm[e:]rze}, _wm._ pain, 19.
+  {smiegen}, _sv._ II, bend, incline; press close.
+  {smielen}, _wv._ smile.
+  {smirwen}, _wv._ smear, 36.
+  {smit} ({-des}), _sm._ smith, metal worker, goldsmith.
+  {smitte}, _swf._ smithy, 24.
+  {sn[e]} ({-wes}), _sm._ snow, 17, 36, 42.
+  {sn[e:]l} ({-lles}), _aj._ quick, eager, alert; blithe.
+  {sn[e:]lheit}, _sf._ haste, quickness.
+  {sn[i]den}, _sv._ I, cut, injure, wound, 11, 12, 17, 30, 76.
+  {snit}, _sm._ cut, slice, 44.
+  {snuor} (_pl._ {sn[u:]ere}), _sf._ string.
+  {s[o]}, {so}, _av._ and _conj._ as, so, if, whereas, on the other hand,
+      thus, as it was, 69.
+  {solch}, {s[o:]lch} ({solich}), _pr._ such, of such a nature, 71.
+  {solden[ae]re}, _sm._ hired soldier, mercenary.
+  {solt} ({-des}), _sm._ pay.
+  {Solt[a]ne}, _pn._
+  {soltu} = {solt d[u]}.
+  {son} = {so ne}.
+  {sorge}, _swf._ care, grief, sorrow.
+  {sorgel[o]s}, _aj._ free from cares.
+  {sorgen}, _wv._ be anxious, fear, dread.
+  {sp[a]he}, _av._ elegantly, neatly.
+  {spalten}, _sv._ VII, split, 87.
+  {sp[a]n}, _sm._ chip, shaving; notched stick, tally;
+    degree of relationship.
+  {spanen}, _sv._ VI, entice, 85.
+  {spange}, _swf._ clasp, buckle.
+  {spannen}, _sv._ VII, span, 87.
+  {sparn}, _wv._ spare, forbear.
+  {sp[e:]hen}, _wv._ look at, observe.
+  {sp[e:]r}, _sn._ spear, lance.
+  {spiegel}, _sm._ mirror, looking-glass; model, pattern.
+  {spiegelglas}, _sn._ lovely image, picture.
+  {spil}, _sn._ game, play; joke, fun; pleasure, delight.
+  {spiln} (_pres. part._ {spilende}, {spilede}), _wv._ play;
+    glitter, glisten, 90.
+  {spinnen}, _sv._ III, spin, 81.
+  {sp[i]se}, _sf._ food.
+  {sp[i]wen}, _sv._ I, vomit, 17, 77.
+  {spore}, {spor}, _wm._ spur.
+  {spot}, _sm._ scoff, scorn, mockery; joke, fun;
+    {[a]ne spot}, sincerely, candidly.
+  {spotten}, _wv._ (with _gen._), mock, scoff at, scorn.
+  {spr[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, speak, say, talk, 9.4 note, 19, 23.1, 82.
+  {spreiten}, _wv._ spread.
+  {springen}, _sv._ III, spring, leap.
+  {st[ae]te}, _sf._ duration, continuance, constancy, steadfastness.
+  {st[ae]te}, _aj._ constant, firm, steadfast;
+    _av._ {st[ae]tecl[i]chen}.
+  {st[ae]tekeit}, {st[ae]tikeit}, _sf._ firmness, constancy.
+  {stahel}, _sm._ steel.
+  {stam} ({-mmes}), _sm._ stem; prop, model.
+  {st[a]n}, {st[e]n}, _sv._ VI, stand; befit, become, suit, 11, 86, 96.
+  {stap} ({-bes}), _sm._ stick, staff.
+  {starc}, _aj._ strong, heavy, hard, severe;
+    _av._ {starke}.
+  {stat}, _sf._ abode, place, spot; opportunity.
+  {state}, _sf._ suitable _or_ comfortable place; opportunity;
+    {ze staten komen}, help.
+  {st[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, prick, 9.4 note, 82.
+  {st[e:]greif}, _sm._ stirrup.
+  {stein}, _sm._ stone, precious stone, grindstone, millstone, 3, 17.
+  {st[e:]ln}, _sv._ IV, steal, 9.1, 11, 74 note, 82.
+  {stellen}, _wv._ place, 90.
+  {st[e:]rben}, _sv._ III, die, 10 note 1, 81;
+    _sn._ dying, death.
+  {sterke}, _sf._ strength, bravery.
+  {st[e:]rne}, _wm._ star.
+  {st[i]c} ({-ges}), _sm._ path, way.
+  {stich}, _sm._ stab, thrust.
+  {st[i]gen}, _sv._ I, rise, mount,
+  {stille}, _aj._ still, quiet, secret.
+  {stimme}, _sf._ voice.
+  {stinken} (_pret._ {stanc}), _sv._ III, stink, exhale a disagreeable
+      odour.
+  {stiure}, _sf._ gift, tax.
+  {st[oe]ren}, _wv._ hinder, overthrow, destroy.
+  {st[o]le}, _sf._ stole, surplice.
+  {stolz}, _aj._ stately.
+  {stoup} ({-bes}), _sm._ dust.
+  {st[o][z]en}, _sv._ VII, push, shove, thrust, 5, 11, 87.
+  {str[a]fen}, _wv._ blame, set right.
+  {str[a][z]e}, _swf._ way, road,
+  {str[e:]ben}, _sv._ V, exert oneself, strive.
+  {strenge}, _aj._ strict, unfriendly.
+  {str[i]chen}, _sv._ I, strike, stroke, rub.
+  {str[i]t}, _sm._ strife, quarrel, fight.
+  {str[i]tecl[i]chen}, _av._ eagerly, zealously.
+  {str[i]ten}, _sv._ I, quarrel, fight, strive, 76.
+  {str[o]} ({-wes}), _sn._ straw; blade, stalk, 36, 46.
+  {strouwen}, {str[o:]uwen}, _wv._ strew, 10, 36.
+  {st[u:]cke}, _sn._ piece.
+  {stum}, _aj._ dumb, 32.1.
+  {stunde}, _sf._ hour, time.
+  {stunt}, _indecl. fem._ time.
+  {stuol}, _sm._ seat of a judge, papal power; throne.
+  {sturm}, _sm._ fight, battle.
+  {s[u]}, _sf._ sow, pig, 49.
+  {s[u:]e[z]e}, _aj._ sweet, lovely, 60.
+  {s[u:]e[z]e}, _sf._ loveliness, alluring enticement.
+  {s[u:]e[z]en}, _wv._ sweeten, 90.
+  {s[u]fen}, _sv._ II, gulp down liquids, 80.
+  {s[u]ft}, _sm._ sigh, groan.
+  {s[u]gen}, _sv._ II, suck, 80.
+  {suln}, {s[u:]ln}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {sol},_pret._ {solte}, should,
+ought), shall, 40, 93.
+  {sum}, _pr._ any one at all;
+    _pl._ some, 71.
+  {sumel[i]ch}, _pr._ many a, whoever;
+    _pl._ some, 71.
+  {s[u]men}, _wv._ tarry, 10.
+  {sumer}, _sm._ summer, 42.
+  {sumerl[i]ch}, _aj._ summerlike.
+  {sumerz[i]t}, _sf._ summer time.
+  {sun}, _sm._ son, 5, 9.4, 10, 19, 44.
+  {s[u:]nde}, _sf._ sin.
