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diff --git a/22636-0.txt b/22636-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f76d97 --- /dev/null +++ b/22636-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10438 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Middle High German Primer + Third Edition + +Author: Joseph Wright + +Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22636] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMER *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + [Transcriber’s Note: + + This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8 + (Unicode) text readers: + + ā ē ī ō ū (long vowels, printed with macron/overline) + ẹ (e with dot under, used in reading selections) + ȥ (z with hook) + + If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if + the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the + quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your + text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode + (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. Depending on + available fonts, some inflectional tables may not line up vertically. + See the end of the file for possible character substitutions. As a + last resort, use the ASCII-7 version of this file instead. + + A few additional characters are used mainly in the historical + introduction, and may be disregarded if they present problems, + as may the two or three Greek words: + + ƀ, ʒ, χ, ŋ (b with line through stem; ezh; chi; eng) + ā̆, ī̆, ē̆, ō̆ (a, e, i, o with both macron and breve) + ǖ, ǣ (ü, æ with macron) + + Italics are marked with _lines_. Boldface type is shown with {braces}. + Boldface markings have generally been omitted from tables to aid + readability. + + Punctuation in the Glossary has been silently regularized. Other + typographical errors are listed at the end of the text.] + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + A + + MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN + PRIMER + + with + Grammar, Notes, And Glossary + + by + JOSEPH WRIGHT + M.A., Ph.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D. + + Fellow of the British Academy +Corpus Christi Professor of Comparative Philology + in the University of Oxford + + + THIRD EDITION + Re-Written And Enlarged + + + OXFORD + AT THE CLARENDON PRESS + 1917 + + + + + OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS + + London Edinburgh Glasgow New York + Toronto Melbourne Bombay + + HUMPHREY MILFORD + Publisher to the University + + + + + EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES + TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS + + +The present book has been written in the hope that it will serve as an +elementary introduction to the larger German works on the subject from +which I have appropriated whatever seemed necessary for the purpose. In +the grammar much aid has been derived from Paul’s _Mittelhochdeutsche +Grammatik_, second edition, Halle, 1884, and Weinhold’s +_Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik_, second edition, Paderborn, 1883. The +former work, besides containing by far the most complete syntax, is also +the only Middle High German Grammar which is based on the present state +of German Philology.... I believe that the day is not far distant when +English students will take a much more lively interest in the study of +their own and the other Germanic languages (especially German and Old +Norse) than has hitherto been the case. And if this little book should +contribute anything towards furthering the cause, it will have amply +fulfilled its purpose. + + LONDON: _January, 1888._ + + +When I wrote the preface to the first edition of this primer in 1888, +I ventured to predict that the interest of English students in the +subject would grow and develop as time went on, but I hardly expected +that it would grow so much that a second edition of the book would be +required within so short a period. It has been revised throughout, and +several changes have been made in the phonology, but I have not thought +it advisable to alter the general plan and scope of the former edition. +After many years of personal experience as a teacher and examiner in the +older periods of the German language, I have become firmly convinced +that the larger books on the subject contain too many details for +beginners. I feel sure that the easiest and best way to acquire a +thorough knowledge of Middle High German is to start with an elementary +book like the present, and then to learn the details of the grammar, +especially the phonology of the various dialects, from a more advanced +work. + + OXFORD: _December, 1898._ + + + PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION + +In the preparation of the new edition, I have steadily kept in view the +class of students for whom the book was originally written. When the +first edition appeared twenty-eight years ago, there were very few +students in this country who took up the serious study of the older +periods of the various Germanic languages at the Universities. In late +years, however, the interest in the study of these languages has grown +so much that Honour Courses and Examinations in them have been +established at all our Universities. The result is that a book even +intended for beginners can now reasonably be expected to be of a higher +standard than the previous editions of this Primer. The grammatical +introduction has accordingly been entirely rewritten and expanded to +more than twice its original size. The texts have also been nearly +doubled by the addition of eighteen poems from Walther von der +Vogelweide, and selections from Reinmar, Ulrich von Lichtenstein, and +Wolfram von Eschenbach. + +The greater part of Middle High German literature is so excellent and +interesting that most students, who have mastered the grammatical +introduction and read the texts in the Primer, will doubtless desire to +continue the subject. Such students should procure a copy of either the +_Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik_ by Hermann Paul, eighth edition, Halle, +1911, or the _Mittelhochdeutsches Elementarbuch_ by Victor Michels, +second edition, Heidelberg, 1912, where the Grammar, especially the +phonology and syntax, can be studied in greater detail. They should also +procure a copy of the _Mittelhochdeutsches Taschenwörterbuch_ by +Matthias Lexer, tenth edition, Leipzig, 1910, and also have access to +the two standard Middle High German dictionaries-- _Mittelhochdeutsches +Wörterbuch mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Georg Friedrich Benecke_, +ausgearbeitet von Wilhelm Müller und Friedrich Zarncke, drei Bände, +Leipzig, 1854-61, and _Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch_, von Matthias +Lexer, zugleich als Supplement und alphabetischer Index zum +_Mittelhochdeutschen Wörterbuch_ von Benecke-Müller-Zarncke, drei Bände, +Leipzig, 1872-78. An excellent bibliography of the best editions of the +Middle High German texts-- classified according to the dialects in which +they were written-- will be found on pp. 20-35 of Michels’ +_Elementarbuch_. + +May the new edition of the Primer continue to further the study of the +subject in the future to the same extent as it has done in the past! + + JOSEPH WRIGHT. + + OXFORD, + _October, 1916._ + + + + +CONTENTS + + Pages + +INTRODUCTION ... 1 + + The classification of the MHG. dialects (§1). + + +CHAPTER I + +The Vowels ... 2-22 + + The MHG. alphabet (§2). Pronunciation of the MHG. vowels (§3). + Phonetic survey of the MHG. vowel-system (§4). The OHG. + equivalents of the MHG. vowels (§5). The characteristic + differences between OHG. and MHG. (§6). The weakening of + unaccented vowels (§§7-8). The loss of unaccented vowels (§9). + Umlaut (§10). The MHG. equivalents of the OHG. vowels (§11). + Ablaut (§12). Other vowel changes (§§13-18). + + +CHAPTER II + +The Consonants ... 22-35 + + Pronunciation of the consonants (§§19-20). Phonetic survey of the + MHG. consonants (§21). Characteristic differences between High + German and the other West Germanic languages (§22). The High + German sound-shifting (§§23-7). The interchange between {pf, b} + and {f}; {k, g} and {h}; {ȥȥ, ȥ} and {ss, s} (§28). The loss + of the guttural nasal {ŋ} (§29). Verner’s Law (§30). The doubling + of consonants (§31). The simplification of double consonants + (§32). The interchange between the lenes and the fortes (§33). + Interchange between medial {h} and final {ch} (§34). Initial and + medial {j} (§35). Medial and final {w} (§36). The loss of + intervocalic {b, d, g} (§37). The loss of intervocalic {h} + (§38). The loss of final {r} (§39). The change of medial {t} to + {d} after nasals and {l} (§40). + + +CHAPTER III + +Declension of Nouns ... 36-46 + + Introductory remarks (§41). + A. The vocalic or strong declension:-- Masculine nouns (§§42-5); + Neuter nouns (§§46-7); Feminine nouns (§§48-9). + B. The weak declension (§§50-3). + C. Declension of proper names (§54). + + +CHAPTER IV + +Adjectives ... 46-52 + + A. The declension of adjectives (§§55-6). + B. The comparison of adjectives (§§57-9). + C. The formation of adverbs from adjectives (§§60-1). + D. Numerals (§§62-4). + + +CHAPTER V + +Pronouns ... 53-57 + + Personal (§65). Reflexive (§66). Possessive (§67). + Demonstrative (§68). Relative (§69). Interrogative (§70). + Indefinite (§71). + + +CHAPTER VI + +Verbs ... 57-75 + + Classification of MHG. verbs (§72). + A. Strong verbs:-- The conjugation of the model strong verb + {nëmen} (§§73-4). Class I (§§76-7). Class II (§§78-80). + Class III (§81). Class IV (§82). Class V (§§83-4). + Class VI (§§85-6). Class VII (§87). + B. Weak Verbs:-- Classification of MHG. weak verbs (§§88-9). + Class I (§90). Class II (§92). + C. Minor groups.-- Preterite-presents (§93). Anomalous verbs + (§§94-8). Contracted verbs (§99). + + +CHAPTER VII + +Syntax ... 75-78 + + Cases (§§100-2). Adjectives (§103). Pronouns (§104). + Verbs (§§105-7). Negation (§108). + + +TEXTS:-- + + I. Berthold von Regensburg 79-83 + II. The Swabian Lantrehtbuoch 83-85 + III. Hartman von Ouwe 86-116 + IV. Walther von der Vogelweide 116-133 + V. Reinmar 133-139 + VI. Ulrich von Lichtenstein 140-148 + VII. Das Nibelungen-Lied 149-158 + VIII. Wolfram von Eschenbach 158-168 + + +NOTES ... 169-171 + + +GLOSSARY ... 172-213 + + + + +ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. + + + Goth. = Gothic + Gr. = Greek + HG. = High German + Lat. = Latin + MHG. = Middle High German + NHG. = New High German + OE. = Old English + OHG. = Old High German + OS. = Old Saxon + P. Germ. = Primitive Germanic + UF. = Upper Franconian + UG. = Upper German + +The asterisk * prefixed to a word denotes a theoretical form, as MHG. +{wärmen} from {*warmjan}, to warm. + +In representing prehistoric forms the following signs are used:-- +{þ} (= {th} in Engl. {thin}), {ð} (= {th} in Engl. {then}), {ƀ} +(= a bilabial spirant, which may be pronounced like the {v} in Engl. +{vine}), {ʒ} (= {g} often heard in German {sagen}), {χ} (= NHG. {ch} and +the {ch} in Scotch {loch}), {ŋ} (= {n} in Engl. {sunk}). + + + + +GRAMMAR + + +INTRODUCTION + +§1. + +MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN + +Middle High German (MHG.) embraces the High German language from about +the year 1100 to 1500. It is divided into three great dialect-groups: +Upper German, Franconian, and East Middle German. + +1. Upper German is divided into: (_a_) Alemanic, embracing High Alemanic +(Switzerland), and Low Alemanic (South Baden, Swabia, and Alsace). +(_b_) Bavarian, extending over Bavaria and those parts of Austria where +German is spoken. + +2. Franconian (West Middle German), which is subdivided into Upper +Franconian and Middle Franconian. Upper Franconian consists of East +Franconian (the old duchy of Francia Orientalis) and Rhenish Franconian +(the old province of Francia Rhinensis), Middle Franconian extending +over the district along the banks of the Moselle and of the Rhine from +Coblence to Düsseldorf. + +3. East Middle German, extending over: Thuringia, Upper Saxony, and +Silesia. + +Since it is impossible to deal with all these dialects in an elementary +book like the present, we shall confine ourselves almost exclusively to +Upper German, and shall only deal with that period of Middle High German +which extends from about 1200 to 1300. + + + + +PHONOLOGY + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +THE VOWELS + +§2. + +MHG. had the following simple vowels and diphthongs:-- + + Short vowels a, ä, ë, e, i, o, u, ö, ü. + Long „ ā, æ, ē, ī, ō, ū, œ, iu. + Diphthongs ei, ie, ou, uo, öu (eu), üe. + + NOTE.--{ë} represents primitive Germanic {e} (= Gr. ε, Lat. {e}, as + in Gr. δέκα, Lat. {decem}, MHG. {zëhen}, _ten_) and is generally + written {ë} in Old and Middle High German grammars, in order to + distinguish it from the OHG. umlaut-{e} (§10). The former was an + open sound like the {e} in English {bed}, whereas the latter was a + close sound like the {é} in French {été}. {ä} was a very open sound + nearly like the {a} in English {hat}, and arose in MHG. from the + {i}-umlaut of {a} (§10). Good MHG. poets do not rhyme Germanic {ë} + with the umlaut-{e}, and the distinction between the two sounds is + still preserved in many NHG. dialects. In like manner the modern + Bavarian and Austrian dialects still distinguish between {ä} and + {ë}. In the MHG. period {ä, ë}, and {e} were kept apart in + Bavarian, but in Alemanic and Middle German {ä} and {ë} seem to have + fallen together in {ë} or possibly {ä}, as the two sounds frequently + rhyme with each other in good poets. MHG. texts do not always + preserve in writing the distinction between the old umlaut-{e} and + the MHG. umlaut-{ä}, both being often written {e} in the same text. + +[**non-UTF-8] + NOTE.--{ë} represents primitive Germanic {e} (= Gr. [epsilon], Lat. + {e}, as in Gr. [deka], Lat. {decem}, MHG. {zëhen}, _ten_) and is + generally written {ë} in Old and Middle High German grammars, in + order to distinguish it from the OHG. umlaut-{e} (§10). The former + was an open sound like the {e} in English {bed}, whereas the latter + was a close sound like the {é} in French {été}. {ä} was a very open + sound nearly like the {a} in English {hat}, and arose in MHG. from + the {i}-umlaut of {a} (§10). Good MHG. poets do not rhyme Germanic + {ë} with the umlaut-{e}, and the distinction between the two sounds + is still preserved in many NHG. dialects. In like manner the modern + Bavarian and Austrian dialects still distinguish between {ä} and + {ë}. In the MHG. period {ä, ë}, and {e} were kept apart in + Bavarian, but in Alemanic and Middle German {ä} and {ë} seem to have + fallen together in {ë} or possibly {ä}, as the two sounds frequently + rhyme with each other in good poets. MHG. texts do not always + preserve in writing the distinction between the old umlaut-{e} and + the MHG. umlaut-{ä}, both being often written {e} in the same text. + + +PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOWELS. + +§3. + +The approximate pronunciation of the above vowels and diphthongs was as +follows:-- + + a as in NHG. m_a_nn man, _man_. + ā „ „ Engl. f_a_ther hāt, _has_. + ä „ „ „ m_a_n mähte, _powers_. + æ „ „ „ _ai_r lære, _empty_. + ë „ „ „ m_e_n hëlfen, _to help_. + e „ „ Fr. _é_t_é_ geste, _guests_. + ē „ „ NHG. r_e_h sē, _sea_. + i „ „ Engl. b_i_t biten, _to beg_. + ī „ „ „ w_ee_n wīn, _wine_. + o „ „ „ p_o_t golt, _gold_. + ō „ „ NHG. t_o_t tōt, _dead_. + u „ „ Engl. p_u_t guldīn, _golden_. + ū „ „ „ f_oo_l hūs, _house_. + ö „ „ NHG. l_ö_cher löcher, _holes_. + œ „ „ „ sch_ö_n schœne, _beautiful_. + ü „ „ „ f_ü_llen vüllen, _to fill_. + iu „ „ „ m_ü_de hiuser, _houses_. + ei = e + i stein, _stone_. + ie = i + e knie, _knee_. + ou = o + u ouge, _eye_. + öu (eu) = ö _or_ e + ü dröuwen, _to threaten_. + üe = ü + e grüeȥen, _to greet_. + uo = u + o bruoder, _brother_. + +To the above list should be added the MHG. {e} in unaccented syllables, +which mostly arose from the weakening of the OHG. full vowels, as OHG. +{zunga}, _tongue_, {hirti}, _shepherd_, {namo}, _name_, {fridu}, _peace_ += MHG. {zunge}, {hirte}, {name}, {fride}; OHG. {habēn}, _to have_, +{scōnī}, _beauty_, {salbōn}, _to anoint_, {zungūn}, _tongues_ = MHG. +{haben}, {schœne}, {salben}, {zungen}. The {e} in this position was +pronounced like the {-e} in NHG. {zunge}, {name}, {friede}, &c. + + +PHONETIC SURVEY OF THE MHG. VOWEL-SYSTEM. + +§4. + + Palatal { Short ä, ë, e, i, ö, ü. + { Long æ, ē, ī, œ, iu (= ü). + + Guttural { Short a, o, u. + { Long ā, ō, ū. + + +THE OHG. EQUIVALENTS OF THE MHG. VOWELS. + +§5. + +The following are the OHG. equivalents of the MHG. short vowels, long +vowels and diphthongs of accented syllables:-- + +1. The short vowels a, ë, e, i, o, u = the corresponding OHG. short +vowels, as {tac}, _day_, {gast}, _guest_, {bant}, _he bound_, {gap}, _he +gave_ = OHG. {tag}, {gast}, {bant}, {gab}. + +{wëc}, _way_, {nëmen}, _to take_, {zëhen}, _ten_ = OHG. {wëg}, {nëman}, +{zëhan}. + +{geste}, _guests_, {lember}, _lambs_, {vert}, _he goes_ = OHG. {gesti}, +{lembir}, {ferit}. + +{wiȥȥen}, _to know_, {hilfe}, _I help_, {visch}, _fish_ = OHG. {wiȥȥan}, +{hilfu}, {fisk}. + +{got}, _God_, {wol}, _well_, {geholfen}, _helped_ = OHG. {got}, {wola}, +{giholfan}. + +{sun}, _son_, {wurm}, _worm_, {gebunden}, _bound_ = OHG. {sunu}, {wurm}, +{gibuntan}. + +{ä} is the umlaut of {a} before certain consonant combinations which +prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as {mähte}, _powers_, +{hältet}, _he holds_, {wärmen}, _to warm_ = OHG. {mahti}, {haltit}, +{warmen} from {*warmjan} (§10). It also occurs in derivatives ending in +{-līch} and {-līn}, as {mänlīch}, _manly_, {tägelīch}, _daily_, +{väterlīn}, dim. of {vater}, _father_; and in words which originally had +an {i} in the third syllable, the vowel of the second syllable having +become {i} by assimilation, as {mägede}, _maids_, {zäher(e)}, _tears_ = +OHG. {magadi}, {zahari}. + +{ö} is the umlaut of OHG. {o}, as {löcher}, _holes_, {möhte}, _I might_ += OHG. {lohhir}, {mohti}; {götinne}, _goddess_, beside {got}, _God_. + +{ü} is the umlaut of OHG. {u}, as {dünne}, _thin_, {süne}, _sons_, +{züge}, _I might draw_ = OHG. {dunni}, {suni}, {zugi}. + +2. The long vowels ā, ē, ī, ō, ū = the corresponding OHG. long vowels, +as {sāt}, _seed_, {slāfen}, _to sleep_, {nāmen}, _we took_, {dāhte}, _he +thought_ = OHG. {sāt}, {slāfan}, {nāmum}, {dāhta}. + +{sēle}, _soul_, {mēre}, _more_, {lēren}, _to teach_ = OHG. {sēla}, +{mēro}, {lēren}. + +{wīp}, _wife_, {sīn}, _his_, {bīȥen}, _to bite_ = OHG. {wīb}, {sīn}, +{bīȥan}. + +{ōre}, _ear_, {tōt}, _death_, {kōs}, _I chose_ = OHG. {ōra}, {tōd}, +{kōs}. + +{hūs}, _house_, {tūsent}, _thousand_, {dūhte}, _it seemed_ = OHG. {hūs}, +{dūsunt}, {dūhta}. + +{æ} is the umlaut of OHG. {ā}, as {lære}, _empty_, {næme}, _thou +tookest_ = OHG. {lāri}, {nāmi}. + +{œ} is the umlaut of OHG. {ō}, as {schœne}, _beautiful_, {hœher}, +_higher_, {hœren}, _to hear_ = OHG. {scōni}, {hōhiro}, {hōren} from +{*hōrjan} older {*hausjan}. + +iu = (1) OHG. {iu} (diphthong), as {liute}, _people_, + {kiuset}, _he chooses_ = OHG. {liuti}, {kiusit}. + + = (2) the umlaut of OHG. {ū}, as {hiuser}, _houses_, + {briute}, _brides_ = OHG. {hūsir}, {brūti}. + +3. The diphthongs ei, ou, uo = the corresponding OHG. diphthongs, as +{bein}, _bone_, {leiten}, _to lead_, {schreip}, _I wrote_ = OHG. {bein}, +{leiten}, {screib}. + +{ouge}, _eye_, {houbet}, _head_, {bouc}, _I bent_ = OHG. {ouga}, +{houbit}, {boug}. + +{bruoder}, _brother_, {stuont}, _I stood_, {vuor}, _I went_ = OHG. +{bruoder}, {stuont}, {fuor}. + +ie = (1) OHG. {ie} (diphthong) older {ia}, {ea, ē} (Germanic {ē}), + as {hier}, _here_, {miete}, _pay, reward_, {gienc}, _I went_ + = OHG. {hier}, {mieta}, {gieng}. + + = (2) OHG. {io} (Germanic {eu}), as {bieten}, _to offer_, {liep}, + _dear_ = OHG. {biotan}, {liob}. + + = (3) the OHG. {io} which occurs in the preterite of the old + reduplicated verbs whose presents have {ou}, {ō, uo} (§87), + as inf. {loufen}, _to run_, {stōȥen}, _to push_, {ruofen}, + _to call_, preterite {lief}, {stieȥ}, {rief} = OHG. {liof}, + {stioȥ}, {riof}. + + = (4) Upper German {iu} (OHG. {io}) before labials and gutturals, + as {liup}, _dear_, {tiuf}, _deep_, {siuch}, _sick_, + {liugen}, _to tell a lie_ = {liep}, {tief}, {siech}, + {liegen}. + +{öu} ({eu}) is the umlaut of OHG. {ou}, as {löuber}, _leaves_, {löufel}, +_runner_ = OHG. {loubir}, {loufil}. + +{üe} is the umlaut of OHG. {uo}, as {grüene}, _green_, {güete}, +_goodness_, {vüere}, _thou didst go_ = OHG. {gruoni}, {guotī}, {fuori}. + + +UNACCENTED VOWELS AND UMLAUT. + +§6. + +The two most characteristic differences between OHG. and MHG. are: (1) +the spread of umlaut (§10); (2) the weakening and partial loss of vowels +in unaccented syllables. + + +1. THE WEAKENING OF UNACCENTED VOWELS. + +§7. + +The short vowels a, i, o, u, and the long vowels ē, ī, ō, ū were +weakened to {e}. This {e} was pronounced like the final {-e} in NHG. +{leute}, see §3. Examples are:-- + +{gëba}, _gift_, {hërza}, _heart_, {zunga}, _tongue_, {taga}, _days_ = +MHG. {gëbe}, {hërze}, {zunge}, {tage}; {heilag}, _holy_, neut. +{blindaȥ}, _blind_, {nëman}, _to take_ = MHG. {heilec}, {blindeȥ}, +{nëmen}. + +{kunni}, _race, generation_, {gesti}, _guests_ = MHG. {künne}, {geste}; +{kuning}, _king_, {beȥȥisto}, _best_, dat. pl. {gestim}, _to guests_, +gen. pl. {lembiro}, _of lambs_, {nimit}, _he takes_ = MHG. {künec}, +{beȥȥest} ({beste}), {gesten}, {lember(e)}, {nimet}. + +{haso}, _hare_, nom. acc. pl. fem. {blinto}, _blind_, gen. pl. {tago}, +_of days_ = MHG. {hase}, {blinde}, {tage}; acc. sing. {hason}, _hare_ = +MHG. {hasen}. + +{fridu}, _peace_, dat. sing. {gëbu}, _to a gift_, {nimu}, _I take_ = +MHG. {fride}, {gëbe}, {nime}; dat. pl. {tagum}, _to days_, {nāmum}, _we +took_ = MHG. {tagen}, {nāmen}. + +Nom. sing. masc. {blintēr}, _blind_, {unsēr}, _our_, {habēn}, _to have_, +{nëmēm}, _we may take_ = MHG. {blinder}, {unser}, {haben}, {nëmen}. + +{scōnī}, _beauty_ = MHG. {schœne}; {sālīg}, _blessed_, {nāmīm}, _we +might take_ = MHG. {sælec}, {næmen}. + +{salbōn}, _to anoint_, {suohtōs(t)}, _thou soughtest_, dat. pl. {gëbōm}, +{hërzōm} = MHG. {salben}, {suohtes(t)}, {gëben}, {hërzen}. + +Gen. dat. acc. sing., nom. acc. pl. {zungūn} = MHG. {zungen}. + + +§8. + +The vowel in suffixal and derivative syllables was generally weakened to +{e} just as in the inflexional syllables, but in some suffixal and +derivative syllables which had a secondary accent the vowel was not +weakened to {e}. This was especially the case with derivatives in {-ære} +(denoting nomina agentis), {-inne}, {-inc} ({-ing}), {linc} ({-ling}), +diminutives in {-īn} and {-līn}, abstract nouns in {-nisse} ({-nusse}, +{-nüsse}), {-unge}. In others the vowel fluctuated between the full +vowel and {e}, as in {-isch} beside {-esch}; {-ic} (= OHG. {-ag}, and +{-ī̆g}) beside {-ec}; superlative of adjectives {-ist} (= OHG. {-ist}) +beside {-est} (= OHG. {-ōst}); {-sal} beside {-sel}. Beside the full +forms {-līch}, {-rīch} occurred the shortened forms {-lich}, {-rich}. + +The OHG. endings of the present participle {-anti}, {-enti}, {-ōnti}, +{ēnti} regularly became {-ende}, but {-ant} occurs in a few old +participles which had become nouns, as {heilant}, _Saviour_, {wīgant}, +_warrior_, {vīant} beside {vīent} ({vīnt}), _fiend, enemy_. Examples +are: {gartenære}, _gardener_, {schepfære}, _creator_, {schrībære}, +_scribe_. + +{küneginne}, _queen_, {vriundinne}, _female friend_, {wirtinne}, +_mistress_. + +{edelinc}, _son of a nobleman_, {hendelinc}, _glove_, {vingerlinc}, +_ring_; {müedinc}, _unhappy man_. + +{magedīn}, _little girl_, {vingerīn}, _ring_; {kindelīn}, _little +child_, {vogelīn}, _little bird_. + +{hindernisse}, _hindrance_, {verdërbnisse}, _destruction_, +{vinsternisse}, _darkness_, {vancnüsse}, _captivity_. + +{beȥȥerunge}, _improvement_, {handelunge}, _action_, {mëldunge}, +_announcement_. + +{himelisch}, _heavenly_, {irdisch}, _earthly_, {kindisch}, _childish_, +beside {-esch}. + +{heilic} (OHG. {heilag}), _holy_, {honic} (OHG. {honag}, {honig}), +_honey_, {künic} (OHG. {cuning}, {cunig}), _king_, {manic} (OHG. +{manag}), _many a_, {sælic} (OHG. {sālīg}), _blessed_, beside {-ec}. + +{oberist} beside {oberest}, _highest_. + +{kumbersal}, _distress_, {trüebsal}, _gloom_, {wëhsal} beside {wëhsel}, +_change_. + +{bitterlīch}, _bitterly_, {sicherlīch}, _surely_, {wīslīch}, _wisely_, +beside {-lich}. + +{Dietrīch}, {Heinrīch}, beside {-rich}. + +The OHG. pronominal ending of the nom. sing. fem. and the nom. acc. pl. +neuter remained unweakened, as OHG. {blintiu} = MHG. {blindiu} (§55). + + +2. THE LOSS OF UNACCENTED VOWELS. + +§9. + +The weakened {e} regularly disappeared:-- + +1. After {l} and {r} in dissyllables with short stems, as {ar}, older +{are} (OHG. {aro}), _eagle_, acc. gen. dat. {arn}, beside {name}, +_name_, {namen}; {wol}, older {wole} (OHG. {wola}), _well_; {gar} (OHG. +{garo}), _ready_, {milch} (OHG. {milih}), _milk_, {zal} (OHG. {zala}), +_number_; {kil}, _quill_, gen. {kil(e)s}, dat. {kil}, pl. nom. acc. +{kil}, dat. {kil(e)n}, beside {tac}, _day_, gen. {tages}, dat. {tage}, +pl. nom. acc. {tage}, dat. {tagen}; {bërn}, _to bear_, {stëln}, _to +steal_, {nern}, _to rescue_, pres. sing. {stil}, {stils(t)}, {stilt}; +{ner}, {ners(t)}, {nert}, beside {hœren}, _to hear_, pres. sing. {hœre}, +{hœres(t)}, {hœret}. + +2. After liquids and nasals in trisyllabic and polysyllabic forms with +long stems, as {sælde} (OHG. {sālida}), _blessedness_, {hērsen}, +{hërsen} (OHG. {hērisōn}), _to rule_, {zierde} (OHG. {ziarida}), +_adornment_, {wandelte} (OHG. {wantalōta}), _I wandered_, {zwīfeln} +(OHG. {zwīfalōn}), _to doubt_, {wundern} (OHG. {wuntarōn}), _to wonder_, +{schœnste} (OHG. {scōnisto}), _most beautiful_, {diente}, {diende} (OHG. +{dionōta}), _I served_; {dienest}, _service_, gen. {dienstes}; {engel}, +_angel_, gen. {engel(e)s}, dat. {engel(e)}, pl. nom. acc. gen. +{engel(e)}, dat. {engel(e)n}, and similarly with words like {acker}, +_acre_, {lūter}, _clear_, {buosem}, _bosom_, {heiden}, _heathen_; +{grœȥer} (OHG. {grōȥiro}), _greater_, fem. dat. sing. {grœȥer} (OHG. +{grōȥiru}); dat. sing. {blindem(e)}, _blind_, {guotem(e)}, _good_ = OHG. +{blintemu}, {guotemu}; gen. pl. {blinder(e)} = OHG. {blintero}. After +the analogy of forms with long stems it was also dropped in forms with +short stems, as pl. {nagel}, _nails_, {vogel}, _birds_, beside {nagele}, +{vogele}; {wider} beside {widere} (OHG. {widaro}), _wether_, dat. sing. +{disem(e)}, _this_, {vadem(e)}, _thread_, gen. {vadem(e)s}. + +There was however a strong tendency in MHG. for the medial vowel to +disappear in trisyllabic forms with long stems irrespectively as to +whether they contained a liquid or a nasal, as {market}, _market_, gen. +{marktes}; {rīchsen} (OHG. {rīchisōn}), _to rule_, {ahte} (OHG. +{ahtōta}), _he observed_, {wartte}, {warte} (OHG. {wartēta}), _he +waited_, {vrāgte} beside {vrāgete} (OHG. {frāgēta}), _he asked_, +{dancte} beside {dankete} (OHG. {dankōta}), _he thanked_. See §92. + +3. In the medial syllable of trisyllabic forms with long stems having +liquids or nasals in successive syllables, as {dīme} beside {dīneme} +(OHG. {dīnemu}), dat. of {dīn}, _thy_; {eime} beside {ein(e)me} (OHG. +{einemu}), dat. of {ein}, _one_; {hērre}, {hërre} (OHG. {hēriro}), +_master_; {minre} beside {minner(e)} (OHG. {minniro}), _less_; {tiurre} +(OHG. {tiuriro}), _dearer_. + +4. Finally after a nasal, and medially after a nasal before a following +{t}, in forms with short stems, as {han(e)}, _cock_, {nam(e)}, _name_, +{sun} (OHG. {sun}, {sunu}), _son_, {won(e)}, _I dwell_; {man(e)t}, _he +admonishes_, {won(e)t}, _he dwells_, {scham(e)t}, _he shames_, +{nim(e)t}, _he takes_, {nëm(e)t}, _ye take_; pret. {won(e)te}, +{scham(e)te}. In these and similar forms the {e} was often restored +through the influence of forms which regularly preserved the {e}. + + NOTE.--The {e}, when not preceded by a nasal, was sometimes dropped + in verbal forms ending in {t}. This was especially the case in + {wirst}, {wirt} older {wirdes(t)}, {wirdet}; {siht}, _he sees_, + {sëht}, _ye see_, older {sihet}, {sëhet}; and often in forms like + {gilt}, {vint}, {spricht}, {sticht} beside {giltet}, {vindet}, + {sprichet}, {stichet}. + +5. The superlative of adjectives often has double forms, the one with +the loss of the medial {e}, and the other with the loss of the final +{e}, as {beste}, _best_, {ērste}, _first_, {grœste}, _greatest_, +{leste}, _last_, {min(ne)ste}, _least_, {wir(se)ste}, _worst_, beside +{beȥȥest(e)}, {ērest(e)}, {grœȥest(e)}, {leȥȥest(e)}, {minnest(e)}, +{wirsest(e)}, OHG. {beȥȥisto}, {ēristo}, {grōȥisto}, {leȥȥisto}, +{minnisto}, {wirsisto}. + +6. In the unstressed forms of dissyllables, as adv. {ane}, {abe}, +{mite}, {obe} beside the prepositions {an}, _on_, {ab}, _of_, {mit}, +_with_, {ob}, _over_; dat. sing. {dëme}, {wëme}, {ime}, beside {dëm}, +{wëm}, {im}; {unde}, _and_, {wande}, _for_, _because_, beside {und} +({unt}), {wan(d)}; {hërre}, {vrouwe}, beside {hër}, {vrou} before proper +names and titles. + +7. The {e} in the unaccented verbal prefixes {be-}, {ge-} often +disappeared before {l, n, r}, as {blīben}, _to remain_, {glīch}, _like_, +{glit}, _member_, {glouben}, _to believe_, {gnāde}, _favour_, {gnanne}, +_namesake_, {gnuoge}, _many_, {grade}, _quick_, {grëch}, _straight_, +beside {belīben}, {gelīch}, {gelit}, {gelouben}, {genāde}, {genanne}, +{genuoge}, {gerade}, {gerëch}; it disappeared before vowels during the +OHG. period, as {bange}, _anxious_: {ange}, _anxiously_, {gëȥȥan} p.p. +of {ëȥȥan}, _to eat_, {gunnan}, MHG. {gunnen}, {günnen}, _to grant_. + + +3. UMLAUT. + +§10. + +By umlaut is meant the modification (palatalization) of an accented +vowel through the influence of an {ī̆} or {j} which originally stood in +the following syllable. The only vowel which underwent this change in +OHG. was {a}, which became close {e} (§2, note). + +The change is first met with in OHG. monuments about the middle of the +eighth century. In the ninth century the process was practically +complete except when the {a} was followed by certain consonant +combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place. These consonant +combinations were:-- + +1. {ht}, {hs}, or consonant + {w}, as {maht}, _power_, pl. {mahti; +wahsit}, _he grows_, inf. {wahsan}; {bi-scatwen} from {*-scatwjan}, _to +shade_. + +2. In Upper German before {l} + consonant, before {hh}, {ch} (= Germanic +{k}), and often before {r} + consonant, and before {h} (= Germanic {h}), +as Upper German {haltit} beside Upper Franconian {heltit}, _he holds_, +inf. {haltan}; UG. {altiro} beside UF. {eltiro}, _older_; UG. {sachit} +beside UF. {sehhit}, _he quarrels_, inf. {sachan}, Goth. {sakan}; UG. +{warmen} beside {wermen}, Goth. {warmjan}, _to warm_; UG. {slahit} +beside {slehit}, _he strikes_, inf. OHG. {slahan}, Goth. {slahan}. + +3. In words ending in {-nissi}, {-nissa}, or {-līh}, as {firstantnissi}, +_understanding_; {infancnissa}, _assumption_; {kraftlīh}, _strong_; +{tagalīh}, _daily_. + +Umlaut must have taken place earlier in the spoken language than it is +expressed in late OHG. and early MHG. manuscripts, because the {ī̆} +which caused the umlaut was weakened to {e} in MHG. (§7) and {j} had +disappeared except between vowels. The vowels and diphthongs which +underwent umlaut in MHG. are a, o, u, ā, ō, ū, ou, uo. The umlaut of all +these sounds was completed by about the year 1200. + +a > e: {gast}, _guest_, pl. {geste} (OHG. {gesti}); {lamp}, _lamb_, pl. +{lember} (OHG. {lembir}); inf. {graben}, _to dig_, pres. second and +third pers. sing. {grebes(t)}, {grebet} (OHG. {grebis}, {grebit}); +{lanc}, _long_, beside {lenge} (OHG. {lengī}), _length_; {brennen}, +Goth. {brannjan}, _to burn_; {bette} (OHG. {betti}), _bed_. + +a > ä: From the twelfth century onwards the umlaut of {a} also +occurs--often beside forms without umlaut--in words containing the +consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., +as pl. {mähte} (OHG. {mahti}), _powers_; {geslähte} (OHG. {gislahti}), +_race_, _generation_; {wähset} (OHG. {wahsit}), _he grows_; {wärmen} +(OHG. {warmen}, older {*warmjan}), _to warm_; Upper German {älter} (OHG. +{altiro}), _older_; {kälte} (OHG. {kaltī}), _coldness_; {hältet} (OHG. +{haltit}), _he holds_; {äher} (OHG. {ahir}), _ear of corn_; {slähet} +(OHG. {slahit}), _he strikes_. It also occurs in derivatives ending in +{-līch}, {-līn}, as {mänlīch}, _manly_, {schämelīch}, _shameful_, +{tägelīch}, _daily_, {väterlīch}, _fatherly_, {väterlīn}, dim. of +{vater}, _father_. It is likewise met with in MHG. words which +originally had an {i} in the third syllable, the vowel of the second +syllable having become {i} by assimilation, as {frävele} (OHG. +{frafali}), _bold_, pl. {mägede} (OHG. {magadi}), _maids_, pl. +{zäher(e)} (OHG. {zahari}), _tears_. See §2, Note. + +o > ö: Although {ö}, the umlaut of {o}, is common in MHG. and still +commoner in NHG., yet all words containing this umlaut are really new +formations due to levelling or analogy, because primitive Germanic {u} +(§15) did not become {o} in OHG. when followed by an {ī̆} or {j} in the +next syllable. Examples are: {boc}, _he-goat_, beside dim. {böcklīn} +(OHG. {pochilī}); {dorf}, _village_, beside pl. {dörfer}; {got}, _God_, +beside {götinne}, _goddess_; {hof}, _court_, beside {hövesch}, +_courtly_; {loch} (OHG. {loh}), _hole_, beside pl. {löcher} (OHG. +{lohhir}); {tohter}, _daughter_, beside dim. {töhterlīn}; pret. subj. +{möhte} (OHG. {mohti}), _I might_; {törste} (OHG. {torsti}), _I might +dare_. + +u > ü: {dünne} (OHG. {dunni}), _thin_; {künne} (OHG. {kunni}), _race_, +_generation_; pl. {süne} (OHG. {suni}), _sons_; {tür} (OHG. {turi}), +_door_; pret. subj. {züge} (OHG. {zugi}), inf. {ziehen}, _to draw_. + + NOTE.