+  {sunder}, _prep._ without, against;
+    {sunder spot}, seriously, in earnest;
+    _av._ {sunderl[i]che(n)}, especially, separately.
+  {sunne}, _wmf._ sun.
+  {suochen}, _wv._ seek, 90.
+  {suone}, _sf._ atonement.
+  {suon(e)tac} ({-ges}), _sm._ day of judgement.
+  {suo[z]e}, _av._ sweetly, 60.
+  {sus} ({sust}), _av._ so, thus, in such a way.
+  {sw[a]}, {swar}, _av._ wherever, 69.
+  {swach(e)}, _aj._ worthless, bad.
+  {swacheit}, _sf._ dishonour, disgrace.
+  {swachen}, _wv._ weaken.
+  {swachl[i]ch}, _aj._ weak.
+  {sw[-ae]re}, _aj._ painful, sad, unpleasant, burdensome;
+    weighty, heavy, 60;
+    {da[z] sw[ae]re}, such a weight.
+  {sw[ae]re}, _sf._ burden, trouble, grief, sadness.
+  {swanc} ({-ges}, {-kes}), _sm._ swinging movement, hurling, throwing.
+  {swannen}, {swanne}, _av._ and _conj._ whenever, 69.
+  {swar}, see {sw[a]}.
+  {sw[a]r} ({sw[ae]re}), _aj._ heavy, 55;
+    _av._ {sw[a]re}, 60.
+  {swarz}, _aj._ black.
+  {sw[e:]ben}, _wv._ hover, move to and fro.
+  {sw[e:]der}, _pr._ who of two, 69.
+  {sw[e:]her}, _sm._ father-in-law, 30.
+  {sweifen}, _sv._ VII, rove, 87.
+  {swelch} ({swel}), _pr._ each who, whoever, what sort, whatever,
+      69, 71.
+  {sw[e:]llen}, _sv._ III, swell, 81.
+  {swenne} (see {swannen}), _conj._ whenever, if, whilst, 69.
+  {sw[e:]r}, _pr._ who, whoever, whosoever;
+    _neut._ {swa[z]}, 69, 70, 71.
+  {swern} ({swerigen}, {swerjen}), _sv._ VI, swear, 35, 86.
+  {sw[e:]rt}, _sn._ sword.
+  {sw[e:]rtslac} (_pl._ {-slege}), _sm._ sword-cut.
+  {swester}, {sw[e:]ster}, _sf._ sister, 11, 48.
+  {swie}, _av._ and _conj._, as, how, however, howsoever; though, 69.
+  {sw[i]gen}, _sv._ I, be silent, keep silent, 76.
+  {swiger}, _sf._ mother-in-law, 30.
+  {swimmen}, _sv._ III, swim, 31, 81.
+  {swinde}, _aj._ powerful, strong, angry;
+    _av._ quickly.
+  {swinden}, _sv._ III, vanish, disappear.
+  {swingen}, _sv._ III, swing.
+
+
+  T
+
+  {tac} ({-ges}), _sm._ day, 5, 11, 33, 42;
+    _av._ {tages}, by day.
+  {t[a:]gel[i]ch}, _aj._ daily, 5, 10.
+  {tagen}, _wv._ become day, dawn.
+  {tagez[i]t}, _sf._ space of a day.
+  {tal} (_pl._ {teler}), _sn._ dale, 47.
+  {tanz}, _sm._ dance.
+  {tanzen}, _wv._ dance.
+  {tanzw[i]se}, _sf._ a song which is sung to the accompaniment of
+      dancing.
+  {teil}, _smn._ portion;
+    {ein teil}, something, a little.
+  {teilen}, _wv._ divide, distribute.
+  {tief}, _aj._ deep, 15, 19.
+  {tier}, _sn._ animal.
+  {tisch}, _sm._ table.
+  {tiure}, {tiuwer}, _aj._ and _av._ dear, precious;
+    noble, excellent, 9.3, 57.
+  {tiuren}, {tiuwern}, _wv._ esteem highly, honour, confer honour.
+  {tiutsch}, {tiusch}, _aj._ German;
+    {tiuschiu zunge}, German language, Germany.
+  {tiuvel}, _sm._ devil.
+  {t[oe]risch}, {t[oe]rsch}, _aj._ foolish, silly.
+  {t[oe]tl[i]ch}, _aj._ deadly.
+  {tohter}, _sf._ daughter, 10, 25, 49.
+  {t[o:]hterl[i]n}, _sn._ little daughter, 10.
+  {tor}, _sn._ gate, door.
+  {t[o]re}, {t[o]r}, _wm._ fool.
+  {t[o:]rperheit}, _sf._ impoliteness, vulgarity.
+  {t[o]t}, _aj._ dead, 3, 25, 30.
+  {t[o]t} ({-des}), _sm._ death, 5, 11, 30, 33;
+    {in d[e:]m t[o]de sw[e:]ben}, be on the peril of losing one's life.
+  {tou} ({-wes}), _sn._ dew, 46.
+  {toufen}, _wv._ baptize, 10.
+  {tougen}, _sfn._ secret, wonder;
+    _aj._ dark, secret;
+    _av._ secretly, 55.
+  {tougenl[i]ch}, _aj._ secret;
+    _av._ {tougenl[i]che}.
+  {tr[ae]ge}, _aj._ slow, weary, lazy;
+    _av._ {tr[a]ge}.
+  {tragen}, _sv._ VI, bear, carry; wear; have, 85.
+  {trahen} (_pl._ {trehene}), _sm._ drop, tear.
+  {trahten}, _wv._ think, strive, 92.
+  {tr[e:]ffen}, _sv._ IV, hit, 32, 82.
+  {treit} = {traget}.
+  {tr[e:]ten}, _sv._ V, tread, step, enter, 83;
+    {tr[e:]ten hinder sich}, step back.
+  {tretten}, _wv._ tread, 31.3.
+  {tr[i]ben}, _sv._ I, drive; play, carry on, 76.
+  {triefen}, _sv._ II, drop, drip, 31.1, 78.
+  {triegen}, _sv._ II, deceive, plot, intrigue.
+  {trinken}, _sv._ III, drink, 19, 81.
+  {triuten}, _wv._ caress, like, love; greet.
+  {triuwe}, _aj._ true, 16 note;
+    _sf._ fidelity, faithfulness;
+    {mit triuwen} ({triwen}), faithfully.
+  {triuwen}, {tr[u]wen}, _wv._ believe, trust, hope, 16 note.
+  {tr[oe]stel[i]n}, _sn._ consolation, hope.
+  {tr[oe]sten}, _wv._ console, comfort; help.
+  {tropfe}, _wm._ drop, 31.3.
+  {tr[o]st}, _sm._ consolation, hope.
+  {troum}, _sm._ dream.
+  {troumen}, _wv._ dream, 10.
+  {tr[u:]ebe}, _aj._ gloomy.
+  {tr[u:]ebsal}, _sn._ gloom, 8.
+  {tr[u]rec}, _aj._ sad;
+    _av._ {tr[u]recl[i]che}.
+  {tr[u]ren}, _wv._ mourn, be sad, downcast;
+    also _sn._
+  {tr[u]t}, _aj._ dear, beloved.
+  {tr[u]tgemahele}, _sf._ bride.
+  {tugen}, {t[u:]gen}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {touc}, _pret._ {tohte}),
+      be fit for, good for, of use, 93.
+  {tugenhaft}, _aj._ fit, hearty, noble.
+  {tugent}, {tugende}, _sf._ virtue, good qualities, strength, power,
+      valour, 49.
+  {tugentl[i]chen}, _av._ with noble demeanour.
+  {tump} ({-bes}), _aj._ inexperienced, silly, young.
+  {tumpheit}, _sf._ folly, foolish action; inexperience;
+    {tumpheit walten}, show or have great inexperience.
+  {tunkel}, _aj._ dark.
+  {tuon}, _anom. v._ do, make, form, shape; cause, 94;
+    {tuon enblecken}, cause to become visible;
+    {ze leide tuon}, cause grief, pain, _or_ injury to;
+    {w[e:]r h[a]t dir get[a]n?} who has done anything to you?;
+    {als ein got get[a]n}, like a god.
+  {t[u:]r}, _sf._ door.
+  {Turkent[a]ls}, _pn._ one of Parzival's princes.
+  {turren}, {t[u:]rren}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {tar}, _pret._ {torste}),
+      dare, venture, 10, 93.
+  {t[u]senste}, _num._ thousandth, 62.
+  {t[u]sent}, _num._ thousand, 5, 62, 64.
+  {twahen} (_pret._ {twuoc}), _sv._ VI, wash, 85.
+  {tw[e:]rch} (_gen._ {tw[e:]rhes}), askew, 34.
+  {twingen}, _sv._ III, compel, force, subdue, overcome;
+    {sich twingen l[a][z]en}, let oneself be compelled.
+
+
+  U
+
+  {[u:]bel}, _aj._ evil, bad, 55, 58, 60;
+    _av._ {[u:]bele}.
+  {[u:]ber}, _prep._ over, because of, for.
+  {[u:]bergr[o][z]}, _aj._ very great.
+  {[u:]berg[u:]lde}, _sn._ gilding, raising of value.
+  {[u:]bergulde}, _sf._ that which surpasses something else in value.
+  {[u:]berm[ae][z]l[i]chen}, _av._ beyond measure.
+  {[u:]berm[u:]ete}, _sf._ insolence, haughtiness.
+  {[u:]bermuot}, _sm._ haughtiness, insolence.
+  {[u:]bern} = {[u:]ber d[e:]n}, 68 note 2.
+  {[u:]bers[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, overlook, not observe.
+  {[u:]berstr[i]ten}, _sv._ I, gain the victory over, conquer.
+  {[u:]bertragen}, _sv._ VI, spare, discharge something.
+  {[u:]berwinden}, _sv._ III, overcome, get over.
+  {[u]f}, {[u]fe}, _prep._ and _av._ up, up to, on, to, upwards, 23.1;
+    {[u]f gen[a]de}, in firm confidence;
+    {[u]f die triwe m[i]n}, upon my faith _or_ troth;
+    {[u]f slie[z]en}, open.
+  {[u]fem}, {[u]fme} = {[u]f d[e:]m}, 68 note 2.
+  {[u]fen} = {[u]f d[e:]n}, 68 note 2.
+  {Ulterlec}, _pn._
+  {umbe}, {[u:]mbe}, {umb}, {um}, _prep._ and _av._ about, around, upon,
+      for, 10 note 2;
+    {dar umbe}, therefore;
+    {umbe sust}, for nothing;
+    {um wa[z]}, why, for what reason;
+    {umbe da[z]}, on account of that, for that, therefore;
+    {umbe g[a]n}, turn _or_ go round.
+  {umbeslie[z]en}, _sv._ II, embrace, surround.
+  {umbev[a]hen}, _sv._ VII, embrace.
+  {unbewollen}, _part. aj._ unspotted.
+  {und}, {unde}, {unt}, _cj._ and _av._ and;
+    again, on the other hand, 9.6, 69.
+  {unden}, _av._ below, beneath.
+  {under} ({undr}), _prep._ under, beneath, between, among;
+    {under in}, among themselves;
+    {under w[e:]gen l[a]n}, omit;
+    {under stunden}, at times, now and then, sometimes;
+    {under w[i]len}, from time to time, at times, sometimes.
+  {underl[a][z]}, _sm._ interruption.
+  {underscheiden}, _sv._ VII, relate; explain fully.
+  {undersn[i]den}, _sv._ I, interrupt, intermingle.
+  {underst[a]n}, _sv._ VI, step in between, hinder.
+  {undert[ae]nic}, _aj._ humble, subject, submissive.
+  {undert[a]n}, _part. aj._ humble, submissive.
+  {underwinden}, _sv._ III, _refl._ undertake.
+  {unfuoge} (also used as a proper noun), _sf._ unseemliness,
+      indecorum, misconduct; coarseness.
+  {unfuore}, _wf._ badness, roughness; wicked mode of life.
+  {ungeb[ae]re}, _sf._ despairing lamentation.
+  {ungebant}, _aj._ unbeaten, untrodden.
+  {ungebatten}, _aj._ useless, worthless.
+  {ungeborn}, _part. aj._ unborn.
+  {ungeburt}, _sf._ low birth.
+  {ungef[u:]ege}, _aj._ very great, powerful;
+    bad, unbecoming, coarse, uncouth, rude;
+    _av._ {ungefuoge}.
+  {ungehabe}, _sf._ sorrow, grief.
+  {ungel[i]che}, _av._ immeasurably, incomparably.
+  {ungel[o]net}, _aj._ unrewarded.
+  {ungelouplich}, _aj._ incredible.
+  {ungel[u:]cke}, _sn._ misfortune.
+  {ungemach}, _sn._ misfortune, discomfort, sorrow.
+  {ungem[u:]ete}, _snf._ mourning, grief, sorrow.
+  {ungen[a]de}, _sf._ disfavour, hatred, harm.
+  {ungen[ae]me}, _aj._ unpleasant.
+  {ungen[e:]sen}, _aj._ unhealed, uncured.
+  {ungerihte}, _sn._ fault, crime.
+  {ung[e:]rne}, _av._ unwillingly.
+  {ungesammet}, _aj._ not united, not unanimous.
+  {ungeschriben}, _part. aj._ that which cannot be written.
+  {ungestaltheit}, _sf._ deformity.
+  {ungesunt}, ({-des}), _sm._ sickness, illness.
+  {unh[o:]vesch}, _aj._ uncourtly, coarse, low, vulgar.
+  {unkraft}, _sf._ fainting fit, swoon.
+  {unkunt} ({unkuntl[i]ch}), _aj._ unknown.
+  {unlange}, _av._ in a short time.
+  {unm[ae]re}, _aj._ not worth mentioning, little observed, worthless,
+      disgusting; undervalued.
+  {unm[ae][z]l[i]ch}, _aj._ immoderate, excessive.
+  {unm[a][z]en}, _av._ immeasurably.
+  {unminnen}, _wv._ treat in an unloving manner.
+  {unmue[z]ekeit}, _sf._ work, trouble.
+  {unmugel[i]ch}, _aj._ impossible.
+  {unmuo[z]e}, _sf._ occupation, restlessness.
+  {unn[a]ch}, _av._ by no means.
+  {unn[o]t}, _sf._ without danger _or_ need.
+  {unrewert} = {unerwert}, _part. aj._ unprohibited.
+  {unriuwecl[i]che}, _av._ without trouble _or_ care.
+  {uns[ae]lekeit}, _sf._ unhappiness; misfortune.
+  {uns[ae]lic} ({-ec}), _aj._ unhappy, cursed.