--In Upper German certain consonant combinations often + prevented umlaut from taking place where it might be expected. Of + these the principal are:-- + + 1. Before a liquid + consonant, as {hulde} (OHG. {huldī}), _favour_; + {schuldec} (OHG. {sculdīg}), _guilty_; {gedultec} (OHG. {gidultīg}), + _indulgent_; {burge} (OHG. {burgi}), dat. of {burc}, _city_; + {sturbe} (OHG. {sturbi}), pret. subj. of {stërben}, _to die_; + {wurfe} (OHG. {wurfi}), pret. subj. of {wërfen}, _to throw_, cp. + 2 above. + + 2. {u} fluctuates with {ü} when followed by a nasal + consonant, + as {dunken}, _to seem_, {umbe}, _about_, {wunne}, _joy_, beside + {dünken}, {ümbe} (OHG. {umbi}), {wünne}. This fluctuation is + especially common in the pret. subjunctive, as {bunde}, {sunge}, + beside {bünde}, {sünge}, inf. {binden}, _to bind_, {singen}, _to + sing_. + + 3. {u} fluctuates with {ü} when followed by {gg}, {ck}, {pf}, {tz}, + {ȥȥ}, {st}, {ch}, and {g}, as {brugge}, {brügge}, {brucke}, + {brücke}, _bridge_; {mugge}, {mügge}, {mucke}, {mücke}, _midge_; + {drucken}, {drücken}, _to press_; {hupfen}, {hüpfen}, _to hop_; + {schupfen}, {schüpfen}, _to push_; {nutzen}, {nützen}, _to use_; + pret. subj. {fluȥȥe}, {flüȥȥe}; {schuȥȥe}, {schüȥȥe}, inf. + {flieȥen}, _to flow_, {schieȥen}, _to shoot_; pl. {bruste}, + {brüste}, _breasts_; {kuchen}, {küchen}, _kitchen_; pret. subj. + {fluge}, {flüge}, inf. {fliegen}, _to fly_. + +ā > æ: {lære} (OHG. {lāri}), _empty_; {mære} (OHG. {māri}), _renowned_; +{sæjen} (OHG. {sājan}), _to sow_; pret. subj. {næme} (OHG. {nāmi}), pl. +{næmen} (OHG. {nāmīm}), inf. {nëmen}, _to take_. + +ō > œ: {hœher} (OHG. {hōhiro}), _higher_; {hœhest} (OHG. {hōhisto}), +_highest_; {hœren} (OHG. {hōren}, from older {*hōrjan}), _to hear_; +{schœne} (OHG. {scōni}), _beautiful_. + +ū > iu: pl. {briute} (OHG. {brūti}), _brides_; {hiuser} (OHG. {hūsir}), +_houses_. + +Traces of the umlaut of {ū}, written {iu} (= {ǖ}), occur in late OHG. +monuments of the tenth century. It is common in the writings of Notker +(† 1022), as {hiute} older {hūti}, _skins_; {chriuter} older {chrūtir}, +_herbs_. In other writings of the tenth to the twelfth century the +umlaut of {ū} is seldom found. Umlaut did not take place in Upper German +before a following {m}, as {rūmen} from {*rūmjan}, _to make room_; +{sūmen} from {*sūmjan}, _to tarry_. + +ou > öu, often written {eu}, rarely {oi}, {öi}: {löufel} (OHG. +{loufil}), _runner_; {löuber} (OHG. {loubir}), _leaves_. + +Umlaut of {ou} did not take place in the combination {ouw} = OHG. {ouw}, +{auw}, West Germanic {aww}, primitive Germanic {awj}, as {frouwe} (OHG. +{frouwa}, prim. Germanic {*frawjō-}), _woman_; {ouwe} (OHG. {ouwa}, +{auwia}, prim. Germanic {*a(ʒ)wjō-}), _meadow_; {frouwen} (OHG. +{frouwen}, prim. Germanic {*frawjan}), _to rejoice_, and similarly +{douwen}, _to digest_, {drouwen}, _to threaten_, {strouwen}, _to strew_. +Forms like {fröuwen}, {döuwen}, {dröuwen}, {ströuwen} were analogical +formations due to the influence of the pres. second and third pers. +singular and the preterite which regularly had umlaut; see the Author’s +Historical German Grammar, §232. + +Umlaut of {ou} did not take place in Upper German before labials and +{g}, as {erlouben}, _to allow_, {gelouben}, _to believe_, {houbet}, +_head_, {koufen}, _to buy_, {troumen}, _to dream_, {toufen}, _to +baptize_, {bougen}, _to bend_, {ougen}, _to show_, beside Middle German +{erlöuben}, {gelöuben}, {höubet}, {köufen}, {tröumen}, {töufen}, +{böugen}, {öugen}. + +uo > üe: {grüene} (OHG. {gruoni}), _green_; {güete} (OHG. {guotī}), +_goodness_; {vüeȥe} (OHG. {fuoȥi}), _feet_; pret. pl. subj. {vüeren} +(OHG. {fuorīm}), _we might go_, inf. {varn}, _to fare_, _go_; {buoch}, +_book_, dim. {büechlīn}; {muoter}, _mother_, dim. {müeterlīn}. + + +THE MHG. EQUIVALENTS OF THE OHG. VOWELS. + +§11. + +OHG. had the following short vowels, long vowels, and diphthongs:-- + + Short Vowels a, e, ë, i, o, u. + Long „ ā, ē, ī, ō, ū. + Diphthongs ei, ie (ia, ea), ou (au), uo. + io (eo), + iu. + +The following are the MHG. equivalents of the above simple vowels and +diphthongs in accented syllables:-- + +1. The short vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. {a} +to {ä, o} to {ö, u} to {ü} (§10), and of {ë} to {e} before certain +consonants, the OHG. short vowels remained in MHG., as + +a = (1) MHG. a, as OHG. {fater}, _father_, {tag}, _day_, {faran}, + _to go_ = MHG. {vater}, {tac}, {varn}. + + = (2) MHG. ä, in words containing the consonant combinations which + prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as OHG. {mahti}, + _powers_, {kaltī}, _coldness_, {ahir}, _ear of corn_, {warmen}, + _to warm_ = MHG. {mähte}, {kälte}, {äher}, {wärmen}, see §10. + +e = MHG. e, as OHG. {gesti}, _guests_, {lembir}, _lambs_, {brennen}, + _to burn_ = MHG. {geste}, {lember}, {brennen}. + +ë = (1) MHG. ë, as OHG. {wëg}, _way_, {hëlfan}, _to help_, {stëlan}, + _to steal_ = MHG. {wëc}, {hëlfen}, {stëln}. + + = (2) MHG. e, before {st}, {sch}, and palatal {g}, as OHG. {nëst}, + _nest_, {swëster}, _sister_ = MHG. {nest}, {swester}; and + similarly, {gestern}, _yesterday_, {deste}, _all the more_, + {weste}, _I knew_, {dreschen}, _to thrash_, {leschen}, + _to go out_, {degen}, _warrior_; and also in a few words + before a following {l}, as {helm}, _helmet_, {vels}, _rock_, + {welch}, _which_, &c. + +i = MHG. i, as OHG. {fisk}, _fish_, {nimu}, _I take_, {wiȥȥan}, + _to know_ = MHG. {visch}, {nime}, {wiȥȥen}. + +o = (1) MHG. o, as OHG. {got}, _God_, p.p. {giholfan}, _helped_, + {tohter}, _daughter_ = MHG. {got}, {geholfen}, {tohter}. + = (2) MHG. ö, as OHG. {lohhir}, _holes_, {mohti}, _I might_ = MHG. + {löcher}, {möhte}. + +u = (1) MHG. u, as OHG. {sunu}, {sun}, _son_, {butum}, _we offered_, + {buntum}, _we bound_ = MHG. {sun}, {buten}, {bunden}. + = (2) MHG. ü, as OHG. {dunni}, _thin_, {suni}, _sons_ = MHG. {dünne}, + {süne}. + +2. The long vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. {ā} to +{æ, ō} to {œ}, and {ū} to {iu} (§10), the OHG. long vowels remained in +MHG., as + +ā = (1) MHG. ā, as OHG. {sāt}, _seed_, {slāfan}, _to sleep_, {dāhta}, + _I thought_ = MHG. {sāt}, {slāfen}, {dāhte}. + = (2) MHG. æ, as OHG {lāri}, _empty_, {nāmi}, _I might take_ + = MHG. {lære}, {næme}. + +ē = MHG. ē, as OHG. {ēra}, _honour_, {lēren}, _to teach_, {sēla}, + _soul_ = MHG. {ēre}, {lēren}, {sēle}. + +ī = MHG. ī, as OHG. {sīn}, _his_, {wīb}, _woman_, {snīdan}, _to cut_ + = MHG. {sīn}, {wīp}, {snīden}. + +ō = (1) MHG. ō, as OHG. {ōra}, _ear_, {tōd}, _death_, {kōs}, + _I chose_ = MHG. {ōre}, {tōt}, {kōs}. + = (2) MHG. œ, as OHG. {hōhiro}, _higher_, {hōren}, _to hear_, + {scōni}, _beautiful_ = MHG. {hœher}, {hœren}, {schœne}. + +ū = (1) MHG. ū, as OHG. {hūs}, _house_, {rūm}, _room_, {dūhta}, + _it seemed_ = MHG. {hūs}, {rūm}, {dūhte}. + + = (2) MHG. iu, as OHG. {hūsir}, _houses_, {brūti}, _brides_ + = MHG. {hiuser}, {briute}. + +3. The diphthongs: + +ei = MHG. ei, as OHG. {bein}, _bone_, {leiten}, _to lead_, {sneid}, + _I cut_ = MHG. {bein}, {leiten}, {sneit}. + +ie (older ia, ea = Germanic ē) = MHG. ie, as OHG. {hier}, _here_, + {mieta}, _reward_, {hielt}, _I held_, {hieȥ}, _I called_, {slief}, + _I slept_ = MHG. {hier}, {miete}, {hielt}, {hieȥ}, {slief}. + +io (eo) = Germanic eu (§16), and the io (eo) in the preterites of the + old reduplicated verbs whose presents have ou, ō, uo (§87). + = MHG. ie, as OHG. {liob}, _dear_, {biotan}, _to offer_ + = MHG. {liep}, {bieten}; OHG. {liof}, _I ran_, {stioȥ}, + _I pushed_, {riof}, _I called_ = MHG. {lief}, {stieȥ}, + {rief}. + +iu = MHG. ǖ written iu, as OHG. {liuti}, _people_, {kiusit}, _he + chooses_ = MHG. {liute}, {kiuset}. + +ou (older au) = (1) MHG. ou, as OHG. {ouga}, _eye_, {boug}, _I bent_, + {loufan}, _to run_ = MHG. {ouge}, {bouc}, {loufen}. + = (2) MHG. öu (eu), as OHG. {loubir}, _leaves_, + {loufil}, _runner_ = MHG. {löuber}, {löufel}. + +uo = (1) MHG. uo, as OHG. {bruoder}, _brother_, {muoter}, _mother_, + {stuont}, _I stood_ = MHG. {bruoder}, {muoter}, {stuont}. + = (2) MHG. üe, as OHG. {gruoni}, _green_, {fuoȥi}, _feet_, + = MHG. {grüene}, {vüeȥe}. + + +ABLAUT (VOWEL GRADATION). + +§12. + +By ablaut is meant the gradation of vowels both in stem and suffix, +which was chiefly caused by the primitive Indo-Germanic system of +accentuation. See the Author’s Historical German Grammar, §23. + +The vowels vary within certain series of related vowels, called +ablaut-series. In MHG. there are six such series, which appear most +clearly in the stem-forms of strong verbs. Four stem-forms are to be +distinguished in a MHG. strong verb which has vowel gradation as the +characteristic mark of its different stems:--(1) the present stem, to +which belong all the forms of the present, (2) the stem of the first or +third person of the preterite singular, (3) the stem of the preterite +plural, to which belong the second person of the preterite singular and +the whole of the preterite subjunctive, (4) the stem of the past +participle. + +By arranging the vowels according to these four stems we arrive at the +following system:-- + + i. ii. iii. iv. + + I. ī ei, ē i i + II. ie ou, ō u o + III. i, ë a u u, o + IV. ë a ā o + V. ë a ā ë + VI. a uo uo a + + NOTE.--1. On the difference between {ei} and {ē}, see §17; {ou} and + {ō}, §18; and in Series III {i} and {ë}, §14; {u} and {o}, §15. + + 2. Strong verbs belonging to Series II have {iu} in the indicative + pres. singular; and strong verbs belonging to Series III-V with {ë} + in the infinitive have {i} in the indicative pres. singular + (§§14, 16). + +EXAMPLES. + + I. snīden, _to cut_ snīde sneit sniten gesniten; + līhen, _to lend_ līhe lēch lihen gelihen. + II. biegen, _to bend_ biuge bouc bugen gebogen; + sieden, _to seethe_ siude sōt suten gesoten. + III. binden, _to bind_ binde bant bunden gebunden; + hëlfen, _to help_ hilfe half hulfen geholfen. + IV. nëmen, _to take_ nime nam nāmen genomen. + V. gëben, _to give_ gibe gap gāben gegëben. + VI. graben, _to dig_ grabe gruop gruoben gegraben. + +For further examples see the various classes of strong verbs §§76-86. +Class VII of strong verbs embracing the old reduplicated verbs (§87) has +been omitted from the ablaut-series, because the exact relation in which +the vowel of the present stands to that of the preterite has not yet +been satisfactorily explained. + + +OTHER VOWEL CHANGES. + +§13. + +Most of the following vowel changes took place in prehistoric times; but +as they play an important part in the verbs and word-formation, &c., we +shall give them here. + + +§14. + +ë (= Indo-Germanic e) became i in the prehistoric period of all the +Germanic languages:-- + +1. Before a nasal + consonant, as OE. {wind}, OHG. MHG. {wint}, Lat. +{ventus}, _wind_; OHG. {fimf}, {finf}, Gr. πέντε, _five_. This explains +why verbs like MHG. {binden}, _to bind_, {rinnen}, _to run_, {singen}, +_to sing_, belong to the same ablaut-series as {hëlfen}, _to help_, +{wërden}, _to become_. + +[**non-utf-8] +1. Before a nasal + consonant, as OE. {wind}, OHG. MHG. {wint}, Lat. +{ventus}, _wind_; OHG. {fimf}, {finf}, Gr. [pente], _five_. This +explains why verbs like MHG. {binden}, _to bind_, {rinnen}, _to run_, +{singen}, _to sing_, belong to the same ablaut-series as {hëlfen}, _to +help_, {wërden}, _to become_. + +2. Before other consonants when followed by an {ī̆} or {j} in the next +syllable, and further in OHG. when followed by an {u} in the next +syllable, as OHG. MHG. {ist}, Gr. ἐστί, _is_; OHG. {fihu}, Lat. {pecu}, +_cattle_; {ërde} (OHG. {ërda}), _earth_, but {irdīn}, _earthen_; {ligen} +(OHG. {liggen} from {*ligjan}), _to lie down_, {sitzen} (OHG. {sitzen} +from {*sitjan}), _to sit_, but p.p. {gelëgen} (OHG. {gilëgan}), +{gesëȥȥen} (OHG. {gisëȥȥan}). This explains why strong verbs belonging +to the fourth (§§12, 82) and fifth (§§12, 83) ablaut-series have {i} +throughout the present singular, and similarly in verbs belonging to the +third (§§12, 81) series with {ë} in the infinitive, as + + OHG. nëman, _to take_, three persons sing. nimu, nimis(t), nimit. + MHG. nëmen, „ „ „ „ nime, nimes(t), nimet. + OHG. gëban, _to give_, „ „ „ gibu, gibis(t), gibit. + MHG. gëben, „ „ „ „ gibe, gibes(t), gibet. + OHG. hëlfan, _to help_, „ „ „ hilfu, hilfis(t), hilfit. + MHG. hëlfen, „ „ „ „ hilfe, hilfes(t), hilfet. + + +§15. + +{u}, followed originally by an {ā̆}, {ō̆}, or {ē} in the next syllable, +became {o} when not protected by a nasal + consonant or an intervening +{ī̆} or {j}; hence the interchange between {u} and {o} in the preterite +plural and past participle of verbs belonging to the second +ablaut-series (§§12, 78), as {bugen} (OHG. {bugum}), _we bent_, p.p. +{gebogen} (OHG. {gibogan}); in the p.p. of verbs belonging to the third +ablaut-series (§§12, 81), as {gebunden} (OHG. {gibuntan}), but +{geholfen} (OHG. {giholfan}); in weak verbs as {fürhten} (OHG. {furhten} +from {*furhtjan}), _to fear_, beside pret. {vorhte} (OHG. {forhta}); +{hügen} (OHG. {huggen} from {*hugjan}) beside {hogen} (OHG. {hogēn}), +_to think_; in preterite presents like {durfen} (OHG. {durfum}), _we +dare_, beside pret. {dorfte} (OHG. {dorfta}); in many nouns and +adjectives, as {wolle} (OHG. {wolla}), _wool_, beside {wüllīn}, +{wullīn}, _woollen_; {wolf} (stem {*wulfo-}), _wolf_, beside {wülpinne}, +_she-wolf_; {vol}, _full_, beside {vülle} (OHG. {fullī}), _fulness_; +{golt}, _gold_, beside {guldīn}, _golden_. + + +§16. + +From primitive Germanic {eu} were developed two different diphthongs in +OHG., viz. {eu} became {eo} (cp. §15), later {io}, when originally +followed by an {ā̆}, {ō̆}, or {ē} in the next syllable, and this {io} +was regularly developed to {ie} in MHG.; whereas {eu} became {iu} in +OHG. when originally followed by an {ī̆, j} or {u} in the next syllable, +and this {iu} became {ǖ} (written {iu}) in MHG., even after the {ī̆, j} +or {u} had been weakened to {e}. This law explains the difference +between the diphthong {ie} in the infinitive and the simple vowel {iu} +(= {ǖ}) in the three persons singular of the present indicative of +verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (§§12, 78), as + + OHG. biogan, _to bend_, pres. sing. biugu, biugis(t), biugit; + MHG. biegen, „ „ „ biuge, biuges(t), biuget. + +Cp. further {tief} (OHG. {tiof}), _deep_, beside OHG. {tiufī}, _depth_; +{lieht} (OHG. {lioht}), _a light_, beside {liuhten} (OHG. {liuhten} from +{*liuhtjan}), _to light_. + + NOTE.--The {iu} in the above and similar examples must not be + confounded with the {iu} in the OHG. and MHG. combination {iuw} + which arose from prim. Germanic {eww} (= {euw}), and {ewj}, as + {triuwe} (OHG. {triuwi}, Goth. {triggws}), _true_; {triuwen}, + {trūwen}, _to trust_, pret. {triuete}, {triute}, {trūte}; {riuwe} + (OHG. {riuwa}), _regret_, {bliuwen} (OHG. {bliuwan}, Goth. + {bliggwan}), _to strike_, and similarly, {briuwen}, _to brew_, + {kiuwen}, _to chew_, {riuwen}, _to regret_; {niuwe} (OHG. {niuwi}, + Goth. {niujis}, prim. Germanic stem-form {*newja-}), _new_. This + {iu} before {w} never interchanged with MHG. {ie} from prim. + Germanic {eu}, and explains why the strong verbs {bliuwen}, &c. have + {iu} in all forms of the present. + + +§17. + +Accented primitive Germanic {ai} (= Goth. {ái}) became {ē} in OHG. +before {r, w}, Germanic {h} (cp. §23, 1), and finally; in MHG. it +appears also as {ē} before the same consonants and finally, as {mēre}, +{mēr} (OHG. {mēro}, Goth. {máiza}), _more_, {lēren} (OHG. {lēren}, Goth. +{láisjan}), _to teach_; {sēle} (OHG. {sēla}, older {sēula}, Goth. +{sáiwala}), _soul_; {snē} (OHG. {snēo}, Goth. {snáiws}), _snow_, gen. +OHG. and MHG. {snēwes}; {spīwen}, _to spit_, pret. {spē} (OHG. {spēo}, +Goth. {spáiw}); {dīhen}, _to thrive_, pret. {dēch} (OHG. {dēh}, Goth. +{dáih}); {wē} (OHG. {wē}, Goth. {wái}), _woe!_; in all other cases {ai} +became {ei} in both OHG. and MHG., as {stein} (Goth. {stáins}), _stone_, +{heiȥen} (OHG. {heiȥan}, Goth. {háitan}), _to call_; {snīden}, _to cut_, +pret. {sneit} (OHG. {sneid}, Goth. {snáiþ}). This accounts for the +difference between the {ei} and {ē} in the preterite singular of strong +verbs belonging to the first ablaut-series (§§12, 76). + + +§18. + +Primitive Germanic {au} became {ō} in OHG. before the consonants +{d, t}, {ȥ, s}, {n, r, l}, and Germanic {h} (cp. 23, 1). Before other +consonants and finally {au} became {ou} in the ninth century. Hence the +difference between {ō} and {ou} in the preterite singular of strong +verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (§§12, 78), as:-- + + Infinitive bieten, _to offer_, pret. sing. bōt + „ sieden, _to seethe_, „ „ sōt + „ kiesen, _to choose_, „ „ kōs + „ dieȥen, _to roar_, „ „ dōȥ + „ vliehen, _to flee_, „ „ vlōch (OHG. flōh); + but „ biegen, _to bend_, „ „ bouc + „ klieben, _to cleave_ „ „ kloup. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +THE CONSONANTS + + +1. PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS. + +§19. + +The MHG. consonant-system was represented by the following letters: + b, c, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, + s, sch, t, v, w, (x), z, ȥ. + +The letters k, l, m, n, p, t, w, (x) had nearly the same sound-values as +in English. The remaining letters require special attention. + +When the pronunciation of consonants merely differs in the intensity or +force with which they are produced, they are called fortes or lenes +according as they are produced with more or less intensity or force. In +MHG. the consonants {b, d, g} were not voiced explosives like English +{b, d, g}, but were voiceless lenes, and only differed from the fortes +{p, t, k} in being produced with less intensity or force, see §33. +A similar difference in pronunciation existed between antevocalic and +intervocalic {v, s} and final {f, s}, see §33. + +{c} and {k} represented the same sound. The latter was generally used at +the beginning, and the former at the end of a syllable, as {kunst}, +_art_; {trinken}, _to drink_, {senken}, _to sink_ (trans.), pret. +{tranc}, {sancte}. + +{ch} had the same sound as in NHG. {nacht}, {noch}, as {sprechen}, _to +speak_, pret. {sprach}; {hōch}, _high_. + +{f} had a twofold pronunciation in the oldest HG. It was a labiodental +when it arose from Germanic {f} (cp. OHG. {fater}, English {father}), +and bilabial when it arose from Germanic {p} (cp. inf. OHG. {slāfan}, +English {sleep}), but during the OHG. period the bilabial {f} became +labiodental. The two kinds of {f} did not however completely fall +together in pronunciation. {f} = Germanic {f} became a lenis initially +before and medially between vowels, and was often written {v} in the +former and generally {v} in the latter position, but remained a +fortis--written {f}--when final. In MHG. it was also often written {f} +initially before {l, r, u}, as {fliehen}, _to flee_, {fride}, _peace_, +{fünf}, _five_, beside {vliehen}, {vride}, {vünf}. On the other hand {f} += Germanic {p} (§23, 1), which only occurred medially and finally, was a +fortis and was always written {f} ({ff}), as {slāfen}, _to sleep_, pret. +{slief}; {tief}, _deep_, {schif} (gen. {schiffes}), _ship_, {offen}, +_open_. The two {f} sounds thus fell together when final, but the +distinction between the two sounds was still preserved in MHG. in the +intervocalic position, as {hof}, _court_, {schif}, _ship_, but gen. +{hoves}, {schiffes}. + +{h} before and after consonants was pronounced like {ch}, as {fuhs}, +_fox_, {naht}, _night_, {bevëlhen}, _to confide._ In other cases it had +the same sound as the {h} in English {hat}. + +{j} had nearly the same sound as the {y} in English {yet}, as {jār}, +_year_, {junc}, _young_; {blüejen}, _to blossom._ + +{q} occurred only in combination with {u} as in English, as {quëc}, +_quick, alive_, {quëden}, _to say._ + +{r} was a trilled sound in all positions like Scotch {r}, as {rōt}, +_red_, {hart}, _hard_, {bërn}, _to bear_, {vater}, _father._ + +{s} was a lenis medially between vowels and probably also initially +before vowels, but a fortis in other positions, as {sun}, _son_, +{wësen}, _to be_, pret. {was}, {bresten}, _to burst_. It may be +pronounced like the {s} in English {sit}. + +{sch} was like the {sh} in English {ship}, as {schif}, _ship_, +{geschëhen}, _to happen_, {visch}, _fish._ + +{v} was a voiceless lenis, and may be pronounced like the {v} in NHG. +{voll}. See {f}. + +{w} was pronounced like the {w} in English {wet}, as {wīn}, _wine_, +{bliuwen}, _to strike._ + +{z} and {ȥ} were not distinguished in MHG. manuscripts, both being +written {z}. Both {z} and {ȥ} (but {ȥȥ} medially between vowels when the +first vowel was short) arose from Germanic {t} (see §23). {z} had the +sound-value of {ts} (= NHG. {z}): (_a_) always initially, as {zīt}, +_time_; (_b_) medially and finally after consonants ({l, m}, {n, r}), as +{holz} (gen. {holzes}), _wood_, {hërze}, _heart_, {smërze}, _pain_, +{ganz}, _whole_; (_c_) finally after vowels (= Germanic {tt}) in those +words which change final {z} to {tz} when it becomes medial, as {schaz} +(gen. {schatzes}), OE. {sceatt}, _money, treasure_. MHG. intervocalic +{tz} always arose from older {tt}, as {setzen} = OE. {settan}, _to set_. +{ȥ} was a kind of lisped {s} and only occurred medially between and +finally after vowels, as {bīȥen}, _to bite_, {ëȥȥen}, _to eat_, {haȥ}, +_hatred_. It should be noted that good MHG. poets never rhymed pairs of +words like {was}, _was_, and {waȥ}, _what_; {missen}, _to miss_, and +{wiȥȥen}, _to know_. + +{ph} and {pf} represent the same sound, viz. the {pf} in NHG. {pfund}, +_pound_. + + +§20. + +MHG. has the following double consonants medially between vowels: {bb, +gg}; {p, tt, ck}; {ff, ss, ȥȥ}; {mm, nn}; {ll, rr}. They were always +pronounced long as in Italian and Swedish, as {bit-ter}, _bitter_, +{ëȥ-ȥen}, _to eat_, {küs-sen}, _to kiss_, {müg-ge}, _midge_, {rin-nen}, +_to run_. In NHG. double consonants are never long, they merely indicate +that the preceding vowel is short. + + +§21. + +{Phonetic Survey of the MHG. Consonants.} + + LABIAL. DENTAL. GUTTURAL. + + Voiceless { fortis p, pp t, tt k, ck + explosives { lenis b, bb d g, gg + + Spirants { fortis f, ff { s, ss, sch, ȥ, ȥȥ h (ch) + { lenis v { s + + Nasals m, mm n, nn n (= ŋ) + + Liquids l, ll; r, rr + + Semi-vowels w, j (palatal) + +To the above must be added the aspirate {h} and the affricatae (i.e. an +explosive + a homorganic spirant) {z} (i.e. {ts}) and {pf} ({ph}). + + +2. CONSONANT CHANGES. + +§22. + +The most characteristic difference between High German and the other +West Germanic languages is the shifting which the consonants {p, t, k, +þ}; {pp, tt, kk, þþ}; {b (ƀ), d, g (ʒ)}; {bb, dd, gg} underwent partly +in the prehistoric and partly in the historic period of Old High German. +In the following treatment of what is generally called the High German +sound-shifting only such points are considered as are of importance for +the purposes of this book. See Old High German Primer, §§82-6. + + +§23. + +The voiceless explosives p, t, k underwent a two-fold treatment +according to their position in the word: (1) Medially or finally after +vowels; (2) Initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n, +r), and when doubled. + + NOTE.--p, t, k remained unshifted in the combinations sp, + st, sk as also t in the combinations tr, ht, ft. + +1. Single p, t, k were shifted to the voiceless double spirants ff, ȥȥ, +hh (also written ch) = MHG. ff (f), ȥȥ (ȥ), ch. + +p > ff. OE. {open}, OHG. {offan}, MHG. {offen}, _open_; OE. {slǣpan}, +OHG. {slāffan}, MHG. {slāfen}, _to sleep_; OE. {ūp}, OHG. MHG. {ūf}, +_up_. + +t > ȥȥ. OE. {etan}, OHG. {ëȥȥan}, MHG. {ëȥȥen}, _to eat_; OE. {hātan}, +OHG. {heiȥȥan}, MHG. {heiȥen}, _to call_; OE. {hwæt}, OHG. {hwaȥ}, MHG. +{waȥ}, _what_. In a few cases the {ȥ, ȥȥ} became {s} in MHG. before {t} +or {st}, as pret. {saste} from {saȥte}: {setzen}, _to set_; {beste}, +_best_, {leste}, _last_ = OHG. {beȥȥisto}, {leȥȥisto}. + +k > hh. OE. {ic}, OHG. {ih}, MHG. {ich}, _I_; OE. {sprecan} ({specan}), +OHG. {sprëhhan}, MHG. {sprëchen}, _to speak_; OE. {tācen}, OHG. +{zeihhan}, MHG. {zeichen}, _token_. This {ch} must not be confused with +the MHG. {h, ch} which corresponded to Indo-Germanic {k} (= Germanic +{h}), as {ziehen}, _to draw, lead_, pret. {zōch}, cp. Lat. {dūcō}, _I +lead_, see §34. + +The double consonants were simplified in OHG. and MHG. according to §32. + +2. {p}, {t} initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n, +r), and when doubled, were shifted to the affricatae {pf} (also written +{ph}), {tz} (generally written {zz} and {z}) = MHG. {pf} ({ph}), {tz} +({z}). + +p > pf. OE. {pund}, OHG. MHG. {pfunt}, _pound_; OE. {gelimpan}, OHG. +{gilimpfan}, MHG. {gelimpfen}, _to be meet_; OE. {scieppan}, OHG. +{skepfen}, MHG. {schepfen}, _to create_. The {pf} became {f} after {l} +and {r} already in OHG., as {hëlfan}, MHG. {hëlfen}, OE. {helpan}, _to +help_; {wërfan}, MHG. {wërfen}, OE. {weorpan}, _to throw_. + +t > z. OE. {tunge}, OHG. {zunga}, MHG. {zunge}, _tongue_; OE. {heorte}, +OHG. {hërza}, MHG. {hërze}, _heart_; OE. {sealt}, OHG. MHG. {salz}, +_salt_; OE. {sittan}, OHG. {sizzen}, {sitzen}, MHG. {sitzen}, _to sit_; +OE. {sceatt}, OHG. {scaz} (gen. {scazzes}, {scatzes}), MHG. {schaz} +(gen. {schatzes}), _money, treasure_. + +{k}, {kk} (written {ck}) remained unshifted (except in High Alemanic), +as OE. {corn}, OHG. MHG. {korn}, _corn_; OE. {cnēo}, OHG. {kneo}, MHG. +{knie}, _knee_; OE. {sincan}, OHG. {sinkan}, MHG. {sinken}, _to sink_, +pret. {sanc}; OE. {þeccan}, OHG. MHG. {decken}, _to cover_. + + +§24. + +{þ} became {d}, and {þþ} became {tt}, as OE. {þorn}, OHG. MHG. {dorn}, +_thorn_; OE. {brōþor}, OHG. MHG. {bruoder}, _brother_. OE. {smiþþe}, +OHG. {smitta}, MHG. {smitte}, _smithy_; OE. {moþþe}, late MHG. {motte}, +_moth_. + + +§25. + +The voiced explosives {b, d, g}, and the voiced spirants {ƀ, ʒ} did not +undergo the same universal shifting as the voiceless explosives. {ƀ, ʒ} +became {b, g}. {b, g} remained, and {d} became {t}, as OE. {brōþor}, +OHG. MHG. {bruoder}, _brother_; OE. {bēodan}, OHG. {biotan}, MHG. +{bieten}, _to offer_; Goth. {giban} (= {giƀan}), OHG. {gëban}, MHG. +{gëben}, _to give_. OE. {dohtor}, OHG. MHG. {tohter}, _daughter_; OE. +{bēodan}, OHG. {biotan}, MHG. {bieten}, _to offer_; OE. {dēad}, OHG. +MHG. {tōt}, _dead_. OE. {gōd}, OHG. MHG. {guot}, _good_; OE. {flēogan}, +OHG. {fliogan}, MHG. {fliegen}, _to fly_. + + +§26. + +The double consonants {bb, dd, gg} = OHG. {pp (bb), tt, cc (gg)}, and +MHG. {pp (b), {tt, ck (gg)}, as OE. {sibb}, OHG. {sippa} ({sibba}), MHG. +{sippe} ({sibbe}), _relationship_; OE. {cribb}, OHG. {krippa} +({kribba}), MHG. {krippe (kribbe)}, _crib_. OE. {biddan}, OHG. {bitten}, +MHG. {bitten}, later {biten}, _to request_; OE. {þridda}, OHG. {dritto}, +MHG. {dritte}, later {drite}, _third_. OE. {brycg}, OHG. {brucca +(brugga)}, MHG. {brücke} ({brügge}), _bridge_. The fluctuation in the +writing of {pp} and {bb}, {ck} and {gg} is merely orthographical, and +does not represent a difference in pronunciation. Both pairs were used +to express the lenes medially between vowels. For other examples see +§31. + + +§27. + +The summary of the consonantal changes in §§23-6 may be expressed as +follows:-- + + WEST GERMANIC. MHG. + p; t; k; þ = ff (f), pf; ȥȥ (ȥ), z; ch; d. + pp; tt; kk; þþ = pf; tz (z); ck; tt. + b (ƀ); d; g (ʒ) = b; t; g. + bb; dd; gg = pp (bb); tt; ck (gg). + + +§28. + +The following sound-changes took place in primitive Germanic:--Every +labial + {t} became {ft}; every guttural + {t} became {ht}; every dental ++ {t} became {ss}, which was simplified to {s} after long vowels. This +explains the frequent interchange in MHG. between {pf, b} and {f}; +between {k, g} and {h}; and between {ȥȥ, ȥ} and {ss, s} in forms which +are etymologically related. + +{pf}, {b}--{f}. {schepfen}, _to create_: {geschaft}, _creature_; +{gëben}, _to give_: {gift}, _gift_; {wëben}, _to weave_: English {weft}. + +{k}, {g}--{h}. {würken}, _to work_: pret. {worhte}; {denken}, _to +think_: pret. {dāhte}; {mugen} ({mügen}), _to be able_: pret. {mohte}; +{bringen}, _to bring_: pret. {brāhte}. + +{ȥȥ}, {ȥ}--{ss}, {s}. {gieȥen}, _to pour_: {güsse}, _inundation_; +{wiȥȥen}, _to know_: pret. {wisse (wiste): wīs}, _wise_; {muoȥ}, _must_: +pret. {muose} ({muoste}); {ëȥȥen}, _to eat_: {ās}, _carrion_. Preterites +like {wiste}, {muoste} were formed after the analogy of preterites like +{worhte}, {dāhte}, where the {t} was regular. + + +§29. + +The guttural nasal {ŋ} (written n) only occurred in the combinations +{nk} ({nc}) and {ng}. It disappeared before {h} (= prim. Germanic {χ}) +in primitive Germanic with lengthening of a preceding short vowel, as +{vāhen} from prim. Germanic {*faŋχanan}, _to seize, catch_, beside p.p. +{gevangen}; and similarly {hāhen}, _to hang_, p.p. {gehangen}; pret. +{brāhte}, {dāhte}, {dūhte}, beside {bringen}, _to bring_, {denken}, _to +think_, {dunken}, _to seem_. + +The guttural nasal disappeared in an unstressed syllable when preceded +by an {n} in a stressed syllable in the course of the OHG. and MHG. +period, as OHG. {honag}, MHG. {honec}, beside OHG. {honang}, _honey_; +OHG. {kunig}, MHG. {künec}, beside OHG. {kuning}, _king_; OHG. +{pfennig}, MHG. {pfennic}, beside OHG. {pfenning}, MHG. {pfenninc}, +penny. And similarly with dental {n}, as {senede} beside {senende}, +_longing, yearning_. + + +§30. + +Strong verbs, which have a medial {v} ({f}), {d, h, s} in the present, +have respectively {b, t, g} ({ng}), {r} in the second person sing. pret. +indicative, the preterite plural indicative, the pret. subjunctive and +the past participle. This interchange of consonants is called Verner’s +Law, see OHG. Primer, §§72, 87:-- + + INF. PRET. PL. P.P. + v(f)--b. heven, _to raise_ huoben gehaben. + d--t. mīden, _to avoid_ miten gemiten. + snīden, _to cut_ sniten gesniten. + h--g. dīhen, _to thrive_ digen gedigen. + ziehen, _to draw_ zugen gezogen. + slahen, _to strike_ sluogen geslagen. + h--ng (§29). hāhen, _to hang_ hiengen gehangen. + vāhen, _to catch_ viengen gevangen. + s--r. rīsen, _to fall_ rirn gerirn. + kiesen, _to choose_ kurn gekorn. + +This law has, however, many exceptions in MHG. owing to levelling having +taken place with the infinitive, present indicative and preterite +singular, as {risen}, {gerisen} beside {rirn}, {gerirn}. + +The same interchange of consonants exists between strong verbs and their +corresponding causative weak verbs, as {līden}, _to go_: {leiten}, _to +lead_; {hāhen}, _to hang_: {hengen}, _to hang_ (trans.); {ge-nësen}, _to +be saved_: {nern}, _to save_; and in nouns, &c., as {hof} (gen. +{hoves}), _court_: {hübesch}, _courtly_; {tōt} (gen. {tōdes}), _death_: +{tōt} (gen. {tōtes}), _dead_; {swëher}, _father-in-law_: {swiger}, +_mother-in-law_; {hase}: English {hare}. + + +§31. + +The doubling of consonants took place under certain well-defined rules +partly in prim. Germanic and partly in prim. West Germanic, see the +Author’s Hist. Germ. Grammar, §§202, 213-14. Examples of words which had +double consonants in prim. Germanic are: {kopf}, head; {napf} (OE. +{hnæp}, gen. {hnæppes}), _basin_; {boc} (OE. {bucca}), _buck_, gen. +{bockes}; {rinnen}, _to run_; {swimmen}, _to swim_; {vol} (gen. +{volles}), _full_; {vërre}, _far_; {gewisser}, _certain_. + +The chief cases in which double consonants arose in prim. West Germanic +were:-- + +1. The assimilation of {ƀn, ʒn, pn} to {bb, gg, pp} = MHG. {pp, ck (gg), +pf}, as {knappe}: {knabe}, _boy_; {rappe}: {rabe}, _raven_; {rocke}: +{rogge}, _rye_; {tropfe}, _drop_: {triefen}, _to drip_. + +2. {p, t, k} were doubled before a following {r} or {l}. The doubling +regularly took place in the inflected forms, and was then extended to +the uninflected forms by levelling, as {apfel} (OE. {æppel}), _apple_; +{kupfer} (Lat. {cuprum}), _copper_; {bitter} (Goth. {báitrs}), _bitter_, +see §23 note; {lützel} (OS. {luttil}), _little_; {acker} (Goth. {akrs}), +_field_; {wacker} (OE. {wæccer}), _watchful_. See §23, 2. + +3. All single consonants, except {r}, were doubled after a short vowel +when there was originally a {j} in the next syllable. The {bb}, {dd}, +{gg}; {pp}, {tt}, {kk}, which thus arose, became {pp} ({bb}), {tt}, {ck} +({gg}); {pf}, {tz}, {ck} in MHG. (§§23,2, 26), as {sippe} ({sibbe}), +Goth. {sibja}, _relationship_; {bitten}, later {biten}, Goth. {bidjan}, +_to request_; {tretten} (_wv._): {trëten} _(sv.), to tread_; {brücke} +({brügge}), _bridge_; {ecke} ({egge}), _edge_; {mücke} ({mügge}), +_midge_; {rücke} ({rügge}), _ridge, back_. {schepfen}, Goth. {skapjan}, +_to create_; {hitze}, _heat_: {heiȥ}, _hot_; {netzen}, _to wet_: {naȥ}, +_wet_; {setzen}, Goth. {satjan}, _to set_; {sitzen}, _to sit_: pret. +{saȥ}, p.p. {gesëȥȥen}; {decken}, _to cover_: {dach}, _cover_; {lücke}, +_gap_: {loch}, _hole_. {zellen}, later {zeln}, _to count_: {zal}, +_number_. {vremmen}, later {vremen} (OE. {fremman}), _to perform_. +{henne}, _hen_: {hane}, _cock_. + +In MHG. the double consonants in verbs were often simplified through the +levelling out of forms which regularly had a single consonant, e.g. +regular forms were: {vremmen}, _to perform_, sing. {vremme}, {vremes(t), +vremet}, pl. {vremmen}, {vremmet}, {vremment}, pret. {vremete}, p.p. +{gevremet}, then the stem-form with single {m} was levelled out into all +the forms, and similarly with many other verbs, as {denen}, _to +stretch_; {seln}, _to hand over_; {weln}, _to choose_; {wenen}, _to +accustom_; {legen} beside {lecken} ({leggen}), _to lay_; and the strong +verbs {biten}, _to beg_; {ligen} beside {licken (liggen)}, _to lie +down_. + + +§32. + +Double consonants were simplified:-- + +1. When they became final, as {boc}, _buck_, {kus}, _kiss_, {man}, +_man_, {schif}, _ship_, {stum}, _dumb_, {vël}, _hide_, beside gen. +{bockes}, {kusses}, {mannes}, {schiffes}, {stummes}, {vëlles}; pret. +{maȥ}, {ran}, {traf}, beside {mëȥȥen}, _to measure_, {rinnen}, _to run_, +{trëffen}, _to hit_. + +2. Before other consonants, as pret. {dacte (dahte), nante (nande), +kuste}, beside {decken}, _to cover_, {nennen}, _to name_, {küssen}, _to +kiss_. + +3. After consonants, as pret. {sante} ({sande}) from {*santte}, {wante} +({wande}) from {*wantte}, beside {senden}, _to send_, {wenden}, _to +turn_. + +4. After long vowels and diphthongs, as pret. sing. {leite} from +{*leitte}, pret. pl. {māȥen}, {trāfen}, {vielen}, beside {leiten}, _to +lead_, {mëȥȥen}, _to measure_, {trëffen}, _to hit_, {vallen}, _to fall_. +This simplification of double consonants took place during the OHG. +period, as {slāfan}, _to sleep_, {heiȥan}, _to call_, {loufan}, _to +run_, {zeichan}, _token_, beside older OHG. {slāffan}, {heiȥȥan}, +{louffan}, {zeihhan}. + + +§33. + +In MHG. the lenes {b, d, g} became the fortes {p, t, c (k)} when they +ended a syllable, that is when they came to stand finally, or medially +before a voiceless consonant. Traces of this law existed already in OHG. +The interchange between the lenes and fortes includes two independent +processes, viz. the change of the medial lenes {b, d, g} to the final +fortes {p, t, k}, and the change of the final {f, s} to the medial +intervocalic lenes {v} and to what is written {s} (cp. also NHG. +{lesen}, {las}). It must be noted that in MHG. the interchanging pairs +of consonants were all voiceless and that the difference merely +consisted in the intensity or force with which the sounds were produced. +This is quite different from NHG. where the interchange is between +voiced and voiceless sounds except in the case of {f} which is voiceless +in all positions in native words. Examples are: {gëben}, _to give_, +{gelouben}, _to believe_, {wërben}, _to turn_, beside pret. {gap}, +{geloupte}, {warp}; gen. {lībes}, {lambes}, beside nom. {līp}, _life_, +{lamp}, _lamb_. {binden}, _to bind_, {wërden}, _to become_, beside pret. +{bant}, {wart}; gen. {kindes}, {tōdes}, beside nom. {kint}, _child_, +{tōt}, _death_. {biegen}, _to bend_, {singen}, _to sing_, {zeigen}, _to +show_, beside pret. {bouc}, {sanc}, {zeicte}; gen. {tages}, {bërges}, +beside nom. {tac}, _day_, {bërc}, _mountain_. {nëve}, _nephew_, beside +{niftel}, _niece_; gen. {hoves}, {brieves}, beside nom. {hof}, _court_, +{brief}, _letter_. {kiesen}, _to choose_, {lësen}, _to gather_, {lœsen}, +_to loose_, beside pret. {kōs}, {las}, {lōste}; pl. {hiuser}, beside +sing. {hūs}, _house_. + + +§34. + +Final {ch} after vowels interchanged with medial {h}, as {schuoch}, +_shoe_, gen. {schuohes}; {hōch}, _high_, gen. {hōhes}; {nāch}, _near_, +adv. {nāhe}; pret. {geschach}, {sach}, beside {geschëhen}, _to happen_, +{sëhen}, _to see_. + +The medial combinations {lh}, {rh} were written {lch}, {rch} when they +came to stand finally, as {bevëlhen}, _to confide_, pret. {bevalch}; +gen. {schëlhes}, {twërhes}, beside nom. {schëlch}, {twërch}, _askew_, +see §19. {h} (= {ch}) and {ch} often disappeared in unstressed syllables +and particles, as {ē̆t}, _only_, {hīnte}, {hīnt}, _to-night_, {niet}, +_not_, {dur}, _through_, beside {ëht}, {hīnaht}, {niht}, {nieht}, +{durch}. + + +§35. + +Initial {j} became or was written {g} before a following {i}, as +{gihet}, _he assures_, beside inf. {jëhen}, pret. {jach}, and similarly +{jësen}, _to ferment_, {jëten}, _to weed_. In the verba pura forms with +and without the intervocalic glide {j} existed side by side in OHG. and +MHG., as {blüejen} (OHG. {bluojen}) beside {blüen} (OHG. {bluoen}), _to +bloom_; and similarly {dræjen}, _to twist_, {müejen}, _to trouble_, +{sæjen}, _to sow_, beside {dræn}, {müen}, {sæn}. In a few words forms +with and without intervocalic {j (g)} existed side by side, as gen. +{blīges} beside nom. {blī}, _lead_; {eijer}, {eiger} beside {eier}, +_eggs_; {frījen}, {frīgen} beside {frīen}, _to free_; {meige}, {meie}, +_May_; {nerigen}, {nerjen} beside {nern}, _to save_, _rescue_; +{swerigen}, {swerjen} beside {swern}, _to swear_; gen. {zwīges}, +{zwīes}, nom. {zwī}, _twig_; gen. {zweiger}, {zweier}, _of two_. + + +§36. + +In OHG. {w} became vocalized to {o} when it came to stand at the end of +a word or syllable, and then generally disappeared after long vowels, +but the medial {w} regularly remained in OHG. and MHG. when it was at +the beginning of a syllable, as {blā} (OHG. {blāo}, {blā}), _blue_, gen. +{blāwes}; {snē} (OHG. {snēo}, {snē}), _snow_, gen. {snēwes}; {strō} +(OHG. {strao}, {strō} by contraction), _straw_, gen. {strōwes}; {knie} +(OHG. {kneo}), _knee_, gen. {kniewes}, OHG. {knëwes}; {schate} (OHG. +{scato}), _shadow_, gen. {schat(e)wes}; pret. {blou}, {hiu}, {kou}, +beside {bliuwen}, _to strike_, {houwen}, _to hew_, {kiuwen}, _to chew_; +{fal} (OHG. {falo}), _fallow_, gen. {falwes}; {gar} (OHG. {garo}), +_ready_, gen. {garwes}; {mël} (OHG. {mëlo}), _meal_, gen. {mëlwes}; +{smër} (OHG. {smëro}), _fat_; pret. {smirte}, {ströute}, beside +{smirwen}, _to smear_, {ströuwen}, _to strew_. See §9, r. + +The {w} element sometimes disappeared in the initial combinations +{qua-}, {quā-}, {quë-}, {qui-}, {quī-} partly with and partly without +influencing the quality of the following vowel, as pret. sing. {kam}, +{kom} beside {quam}, _he came_, pret. pl. {kōmen}, {kāmen} beside +{quāmen}; {kāle} beside {quāle}, _torture_; {këc} beside {quec}, +_alive_; {korder}, {körder} beside {quërder}, _bait_; {komen}, {kömen}, +{kumen} beside {quëmen}, _to come_; pres. sing. {kume}, {küm(e)s(t)}, +{kum(e)s(t)}, {küm(e)t}, {kum(e)t} = OHG. {quimu}, {quimis}, {quimit}; +{kücken} beside {quicken}, _to enliven_; {kīt} beside {quīt} = {quidet}, +_he says_. + + +§37. + +Medial {-ibe-}, {-ide-}, {-ige-} were sometimes contracted to {ī}; and +medial {-age-}, {-ege-} to {ei}, as {gīst}, _thou givest_, {gīt}, _he +gives_, beside {gibes(t)}, {gibet}; {quīst}, _thou sayest_, {quīt}, _he +says_, beside {quides(t)}, {quidet}; {līst}, _thou liest down_, {līt}, +_he lies down_, beside {liges(t)}, {liget}. {meit} beside {maget}, +_maid_; {seist}, _thou sayest_, {seit}, _he says_, beside {sages(t)}, +{saget}; {leist}, _thou layest_, {leit}, _he lays_, beside {leges(t)}, +{leget}; {eislīch} beside {egeslīch}, _terrible_; {gein} beside {gegen}, +_against_. + + +§38. + +Intervocalic {h} often disappeared when the first vowel was long, and +then the two vowels underwent contraction, as {hān}, _to hang_, {vān}, +_to catch_, {vlēn}, _to implore_, {hō} (adv.), _high_, beside {hāhen}, +{vāhen}, {vlēhen}, {hōhe}. Other contracted forms will be found in the +Glossary. + + +§39. + +The final {r} disappeared after long vowels in monosyllables when the +next word began with a consonant, but was often restored analogically, +as {dā} (OHG. {dār}), _there_: {dārinne}, _therein_; {wā} (OHG. {wār}), +_where_: {wārinne}, _wherein_; {hie} (OHG. {hiar}): {hierunder}, +_hereunder_; adv. {mē} (OHG. {mēr}), _more_; {ē} (OHG. {ēr}), +_formerly_; {sā} (OHG. {sār}), _at once_. + + +§40. + +Medial {t} (§25) became {d} after nasals in late OHG. and early MHG., as +{senden}, _to send_, gen. {blindes} (nom. {blint}, _blind_), pret. +{nande}, _he named_, {rūmde}, _he left_, beside early MHG. {senten}, +{blintes}, {nante}, {rūmte}. It also occasionally became {d} after {l}, +as {halden} beside {halten}, _to hold_, {solde} beside {solte}, pret. of +{suln}, _shall_. + + + + +ACCIDENCE + +CHAPTER III + + +DECLENSION OF NOUNS + +§41. + +MHG. nouns have two numbers: singular and plural; three genders: +masculine, feminine, and neuter, as in OHG. and NHG., from which the +gender of nouns in MHG. does not materially differ; four cases: +nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. Traces of an old locative +occur in what is called the uninflected dative singular of {hūs}, +_house_, beside {hūse}, and in proper names like {Engellant} beside +{Engellande}. The vocative is like the nominative. + +In MHG., as in the older periods of the other Germanic languages, nouns +are divided into two great classes, according as the stem originally +ended in a vowel or a consonant, cp. the similar division of nouns in +Latin and Greek. Nouns whose stems originally ended in a vowel belong to +the vocalic or so-called strong declension. Those whose stems originally +ended in {-n} belong to the so-called weak or {n-}declension. All other +consonantal stems are generally put together under the general heading, +‘Minor Declensions’. In OHG. nouns whose stems originally ended in a +vowel are subdivided into the {a-}declension including pure {a-}stems, +{ja-}stems, and {wa-}stems; the {ō-}declension including pure {ō-}stems, +{jō-}stems, and {wō-}stems; the {ī̆-}declension, and the {u-}declension. +All the nouns belonging to the {u-}declension went over into other +declensions in MHG. (cp. §§43, 44, 49). But as all final vowels either +disappeared (some of them already in OHG.) or were weakened to {e} in +MHG. (see §§7, 8), it is no longer practicable to retain the OHG. +subdivision fully without entering into the oldest and in many cases +into the prehistoric period of the language, which would be quite out of +place in a MHG. grammar. The old ‘Minor Declensions’ had begun to pass +over into the vocalic, especially into the {i-} and {a-}, declensions in +the oldest OHG. The remnants of the old inflexions preserved in MHG. +will be noted in the following paragraphs. The neuter nouns whose stems +originally ended in {-os}, {-es} (cp. §47) are in this Primer included +in the strong declension. + + +A. THE VOCALIC OR STRONG DECLENSION. + +1. {Masculine Nouns.