+  {unschulde}, _sf._ innocence.
+  {unschuldigen}, _wv._ proclaim one's innocence.
+  {unsegel[i]ch}, _aj._ unspeakable.
+  {unsenfte}, _aj._ painful, hard.
+  {unser}, _pr._ our, 7, 67.
+  {unst[ae]te}, _aj._ inconstant, fickle.
+  {unst[ae]te}, _sf._ inconstancy, fickleness.
+  {untriuwe}, _sf._ faithlessness, deceit.
+  {untr[oe]sten}, _wv._ dishearten, discourage.
+  {untr[o]st}, _sm._ despondency, discouragement.
+  {untugent}, _sf._ lack of good training.
+  {unversunnen}, _pp._ unconscious.
+  {unvr[o]}, {unfr[o]}, _aj._ unhappy, sad, mournful.
+  {unwandelb[ae]re}, _aj._ steadfast, unchangeable.
+  {unwendic} ({-ec}), _aj._ unchangeable.
+  {unw[e:]rt}, _sm._ unworthiness, contempt for, scorn.
+  {unw[i]p}, ({-bes}), _sn._ bad woman; unwomanly creature;
+    unworthy the name of Weib.
+  {unw[i]se}, _sf._ false tone _or_ sound; bad style.
+  {unze}, {unz}, _prep._ and _conj._ till, until, up to, down to, to;
+    {unz her}, hitherto;
+    {unz enmitten an}, right down to.
+  {unzerworht}, _aj._ undivided, undissected, not cut up.
+  {Uote}, _pn._ 54.
+  {[u:]ppic}, _aj._ unnecessary, superfluous; proud.
+  {[u][z]}, _prep._ and _av._ out, out of, of, from;
+    {[u][z]en}, _av._;
+    {[u][z]erwelt}, select, chosen.
+  {[u][z]er}, _prep._ out of, from.
+  {[u][z]reise}, _sf._ marching, going out _or_ off; departure;
+    song sung by knights on the march.
+
+V (F)
+  {vadem}, _sm._ thread, 9.2, 42.
+  {v[a]hen}, {f[a]hen} ({v[a]n}), _sv._ VII, catch, seize, take, 29, 30,
+      38, 87.
+  {val} ({-wes}), _aj._ yellow, 36.
+  {vallen}, _sv._ VII, fall, fall down, fall to one's lot, 32.4, 87.
+  {valsch}, _aj._ false, deceitful.
+  {valsch}, _sm._ fault, spot, impurity, deceit;
+    {valsches la[z]}, free from deceit _or_ falseness.
+  {valten}, _sv._ VII, fold, 87.
+  {vancn[u:]sse}, _sf._ captivity, 8.
+  {var}, {vare} ({-wes}), _aj._ coloured; formed, looking.
+  {v[a]ren}, _wv._ place behind, watch, lie in wait.
+  {varn}, _sv._ VI, go, fare, betake oneself, 5, 10, 74 note, 85;
+    {varnde[z] guot}, movable property.
+  {vart}, _sf._ way, march, journey.
+  {varwe}, _sf._ colour, form, appearance.
+  {vaste}, _av._ fast, quickly, strongly, firmly; very.
+  {vater}, _sm._ (_pl._ {veter}, {v[a:]ter}), father, 11, 19, 45.
+  {v[a:]terl[i]ch}, _aj._ fatherly, 10.
+  {v[a:]terl[i]n}, _dim._ of {vater}, 5, 10.
+  {va[zz]en}, _wv._ seize, take, gather.
+  {v[e:]hten}, _sv._ IV, fight, 82.
+  {veile}, _aj._ cheap, purchasable.
+  {v[e:]l} ({-lles}), _sn._ hide, skin, 32.1.
+  {vellen}, _wv._ fell, kill, 90.
+  {vels}, _swm._ rock, 11.
+  {velschen}, _wv._ falsify; make faithless.
+  {v[e:]lt} ({-des}), _sn._ field.
+  {venster}, _sn._ window, 46.
+  {verb[e:]rgen}, _sv._ III, hide, conceal.
+  {verb[e:]rn}, _sv._ IV, spare, abstain from, forbear, avoid, keep from,
+      give up.
+  {verbieten}, _sv._ II, forbid, hinder, prevent, obstruct; ward off.
+  {verdagen}, _wv._ keep secret, conceal.
+  {verd[e:]rben}, perish, spoil, destroy, 81.
+  {verd[e:]rbnisse}, _sfn._ destruction, 8.
+  {verdienen}, _wv._ deserve, earn.
+  {verdrie[z]en} (_impers. c. gen._), _sv._ III, grieve, fret, vex.
+  {verdringen}, _sv._ III, crowd out, suppress, displace,
+      push on one side.
+  {vereinen}, _wv. refl._ unite.
+  {verenden}, _wv._ end.
+  {verg[e:]ben}, _sv._ V, poison, infect.
+  {verg[e:]lten}, _sv._ III, repay, requite.
+  {verg[e:][zz]en}, _sv._ V, forget, 83.
+  {vergie[z]en}, _sv._ II, pour over, sprinkle with water.
+  {verh[e:]ln}, _sv._ IV, conceal.
+  {verhouwen} (_pret._ {-hiu} and {-hie}, also weak {-houte}),
+      _sv._ VII, hew in pieces, cut asunder.
+  {verj[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, say, tell, relate; give to understand, assure.
+  {verk[e]ren}, _wv._ change, turn round; destroy.
+  {verkiesen}, _sv._ II, give up, forgo, forget.
+  {verklagen}, _wv._ cease to mourn, bear with patience.
+  {verkrenken}, _wv._ destroy.
+  {verl[a][z]en} ({verl[a]n}), _sv._ VII, leave off, forsake.
+  {verleiten}, _wv._ lead astray.
+  {verleschen}, _sv._ IV, become extinguished, extinguish.
+  {verliesen} ({vliesen}), _sv._ II, lose, 78.
+  {verligen}, _sv._ V, miss through sleeping too long, over-sleep.
+  {verlust}, _sm._ loss.
+  {verm[i]den}, (_pp._ {vermiten}), _sv._ I, avoid, omit, not to take
+      place, keep aloof from.
+  {vermischen}, _wv._ mix, mingle.
+  {vern[e:]men}, _sv._ IV, perceive, observe, get to know.
+  {v[e:]rre}, _aj._ and _av._ far, far away, distant, 31.
+  {verrihten}, _wv._ settle, pass sentence upon.
+  {versagen}, _wv._ refuse, deny.
+  {verschaffen}, _sv._ VI, do _or_ act in a bad manner, spoil, destroy.
+  {verschulden}, _wv._ pay back.
+  {vers[e:]hen}, _sv._ V, observe, recognize;
+    _refl._ hope, dread.
+  {versinnen} ({sich}), _sv._ III, arrive at years of discretion;
+    _c. gen._ become conscious of.
+  {versm[ae]hel[i]ch}, _aj._ disgraceful, ignominious.
+  {versm[ae]hen}, _wv._ despise, mock.
+  {versperren} (_pret._ {versparte}), _wv._ shut, close.
+  {verspr[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, decline, spurn.
+  {verst[a]n} ({-st[e]n}), _sv._ VI, perceive, understand.
+  {verst[o][z]en}, _sv._ VII, drive away.
+  {vers[u]men}, _wv._ neglect, let slip, spoil.
+  {versuochen}, _wv._ try, test.
+  {verswern}, _sv._ VI, abjure, deny by an oath.