} + +§42. + +{First declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns which +form their plural in {-e} only. It includes: (a) the old masculine +{a-}stems; (b) the old masculine {wa-}stems which lost their final {-w} +after long vowels in OHG., as {sē}, _sea_, gen. {sēwes}, pl. {sēwe}, and +similarly {bū}, _dwelling_, {rē} (also neuter), _corpse_, {snē}, _snow_, +see §36; and (c) the old masculine {i-}stems which could not have umlaut +in the plural (§44). + + SING. + + Nom. Acc. tac, _day_ kil, _quill_ engel, _angel_ + Gen. tages kil(e)s engel(e)s + Dat. tage kil(e) engel(e) + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. Gen. tage kil(e) engel(e) + Dat. tagen kil(e)n engel(e)n + +On the interchange between fortis and lenis, as in {tac}, _day_, {lop}, +_praise_, {sant}, _sand_, {hof}, _court_, gen. {tages}, {lobes}, +{sandes}, {hoves}, see §33. + +Like {tac} are also declined the old consonantal stems {vīent}, _enemy_, +and {vriunt}, _friend_, but pl. {vriunde} beside the old plural +{vriunt}. + +Like {kil} are declined all monosyllabic masculine nouns having a short +stem-vowel and ending in {-l} or {-r} (§9, 1). + +Like {engel} are declined masculine polysyllabic nouns ending in {-el}, +{-em}, {-en}, {-er}, when their stem-syllable is long, as {mantel}, +_mantle_, {ātem}, _breath_, {morgen}, _morning_, {acker}, _field_. +Those in {-em}, {-en} generally retain the {e} in the dative plural. +Polysyllabic nouns with short stem-syllables fluctuate between the +retention or loss of the {e}, as gen. sing. {vogeles} or {vogels}, dat. +sing, and nom. acc. pl. {vogele} or {vogel}, and similarly {vadem}, +_thread_, {rëgen}, _rain_, {sumer}, _summer_, see §9,2. + + +§43. + +{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns +whose nom. and acc. singular end in {-e}, which is the only difference +between this and the first declension. It includes: (a) the old +masculine {ja-}stems; (b) many old {u-}stems with short stem-syllable, +as {fride} (OHG. {fridu}), _peace_, {site} (OHG. {situ}), _custom_, and +similarly {huge}, _thought_, {mëte}, _mead_, {sige} beside {sic}, +_victory_, {wite}, _wood_ (see §36); (c) the old short {i-}stem {wine}, +_friend_; and (d) the old masculine {wa-}stem {schate} (gen. +{schat(e)wes} beside {schates}), _shadow_. + + SING. PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. hirte, _shepherd_ hirte + Gen. hirtes hirte + Dat. hirte hirten + + +§44. + +{Third declension.}--To this declension belong all masculine nouns +which form their plural in {-e} and with umlaut of the stem-vowel. +It includes: (a) the old masculine {i-}stems; (b) the old masculine +{u-}stem {sun} (OHG. {sunu}, {sun}), _son_; and (c) the two old +consonant stems {fuoȥ}, _foot_, {zant} (gen. {zandes}), {zan}, _tooth_. + + SING. PLUR. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + + Nom. Acc. gast gast, _guest_ geste gesti + Gen. gastes gastes geste gesteo, -io + Dat. gaste gaste gesten gestim + +The singular of nouns of this declension was inflected like the +{a-}stems (§42) already in OHG. And owing to the weakening of the +case-endings of the plural in passing from OHG. to MHG. (§7), the only +difference in the two declensions is the presence or absence of umlaut +in the plural. The old masculine {i-}stems which could not have umlaut +in the plural accordingly came to be inflected entirely like the old +masculine {a-}stems, as {schrit}, _step_, {snit}, _cut_, {biȥ}, _bite_, +pl. {schrite}, {snite}, {biȥȥe}. A further consequence of the singular +being inflected alike in both declensions is that the old {a-}stems +began to have umlaut in the plural after the analogy of the {i-}stems, +as {gedenke}, _thoughts_, {nägele}, _nails_, {wägene}, _wagons_, beside +{gedanke}, {nagele}, {wagene}. + +Nouns ending in the fortis {p, t, c}, or {f} (= Germanic {f}) regularly +change the fortis to lenis in the inflected forms, as {korp}, _basket_, +{walt}, _wood_, {slac}, _blow_, {brief}, _letter_, gen. {korbes}, +{waldes}, {stages}, {brieves}. + + +§45. + +The old consonant stems {vater}, _father_, {bruoder}, _brother_, often +remain uninflected in the singular, as gen. {vater}, {bruoder} beside +{vaters}, {bruoders} (cp. §9, 2). In the plural they take umlaut, as +{veter}, {brüeder}. The old consonant stem {man}, _man_, is either +declined like {tac} (§42) or remains uninflected throughout, as + + SING. PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. man manne, man + Gen. mannes, man manne, man + Dat. manne, man mannen, man + +The nom. plural {man}, now written {mann}, is still preserved in +counting, as {hundert mann}, _a hundred men_. + + +2. {Neuter Nouns.} + +§46. + +{First Declension.}--To this declension belong all neuter nouns which +have their nominative case singular and plural alike. It includes three +different types of nouns: (a) The old neuter {a-}stems like {wort}, +_word_, {venster}, _window_. (b) The old neuter {ja-}stems like {künne}, +_race_, _generation_, {bette}, _bed_, {netze}, _net_. The characteristic +of this type of noun is that it has umlaut in all forms of the singular +and plural when the stem-vowel is capable of it (cp. §31, 3). And (c) +the old neuter {wa-}stems (cp. §36) like {knie}, _knee_, gen. {kniewes}. + + SING. + + Nom. Acc. wort venster künne knie + Gen. wortes vensters künnes kniewes (knies) + Dat. worte venster künne kniewe (knie) + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. wort venster künne knie + Gen. worte venster künne kniewe (knie) + Dat. worten venstern künnen kniewen (knien) + +(a) On the interchange between the fortes {p, t, c} and the lenes {b, d, +g}, as in {grap}, _grave_, {gëlt}, _money_, {dinc}, _thing_, gen. +{grabes}, {gëldes}, {dinges}, see §33. + +Like {venster} are declined the neuter polysyllabic nouns ending in +{-el}, {-em}, {-en}, {-er}, as {luoder}, _bait_, {wāfen}, {wāpen}, +_weapon_; {schapel}, _garland_, {gadem}, _house_, {wëter}, _weather_. On +the endings, see §§9, 42. + +(b) Like {künne} is also declined the old neuter {u-}stem {vihe} (OHG. +{fihu}), _cattle_. + +(c) Like {knie} are declined {mël}, _meal_, {rē} (also masc.), _corpse_, +{smër}, _fat_, {strō}, _straw_, {tou}, _dew_, {wē}, _woe_, gen. +{mëlwes}, {rēwes}, {smërwes}, {strōwes}, {touwes}, {wēwes}, see §36. + + +§47. + +{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all neuter nouns which +form their plural in {-er} and by umlaut of the stem-vowel when it is +capable of it. This class of nouns corresponds to the Latin neuters in +{-us}, as {genus}, gen. {generis}, pl. {genera}. The {-er} (OHG. {-ir}) +was originally a stem-forming suffix which came to be regarded as a +plural ending. In the oldest period of the language only about +half-a-dozen nouns belonged to this class, but during the MHG. period +nearly twenty neuter {a-}stems passed into this declension, and in NHG. +the number has increased to about a hundred. + + SING. PLUR. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + + Nom. Acc. lamp lamb, _lamb_ lember lembir + Gen. lambes lambes lember lembiro + Dat. lambe lambe lembern lembirum + +On the loss of the {e} in the gen. and dat. plural, see §9, 2. + +Other examples are: {ei} (pl. {eiger}, {eijer}, {eier}, §35), _egg_, +{huon}, _hen_, {kalp}, _calf_, {rat}, _wheel_, {rint}, _bullock_, {tal}, +_dale_. + + +3. {Feminine Nouns.} + +§48. + +{First declension.}--To this declension belong all feminine nouns having +their nominative case singular and plural alike. It includes: (a) the +old feminine {ō-}stems, as {gëbe}, _gift_, {sēle}, _soul_, {zal}, +_number_; (b) the old feminine {jō-}stems, as {küneginne}, {künegin}, +{künegīn}, _queen_, and similarly {vriundinne}, _friend_, {gütinne}, +_goddess_; (c) the old feminine {wō-}stems with and without {w}, as +{brāwe}, {brā}, _brow_, pl. {brā} beside weak pl. {brāwen}; {diuwe}, +{diu}, _servant_; (d) the old feminine abstract nouns in {-ī}, as +{vinster} (OHG. {finstrī}), _darkness_, {schœne} (OHG. {scōnī}), +_beauty_; and (e) the old consonant stem, {swester}, {swëster}, +_sister_. + + SING. + + Nom. Acc. gëbe zal vinster + Gen. gëbe zal vinster + Dat. gëbe zal vinster + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. gëbe zal vinster + Gen. gëben zaln vinstern + Dat. gëben zaln vinstern + +On the endings in nouns declined like {zal}, _number_, {dol}, _pain_, +{wal}, _choice_, {nar}, _food_, {schar}, _flock_, and {vinster}, see §9, +1,2. + +The gen. plural had the ending of the weak declension already in the +oldest period of the language. Through the nom. singular and the gen. +and dat. plural having the same endings as the feminine weak declension +(§53), {ō-}stems began in OHG. to be inflected after the analogy of the +weak declension, especially in the plural. This process spread +considerably in MHG. with concrete nouns, but not often with abstract +nouns. + + +§49. + +{Second declension.}--To this declension belong all feminine nouns +which form their plural in {-e} and have umlaut in the stem-vowel. It +includes: (a) the old feminine {i-}stems; (b) the old {u-}stem {hant}, +_hand_; and (c) several old consonantal stems, see below. + + SING. PLUR. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + + Nom. Acc. anst anst, _favour_ enste ensti + Gen. enste _or_ anst ensti enste ensteo, -io + Dat. enste _or_ anst ensti ensten enstim + +In {jugent} (OHG. {jugund}, pl. {jugundi}), _youth_, gen. dat. {jugende} +beside {jugent}, pl. {jugende}, the original {-i} being in the third +syllable did not cause umlaut in the stem-syllable; and similarly +{tugent}, _valour_. + +{hant}, _hand_, originally belonged to the {u-}declension, which +explains forms like gen. sing, and plural {hande} beside {hende}, dat. +pl. {handen} beside {henden}. The old gen. plural has been preserved in +NHG. {allerhand}, and the dat. plural in {abhanden}, {beihanden}, +{vorhanden}, {zuhanden}. + +Several old consonant stems went over partly or entirely into this +declension, viz. {maget}, {meit} (§37), _maid_, pl. {mägede} or {meide}; +{kuo}, _cow_, pl. {küeje} or {küewe} (OHG. {kuoi}), {sū}, _sow_, pl. +{siuwe} (OHG. {sūi}); both these nouns generally remained uninflected in +the gen. and dat. singular. {naht}, _night_, has gen. and dat. singular +{naht} beside {nähte}; pl. nom. acc. gen. {naht} beside {nähte}, dat. +{nahten} beside {nähten}, cp. also NHG. {weihnachten}, MHG. {zën wīhen +nahten}. The MHG. adverbial gen. {nahts}, {dës nahtes} was formed after +the analogy of {dës tages}. Like {naht} were also inflected {brust}, +_breast_, and {burc}, _citadel_. + +{muoter}, _mother_, and {tohter}, _daughter_, remain uninflected in the +singular. In the plural they have umlaut: {müeter}, {töhter}. + + +B. THE WEAK DECLENSION (N-STEMS). + +§50. + +The weak declension contains a large number of masculine and feminine +nouns, but only four neuter nouns, viz. {hërze}, _heart_, {ōre}, _ear_, +{ouge}, _eye_, and {wange}, _cheek_; these nouns, especially {hërze}, +sometimes form their nom. acc. plural after the analogy of nouns like +{künne} (§46). The original case endings of the weak declension had +disappeared in the oldest period of the language except in the nom. +singular (masc. {-o}, fem., and neut. {-a}), the gen. pl. ({ōno}) and +dat. pl. ({-ōm}). Owing to the weakening of the {-o}, {-a} to {-e} in +MHG. the nom. singular became alike in all genders. And similarly the +endings {-ōno}, {-ōm} and the endings of the other oblique forms were +all weakened to {-en} in MHG. (§7), so that the element which originally +formed part of the stem came to be regarded as a case ending. + +On the loss of the final and medial {e} in nouns like {ar}, _eagle_, +{bir} (fem.), _pear_, {gevangen(e)}, _prisoner_, beside the inflected +forms {arn}, {birn}, {gevangen} from {*gevangen-en} through the +intermediate stage {*gevangenn}, see §9, 1,2. + + +§51. + +1. {Masculine Nouns.} + + SING. + MHG. OHG. + + Nom. bote boto, _messenger_ + Acc. boten boton, -un + Gen. boten boten, -in + Dat. boten boten, -in + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. boten boton, -un + Gen. boten botōno + Dat. boten botōm + + +§52. + +2. {Neuter Nouns.} + + SING. + MHG. OHG. + + Nom. Acc. hërze hërza, _heart_ + Gen. hërzen hërzen, -in + Dat. hërzen hërzen, -in + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. hërzen hërzun, -on + Gen. hërzen hërzōno + Dat. hërzen hërzōm + + +§53. + +3. {Feminine Nouns.} + + SING. + MHG. OHG. + + Nom. zunge zunga, _tongue_ + Acc. zungen zungūn + Gen. zungen zungūn + Dat. zungen zungūn + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. zungen zungūn + Gen. zungen zungōno + Dat. zunge zungōm + + +C. DECLENSION OF PROPER NAMES. + +§54. + +Names of persons ending in {e} in the nominative follow the weak +declension. Masculine names of persons take {-es} in the genitive, {-e} +in the dative, and {-en} in the accusative after the analogy of the +strong adjectives. The accusative ending {-en} was sometimes extended to +the dative, and the dative ending {-e} to the accusative. And sometimes +both these cases were without endings. Names of countries ending in +{-lant} often have no ending in the dative, as {Engellant} beside +{Engellande}, see §41. Feminine names of persons ending in a consonant +take {-e} in the genitive, dative and accusative, but occasionally +remain uninflected throughout. + + MASCULINE. + + Nom. Sīfrit Hagene + Gen. Sīfrides Hagenen + Dat. Acc. Sīfrit, Sīfride(n) Hagenen + + FEMININE. + + Nom. Kriemhilt Uote + Gen. Dat. Acc. Kriemhilde, Kriemhilt Uoten + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +ADJECTIVES + + +A. THE DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. + +1. {The Strong Declension.} + +§55. + +The MHG. adjectives are declined as strong or weak. They have three +genders, and the same cases as nouns. The endings of the strong +declension are partly nominal and partly pronominal. The nominal endings +are: the accusative feminine singular, as {blinde} like {gëbe} (§48); +and the genitive singular masculine and neuter, as {blindes} like +{tages}, {wortes} (§§43, 46). All the other endings are pronominal. The +so-called uninflected form of adjectives in the nom. singular masculine +and feminine and the nom. acc. neuter is a remnant of the time when +adjectives and nouns were declined alike, see the Author’s Hist. Germ. +Grammar, §§399-400. The strong declension includes three different types +of adjectives, all of which are declined alike: (a) The old {a-}stems, +as {blint}, infl. form {blinter}, _blind_; {bar}, _bare_, {guot}, +_good_, {heilec}, _holy_, {hol}, _hollow_, {michel}, _great_, {vinster}, +_dark_, and similarly with a very large number of adjectives, including +the past participles of strong and weak verbs. (b) The old {ja-}stems, +as {lære} (OHG. {lāri}), infl. {lærer}, _empty_; {dünne}, _thin_, +{enge}, _narrow_, {grüene}, _green_, {niuwe}, _new_, {reine}, _pure_, +{schœne}, _beautiful_, {senfte}, _soft_, {wilde}, _wild_, and many +others, including the present participles of strong and weak verbs. The +{ja-}stems only differ from the {a-}stems in having {-e} in the +uninflected form and umlaut in the stem-syllable when it is capable of +it. (c) The old {wa-}stems, as {blā} (OHG. {blāo}, {blā}), infl. form +{blāwer}, _blue_; {gar} (OHG. {garo}), infl. form {garwer} (see §§9,1, +36), _ready_; {grā}, _grey_, {val}, _fallow_, {gël}, _yellow_, {kal}, +_bald_, &c., all of which have {w} in the inflected forms. + +The adjectival {i-} and {u-}stems had come to be declined like the +{ja-}stems in the prehistoric period of the language, but a few remnants +of such adjectives have survived in MHG. in forms without the final {-e} +beside those with it, as {bereit}, {bereite}, _ready_, {dic}, {dicke}, +_thick_, {gāch}, {gæhe}, _quick_, {grīs}, {grīse}, _old_, _grey_, {hēr}, +{hēre}, _high_, _noble_, {rasch}, {resche}, _quick_, {rīch}, {rīche}, +_noble_, {swā}, {swære}, _heavy_, {was}, {wasse}, _sharp_. + + SING. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. blinder, _blind_ blindeȥ blindiu + Acc. blinden blindeȥ blinde + Gen. blindes blindes blinder(e) + Dat. blindem(e) blindem(e) blinder(e) + + PLUR. + + Nom. blinde blindiu blinde + Acc. blinde blindiu blinde + Gen. blinder(e) blinder(e) blinder(e) + Dat. blinden blinden blinden + +On the loss of the {-e} in {blindem(e), blinder(e)}, see §9, 2. Umlaut +caused by the {-iu} occurs in the nom. sing. feminine and nom. acc. pl. +neuter of {al}, _all_, and {ander}, _other, second_, as {älliu}, +{ändriu}. This rarely happens in other words. + + SING. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. micheler, _great_ michel(e)ȥ micheliu + Acc. michel(e)n michel(e)ȥ michel(e) + Gen. michel(e)s michel(e)s michelre, + micheler + Dat. michelme, michelme, michelre, + michel(e)m michel(e)m micheler + + PLUR. + + Nom. michel(e) micheliu michel(e) + Acc. michel(e) micheliu michel(e) + Gen. michelre, michelre, michelre, + micheler micheler micheler + Dat. michel(e)n michel(e)n michel(e)n + +Like {michel} are inflected monosyllabic adjectives ending in {-l}, {-r} +with a short stem-vowel, and polysyllabic adjectives ending in {-el}, +{-en}, {-er}, as {bar}, _bare_, {hol}, _hollow_; {zwīvel}, _doubtful_, +{eigen}, _own_, {tougen}, _secret_, {ander}, _other, second_, {bitter}, +_bitter_, {vinster}, _dark_; {ëben}, _even_, {übel}, _evil, bad_, &c. +See §9, 1,2. + + +2. {The Weak Declension.} + +§56. + +The weak declension of adjectives agrees exactly with that of the nouns. + + SING. + + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. blinde, _blind_ blinde blinde + Acc. blinden blinde blinden + Gen. blinden blinden blinden + Dat. blinden blinden blinden + + Plural {blinden} for all cases and genders. + + +B. THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. + +§57. + +The comparative was formed by means of the suffix {-er(e)} = OHG. +{-iro}, {-ōro}, and the superlative by means of the suffix {-est(e)} = +OHG. {-isto}, {-ōsto}. On the loss of the medial or final {e} in such +forms as {tiurre}, _dearer_, {tiurste}; {minner}, {minre}, _less_, +{minnest}, {min(ne)ste}, see §9, 3. Most monosyllables have umlaut in +the comparative and superlative either exclusively or have mutated +beside unmutated forms. The cause of these double forms is in a great +measure due to the two OHG. double suffixes: comp. {-iro}, {-ōro} and +superl. {-isto}, {-ōsto} having fallen together in {-er(e)} and +{-est(e)} in MHG., as {elter}, _older_, {ermer}, _poorer_, {jünger}, +_younger_, {grœȥer}, _greater_, {hœher}, _higher_, beside {alter}, +{armer}, {junger}, {grōȥer}, {hōher}; superl. {eltest}, {ermest}, +{jüngest}, {grœȥest}, {hœhest}, beside {altest}, {armest}, {jungest}, +{grōȥest}, {hōhest}. Adjectives which have umlaut in the positive +regularly preserve it in the comparative and superlative. + +The comparative is declined weak, but the superlative is declined strong +and weak. + + +§58. + +The following adjectives form their comparative and superlative from a +different root than the positive:-- + + guot, _good_, beȥȥer, beȥȥest, beste (§23). + übel, _bad_, wirser, wirsest, wir(se)ste. + lützel, _little_, minner, minre (§9, 3), minnest, min(ne)ste. + michel, _great_, mērer, mēr(r)e, meiste. + + +§59. + +The following adjectives are defective:-- + + ērer, ērre, ërre, _former_, ērest, ērste, _first_. + hinder, _hinder_, hinderste, _hindmost_. + ober, _upper_, oberste, _uppermost_. + leȥȥeste, leste (§23), _last_. + vorder, _former_, vorderste, _foremost_. + + +C. FORMATION OF ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES. + +§60. + +1. By adding {-e} (= OHG. {-o}) to the adjective when this does not +already end in {-e}, as {ëben}, _even_, {hōch}, _high_, {lanc}, _long_: +adv. {ëbene}, {hōhe}, {lange}; {edele} (OHG. {edili}), _noble_, {übel} +(OHG. {ubil}), _evil_: adv. {edele} (OHG. {edilo}), {übele} (OHG. +{ubilo}). + +2. Dissyllabic adjectives ending in {-e} and containing a mutated +stem-vowel change it to the corresponding unmutated vowel, when used as +adverbs, as {schœne} (OHG. {scōni}), _beautiful_, {herte}, _hard_, +{senfte}, _soft_, {süeȥe}, _sweet_, {swære}, _heavy_: adv. {schōne}, +{harte}, {sanfte}, {suoȥe}, {swāre}. + +3. By adding {-līche} or {-līchen} to the adjective, as {ganz}, _whole_, +{vlīȥec}, _diligent_: adv. {ganzlīche(n), vlīȥeclīche(n)}. + +4. The comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs are the same as +the corresponding uninflected forms of the adjectives without umlaut:-- + + Adjective lanc, _long_ lenger lengest. + Adverb lange langer langest + (OHG. langōr) (OHG. langōst). + + +§61. + +The following are irregular:-- + + wol, _well_ baȥ, _better_ best(e), _best_. + wirs, _worse_ wirsest, wirste, _worst_. + min, minner, minre, _less_ minnest, minste, _least_. + mē, mēr, mēre, _more_ meist, meiste, _most_. + ē, _formerly_ ēr(e)st, ērste, _first_. + + +§62. + +D. NUMERALS. + + CARDINAL. ORDINAL. + ein, -er, -eȥ, -iu, _one_ ērste + zwei, _two_ ander + drī, _three_ dritte + vier, _four_ vierde + fünf (finf), _five_ fünfte, finfte + sëhs, _six_ sëhste + siben, _seven_ sibende, -te + ahte, _eight_ ahtede, ahte + niun, _nine_ niunde, -te + zëhen, _ten_ zëhende, -te + einlif (eilif), _eleven_ ei(n)lifte, eilfte + zwelf, _twelve_ zwelfte + drīzëhen, _thirteen_ drīzëhende + vierzëhen, _fourteen_ vierzëhende + fünfzëhen, _fifteen_ fünfzëhende + sëh(s)zëhen, _sixteen_ së(h)szëhende + sibenzëhen, _seventeen_ sibenzëhende + ah(t)zëhen, _eighteen_ ah(t)zëhende + niunzëhen, _nineteen_ niunzëhende + zweinzic (_or_ -zec), _twenty_ zweinzigeste + drīȥic „ _thirty_ drīȥigeste + vierzic „ _forty_ vierzigeste + fünfzic „ _fifty_ fünfzigeste + sëhszic „ _sixty_ sëhszigeste + sibenzic „ _seventy_ sibenzigeste + ah(t)zic „ _eighty_ ah(t)zigeste + niunzic „ _ninety_ niunzigeste + zëhenzic _hundred_ zëhenzigeste + _or_ hundert _or_ hundertste + zwei hunt _two hundred_ zweihundertste + _or_ hundert + tūsent _thousand_ tūsenste + zwei tūsent _two thousand_ zweitūsentste + + +§63. + +{Ein} follows the strong declension, when used as a numeral. The dat. +{einme} is generally contracted to {eime} (§9, 3). When {ein} is used in +the sense of _alone_, it follows the weak declension. On the inflexion +of {ander}, _second_, see §55. {Zwei} and {drī} are declined as +follows:-- + + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. Acc. zwēne zwei zwō, zwuo, zwā + Gen. zwei(g)er (§35) zwei(g)er zwei(g)er + Dat. zwein, zweien zwein, zweien zwein, zweien + + Nom. Acc. drī, dr[i]e driu drī, drīe + Gen. drī(g)er (§35) drī(g)er drī(g)er + Dat. drī̆n, drīen drī̆n, drī̆en drī̆n, drīen + + +§64. + +The other cardinals up to twelve are sometimes inflected; when such is +the case the endings are:-- + + _Masc. and Fem._ _Neut._ + + Nom. Acc. -e -iu + Gen. -er -er + Dat. -en -en + + {hundert} and {tūsent} are neuter nouns. + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +PRONOUNS + +§65. + +1. PERSONAL. + + SING. + + Nom. ich, _I_ du, dū, _thou_ + Acc. mich dich + Gen. mīn dīn + Dat. mir dir + + PLUR. + + Nom. wir ir + Acc. unsich, uns iuch + Gen. unser iuwer + Dat. uns iu + + SING. + + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. ër, _he_ ëȥ, _it, there_ si, sī, siu, sie, _she_ + Acc. in ëȥ sie, si, sī + Gen. (ës) ës ir(e) + Dat. im(e) im(e) ir(e) + + PLUR. + + Nom. Acc. si, sī, sie (Neut. also siu), _they_ + Gen. ir(e) + Dat. in + + NOTE.--1. The gen. {ir} is often used as a possessive pronoun. For + {ëȥ} the form {iȥ} sometimes appears. + + 2. For the acc. pl. {unsich} the dat. {uns} is mostly used. {iu} is + often used for {iuch}, and _vice versa_. {im}, {ir} are more usual + than {ime}, {ire}. + + 3. The unstressed forms of personal pronouns are often attached to + other words, as {ichȥ}, {iȥ} = {ich ëȥ}; {ichne}, {ine}, {ichn} + = {ich ne} (_not_); {tuostu} = {tuost du}; {dune}, {dun} = {du ne} + (_not_); {tuoȥ} = {tuo ëȥ}; {eist}, {ēst} = {ëȥ ist}; {deiȥ} + = {daȥ ëȥ}; {mohter} = {mohte ër}; {baten} = {bat in}; {wirȥ} + = {wir ëȥ}, &c. + + +§66. + +2. REFLEXIVE. + + SING. PLUR. + + Acc. sich sich + Gen. sīn (fem. ir) ir + Dat. im, ir in + + +§67. + +3. POSSESSIVE. + +{mīn}, _my_; {dīn}, _thy_; {sīn}, _his_; {ir}, _her_; {unser}, _our_; +{iuwer}, _your_; {ir}, _their_. + +They are declined like the strong adjective {michel}, _great_ (§55). The +dat. sing. forms {dīnme}, {sīnme} are generally contracted to {dīme}, +{sīme}, see §9, 3. + + +§68. + +4. DEMONSTRATIVE. + + SING. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. dër, _the_ daȥ diu + Acc. dën daȥ die + Gen. dës dës dër(e) + Dat. dëm(e) dëm(e) dër(e) + Instr. diu + + PLUR. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. die diu die + Acc. die diu die + Gen. dër(e) dër(e) dër(e) + Dat. dën dën dën + +Like {dër} is also declined {jener}, _that_, except that the Nom., Acc. +sg. neut. ends in {-eȥ}. {dër}, &c., is used both as definite article +and relative pronoun. + + NOTE.--1. For the fem. nom. sing. and the neut. nom. acc. pl. {diu}, + the form {die} was sometimes used; and conversely {diu} for {die} in + the fem. acc. singular. {diu} and {die} were sometimes weakened to + {de}, and to {d’} before words beginning with a vowel. {daȥ} was + sometimes weakened to {deȥ}, and still further to {ȥ} which was then + attached to a preceding word, as {lātȥ kind} = {lāt daȥ kint}; + {anȥ} {inȥ} = {an}, {in daȥ}. {dēst}, {deis}, {dēs} = {daȥ ist}. + + 2. The various cases were often fused into one word with + prepositions, as {anme}, {ame}, {am} = {an dëme}; {zëme}, {zëm} = {ze + dëme}; {ūfme} = {ūf dëme}; {zër} = {ze dër} (fem.); {übern} = {über + dën}; {ūfën} = {ūf dën}; {zën} = {ze dën}. + + SING. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Fem._ + + Nom. dirre (diser, dise), _this_ ditze, diz, diȥ disiu + Acc. disen ditze, diz, diȥ dise + Gen. dises dises dirre + Dat. disem(e) disem(e) dirre + + PLUR. + + Nom. dise disiu dise + Acc. dise disiu dise + Gen. dirre dirre dirre + Dat. disen disen disen + + +5. RELATIVE. + +§69. + +A relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the +Germanic languages, and accordingly the separate languages expressed it +in various ways. In MHG. the following pronouns and adverbial particles +were used to express it:-- + +1. {dër}, {daȥ} (also used as a conjunction), {diu}, also in combination +with the particles {dar der dā}. 2. {sō}, {alsō} ({alse}, {als}), _as_; +{sam} ({alsam}), _as_. 3. {dā(r)}, _where_, {dar}, _thither, whither_, +{darinne}, _therein_, {dannen}, _wherefrom_, {darumbe}, _therefore_, +{dō}, _when, as._ 4. Indefinite relatives, as {swër} (from {sō wër}), +_whoever_, {swelch}, _each who_, {swëder}, _who of two_; {swā}, {swar}, +_wherever_, {swannen}, {swanne} ({swenne}), _whenever_, {swie}, +_however, howsoever._ 5. The conjunction {unde}, _and_. + + +6. INTERROGATIVE. + +§70. + +The MHG. simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the +feminine, and is declined in the singular only. + + _Masc. Fem._ _Neut._ + + Nom. wër, _who_ waȥ + Acc. wën waȥ + Gen. wës wës + Dat. wëm(e) wëm(e) + Instr. wiu + +In the same manner are declined the compounds: + +{swër} (from {sō wër}), _whoever_, {etewër}, {eteswër}, _anyone_, +{neiȥwër} (= {ne weiȥ wër}, _I do not know who_), _anyone_. + +{wëder}, _who of two_, is declined like a strong adjective; {welīch} +({welch}), _which_, is also declined like a strong adjective, but the +nom. singular remains uninflected. + + +7. INDEFINITE. + +§71. + +{ander}, _other_; {dechein}, {dehein}, {dekein}, _no, none_; {dewëder}, +_neither_; {ein}, _one, some one_: when {ein} is used with the meaning +_alone_ it follows the weak declension; {etelīch}, {etlīch}, {eteslīch}, +{etslīch}, _anyone, many a_, pl. = _some_; {etewër}, {eteswër}, +_anyone_; {etewaȥ}, _anything_; {iegelīch}, {ieslīch}, {iegeslīch}, +_each_; {ieman}, {iemen}, _someone, somebody_; {iewëder}, {ietwëder}, +_each_; {iewelīch}, {iewelich}, _each_; {iewiht}, {iht}, _anything_; +{kein}, _no_; {man}, _one_; {manec}, _many a_, declined {maneger}, +{manegeȥ}, {manegiu}, &c.; {nehein}, _no, none_; {niht}, _nothing_; +{solch}, _such_, declined like {manec}; {sum}, _any one at all_, pl. +_some_; {sumelīch}, {sumlīch}, _many a_; {swelch}, _each who_; {swër}, +_whoever_; {wëder}, _which of two_; {welīch} ({welch}), _which_, +declined like {manec}. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +VERBS + +§72. + +The MHG. verb has the following independent forms:--one voice (active), +two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and preterite), two +complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter originally the +optative), besides an imperative which is only used in the present +tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive, and the gerund, +generally called the inflected infinitive), a present participle with +active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past participle). + +The MHG. verbs are divided into two great classes:--Strong and Weak. The +strong verbs form their preterite (originally the perfect) and past +participle by means of ablaut (§12). The weak verbs form their preterite +by the addition of the syllable {-te}, and their past participle by +means of a {t}-suffix. The strong verbs were originally further +sub-divided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. The +reduplication had, however, entirely disappeared in the oldest period of +the language. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes +according to the six ablaut-series (§12). The originally reduplicated +verbs are put together here and called Class VII. Besides these two +great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others which +will be treated under the general heading _Minor Groups_. + + +A. STRONG VERBS. + +§73. + +We are able to conjugate a MHG. strong verb when we know the four stems, +as seen in (1) the infinitive or first pers. sing. of the present +indicative, (2) the first or third pers. sing. of the preterite +indicative, (3) the first pers. plural of the preterite indicative, (4) +the past participle. The pret. subjunctive and the second pers. pret. +indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret. plural indicative. + + +§74. + +The conjugation of {nëmen}, OHG. {nëman}, _to take_, will serve as a +model for all strong verbs. + + _Present._ + + INDIC. SUBJ. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + Sing. 1. nime nimu nëme nëme + 2. nimes(t) nimis(t) nëmes(t) nëmēs(t) + 3. nimet nimit nëme nëme + Plur. 1. nëmen nëmemēs, -ēm nëmen nëmēm + 2. nëmet nëmet nëmet nëmēt + 3. nëment nëmant nëmen nëmēn + + IMPER. INFIN. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + Sing. 2. nim nim nëmen nëman + Plur. 1. nëmen nëmemēs, -ēm + 2. nëmet, (-ent) nëmet + + GERUND. + MHG. OHG. + Gen. nëmen(n)es nëmannes + Dat. nëmen(n)e nëmanne + + PRESENT PARTICIPLE. + nëmende nëmanti + + _Preterite._ + + INDIC. SUBJ. + MHG. OHG. MHG. OHG. + Sing. 1. nam nam næme nāmi + 2. næme nāmi næmes(t) nāmīst + 3. nam nam næme nāmi + Plur. 1. nāmen nāmum næmen nāmīm + 2. nāmet nāmut næmet nāmīt + 3. nāmen nāmun næmen nāmīn + + PAST PARTICIPLE. + + MHG. OHG. + genomen ginoman + + NOTE.--The {e} in the endings is regularly lost according to the + rule given in §9,1, as sing. {stil}, {stilst}, {stilt}, inf. + {stëln}, _to steal_; sing. {var}, {verst}, {vert}, inf. {varn}, _to + go_. It was also frequently lost in the third pers. sing. pres. + indicative of other verbs, as {vint} = {vindet}, {siht} = {sihet}, + see §9,4 note. The {n} in the first pers. plural was sometimes + dropped when the pronoun came after the verb, as {nëme wir} = {nëmen + wir}. + + The imperative singular sometimes has {-e} after the analogy of weak + verbs (§90). + + The OHG. forms given above show in what forms umlaut regularly took + place, viz. in the second and third pers. singular of the pres. + indicative, when possible, in the second pers. singular of the pret. + indicative, and in the pret. subjunctive. The second pers. singular + of the pret. indicative always has the same stem-vowel as the pret. + subjunctive. On the absence of umlaut in the pret. subjunctive of + certain types of verbs, see §10, note. Forms without and with umlaut + are found in the second and third pers. singular of the present in + verbs belonging to Class VII, as {slāfes(t)}, {slāfet} beside + {slæfes(t)}, {slæfet}. + + Concerning the changes between {i, ë}; {u, o}; {iu}, {ie}; {ei, ē}; + {ou, ō} in the various classes of strong verbs, see §§14-17. + + +THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE STRONG VERBS. + +§75. + +We shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation +of vowels and consonant changes. All other verbs occurring in the texts +will be found in the Glossary referred to their proper class. + + +CLASS I. + +§76. + +The verbs of this class belong to the first ablaut-series (§12) and +therefore have {ī} in all forms of the present; {ei} in the first and +third pers. sing. of the preterite, but {ē} before {ch} (= Germanic {h}, +§23), and finally (§17); and {i} in the preterite plural and past +participle, thus:-- + + bīten, _to wait_ beit biten gebiten + swīgen, _to be silent_ sweic swigen geswigen + trīben, _to drive_ treip triben getriben + +And similarly {belīben}, _to remain_, {bīȥen}, _to bite_, {rīben}, _to +rub_, {rīten}, _to ride_, {schīnen}, _to shine_, {schrīben}, _to write_, +{sīgen}, _to sink_, {strīten}, _to quarrel_. + + snīden, _to cut_ sneit sniten gesniten + dīhen, _to thrive_ dēch digen gedigen + rīsen, _to fall_ reis rirn (risen) gerirn (gerisen) + +And similarly {līden}, _to suffer_, {mīden}, _to avoid_, {nīden}, _to +envy_, {līhen}, _to lend_, {zīhen}, _to accuse_. See §30. + + +§77. + +The following two verbs which are also used as weak verbs have mixed +forms in the preterite and past participle:-- + + schrīen, _to scream_ schrē schriuwen geschriuwen + schrei schrūwen geschrūwen + schrirn geschrirn + spīwen, _to vomit_ spē spiwen gespiwen + spei spiuwen gespiuwen + spūwen gespūwen + spirn gespirn + + +CLASS II. + +§78. + +The verbs of this class belong to the second ablaut-series (§12) and +therefore have {ie} in the present, but {iu} in the present singular +(§16); {ou} in the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, but {ō} +before {t, ȥ, s} and {ch} (= Germanic {h}), §18; {u} in the pret. +plural; and {o} in the past participle, thus:-- + + biegen, _to bend_ biuge bouc bugen gebogen + triefen, _to drop_ triufe trouf truffen getroffen + bieten, _to offer_ biute bōt buten geboten + schieȥen, _to shoot_ schiuȥe schōȥ schuȥȥen geschoȥȥen + +And similarly {klieben}, _to cleave_, {kriechen}, _to creep_, {liegen}, +_to lie_, {riechen}, _to smell_, {schieben}, _to shove_, {vliegen}, _to +fly_; {dieȥen}, _to roar_, {gieȥen}, _to pour_, {vlieȥen}, _to flow_. + + sieden, _to seethe_ siude sōt suten gesoten + ziehen, _to draw_ ziuhe zōch zugen gezogen + kiesen, _to choose_ kius kōs kurn gekorn + +And similarly {vliehen}, _to flee_, {niesen}, _to sneeze_, {verliesen}, +_to lose_, {vriesen}, _to freeze_. See §30. + + +§79. + +On the stem-vowels in the following verbs, see §16, note and §36:-- + + bliuwen, _to strike_ bliuwe blou blūwen + bliuwen gebliuwen + blouwen geblouwen + +And similarly {briuwen}, _to brew_, {kiuwen}, _to chew_, {riuwen}, _to +pain_. + + +§80. + +To this class also belong the three aorist presents:-- + + lūchen, _to shut_ liuche louch luchen gelochen + (lūche) + sūfen, _to gulp down_ sūfe souf suffen gesoffen + sūgen, _to suck_ sūge souc sugen gesogen + + +CLASS III. + +§81. + +The verbs of this class belong to the third ablaut-series (§12), and +include the strong verbs having a medial nasal or a liquid + consonant. +Those with nasal + consonant have {i} throughout the present tense and +{u} in the past participle; the others have {i} in the present singular, +{ë} in the plural, and {o} in the past participle (see §§14, 15), +thus:-- + + binden, _to bind_ binde bant bunden gebunden + rinnen, _to run_ rinne ran runnen gerunnen + singen, _to sing_ singe sanc sungen gesungen + +And similarly {brinnen}, _to burn_, {dringen}, _to press_, {entrinnen}, +_to escape_, {gelingen}, _to succeed_, {gewinnen}, _to gain_, +{schrinden}, _to split_, {sinken}, _to sink_, {sinnen}, _to reflect_, +{spinnen}, _to spin_, {swimmen}, _to swim_, {trinken}, _to drink_, +{vinden} (p.p. {vunden}), _to find_, {winden}, _to wind_. {beginnen}, +_to begin_, pret. sing. {began} beside {begunde}, {begonde}, pl. +{begunden}, p.p. {begunnen}. + + bërgen, _to hide_ birge bare burgen geborgen + hëlfen, _to help_ hilfe half hulfen geholfen + stërben, _to die_ stirbe starp sturben gestorben + +And similarly {bevëlhen}, _to order_, {emphëlhen}, {enphëlhen}, _to +recommend_, {gëlten}, _to pay_, {mëlken}, _to milk_, {schëlten}, _to +revile_, {swëllen}, _to swell_, {verdërben}, _to destroy_, {wërfen}, _to +throw_, {wërren}, _to confuse_, {wërden}, _to become_, pret. pl. +{wurten}, {wurden}, p.p. {worten}, {(ge)worden}, see §30. + + +CLASS IV. + +§82. + +The verbs of this class belong to the fourth ablaut-series (§12). They +include those strong verbs which have a liquid or a nasal before or +after the stem-vowel, and a few others, thus:-- + + ë i a ā o + nëmen, _to take_ nime nam nāmen genomen + bërn, _to bear_ bir (§9, 1) bar bāren geborn + stëln, _to steal_ stil (§9, 1) stal stālen gestoln + brëchen, _to break_ briche brach brāchen gebrochen + vëhten, _to fight_ vihte vaht vāhten gevohten + +And similarly {schërn}, _to shear_, {schrëcken}, _to frighten_, +{sprëchen}, _to speak_, {vlëhten}, _to plait_, {zëmen} (p.p. also +{gezëmen}), _to be befitting_, {stëchen}, _to prick_, {trëffen} (p.p. +{troffen}), _to hit_; {dreschen}, _to thrash_, {leschen}, _to be +extinguished_, see §11, 1. {komen} (OHG. {quëman}), _to come_, {kume}, +{quam}, {quāmen}, {komen}; on other forms of this verb, see §36. + + +CLASS V. + +§83. + +The verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-series (§12). They +include the strong verbs containing a medial consonant other than a +nasal or liquid, thus:-- + + {ë} {i} {a} {ā} {ë} + gëben, _to give_ gibe gap gāben gegëben + jëhen, _to say_ gihe (§35) jach jāhen gejëhen + sëhen, _to see_ sihe sach sāhen gesëhen + wëgen, _to move_ wige wac wāgen gewëgen + +And similarly {geschëhen}, _to happen_, {knëten}, _to knead_, {mëȥȥen}, +_to measure_, {pflëgen}, _to be accustomed_, {trëten}, _to tread_, +{vergëȥȥen}, _to forget_, {wëben}, _to weave_. + + wësen, _to be_ wise was wāren gewësen + +And similarly {genësen} (pret. pl. also {genāsen}), _to recover_, +{jësen}, _to ferment_, {lësen} (pret. pl. also {lāsen}), _to gather, +read_. See §30. + + ëȥȥen, _to eat_ iȥȥe āȥ(aȥ) āȥen gëȥȥen (§9,7) + vrëȥȥen, _to devour_ vriȥȥe vrāȥ vrāȥen vrëȥȥen + +These verbs had a long vowel in the pret. singular in the oldest period +of all the Germanic languages, cp. also Lat. {ēdī}. + + +§84. + +To this class also belong the three verbs:-- + + bit(t)en, _to beg_ bite bat bāten gebëten + ligen, _to lie down_ lige lac lāgen gelëgen + sitzen, _to sit_ sitze saȥ sāȥen gesëȥȥen + +{bit(t)en}, OHG. {bitten} from {*bidjan}; {ligen}, OHG. {liggen} from +{*ligjan}; {sitzen}, OHG. {sitzen} from {*sitjan}, see §§14, 31,3. The +inf. {ligen} is sometimes contracted to {līn}, see §37. + + +CLASS VI. + +§85. + +The verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-series (§12), and +accordingly have {a} in the present; {uo} in the pret. singular and +plural; and {a} in the past participle. They have umlaut in the second +and third pers. singular, as {grebes(t)}, {grebet}; {verst}, {vert}. See +§10. + + graben, _to dig_ gruop gruoben gegraben + tragen, _to carry_ truoc truogen getragen + maln, _to grind_ muol muolen gemaln + varn, _to go_ vuor vuoren gevarn + +And similarly {laden}, _to load_, {nagen}, _to gnaw_, {schaffen}, _to +create_, {spanen}, _to entice_, {waschen}, _to wash_, {wahsen}, _to +grow_, {waten}, _to wade_. + + slahen, _to strike_ sluoc sluogen geslagen + twahen, _to wash_ twuoc twuogen getwagen + +See §30. The pret. sing. {sluoc}, {twuoc} for {*sluoch}, {*twuoch} were +formed after the analogy of the pret. plural. + + +§86. + +To this class also belong:-- + + stān, stēn (§96), + _to stand_ stuont stuonden gestanden + entseben (older entseven), + _to perceive_ entsuop entsuoben entsaben + gewähenen, + _to mention_ gewuoc gewuogen gewagen + heben (older heven), + _to raise_ huop huoben gehaben + swern (see §35), + _to swear_ swuor swuoren geswarn} + gesworn} + +The pret. singular {stuont}, {entsuop}, {gewuoc}, {huop} for {*stuot} +(cp. Engl. {stood}), {*entsuof}, {*gewuoch}, {*huof} were formed after +the analogy of the pret. plural. On the {b, g} in the pret. plural, see +§30. The last four verbs in the list originally had a {j} in the +present, which accounts for the umlaut, cp. OHG. {heffen}, Goth. +{hafjan}, _to raise_. {heben} had its {b} from forms where it was +regular. + + +CLASS VII. + +§87. + +To this class belong the verbs which originally had reduplicated +preterites. The present and past participle have the same stem-vowel; +and the preterite singular and plural have {ie}. In OHG. the verbs which +had {a, ā} or {ei} in the present had {ia} (older {ea, ē}) in the +preterite; and those which had {ou (ō)}, {uo} in the present had {io} +(older {eo}) in the preterite. But in MHG. the {ia} and {io} regularly +fell together in {ie} (§11, 3), so that all the preterites had {ie}. + + bannen, _to banish_ bien bienen gebannen + halten, _to hold_ hielt hielten gehalten + slāfen, _to sleep_ slief sliefen geslāfen + heiȥen, _to call_ hieȥ hieȥen geheiȥn + loufen, _to run_ lief liefen geloufen + ruofen, _to call_ rief riefen geruofen + +And similarly {halsen}, _to embrace_, {salzen}, _to salt_, {spalten}, +_to split_, {spannen}, _to span_, {vallen}, _to fall_, {valten}, _to +fold_, {wallen}, _to bubble_; {bāgen}, _to quarrel_, {blāsen}, _to +blow_, {brāten}, _to roast_, {lāȥen} (see also §99), _to let_, _leave_, +{rāten}, _to advise_; {meiȥen}, _to cut_, {scheiden}, _to separate_, +{sweifen}, _to rove_; {bōȥen}, _to strike_, {stōȥen}, _to push_, +{houwen} (pret. {hiu} and {hie}, pl. {hiuwen}, {hiewen}), _to hew_, +{wuofen}, _to bewail_. + + gān, gēn, _to go_ gienc (gie) giengen (ge)gangen + hāhen (§29) } + hān (§38) }, _to hang_ hienc (hie) hiengen gehangen + vāhen (§29) } + vān (§38) }, _to catch_ vienc (vie) viengen gevangen + erren, ern, _to plough_ ier ieren gearn + +On the interchange between {h} and {ng}, see §30; {erren}, {ern} from +older {*arjan}. + + +B. WEAK VERBS. + +§88. + +The OHG. weak verbs were divided into three great classes according as +the infinitive ended in {-en} from older {*-jan}, {-on}, or {-ēn}. + +The characteristic endings of the three OHG. classes were:-- + + _Present._ + CLASS I. CLASS II. CLASS III. + + Indic. sing. -u, -ōn, -ēn + -is(t) -ōs(t) -ēs(t) + -it -ōt -ēt + „ plur. -ēn -ōn -ēn + -et -ōt -ēt + -ent -ōnt -ēnt + + Subj. sing. -e -o -e + -ēs(t) -ōs(t) -ēs(t) + -e -o -e + „ plur. -ēn -ōn -ēn + -ēt -ōt -ēt + -ēn -ōn -ēn + + Imper. sing. -i -o -e + „ plur. -ēn -ōn -ēn + -et -ōt -ēt + + _Preterite._ + + Indic. sing. -ta, -ita, -ōta, -ēta, + -tōs(t), -itōs(t) -ōtōs(t) -ētōs(t) + -ta, -ita -ōta -ēta + „ plur. -tun, -itun -ōtun -ētun + -tut, -itut -ōtut -ētut + -tun, -itun -ōtun -ētun + + Subj. sing. -ti, -iti -ōti -ēti + -tīs(t), -itīs(t) -ōtīs(t) -ētīs(t) + -ti, -iti -ōti -ēti + „ plur. -tīn, -itīn -ōtīn -ētīn + -tīt, -itīt -ōtīt -ētīt + -tīn, -itīn -ōtīn -ētīn + + _Past Participle._ + + Uninfl. form -it -ōt -ēt + + Infl. „ -tēr, -itēr -ōtēr -ētēr + + _Infinitive._ + + -en -ōn -ēn + +In OHG. the verbs of Class I were divided into two sub-divisions: +(_a_) polysyllabic verbs and those containing an old long stem-syllable; +(_b_) those which originally had a short stem-syllable (cp. §31, 3). The +former formed their preterite in {-ta}, and the latter in {-ita}; and +similarly in the inflected form of the past participle. In MHG. all the +unaccented vowels {i, e}, {a, o}, {u, ī}, {ē, ō} regularly fell together +in {e} (§7), so that the old distinction between the endings of the +three classes of verbs was to a great extent obliterated. The OHG. verbs +with a short stem-syllable belonging to Classes II and III came in MHG. +to be inflected entirely like sub-division (_b_) of Class I; and those +with a long stem-syllable mostly came to be inflected like sub-division +(_a_) of Class I, see §§9,2, 92. + +Owing to all the OHG. unaccented vowels being weakened to {e} the MHG. +endings are:-- + + Sing. Plur. + Pres. Indic.: -e, -es(t), -et -en, -et, -ent + „ Subj.: -e, -es(t), -e -en, -et, -en + + Pret. Indic. } -te, -tes(t), -te } -ten, -tet, -ten } + and Subj.: } -ete, -etes(t) -ete } -eten, -etet, -eten } + + Imper. -e -en, -et + + P.P. Uninfl. form -et + Infl. „ -ter } + -eter } + + Infin. -en. + +Final {-n} in the first pers. sing. of the pres. indicative of the old +Classes II and III remained in early MHG., but during the MHG. period +the first person was remodelled after the analogy of Class I. + + NOTE.--Old forms with {ō̆} ({u}) for later {e} occasionally occur in + verbs originally belonging to the OHG. Class II; and in like manner + {ī̆} for {e} in the pret. subjunctive. + + +§89. + +The MHG. weak verbs are divided into two classes, according as the +preterite is formed in {-te} or {-ete} (see however §40). The inflexion +of the present is the same in both classes. + + +CLASS I. + +§90. + +To this class belong (1) verbs which have old long stem-syllables. Those +having a mutated vowel in the present have the corresponding unmutated +vowel in the preterite. The {i} which would have caused umlaut in the +preterite disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language. The +past participle generally has two forms: one with a mutated vowel, and +the other without it, properly from the old inflected form which did not +have umlaut. (2) Verbs having a short stem-vowel followed by a single +consonant ({l, r}), and trisyllabic verbs containing an {l, n}, or {r} +in the second syllable, as {zeln}, older {zellen} (§31,3), _to count_, +pret. {zelte} beside {zalte}, p.p. {gezelt} beside {gezalt}; {nern}, _to +rescue_, pret. {nerte} (OHG. {nerita}), p.p. {genert}; and similarly +{doln} (OHG. {dolōn}), _to tolerate_, {seln}, _to hand over_, {spiln}, +_to play_, {weln}, _to choose_; {wern}, _to defend_; {wandeln} (OHG. +{wantalōn}), _to change_, pret. {wandelte}; {vordern} (OHG. {fordarōn}), +_to further_, pret. {vorderte}; {sëgenen} (OHG. {sëganōn}), _to bless_, +pret. {sëgente}. See §§9, 1,2, 92. + + _Present._ + + INDIC. SUBJ. IMPER. + Sing. 1. kenne kenne + 2. kennes(t) kennes(t) kenne + 3. kennet kenne + Plur. 1. kennen kennen kennen + 2. kennet kennet kennet, (-ent) + 3. kennent kennen + + _Preterite._ + + Sing. 1. kante kante + 2. kantes(t) kantes(t) + 3. kante kante + Plur. 1. kanten kanten + 2. kantet kantet + 3. kanten kanten + +Infin. {kennen}, _to know_; Pres. Part. {kennende}; Past Part. +{gekennet}, {gekant}. + +And similarly with a large number of verbs, as {blüemen}, _to bloom_, +{brennen}, _to burn_, {füllen}, _to fill_, {grüeȥen}, _to greet_, +{hœren}, _to hear_, {küssen}, _to kiss_, {lœsen}, _to loose_, {nennen}, +_to name_, {rennen}, _to run_, {senden} (pret. {sante}), _to send_, +{senken}, _to sink_, {setzen} (pret. {satte}, {sazte}, p.p. {gesat}, +{gesazt}, {gesetzt}), _to set_, {stellen}, _to place_, {süeȥen}, _to +sweeten_, {vellen}, _to fell_, {wǣnen}, _to fancy_, {wünschen}, _to +wish_; {gelouben}, _to believe_, {kēren}, _to turn_, {koufen}, _to buy_, +{leiten} (pret. {leite}), _to lead_, {ougen}, _to show_, {suochen}, _to +seek_. The verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite, as +{dræjen}, {dræn} (§35), _to turn_, pret. {drāte} beside the new +formation {dræjete}, {dræte}, and similarly {blüejen}, _to bloom_, +{müejen}, _to trouble_, {rüejen}, _to row_, {sæjen}, _to sow_, {wæjen}, +_to blow_. Verbs with medial {ck} have double preterites, as {decken}, +_to cover_, pret. {dacte} beside {dahte}, and similarly {drücken}, +{drucken}, _to press_, {smecken}, _to taste_, {wecken}, _to awake_. See +also §92. + + +§91. + +The following are irregular:-- + + _Infin._ _Pret._ _P.P._ + denken, _to think_ dāhte gedāht (§§28, 29) + dunken, dünken, _to seem_ dūhte gedūh (§§28, 29) + furhten, fürhten, _to fear_ vorhte gevorht + wurken, würken, _to work_ worhte geworht + bringen, _to bring_ brāhte gebrāht (§§28, 29) + + NOTE.--The second pers. sing. of {brāhte} is {bræhte} or + {brāhtes(t)}, pret. subj. {bræhte}; and similarly with {dāhte}; the + subj. of {dūhte} is {dūhte} or {diuhte}. + + +CLASS II. + +§92. + +The verbs belonging to this class form their preterite in {-ete} and +their past participle in {-et}. In other respects Class II has the same +endings as Class I. + +It includes: (_a_) The dissyllabic verbs, having a short stem-vowel +followed by a single consonant other than {l, r}, which in OHG. belonged +to Classes II and III, as {loben} (OHG. {lobōn}), _to praise_, pret. +{lobete}, p.p. {gelobet}; {lëben} (OHG. {lëbēn}), _to live_, pret. +{lëbete}, p.p. {gelëbet} (see §88). (_b_) The dissyllabic verbs of OHG. +Class I with a short stem-vowel followed by double consonants other than +{ll} (see §31, 3), as {legen}, older {leggen} (OHG. {leggen}), _to lay_, +pret. {legete} or {leite} (§37), p.p. {geleget} or {geleit}; {denen}, +older {dennen} (OHG. {dennen}), _to stretch_, pret. {denete}, p.p. +{gedenet}. + +Other examples belonging to Class II are: {bëten}, _to pray_, {dagen}, +_to be silent_, {klagen}, _to complain_, {klëben}, _to stick_, {laden}, +_to invite_, {namen}, _to name_, {sagen}, _to say_, pret. {sagete} and +{seite} (§37). + +The verbs with a long stem-syllable, which belonged to OHG. Classes II +and III, went over in MHG. either into Class I (1), see §90, or had +preterites in {-te} beside {-ete}, as {danken}, _to thank_, pret. +{dancte} beside {dankete}, p.p. {gedanct} beside {gedanket}; {vrāgen}, +_to ask_, pret. {vrāgte} beside {vrāgete}, p.p. {gevrāgt} beside +{gevrāget}, and similarly {ahten}, _to observe_, {minnen}, _to love_, +{trahten}, _to strive_, &c., see §§9,2, 90; {dienen}, _to serve_, pret. +{diende} (§40), &c. + + +C. MINOR GROUPS. + +1. {Preterite-Presents.} + +§93. + +These have strong preterites with a present meaning, from which new weak +preterites have been formed. The 2nd pers. sg. ends in {-t}, and has the +same stem-vowel as the 1st and 3rd pers. sg. The following verbs belong +to this class:-- + +{weiȥ}, _I know_, 2nd pers. sg. {weist}; pl. {wiȥȥen}; inf. {wiȥȥen}; +pres. p. {wiȥȥende}; pret. {wisse}, {wesse}, {wiste} _or_ {weste}; p.p. +{gewist} _or_ {gewest}. + +{touc}, _I am of use_, inf. and pl. {tugen} _or_ {tügen}; pret. {tohte}; +subj. {töhte}. + +{gan}, _I grant_, 2nd pers. sg. {ganst}; inf. and pl. {gunnen} _or_ +{günnen}; pret. {gunde}; subj. {gunde} _or_ {günde}; p.p. {gegunnen}, +{gegunnet}, _or_ {gegunst}. + +{kan}, _I know_, 2nd pers. sg. {kanst}; inf. and pl. {kunnen} _or_ +{künnen}; pret. {kunde} ({konde}); subj. {kunde} _or_ {künde}. + +{darf}, _I need_, 2nd pers. sg. {darft}; pl. {durfen} _or_ {dürfen}; +pret. {dorfte}; subj. {dörfte}; infin. and p.p. only in {bedürfen}, +{bedorft}. + +{tar}, _I dare_, _venture_, 2nd pers. sg. {tarst}; inf. and pl. {turren} +_or_ {türren}; pret. {torste}; subj. {törste}. + +{sol}, _I shall_, 2nd pers. sg. {solt}; inf. and pl. {suln} _or_ {süln}; +pret. {solde} _or_ {solte}. + +{mac}, _I can_, 2nd pers. sg. {maht}; pl. {magen}, {megen}, {mugen}, +_or_ {mügen}; pret. {mahte} _or_ {mohte}; subj. {mehte (mahte)} _or_ +{möhte}. + +{muoȥ}, _I must_, 2nd pers. sg. {muost}; pl. {müeȥen}; pret. {muoste} +_or_ {muose}; subj. {müeste} _or_ {müese}. + + +2. {Anomalous Verbs.} + +§94. + +(1) {tuon}, _to do_. + + _Present._ + INDIC. SUBJ. + + 1. tuon (tuo) tuo + Sing. 2. tuos(t) tuos(t) + 3. tuot tuo + + 1. tuon tuon + Plur. 2. tuot (tuont) tuot + 3. tuont tuon + + INFIN. tuon + IMPER. tuo + PRES. P. tuonde + + _Preterite._ + + 1. tëte (tët) tæte (tëte) + Sing. 2. tæte tætes(t) + 3. tëte (tët) tæte + + Plur. tāten, (tæten, tëten) tæten + + P.P. getān + + +§95. + +(2) {gān}, _to go_. + + _Present._ + INDIC. SUBJ. + + 1. gān, gēn gē (gā, gange) + Sing. 2. gās(t), gēs(t) gēs(t) (gās(t), ganges(t)) + 3. gāt, gēt gē (gā, gange) + + Plur. gān, gēn gēn (gān, gangen) + + INFIN. gān, gēn + IMPER. ganc, genc, ginc (gā, gē) + PRES. P. gānde, gēnde + + _Preterite._ + + Sing. gienc _or_ gie + Plur. giengen + P.P. (ge)gangen _or_ gegān + + +§96. + +(3) {stān}, _to stand_. + + _Present._ + INDIC. SUBJ. + + 1. stān, stēn, stā, stē stā, stē (stande), + Sing. 2. stās(t), stēs(t) &c. + 3. stāt, stēt + + Plur. stān, stēn + + INFIN. stān, stēn + IMPER. stā, stē, stant + + _Preterite._ + + stuont + P.P. gestanden _or_ gestān + + +§97. + +(4) {sīn}, {wësen}, _to be_. + + _Present._ + INDIC. SUBJ. + + 1. bin sī (sīge, sīe) + Sing. 2. bis(t) sīs(t) (sīges(t), sīes(t)) + 3. ist sī (sīge, sīe) + 1. birn, sīn sīn (sīgen, sīen) + Plur. 2. birt, sīt sīt (sīget, sīet) + 3. sint sīn (sīgen, sīen) + + INFIN. sīn, wësen. + + Indic. Pret. Sing. was; pl. wāren (§30) + Subj. „ „ wære; pl. wæren + P.P. gewësen (gewëset) + + +§98. + +(5) {wellen}, _to will_. + + _Present._ + INDIC. SUBJ. + Sing. 1. wil welle + 2. wil, wilt welles(t) + 3. wil welle + Plur. 1. wellen, weln wellen + 2. wellet, welt wellet + 3. wellen, weln wellen + + Pret. wolte _or_ wolde (§40) wolte _or_ wölte + Infin. wellen. + + +3. {Contracted Verbs.} + +§99. + +(1) {lān} = {lāȥen}, _to let_, _leave_. + + Pres. Sing. lān, lās(t), læs(t), lāt (læt) + „ Plur. lān, lāt, lān + Pret. lie _or_ lieȥ (§87). + + Imper. lā, lāt + + Infin. lān. P.P. (ge)lān + +(2) hān = haben, _to have_. + + Pres. Sing. hān, hās(t), hāt + „ Plur. hān, hāt, hān + Pret. hāte (hëte, hēt(e), hiet(e), hæte), hātes(t), &c. + Subj. pres. habe, habes(t), &c. + „ pret. hæte, hete, hēte, hiete, hatte, &c. + + Infin. hān. P.P. gehabet, gehapt, gehāt. + +The contracted form {hān}, &c., is mostly used as an auxiliary. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +SYNTAX + + +CASES. + +§100. + +{Accusative.} The accusative has much the same function as in NHG. It is +sometimes used, however, where the dat. or a preposition would be +required in NHG.:--{ër vuor waȥȥer unde wëge}, _he went by water and +land_. The acc. is used after {wol}, _well_, when used as an +interjection, as {wol mich}. A double accusative is required not only +after {lēren}, _to teach_, but also after {hëln}, {verhëln}, _to +conceal_, {verdagen}, {verswīgen}, _to keep secret_. + + +§101. + +{Dative.} {ruofen}, _to call_, and {schirmen}, _to protect_, take the +dative. The dative is often used adverbially: {allenthalben}, _on all +sides_, {wīlen(t)}, _formerly_, &c. + + +§102. + +{Genitive.} The genitives {hande}, {slahte}, {leie} = _manner_ are used +adverbially: {maneger hande}, {slahte}, _or_ {leie}, _in many ways_, +_manifoldly_. + +The gen. is used in combination with the comparative of adjectives, as +{dicker eines dūmes}, _thicker by the breadth of a thumb_. Indefinite +and interrogative pronouns, used substantively, take the genitive: +{iemen armer liute}, _any poor people_; {niht schœneres}, _nothing more +beautiful_; {dës enmac niht sīn}, _that cannot be_; {waȥ mannes ër +wære}, _what kind of man he was_. In the same manner the rel. {swaȥ} may +take the genitive: {swaȥ man vant dër armen}, _whatever poor people one +found_. + +The genitive may be used predicatively:--{sīt sī dës goteshūses sint}, +_since they belong to the house of God_; {diu sorge ist mīn eines niht}, +_I am not the only one who has sorrow_. + +Impersonal verbs often take the genitive: {mich genüeget dës}, _that is +enough for me_; {mich gezimt dës}, _that pleases me_. + +The genitives {dës} and {wës} may be used adverbially in the sense of +_therefore_, _wherefore_; and likewise many nouns: {tages}, _by day_; +{dës sëlben tages}, _the same day_; {nahtes}, _by night_. + +Interjections usually take the genitive: {owē mir mīnes leides!} _alas! +for my grief_. {vil}, _much_, _many_; {mē(re)}, _more_; {wēnic}, +{lützel}, _little_; {minner}, {minre}, _less_; and {genuoc}, _enough_, +used as indeclinable substantives, are followed by the genitive. +Cardinal numerals, used substantively, are also followed by the +genitive: {zweinzec starker man}, _twenty strong men_. + + +ADJECTIVES. + +§103. + +The weak and strong forms are used in the same manner as in Mod. HG. +{dirre}, _this_, is followed by the weak or strong form; {aller}, _all_, +usually by the strong. The strong or weak form can be used after +pronouns, as {ich armer} or {ich arme}, _I poor ..._ In the vocative the +weak form without the article is used, as {guoten liute}, _(ye) good +people_. When the same adjective refers to nouns of different gender, it +is put in the neuter plural. + +{ein} and the possessive pronouns are followed by the strong form in the +Nom. and Acc. singular; by the strong or weak form in the pl. and Gen. +and Dative singular. + +The possessive pronouns are declined strong. + +The uninflected form of the adjective is used side by side with the +inflected in the Nom. singular, all genders, and Acc. singular neuter, +when the adjective comes before the noun: {ein guot man}, _a good man_. +When the adjective stands after the noun the uninflected form may be +used without reference to number, gender, or case, {ein}, {dehein}, and +the possessive pronouns have the uninflected form in the Nom. for all +genders, and Acc. neuter. The uninflected form of {al}, _all_, can be +used before all forms of the definite article: {in al dër wërlte}, _in +all the world_. See §55. + + +PRONOUNS. + +§104. + +{im}, {ir}, pl. {in}, are used to express the dative of the reflexive +pronoun. {dër} is sometimes used pleonastically, as {dër brunne}, {dër +was küele}, _the spring was cool_. {man} used as an indefinite pronoun +can take the definite article along with it. + + +VERBS. + +§105. + +{Number.} The verb can be used in the singular after a compound subject, +as {Volkēr und Hagene sō sēre wüeten began}, _... began to rage so +furiously_. + + +§106. + +{Tenses.} The fut. simple is expressed by {sol}, {muoȥ}, {wil} and the +infin., or simply by the pres., as in OE.: {ich sol gān}, _I shall go_; +{bin ich gnislīch}, {sō genise ich}, _if I am curable_, _I shall +recover_. For the fut. pf. the pf. is used: {daȥ ist schiere getān}, +_that will soon have been done_. The pf. is expressed either by the +simple pret. or the p.p. and the verbs {hān}, {sīn}; in subordinate +sentences the pret. often has the meaning of the pluperfect: {dō du von +ir schiede, zehant sie starp}, _she died immediately after thou hadst +taken leave of her_. + +The preterite acquires a pluperfect, and the present a future perfect +meaning when the prefix {ge} is added to them: {swenne iuwer sun +gewahset}, _when your son (shall have) has grown up_; {dō ich in +gesach}, _when I had seen him_. The present participle with {sīn} is +sometimes used as in English, see ‘Arme Heinrich,’ l. 24. + + +§107. + +{Voice.} The present and preterite passive are expressed by {wërden} and +the p.p., and the corresponding perfect tenses by {sīn} and the p.p. + + Pres. ich wirde gelobet. + Pret. ich wart „ + Perf. ich bin „ + Plupf. ich was „ + + Inf. gelobet sīn. + + +§108. + +{Negation.} Negation in sentences is expressed by {ne} ({en, n}) before +the verb, and {niht} after it: {ër enist guot}, _he is not good_. {niht} +is frequently omitted, especially after the preterite presents, the +verbs {wellen}, {lān}, sentences containing negative pronouns or +adverbs, and in subordinate sentences. + +{en} without {niht} is used with the subjunctive in subordinate +sentences in the sense of _unless_, _if not_, _except that_, _when +that_, _that not_, &c.: {dën līp wil ich verliesen, si enwërde mīn wīp}, +_I will die if she will not become my wife_; {ich wæne nieman in dër +wërlte lëbe, ërn habe ein leit}, _I believe no one lives in the world +who has not his trouble_. + +{en} is further also used in the sense of Latin ‘quin’: {ich mac daȥ +niht bevarn, mirn wërde mīn ritterschaft benomen}, _I cannot prevent my +knighthood being taken away from me_. + + + + +TEXTS + + [Transcriber’s Note: + + Line numbers have been removed from the prose passages. Note + references are marked as [1], [2]... + + In the verse passages, some unstressed e’s, and a few i’s, were + printed with an under-dot: ẹ ị. This usage is not explained. Some + under-dots may be flyspecks, and a few umlauts were uncertain.] + + + I + +BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG. + + His name was properly Berthold Lech. He was the most celebrated + preacher of the thirteenth century. He died in Regensburg in 1272. + The following extract is from a sermon on Matt. v. 8. + + +‘Sælic sint die armen: wan daȥ himelrīch ist ir,’ etc. Mit disen +aht tugenden sint alle die ze himelrīche komen, die dā sint, und +mit den selben aht tugenden müeȥent noch alle die dar komen, die +iemer mēr dar komen süln. Nū wil ich die siben under wegen lān +und wil niuwen von ir einer sagen, wan alse vil guoter dinge an +ir ieglīcher ist; und von ir ieglīcher wære gar vil und gar lanc +sunderlīchen ze sagenne; und wie manigiu untugent uns an disen +ahte tugenden irret, daȥ würde eht von ieglīcher gar lanc ze +sagenne. Wan man eȥ alleȥ in einer predigen niht verenden mac, +noch in vieren, noch in zehenen, sō wil ich iu hiute niuwen +sagen von den, die ein reine herze habent, und von den man hiute +dā liset in dem heiligen ewangelio ‘sælic sint, die reines +herzen sint: die werdent got sehende.’[1] Die sint wol von rehte +sælic, die dā got sehent. Ein übergülde ist eȥ aller der +sælikeit, diu ie wart oder iemer mēr eht werden mac, swer got +ansehende eht wirt, alsō süeȥe und alsō wünneclich ist diu +gesiht, die man an got siht. Sō wart nie deheiner muoter ir kint +nie sō liep, ān unser frouwen, und solte si eȥ drīe tage ane +sehen ān underlāȥ, daȥ si anders niht enpflæge,[2] wan eht si ir +liebeȥ kint solte an sehen: si æȥe an dem vierden tage vil +gerner ein stücke brōtes. Und wolte ich vil gerner, daȥ ich alsō +ein guot mensche wære, als daȥ wār ist, daȥ ich iezuo reden wil. +Ob daȥ alsō wære, daȥ man zuo einem menschen spræche, der iezuo +bī gote ist, ‘du hāst zehen kint ūf ertrīche, und du solt in +koufen allen samt, daȥ sie ēre und guot haben unz an ir tōt, dā +mit, daȥ du einigen ougenblic von gotes angesiht tuost, niuwen +als lange als einȥ sīn hant möht umbe kēren, und sich danne +wider zuo gote, und du solt dīn ougen niemer mēr von im kēren’: +der mensche entæte sīn niht. Alse wār, herre, dīn wārheit ist, +alse wār ist disiu rede, daȥ er disiu zehen kint unze an ir tōt +ē nāch dem almuosen lieȥe gēn, ē danne er sich die kleine wīle +von gote wolte wenden. In habent die engel wol sehzic hundert +jār an gesehen, und sehent in hiute als gerne als des ērsten +tages. Und sie sint ouch alle samt sam des ērsten tages, dō sie +got an sehende wurden. Dō wart ir deheiner sīt nie eltlīcher +danne des ērsten tages, und sint doch sider wol sehzic hundert +jār alt. Swelher hundert jār alt würde under uns, der wære den +liuten alse smæhe an ze sehenne von ungestaltheit und von dem +gebresten, den daȥ alter an im hæte gemaht: sō mālet man die +engele--dā sehet ir wol, swā man sie mālt, daȥ man sie eht +anders niht enmālt wan als ein kint von fünf jāren, als +junclich, oder von sehsen. Wan alle, die got sehent, die werdent +niemer eltlīcher, die in in himelrīche sehent in sīnen freuden +und in sīnen ēren. Ūf ertrīche sehen wir in alle tage in sīnem +gewalte. Dehein irdenischer muot noch irdenisch līp möhte daȥ +niht erlīden, daȥ in dehein irdenisch ouge iemer an gesehen +möhte in sīnen freuden und in sīnen ēren, als er ze himelrīche +ist. Wir sagen iu ettewenne ein glīchnisse, wie schœne got sī. +Seht, alleȥ daȥ wir iemer gesagen künnen oder mügen, daȥ ist +rehte dem glīche, als obe ein kint uns solte sagen, ob eȥ +müglich wære, von aller der wirde und von aller der gezierde, +die diu werlt hāt, von der liehten sunnen, von den liehten +sternen, von edelre gesteine craft und von ir maniger slahte +varwe, von der edelen würze craft und von dem edelen gesmacke, +und von der rīchen gezierde, die man ūȥer sīden und ūȥer golde +machet in dirre werlte, und von maniger hande süeȥen stimme, die +diu werlt hāt, von vögelīn sange und von seitenspil, und von +maniger hande bluomen varwe, und von aller der gezierde, die +disiu werlt hāt. Alse unmügelich unde alse unkuntlīchen eime +kinde dā von ze redenne ist, als unkunt ist ouch uns dā von ze +redenne, von der unsegelīchen wünne, diu dā ze himel ist, und +von dem wünneclīchen antlütze des lebendigen gotes. Wan alliu +diu freude, diu dā ze himele ist, der ist niht wan von dem +schīne, der von unsers herren antlütze gēt. Und rehte als alle +sternen ir lieht von der sunnen nement, alsō habent alle +heiligen ir gezierde und ir schōnheit von gote, und engele und +alleȥ himelische her. Reht als alle die sternen des himeles, der +māne und die planēten, grōȥ und kleine, die habent alle samt ir +lieht von der sunnen, diu uns dā liuhtet: und alsō hāt alleȥ +himelischeȥ her, engel und heiligen, die hœhsten und die +minnesten, die habent alle samt ir freude und ir wünne und ir +gezierde und die ēre und die wirde und ouch die schœnde, daȥ +habent sie alle samt von der angesihte gotes, daȥ sie got an +sehent. Die engele, die dā unser hüetent, die sehent in ze aller +zīt an, als ob sie bī im wæren. Wan alliu diu freude, diu in +himelrīche ist, diu diuhte sie ze nihte, solten sie got niht an +sehen. Und dā von ‘sælic sint, die reines herzen sint; wan sie +werdent got sehende.’ Nu sehent, wie sælic die sint, die dā +reineȥ herze tragent. Ir, junge werlt, die noch unbewollen sint +mit sünden, behaltent iuwer herze vor allen tœtlīchen sünden, sō +werdent ir got sehende in solīchen freuden und in sō grōȥen +ēren, die ouge nie gesach oder ōre nie gehōrte, alse sant Paulus +dā sprichet; und alse sant Johannes sprichet: ‘wær eȥ mügelich, +daȥ man eȥ alleȥ samt geschrīben möhte, sō möhte diu werlt diu +buoch in ir niht behalten, dā eȥ an gestüende, daȥ ich gesach. +Und alleȥ, daȥ ich gesach, daȥ was niht wan got alleine.’ Und +dar umbe möhten wir doch gerne ze dem himelrīche komen und +drumbe arbeiten. Ob uns niht diu minne und diu liebe dar twünge, +der wir gote schuldic sīn, seht, sō möhten wir dar umbe dar +komen, durch daȥ wunder, daȥ dā ist. Eȥ ist maniger vor mir: der +im von sō getāner freude[3] seite, daȥ si jenhalp meres wære, er +füere gar gerinclīchen dar von hinnen über mer, niuwen daȥ erȥ +gesæhe. Sō möhtent ir hundertstunt gerner dar umb arbeiten, daȥ +irȥ iemer mēre ēwiclīchen nieȥen soltet. Die vil wünneclīchen +angesiht des almehtigen gotes und der himelischen küniginne ze +der zeswen sīner sīten in guldīner wæte, die möhtet ir gerne an +sehen. Wan würde iu einiger anblic, sō wære in alliu diu freude +und diu ēre und aller der wollust, den diu werlt ie gewan, daȥ +wær iu hinne für als widerzæme und ouch alse unmære, reht als +sant Paulus dā sprach. Nu hœret wie er sprach; er sprach: ‘alliu +diu ēre und diu freude und daȥ gemach, diu disiu werlt ie gewan +von keisern und von künigen, wider der freude, diu in himelrīch +ist; als widerzæme einem wære ein diep an einem galgen, als +kurz einem diu wīle dā mite wære, daȥ er einen erhangen man +triuten solte, wider aller der freude, die diu werlt hāt: alse +widerzæme ist mir diu freude aller der werlte wider der ēwigen +freude.’ Ei wol iuch wart, daȥ iuch iuwer muoter ie getruoc, die +sō getāne freude süln besitzen. Der ist, ob got wil, vil maniger +vor mīnen ougen. Ouch ist maniger, der vil kleine freude dar für +nimt hie ūf ertrīche, und daȥ dem guoten sante Paulen gar +versmāhte, des wirt im der tūsentste teil niht. Und die habent +übel kouft, die sō übergrōȥe freude gebent umb ein sō kurzeȥ +freudelīn in dirre werlte. Die habent übel gevarn; wan sie +habent weder hie noch dort niht. Als ich iezuo sprach, rehte in +glīcher wīse, rehte alse alle sternen des himeles ir lieht von +der sunnen habent, alsō hāt alleȥ himelisch her ir lieht von dem +wāren sunnen, sīt danne unser herre der wāre sunne und daȥ wāre +lieht ist, alse der guote sant Johannes dā sprichet. Der hei et +in daȥ wāre lieht; als ouch daȥ vil wār ist: wan er ist daȥ wāre +lieht, daȥ niemer mēr verlischet. Und alle, die von sīme +gotvarwen liehte enzündet werdent, die erleschent ouch niemer +mēre von der schōnheit, die sie von dem wāren sunnen hānt. Und +als vil diu sunne liehter und gelpfer ist, danne wir dā sehen, +rehte als vil diu liehtes und glastes über alle sterne hāt, die +an dem himel stēnt: als vil hāt der wāre sunne in himelrīche +schīnes und glastes mēr über alle engele und ist geschœnet und +gewirdet an allen ēren, alse billich ist. Und dā von sint sie +sælic, die ein reineȥ herze habent; wan si werdent got sehende. + + + + +II + +THE SWABIAN LANTREHTBUOCH. + + This work was compiled by David von Augsburg, about 1280 A.D. + + +HIE HEBET SICH AN DAZ̧ LANTREHTBUOCH. + +Herre got, himelischer vater, durch dīne milte güete geschüefe +du den menschen in drīvaltiger werdikeit. Diu ērste, daȥ er nāch +dir gebildet ist. Daȥ ist ouch ein alsō hōhiu werdikeit, der dir +alleȥ menschlich künne sunderlīchen immer danken sol. Wan des +haben wir gar michel reht, vil lieber herre, himelischer vater, +sīt du uns zuo dīner hōhen gotheit alsō werdiclīchen geedelt +hāst. Diu ander werdikeit, dā du, herre got, almähtic schepfer, +den menschen zuo geschaffen hāst, daȥ ist diu, daȥ du alle dise +werelt, die sunnen unde den mānen, die sterne unde diu vier +element, viur, waȥȥer, luft unde die erden, die vogel in den +lüften, die vische in dem wāge, diu tier in dem walde, die würme +in der erden, golt unde edel gesteine, der edeln würze süeȥen +smac, der bluomen liehte varwe, der boume fruht unde ēt alle +crēatūre: daȥ hāst du, herre, alleȥ dem menschen ze nutze unde +ze dienste geschaffen durch die triuwe unde durch die minne, die +du ze dem menschen hetest. Diu dritte werdikeit, dā du, herre, +den menschen mit gewirdet unde geedelt hāst, daȥ ist diu, daȥ +der mensche die wirde unde die ēre, die vreude unde die wünne +immer mit dir ēwiclīchen nieȥen sol. Der werelde dienst unde nuz +hāst du, herre, dem menschen umbe sust gegeben ze einer manunge +unde ze einem vorbilde. Sīt des sō vil ist, des du, herre, dem +menschen umbe sust gegeben hāst, dā bī sol der mensche nu +trahten, sō mege[4] des wol gar übermæȥiclīchen vil sīn, des du +dem menschen umbe sīnen dienst geben wilt. Unde dar umbe sol +ein iegelīch mensche got dienen mit ganzen triuwen; wan der lōn +ist alsō übermæȥiclīchen grōȥ, daȥ in herzen sin nie betrahten +möhte noch menschen zunge nie gesprechen möhte, noch ougen sehen +künde in nie beliuhten, noch ōre nie gehœren. Daȥ wir nu got der +hōhen werdikeit gedanken unde den grōȥen lōn verdienen, des +helfe uns der almähtige got. āmen. + +Sīt uns got in sō hōher werdikeit geschaffen hāt, sō wil er +ouch, daȥ wir werdeȥ leben haben, unde daȥ wir einander wirde +unde ēre erbieten, triuwe unde wārheit, niht haȥ unde nīt +einander tragen. Wir sullen mit fride unde mit suone under +einander leben. Fridlich leben hāt unser herre got liep. Wan er +kom von himelrīche ūf erderīche durch anders niht wan durch den +rehten fride, daȥ er uns einen rehten fride schüefe vor der +ēwigen marter, ob wir selben wellen. Unde dā von sungen die +engel ob der krippen: ‘_Gloria in excelsis deo et in terra pax +hominibus bonae voluntatis_’--‘Gots ēre in dem himel unde guot +fride ūf der erden allen den, die guoten willen habent ūf +erderīche!’ Dō unser herre got hie ūf erderīche gie, sō was daȥ +ie sīn ellich wort: ‘_Pax vobis!_’ daȥ sprichet: ‘der fride sī +mit iu!’ unde alsō sprach er alle zīt zuo sīnen jungern unde zuo +andern liuten. Unde dā bī suln wir merken, wie rehte liep der +almehtige got den rehten vride hāt. Wan dō er von erderīche +wider ūf zuo himel fuor, dō sprach er aber zuo sīnen jungern: +‘der vride sī mit iu!’ unde enphalh dem guoten Sant Pēter, daȥ +er phleger wære über den rehten fride, unde gap im den gewalt, +daȥ er den himel ūf slüȥȥe allen den, die den fride hielten, +unde swer den fride bræche, daȥ er dem den himel vor beslüȥȥe. +Daȥ ist alsō gesprochen: ēt alle, die diu gebot unsers herren +zebrechent, die habent ouch den rehten fride gebrochen. Daȥ ist +ouch von gote reht, swer diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, daȥ +man dem den himel vor besliuȥet, sīt uns got nu geholfen hāt, +daȥ wir mit rehtem leben unde mit fridlīchem leben daȥ himelrīch +verdienen mügen. Wan daȥ was niht vor gotes geburt, swie wol der +mensche tæt in aller der werelde, sō mohte er doch ze dem +himelrīch niht komen. Got geschuof des ērsten himel unde erden, +dar nāch den menschen unde sazte in in daȥ paradys. Der zebrach +die gehōrsam uns allen ze schaden; dar umbe gienge wir irre sam +diu hirtelōsen schāf, daȥ wir in daȥ himelrīch niht mohten, unz +an die zīt, daȥ uns got den wec dar wīste mit sīner marter, unde +dar umbe solde wir got immer loben unde ēren von allem unserm +herzen unde von aller unserre sēle unde von aller unserre maht, +daȥ wir nu sō wol ze den ēwigen freuden kæmen, ob wir wolden; +daȥ hie vor manigen heiligen patriarken unde prophēten tiure +was. Diu genāde unde diu sælikeit ist uns kristen liuten nu +widervaren, daȥ wir nu wol daȥ himelrīch mugen verdienen. Unde +swer des niht entuot unde diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, daȥ +richet er billīchen an im. + + +VON VRĪEN LIUTEN. + +Wir zelen drīer hande vrīen. Der heiȥent eine sempervrīen:[5] +daȥ sint die vrīen herren, als fürsten unde die ander frīen ze +man hānt. Sō heiȥent die andern miter[6] vrīen: daȥ sint die, +die der hōhen vrīen man sint. Die driten vrīen daȥ sint die +vrīen lantsæȥen, die gebūren, die dā vrī sint. Der hāt ieglīcher +sīn sunder reht, als wir her nāch wol bescheiden. + + +VON TIUTSCHER LIUTE ĒREN. + +Die tiutschen kiesent den künic: daȥ erwarb in der künic Karl. +Swenne er gewīhet wirt unt ūf den stuol ze Ache gesetzet wirt +mit der willen, die in erwelt hānt, sō hāt er küniclīchen gewalt +unde namen.--Den künic kiuset man ze rihter umbe eigen unde umbe +lēhen unde über ieglīches menschen līp unde umbe alleȥ, daȥ vür +in ze klagen kumet. Der keiser mac in allen landen niht gesīn, +unde mac alleȥ ungerihte niht verrihten. Dā von līhet er den +fürsten unde andern herren wereltlīch gerihte. An die vierten +hant mac dehein gerihte nimmer komen mit rehte, dā man umbe +menschenbluot rihten sol ode umbe alle vrevel. + + + + +III + +HARTMAN VON OUWE. + + He was born somewhere between 1160-1170, in the neighbourhood of + Rottenburg in Swabia, and died about 1220. + + The following extract is taken from Paul’s edition: Der Arme + Heinrich, Halle, 1882. + + + Ein ritter sō gelēret was + daȥ er an den buochen las + swaȥ er dar an geschriben vant. + der was Hartman genant, + dienstman was er ze Ouwe. 5 + er nam im mange schouwe + an mislīchen buochen: + dar an begunde er suochen + ob er iht des funde + dā mite er swære stunde 10 + möhte senfter machen, + und von sō gewanten sachen + daȥ gotes ēren töhte + und dā mite er sich möhte + gelieben den liuten. 15 + nu beginnet er in diuten + ein rede die er geschriben vant. + dar umbe hāt er sich genant, + daȥ er sīner arbeit + die er dar an hāt geleit 20 + iht āne lōn belībe, + und swer nāch sīnem lībe + sī hœre sagen oder lese, + daȥ er im bittende wese + der sēle heiles hin ze gote. 25 + man seit, er sī sīn selbes bote + unde erlœse sich dā mite, + swer über des andern schulde bite. + + Er las ditze mære, + wie ein herre wære 30 + ze Swāben geseȥȥen: + an dem enwas vergeȥȥen + deheiner der tugende + die ein ritter in sīner jugende + ze vollem lobe haben sol. 35 + man sprach dō niemen alsō wol + in allen den landen. + er hete ze sīnen handen + geburt und dar zuo rīcheit: + ouch was sīn tugent vil breit. 40 + swie ganz sīn habe wære, + sīn geburt unwandelbære + und wol den fürsten gelīch, + doch was er unnāch alsō rīch + der gebürte und des guotes 45 + sō der ēren und des muotes. + + Sīn name der was erkennelich, + und hieȥ der herre Heinrich, + und was von Ouwe geborn. + sīn herze hāte versworn 50 + valsch und alle törperheit, + und behielt ouch vaste den eit + stæte unz an sīn ende. + ān alle missewende + stuont sī ēre und sīn leben. 55 + im was der rehte wunsch gegeben + ze werltlīchen ēren: + die kunde er wol gemēren + mit aller hande reiner tugent. + er was ein bluome der jugent, 60 + der werlte fröude ein spiegelglas. + stæter triuwe ein adamas, + ein ganziu krōne der zuht. + er was der nōthaften fluht, + ein schilt sīner māge, 65 + der milte ein glīchiu wāge: + im enwart über noch gebrast. + er truoc den arbeitsamen last + der ēren über rücke. + er was des rātes brücke, 70 + und sanc vil wol von minnen. + alsus kund er gewinnen + der werlte lop unde prīs. + er was hübesch und dar zuo wīs. + + Dō der herre Heinrich 75 + alsō geniete sich + ēren unde guotes + und frœlīches muotes + und werltlīcher wünne + (er was für al sīn künne 80 + geprīset unde geēret), + sīn hōher muot wart verkēret + in ein leben gar geneiget. + an im wart erzeiget, + also ouch an Absolōne, 85 + daȥ diu üppige krōne + werltlīcher süeȥe + vellet under füeȥe + ab ir besten werdekeit, + als uns diu schrift hāt geseit. 90 + eȥ spricht an einer stete dā, + ‘mēdiā vītā + in morte sumus’: + daȥ bediutet sich alsus, + daȥ wir in dem tōde sweben 95 + sō wir aller beste wænen leben. + + Dirre werlte veste, + ir stæte, unde ir beste + unde ir grœste magenkraft, + diu stāt āne meisterschaft. 100 + des muge wir an der kerzen sehen + ein wāreȥ bilde geschehen, + daȥ sī zeiner aschen wirt + enmitten dō sī lieht birt. + wir sīn von brœden sachen. 105 + nū sehent wie unser lachen + mit weinen erlischet. + unser süeȥe ist vermischet + mit bitterre gallen. + unser bluome der muoȥ vallen 110 + so er allergrüenest wænet sīn. + an hern Heinrīche wart wol schīn, + der in dem hœhsten werde + lebet ūf dirre erde, + derst der versmæhete vor gote. 115 + er viel von sīme gebote + ab sīner besten werdekeit + in ein versmæhelīcheȥ leit: + in ergreif diu miselsuht. + dō man die swæren gotes zuht 120 + gesach an sīnem lībe, + manne unde wībe + wart er dō widerzæme. + nū sehent wie genæme + er ē der werlte wære, 125 + und wart nū alse unmære + daȥ in niemen gerne an sach: + alse ouch Jōbe geschach, + dem edeln und dem rīchen, + der ouch vil jæmerlīchen 130 + dem miste wart ze teile + mitten in sīme heile. + + Und dō der arme Heinrich + alrēst verstuont sich + daȥ er der werlte widerstuont, 135 + als alle sīne gelīchen tuont, + dō schiet in sīn bitter leit + von Jōbes gedultikeit. + wan eȥ leit Jōb der guote + mit gedultigem muote, 140 + do eȥ ime ze līdenne geschach, + durch der sēle gemach. + den siechtuom und die smācheit + die er von der werlte leit, + des lobet er got und fröute sich. 145 + dō tet der arme Heinrich + leider niender alsō: + wan er was trūrec unde unfrō. + sīn swebendeȥ herze daȥ verswanc, + sīn swimmendiu fröude ertranc, 150 + sīn hōchvart muoste vallen, + sīn honic wart ze gallen, + ein swinde vinster donreslac + zerbrach im sīnen mitten tac, + ein trüebeȥ wolken unde dic 155 + bedaht’ im sīner sunnen blic. + er sente sich vil sēre + daȥ er sō manege ēre + hinder im müeste lāȥen. + verfluochet und verwāȥen 160 + wart vil ofte der tac + dā sīn geburt ane lac. + + Ein wēnic fröuwet er sich doch + von eime trōste dannoch: + wan im wart dicke geseit 165 + daȥ disiu selbe siecheit + wære vil mislich + und etelīchiu gnislich. + des wart vil maneger slahte + sīn gedinge und sīn ahte. 170 + er gedāhte daȥ er wære + vil līhte genisbære, + und fuor alsō drāte + nāch der arzāte rāte + gegen Munpasiliere. 175 + dā vant er vil schiere + niht wan den untrōst + daȥ er niemer würde erlōst. + + Daȥ hōrte er vil ungerne, + und fuor gegen Sālerne 180 + und suochte ouch dā durch genist + der wīsen arzāte list. + den besten meister er dā vant. + der seite ime zehant + ein seltsæne mære, 185 + daȥ er genislich wære + und wære doch iemer ungenesen. + dō sprach er ‘wie mac daȥ wesen? + diu rede ist harte unmügelich. + bin ich gnislich, sō genise ich: 190 + und swaȥ mir für wirt geleit + von guote oder von arbeit, + daȥ trūwe ich vollebringen.’ + ‘nū lāt daȥ gedingen’ + sprach der meister aber dō: 195 + ‘iuwẹrre sühte ist alsō + (waȥ frumet daȥ ichȥ iu kunt tuo?): + dā hœret arzenīe zuo: + des wæret ir genislīch. + nu enist ab nieman sō rīch 200 + noch von sō starken sinnen + der sī müge gewinnen. + des sint ir iemer ungenesen, + got enwellẹ der arzāt wesen.’ + + Dō sprach der arme Heinrich 205 + ‘war umbe untrœstent ir mich? + jā hān ich guotes wol die kraft: + ir enwellent iuwer meisterschaft + und iuwer reht ouch brechen + und dar zuo versprechen 210 + beidiu mīn silber und mīn golt, + ich mache iuch mir alsō holt + daȥ ir mich harte gerne ernert.’ + ‘mir wærẹ der wille unrewert’ + sprach der meister aber dō: 215 + ‘und wærẹ der arzenīe alsō + daȥ man sī veile funde + oder daȥ man sī kunde + mit deheinen dingẹn erwerben, + ich enlieȥe iuch niht verderben. 220 + nu enmac des leider niht sīn: + dā von muoȥ iu diu helfe mīn + durch alle nōt sīn versaget. + ir müesent haben eine maget + diu vollen ērbære 225 + und ouch des willen wære + daȥ sī den tōt durch iuch lite. + nu enist eȥ niht der liute site + daȥ eȥ iemen gerne tuo. + sō hœrt ouch anders niht dar zuo 230 + niwan der megede herzen bluot: + daȥ wærẹ für iuwer suht guot.’ + + Nu erkantẹ der arme Heinrich + daȥ daȥ wære unmügelich + daȥ iemen den erwürbe 235 + der gerne für in stürbe. + alsus was im der trōst benomen + ūf den er dar was komen, + und dar nāch für die selben frist + hāt er ze sīner genist 240 + dehein gedinge mēre. + des wart sīn herzesēre + alsō kreftic unde grōȥ + daȥ in des aller meist verdrōȥ, + ob er langer solte leben. 245 + nū fuor er heim und begunde geben + sīn erbe und ouch sīn varnde guot, + als in dō sīn selbes muot + und wīser rāt lērte, + da erȥ aller bestẹ bekērte. 250 + er begundẹ bescheidenlīchen + sīn armen friunde rīchen + und trōste ouch frömde armen, + daȥ sich got erbarmen + geruochte über der sēle heil: 255 + gotes hiusern viel daȥ ander teil. + alsus sō tet er sich abe + bescheidenlīchen sīner habe + unz an ein geriute: + dar flōch er die liute. 260 + disiu jæmerlīchẹ geschiht + diu was sīn eines klage niht: + in klageten elliu diu lant + dā er inne was erkant, + und ouch von vrömden landen 265 + die in nāch sage erkanden. + + Der ē ditz geriute + und der eȥ dannoch biute, + daȥ was ein frīer būman + der vil selten ie gewan 270 + dehein grōȥ ungemach, + daȥ andẹrn gebūren doch geschach, + die wirs geherret wāren, + und sī die niht verbāren + beidiu mit stiure und mit bete. 275 + swaȥ dirrẹ gebūre gerne tete, + des dūhte sīnen herren gnuoc: + dar zuo er in übertruoc + daȥ er dehein arbeit + von frömdem gewalte leit. 280 + des was deheiner sīn gelīch + in dem lande alsō rīch. + zuo deme zōch sich + sīn herrẹ, der arme Heinrich. + swaȥ er in het ē gespart, 285 + wie wol daȥ nū gedienet wart + und wie schōne er sīn genōȥ! + wan in vil lützel des verdrōȥ + swaȥ im geschach durch in. + er hete die triuwe und ouch den sin 290 + daȥ er vil willeclīche leit + den kumber und die arbeit + diu ime ze līdenne geschach. + er schuof ime rīch gemach. + + Got hete dem meiger gegeben 295 + nāch sīner ahte ein reineȥ leben. + er hete ein wol erbeiten līp + und ein wol werbendeȥ wīp, + dar zuo het er schœniu kint, + diu gar des mannes fröude sint, 300 + unde hete, sō man saget, + undẹr den kinden eine maget, + ein kint von ahte jāren: + daȥ kunde wol gebāren + sō rehte güetlīchen: 305 + sī wolte nie entwīchen + von ir herren einen fuoȥ: + umb sīne hulde und sīnen gruoȥ + sō diente si ime alle wege + mit ir güetlīchen pflege. 310 + sī was ouch sō genæme + daȥ sī wol gezæme + ze kinde deme rīche + an ir wætlīche. + + Die andern heten den sin 315 + daȥ sī ze rehter māȥe in + wol gemīden kunden: + sō flōch sī zallen stunden + zuo ime und niender anders war. + sī was sīn kurzewīle gar. 320 + sī hete gar ir gemüete + mit reiner kindes güete + an ir herren gewant, + daȥ man sī zallen zīten vant + undẹr ir herren fuoȥe. 325 + mit süeȥer unmuoȥe + wonte sī ir herren bī. + dar zuo sō liebte er ouch sī + swā mite sō er mohte, + und daȥ der meide tohte 330 + zuo ir kintlīchen spil, + des gab der herre ir vil. + ouch half in sēre daȥ diu kint + sō līhte ze gewenenne sint. + er gewan ir swaȥ er veile vant, 335 + spiegel unde hārbant, + gürtel unde vingerlīn + und swaȥ kinden liep solte sīn. + mit dienste brāhte er s’ ūf die vart + daȥ sī im alsō heimlich wart 340 + daȥ er sī sīn gemahele hieȥ. + diu guote maget in lieȥ + belīben selten eine: + er dūhte sī vil reine. + swie starke ir daȥ geriete 345 + diu kindische miete, + iedoch geliebte irȥ aller meist + von gotes gebe ein süeȥer geist. + + Ir dienst war sō güetlich. + dō dō der arme Heinrich 350 + driu jār dā getwelte + unde im got gequelte + mit grōȥem jāmer den līp, + nū saȥ der meier und sīn wīp + unde ir tohter, diu maget 355 + von der ich iu ē hān gesaget, + bī im in ir unmüeȥekeit + und begunden klagen ir herren leit. + diu klage tet in michel nōt: + wan sī vorhten daȥ sīn tot 360 + sī sēre solte letzen + und vil gar entsetzen + ēren unde guotes + und daȥ herters muotes + würde ein ander herre. 365 + si gedāhten alsō verre + unz dirre selbe būman + alsus frāgen began. + + Er sprach ‘lieber herre mīn, + möht eȥ mit iuwern hulden sīn, 370 + ich frāgte vil gerne, + sō vil ze Sālerne + von arzenīen meister ist, + wie kumet daȥ ir deheines list + ze iuwerme ungesunde 375 + niht gerāten kunde? + herre, des wundert mich.’ + dō holtẹ der arme Heinrich + tiefen sūft von herzen + mit bitterlīchem smerzen: 380 + mit solher riuwe er dō sprach + daȥ ime der sūft daȥ wort zerbrach. + + ‘Ich hān disen schemelīchen spot + vil wol gedienet umbe got. + wan dū sæhe wol hie vor 385 + daȥ hōh offen stuont mīn tor + nāch werltlīcher wünne + und daȥ niemen in sīnem künne + sīnen willen baȥ hete dan ich: + und was daȥ doch unmügelich, 390 + wan ich enhete niht gar. + dō nam ich sīn vil kleine war + der mir daȥ selbe wunschleben + von sīnen gnāden hete gegeben. + daȥ herze mir dō alsō stuont 395 + als alle werlttōren tuont, + den daȥ saget ir muot + daȥ sī ēre unde guot + āne got mügen hān. + sus troug ouch mich mīn tumber wān, 400 + wan ich in lützel ane sach + von des genāden mir geschach + vil ēren unde guotes. + dō dō des hōhen muotes + den hōhen portenærẹ bedrōȥ, 405 + die sælden porte er mir beslōȥ. + dane kum ich leider niemer in: + daȥ verworhte mir mīn tumber sin. + got hāt durch rāche an mich geleit + ein sus gewante siecheit 410 + die niemen mag erlœsen, + nū versmæhent mich die bœsen, + die biderben ruochent mīn niht. + swie bœse er ist der mich gesiht, + des boeser muoȥ ich dannoch sīn. 415 + sīn unwert tuot er mir schīn: + er wirfẹt diu ougen abe mir. + nū schīnet ērste an dir + dīn triuwe die dū hāst, + daȥ dū mich siechen bī dir lāst 420 + und von mir niht enfliuhest. + swie dū mich niht enschiuhest, + swie ich niemen liep sī danne dir, + swie vil dīns heiles stē an mir, + du vertrüegest doch wol mīnen tōt. 425 + nū wes unwert und wes nōt + wart ie zer werlte merre? + hie vor was ich dīn herre + und bin dīn dürftige nū. + mīn lieber friunt, nu koufest dū 430 + und mīn gemahele und dīn wīp + an mir den ēwigen līp + daȥ dū mich siechen bī dir lāst. + des dū mich gefrāget hāst, + daȥ sage ich dir vil gerne. 435 + ichn kunde ze Sālerne + einen meister niender vinden + der sich mīn underwinden + getörste oder wolte. + wan dā mite ich solte 440 + mīner sühte genesen, + daȥ müeste ein solhiu sache wesen + die in der werlte nieman + mit nihte gewinnen kan. + mir wart niht anders dā gesaget 445 + wan ich müeste haben eine maget + diu vollen manbære + und ouch des willen wære + daȥ sī den tōt durch mich lite + und man sī zuo dem herzen snite, 450 + und mir wærẹ niht anders guot + wan von ir herzen daȥ bluot. + nū ist genuoc unmügelich + daȥ ir deheiniu durch mich + gerne līde den tōt. 455 + des muoȥ, ich schemelīche nōt + tragen unz an mīn ende. + daȥ mirȥ got schiere sende!’ + + Daȥ er dem vater hete gesagt, + daȥ erhōrte ouch diu reine magt: 460 + wan eȥ hete diu vil süeȥe + ir lieben herren füeȥe + stānde in ir schōȥen, + man möhte wol genōȥen + ir kintlīch gemüete 465 + hin ze der engel güete. + sīner rede nam sī war + unde marhte sī ouch gar: + sī enkam von ir herzen nie + unz man des nahtes slāfen gie. 470 + dō sī zir vater füeȥen lac + und ouch ir muoter, sō sī pflac, + und sī beide entsliefen, + manegen sūft tiefen + holte sī von herzen. 475 + umbe ir herren smerzen + wart ir riuwe alsō grōȥ + daȥ ir ougen regen begōȥ + der slāfenden füeȥe, + sus erwahte sī diu süeȥe. 480 + + Dō sī der trehene enpfunden, + si erwachten und begunden + sī frāgen waȥ ir wære + und welher hande swære + sī alsō stille möhte klagen. 485 + nu enwolte sī es in niht sagen, + wan daȥ ir vater aber tete + vil manege drō unde bete + daȥ sī eȥ ime wolte sagen. + sī sprach ‘ir möhtent mit mir klagen. 490 + waȥ möhte uns mē gewerren + danne umb unsern herren, + daȥ wir den suln verliesen + und mit ime verkiesen + beide guot und ēre? 495 + wir gewinnen niemer mēre + deheinen herren alsō guot + der uns tuo daȥ er uns tuot.’ + + Sī sprāchen ‘tohter, dū hāst wār. + nū frumet uns leider niht ein hār 500 + unser riuwe und dīn klage: + liebeȥ kint, dā von gedage. + eȥ ist uns alsō leit sō dir. + leider nū enmuge wir + ime ze keinen staten komen. 505 + got der hāt in uns benomen: + het eȥ iemen anders getān, + der müese unsern fluoch hān.’ + + Alsus gesweigẹten sī sī dō. + die naht beleip sī unfrō 510 + und morne allen den tac. + swes iemen anders pflac, + diz enkam von ir herzen nie + unz man des andern nahtes gie + slāfen nāch gewonheit. 515 + dō sī sich hete geleit + an ir alte bettestat, + sī bereite aber ein bat + mit weinenden ougen: + wan sī truoc tougen 520 + nāhe in ir gemüete + die aller meisten güete + die ich von kinde ie vernam. + welch kint getete ouch ie alsam? + des einen sī sich gar verwac, 525 + gelebetẹ sī morne den tac, + daȥ sī benamen ir leben + umbe ir herren wolte geben. + + Von dem gedanke wart sī dō + vil ringes muotes unde frō, 530 + und hete deheine sorge mē, + wan ein vorhtẹ diu tete ir wē, + sō sīȥ ir herren sagte, + daȥ er dar an verzagte, + und swenne sīȥ in allen drin 535 + getæte kunt, daȥ sī an in + der gehenge niht enfunde + daȥ mans ir iht gunde. + + Des wart sō grōȥ ir ungehabe + daȥ ir muoter dar abe 540 + unde ir vater wart erwaht + als ouch an der vordern naht. + sī rihten sich ūf zuo ir + und sprāchen ‘sich, waȥ wirret dir? + dū bist vil alwære 545 + daȥ du dich sō manege swære + von solher klage hāst an genomen + der niemen mac zeim ende komen. + war umbẹ lāstu uns niht slāfen?’ + sus begunden sī sī strāfen. 550 + waȥ ir diu klage töhte, + die niemen doch enmöhte + verenden noch gebüeȥen? + sus wānden sī die süeȥen + gesweigen an der selben stunt: 555 + dō was ir wille in vil unkunt. + + Sus antwurte in diu maget. + ‘als uns mīn herre hāt gesaget, + sō mac man in vil wol ernern. + zewāre, ir welt mirȥ danne wern, 560 + sō bin ich ze der arzenīe guot. + ich bin ein maget und hān den muot, + ē ich in sihe verderben, + ich wil ē für in sterben.’ + + Von dirre rede wurden dō 565 + trūric unde unfrō + beide muoter unde vater. + sīne tohter die bat er + daȥ sī die rede lieȥe + und ir herren gehieȥe 570 + daȥ sī geleisten möhte, + wand ir diz niht entöhte. + + Er sprach ‘tohter, du bist ein kint + und dīne triuwe die sint + ze grōȥ an disen dingen. 575 + du enmaht es niht für bringen + als dū uns hie hāst verjehen. + dū hāst des tōdes niht gesehen. + swenn eȥ dir kumet ūf die frist + daȥ des dehein rāt ist, 580 + dū enmüeȥest sterben, + und möhtest dūȥ erwerben, + dū lebetest gerner dannoch: + wan dun kæme nie in leider loch. + dā von tuo zuo dīnen munt: 585 + und wirstū für dise stunt + der rede iemer mēre lūt, + eȥ gāt dir ūf dīne hūt.’ + + Alsus sō wānde er sī dō + bēdiu mit bete und mit drō 590 + gesweigen: dō enmohter. + sus antwurt ime sīn tohter. + + ‘Vater mīn, swie tump ich sī, + mir wonet iedoch diu witze bī + daȥ ich von sage wol die nōt 595 + erkenne daȥ des lībes tōt + ist starc unde strenge. + swer ouch dannẹ die lenge + mit arbeiten leben sol, + dem ist iedoch niht ze wol. 600 + wan swenne er hie geringet + und ūf sīn alter bringet + den līp mit michelre nōt, + sō muoȥ er līden doch den tōt. + ist ime diu sēle dannẹ verlorn, 605 + sō wære er beȥȥer ungeborn. + eȥ ist mir komen ūf daȥ zil, + des ich got iemer loben wil, + daȥ ich den jungen līp mac geben + umbẹ daȥ ēwige leben. 610 + nū sult ir mirȥ niht leiden. + ich wil mir unde iu beiden + vil harte wol mite varn. + ich mag iuch eine wol bewarn + vor schaden und vor leide, 615 + als ich iu nū bescheide. + ir hānt ēre unde guot: + daȥ meinet mīnes herren muot; + wan er iu leit nie gesprach + und ouch daȥ guot nie abe gebrach. 620 + die wīle daȥ er leben sol + sō stēt iuwer sache wol: + und lāȥe wir den sterben, + sō müeȥen wir verderben. + den wil ich uns fristen 625 + mit alsō schœnen listen + dā mite wir alle sīn genesen. + nū gunnet mirs, wan eȥ muoȥ wesen.’ + + Diu muoter weinende sprach, + dō sī der tohter ernst ersach, 630 + ‘gedenke, tohter, liebeȥ kint, + wie grōȥ die arbeite sint + die ich durch dich erliten hān, + und lā mich beȥȥern lōn enpfān + dan ich dich hœre sprechen. 635 + dū wilt mīn herze brechen. + senfte mir der rede ein teil. + jā wiltū alleȥ dīn heil + an uns verwürken wider got. + wan gedenkest dū an sīn gebot? 640 + jā gebōt er unde bat er + daȥ man muoter unde vater + minne und ēre biete, + und geheiȥet daȥ ze miete + daȥ der sēle rāt werde 645 + und lanclīp ūf der erde. + dū gihst, dū wellest dīn leben + umb unser beider fröude geben: + dū wilt uns beiden + daȥ leben vaste leiden. 650 + daȥ dīn vater unde ich + gerne leben, daȥ ist durch dich. + waȥ solte uns līp unde guot, a + waȥ solte uns werltlich muot, b + swenne wir dīn enbæren? c + dune . . . . . . d + jā soltū, liebiu tohter mīn, + unser beider fröude sīn, + gar unsers lībes wünne, 655 + ein bluome in dīme künne, + unsers alters ein stap. + und lāstū uns über dīn grap + gestēn von dīnen schulden, + dū muost von gotes hulden 660 + iemer sīn gescheiden: + daȥ koufest an uns beiden.’ + ‘wiltu uns tohter wesen guot, a + sō soltū rede und den muot b + durch unsers herren hulde lān, c + die ich von dir vernomen hān.’ d + + Si sprach ‘muoter, ich getrūwe dir + und mīnem vater her ze mir + aller der genāden wol 665 + der vater unde muoter sol + leisten ir kinde, + als ich eȥ wol bevinde + an iu allertegelich. + von iuwern gnāden hān ich 670 + die sēle und einen schœnen līp. + mich lobet man unde wīp, + und alle die mich sehende sint, + ich sī daȥ schœneste kint + daȥ sī zir lebene haben gesehen. 675 + wem soll ich der genāden jehen + niuwan iu zwein nāch gote? + des sol ich ze iuwerm gebote + iemer vil gerne stān: + wie michel reht ich des hān! 680 + muoter, sæligeȥ wīp, + sīt ich nū sēle unde līp + von iuwern genāden hān, + sō lāntȥ an iuwern hulden stān + daȥ ich ouch die beide 685 + von dem tiuvel scheide + und mich gote müeȥe geben. + jā ist dirre werlte leben + niuwan der sēle verlust. + ouch hāt mich werltlīch gelust 690 + unz her noch niht berüeret, + der hin zer helle füeret. + nū wil ich gote genāde sagen + daȥ er in mīnen jungen tagen + mir die sinne hāt gegeben 695 + daȥ ich ūf diz brœde leben + ahte harte kleine. + ich wil mich alsus reine + antwürtẹn in gotes gewalt. + ich fürhte, solt ich werden alt, 700 + daȥ mich der werlte süeȥe + zuhte under füeȥe, + als sī vil manegen hāt gezogen + den ouch ir süeȥe hāt betrogen: + sō würde ich līhte gote entsaget. 705 + gote müeȥe eȥ sīn geklaget + daȥ ich unz morne leben sol: + mir behaget diu werlt niht sō wol. + ir meiste liep ist herzeleit + (daȥ sī iu für wār geseit), 710 + ir süeȥer lōn ein bitter nōt, + ir lancleben ein gæher tōt. + wir hān niht gewisses mē + wan hiute wol und morne wē + und ie ze jungest der tōt. 715 + daȥ ist ein jæmerlīchiu nōt. + eȥ enschirmet geburt noch guot, + schœne, sterke, hōher muot, + eȥ enfrumt tugent noch ēre + für den tōt niht mēre 720 + dann ungeburt und untugent. + unser leben und unser jugent + ist ein nebel unde ein stoup, + unser stæte bibent als ein loup. + er ist ein vil verschaffen gouch 725 + der gerne in sich vaȥȥt den rouch, + eȥ sī wīp oder man, + der diz niht wol bedenken kan + und ouch der werlt nāch volgende ist. + wan uns ist über den fūlen mist 730 + der pfeller hie gespreitet: + swen nū der blic verleitet, + der ist zuo der hellẹ geborn + unde enhāt niht mē verlorn + wan beidiu sēle unde līp. 735 + nu gedenkent, sæligeȥ wīp, + müeterlīcher triuwe + und senftent iuwer riuwe + die ir dā habent umbe mich: + so bedenket ouch der vater sich. 740 + ich weiȥ wol daȥ er mir heiles gan. + er ist ein alsō biderber man + daȥ er erkennet wol daȥ ir + unlange doch mit mir + iuwer fröude mügent hān, 745 + ob ich joch lebende bestān. + belībe ich āne man bī iu + zwei jār oder driu, + sō ist mīn herre līhte tōt, + und kument in sō grōȥe nōt 750 + vil līhte von armuot + daȥ ir mir alsolheȥ guot + zeinem man niht mugent geben, + ich enmüeȥe alse swache leben + daȥ ich iu lieber wære tōt. 755 + nu verswīgẹ wir aber der nōt, + daȥ uns niht enwerre + und uns mīn lieber herre + were und alsō lange lebe + unz daȥ man mich zeim manne gebe 760 + der rīche sī unde wert: + sō ist geschehen des ir dā gert + und wænent mir sī wol geschehen. + anders hāt mir mīn muot verjehen. + wirt er mir liep, daȥ ist ein nōt: 765 + wirt er mir leit, daȥ ist der tōt. + wan sō hān ich iemer leit + und bin mit ganzer arbeit + gescheiden von gemache + mit maneger hande sache 770 + diu den wīben wirret + und sī ze fröuden irret. + nū setzt mich in den vollen rāt + der dā niemer zergāt. + mīn gert ein frīer būman 775 + dem ich wol mīnes lībes gan. + zwāre, dem sult ir mich geben, + sō ist geschaffet wol mīn leben. + im gēt sīn pfluoc harte wol, + sīn hof ist alles rātes vol, 780 + da enstirbet ros noch daȥ rint, + da enmüent diu weinenden kint, + da enist ze heiȥ noch ze kalt, + dā wirt von jāren niemen alt, + der alte wirt junger, 785 + da enist frost noch hunger, + da enist deheiner slahte leit, + da ist ganziu fröude ān arbeit. + ze dem wil ich mich ziehen + und solhen bū fliehen 790 + den daȥ fiur und der hagel sleht + und der wāc abe tweht, + mit dem man ringet unde ie ranc. + swaȥ man daȥ jār alse lanc + dar ūf gearbeiten mac, 795 + daȥ verliuset schiere ein halber tac. + den bū den wil ich lāȥen: + er sī von mir verwāȥen. + ir minnent mich: deist billich. + nū sihe ich gerne daȥ mich 800 + iuwer minne iht unminne. + ob ir iuch rehter sinne + an mir verstān kunnent + und ob ir mir gunnent + beide guotes unde ēren, 805 + sō lāȥet mich kēren + ze unserm herren Jēsū Krist, + des gnāde alsō stæte ist + daȥ sī niemer zergāt, + unde ouch zuo mir armen hāt 810 + alsō grōȥe minne + als zeiner küniginne. + ich sol von mīnen schulden + ūȥ iuwern hulden + niemer komen, wil eȥ got. 815 + eȥ ist gewisse sīn gebot + daȥ ich iu sī undertān, + wan ich den līp von iu hān: + daȥ leist ich āne riuwe. + ouch sol ich māne triuwe 820 + an mir selber niht brechen. + ich hōrte ie daȥ sprechen, + swer den andern fröuwet sō + daȥ er selbe wirt unfrō, + und swer den andern krœnet 825 + und sich selben hœnet, + der triuwen sī ze vil. + wie gerne ich iu des volgen wil + daȥ ich iu triuwe leiste, + mir selber doch die meiste. 830 + welt ir mir wenden mīn heil, + sō lāȥ ich iuch ein teil + ē nāch mir geweinen, + ich enwelle mir erscheinen + wes ich mir selber schuldic bin. 835 + ich wil iemer dā hin + da ich volle fröude vinde. + ir hānt doch mē kinde: + diu lānt iuwer fröude sīn + und getrœstent ir iuch mīn. 840 + wan mir mac daȥ nieman erwern, + zwāre, ich enwelle ernern + mīnen herren unde mich. + muoter, jā hōrte ich dich + klagen unde sprechen ē, 845 + eȥ tæte dīme herzen wē, + soltest dū ob mīme grabe stān. + des wirst du harte wol erlān: + dū stāst ob mīme grabe niht. + wan dā der tōt geschiht, 850 + daȥ enlāt dich niemen sehen: + eȥ sol ze Sālerne geschehen. + dā sol uns viere der tōt a + lœsẹen von aller slahte nōt. b + des tōdes des genese wir, + und ich doch verre baȥ dan ir.’ + + Dō sī daȥ kint dō sāhen 855 + ze dem tōde sō gāhen, + und eȥ sō wīslīchen sprach + unde menschlich reht zerbrach, + si begunden ahten under in + daȥ die wīsheit und den sin 860 + niemer erzeigen kunde + dehein zunge in kindes munde. + sī jāhen daȥ der heiliggeist + der rede wære ir volleist, + der ouch sante Niklauses pflac 865 + dō er in der wagen lac + und in die wīsheit lērte + daȥ er ze gote kērte + sīne kintlīche güete: + und bedāhtẹn sich in ir gemüete 870 + daȥ sī niht enwolden + sī wenden noch ensolden + des sī sich hete an genomen: + der willẹ sī ir von gote komen. + von jāmẹr erkalte in der līp, 875 + dō der meiger und sīn wīp + an dem bette sāȥen + und vil gar vergāȥen + durch des kindes minne + der zungen und der sinne 880 + sā ze der selben stunde. + ir enwederȥ enkunde + einic wort gesprechen. + daȥ gegihtẹ begunde brechen + die muoter von leide. 885 + sus gesāȥen sī beide + riuwic unde unfrō + unz sī sich bedāhten dō + waȥ in ir trūren töhte: + sō man ir doch niht enmöhte 890 + benemen ir willen unde ir muot, + sō enwære in niht alsō guot + sō daȥ sī irs wol gunden, + wan sī doch niht enkunden + ir niemer werden āne baȥ; 895 + enpfiengen sī der rede haȥ, + eȥ möhte in umbe ir herren + vil harte wol gewerren, + und verviengen anders niht dā mite. + mit vil willeclīchem site 900 + sprāchen sī beide dō + daȥ sī der rede wæren frō. + + Des fröute sich diu reine maget. + dō eȥ vil kūme was getaget + dō gie sī dā ir herre slief. 905 + sīn trūtgemahele ime rief, + sī sprach ‘herre, slāfent ir?’ + ‘nein ich, gemahele, sage mir, + wie bistū hiute alsō fruo?’ + ‘herrẹ, dā twinget mich derzuo 910 + der jāmer iuwerr siecheit.’ + er sprach ‘gemahelẹ, daȥ ist dir leit: + daȥ erzeigest du an mir wol, + als eȥ dir got vergelten sol. + nune mag es dehein rāt sīn.’ 915 + ‘entriuwen, lieber herre mīn, + iuwer wirt vil guot rāt. + sīt eȥ alsus umbe iuch stāt + daȥ man iu gehelfen mac, + ichn gesūme iuch niemer tac. 920 + herre, ir hānt uns doch gesaget, + ob ir hetent eine maget + diu gernẹ den tōt durch iuch lite, + dā soltent ir genesen mite. + diu wil ich weiȥgot selbe sīn: 925 + iuwer leben ist nützer dan daȥ mīn.’ + + Dō gnādẹte ir der herre + des willen harte verre. + und ervollẹten im diu ougen + von jāmer alsō tougen. 