+  {versw[i]gen}, _sv._ I, forbear talking.
+  {verswinden}, _sv._ III, disappear, flee.
+  {vertragen}, _sv._ VI, endure, bear.
+  {vertr[i]ben}, _sv._ I, drive away, make to pass.
+  {verv[a]hen}, {verf[a]hen}, _sv._ VII, reach, bring to pass;
+    {mich verv[ae]het}, it is of use _or_ advantage to me.
+  {vervluochen}, {-fluochen}, _wv._ curse.
+  {verw[a][z]en}, _sv._ VII, ruin; imprecate, curse.
+  {verw[e:]gen}, _sv._ V, resolve.
+  {verweinen}, _wv._ exhaust by weeping.
+  {verwunden}, _wv._ wound.
+  {verw[u:]rken} (_pret._ {-worhte}), _wv._ lose, forfeit, commit.
+  {verzagen}, _wv._ lose courage, withdraw, despair, despond.
+  {verzern}, _wv._ consume; destroy.
+  {veste}, _sf._ firmness, constancy.
+  {v[i]ant}, {v[i]ent}, {v[i]nt}, _sm._ enemy, fiend, 8, 42.
+  {vier}, _num._ four, 62.
+  {vier}, {fier}, _aj._ proud, stately, majestic, beautiful;
+    _av._ {viere}.
+  {vierde}, _num._ fourth, 62.
+  {vierz[e:]hen}, _num._ fourteen, 62.
+  {vierz[e:]hende}, _num._ fourteenth, 62.
+  {vierzic} ({-ec}), _num._ forty, 62.
+  {vierzigeste}, _num._ fortieth.
+  {vihe}, _sn._ cattle, 46.
+  {vil}, _aj._ much, many;
+    _av._ very;
+    _indecl. sb. c. gen._ much, many;
+    {vil w[e]nic ganz} _c. gen._ not at all complete _or_ whole.
+  {vinden}, {finden}, _sv._ III, find, 9.4 note, 81.
+  {vinger}, _sm._ finger.
+  {vingerl[i]n}, {vinger[i]n}, _sn._ ring, 8.
+  {vingerlinc}, _sm._ ring.
+  {vinster}, _sf._ darkness, 48.
+  {vinster}, _aj._ dark, gloomy, 55.
+  {vinsternisse}, _sfn._ darkness, 8.
+  {vint} = {vindet}, 74 note.
+  {v[i]nt}, see {v[i]ant}.
+  {v[i]ol}, _sm._ violet.
+  {virren}, _wv._ keep away from.
+  {visch}, _sm._ fish, 11, 19.
+  {viur}, {fiuwer}, _sn._ fire; lightning.
+  {vl[e]hen}, {fl[e]hen} ({vl[e]n}), _wv._ beseech, implore, 38.
+  {vl[e:]hten}, _sv._ IV, plait, 82.
+  {fleisch}, _sn._ flesh.
+  {vliegen}, {fliegen}, _sv._ II, fly, 10 note 3, 25, 78.
+  {vliehen}, {fliehen}, _sv._ II, flee, 18, 19, 78.
+  {vliesen} = {verliesen}.
+  {vlie[z]en}, {flie[z]en}, _sv._ II, flow, swim;
+    ruin, destroy, 10 note 3, 78.
+  {vl[i][z]}, {fl[i][z]}, _sm._ assiduity, zeal, eagerness, care;
+    {ze fl[i][z]e}, diligently, carefully.
+  {vl[i][z]ec}, _aj._ diligent, 60.3.
+  {vl[i][z]ecl[i]che(n)}, _av._ diligently, 60.3.
+  {vluht}, _sf._ refuge.
+  {fl[u:]htesal}, _sf._ flight, escape; security.
+  {vluoch} (_pl._ {vl[u:]eche}), _sm._ curse.
+  {vogel}, _sm._ bird, 9.2, 42.
+  {vogel[i]n}, {vogel(l)[i]n}, _sn._ little bird, 8.
+  {vogelsanc}, _sm._ song of birds.
+  {vol} ({-lles}), _aj._ full, 15, 31.
+  {volc}, _sn._ folk, people.
+  {volenden}, _wv._ bring to an end.
+  {volgen}, _wv._ follow, accompany.
+  {volgesagen}, _wv._ tell fully.
+  {volle}, _wm._ abundance, completeness.
+  {vollebringen} (_pret._ {-br[a]hte}), _wv._ perfect, carry out.
+  {vollecl[i]chen}, _av._ fully, entirely.
+  {volleist}, _sm._ assistance, succour.
+  {von}, _prep._ from, away from, with, about, through, by;
+    {von schulden}, rightly, properly.
+  {vonme}, {vomme} = {von d[e:]me}.
+  {vor}, _prep._ before, for.
+  {vorbilde}, _sn._ pattern, model.
+  {vorder}, _aj._ former, front, 59.
+  {vordern}, _wv._ further, 90.
+  {vorderste}, _aj._ foremost, 59.
+  {vorht}, _sf._ fear, dread.
+  {vr[a]ge}, _sf._ question.
+  {vr[a]gen}, _wv._ ask, 9.2, 92.
+  {fr[a:]vele}, _aj._ bold, 10.
+  {fr[e:]ch}, _aj._ courageous, daring, bold, brave; saucy, impudent.
+  {freischen}, _sv._ VII, come to know, learn, be told.
+  {vreise}, {freise}, _swf._ horror, what is dreadful _or_ horrible.
+  {vremde}, {fremde} ({vr[o:]mde}), _aj._ strange, wonderful; unknown.
+  {vremen}, _wv._ perform, 31.3.
+  {vreude}, {vr[o:]ude}, {fr[o:]ide}, {freude}, {fr[o:]ude}, _swf._ joy,
+      gladness;
+    {fr[o:]uden} (_gen. pl._) {lam}, bereft of joys, pleasures.
+  {vreudel[o]s}, _aj._ joyless.
+  {freuder[i]che}, _aj._ rich in joy, very gratifying.
+  {vreuwen}, {vrewen}, {vreun}, {freuwen}, {frewen}, {freun},
+      _wv._ cause to rejoice, rejoice, gladden, give pleasure to,
+      be glad.
+    See {vr[o:]uwen}.
+  {vrevel}, _sf._ audacity, insolence.
+  {frevell[i]chen}, _av._ insolently, boldly, with impudence.
+  {vr[e:][zz]en}, _sv._ V, devour, 83.
+  {vr[i]}, _aj._ free, unrestrained, unmarried.
+  {vride}, {fride}, _sm._ peace, truce; protection, safety, 3, 19, 43.
+  {vrid(e)lich}, _aj._ peaceful.
+  {vr[i]e}, _sf._ freedom.
+  {vr[i]e}, _wm._ freeman.
+  {fr[i]en}, {fr[i]jen}, {fr[i]gen}, _wv._ free, 35.
+  {vriesen}, _sv._ II, freeze, 78.
+  {vrisch}, {frisch}, _aj._ fresh, new.
+  {vrist}, _sf._ time.
+  {vristen}, _wv._ keep alive, protect, rescue.
+  {vriundinne}, _sf._ female friend, 8, 48.
+  {vriunt}, {friunt}, _sm._ friend, 42.
+  {vr[o]}, {fr[o]}, _aj._ and _av._ glad, joyful.
+  {vr[oe]l[i]ch}, _aj._ joyful;
+    _av._ {vr[oe]l[i]chen}.