930 + er sprach ‘gemahelẹ, ja ist der tōt + iedoch niht ein senftiu nōt, + als dū dir līhte hāst gedāht. + du hāst mich des wol innen brāht, + möhtestū, dū hülfest mir. 935 + des genüegẹt mich wol von dir. + ich erkenne dīnen süeȥen muot: + dīn wille ist reine unde guot. + ichn sol ouch niht mē von dir gern. + dū maht mich des niht wol gewern 940 + daȥ dū dā gesprochen hāst. + die triuwe die du an mir begāst, + die sol dir vergelten got. + ditz wærẹ der lantliute spot, + swaȥ ich mich für dise stunde 945 + arzenīen underwunde, + und mich doch niht vervienge + wan als eȥ doch ergienge. + gemahele, dū tuost als diu kint + diu dā gæhes muotes sint: 950 + swaȥ den kumet in den muot, + eȥ sī übel oder guot, + dar zuo ist in allen gāch, + und geriuwẹt sī sēre dar nāch. + gemahele, alsō tuost ouch dū. 955 + der rede ist dir ze muote nū: + der die von dir nemen wolte, + sō manȥ danne enden solte, + so geriuweȥ dich vil līhte doch.’ + und daȥ sī sich ein teil noch 960 + baȥ bedæhte des bat er. + er sprach ‘dīn muoter und dīn vater + die enmugen dīn niht wol enbern. + ich sol ouch niht ir leides gern + die mir ie gnāde tāten. 965 + swaȥ sī dir beide rāten, + liebẹ gemahele, daȥ tuo.’ + hie mite lachete er dar zuo, + wan er lützel sich versach + daȥ doch sider dō geschach. 970 + + Sus sprach er zuo der guoter. + der vater und diu muoter + sprāchen ‘lieber herre, + ir hānt uns vil verre + geliebet und geēret: 975 + daȥ enwærẹ niht wol bekēret, + wir engültenȥ iu mit guote. + unser tohter ist ze muote + daȥ sī den tōt durch iuch dol: + des gunne wir ir harte wol. 980 + eȥ ist hiutẹ der dritte tac + daȥ sī uns alleȥ ane lac + daȥ wir ir sīn gunden: + nū hāt sīȥ an uns funden. + nū lāȥe iuch got mit ir genesen: 985 + wir wellen ir durch iuch entwesen.’ + + Do im sīn gemahele dō bōt + für sīnen siechtuom ir tōt + und man ir ernest ersach, + dō wart dō michel ungemach 990 + und jæmerlīch gebærde. + manc mislīchiu beswærde + huop sich dō under in, + zwischẹn dem herren unde in drin. + ir vater unde ir muoter die 995 + erhuoben michel weinen hie: + des weinens tet in michel nōt + umb ir vil lieben kindes tōt. + nū begunde ouch der herre + gedenken alsō verre 1000 + an des kindes triuwe, + und begreif in ein riuwe, + daȥ er sēre weinen began, + und zwīvelte vaste dran + weder eȥ beȥȥer getān 1005 + möhte sīn oder verlān. + von vorhten weinte ouch diu maget: + sī wānde er wære dran verzaget. + sus wārens alle unfrō. + sī gerten keines dankes dō. 1010 + + Ze jungest dō bedāhte sich + ir herrẹ, der arme Heinrich, + und begunde sagen in + grōȥe gnāde allen drin + der triuwen und des guotes 1015 + (diu maget wart rīches muotes + daȥ ers gevolgẹte gerne), + und bereitẹ sich ze Sālerne + sō er schiereste mohte. + swaȥ ouch der megede tohte, 1020 + daȥ wart vil schiere bereit: + schœniu pfert und rīchiu kleit, + diu sī getruoc nie vor der zīt: + hermin unde samīt, + den besten zobel den man vant, 1025 + daȥ was der megede gewarit. + + Nū wer möhte volgesagen + die herzeriuwe und daȥ klagen, + der muoter grimmigeȥ leit + und ouch des vater arbeit? 1030 + eȥ wærẹ wol undẹr in beiden + ein jæmerliīcheȥ scheiden, + dō sī ir liebeȥ kint von in + gefrumten sō gesundeȥ hin + niemer mē ze sehenne in den tōt, 1035 + wan daȥ in senftet ir nōt + diu reine gotes güete, + von der doch daȥ gemüete + ouch dem jungen kinde quam + daȥ eȥ den tōt gerne nam. 1040 + eȥ was āne ir rāt kōmen: + dā von wart von ir herzẹn genomen + alliu klage und swære, + wan eȥ anders wunder wære + daȥ in ir herze niht zerbrach. 1045 + ze liebe wart ir ungemach, + daȥ sī dar nāch deheine nōt + liten umbe ir kindes tōt. + + + + +IV + +WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE. + + The exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. His chief poems + were written between the years 1187 and 1230. + + The best edition of his works is: Walther von der Vogelweide, + herausgegeben und erklärt von W. Wilmanns, Halle, 1883 (2nd edit.). + + +1. + + Ir sult sprechen: ‘willekomen!’ + der iu mære bringet, daȥ bin ich. + Alleȥ daȥ ir habt vernomen, + daȥ ist gar ein wint: nū frāget mich. + Ich wil aber miete: 5 + wirt mīn lōn iht guot, + sō sage ich iu vil līhte, daȥ in sanfte tuot. + seht, waȥ man mir ēren biete. + + Ich wil tiuschen frouwen sagen + solhiu mære, daȥ si deste baȥ 10 + Al der werlte suln behagen: + āne grōȥe miete tuon ich daȥ. + Waȥ wold’ ich ze lōne? + si sint mir ze hēr; + sō bin ich gefüege und bite si nihtes mēr 15 + wan daȥ si mich grüeȥen schōne. + + Ich hān lande vil gesehen + unde nam der besten gerne war: + Übel müeȥe mir geschehen, + künde ich ie mīn herze bringen dar, 20 + Daȥ im wol gevallen + wolde fremeder site. + nū waȥ hülfe mich, ob ich unrehte strite? + tiuschiu zuht gāt vor in allen. + + Von der Elbe unz an den Rīn 25 + und her wider unz an Ungerlant + Mügen wol die besten sīn, + die ich in der werlte hān erkant. + Kan ich rehte schouwen + guot gelāȥ und līp, 30 + sam mir got, sō swüere ich wol, daȥ hie diu wīp + beȥȥer sint danne ander frouwen. + + Tiusche man sint wol gezogen, + rehte als engel sint diu wīp getān. + Swer si schiltet, derst betrogen: 35 + ich enkan sīn anders niht verstān. + Tugent und reine minne, + swer die suochen wil, + der sol komen in unser lant: da ist wünne vil: + lange müeȥe ich leben dar inne! 40 + + +2. + + Owē war sint verswunden / alliu mīniu jār! + ist mir mīn leben getroumet / oder ist eȥ wār? + daȥ ich ie wānde, daȥ / iht wære, was daȥ iht? + dar nāch hān ich geslāfen / und enweiȥ es niht. 45 + Nū bin ich erwachet, / und ist mir unbekant, + daȥ mir hie vor was kündic / als mīn ander hant. + liut unde lant, dā ich / von kinde bin erzogen, + die sint mir fremde worden, / reht’ als eȥ sī gelogen: + Die mīne gespilen wāren, / die sint træge und alt; 50 + bereitet ist daȥ velt, / verhouwen ist der walt: + wan daȥ daȥ waȥȥer fliuȥet, / als eȥ wīlent flōȥ, + für wār ich wāndẹ / mīn ungelücke würde grōȥ. + mich grüeȥet maneger trāge, / der mich bekande ē wol. + diu werlt ist allenthalben / ungenāden vol. 55 + als ich gedenke an manegen / wünneclīchen tac, + die sint mir enpfallen gar / als in daȥ mer ein slac, + iemer mēre owē! + Owē wie jæmerlīche / junge liute tuont! + den vil unriuweclīche / ir gemüete stuont, 60 + die kunnen niuwan sorgen: / owē wie tuont si sō? + swar ich zer werlte kēre, / dā ist nieman frō: + Tanzen unde singen / zergāt mit sorgen gar. + nie kristenman gesach / sō jæmerlīchiu jār. + nū merket, wie den frouwen / ir gebende stāt; 65 + die stolzen ritter tragent / dörperlīche wāt. + Uns sint unsenfte brieve / her von Rōme komen, + uns ist erloubet trūren / und fröude gar benomen. + daȥ müet mich inneclīchen / (wir lebten ē vil wol), + daȥ ich nū für mīn lachen / weinen kiesen sol. 70 + diu wilden vogellīn / betrüebet unser klage: + waȥ wunders ist, ob ich / dā von vil gar verzage? + waȥ spriche ich tumber man / durch mīnen bœsen zorn? + swer dirre wünne volget, der / hāt jene dort verlorn + iemer mēre, owē! 75 + Owē wie uns mit süeȥen / dingen ist vergeben! + ich sihe die gallen mitten / in dem honege sweben. + diu werlt ist ūȥen schœne, / wīȥ, grüen’ unde rōt + und innen swarzer varwe, / vinster sam der tōt. + Swen si nū habe verleitet, / der schouwe sīnen trōst: 80 + er wirt mit swacher buoȥe / grōȥer sünde erlōst. + dar an gedenket, ritter! / eȥ ist iuwer dinc; + ir traget die liehten helme / und manegen herten rinc, + Dar zuo die vesten schilte / und diu gewīhten swert. + wolte got, wær ich / der sigenünfte wert, 85 + sō wolte ich nōtic man / verdienen rīchen solt. + joch meine ich niht die huoben / noch der hērren golt: + ich wolte selbe krōne / ēweclīchen tragen; + die möhte ein soldenære / mit sīme sper bejagen. + möht ich die lieben reise / gevaren über sē, 90 + sō wolte ich denne singen ‘wol’ / und niemer mēre ‘owē,’ + niemer mēre ‘owē!’ + + +3. + + Dō der sumer komen was + und die bluomen durch daȥ gras + wünneclīche ensprungen, + aldā die vogele sungen, 95 + dār kom ich gegangen + an einen anger langen, + dā ein lūter brunne entspranc; + vor dem walde was sīn ganc, + dā diu nahtegale sanc. 100 + + Bī dem brunnen stuont ein boum, + dā gesach ich einen troum. + ich was zuo dem brunnen + gegangen von der sunnen, + daȥ diu linde mære 105 + den küelen schaten bære. + bī dem brunnen ich gesaȥ: + mīner swære ich gar vergaȥ, + schiere entslief ich umbe daȥ. + + Dō bedūhte mich zehant, 110 + wie mir dienten elliu lant, + wie mīn sēle wære + ze himel āne swære + und der līp hie solte + gebāren swie er wolte. 115 + dā enwas mir niht ze wē. + got der waldes, swie’ȥ ergē: + schœner troum enwart nie mē. + + Gerne sliefe ich iemer dā, + wan ein unsæligiu krā, 120 + diu begonde schrīen. + daȥ alle krā gedīen + alse ich in des günne! + si nam mir michel wunne. + von ir schrīenne ich erschrac: 125 + wan daȥ dā niht steines lac, + sō wær’ eȥ ir suontac. + + Wan ein wunderalteȥ wīp + diu getrōste mir den līp. + die begonde ich eiden. 130 + nū hāt si mir bescheiden + waȥ der troum bediute. + daȥ merken wīse liute; + zwēne und einer daȥ sint drī; + dannoch seitẹ si mir dā bī, 135 + daȥ mīn dūme ein vinger sī. + + +4. + + Ich saȥ ūf eime steine + und dahte bein mit beine; + dar ūf satzt ich den ellenbogen; + ich hete in mīne hant gesmogen 140 + daȥ kinne und ein mīn wange: + dō dāhte ich mir vil ange, + wie man zer werlte solte leben. + deheinen rāt kond ich gegeben, + wie man driu dinc erwürbe, 145 + der keineȥ niht verdürbe. + diu zwei sint ēre und varnde guot, + daȥ dicke einander schaden tuot; + daȥ dritte ist gotes hulde, + der zweier übergulde. 150 + die wolte ich gerne in einen schrīn; + jā leider des enmac niht sīn, + daȥ guot und werltlīch ēre + und gotes hulde mēre + zesamene in ein herze komen. 155 + stīg’ unde wege sint in benomen: + untriuwe is in der sāȥe, + gewalt vert ūf der strāȥe, + fride unde reht sint sēre wunt. + diu driu enhabent geleites niht, 160 + diu zwei enwerden ē gesunt. + + +5. + + Ich hōrte ein waȥȥer dieȥen + und sach die vische flieȥen; + ich sach swaȥ in der werlte was, + velt unde walt, loup rōr und gras; 165 + swaȥ kriuchet unde fliuget + und bein zer erden biuget, + daȥ sach ich unde sage iu daȥ: + der keineȥ lebet āne haȥ. + daȥ wilt und daȥ gewürme 170 + die strītent starke stürme, + sam tuont die vogel under in; + wan daȥ sie habent einen sin: + sie diuhten sich ze nihte, + sie enschüefen starc gerihte: 175 + sie kiesent künege unde reht, + sie setzent hērren unde kneht. + sō wē dir, tiuschiu zunge, + wie stēt dīn ordenunge, + daȥ nū diu mucke ir künic hāt 180 + und daȥ dīn ēre alsō zergāt! + bekērā dich, bekēre! + die zirken sint ze hēre, + die armen künege dringent dich: + Philippe setze en weisen ūf + und heiȥ sie treten hinder sich! + + +6. + + Ich sach mit mīnen ougen + man unde wībe tougen, + dā ich gehōrte und gesach + swaȥ iemen tet, swaȥ iemen sprach. + ze Rōme hōrte ich liegen 190 + und zwēne künege triegen. + dā von huop sich der meiste strīt, + der ē was oder iemer sīt, + daȥ sich begonden zweien + die pfaffen unde leien. 195 + daȥ was ein nōt vor aller nōt: + līp unde sēle lac dā tōt, + die pfaffen striten sēre: + doch wart der leien mēre. + diu swert sie legeten dernider 200 + und griffen zuo der stōle wider: + sie bienen die sie wolten + und niuwet den sie solten. + dō stōrte man diu goteshūs. + ich hōrte verre in einer klūs 205 + vil michel ungebære: + dā weinde ein klōsenære, + er klagete gote sīniu leit: + ‘ōwē, der bābest ist ze junc: + hilf, hērre, dīner Kristenheit!’ + + +7. + + Diu krōne ist elter dan der künec Philippes sī: 210 + dā muget ir alle schouwen wol ein wunder bī, + wie s’ ime der smit sō ebene habe gemachet. + sīn keiserlicheȥ houbet zimt ir alsō wol, + daȥ sie ze rehte nieman guoter scheiden sol. + ir dwedereȥ daȥ ander niht enswachet. 215 + sie liuhtent beide ein ander an, + daȥ edele gesteine wider den jungen man: + die ougenweide sehent die fürsten gerne. + swer nū des rīches irre gē, + der schouwe, wem der weise ob sīme nacke stē: 220 + der stein ist aller fürsten leitesterne. + + +8. + + Mir ist verspart der sælden tor: + dā stēn ich als ein weise vor, + mich hilfet niht swaȥ ich dar an geklopfe. + wie möhte ein wunder grœȥer sīn? 225 + eȥ regent beidenthalben mīn, + daȥ mir des alles niht enwirt ein tropfe. + des fürsten milte ūȥ Ōsterrīche + freut dem süeȥen regen gelīche + beidiu liute und ouch daȥ lant. 230 + er ist ein schœne wol gezieret heide, + dar abe man bluomen brichet wunder: + und bræche mir ein blat dar under + diu sīn vil milte rīchiu hant, + sō möhte ich loben die süeȥen ougenweide. 235 + hie bī sī er an mich gemant. + + +9. + + Ich hān mīn lēhen, al die werlt! ich hān mīn lēhen! + nū enfürhte ich niht den hornunc an die zēhen + und wil alle bœse hērren deste minre vlēhen. + der edel künec, der milte künec hāt mich berāten, 240 + daȥ ich den sumer luft und in dem winter hitze hān. + mīn’ nāhgebūren dunke ich verre baȥ getān: + sie sehent mich niht mēr an in butzen wīs, alsō sie tāten. + ich bin ze lange arm gewesen ān’ mīnen danc. + ich was sō volle scheltens, daȥ mīn ātem stanc. 245 + daȥ hāt der künec gemachet reine und dar zuo mīnen sanc. + + +10. + + Ōwē hovelīcheȥ singen, + daȥ dich ungefüege dœne + solten ie ze hove verdringen! + daȥ sie schiere got gehœne! 250 + ōwē, daȥ dīn wirde alsō geliget, + des sint alle dīne friunde unfrō. + daȥ muoȥ eht sō sīn, nū sī alsō: + frō Unfuoge, ir habt gesiget. + + Der uns freude wider bræhte, 255 + diu reht und gefüege wære, + hei wie wol man des gedæhte, + swā man von im seite mære! + eȥ wær’ ein vil hovelīcher muot, + des ich iemer gerne wünschen sol. 260 + frouwen unde hērren zæme eȥ wol: + ōwē daȥ eȥ nieman tuot! + + Die daȥ rehte singen stœrent, + der ist ungelīche mēre + danne die eȥ gerne hœrent. 265 + des volg’ ich der alten lēre: + ich enwil niht werben ze der mül; + dā der stein sō riuschend’ umbe gāt + und daȥ rat sō manegẹ unwīse hāt, + merket wer dā harpfen sül! 270 + + Die sō frevellīchen schallent, + der muoȥ ich vor zorne lachen, + daȥ s’ in selben wol gevallent + mit als ungefüegen sachen. + die tuont sam die frösche in eime sē, 275 + den ir schrīen alsō wol behaget, + daȥ diu nahtegal dā von verzaget, + sō si gerne sunge mē. + + Der unfuoge swīgen hieȥe, + waȥ man noch von freuden sunge, 280 + und sie abe den bürgen stieȥe, + daȥ si dā die frōn iht twunge! + wurden ir die grōȥen höve benomen, + daȥ wær’ alleȥ nāch dem willen mīn: + bien gebūren lieȥe ich sie wol sīn, 285 + dannen ist s’ ouch here komen. + + +11. + + Der rīfe tet den kleinen vogelen wē, + daȥ sie niht ensungen. + nū hōrte ich s’aber wünneclīche als ē: + nū ist diu heide entsprungen. 290 + dā sach ich bluomen strīten wider den klē, + weder ir lenger wære. + mīner frouwen seite ich disiu mære. + + Uns hāt der winter kalt und ander nōt + vil getān ze leide. 295 + ich wānde, daȥ ich iemer bluomen rōt + sæhe an grüener heide. + joch schāte eȥ guoten liuten, wære ich tōt, + die nāch freuden rungen + und ie gerne tanzten unde sprungen. 300 + + Versūmde ich disen wünneclīchen tac, + sō wær’ ich verwāȥen + und wære an freude ein angestlīcher slac: + dennoch müese ich lāȥen + al mīne freude, der ich wīlent pflac. 305 + got gesegen’ iuch alle: + wünschet noch, daȥ mir ein heil gevalle. + + +12. + + Wīp muoȥ ēt iemer sīn der wībe hōhste name + und tiuret baȥ dan frouwe, als ich’ȥ erkenne. + swā nū deheiniu sī, diu sich ir wīpheit schame, 310 + diu merke disen sanc und kiese denne. + under frouwen sint unwīp, + under wīben sint sie tiure: + wībes name und wībes līp + die sint beide vil gehiure. 315 + swie’ȥ umb’ alle frouwen var, + wīp sint alle frouwen gar. + zwīvellop daȥ hœnet, + als under wīlen frouwe: wīp dēst ein name der s’alle krœnet. + + +13. + + Sō die bluomen ūȥ dem grase dringent, 320 + same sie lachen gegen der spileden sunnen, + in einem meien an dem morgen fruo, + und diu kleinen vogellīn wol singent + in ir besten wīse die sie kunnen, + waȥ wünne mac sich dā genōȥen zuo? 325 + eȥ ist wol halb ein himelrīche. + suln wir sprechen, waȥ sich deme gelīche, + sō sage ich, waȥ mir dicke baȥ + in mīnen ougen hāt getān, + und tæte ouch noch, gesæhe ich daȥ. 330 + + Swā ein edeliu schœne frouwe reine + wol gekleidet unde wol gebunden + durch kurzewīle zuo vil liuten gāt, + hovelīchen hōchgemuot, niht eine, + umbe sehendẹ ein wēnic under stunden: 335 + alsam der sunne gegen den sternen stāt: + der meie bringe uns al sīn wunder, + waȥ ist dā sō wünneclīches under + als ir vil minneclīcher līp? + wir lāȥen alle bluomen stān, 340 + und kapfen an daȥ werde wīp. + + Nū wol dan, welt ir die wārheit schouwen, + gēn wir zuo des meien hōchgezīte! + der ist mit aller sīner krefte komen. + seht an in und seht an werde frouwen, 345 + wedereȥ daȥ ander überstrīte, + daȥ beȥȥer spil ob ich daȥ habe genomen. + ōwē der mich dā welen hieȥe, + deich daȥ eine durch daȥ ander lieȥe, + wie rehte schiere ich danne küre! 350 + hēr Meie, ir müeset merze sīn, + ē ich mīne frouwen dā verlüre. + + +14. + + Swie wol der heide ir manicvaltiu varwe stāt, + sō wil ich doch dem walde jehen, + daȥ er vil mēre wünneclīcher dinge hāt. 355 + noch ist dem velde baȥ geschehen. + sō wol dir, sumer, sus getāner emȥekeit! + sumer, daȥ ich iemer lobe dīne tage, + mīn trōst, sō trœste ouch mīne klage: + ich sage dir, waȥ mir wirret: 360 + diu mir ist liep, der bin ich leit. + + Ich mac der guoten niht vergeȥȥen noch ensol, + diu mir sō vil gedanke nimet. + die wīle ich singe, wil ich vinden iemer wol + ein niuwe lop, daȥ ir gezimet. 365 + nū habe ir diȥ für guot (sō lobe ich danne mē): + eȥ tuot in den ougen wol, daȥ man sie siht, + und daȥ man ir vil tugende giht, + daȥ tuot wol in den ōren. + sō wol ir des! sō wē mir, wē! 370 + + +15. + + In einen zwīvellīchen wān + was ich geseȥȥen und gedāhte, + ich wolte von ir dienste gān, + wan daȥ ein trōst mich wider brāhte. + trōst mag eȥ rehte niht geheiȥen, ouwē des! 375 + eȥ ist vil kūme ein kleineȥ trœstelīn, + sō kleine, swenne ich’ȥ iu gesage, ir spottet mīn; + doch fröwet sich lützel ieman, er enwiȥȥe wes. + + Mich hāt ein halm gemachet frō: + er giht, ich süle genāde vinden. 380 + ich maȥ daȥ selbe kleine strō, + als ich hie vore sach von kinden. + nū hœret unde merket, ob si’ȥ denne tuo: + ‘si tuot, si entuot, si tuot, si entuot, si tuot.’ + swie dicke ich’ȥ tete, sō was ie daȥ ende guot. 385 + daȥ trœstet mich: dā hœret ouch geloube zuo. + + +16. + + Nieman kan beherten + kindes zuht mit gerten: + den man z’ēren bringen mac, + dem ist ein wort als ein slac. 390 + dem ist ein wort als ein slac, + den man z’ēren bringen mac: + kindes zuht mit gerten + nieman kan beherten. + + Hüetet iuwer zungen, 395 + daȥ zimt wol den jungen; + stōȥ den rigel für die tür, + lā kein bœse wort dar für. + lā kein bœse wort dar für, + stōȥ den rigel für die tür: 400 + daȥ zimt wol den jungen, + hüetet iuwer zungen. + + Hüetet iuwer ougen + offenbāre und tougen: + lāt sie guote site spehen 405 + und die bœsen übersehen; + und die bœsen übersehen + lāt sie, guote site spehen: + offenbāre und tougen + hüetet iuwer ougen. 410 + + Hüetet iuwer ōren, + oder ir sīt tōren: + lāt ir bœsiu wort dar in, + daȥ gunēret iu den sin. + daȥ gunēret in den sin, 415 + lāt ir bœsiu wort dar in, + oder ir sīt tōren: + hüetet iuwer ōren. + + Hüetet wol der drīer + leider alze frīer: 420 + zungen ougen ōren sint + dicke schalchaft, z’ēren blint. + dicke schalchaft, z’ēren blint + zungen ougen ōren sint: + leider alze frīer 425 + hüetet wol der drīer. + + +17. + + Junc man, in swelher aht dū bist, + ich wil dich lēren einen list: + dū lā dir niht ze wē sīn nāch dem guote: + lā dir’ȥ ouch niht z’unmære sīn. 430 + und volges dū der lēre mīn, + sō wis gewis, eȥ frumt dir an dem muote. + die rede wil ich dir baȥ bescheiden. + lāst dū dir’ȥ ze sēre leiden, + zergāt eȥ so ist dīn freude tōt: 435 + wilt aber dū daȥ guot ze sēre minnen, + dū maht verliesen sēle und ēre. + dā von sō volge mīner lēre: + leg’ ūf die wāge ein rehteȥ lōt + und wig ouch dar mit allen dīnen sinnen, 440 + als eȥ diu māȥe eht ie gebōt. + + +18. + + Die väter hānt ir kint erzogen, + dar an sie beide sint betrogen: + sie brechent dicke Salomōnes lēre: + der sprichet, swer den besmen spar, 445 + daȥ der den sun versūme gar: + des sint die ungebatten gar ān’ ēre. + hie vor dō was diu werlt sō schœne, + nū ịst sie worden alsō hœne. + des enwas niht wīlent ē: 450 + die jungen hānt die alten sō verdrungen. + nū spottet alse dar der alten! + eȥ wirt iu selben noch behalten. + beitet unz iuwer jugent zergē: + swaȥ ir nū tuot, daȥ rechent iuwer jungen, 455 + daȥ weiȥ ich wol und weiȥ noch mē. + + +19. + + Wer zieret nū der ēren sal? + der jungen ritter zuht ist smal, + sō pflegent die knehte gar unhövescher dinge + mit worten und mit werken ouch. 460 + swer zühte hāt, der ist ir gouch. + nemt war, wie gar unfuoge für sich dringe! + hie vor dō berte man die jungen, + die dā pflāgen frecher zungen; + nū ist eȥ ir werdekeit: 465 + sie schallent unde scheltent reine frouwen. + wē ir hiuten unde ir hāren, + die niht kunnen frō gebāren + sunder wībe herzeleit! + dā mac man sünde bī der schande schouwen, 470 + die maneger ūf sich selben leit. + + +20. + + Swer āne vorhte, hērre got, + wil sprechen dīniu zehen gebot + und brichet diu, daȥ ist niht rehtiu minne. + dich heiȥet vater maneger vil: 475 + swer mīn ze bruoder niht enwil, + der sprichet starkiu wort ūȥ krankem sinne. + wir wahsen ūȥ gelīchem dinge: + spīse frumet uns, diu wirt ringe, + sō si durch den munt gevert. 480 + wer kan den hērren von dem knehte scheiden + swa ẹr ir gebeine blōȥeȥ fünde, + und hæte er ir joch lebender künde, + sō gewürme daȥ fleisch verzert? + im dienent kristen, juden unde heiden, 485 + der elliu lebendiu wunder nert. + + +21. + + Ōwē daȥ wīsheit unde tugent, + des mannes schœne noch sīn jugent + niht erben sol, sō ie der līp erstirbet! + daȥ mac wol klagen ein wīser man, 490 + der sich des schaden versinnen kan. + Reinmār, waȥ guoter kunst an dir verdirbet! + dū solt von schulden iemer des genieȥen, + daȥ dich des tages wolte nie verdrieȥen, + du’n spræches ie den frouwen wol und guoten wībes siten. 495 + des suln sie iemer danken dīner zungen. + und hætest niht wan eine rede gesungen: + ‘sō wol dir, wīp, wie reine ein nam!’, dū hætest an gestriten + ir lobe, daȥ elliu wīp dir iemer gnāden solten biten. + + +22. + + Dēswār, Reinmār, dū riuwes mich 500 + michels harter denne ich dich, + obe dū lebtes unde ich wære erstorben + ich wil’ȥ bī mīnen triuwen sagen: + dich selben wil ich lützel klagen, + ich klage dīn edelen kunst, daȥ s’ist verdorben. 505 + dū kundest al der werlte freude mēren, + sō du’ȥ ze guoten dingen woltest kēren. + mich riuwet dīn wol redender munt und dīn vil süeȥer sanc, + daȥ der verdorben ist bī mīnen zīten. + daȥ dū niht eine wīle mohtest bīten! 510 + sō leiste ich dir geselleschaft: mīn singen ist niht lanc. + dīn sēle müeȥe wol gevarn und habe dīn zunge danc. + + +V + +REINMAR. + + Reinmar, often called Reinmar der Alte, was by birth an Alsatian. + He spent many years of his active life as Court poet at Vienna, + where he was extremely popular. Next to his rival Walther von der + Vogelweide he was the most prolific and important lyrical poet of + his period, cp. ll. 487-512, pp. 132-3. He died some time during the + first decade of the thirteenth century. See Burdach, Reinmar der + Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide, Leipzig, 1880, and Bartsch, + Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften his vierzehnten Jahrhunderts, + Stuttgart, 1879. + + +1 + + ‘Sī koment underwīlen her + die baȥ dā heime möhten sīn. + Ein ritter des ich lange ger, + bedæhte er baȥ den willen mīn, + sō wære er z’allen zīten hie, 5 + als ich in gerne sæhe. + owē des, waȥ suochent die + die nīdent daȥ ob iemen guot geschæhe?’ + + Mir ist geschehen daȥ ich niht bin + langer vrō wan unz ich lebe. 10 + sī wundert wer mir schœnen sin + und daȥ hōhgemüete gebe + daȥ ich zer werlte niht getar + ze rehte alsō gebāren, + nie genam ich vrowen war, 15 + ich wære in holt die mir ze māȥe wāren. + + +2 + + Ein rede der liute tuot mir wē: + da enkan ich niht gedulteclīchen zuo gebāren. + nu tuont si’ȥ alle deste mē: + sī frāgent mich ze vil von mīner frouwen jāren 20 + und sprechent welher tage sī sī, + dur daȥ ich ir sō lange bin gewesen mit triuwen bī; + sī jehent daȥ es möhte mich verdrieȥen. + nu lā daȥ aller beste wīp + ir zühtelōser vrāge mich genieȥen. 25 + + +3 + + Sī jehent, der sumer der sī hie, + diu wunne diu sī komen + und daȥ ich mich wol gehabe als ē. + nu rātet unde sprechet wie: + der tōt hāt mir benomen 30 + daȥ ich niemer überwinde mē. + waȥ bedarf ich wunneclīcher zīt, + sīt aller vröuden hērre Liutpolt in der erde līt, + den ich nie tac getrūren sach? + eȥ hāt diu werlt an ime verlorn 35 + daȥ ir an manne nie + sō jæmerlīcher schade geschach. + + ‘Mir armen wībe was ze wol, + dō ich gedāhte an in + wie mīn heil an sīnem lībe lac. 40 + daȥ ich des nū niht haben sol, + des gāt mit sorgen hin + swaȥ ich iemer mē geleben mac. + mīner wunnen spiegel derst verlorn + den ich mir hete ze sumerlīcher ougen weide erkorn, 45 + des muoȥ ich leider ænic sīn. + dō man mir seite er wære tōt, + zehant wiel mir daȥ bluot + von herzen ūf die sēle mīn. + + Die fröide mir verboten hāt 50 + mīns lieben hērren tōt + alsō deich ir mēr enberen sol. + sīt des nu niht mac werden rāt, + in ringe mit der nōt, + daȥ mīn klagedeȥ herze ist jāmers vol, 55 + diu in iemer weinet, daȥ bin ich, + wan er vil sælic man, jā trōste er wol ze lebenne mich. + der ist nu hin: waȥ töhte ich hie? + wis ime genædic, hērre got, + wan tugenthafter gast 60 + kam in dīn ingesinde nie.’ + + +4 + + Ich welte ūf guoter liute sage + und ouch durch mīnes herzen rāt + ein wīp von der ich dicke trage + vil manige nōt diu nāhe gāt. 65 + die swære ich z’allen zīten klage, + wand eȥ mir kumberlīche stāt. + ich tet ir schīn den dienst mīn: + wie möhte ein grœȥer wunder sīn, + daȥ sī mich des engelten lāt? 70 + + Ze rehter māȥe sol ein man + beidiu daȥ herze und al den sin + ze stæte wenden, ob er kan: + daȥ wirt im līhte ein guot gewin. + swem dā von ie kein leit bekan, 75 + der weiȥ wol wie’ch gebunden bin. + ich gloube im wol, als er mir sol. + von schulden ich den kumber dol: + ich brāhte selbe mich dar in. + + +5 + + ‘Er hāt ze lange mich gemiten 80 + den ich mit triuwen nie gemeit. + von sīner schulde ich hān erliten + daȥ ich nie grœȥer nōt erleit. + sō lebt mīn līp nāch sīnem lībe. + ich bin ein wīp, daȥ im von wībe 85 + nie liebes mē geschach, swie mir von im geschæhe. + mīn ouge in gerner nie gesach dann ich in hiute sæhe.’ + + Mir ist vil liebe nu geschehen, + daȥ mir sō liebe nie geschach. + sō gerne hān ich sī gesehen 90 + daȥ ich sī gerner nie gesach. + ich scheide ir muot von schwachem muote: + sī ist sō guot, ich wil mit guote + ir lōnen, ob ich kan, als ich doch gerne kunde. + vil mēre fröiden ich ir gan dann ich mir selben gunde. 95 + + +6 + + Wol mich lieber mære, + diu ich hān vernomen, + daȥ der winter swære + welle ze ende komen. + kūme ich des erbeiten mac, 100 + want ich fröide niht enpflac + sīt der kalte rīfe lac. + + Mich enhaȥȥet niemen, + ob ich bin gemeit. + Weiȥ got, tuot eȥ iemen, 105 + deist unsælekeit, + wande ich schaden niht enkan. + swes ot sī mir wole gan, + waȥ wil des ein ander man? + + Solte ich mīne liebe 110 + bergen unde heln, + sō müest ich ze diebe + werden unde steln. + sinneclīch ich daȥ bewar. + mīn gewerbe ist anderswar, 115 + ich gē dannen oder dar. + + Sō sī mit dem balle + trībet kindes spot, + daȥ’s iht sēre valle, + daȥ verbiete got. 120 + megde, lāt iur dringen sīn: + stōȥet ir mīn frouwelīn, + so’st der schade halber mīn. + + +7 + + Ich sach vil wunneclīche stān + die heide mit den bluomen rōt, 125 + der vīol der ist wol getān: + des hāt diu nahtegal ir nōt + wol überwunden diu sī twanc. + zergangen ist der winter lanc. + ich hōrte ir sanc. 130 + + Dō ich daȥ grüene loup ersach, + dō lieȥ ich vil der swære mīn. + von einem wībe mir geschach + daȥ ich muoȥ iemer mēre sīn + vil wunneclīchen wol gemuot. 135 + eȥ sol mich alleȥ dunken guot + swaȥ sī mir tuot. + + Sī schiet von sorgen mīnen līp, + daȥ ich dekeine swære hān. + wan āne sī vier tūsent wīp 140 + dien heten’s alle niht getān. + ir güete wendet mīniu leit. + ich hān sī mir ze friunt bereit, + swaȥ iemen seit. + + Mir’n mac niht leides widerstān: 145 + des wil ich gar ān angest sīn. + ergienge eȥ als ich willen hān, + sō læge’s an dem arme mīn. + daȥ mir der schœnen wurde ein teil, + daȥ diuhte mich ein michel heil, 150 + und wære ouch geil. + + Deich ir sō holdeȥ herze trage, + daȥ ist in sumelīchen leit. + dar umbe ich niemer sō verzage: + sī vliesent alle ir arebeit. 155 + waȥ hilfet sī ir arger list? + si’n wiȥȥen wie’ȥ ergangen ist + in kurzer frist. + + +8 + + Mīn ougen wurden liebes alsō vol, + dō ich die minneclīchen ērst gesach, 160 + daȥ eȥ mir hiute und iemer mē tuot wol. + ein minneclīcheȥ wunder dō geschach: + sī gie mir alse sanfte dur mīn ougen + daȥ sī sich in der enge niene stieȥ. + in mīnem herzen sī sich nider lieȥ: 165 + dā trage ich noch die werden inne tougen. + + Lā stān, lā stān! waȥ tuost du, sælic wīp, + daȥ du mich heimesuochest an der stat, + dar sō gewalteclīche wībes līp + mit starker heimesuoche nie getrat? 170 + genāde, frowe! ich mac dir niht gestrīten. + mīn herze ist dir baȥ veile danne mir: + eȥ solde sīn bī mir, nu’st eȥ bī dir: + des muoȥ ich ūf genāde lōnes bīten. + + +9 + + Ze fröiden nāhet alle tage 175 + der werlte ein wunneclīchiu zīt, + ze senfte maniges herzen klage + die nu der swære winter gīt. + von sorge ich dicke sō verzage, + swenn alsō jæmerlīche līt 180 + diu heide breit. daȥ ist mir leit. + diu nahtegal uns schiere seit + daȥ sich gescheiden hāt der strīt. + + +10 + + Sō wol dir, wīp, wie reine ein nam! + wie sanfte er doch z’erkennen und ze nennen ist! 185 + eȥ wart nie niht sō lobesam, + swā du’ȥ an rehte güete kērest, sō dū bist. + dīn lop mit rede nieman wol volenden kan. + swes dū mit triuwen pfligest wol, der ist ein sælic man + und mac vil gerne leben. 190 + dū gīst al der werlte hohen muot: + maht dū ouch mir ein wēnic freude geben? + + + + +VI + +ULRICH VON LICHTENSTEIN. + + Ulrich von Lichtenstein came of a better-class Styrian family, and + was born about the year 1200 and died in 1275 or 1276. He was one of + the best representatives of the later Court lyrical poets. For + editions of his works, see Lachmann, Ausgabe der Dichtungen Ulrichs + von Lichtenstein, Berlin, 1841; Bechstein, Ulrichs von Lichtenstein + Frauendienst, Leipzig, 1887. The following extracts are taken from + Bartsch, Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften bis vierzehnten + Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1889. + + +1 + +{Ein tanzwīse, und ist diu vierde wīse.} + + In dem walde süeȥe dœne + singent kleiniu vogellīn. + an der heide bluomen schœne + blüejent gegen des meien schīn. + alsō blüet mīn hōher muot 5 + mit gedanken gegen ir güete, + diu mir rīchet mīn gemüete + sam der troum den armen tuot. + + Eȥ ist ein vil hōch gedinge + den ich gegen ir tugenden trage, 10 + daȥ mir noch an ir gelinge, + daȥ ich sælde an ir bejage. + des gedingen bin ich vrō. + god geb’ daȥ ich’ȥ wol verende, + daȥ sie mir den wān iht wende 15 + der mich freut sō rehte hō. + + Sie vil süeȥe, valsches āne, + vrī vor allem wandel gar, + lāȥe mich in liebem wāne + die wīl eȥ niht baȥ envar; 20 + daȥ diu vreude lange wer, + daȥ ich weinens iht erwache, + daȥ ich gegen dem trōste lache + des ich von ir hulden ger. + + Wünschen unde wol gedenken 25 + dēst diu meiste vreude mīn. + des sol mir ir trōst niht wenken, + sie enlāȥe mich ir sīn + mit den beiden nāhen bī, + sō daȥ sie mit willen gunne 30 + mir von ir sō werder wunne + daȥ sie sælic immer sī. + + Sælic meie, du aleine + trœstest al die welde gar. + du und al diu werlt gemeine 35 + vreut mich min dann umb ein hār. + wie möht’ ir mir vreude geben + āne die vil lieben guoten? + von der sol ich trōstes muoten; + wan ir trōstes muoȥ ich leben. 40 + + +2 + +{Ein sincwīse, und ist diu sibende wīse.} + + Wē war umbe sul wir sorgen? + vreude ist guot. + von den wīben sol man borgen + hōhen muot. + wol im der in kan gewinnen 45 + von in! der’st ein sælic man. + freude sol man durch sie minnen, + wan dā līt vil ēren an. + + Wir suln tanzen singen lachen + durch diu wīp. 50 + dā mit mac ein man gemachen + daȥ sīn līp + wirdet wert, ob er mit triuwen + dienet guoter wībe gruoȥ. + swen sīn dienest wil geriuwen, 55 + dem wirt selten kumbers buoȥ. + + Mit dem waȥȥer man daȥ, fiuwer + laschet gar: + vinster ist der sunnen tiuwer. + beidiu wār 60 + sint diu mære: ir hœret mēre. + habet für wār ūf minen līp: + rehten man von herzen sēre + scheidet nieman wan diu wīp. + + Owē owē, frowe Minne, 65 + mir ist wē. + nu grīf her wie sēre ich brinne. + kalder snē + müeste von der hitze brinnen + diu mir an dem herzen līt. 70 + kanstu, Minne, triuwe minnen, + sō hilfestu mir enzīt. + + +3 + +{Daȥ ist ein ūȥreise.} + + Wil iemen nāch ēren die zīt wol vertrīben, + ze sælden sich kēren, bī freuden belīben, + der diene ze flīȥe mit triuwen vil schōne 75 + nāch der minne lōne: der ist süeȥe, reine, + vil guot und aleine den guoten gemeine. + + Swer volget dem schilde, der sol eȥ enblanden + dem lībe, dem guote, dem herzen, den handen. + des lōnet vil hōhe mit guotem gewinne 80 + diu vil werde Minne: diu gīt freud’ und ēre. + wol ir süeȥen lēre! sie kan trœsten sēre. + + Der schilt wil mit zühten vil baltlīcheȥ ellen: + er haȥȥet, er schiuhet Schand’ und ir gesellen. + got des niht enwelle daȥ man bī im vinde 85 + sō swachlīch gesinde, er wil daȥ die sīnen + ūf ēre sich pīnen, in tugenden erschīnen. + + Erg’ unde unfuoge und unfuore diu wilde + gezimt niht dem helme und touc niht dem schilde, + der schilt ist ein dach daȥ niht schande kan decken. 90 + sīn blic tæt’ enblecken an ēren die weichen, + von vorhten erbleichen: diu varwe ist ir zeichen. + + Hōchgemuote frouwen, ir sült wol gedenken: + getriuwen gesellen vil stæte āne wenken + den minnet, den meinet, mit herzen, mit muote, 95 + daȥ in iwer huote behalte, behüete + mit liebe, mit güete, vrī vor ungemüete. + + Sie ist āne schulde mir haȥlīch erbolgen + der ich ze dienste dem schilde wil volgen. + nu hān ich für zürnen noch für herzen sēre 100 + niht ander schilt mēre wan den trōst aleine, + daȥ ich sie baȥ meine dann ie wīp deheine. + + Gein ir langen kriege setz’ ich mīn gedulde: + sō stē gein ir haȥȥe ze wer mīn unschulde. + mīn wer gein den valschen daȥ sol sīn mīn triuwe 105 + vil süeȥe āne riuwe: mīn kampflīch gewæte + für ir nīdetæte daȥ sol sīn mīn stæte. + + +4 + +{Ditz ist der leich.} + + Got füege mir’ȥ ze guote: + ich bin noch in dem muote + daȥ ich wil guoten wīben 110 + mit dienest āne valschen muot immer bī belīben. + dā von rāt’ ich einen rāt + der allen wol gemuoten mannen tugentlīchen stāt. + + Ich rāt’ iu, ēre gerende man, + mit triuwen, als ich beste kan: 115 + ob ir welt werende freude hān, + sō sīt den wīben undertān + mit triwen āne valschen muot. + ir güete ist alsō rehte guot, + swer in mit triwen dienest tuot, 120 + den kunnen sie wol machen frō. + der werlde heil gar an in līt: + ir güete ist freuden hōchgezīt, + ir schœne sō vil freuden gīt, + dā von diu herze stīgent hō. 125 + + Werdekeit + sunder leit + kunnen sie wol friunden geben. + swem sō sī + witze bī, 130 + der sol nāch ir hulden streben + unde zinsen in sīn leben: + daȥ rāte ich ūf die triwe mīn. + swer ēren sælic welle sīn + und rīche an hōhem muote, 135 + der sol mit triwen guotiu wīp + reht minnen als sīn selbes līp. + vil guot vor allem guote + ist der wībe güete, unde ir schœne schœne ob aller schœne. + ir schœne ir güete ir werdikeit ich immer gerne krœne. 