+  {vr[o:]mde} = {vremde}.
+  {vr[o:]mede}, _sf._ absence.
+  {frosch}, _sm._ frog.
+  {vr[o:]uen}, {vr[o:]uwen}, {fr[o:]wen}, _wv._ gladden, give pleasure to;
+    be glad, 10.
+    See {vreuwen}.
+  {vrouwe}, {frouwe}, {frowe} ({vrou}, {frou}, {fr[o]}, before proper
+      names), _wf._ lady, madam, 9.6, 10;
+    {ze frowen}, as wife.
+  {vr[o:]uwel[i]n}, {frouwel[i]n}, _sn._ little girl, maid, miss.
+  {vruht}, _sf._ fruit.
+  {vrum}, _aj._ brave, active, excellent, useful.
+  {vrumen}, {frumen}, _wv._ benefit, be of use _or_ advantage.
+  {vruo}, _av._ early.
+  {v[u:]egen}, {f[u:]egen}, _wv._ procure, bring to pass; grant.
+  {v[u:]eren}, {f[u:]eren} (_pret._ {fuorte}), _wv._ lead, carry, remove.
+  {fuhs}, _sm._ fox, 19.
+  {v[u]l}, _aj._ bad, rotten.
+  {v[u:]lle}, _sf._ fulness, 15.
+  {f[u:]llen}, _wv._ fill, 90.
+  {funden}, _pp._ of {finden}.
+  {v[u:]nf}, {f[u:]nf}, {finf}, _num._ five, 19, 62.
+  {f[u:]nfte}, {finfte}, _num._ fifth, 62.
+  {vuoge}, _sf._ becomingness, decency.
+  {fuore}, _sf._ manner of life; way of acting.
+  {vuo[z]}, {fuo[z]} (_pl._ {v[u:]e[z]e}), _sm._ foot, 10, 44.
+  {v[u:]r}, {f[u:]r}, _prep._ and _av._ for, before, over, against;
+    {f[u:]r guot haben}, be content with, put up with;
+    {f[u:]r iuch}, past you;
+    {f[u:]r sie}, past them;
+    {f[u:]r t[o]ren kleit}, as fool's clothing;
+    {v[u:]r w[a]r}, in truth, truly.
+  {v[u:]rba[z]}, {f[u:]rba[z]}, _av._ further.
+  {v[u:]rhten}, {f[u:]rhten} (_pret._ {vorhte}), _wv._ fear, dread, 15, 90.
+  {v[u:]rnames}, _av._ in the full sense of the word.
+  {v[u:]rste}, {f[u:]rste}, _wm._ prince;
+    {ein d[i]n f[u:]rste}, one of thy princes.
+  {vurt}, {furt} (_pl._ {f[u:]rte}), _sm._ ford, bed of a river.
+
+
+  W
+
+  {w[a]}, _av._ where, whither, 39.
+  {w[a]c} ({-ges}), _sn._ moving water, flood.
+  {wacker}, _aj._ watchful, 31.2.
+  {w[ae]jen} ({w[ae]n}), _wv._ blow, 90.
+  {w[ae]enen} (_pret._ {w[a]nde}), _wv._ think, fancy, 90.
+  {w[ae]rl[i]chen}, _av._ in truth, truly.
+  {w[ae]tl[i]ch}, _aj._ beautiful.
+  {w[ae]tl[i]che}, _sf._ beauty.
+  {w[a]fen}, _sn._ weapon, sword.
+  {w[a]fenen}, {w[a]penen}, _wv._ arm, equip, array.
+    See {w[a]pen}.
+  {wage}, _wf._ cradle.
+  {w[a]ge}, _sf._ balance, scale.
+  {wagen}, _sm._ wagon, 49.
+  {wahsen}, _sv._ VI, grow, 10, 85.
+  {wal}, _sf._ choice, 48.
+  {walden}, _sv._ VII, have power over.
+    See {walten}.
+  {W[a]leis}, _pn._ Valois in France, inhabitant of Valois.
+  {wallen} (_pret._ {wiel}), _sv._ VII, boil, bubble, 87.
+  {walt} ({-des}), _sm._ wood, forest.
+  {walten} (with _gen._), _sv._ VII, have power.
+  {wan}, _aj._ empty, bereft of.
+  {wan}, _av._ besides, but only;
+    {niht wan}, only, nothing but;
+    {wan da[z]}, only that, if--not;
+    {wan unz}, whilst, as long as;
+    {wan d[e:]m einen}, except for the one.
+  {wan} ({wande}, {want}), _conj._ for, if, because, then, 9.6.
+  {w[a]n}, _sm._ faith, hope, mood.
+  {wanc} ({-kes}), _sm._ inconstancy, disloyalty, unfaithfulness,
+      changeableness.
+  {wandel}, _smn._ change, fickleness; fault, defect, failing.
+  {wandeln}, _wv._ wander, 9.2, 90.
+  {wange}, _wn._ cheek, 50.
+  {w[a:]ngel[i]n}, _sn._ little cheek.
+  {want}, _sf._ wall.
+  {w[a]pen} (with {sich}), _wv._ arm oneself.
+    See {w[a]fenen}.
+  {w[a]pen}, _sn._ weapon, 46.
+  {w[a]penen}, see {w[a]fenen}.
+  {w[a]penroc}, _sm._ upper-garment drawn over the coat of mail.
+  {war}, _av._ where, whither;
+    {war umbe}, wherefore, why;
+    {war zuo}, for what purpose.
+  {war}, _sf._ attention, observation;
+    {war n[e:]men}, give attention.
+  {w[a]r}, _sn._ truth; right;
+    {w[a]r haben}, be right.
+  {w[a]r}, _aj._ true, right, real.
+  {w[a]rheit}, _sf._ truth.
+  {w[a]rinne}, _av._ wherein, 39.
+  {w[a:]rmen}, _wv._ to warm, 5, 10.
+  {warnen}, _wv._ equip, prepare.
+  {warten} (_pret._ {warte}), _wv._ wait; look, view, 9.2.
+  {was}, {wasse}, _aj._ sharp, 55.
+  {waschen} ({weschen}), _sv._ VI, wash, 85.
+  {waste}, _sf._ desert.
+  {w[a]t}, _sf._ clothing, dress.
+  {waten}, _sv._ VI, wade, 85.
+  {wa[z]}, _pr._ what, 19, 23.1, 70;
+    _av._ why, wherefore.
+  {w[e]} (_gen._ {w[e]wes}), _sn._ woe, pain;
+    {w[e] tuon}, hurt, 17, 46;
+    _interj._ {wehe}, {w[e]}, woe! alas!;
+    {mir ist w[e]}, I am sad.
+  {w[e:]ben}, _sv._ V, weave, 28, 83.
+  {w[e:]c} ({-ges}), _sm._ way; homeward journey, 5, 11.
+  {wecken} (_pret._ {wacte}, {wahte}), _wv._ awake.
+  {w[e:]der}, _pr._ who of two, which of two, 70, 71;
+    {w[e:]der--noch}, neither--nor.
+  {wegen}, _wv._ move, swing.
+  {w[e:]gen}, _sv._ V, weigh, poise; put in motion, 83.
+  {w[e:]hsal} ({-el}), _smn._ change, 8.
+  {weich}, _aj._ weak.
+  {weideganc} ({-ges}), _sm._ hunting way _or_ path.