140 + an ir schœne und an ir güete stāt mīn heil und ouch mīn wunne. + wær’ guoter wībe schœne niht, wie selten ich gewunne + deheinen ēren gernden muot. + wol mich daȥ sie sint alsō guot, + daȥ man hāt von ir güete 145 + sō hōhen trōst für senediu leit. + ir schœne, ir güete, ir werdikeit + gīt mir vil hōch gemüete. + + Mīn muot von wīben hōhe stāt. + waȥ danne ob mir ir einiu hāt 150 + erzeiget hōhe missetāt? + dēswār des mac wol werden rāt. + + Waȥ sie gegen mir hāt getān, + daȥ wil ich gerne wiȥȥen lān + mit zühten, als ich beste kan, 155 + ūf genāde guotiu wīp. + ich hān ir driu und zehen jār + gedienet sunder wenken gar, + bī mīnen triwen, daȥ ist wār, + daȥ in der zīt mīn seneder līp 160 + nie gewan + sölhen wān, + des mīn stæte wurde kranc. + al mīn gir + was gein ir 165 + sleht mit triwen āne wanc. + nu vert entwer ir habedanc + reht als ein rat daȥ umbe gāt + und als ein marder den man hāt + in eine lin gebunden. 170 + kund’ ich als sie unstæte sīn, + sō hæt’ ich nāch dem willen mīn + ān sie ein frowen funden. + + Ē daz ich mīn ritterlīche stæte bræch’ an guoten wīben + ich wold’ ē immer valscher wībe hulde vrī belīben. 175 + ich muoȥ in der stæten wībe dienest sunder lōn verderben + oder ich muoȥ ir stæten herzen liebe alsus erwerben + daȥ ich gewenke nimmer wanc + von in. ir hōhen habedanc, + und mag ich den erringen, 180 + sō hān ich alleȥ daȥ ich wil, + süeȥ’ ougen wunne, herzen spil, + vil wunne an allen dingen. + + Nu waȥ bedarf mīn seneder līp + genāden mēr, ob ich ein wīp 185 + ze frowen vinde alsō gemuot, + diu sich vor wandel hāt behuot + und niht wan daȥ beste tuot? + der sol mīn dienest sīn bereit + immer mē, 190 + swie’ȥ ergē, + sunder valsch mit stætikeit. + dā von gewinne ich werdikeit + und alsō freuderīchen sin, + des ich getiuret immer bin 195 + an aller hande dingen. + + Vind’ ich sie, ich sol sō ritterlīchen nāch ir hulden ringen. + daȥ mir von ir stætikeit muoȥ hō an ir gelingen. + sie muoȥ abr ūf die triwe mīn + gar vrī vor allem wandel sīn, 200 + diech mēr mich lāȥe twingen + und ouch in kumber bringen. + jā gehœret man mich nimmer mē + deheines valschen wībes lop gesprechen noch gesingen. + + +5 + + In dem lufte süeȥem meien, 205 + sō der walt gekleidet stāt, + sō siht man sich schōne zweien + alleȥ daȥ iht liebes hāt, + unde ist mit ein ander vrō. + daȥ ist reht: diu zīt wil sō. 210 + + Swā sich liep ze liebe zweiet, + hōhen muot diu liebe gīt. + in der beider herzen meiet + eȥ mit vreuden alle zīt. + trūrens wil diu liebe niht, 215 + swā man liep bī liebe siht. + + Swā zwei liep ein ander meinent + herzenlīchen āne wanc + und sich beidiu sō vereinent + daȥ ir liebe ist āne kranc, 220 + die hāt got zesamne geben + ūf ein wunneclīcheȥ leben. + + Stætiu liebe heiȥet minne. + liebe, minne, ist al ein: + die kan ich in mīnem sinne 225 + niht gemachen wol zuo zwein. + liebe muoȥ mir minne sīn + immer in dem herzen mīn. + + Swā ein stæteȥ herze vindet + stæte liebe, stæten muot, 230 + dā von al sīn trūren swindet. + stætiu liebe ist alsō guot + daȥ sie stæte freude gīt + stætem herzen alle zīt. + + Möhte ich stæte liebe vinden, 235 + der wold’ ich sō stæte sīn + daȥ ich dā mit überwinden + wolde gar die sorge mīn. + stæter liebe wil ich gern + unde unstæte gar verbern. 240 + + +6 + + Disiu liet diu heiȥent vrowen tanz: + diu sol niemen singen, er’n sī vrō. + swer mit zühten treit der freuden kranz, + und dem sīn muot stāt von wīben hō, + dem erloube ich sie ze singen wol: 245 + blīdeclīchen man sie tanzen sol. + + Trūren ist ze wāre niemen guot + wan dem einen der sīn sünde klaget, + hōhen lop erwirbet hōher muot. + guoten wīben hōchmuot wol behaget: 250 + dā von wil ich immer mēre sīn + hōchgemuot durch dich, guot vrowe mīn. + + Vreude gibt mir dīn wol redender munt, + hōhen muot dīn reine senfte sit’: + vreuden tou mir ūȥ des herzen grunt 255 + kumt von dir in elliu mīniu lit. + got hāt sīnen vlīȥ an dich geleit, + dā von dī lop ēren krōne treit. + + Liehtiu ougen, dā bī brūne brā, + hāstu und zwei rōtiu wängelīn. 260 + schœne bistu hie und schœne dā. + brūn rōt wīȥ, der drīer varwe schīn + treit dīn hōchgeborner schœner līp. + tugende hāstu vil, guot wīplīch wīp. + + Daȥ du alsō manege tugende hāst, 265 + dā von bin ich alles trūrens vrī. + sō du alsō schœniu vor mir gāst, + sō ist mir als ich in dem himel sī. + got sō schœnen engel nie gewan + den ich für dich wolde sehen an. 270 + + + + +VII + +DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED. + + + B. Text. ĀVENTIURE XVII. + +WIE KRIEMHILT IR MAN KLAGTE UND WIE ER BEGRABEN WART. + + The following extract is from Bartsch’s edition, Leipzig, 1879. + + + Dō erbiten si der nahte / und fuoren über Rīn. + von heleden kunde nimmer / wirs gejaget sīn. + ein tier daȥ si dā sluogen, / daȥ weinden edeliu kint. + jā muosen sīn engelten / vil guote wīgande sint. 4 + + Von grōȥer übermüete / muget ir hœren sagen, + und von eislīcher rāche. / dō hieȥ Hagene tragen + Sīfriden alsō tōten / von Nibelunge lant + für eine kemenāten / dā man Kriemhilde vant. 8 + + Er hieȥ in tougenlīchen / legen an die türe, + daȥ sin dā solde vinden / so si gienge derfüre + him zer mettīne / ē daȥ eȥ wurde tac, + der diu vrouwe Kriemhilt / vil selten keine verlac. 12 + + Man lūte dā zem münster / nāch gewoneheit. + vrou Kriemhilt diu schœne / wahte manige meit: + ein lieht bat si ir bringen / und ouch ir gewant. + dō kom ein kamerære / dā er Sīfriden vant. 16 + + Er sah in bluotes rōten: / sīn wāt was elliu naȥ. + daȥ eȥ sīn herre wære, / nine wesse er daȥ. + hin zer kemenāten / daȥ lieht truog an der hant + von dem vil leider mære / diu vrouwe Kriemhilt ervant. 20 + + Dō si mit ir vrouwen / zem münster wolde gān, + dō sprach der kamerære / ‘jā sult ir stille stān: + eȥ līt vor dem gademe / ein ritter tōt erslagen.’ + dō begonde Kriemhilt / vil harte unmæȥlīche klagen. 24 + + Ē daȥ si rehte erfunde / daȥ iȥ wære ir man, + an die Hagenen vrāge / denken si began, + wie er in solde vristen: / dō wart ir ērste leit. + von ir was allen vreuden / mit sīme tōde widerseit. 28 + + Dō seic si zuo der erden, / daȥ si niht ensprach: + die schœnen vreudelōsen / ligen man dō sach. + Kriemhilde jāmer / wart unmāȥen grōȥ: + do ẹrschrē si nāch unkrefte / daȥ al diu kemenāte erdōȥ. 32 + + Dō sprach daȥ gesinde: / ‘waȥ ob eȥ ist ein gast?’ + daȥ bluot ir ūȥ dem munde / von herzen jāmer brast. + dō sprach si ‘eȥ ist Sīfrit, / der mīn vil lieber man: + eȥ hāt gerāten Prünhilt, / daȥ eȥ hat Hagene getān.’ 36 + + Diu vrouwe bat sich wīsen / dā si den helt vant. + si huop sīn schœne houbet / mit ir vil wīȥen hant. + swie rōt eȥ was von bluote, / si het in schiere erkant. + dō lac vil jæmerlīche / der helt von Nibelunge lant. 40 + + Dō rief vil trūreclīche / diu küneginne milt: + ‘owē mir mīnes leides! / nu ist dir dīn schilt + mit swerten niht verhouwen: / du līst ermorderōt. + unt wesse ich wer iȥ het getān, / ich riete im immer sīnen tōt.’ 44 + + Alleȥ ir gesinde / klagete und scrē + mit ir lieben vrouwen, / wand’ in was harte wē + umb’ ir vil edelen herren, / den si dā heten verlorn. + dō het gerochen Hagene / harte Prünhilde zorn. 48 + + Dō sprach diu jāmerhafte: / ‘ir sult hine gān + und wecket harte balde / die Sīfrides man. + ir sult ouch Sigemunde / mīnen jāmer sagen, + ob er mir helfen welle / den küenen Sīfriden klagen.’ 52 + + Dō lief ein bote balde / da ẹr si ligen vant, + die Sīfrides helede / von Nibelunge lant. + mit den vil leiden mæren / ir vreude er in benam. + si wolden’ȥ niht gelouben / unz man daȥ weinen vernam. 56 + + Der bote kom ouch schiere / dā der künic lac. + Sigemunt der herre / des slāfes niht enpflac: + ich wæn’ sīn herze im sagete / daȥ im was geschehen, + ern möhte sīnen lieben sun / lebenden nimmer gesehen. 60 + + ‘Wachet, herre Sigemunt. / mich bat nāch iu gān + Kriemhilt mīn vrouwe. / der ist ein leit getān + daȥ ir vor allen leiden / an ir herze gāt: + daȥ sult ir klagen helfen, / wand’ eȥ iuch sēre bestāt.’ 64 + + Ūf rihte sich dō Sigemunt; / er sprach: ‘waȥ sint diu leit + der schœnen Kriemhilde, / diu du mir hāst geseit?’ + der bote sprach mit weinen: / ‘ine kan iu niht verdagen: + jā ist von Niderlanden / der küene Sīfrit erslagen.’ 68 + + Dō sprach der herre Sigemunt: / ‘lāt daȥ schimpfen sīn + und alsō bœsiu mære / durch den willen mīn, + daȥ ir daȥ saget iemen / daȥ er sī erslagen: + wand’ ine kunde in nimmer / unz an mīn ende verklagen.’ 72 + + ‘Welt ir mir niht gelouben / daȥ ir mich hœret sagen, + sō muget ir selbe hœren / Kriemhilde klagen + unt alleȥ ir gesinde / den Sīfrides tōt.’ + vil sēre erscrac dō Sigemunt: / des gie im wærlīchen nōt. 76 + + Mit hundert sīnen mannen / er von den betten spranc. + si zuhten zuo den handen / diu scharpfen wāfen lanc, + si liefen zuo dem wuofe / vil jāmerliche dan. + dō kōmen tūsent recken / des küenen Sīfrides man. 80 + + Dō si sō jæmerlīche / die vrouwen hōrten klagen, + dō wānden sumelīche, / si solden kleider tragen. + janẹ mohten si der sinne / vor leide niht gehaben: + in wart vil michel swære / in ir herzen begraben. 84 + + Dō kom der künec Sigemunt / da ẹr Kriemhilde vant. + er sprach: ‘owē der reise / here in ditze lant. + wer hāt mich mīnes kindes / und iuch des iuwern man + bī alsō guoten friunden / sus mortlīch āne getān?’ 88 + + ‘Hey solde ich den bekennen,’ / sprach daȥ vil edele wīp, + ‘holt enwurde im nimmer / mīn herze unt ouch mīn līp: + ich geriete im alsō leide / daȥ die friunde sīn + von den mīnen schulden / müesen weinende sīn.’ 92 + + Sigemunt der herre / den fürsten umbeslōȥ. + dō wart von sīnen vriunden / der jāmer alsō grōȥ + daȥ von dem starken wuofe / palas unde sal + und ouch diu stat ze Wormeȥ / von ir weinen erschal. 96 + + Donẹ kunde niemen trœsten / daȥ Sīfrides wīp. + man zōch ūȥ den kleidern / den sīnen schœnen līp. + man wuosch im sīne wunden / unt leit’ in ūf den rē. + dō was sīnen liuten / von grōȥem jāmere wē. 100 + + Dō sprāchen sīne recken / von Nibelunge lant: + ‘in sol immer rechen / mit willen unser hant. + er ist in dirre bürge, / der iȥ hāt getān.’ + dō īlten nāch wāfen / alle Sīfrides man. 104 + + Die ūȥ erwelten degene / mit schilden kōmen dar, + einlef hundert recken: / die hete an sīner schar + Sigemunt der herre. / sīnes sunes tōt + den wolde er gerne rechen: / des gie im wærlīchen nōt. 108 + + Sinẹ wessen wen si solden / mit strīte dō bestān, + sīne tæten’ȥ Gunther / unde sīne man, + mit den der herre Sīfrit / an daȥ gejegede reit. + Kriemhilt sach si gewāfent: / daȥ was ir grœȥlīche leit. 112 + + Swie michel wær’ ir jāmer / und swie starc ir nōt, + dō vorhte si harte / der Nibelunge tōt + von ir bruoder mannen, / daȥ si eȥ understuont. + si warnt’ si güetlīche / sō vriunde liebe vriunde tuont. 116 + + Dō sprach diu jāmers rīche: / ‘mīn her Sigemunt, + wes welt ir beginnen? / iu ist niht rehte kunt. + jā hāt der künic Gunther / sō manigen küenen man: + ir welt iuch alle vliesen, / welt ir die recken bestān.’ 120 + + Mit ūf erbürten schilden / in was ze strīte nōt. + diu edel küneginne / bat und ouch gebōt + daȥ siȥ mīden solden, / die recken vil gemeit. + dō siȥ niht lāȥen wolden, / daȥ was ir wærlīchen leit. 124 + + Si sprach: ‘herre Sigemunt, / ir sult iȥ lāȥen stān + unz eȥ sich baȥ gefüege: / sō wil ich mīnen man + immer mit iu rechen. / der mir in hāt benomen, + wirde ich des bewīset, / ich sol im schedelīche komen. 128 + + Eȥ ist der übermüeten / hie bī Rīne vil: + dā von ich iu des strītes / rāten niht enwil. + si habent wider einen / ie wol drīȥec man. + nu lāȥ’ in got gelingen / als si umb uns gedienet hān. 132 + + Ir sult hie belīben, / unt dolt mit mir diu leit; + als iȥ tagen beginne, / ir helde vil gemeit, + sō helfet mir besarken / den mīnen lieben man.’ + dō sprāchen die degene: / ‘daȥ sol werden getān.’ 136 + + Iu enkunde niemen / daȥ wunder volsagen + von rittern unt von vrouwen, / wie man die hōrte klagen, + sō daȥ man des wuofes / wart in der stat geware. + die edelen burgære / die kōmen gāhende dare. 140 + + Si klageten mit den gesten, / want in was harte leit. + die Sīfrides schulde / in niemen het geseit, + durch waȥ der edele recke / verlüre den sīnen līp. + dō weinden mit den vrouwen / der guoten burgære wīp. 144 + + Smide hieȥ man gāhen, / wurken einen sarc, + von silber und von golde, / vil michel unde starc. + man hieȥ in vaste spengen / mit stahel, der was guot. + dō was al den liuten / harte trūrec der muot. 148 + + Diu naht was zergangen: / man sagte eȥ wolde tagen. + dō hieȥ diu edele vrouwe / zuo den münster tragen + Sīfrit den herren, / ir vil lieben man. + swaȥ er dā vriunde hēte, / die sach man weinende gān. 152 + + Dō sị in zem munster brāhten, / vil der gloken klanc. + dō hōrt’ man allenthalben / vil maniges pfaffen sanc. + dō kom der künic Gunther / mit den sīnen man + und ouch der grimme Hagene / zuo dem wuofe gegān. 156 + + Er sprach: ‘vil liebiu swester, / owē der leide dīn, + daȥ wir niht mohten āne / des grōȥen schaden sīn. + wir müeȥen klagen immer / den Sīfrides līp.’ + ‘daȥ tuot ir āne schulde’, / sprach daȥ jāmerhafte wīp. 160 + + ‘Wær’ iu dar umbe leide, / son wær’ es niht geschehen. + ir hetet mīn vergeȥȥen, / des mag ich wol jehen, + da ịch dā wart gescheiden / von mīme lieben man. + daȥ wolde got’, sprach Kriemhilt, / ‘wær’ iȥ mir selber getān.’ 164 + + Si buten vaste ir lougen. / Kriemhilt begonde jehen + ‘swelher sich unschuldige, / der lāȥe daȥ gesehen; + der sol zuo der bāre / vor den liuten gēn. + dā bī mac man die wārheit / harte schiere verstēn.’ 168 + + Daȥ ist ein michel wunder: / vil dicke eȥ noch geschiht, + swā man den mortmeilen / bī dem tōten siht, + sō bluotent im die wunden: / als ouch dā gescach. + dā von man die sculde / dā ze Hagenen gesach. 172 + + Die wunden vluȥȥen sēre / alsam si tāten ē. + die ē dā sēre klageten, / des wart nu michel mē. + dō sprach der künic Gunther / ‘ich wil’ȥ iuch wiȥȥen lān. + in sluogen schāchære: / Hagene hāt es niht getān.’ 176 + + ‘Mir sint die schāchære’, / sprach si, ‘vil wol bekant. + nu lāȥe eȥ got errechen / noch sīner vriunde hant. + Gunther unde Hagene, / jā habet ir iȥ getān.’ + die Sīfrides degene / heten dō ze strīte wān. 180 + + Dō sprach aber Kriemhilt: / ‘nu habt mit mir die nōt.’ + dō kōmen dise beide / dā si in funden tōt, + Gērnōt ir bruoder / und Gīselher daȥ kint. + in triuwen si in klageten / mit den anderen sint. 184 + + Si weinden inneclīche / den Kriemhilde man. + man solde messe singen: / zuo dem münster dan + giengen allenthalben / man wīp unde kint. + die sīn doch līhte enbāren, / die weinden Sīfriden sint. 188 + + Gērnōt und Gīselher / sprāchen: ‘swester mīn, + nu trœste dich nāch tōde, / als iȥ doch muoȥ sīn. + wir wellen dich’s ergetzen / die wīle unt wir geleben.’ + donẹ kunde ir trōst deheinen / zer werlde niemen gegeben. 192 + + Sīn sarc der was bereitet / wol umbe’n mitten tac. + man huop in von der bāre / dā er ūfe lac. + in wolde noch diu frouwe / lāȥen niht begraben. + des muosen al die liute / michel arebeite haben. 196 + + In einen rīchen pfellel / man den tōten want. + ich wæne man dā iemen / āne weinen vant. + dō klagete herzenlīche / Uote, ein edel wīp, + und alleȥ ir gesinde / den sīnen wætlīchen līp. 200 + + Dō man daȥ gehōrte, / daȥ man zem münster sanc, + unt in gesarket hēte, / dō huop sich grōȥ gedranc: + durch willen sīner sēle / waȥ opfers man dō truoc! + er hete bī den vīnden / doch guoter vriunde genuoc. 204 + + Kriemhilt diu arme / zir kameræren sprach: + ‘si suln durch mīne liebe / līden ungemach, + die im iht guotes günnen / und mir wesen holt; + durch Sīfrides sēle / sol man teilen sīn golt.’ 208 + + Dehein kint was sō kleine / daȥ witze mohte haben, + daȥ muose gēn zem opfer. / ē ẹr wurde begraben, + baȥ danne hundert messe / man dā des tages sanc. + von Sīfrides vriunden / wart dō grōȥer gedranc. 212 + + Dō man dā hete gesungen, / daȥ volc huop sich von dan. + dō sprach diu vrouwe Kriemhilt / ‘irn sult niht eine lān + hīnte mich bewachen / den ūȥ erwelten degen. + eȥ ist an sīme lībe / al mīn vreude gelegen. 216 + + Drī tage und drī nahte / wil ich in lāȥen stān, + unz ich mich geniete / mīns vil lieben man. + waȥ ob daȥ got gebiutet / daȥ mich ouch nimet der tōt? + sō wære wol verendet / mīn armer Kriemhilde nōt.’ 220 + + Zen herbergen giengen / die liute von der stat. + pfaffen unde müniche / si belīben bat + und alleȥ sīn gesinde, / daȥ des heldes pflac. + si heten naht vil arge / unt vil müelīchen tac. 224 + + Ān eȥȥen und ān trinken / beleip dā manic man. + die eȥ nemen wolden, / den wart daȥ kunt getān, + daȥ man’s in den vollen gæbe: / daȥ schuof Sigemunt. + dō was den Nibelungen / vil michel arebeite kunt. 228 + + Die drīe tagezīte, / sō wir hœren sagen, + die dā kunden singen, / daȥ si muosen tragen + vil der arebeite. / waȥ man in opfers truoc! + die vil arme wāren, / die wurden rīche genuoc. 232 + + Swaȥ man vant der armen / die es niht mohten hān, + die hieȥ man doch zem opfer / mit dem golde gān + ūȥ sīn selbes kamere. / do ẹr niht solde leben, + umbe sīne sēle / wart manic tūsent marc gegeben. 236 + + Urbor ūf der erden / teilte s’in diu lant, + swā sō man diu klōster / und guote liute vant. + silber unde wæte / gap man den armen gnuoc. + si tet dem wol gelīche / daȥ sim holden willen truoc. 240 + + An dem dritten morgen / ze rehter messezīt + sō was bī dem münster / der kirchof alsō wīt + von den lantliuten / weinens alsō vol: + si dienden im nāch tōde / als man lieben vriunden sol. 244 + + In den tagen vieren, / man hāt gesaget daȥ, + ze drīȥec tūsent marken, / oder dannoch baȥ, + wart durch sīne sēle / den armen dā gegeben. + dō was gelegen ringe / sīn grōȥiu schœne und ouch sīn leben. 248 + + Dō gote dā wart gedienet / und daȥ man vol gesanc, + mit ungefüegem leide / vil des volkes ranc. + man hieȥ in ūȥ dem münster / zuo dem grabe tragen. + die sīn ungern enbāren, / die sah man weinen unde klagen. 252 + + Vil lūte scrīende / daȥ liut gie mit im dan: + vrō enwas dā niemen, / weder wīp noch man. + ē daȥ man in begrüebe, / man sanc unde las: + hey waȥ guoter pfaffen / ze sīner pīfilde was! 256 + + Ē daȥ zem grabe kœme / daȥ Sīfrides wīp, + dō ranc mit solhem jāmer / der ir getriuwer līp, + daȥ man si mit dem brunnen / vil dicke dā vergōȥ. + eȥ was ir ungemüete / vil harte unmæȥlīchen grōȥ. 260 + + Eȥ was ein michel wunder / daȥ si ie genas. + mit klage ir helfende / manic vrouwe was. + dō sprach diu küneginne: / ‘ir Sīfrides man, + ir sult durch iuwer triuwe / an mir genāde begān. 264 + + Lāt mir nāch mīme leide / daȥ kleine liep geschehen, + daȥ ich sīn schœne houbet / noch eines müeȥe sehen.’ + dō bat si’s alsō lange / mit jāmers sinnen starc, + daȥ man zebrechen muose / den vil hērlīchen sarc. 268 + + Dō brāhte man die vrouwen / dā si in ligen vant. + si huop sīn schœne houbet / mit ir vil wīȥen hant; + dō kuste s’ alsō tōten / den edelen ritter guot. + ir vil liehten ougen / vor leide weineten bluot. 272 + + Ein jæmerlīcheȥ scheiden / wart dō dā getān. + dō truoc man si von dannen: / sine mohte niht gegān. + dō vant man sinnelōse / daȥ hērlīche wīp. + vor leide möht’ ersterben / der ir vil wünneclīcher līp. 276 + + Dō man den edelen herren / hete nu begraben, + leit āne māȥe / sah man die alle haben + die mit im komen wāren / von Nibelunge lant. + vil selten vrœlīchen / man dō Sigemunden vant. 280 + + Dō was der etelīcher / der drīer tage lanc + vor dem grōȥem leide / niht aȥ noch entranc. + doch mohten si dem lībe / sō gar geswīchen niht: + si nerten sich nāch sorgen, / sō noch genuogen geschiht. 284 + + + + +VIII + +WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH. + + Wolfram von Eschenbach was a native of Bavaria. Of his life little + is known, not even the exact dates of his birth and death. He + flourished in the latter part of the twelfth and early part of the + thirteenth century, and was by far the best and most extensive + representative of the Court epic poetry. He is best known by his + Parzival, which contains 24,812 lines divided up into sixteen books. + The following extract is taken from Book III. For editions of his + works, see Lachmann, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Berlin, 1833, fifth + edition, Berlin, 1891; Bartsch, Wolfram’s von Eschenbach Parzival + und Titurel, Leipzig, 1875. + + + Sich zōch diu frouwe jāmers balt + ūȥ ir lande in einen walt, + zer waste in Soltāne; + niht durch bluomen ūf die plāne, + ir herzen jāmer was sō ganz, 5 + sinẹ kērte sich an keinen kranz, + er wære rōt oder val. + sie brāhte dar durch flühtesal + des werden Gahmuretes kint. + liute, die bī ir dā sint, 10 + müeȥen būwen unde riuten. + sie kunde wol getriuten + ir sun. ē daȥ sich der versan, + ir volc sie gar für sich gewan: + eȥ wære man oder wīp, 15 + den gebōt sie allen an den līp, + daȥ se iemer rīters wurden lūt. + ‘wan friesche daȥ mīns herzen trūt, + welch rīters leben wære, + daȥ wurde mir vil swære. 20 + nu habet iuch an der witze kraft, + und helt in alle rīterschaft.’ + + Der site fuor angestlīche vart. + der knappe alsus verborgen wart + zer waste in Soltāne erzogen, 25 + an küneclīcher fuore betrogen; + eȥ ẹnmöhte an eime site sīn: + bogen unde bölzelīn + die sneit er mit sīn selbes hant, + und schōȥ vil vogele die er vant. 30 + swenne ab er den vogel erschōȥ, + des schal von sange ē was sō grōȥ, + sō weinde er unde roufte sich, + an sīn hār kērt’ er gerich. + sīn līp was klār unde fier: 35 + ūf dem plān am rivier + twuog er sich alle morgen. + er’n kunde niht gesorgen, + eȥ ẹnwære ob im der vogelsanc, + die suoȥe in sīn herze dranc: 40 + daȥ erstracte im sīniu prüstelīn. + al weinde er lief zer künegīn. + sō sprach sie ‘wer hāt dir getān? + du wær’ hin ūȥ ūf den plān.’ + er’n kunde es ir gesagen niht, 45 + als kinden līhte noch geschiht. + dem mære gienc sie lange nāch. + eins tages sie in kapfen sach + ūf die boume nāch der vogele schal. + sie wart wol innen daȥ zeswal 50 + von der stimme ir kindes brust. + des twang in art und sīn gelust. + frou Herzeloyde kērte ir haȥ + an die vogele, sine wesse um waȥ: + sie wolte ir schal verkrenken. 55 + ir būliutẹ und ir enken + die hieȥ sie vaste gāhen, + vogele würgen unde vāhen. + die vogele wāren baȥ geriten: + etslīches sterben wart vermiten: 60 + der bleip dā lebendic ein teil, + die sīt mit sange wurden geil. + + Der knappe sprach zer künegīn + ‘waȥ wīȥet man den vogelīn?’ + er gerte in frides sā zestunt. 65 + sīn muoter kuste in an den munt: + diu sprach ‘wes wende ich sīn gebot, + der doch ist der hœhste got? + suln vogele durch mich fröude lān?’ + der knappe sprach zer muoter sān 70 + ‘owē muoter, waȥ ist got?’ + ‘sun, ich sage dir’ȥ āne spot. + er ist noch liehter denn’ der tag, + der antlitzes sich bewac + nāch menschen antlitze. 75 + sun, merke eine witze, + und flēhe in umbe dīne nōt: + sīn triwe der werlde ie helfe bōt. + sō heiȥet einẹr der helle wirt: + der ịst swarz, untriuwe in niht verbirt. 80 + von dem kēr’ dīne gedanke, + und och von zwīvels wanke.’ + sīn muoter underschiet im gar + daȥ vinster unt daȥ lieht gevar. + dar nāch sīn snelheit verre spranc. 85 + er lerntẹ den gabylōtes swanc, + dā mite er manegen hirz erschōȥ: + des sīn muoter und ir volc genōȥ. + eȥ wære æber oder snē, + dem wilde tet’ sīn schieȥen wē. 90 + nu hœret fremdiu mære. + swenne er’rschōȥ daȥ swære, + des wære ein mūl geladen genuoc, + als unzerworht hin heim er’ȥ truoc. + + Eins tages gieng er den weideganc 95 + an einer halden, diu was lanc: + er brach durch blates stimme ‘en zwīc. + dā nāhen bī im gienc ein stīc: + dā hōrt’ er schal von huofslegen. + sīn gabylōt begund’er wegen: 100 + dō sprach er ‘waȥ hān ich vernomen? + wan wolte et nu der tiuvel komen + mit grimme zorneclīche! + den bestüende ich sicherlīche. + mīn muoter freisen von im saget: 105 + ich wæne ir ellen sī verzaget.’ + alsus stuont er in strītes ger. + nu seht, dort kom geschūftet her + drī rīter nāch wunsche var, + von fuoȥe ūf gewāpent gar. 110 + der knappe wānde sunder spot, + daȥ ieslīcher wære ein got. + dō stuont ouch er niht langer hie, + in’ȥ phat viel er ūf sīniu knie. + lūte rief der knappe sān 115 + ‘hilf, got: du maht wol helfe hān.’ + der vorder zornes sich bewac, + dō der knappe im phade lac: + ‘dirre tœrsche Wāleise + unsich wendet gāher reise.’ 120 + ein prīs den wir Beier tragen, + muoȥ ich von Wāleisen sagen: + die sint tœrscher denne beiersch her, + und doch bī manlīcher wer. + swer in den zwein landen wirt, 125 + gefuoge ein wunder an im birt. + + Dō kom geleischieret + und wol gezimieret + ein rīter, dem was harte gāch. + er reit in strīteclīchen nāch, 130 + die verre wāren von im komen: + zwēn’ rīter heten im genomen + ein’ frouwen in sīm’ lande, + den helt eȥ dūhte schande: + in müetẹ der juncfrouwen leit, 135 + diu jæmerlīche vor in reit. + dise drī wāren sīne man. + er reit ein schœne kastelān: + sīns schildes was vil wēnic ganz. + er hieȥ Karnahkarnanz 140 + leh cons Ulterlec. + er sprach ‘wer irret uns den wec?’ + sus fuor er zuome knappen sān. + den dūhte er als ein got getān: + er’n het’ ē sō liehtes niht erkant. 145 + ūfẹm towe der wāpenroc erwant. + mit guldīn schellen kleine + vor ietwederem beine + wārn die stegreife erklenget + unt ze rehter māȥe erlenget. 150 + sīn zeswer arm von schellen klanc, + swar er’n bōt oder swanc. + der was durch swertslege sō hel: + der helt was gein prīse snel. + sus fuor der fürste rīche, 155 + gezimiert wünneclīche. + + Aller manne schœne ein bluomen kranz, + den vrāgte Karnahkarnanz + ‘junchērre, sāht ir für iuch varen + zwēn’ rīter die sich niht bewaren 160 + kunnen an rīterlīcher zunft? + sie ringent mit der nōtnunft + und sint an werdekeit verzaget: + sie füerent roubes eine maget.’ + der knappe wānde, swaȥ er sprach, 165 + eȥ wære got, als ime verjach + frou Herzeloyd’ diu künegīn, + do s’im underschiet den liehten schīn. + dō rief er lūte sunder spot + ‘nu hilf mir, helfe rīcher got.’ 170 + vil dicke viel an sīn gebet + fil li roy Gahmuret. + der fürste sprach ‘ich pin niht got, + ich leiste ab gerne sīn gebot. + du maht his vier rīter sehen, 175 + ob du ze rehte kundest spehen.’ + der knappe frāgte fürbaȥ + ‘du nennest rīter: waȥ ist daȥ? + hāstu niht gotelīcher kraft, + sō sage mir, wer gīt rīterschaft.’ 180 + ‘daȥ tuot der künec Artūs. + junchērre, komet ir in des hūs, + der bringet iuch an rīters namen, + daȥ ir’s iuch niemer durfet schamen. + ir muget wol sīn von rīters art.’ 185 + von den helden er geschouwet wart: + dō lac diu gotes kunst an ime. + von der āventiurẹ ich daȥ nime, + diu mich mit wārheit des beschiet: + nie mannes varwe baȥ geriet 190 + vor ime sīt Adāmes zīt. + des wart sīn lop von wīben wīt. + + Aber sprach der knappe sān + dā von ein lachen wart getān. + ‘ay rīter got, waȥ mahtu sīn? 195 + du hāst sus manec vingerlīn + an dīnen līp gebunden, + dort oben unt hie unden.’ + aldā begreif des knappen hant + swaȥ er īsers ame fürsten vant: 200 + des harnasch begunder schouwen. + ‘mīner muoter juncfrouwen + ir vingerīn an snüeren tragent, + diu niht sus an ein ander ragent.’ + der knappe sprach durch sīnen muot 205 + ‘war zuo ist ditze guot, + daȥ dich sō wol kan schicken? + i’ne mages niht abe gezwicken.’ + der fürste im zeigete sā sīn swert: + ‘nu sich, swer an mich strītes gert, 210 + des selben wer ich mich mit slegen: + für die sīne muoȥ ich an mich legen, + und für den schuȥ und für den stich + muoȥ ich alsus wāpen mich.’ + aber sprach der knappe snel 215 + ‘ob die hirze trüegen sus ir vel, + son’ verwunt’ ir niht mīn gabylōt. + der vellet manger vor mir tōt.’ + + Die rīter zurnden daȥ er hielt + bi dem knappen der vil tumpheit wielt. 220 + der fürste sprach ‘got hüete dīn. + ōwī wan wær’ dīn schœne mīn! + dir hete got den wunsch gegeben, + ob du mit witzen soldest leben. + diu gotes kraft dir virre leit.’ 225 + die sīne und och er selbe reit, + unde gāheten balde + z’einem velde in dem walde. + dā vant der gefüege + frōn Herzeloyden phlüege. 230 + ir volke leider nie geschach; + die er balde eren sach: + si bẹgunden sæn, dar nāch egen, + ir gart ob starken ohsen wegen. + der fürste in guoten morgen bōt, 235 + und frāgte sẹ, op sie sæhen nōt + eine juncfrouwen līden, + sine kunden niht vermiden, + swes er vrāgt’, daȥ wart gesaget. + ‘zwēne rīter und ein maget 240 + dā riten hiute morgen. + diu frouwe fuor mit sorgen: + mit sporen sie vaste ruorten, + die die juncfrouwen fuorten.’ + eȥ was Meljahkanz. 245 + den ergāhte Karnachkarnanz, + mit strīte er ime die frouwen nam: + diu was dā vor fröuden lam. + sie hieȥ Īmāne + von der Bēāfontāne. 250 + + Die būliute verzageten, + dō die helde für sie jageten. + sie sprāchen ‘wie’st uns sus geschehen? + hāt unser junchērre ersehen + ūf disen rītern helme schart, 255 + sonẹ hān wir uns niht wol bewart. + wir sulen der küneginne haȥ + von schulden hœren umbe daȥ, + wand’ er mit uns dā her lief + hiute morgen dō sie dannoch slief.’ 260 + der knappe enruochte ouch wer dō schōȥ + die hirze kleine unde grōȥ: + er huop sich gein der muoter wider, + und sagete ir mær’. dō viel sie nider: + sīner worte sie sō sēre erschrac, 265 + daȥ sị unversunnen vor im lac. + dō diu küneginne + wider kom z’ir sinne, + swie sie dā vor wær’ verzaget, + dō sprach sie ‘sun, wer hāt gesaget 270 + dir von rīters orden? + wā bist du’s innen worden?’ + ‘muoter, ich sach vier man + noch liehter danne got getān: + die sageten mir von rīterschaft. 275 + Artūses küneclīchiu kraft + sol mich nāch rīters ēren + an schildes ambet kēren.’ + sich huop ein niuwer jāmer hie. + diu frouwe enwesse rehte, wie 280 + daȥ sie ir den list erdæhte + unde in von dem willen bræhte. + + Der knappe tump unde wert + iesch von der muoter dicke ein pfert. + daȥ begunde sẹ in ir herzen klagen. 285 + sie dāhte ‘i’n wil im niht versagen: + eȥ muoȥ aber vil bœse sīn.’ + dō gedāhte mēr diu künegīn + ‘der liute vil bī spotte sint. + tōren kleider sol mīn kint 290 + ob sīme liehten lībe tragen. + wirt er geroufet unt geslagen, + sō kumet er mir her wider wol.’ + ōwē der jæmerlīchen dol! + diu frouwe nam ein sactuoch: 295 + sie sneit im hemede unde bruoch, + daȥ doch an eime stücke erschein, + unz enmitten an sīn blankeȥ bein. + daȥ wart für tōren kleit erkant. + ein gugel man obene drūfe vant. 300 + al frisch rūch kelberīn + von einer hūt zwei ribbalīn + nāch sīnen beinen wart gesniten. + dā wart grōȥ jāmer niht vermiten. + diu künegīn was alsō bedāht, 305 + sie bat belīben in die naht. + ‘dunẹ solt niht hinnen kēren, + ich wil dich list ē lēren. + an ungebanten strāȥen + soltu tunkel fürte lāȥen: 310 + die sīhte unde lūter sīn, + dā solte al balde rīten īn. + du solt dich site nieten, + der werelde grüeȥen bieten. + ob dich ein grā wīse man 315 + zuht wil lērn als er wol kan, + dem soltu gerne volgen, + und wis im niht erbolgen. + sun, lā dir bevolhen sīn, + swa du guotes wībes vingerlīn 320 + mügest erwerben unt ir gruoȥ, + daȥ nim: eȥ tuot dir kumbers buoȥ. + du solt z’ir kusse gāhen + und ir līp vast’ umbevāhen: + daȥ gīt gelücke und hōhen muot, 325 + op sie kiusche ist unde guot. + du solt och wiȥȥen, sun mīn, + der stolze küene Lähelīn + dīnen fürsten abe ervaht zwei lant, + diu sollen dienen dīner hant, 330 + Wāleis und Norgāls. + ein dīn fürste Turkentals + den tōt von sīner hende enphienc: + dīn volc er sluoc unde vienc.’ + ‘diz riche ich, muoter, ruocht es got: 335 + in verwundet noch mīn gabylōt.’ + + Des morgens dō der tag erschein, + der knappe balde wart enein, + im was gein Artūse gāch. + frou Herzeloyde in kuste und lief im nāch. 340 + der werelde riuwe aldā geschach. + dō sie ir sun niht langer sach + (der reit enwec: wem’st deste baȥ?), + dō viel diu frouwe valsches laȥ + ūf die erde, aldā sie jāmer sneit 345 + dō daȥ se ein sterben niht vermeit. + ir vil getriulīcher tōt + der frouwen wert’ die hellenōt. + ōwol sie daȥ se ie muoter wart! + sus fuor die lōnes bernden vart 350 + ein wurzel der güete + und ein stam der diemüete. + ōwē daȥ wir nu niht enhān + ir sippe unz an den eilften spān! + des wirt gevelschet manec līp. 355 + doch solten nu getriuwiu wīp + heiles wünschen disem knaben, + der sich hie von ir hāt erhaben. + + + + +NOTES + + [Transcriber’s Note: + Notes to the prose passages are identified by numbers [1]-[6]. + The following bracketed sentence is from the original text.] + +[The references refer to the paragraphs in the Grammar.] + + +I. BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG + +[1] p. 79, l. 13. {werdent sehende}, will see. + +[2] p. 79, l. 19. {daȥ si anders niht enpflæge}, see §§102, 108. + +[3] p. 81, l. 34. {von sō getāner freude}, of joy of such a beautiful +kind. + + +II. LANTREHTBUOCH + +[4] p. 83, l. 26. {mege}, pres. subj. of {mac}, see §93. + +[5] p. 85, l. 15. {sempervrīen}, from {sentbærevrīen}, the highest class +of freemen. + +[6] p. 85, l. 17. {miter} = {mitter(e)}, _aj. nom. pl._, middle, see +§9, 2. + + +III. DER ARME HEINRICH + +l. 6. {im}, is reflexive, see §§66, 104. + +ll. 24-5. That this one (er) may pray to God for the salvation of +Heinrich’s soul. + +l. 31. {ze Swāben} = in the country of the Swabians, i.e. Swabia. + +l. 38. {ze handen haben}, possess. + +l. 50. {versworn}, _pp._ of {verswern}, §86. + +l. 101. {des muge wir}: {des} is dependent on {ein wāreȥ bilde}; for +{muge}, see §74, note. + +l. 106. {sehent} = {sehet}, imperative. + +l. 133-4. {dō . . . alrēst}, as soon as. + +l. 164. {eime} = {eineme}, see §9, 3. + +l. 190. {gnislich} = {genislich}, cp. §9, 7. + +l. 239. {für die selben frist}, since then. + +ll. 240-1. no longer any hopes of being healed. + +l. 257. {sich abe tuon}, renounce, resign. + +l. 351. {getwelte}, had dwelt, see §106. + +ll. 372-3. The construction is {sō ze Salerne vil meister} (_gen._) {von +arzenīen ist}, see §102. + +l. 376. {kunde} for {kundet}. + +l. 486. {es} _gen._ is dependent on {niht}. + +l. 547. {sich ein dinc an nemen}, to take a thing to heart. + +l. 591. {mohter} = {mohte er}, see §65, note 3. + +l. 621. {die wīle daȥ}, so long as. + +l. 640. {wan} = {waȥ ne}, why not. + +l. 756. {verswīge wir} is the imperative, cp. also note to l. 101. + +l. 846. {dīme} = {dīneme}, see §9, 3. + + +IV. WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE + +l. 144. {kond} _pret._ of {kan}. + +ll. 174-5. They would imagine themselves ruined if they did not exercise +a stern rule. On the omission of the negative see §108. + +l. 178. {tiuschiu zunge}, German language, i.e. Germany. + +l. 182. {bekērā}, see {ā} in the Glossary. + +l. 185. {Philippe} is _dative_; {en} = {den}. + +l. 187. {man . . . wībe} are the _gen. plural_. + +l. 214. {guoter} is _gen. plural_. + +l. 232. {bluomen . . . wunder}, a great multitude of flowers. + +l. 250. {daȥ sie schiere got gehœne!} may God curse them soon. + +l. 255. {Der uns freude wider bræhte}, if anyone would bring us joy +again. + +l. 285. {bien} = {bī den}. + +l. 292. {weder ir}, which of the two. + +l. 308. {hōhste} (weak form) {name}, the most beautiful _or_ precious +name. + +l. 429. {du lā dir niht ze wē sīn nāch dem guote}, do not worry yourself +too much about wealth. + +ll. 475-6. Very many call thee father, who will not recognize me as +their brother. + +ll. 498-9. See Extracts from Reinmar, ll. 184-192. + + +V. REINMAR + +l. 33. {Liutpolt}: Duke Leopold VI of Austria. + +l. 75. {bekan} = {bekam}. + + +VII. DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED + +l. 28. {sīme} = {sīneme}, see §9,3; {widerseit} = {widersaget}, §37. + +l. 32. {nāch unkrefte}, after she had regained her consciousness. + +l. 37. {bat sich wīsen}, asked them to lead her to. + +l. 43. {ermorderōt}, older form of _pp._ of {ermordern}, see §88, note. + +l. 88. {āne tuon}, with _gen._ and _acc._, bereave, rob. + +l. 92. {weinende sīn} = {weinen}, see §106. + +l. 213. {huop sich von dan}, betook themselves away. + + +VIII. PARZIVAL + +l. 17. that they should never mention the word ‘knight’. On the omission +of the negative see §108. + +l. 42. {weinde} = {weinende}, see §29. + +ll. 83-4. The mother explained to him fully the difference between +darkness and light, i.e. between the Devil and God. + +l. 141. {leh cons} = {le (li) cons}, the Count. + +ll. 157-8. K. asked him, who was the perfection of human beauty. + +l. 172. {fil li roy}, son of the king. + +l. 243. Supply {ros} as object. + + + + +GLOSSARY + + +_ABBREVIATIONS_ + + _sm._, _sf._, _sn._, = strong masculine, &c. + _sv._ = strong verb. + _wm._, _wf._, _wn._, = weak masculine, &c. + _wv._ = weak verb. + _pret.