+  {weinen} (_pres. part._ {weinde} for {weinende}), _wv._ weep, bewail;
+    also _sn._
+  {weise}, _wm._ orphan; precious stone in the royal crown.
+  {wei[z]got}, _interj._ verily.
+  {wel[i]ch}, {welch}, _pr._ which, what kind of, 11, 70, 71.
+  {wellen} (_pres. sing._ {wil}, _pret._ {wolte}), _anom. v._ will,
+      wish, 98;
+    {got d[e:]s niht enwelle}, may God forbid it.
+  {weln}, {welen}, {wellen}, _wv._ choose, 90.
+  {wenden} (_pp._ {gewant}), _wv._ with _gen._ turn, prevent, hinder,
+      turn away, 32.3.
+  {w[e]nic}, _aj._ little, small;
+    _indecl. sb. c. gen._ little.
+  {wenke}, _sf._ turning, turn, change.
+  {wenken}, _wv._ totter, stagger, waver.
+  {wer}, _sf._ defence; protection; battle.
+  {w[e:]r}, _neut._ {wa[z]}, _pr._ who, what;
+    {w[e:]s}, _av._ wherefore, 9.6, 70.
+  {w[e:]rben}, _sv._ III, turn, go to and fro, strive, work, be active, 33.
+  {w[e:]rde}, _aj._ worthy, noble.
+  {w[e:]rdekeit}, {w[e:]rdikeit}, _sf._ worthiness, respect, honour,
+      excellence.
+  {w[e:]rden}, _sv._ III, become, be, be born, 9.4 note, 38, 81;
+    {w[e:]rden wol innen}, perceive clearly;
+    {w[e:]rden buo[z]}, with _dat._ of pers. and _gen._ of thing:
+      {d[e:]m wirt kumbers buo[z]}, he has compensation for his grief;
+    {w[e:]rden r[a]t}, _c. gen._ be a remedy.
+  {w[e:]rdicl[i]chen}, _av._ worthily.
+  {w[e:]rfen}, _sv._ III, throw, set in quick motion, 10 note, 23.2, 81.
+  {w[e:]rlt}, {w[e:]relt}, {w[e:]lt}, _sf._ world, people;
+    {d[e:]r w[e:]relde riuwe}, great sadness _or_ grief, lit. sadness of the
+      world.
+  {w[e:]rltl[i]ch}, _aj._ worldly, earthly.
+  {w[e:]rltt[o]re}, _wm._ one befooled by the world.
+  {w[e:]rltzage}, _wm._ arrant coward.
+  {wern} ({weren}), _wv._ check, ward off from, restrain, hinder, 90;
+    _c. gen._ and _sich_, protect _or_ defend oneself against.
+  {wern}, _wv._ last, hold out, continue.
+  {w[e:]rren} (with _dat._), _sv._ III, perplex, confuse, trouble,
+      disturb, be a hindrance, 81.
+  {w[e:]rt} ({-des}), _aj._ worthy, noble;
+    _snm._ respect, good fortune;
+    _av._ {w[e:]rde}.
+  {w[e:]s} (_gen._ of {wa[z]}), _av._ why, wherefore.
+  {w[e:]sen}, _sv._ V, be, 19, 83;
+    {w[e:]sen g[a]ch}, _c. gen._ of person: hasten, exert oneself, eagerly.
+  {w[e:]ter}, _sn._ weather, 46.
+  {wetzen}, _wv._ whet, sharpen.
+  {wider} ({widere}), _sm._ wether, 9.2.
+  {wider}, _prep._ against, to;
+    _av._ again, back.
+  {widersagen}, _wv._ renounce; proclaim war; contradict.
+  {widerst[a]n}, _sv._ VI, resist, withstand, be opposed to.
+  {widervarn}, _sv._ VI, fall to the lot of.
+  {widerz[ae]me}, _aj._ revolting, hateful, disgusting.
+  {wie}, _av._ and _conj._ how, as, that.
+  {w[i]gant} ({-des}), _sm._ warrior, 8.
+  {w[i]hen}, _wv._ consecrate, bless.
+  {wilde}, _aj._ untamed, wild, 55.
+  {w[i]le}, {w[i]l}, _sf._ time, while;
+    {die w[i]le}, meanwhile, in the meantime.
+  {w[i]len(t)}, _av._ formerly, once upon a time.
+  {wille}, _wm._ will, wish, desire.
+  {willecl[i]ch}, _aj._ willing, wishing;
+    _av._ {willecl[i]chen}.
+  {willekomen}, _aj._ and _av._ welcome.
+  {wilt} ({-des}), _sn._ wild animals, game.
+  {w[i]n}, _sm._ wine, 3, 19.
+  {winden}, _sv._ III, wind, bind up, 81.
+  {wine}, _sm._ friend.
+  {wint} ({-des}), _sm._ wind, 14.1.
+  {winter}, _sm._ winter.
+  {w[i]p} ({-bes}), _sn._ woman, wife, 5, 11.
+  {w[i]pheit}, _sf._ womanliness.
+  {w[i]pl[i]ch}, _aj._ womanly.
+  {wirde}, _sf._ worthiness, dignity, honour, honourableness.
+  {wirden}, _wv._ make valuable.
+  {wirs}, _av._ worse, 61.
+  {wirser}, _aj._ worse, 58.
+  {wirsest}, {wir(se)ste}, _aj._ and _av._ worst, 9.5, 58, 60, 61.
+  {wirt}, _sm._ head of a house, landlord;
+    {d[e:]r helle wirt}, devil.
+  {wirtinne}, _sf._ mistress, hostess, 8.
+  {w[i]se}, {w[i]s}, _aj._ wise, sensible, experienced, 28.
+  {w[i]se}, {w[i]s}, _sf._ manner, melody, song.
+  {w[i]sen}, _wv._ guide, direct.
+  {w[i]sheit}, _sf._ wisdom.
+  {w[i]sl[i]ch}, _aj._ wisely, 8;
+    _av._ {w[i]sl[i]chen}.
+  {w[i]t}, _aj._ far, wide.
+  {witze}, _sf._ understanding, sense; reflection.
+  {w[i][z]}, _aj._ white.
+  {w[i][z]en} (with _dat._), _sv._ I, reproach, blame.
+  {wi[zz]en}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {wei[z]}, _pret._ {weste}, {wiste},
+      {wesse}, {wisse}), know, 5, 11, 28, 92.
+  {wol}, {wole}, _av._ well, 5, 9.1, 61;
+    {wolgezogen}, well-mannered;
+    {wol get[a]n}, beautiful;
+    {wol im}, happy _or_ lucky is he!;
+    {wol dir}, hail to thee;
+    {wol mich}, happy am I!;
+    {wol tuon}, _c. dat._ do good, please;
+    {wol ir d[e:]s}, good luck to her for that!
+  {wolf}, _sm._ wolf, 15.
+  {wolken}, _sn._ cloud.
+  {wolle}, _wf._ wool, 15.
+  {wollust}, _smf._ joy, bliss, happiness.
+  {wonen}, _wv._ dwell, live, 9.4;
+    {mir wont b[i]}, I possess.
+  {wort}, _sn._ word, speech, 46.
+  {w[u:]ll[i]n}, {wull[i]n}, _aj._ woollen, 15.
+  {w[u:]lpinne}, _sf._ she-wolf, 15.
+  {wunde}, _wf._ wound.
+  {wunder}, _sn._ wonder, marvel; a great amount _or_ number, abundance;
+    {bluomen wunder}, a great quantity of flowers.
+  {wunderalt}, _aj._ very old.
+  {wundern}, _wv._ wonder, wonder at, admire, 9.2.
+  {w[u:]nne}, {wunne}, _sf._ joy, pleasure, 10 note 2.
+  {w[u:]nnecl[i]ch}, {wunnecl[i]ch}, _aj._ joyful, delightful, beautiful,
+      pleasant;
+    _av._ {w[u:]nnecl[i]che(n)}.
+  {wunsch}, _sm._ wish, ideal, perfection, highest perfection.
+  {w[u:]nschen} (with _gen._), _wv._ wish, desire, 90.
+  {wunschleben}, _sn._ such a life as one could wish for.
+  {wunt} ({-des}), _aj._ wounded.
+  {wuof}, _sm._ cry of woe.
+  {wuofen}, _sv._ VII, bewail, 87.
+  {w[u:]rgen}, _wv._ take by the throat, choke, throttle.
+  {w[u:]rken}, {wurken} (_pret._ {worhte}), _wv._ work, 28, 91.
+  {wurm}, _sm._ worm, snake, 5.
+  {wurze}, _wf._ root, plant.
+  {wurzel}, _swf._ root.
+
+
+
+  Z
+
+  {zageheit}, _sf._ cowardice.
+  {zaher}, _sm._ tear, 5, 10.
+  {zal}, _sf._ number, 9.1, 31.3, 48.
+  {zant}, {zan} (_gen._ {zandes}), _sm._ tooth, 43.
+  {ze} ({zuo}), _prep._ at, in, to, as much as, (undergoes contraction
+      with the def. art.);
+    {ze bruoder}, as brother;
+    {ze r[e:]hte}, rightly, properly;
+    {ze handen haben}, possess;
+    _av._ too: {ze s[e]re}, too much.
+  {zebr[e:]chen}, {zerbr[e:]chen}, _sv._ IV, break, break in pieces.
+  {zehant}, _av._ at once, on the spot.
+  {z[e]he}, _wf._ toe.
+  {z[e:]hen}, _num._ ten, 5, 62.
+  {z[e:]hente} ({-de}), _num._ tenth, 62.
+  {z[e:]henzic} ({-ec}), hundred, 62.
+  {z[e:]henzigeste}, _num._ hundredth, 62.
+  {zeichen}, _sn._ sign, mark, token, 23, 1.
+  {zeigen}, _wv._ show, 33.
+  {zeim} = {ze einem(e)}.
+  {zeln}, _wv._ reckon, count, 31.3, 90.
+  {z[e:]me}, {z[e:]m} = {ze d[e:]me}, 68 note 2.
+  {z[e:]men}, _sv._ IV, suit, be becoming _or_ fitting, 82.
+  {z[e:]n} = {ze d[e:]n}, 68 note 2.
+  {z[e:]r} = {ze d[e:]r}, 68 note 2.
+  {zerg[a]n}, {-g[e]n}, _sv._ VII, vanish, stop, perish.
+  {zerren} (_pret._ {zarte}), _wv._ pull, tug, tear.
+  {zerwirken} (_pp._ {zerworht}), _wv._ cut up, dissect.
+  {zesamene}, _av._ together.
+  {z[e:]se} ({-wes}), _aj._ right.
+  {zestunt}, _av._ on the spot.
+  {zesw[e:]llen}, _sv._ III, swell to the utmost.
+  {zew[a]re}, {zw[a]r}, _av._ in truth, truly.
+  {ziehen}, _sv._ II, draw;
+    _refl._ withdraw, 10, 23.1, 30, 78.
+  {zierde}, _sf._ adornment, 9.2.
+  {zieren}, _wv._ adorn, decorate.
+  {z[i]hen}, _sv._ I, accuse, 76.
+  {zil}, _sn._ aim, object.
+  {zimieren}, _wv._ furnish with knightly accoutrements.
+  {zinsen}, _wv._ give as interest, give away.
+  {zir} = {ze ir}.
+  {zirke}, _wm._ garland, circle, prince's crown.
+  {zirkel}, _sm._ prince's crown.
+  {z[i]t}, _sf._ time, 19.
+  {zobel}, _sm._ robe furred with sable.
+  {zorn}, _sm._ anger.
+  {zornecl[i]che}, _av._ angrily, violently.
+  {z[u:]cken} (_pret._ {zuhte}), _wv._ pull quickly, tear.
+  {zuht}, _sf._ bringing up, education;
+    good manners, politeness, demeanour; chastisement, punishment;
+    {mit z[u:]hten}, becomingly, gracefully, politely.
+  {z[u:]htel[o]s}, _aj._ ill-bred, rude, insolent.
+  {zunft}, _sf._ propriety, dignity, good breeding.
+  {zunge}, _wf._ tongue, 3, 7, 23.2, 53
+  {zuo}, _av._ to, toward; to it;
+    {zuo zwein}, into two.
+    See {ze}.
+  {zuome} = {zuo d[e:]me}.
+  {z[u:]rnen}, {zurnen}, _wv._ be angry.
+  {zwei}, _num._ two, 35, 62, 63.
+  {zweien} with {sich}, _wv._ fall out, quarrel; pair.
+  {zweinzic} ({-ec}), _num._ twenty, 62.
+  {zweinzigeste}, _num._ twentieth, 62.
+  {zwelf}, _num._ twelve, 62.
+  {zwelfte}, _num._ twelfth, 62.
+  {zwene}, {zwei}, {zw[o]} (_gen._ {zweier}, {zweiger}, _dat._ {zwein}),
+      two, 35, 63.
+  {zw[i]}, {zwic} (_gen._ {zw[i]ges}, {zw[i]es}), _smn._ twig, bough, 35.
+  {zw[i]feln}, _wv._ doubt, 9.2.
+  {zwischen}, _prep._ between.
+  {zw[i]vel}, {zw[i]fel}, _sm._ doubt, uncertainty;
+    _aj._ doubtful, 55.
+  {zw[i]vell[i]ch}, _aj._ doubtful, uncertain, dejected.
+  {zw[i]vellop} ({-bes}), doubtful _or_ ambiguous praise.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Errors and Inconsistencies
+
+_Primer_
+
+  Sec. 3.  {[u]}  "  "  "  f_oo_l  {h[u]s}, _house_.  ["l" italicized]
+  Sec. 19.  {f} ... {f} = Germanic {p} (Sec. 23, 1)  [Sec. 22, 1]
+
+_Readings_
+
+  III. Hartman von Ouwe
+  l. 417 er wirf[e.]t diu ougen abe mir  ["[e.]" may be flyspeck]
+  l. 841 wan mir mac da[z] nieman erwern  [dot under last n, or flyspeck]
+  l. 956 der d e von dir nemen wolte  ["der d e von" with space]
+
+  IV.17 Walther von der Vogelweide
+  l. 435 zerg[a]t e[z] so ist d[i]n freude t[o]t  [possibly "zerg[a]n"]
+
+  VIII. Wolfram von Eschenbach
+  l. 266 da[z] si unversunnen vor im lac  ["s[i.]" or flyspeck]
+
+
+_Glossary_
+
+  {l[e:]rnen}, _wv._ learn.  [ambiguous umlaut may be "lernen"]
+  {schate} (_gen._ {schat(e)wes})  ["gen." not italicized]
+  {tugen}, {t[u:]gen}  ["tugen, tugen" without umlaut]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright
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