-pres._ = preterite-present. + _pn._ = proper name. + + The remaining abbreviations need no explanation. + + The Roman numeral after a verb indicates the class to which the + verb belongs. The ordinary numerals after a word indicate the + paragraph in the Grammar where the word either occurs or some + peculiarity of it is explained. + + + A + + {ā}, _interj._ added to the imperative, nouns, and particles; + {neinā}, certainly not. + {ab}, {abe}, _prep. c. dat._ of, from; + _av._ away, away from, 9.6. + {aber}, {abr}, {ab}, _av._ and _cj._ again, once more, but; + {aber sprëchen}, answer, reply. + {acker}, _sm._ field, acre, 9.2, 31.2, 42. + {Adām}, _pn._ Adam. + {adamas}, _sm._ diamond. + {æber}, _sn._ place where the snow has melted away. + {ænic} (with _gen._), _aj._ bereft. + {äher} (OHG. {ahir}), _sn._ ear of corn. + {aht(e)}, _num._ eight, 62. + {aht(e)}, _sf._ attention, meditation; station, position. + {ahtede}, _num._ eighth, 62. + {ahten}, _wv._ observe, consider, deliberate. + {ah(t)zëhen}, _num._ eighteen, 62. + {ah(t)zëhende}, _num._ eighteenth, 62. + {ah(t)zic} ({-ec}), _num._ eighty, 62. + {ah(t)zigeste}, _num._ eightieth, 62. + {al} (_infl._ {aller}, {alleȥ}, {alliu} ({älliu}, {elliu})), _aj._ + all; + {al dā}, there, thereupon; + {al dō}, as soon as; + {al ein}, all one, the same; + {aller hande}, of all kinds; + {alle wëge}, everywhere, 55. + {aleine}, _av._ alone. + {allenthalben}, _av._ on all sides. + {allertegelīch}, _av._ daily. + {alleȥ}, _av._ always, already. + {allmahtic} ({almähtic}, {almehtic}), _aj._ all-powerful, almighty. + {almuosen}, _sn._ alms, charity. + {alrēst} = {aller ērst}, at first. + {als}, see {alsō}. + {alsam}, _av._ as, just as, 69. + {alsō} ({alse}, {als}), _av._ as, just as, so, likewise, 69; + {alse dar}, always, all the time. + {alsolch} = {solch}. + {alsus} ({alsust}), _av._ in this manner, so, thus. + {alt}, _aj._ old, former, 10, 57. + {alter}, _sn._ age. + {alwære}, _aj._ foolish. + {alze}, _av._ too, too much. + {alzehant}, _av._ on the spot, at once, immediately. + {am} = {an dëm}. + {ambet}, _sn._ service, office, calling. + {anblic}, _sm._ look. + {ander}, _num._ and _pr._ other, second, 55, 62, 71. + {anders}, _av._ otherwise, else; + {niht anderswan}, nothing but. + {anderswar}, _av._ elsewhere. + {ane} ({an}), _prep. c. dat._ or _acc._ on, by, in; of; + along with; until, 9.6; + {an dën līp}, by (their) life, on the penalty of (their) life; + {an dër stat}, at once, on the spot. + {āne} ({ān}), _av._ alone, free, deprived of; + {eines āne wërden}, to lose; + _cj._ except; + _prep. c. acc._ or _gen._ without, except, next to. + {ange}, _av._ narrowly, exactly, carefully, anxiously, 9.7. + {anger}, _sm._ grass plot. + {angesiht}, _sf._ sight. + {angest}, _smf._ care, sorrow, anxiety. + {anges(t)lich}, _aj._ anxious, fearful, dangerous, terrible. + {anme}, {amme}, {ame}, {am} = {an dëme}, 68, note 2. + {ansëhen}, _sv._ V, look at, behold. + {anst} (_pl._ {enste}), _sf._ favour, 49. + {antlütze}, {antlitze}, _sn._ face, countenance. + {antwürten} (_pret._ {antwurte}), _wv._ answer. + {apfel}, _sm._ apple, 31, 2. + {ar}, _wm._ eagle, 9.1, 50. + {arbeit} ({arebeite}), _sf._ work, trouble, grief. + {arbeitsam}, _aj._ painful, troublesome. + {arc} ({-ges}), _aj._ bad, mischievous, wicked. + {arm}, _aj._ poor, helpless, unhappy, 57. + {arm}, _sm._ arm. + {armuot}, _sf._ poverty, want. + {art}, _smf._ inborn manner, nature, quality; origin, descent. + {Artūs}, _pn._ Arthur, king of Britain. + {arzāt}, _sm._ physician. + {arzenīe}, _sf._ medicine, remedy. + {ās}, _sn._ carrion, 28. + {ātem}, _sm._ breath, 42. + {āventiure}, _sf._ wonderful event + {ay}, _interj._ ah! alas! + + + B + + {bābest}, _sm._ pope. + {bāgen}, _sv._ VII, quarrel, 87. + {bal} ({-lles}), _sm._ ball. + {balde}, _av._ boldly, bravely, valiantly; quickly; + {balde wërden enein}, be quickly resolved. + {balt}, _aj._ courageous, full of courage, firm, unyielding. + {baltlīch}, _aj._ courageous. + {bange}, _aj._ anxious, 9.7. + {bannen}, _sv._ VII, banish, expel, put under the ban, 87. + {bar}, _aj._ bare, 55. + {bāre}, _sf._ bier. + {bat} ({-des}), _sn._ bath, flood of tears. + {baȥ}, _av._ better, more, 61; + {baȥ geriten}, quicker; + {baȥ veile}, of less value; + {wëm’st deste baȥ?}, who feels joy at this parting? + {Bēāfontāne}, _pn._ + {bedāht}, _p.p._ thoughtful, intent. + {bēde} = {beide}. + {bedecken} (_pret._ {-dacte}, {-dahte}), _wv._ cover, 90. + {bedenken} (_pret._ {-dāhte}, _subj. pret._ {-dæhte}), think over, + consider; + {sich dës willen bedenken}, decide upon a thing. + {bediuten}, _wv._ expound; + _refl._ mark, denote. + {bedrieȥen}, _sv._ II, seem troublesome _or_ irksome. + {bedunken} (_pret._ {-dūhte}), _wv._ seem, appear. + {bedurfen}, {bedürfen} (_pr. sing._ {-darf}), _pret. pres._, need, + require; + see {durfen}. + {begān}, _anom. v._ to do a thing; + _refl._ live; + see {gān}. + {begieȥen}, _sv._ II, pour over, moisten. + {beginnen}, _sv._ III (_pret._ also weak {begunde}, {begonde}), + begin, 81. + {begraben}, _sv._ VI, bury, inter. + {begrīfen}, _sv._ I, grasp, understand. + {begunder} = {begunde ër}. + {behagen}, _wv._ please, delight, suit. + {behalten}, _sv._ VII, hold, keep, preserve, reserve, store up. + {beherten}, _wv._ harden, enforce. + {behüeten}, _wv._ keep, preserve, protect. + {behuot}, _p.p._ of {behüeten}. + {beide} ({bēde}), _num._, _neut._ {beidiu}, both; + {beide--und}, both--and. + {beidenthalben}, _av._ on both sides. + {Beier}, _pn._ people of Bavaria, Bavarians. + {beier(i)sch}, _aj._ Bavarian. + {bein}, _sn._ bone, leg, 5, 11. + {beiten}, _wv._ wait; + _sn._ a waiting. + {bejagen}, _wv._ acquire, get. + {bejëhen}, _sv._ V, assure. + {bekan} = {bekam}. + {bekennen} (_pret._ {-kante}), _wv._ know, recognize, get to know. + {bekēren}, _wv._ employ, turn; + {bekēren sich}, turn round. + {bekomen}, _sv._ IV, get, obtain. + {belīben} ({blīben}), _sv._ I, remain, 9.7, 76; + {under wëgen belīben}, be left undone, cease. + {beliuhten}, _wv._ illumine, explain, make manifest. + {benamen} = {bī namen}, in the true sense of the word. + {benëmen}, _sv._ IV, take, take away; + _c. gen._ exempt. + {berāten}, _sv._ VII, consider, arrange, provide for; + _refl._ consider, reflect. + {bërc} ({-ges}), _sm._ mountain. + {bereit} ({bereite}), _aj._ ready, willing; + _av._ readily, willingly, 55. + {bereiten} (_pret._ {-reite}), _wv._ plough, make arable, prepare, + make ready. + {bërgen}, _sv._ III, hide, 81. + {bërn}, _sv._ IV, bear, carry, bring forth, 9.1, 19, 82. + {bern} (_pret._ {berte}), _wv._ beat, strike. + {berouben}, _wv._ bereave, rob. + {berüeren}, _wv._ touch, move. + {besarken} ({beserken}), _wv._ put into the coffin. + {beschëhen}, _sv._ V, happen. + {bescheiden}, _sv._ VII, make clear, explain. + {bescheiden} ({bescheidenlīch}), _aj._ sensible, prudent. + {bescheidenheit}, _sf._ understanding, sense, prudence. + {bescheidenlīchen}, _av._ definitely, clearly, sensibly. + {beschern}, _wv._ bestow upon, divide, let out. + {bëseme}, _wm._ besom; rod. + {besitzen} (_pret._ {-saȥ}), _sv._ V, take possession of. + {beslieȥen}, _sv._ II, close, shut. + {besorgen}, _wv._ provide, be conscious of; requite. + {bestān}, _anom. v._ remain; attack, assail; + {einen bestān}, concern, belong to. + {beste}, _aj._ and _av._ best, 9.5, 23.1, 61. + {besunder}, _av._ apart. + {beswærde}, _sf._ affliction, grief, sadness. + {beswæren}, _wv._ afflict, grieve. + {beswern} (_pret._ {-swuor}, _pp._ {-sworn}), _sv_. VI, take an oath, + swear to. + {bëte}, _sf._ request, command. + {bëten}, _wv._ pray, 92. + {betrahten}, _wv._ view, consider. + {betriegen}, _sv._ II, deceive. + {betrüeben}, _wv._ make gloomy _or_ angry. + {bette}, _sn._ bed, 10, 46. + {bettestat}, _sf._ couch, place of rest. + {bevëlhen}, _sv._ III, order, recommend; + bring home to a person, 19, 34, 81. + {bevinden}, _sv._ III, become sensible of, get to know. + {bewachen}, _wv._ watch, guard. + {bewarn}, _wv._ protect, guard against, preserve; + avert, ward off, prevent. + {bewëgen} ({sich} with _gen._), _sv._ V, resolve to _or_ upon, + take upon oneself; part with, cast off. + {bewenden} (_pp._ {-want}), _wv._ turn to, use. + {bewīsen}, _wv._ put right, inform, instruct. + {beȥȥer} (_superl._ {beȥȥest}, {beste}), _aj._ better, 58. + {beȥȥern}, _wv. refl._ get better, improve. + {beȥȥerunge}, _sf._ improvement, 8. + {bī}, _prep._ and _av._ near, near by, with, beside; thereby; + {bī sīn} with _dat._ of person: be near, have; + {bī mīnen triuwen}, in truth, upon my word!; + {bī mīnen zīten}, during my lifetime; + {bī spotte sīn}, like mockery; + {bī wësen}, remain. + {bibenen} ({biben}, _pp._ {bibent}), _wv._ quake, tremble. + {biderbe}, _aj._ noble, active, good. + {biegen}, _sv._ II, bow, bend, 5, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 33, 78. + {bien} = {bī dën}. + {bieten}, _sv._ II, offer, show, 5, 11, 18, 25, 78. + {bilde}, _sn._ example, comparison. + {bilden}, _wv._ form. + {billich}, _aj._ becoming, right. + {billīchen}, _av._ rightly, properly, befittingly. + {bin}, am, 97. + {binden}, _sv._ III, bind, fasten, 10 note 2, 11, 12, 15, 33, 81; + {wol gebunden}, with the hair neatly braided and decked out. + {bir}, _swf._ pear, 50. + {bīten}, _sv._ I, wait, put off, delay, 76. + {bit(t)en} (_pret._ {bat}), _sv._ V, ask, beg, request, command, + 3, 26, 31.3, 84. + {bitter}, _aj._ bitter, 20, 31.2, 55. + {bitterlīch}, _aj._ bitter, 8. + {bitterlīchen}, _av._ bitterly. + {biȥ}, _sm._ bite, 44. + {bīȥen}, _sv._ I, bite, 5, 19, 76. + {blā} ({-wes}), _aj._ blue, 36, 55. + {blanc}, _aj._ white, shining, beautiful. + {blāsen}, _sv._ VII, blow, 87. + {blat}, _sn._ leaf. + {blī} ({-ges}), _snm._ lead, 35. + {blīben} = {belīben}. + {blic} ({-ckes}), _sm._ glance, look; splendour. + {blīdeclīchen}, _av._ blithely, joyfully. + {blint} ({-des}), _aj._ blind, 7, 9.2, 55, 56. + {bliuwen}, _sv._ II, strike, 16 note, 19, 36, 79. + {blōȥ}, _aj._ bare, naked; only. + {blüejen}, {blüewen}, {blüen}, _wv._ bloom, 19, 35, 90. + {blüemen}, _wv._ bloom, 90. + {bluome}, _wmf._ flower, blossom. + {bluot}, _sn._ blood. + {bluoten}, _wv._ bleed. + {boc} ({-ckes}), _sm._ he-goat, 10, 32.1. + {böcklīn}, _sn._ little he-goat, 10. + {bœse}, _aj._ bad, worthless, despicable. + {boge}, _wm._ bow. + {bölzelīn}, _sn._ little cross-bow, bolt _or_ arrow. + {borgen}, _wv._ borrow. + {bote}, _wm._ messenger, 51. + {bougen}, {böugen}, _wv._ bend, 10. + {boum}, _sm._ tree. + {bōȥen}, _sv._ VII, beat, strike, 87. + {brā} ({brāwe}), _swf._, brow, eyebrow; eyelash, 48. + {brāten}, _sv._ VII, roast, 87. + {brëchen}, _sv._ IV, break, pluck, gather; neglect, 82. + {breit}, _aj._ wide, broad. + {brennen}, _wv._ burn, 10, 11, 90. + {bresten}, _sv._ IV, break, burst, be deficient, want, lack, 19. + {brief} ({-ves}), _sm._ letter, 33, 44. + {bringen} (_pret._ {brāhte}, _pret. subj._ {bræhte}), bring, + 28, 29, 91; + {sich bringen lāȥen}, let oneself be brought; + {vür bringen}, carry out. + {brinnen}, _sv._ III, burn, 81. + {briuwen}, _sv._ II, brew, 16 note, 79. + {brœde}, _aj._ breakable, perishable. + {brōt}, _sn._ bread. + {brugge}, {brügge} ({brucke}, {brücke}), _sf._ bridge, 10 note 3, + 26, 31.3. + {brūn}, _aj._ brown; dark-coloured. + {brunne}, _wm._ spring, well, brook. + {bruoch}, _sf._ covering for the upper part of the thigh. + {bruoder}, _sm._ brother, 3, 5, 11, 24, 25, 45. + {brust} (_pl._ {bruste}, {brüste}), _sf._ breast, bosom, + 10 note 3, 49. + {brūt} (_pl._ {briute}), bride, 5, 10, 11. + {bū} ({-wes}), _smn._ cultivated land; farmhouse; + dwelling, abode, 42. + {büechlīn}, _sn._ little book, 10. + {būman} (_pl._ {būliute}), _sm._ peasant, farmer, farm labourer. + {buoch}, _sn._ book, 10. + {buosem}, _sm._ bosom, 9.2. + {buoȥ}, _sm._ remedy, compensation, reparation; + {buoȥ tuon} _c gen._, free from, liberate from. + {būr}, _sm._ peasant. + {burc} ({-ge}), _sf._ castle, town, 10 note 1, 49. + {burgære}, _sm._ citizen, parishioner. + {burt}, _sf._ birth, of good family. + {butze}, _wm._ hobgoblin, bug-bear; + {in butzen wīs}, like a ghostly hobgoblin. + {būwen}, {biuwen} (_pret._ {biute}), _wv._ till, cultivate, plant. + + + C + + For {c} see {k}. + + + D + + {dā}, {dār}, _av._ there, where, 39, 69; + {dā mite}, therewith; + {dā von}, thereby; + {dā vor}, before it _or_ that; + {dā zuo}, thereby, therewith, thereto. + {dach}, _sn._ covering, 31.3. + {dagen}, _wv._ be silent, 92. + {dahte}, see {decken}. + {danc} ({-kes}), _sm._. thanks, wish; + {sunder} _or_ {an’ mīnen danc}, against my wish. + {danken}, _wv._ thank, 9.2. + {danne}, {denne} ({dan}), _av._ then; + _after the comparative_, than as; + in conditional sentences with or without {ne} = unless. + {dannen}, _av._ from there, thence; wherefrom, 69. + {dannoch} ({dennoch}), _av._ however, even, still; + besides, in addition to this; moreover. + {dar}, {dare}, _av._ thither, whither, 69; + {dar an}, thereon, in that, therein; + {dar für}, before it; + {dar nāch}, thereupon, after that; + {dar umbe}, therefore, 69; + {dar under}, amongst them, in between; + {dar zuo}, besides, in addition. + {dārinne}, {darinne}, _av._ therein. + {daȥ} _cj._ that. + {dechein}, _pr._ no, none, 71. + {decken} (_pret._ {dacte}, {dahte}), _wv._ cover, 23.2, 31.3, + 32.2, 90. + {dëgen}, _sm._ warrior, vassal, 11. + {dehein}, {dekein}, _pr._ any one; no, none, 71. + {deich} = {daȥ ich}. + {deist} = {daȥ ist}. + {denen} ({dennen}), _wv._ stretch, 92. + {denken} (_pret._ {dāhte}), think, 5, 11, 28, 29, 91. + {denne} = {danne}. + {dennoch}, see {dannoch}. + {dër}, {daȥ}, {diu}, _def. art._, _dem. pr._, and _rel. pr._, the, + who; 9.6, 68, 69; + {dës}, _av._ with which, thereby, therefore, wherefore. + {derfüre}, _av._ out. + {dernider}, _av._ down. + {dërst} = {dër ist}. + {dēst}, {deis}, {dēs} = {daȥ ist}, 68 note 1. + {deste}, _av._ the more, all the more; + _before comparatives_, the, so much, 11. + {dēswār} (= {daȥ ist wār}), _av._ truly, in truth, indeed. + {dewëder}, {dwëder}, _pr._ one of two, neither of two, 71. + {deȥ} = {daȥ}. + {dic} ({dicke}), _aj._ thick, dark, 55; + _av._ {dicke}, often; + {dicke baȥ}, often still better. + {die} = Middle Germ. form of {dër}. + {diech} = {daȥ ich}. + {diemüete}, _sf._ humility. + {dien} = {die en}. + {dienen}, _wv._ serve, earn, deserve; requite, 9.2, 92. + {dienest} ({dienst}), _sm._ service, serviceableness; devotion, 9.2; + {ze dienste}, out of devotion. + {dienstman}, _sm._ servant, feoffee. + {diep} ({-bes}), _sm._ thief; + {ze diebe wërden}, become a thief. + {dieȥen}, _sv._ II, resound, roar, rush, 18, 78. + {dīhen} (_pret._ {dēch}, _pp._ {gedigen}), _sv._ I, thrive, + 17, 30, 76. + {dīn}, _pr._ thy, 9.3, 67. + {dinc} ({-ges}), _sn._ thing, affair, 46. + {dingen}, _wv._ speak, make a contract. + {dirre}, {diser}, {dise} (_neut._ {ditze}, {diz}, {diȥ}; + _fem._ {disiu}), _pr._ this, 68. + {diuhen}, _wv._ change, remove; press, shove. + {diuten}, _wv._ intimate, relate, display. + {diuwe} ({diw}), _sf._ servant, 48. + {dō}, {do}, _av._ and _cj._ then, when, as, 69. + {doch}, _av._ yet, however, nevertheless. + {dol}, _sf._ suffering, pain, distress, misery, 48. + {doln}, _wv._ endure, tolerate, suffer, 90. + {dōn}, {tōn} (_pl._ {dœne}), _sm._ sound, melody, song. + {donreslac} ({-ges}), _sm._ thunder-clap, lightning, + {dorf} (_pl._ {dörfer}), _sn._ village, hamlet, 10. + {dorn}, _sm._ thorn, 24. + {dörperlīch}, _aj._ peasant-like, rustic. + {dort}, _av._ there, yonder. + {douwen}, {döuwen}, _wv._ digest, 10. + {dræjen} ({dræn}), _wv._ turn, 35, 90. + {drāte}, _av._ quickly, immediately; + {alsō drāte}, directly, forthwith. + {dreschen}, _sv._ IV, thrash, 11, 82. + {drī} (_neut._ {driu}), _num._ three, 62, 63; + {drīer hande}, of three kinds. + {dringen}, _sv._ III, press, throng, shoot up, also _sn._, 81; + {für sich dringen}, press forwards, spread. + {drīstunt}, _av._ thrice. + {dritte}, {drite}, _num._ third, 26, 62. + {drīvaltic}, _aj._ threefold. + {drīȥic} ({-ec}), _num._ thirty, 62. + {drīzëhen}, _num._ thirteen, 62. + {drīzëhende}, _num._ thirteenth, 62. + {drīȥigeste}, _num._ thirtieth, 62. + {drouwe} ({drowe}, {drō}), _sf._ threat, threatening. + {drouwen}, {dröuwen}, _wv._ threaten, 3, 10. + {drucken}, {drücken}, _wv._ press, 10 note 3, 90. + {drūfe} = {dar ūfe}. + {drumb(e)}, _av._ to that end, therefore. + {drunder} = {dar under}. + {dū}, {du}, _pr._ thou; + _gen._ {dīn}; + _dat._ {dir}; + _acc._ {dich}; + _pl. nom._ {ir}; + _gen._ {iuwer}; + _dat._ {iu}; + _acc._ {iuch}, 65. + {dulden}, _wv._ endure. + {dūme}, _wm._ thumb. + {dunken}, {dünken} (_pret._ {dūhte}, _pret. subj._ {diuhte}), seem, + appear, 5, 10 note 2, 11, 29, 91; + {sich ze nihte dunken}, to imagine oneself undone. + {dünne}, _aj._ thin, 5, 10, 11, 55. + {durch} ({dur}), _prep._ through, on account of, for, for the sake + of, 34; + {dur daȥ}, on this account, for that reason, therefore; + {durch plates stimme}, for drawing sounds _or_ notes from the + leaf; for making a whistling sound on the leaf; + {durch sīnen muot}, through his (childish) mind. + {durfen}, {dürfen} (_pres. sing._ {darf}, _pret._ {dorfte}, + _pret. subj._ {dörfte}), _pret. pres._ need, 16, 93. + {durftige}, _wm._ beggar, one in want of help. + {dūȥ} = {du ëȥ}. + + + E + + {ē, ēr}, _av._ formerly, rather, sooner, before, 39, 61 + {ëben}, _aj._ even, 55, 60. + {ëbene}, _av._ evenly, smoothly, well-fitting, 60. + {ecke}, _swf., sn._ corner, 31, 3. + {edel(e)}, _aj._ and _av._ noble, 60. + {edelinc}, _sm._ son of a nobleman, 8. + {edeln}, _wv._ ennoble. + {egen}, _wv._ harrow. + {egeslīch} ({eislīch}), _aj._ fearful, terrible, 37. + {ëht} ({ē̆t}, {ō̆t}), _av._ only; even, at any rate, 34. + {ei} (_pl._ {eijer}, {eiger}, {eier}), _sn._ egg, 35, 47 + {ei}, _interj._ ah. + {eiden}, _wv._ take an oath, pledge. + {eigen}, _aj._ own, 55. + {eigen}, _sn._ property; + {ze eigen gëben}, present. + {eilfte}, _aj._ eleventh, 62. + {ein}, _num._ and _indef. art._ one; a, an, 9.3, 62, 63; + _indef, pr._ one, some one, 71. + {einander}, _pr._ one another. + {eine}, _av._ alone. + {eines}, _av._ once. + {einic} ({-ec}), _aj._ only, single. + {einlif}, {einlef} ({eilif}), _num._ eleven, 62. + {ei(n)lifte} ({eilfte}), _num._ eleventh, 62. + {eischen}, _sv._ VII, ask, demand. + {eislīch}, see {egeslīch}. + {eit} ({-des}), _sm._ oath. + {element}, _sn._ element. + {ēlīch}, _aj._ legal, conjugal. + {ellen}, _sn._courage, valour; manliness. + {ellenboge}, _wm._ elbow. + {ellenden}, _wv._ go abroad. + {ellich}, _aj._ universal, constant. + {elter}, _aj._ older. + {eltlīch}, _aj._ elderly, old. + {emphëlhen}, _sv._ III, recommend, 81. + {emzekeit}, _sf._ activity, diligence, industry. + {en}, _neg. particle_, generally used before the verb with or + without {niht} after the verb, _not_. + {en} in subordinate sentences with the subjunctive, _unless_, + _if not_, _except that_, _when that_, _that not_, &c. + {en} = {in}; shortened form of {dën}. + {enbërn}, _sv._ IV, be without a thing, do without. + {enbieten}, _sv._ II, bid, announce, summon. + {enblanden}, _sv._ VII, let be painful _or_ irksome to. + {enblecken}, _wv._ make visible, expose. + {ende}, _sn._ end. + {endelīchen}, _av._ throughout, entirely. + {enden}, _wv._ end, finish. + {enein} = {in ein}. + {enge}, _aj._ narrow, 55. + {enge}, _sf._ narrow place, strait, difficulty. + {engel}, _sm._ angel, 9.2, 42. + {Engellant}, _pn._ England, 54. + {engëlten}, _sv._ III, pay, requite. + {enges(t)līch}, _aj._ anxious, timid, dangerous. + {enke}, _wm._ man who tends the cattle. + {enmitten}, _av._ in the midst; + {enmitten dō}, during, whilst. + {enpfāhen}, {enpfān}, _sv._ VII, accept, receive. + {enpfallen}, _sv._ VII, pass away, perish. + {enpfinden}, _sv._ III, perceive, become conscious of. + {enpflëgen}, _sv._ V, care for, cherish. + {enphëlhen}, _sv._ III, order, recommend, 81. + {entrinnen}, _sv._ III, escape. + {entsagen}, _wv._ free, remove, withdraw. + {entseben} ({-seven}), _sv._ VI, perceive, 86. + {entsetzen}, _wv._ bereave, rob. + {entslāfen}, _sv._ VII, fall asleep. + {en(t)springen}, _sv._ III, spring up, shoot up, shoot forth. + {entstān}, _sv._ VI, understand. + {entwër}, {entwërch}, _av._ athwart; perversely. + {entwësen}, _sv._ V, be without, do without. + {entwīchen}, _sv._ I, yield, go away. + {enwëc}, _av._ away. + {enzīt}, _av._ by times, soon. + {enzünden}, _wv._ light, kindle. + {enzwischen}, _prep._ between. + {ër}, {si} ({sī}, {siu}, {sie}), {ëȥ}, _pr._ he, she, it; + _gen._ {sīn} ({ës}), {ir}, {ës}; + _dat._ {im(e)}, {ir}, {im(e)}; + _acc._ {in}, {sie} ({si}, {sī}), {ëȥ} ({iȥ}); + _pl. nom. acc._ {si}, {sī}, {sie}, _neut._ also {siu}; + _gen._ {ir(e)}; + _dat._ {in}, 65. + {ērbære}, _aj._ honourable, decent, modest. + {erbarmen}, _wv._ move to pity. + {erbe}, _sn._ inherited property, inheritance. + {erbeit} = {arbeit}. + {erbeiten}, _wv._ work, have trouble; + _c. gen._ wait for. + {erbëlgen}, _sv._ III, become angry, grow angry. + {erben}, _wv._ be hereditary, descend from generation to generation. + {erbieten}, _sv._ II, show, manifest. + {erbīten}, _sv._ I, wait. + {erbleichen}, _wv._ become pale. + {erbolgen}, _pp._ angered, angry with. + {erbürn}, _wv._ raise, lift up. + {ërde}, _wf._ earth, world, 14.2. + {erdenken} (_pret._ {erdāhte}, _pret. subj._ {erdæhte}), _wv._ + think out, devise, contrive. + {ërderīch} = {ërtrīch}. + {erdieȥen}, _sv._ II, resound, re-echo. + {erdringen}, _sv._ III, gain by force. + {erdröuwen}, _wv._ compel by threats. + {ēre}, _wf._ honour, renown, 11. + {ēren}, _wv._ honour. + {ērest}, {ērste}, _aj._ first, 59. + {ergāhen}, _wv._ overtake, go to meet. + {ergān}, _sv._ VII, come out, happen. + {erge}, _sf._ wickedness. + {ergëben}, _sv._ V, submit, devote. + {ergetzen}, _wv._ cause to forget, compensate. + {ergrīfen}, _sv._ I, seize. + {erhāhen}, {erhān}, _sv._ VII, hang. + {erheben}, _sv_. VI, raise; + _refl._ rise. + {erhœren}, _wv._ hear. + {erkalten}, _wv._ become cold. + {erkant}, _aj._ known. + {erkennelich}, _aj._ well-known, renowned. + {erkennen} (_pret._ {-kante}, {-kande}), _wv._ recognize, perceive, + understand; know. + {erkiesen}, _sv._ II, elect, select, choose. + {erklengen}, _wv._ make resonant _or_ sonorous. + {erlāȥen}, {erlān}, _sv._ VII, release, forgive. + {erlengen}, _wv._ lengthen. + {erleschen}, _sv._ IV, extinguish. + {erlīden}, _sv._ I, suffer. + {erlouben}, {erlöuben}, _wv._ allow, permit, 10. + {erlœsen} (_pp._ {erlōst}), _wv._ remove, free, deliver. + {ermordern}, _wv._ murder. + {ern}, {eren}, {erren} (_pret._ {ier}, _pp._ {gearn}), _sv._ VII, + till, plough, 87. + {ërn} = {ër ne}. + {ernern}, _wv._ rescue, heal, cure. + {erniuwen}, _wv._ renew. + {ërnst}, _sm._ fervour. + {errëchen}, _sv._ IV, avenge. + {ērrer}, {ērre}, {ërre}, _aj._ former, 59. + {erringen}, _sv._ III, gain, obtain, get. + {erscheinen}, _wv._ show, make to appear. + {erschëllen}, _sv._ III, resound. + {erschieȥen}, _sv._ II, shoot, shoot through, pierce to death. + {erschīnen}, _sv._ I, appear; dawn. + {erschrëcken}, _sv._ IV, frighten, become frightened; + _refl. c. gen._ become frightened at. + {erschrīen} (_pret._ {-schrē}), _sv._ I, shriek, cry out. + {ersëhen}, _sv._ V, see, perceive. + {erslahen}, {erslān}, _sv._ VI, slay, kill. + {ēr(e)st}, {ērste}, _av._ at first, so soon as, 61. + {ērste}, _num._ first, 9.5, 62. + {erstërben}, _sv._ III, die. + {erstrecken} (_pret._ {erstracte}), _wv._ expand, spread out. + {ërtrīch} ({ërderīch}), _sn._ earth, world. + {ertrinken}, _sv._ III, drown, perish. + {ervëhten}, _sv._ IV, gain by fighting; + with {abe} and _dat._: win _or_ gain from by fighting. + {ervinden}, _sv._ III, experience, get to know. + {ervollen}, _wv._ become full. + {ervröuwen}, _wv._ rejoice, make glad. + {erwachen}, _wv._ awake. + {erwecken} (_pret._ {-wahte}), _wv._ waken, awaken. + {erweln}, _wv._ elect, choose. + {erwërben}, _sv._ III, reach, attain, acquire, beget. + {erwern}, _wv._ prevent, hinder. + {erwinden}, _sv._ III, turn round; be thrown back, be reflected. + {erzeigen}, _wv._ show, prove. + {erziehen}, _sv._ II, bring up, educate. + {esche}, _wf._ ash. + {ët}, {ēt} = {ëht}. + {etelīch}, {eteslīch} ({etlīch}, {etslīch}), _pr._ many a one, + any one; + _pl._ some, 71. + {etewër}, {eteswër}, _pr._ any _or_ some one; + _neut._ {etewaȥ}, anything, something, 70, 71. + {ettewanne} ({eteswenne}, {ettewenne}), _av._ sometimes. + {ēvangēlium}, _sn._ gospel. + {ēwic}, _aj._ everlasting. + {ēwiclīchen}, _av._ ever, everlastingly. + {ëȥ}, _pr._ it, 65. + {ëȥȥen} (_pp._ {gëȥȥen}), _sv._ V, eat, 9.7, 19, 20, 23.1, 28, 83. + + + F + + For {f} see {v}. + + + G + + {gābe}, _sf._ gift. + {gabylōt}, {gabilōt}, _sn._ small javelin _or_ dart. + {gāch} ({-hes}), _aj._ quick, rapid, 55; + {gāch wësen} (with _dat._ of pers.), be in a hurry; + {mir ist gāch}, I hasten; + _gen._ {gāhes} as _av._ + {gadem}, _sn._ room, bed-room; house, 46. + {gæhe}, _aj._ quick, hasty. + {gāhelōs}, _aj._ fickle, wanton. + {gāhen}, {gæhen}, _wv._ hasten, hurry. + {Gahmuret}, _pn._ the name of Parzival’s father. + {galge}, _wm._ gallows, scaffold. + {galle}, _swf._ gall, bitterness, grief. + {gan}, see {gunnen}. + {gān}, {gēn}, _sv._ VII, go, 87, 95; + {umbe gān}, go _or_ turn round. + {ganz}, _aj._ whole, entire, complete, 19, 60.3. + {ganzlīche(n)}, _av._ completely, 60.3. + {gar} ({-wes}), _aj._ ready, prepared, 9.1, 36, 55. + {gar}, _av._ fully, entirely, completely. + {gart}, _sm._ goad, whip. + {gartenære}, _sm._ gardener, 8. + {gast} (_pl._ {geste}), stranger, guest, 3, 5, 10, 11, 44. + {gearbeiten}, _wv._ work. + {gebærde}, _sf._ countenance. + {gebāren}, _wv._ behave, conduct oneself. + {gëbe}, _sf._ gift, 7, 48. + {gebeine}, _sn._ bones, remains. + {gëben}, _sv._ V, give, grant, 5, 12, 14.2, 25, 28, 33, 83. + {gëben}, _pp._ = {gegëben}. + {gebende}, _sn._ head-dress. + {gebët}, _sn._ prayer. + {gebieten}, _sv._ II, order, command. + {gebot}, _sn._ command, order, commandment. + {gebrëchen} = {brëchen}. + {gebreste}, _wm._ defect, waste. + {gebresten} = {bresten}. + {gebüeȥen}, _wv._ atone for, improve. + {gebūre}, _wm._ peasant, citizen. + {geburt}, _sf._ birth, noble birth. + {gedagen}, _wv._ keep silent. + {gedanc}, _sm._ thought, 44. + {gedanken} = {danken}. + {gedenken} (_pret._ {-dāhte}), _wv._ think, intend, strive; + bear in mind, remember. + {gedienen}, _wv._ earn, deserve, obtain. + {gedīhen} ({gedīen}), _sv._ I, thrive, speed well, advance. + {gedinge}, _wm._ or _sfn._ hope, confidence; thought; contract. + {gedingen}, _wv._ negotiate. + {gedranc} ({-ges}), _sm._ thronging, crowd. + {gedulde}, {gedult}, _sf._ patience. + {gedulteclīchen}, _av._ patiently. + {gedultic} ({-ec}), _aj._ patient, indulgent, 10 note 1. + {gedultikeit}, _sf._ patience. + {geenden}, _wv._ end, finish. + {gefüege}, _aj._ befitting, suitable, seemly. + {gefuoge}, _sf._ fitness, good breeding. + {gegān} = {gān}. + {gegëben} = {gëben}. + {gëgen} ({gein}), _prep._ against, opposite to, towards, to; + at, for, 37. + {gegihte}, _sn._ gout, cramp. + {gegrüeȥen}, _wv._ greet, salute. + {gehaben} (_refl._), _wv._ be, fare, feel. + {geheiȥen}, _sv._ VII, promise; call, name. + {gehëlfen} = {hëlfen}. + {gehenge}, _sf._ permission. + {gehiure}, _aj._ lovely, charming, gracious. + {gehœnen}, _wv._ dishonour, abuse, revile, curse. + {gehœren}, _wv._ hear. + {gehōrsam(e)}, _sf._ obedience. + {geil}, _aj._ joyous, joyful, gay. + {geist}, _sm._ spirit, mind, ghost. + {gejegede}, _sn._ hunt. + {geklopfen}, _wv._ knock. + {gël} ({-wes}), _aj._ yellow, 55. + {gelāȥ}, _snm._ formation, figure, shape. + {gelëben}, _wv._ live, live to see. + {geleischiert}, _pp._ with or having the reins of the horse slack; + see {leischieren}. + {geleisten} = {leisten}. + {geleit} = {geleget}. + {geleite}, _sn._ protection, retinue; + _wm._ attendant, companion. + {gëlf} ({gëlph}), _aj._ shining; merry, insolent. + {gelīch} ({glīch}), _aj._ like, same, straight, even, 9.7; + _av._ {gelīche}, equally, in like manner. + {gelīchen}, _refl. wv._ be like, be equal; resemble. + {gelieben}, _wv._ love, make dear, please. + {geligen}, _sv._ V, succumb, be ruined. + {gelimpfen}, _wv._ be meet, 23.2. + {gelingen}, _sv._ III, succeed, 81; + {mir gelingt wol}, I have good success. + {gelit}, {glit} ({-des}), _sn._ member, 9.7. + {geloube}, _wm._ faith. + {gelouben}, {gelöuben}, _wv._ believe, think, 10, 33, 90. + {gëlt} ({-des}), _sn._ money. + {gëlten}, _sv._ III, pay, requite; procure, 9.4 note, 81. + {gelücke}, _sn._ good fortune, happiness. + {gelust}, _sm._ wish, desire; joy, pleasure. + {gemach}, _smn._, rest, ease; bedroom. + {gemachen}, _wv._ make. + {gemahele}, _wf._ bride. + {gemeine}, _aj._ common, familiar. + {gemeit}, _aj._ happy, joyful. + {gemēren}, _wv._ increase. + {gemīden}, _sv._ I, avoid, keep at a distance. + {gemīten}, _sv._ I, shun, avoid. + {gemüete}, _sn._ disposition, desire, longing; heart. + {gemuot}, _aj._ minded, disposed, inclined. + {genāde}, {gnāde}, _sf._ grace, favour, kindness, 9.7; + in addressing a person: be gracious; + {genāde sagen}, thank; + {ūf genāde}, graciously. + {genādelōs}, _aj._ unhappy, without grace. + {genāden}, _wv._ to thank. + {genædic}, _aj._ gracious, merciful. + {genæme}, _aj._ beloved, dear, pleasant. + {genanne}, {gnanne}, _wm._ namesake, 9.7. + {genësen}, _sv._ V, recover, become well _or_ free, 30, 83. + {genieten}, _wv. refl._ rejoice, be glad, become satisfied with. + {genieȥen}, _sv._ II _c. gen._, enjoy, have advantage of; + make use of, use as food. + {genisbære}, _aj._ healable, curable. + {genislīch}, _aj._ healable, curable. + {genist}, _sf._ recovery. + {genōȥ}, _sm._ companion. + {genōȥen} ({hin ze}), _wv._ compare, compare with. + {genüegen}, _wv._ be sufficient, suffice; + {mich genüeget dës}, that is enough for me. + {genuoc}, {gnuoc}, _aj._ and _av._ enough, 9.7; + _pl._ many; + as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ enough. + {genüogen} = {genüegen}. + {gequeln}, _wv._ plague, torment. + {gër}, {gir}, _sf._ longing, eager desire. + {gerāde}, {grāde}, _aj._ quick, 9.7. + {gerāten} (_pret._ {-riet}), _sv._ VII, advise; come at; + prosper, thrive, succeed. + {gerëch}, {grëch}, _aj._ straight, 9.7. + {gerich}, _sm._ revenge, vengeance. + {gerihte}, _sn._ jurisdiction. + {gerinclīchen}, _av._ small, easily. + {geringen}, _sv._ III, struggle, strive. + {geriute}, _sn._ arable land. + {geriuwen}, _wv._ repent, lament. + {gërn} (with _gen._ and _dat._), _wv._ long for, yearn for, desire, + want, hanker after. + {gërne}, _av._ willingly, gladly. + {gerte}, _swf._ rod. + {gerūmen}, _wv._ leave, make room. + {geruochen}, _wv._ be pleased, hold good for. + {gesagen}, _wv._ say, tell. + {geschaffen}, _sv._ VI, provide, care for, create. + {geschaft}, _sf._ creature, 28. + {geschëhen}, _sv._ V, happen, fall to one’s lot _or_ share, + 19, 34, 83. + {geschiht}, _sf._ occurrence, event. + {geschlähte}, _sn._ race, generation, 10. + {gesëgen}, _wv._ bless. + {gesëhen} = {sëhen}. + {geselle}, _wm._ companion. + {geselleschaft}, _sf._ company. + {gesīn} = {sīn}. + {gesinde}, _sn._ retinue; + _wm._ retainer. + {gesingen} = {singen}. + {gesitzen} = {sitzen}. + {gesmac}, _sm._ taste, smell. + {gesorgen}, _wv._ trouble oneself; fear, dread. + {gespile}, _wm._ play-mate, comrade. + {gesprëchen} = {sprëchen}. + {gestān}, _sv._ VI, remain. + {gesteine}, _sn._ precious stones. + {gestern}, _av._ yesterday. + {gestrīten}, _sv._ I, quarrel, fight, strive. + {gesūmen}, _wv._ stay, delay, let one wait. + {gesunde} ({gesunt}), _aj._ healthy, alive. + {gesunt}, _sm._ health. + {gesweigen}, _wv._ bring to silence. + {geswīchen}, _sv._ I, weary, tire; leave in the lurch. + {getar} = {tar}, see {turren}. + {getragen} = {tragen}. + {getriulīch}, _aj._ through, owing to faithfulness. + {getriuten}, _wv._ love, like, be fond of. + {getriuwe}, _aj._ faithful, good. + {getriuwen}, {getrūwen}, _wv._ trust, confide in. + {getrœsten}, _wv. refl._ bear with patience, forget. + {getrūren}, _wv._ mourn, grieve, be downcast. + {getrūwen}, see {getriuwen}. + {getuon} = {tuon}. + {geturren}, _pret. pres._ dare, venture. + {getweln}, _wv._ dwell, stay. + {gevallen}, _sv._ VII, fall to one’s lot, please. + {gevangen(e)}, _wm._ prisoner, 50. + {gevar}, _aj._ having colour. + {gevarn}, _sv._ VI, go, travel; + {wol gevarn}, make a successful journey. + {gevolgen}, _wv._ obey. + {gevüege}, {gefüege}, _aj._ courteous, well-bred. + {gewæte}, _sn._ clothing. + {gewähenen}, _sv._ VI, mention, 86. + {gewalt}, _smf._ power, might, command. + {gewalteclīch}, _aj._ violent, mighty; + _av._ {gewalteclīche}. + {gewaltic}, _aj._ powerful, mighty. + {gewant}, _sn._ clothing. + {gewant} (_pp._ of {wenden}), conditioned, circumstanced; + {so gewante sache}, of such a nature; + {ëȥ ist alsō gewant}, it is important; + {ëȥ ist niht alsō gewant}, the matter is not so. + {gewar(e)}, _aj._ sensible, mindful. + {geweinen}, _wv._ weep, cry. + {gewenen}, _wv._ accustom. + {gewenken}, _wv._ waver, vacillate; bend, turn. + {gewërbe}, _sn._ activity. + {gewërn}, _wv._ perceive, perform. + {gewërren}, _sv._ III, be troublesome, hinder. + {gewin} ({-nnes}), _sm._ gain, advantage. + {gewinnen}, _sv._ III, get, gain, obtain, receive, 81; + {für sich gewinnen}, get for oneself. + {gewis} ({-sses}), _aj._ certain, sure, 31. + {gewisse}, _av._ surely, truly, certainly. + {gewonheit}, _sf._ custom. + {gewürme}, _sn._ worm, insect; reptile, creeping creature. + {gezëmen}, _sv._ IV, become, beseem; + {mich gezimt dës}, that pleases me. + {gezierde}, _sf._ adornment. + {gezwicken}, _wv._ pinch, pull, pluck. + {gieȥen}, _sv._ II, pour, 28, 78. + {gift}, _sf._ gift, 28. + {giht}, _third pers. sing._ of {jëhen}. + {gir}, see {gër}. + {gīst} = {gibest}, 37. + {gīt} = {gibet}, 37. + {glast}, _sm._ splendour. + {glīchnisse}, _sn._ parable. + {glocke}, _sf._ bell. + {gnanne}, see {genanne}. + {golt}, _sn._ gold, 3, 15. + {got}, _sm._ God, 5, 10, 11. + {gotelīch}, _aj._ divine. + {goteshūs}, _sn._ church, monastery. + {gotheit}, _sf._ godhead. + {götinne}, _sf._ goddess, 5, 10. + {gotvar} ({-wes}), _aj._ godlike, divine. + {gouch}, _sm._ cuckoo; fool. + {grā} ({-wes}), _aj._ grey, 55. + {graben}, _sv._ VII, dig, 10, 12, 85. + {gram}, _aj._ hostile. + {grap} ({-bes}), _sn._ grave, 46. + {gras}, _sn._ grass. + {grīfen}, _sv._ I, seize, grasp, touch, feel. + {grim} ({-mmes}), _sm._ rage, fury. + {grimme} ({grimmic}), _aj._ fearful, angry; great. + {grimmen}, _sv._ III, rage. + {grīs} ({grīse}), _aj._ grey, old, 55. + {grœȥlīch}, _aj._ great. + {grœȥlīchen}, _av._ greatly, very. + {grōȥ}, _aj._ great, large, 9.2, 57. + {grüen(e)}, _aj._ green, 5, 10, 55. + {grüeȥen}, _wv._ greet, 39; also _sn._ + {grunt} ({-des}), _sm._ bottom. + {gruoȥ}, _sm._ greeting, salutation. + {güete}, _sf._ goodness, kindness, 5, 10. + {güetlich}, _aj._ friendly; + _av._ {güetlīchen}. + {gugel}, _sf._ cowl; cape, hood. + {guldīn}, _aj._ golden, 3, 15. + {gunēren}, _wv._. dishonour, disgrace. + {gunnen}, {günnen} (_pres. sing._ {gan}; _pret._ {gunde}, + _pret. subj._ {gunde}, {günde}), _pret. pres._ grant, bestow, + not to grudge, 9.7, 93. + {guot}, _aj._ good, 9.2, 25, 55, 58; + {daȥ guot}, wealth, property; + {ze guote}, to the good. + {gürtel}, _sm._ girdle, belt, sash. + {güsse}, _sf._ inundation, 28. + {gütinne}, _sf._ goddess, 48. + +H. + {habe}, _sf._ possession. + {habedanc}, _sm._ thanks with words. + {haben} ({hān}), _wv._ have, hold, 3, 99; + {haben sich an dër witze kraft}, collect all one’s wits together. + {hacken}, _sm._ hook, fetter; footprint. + {haft}, _sm._ bond, fetter. + {hagel}, _sm._ hail; misfortune, destruction. + {Hagene}, _pn._, 54. + {hāhen} ({hān}), _sv._ VII, hang, 29, 30, 38, 87. + {halde}, _wf._ slope, declivity. + {halm}, _sm._ blade, stalk. + {halp} ({-bes}), _aj._ half. + {halsen}, _sv._ VII, embrace, 87. + {halten} ({halden}), _sv._ VII, hold, keep; + stop, keep from, 5, 10, 11, 40, 87. + {hān}, see {haben}. + {handeln}, _wv._ do, perform. + {handelunge}, _sf._ action, 8. + {han(e)}, _wm._ cock, 9.4, 31.3. + {hant} (_pl._ {hende}), hand, 49. + {hār}, _sn._ hair. + {hārbant}, _sn._ head-band. + {harnasch}, _smn._ harness. + {harpfen}, _wv._ play the harp. + {hart}, _aj._ hard, 19. + {harte}, _av._ very, very great, 60; + _comp._ {harter}, more; more seriously. + {hase}, _wm._ hare, 7, 30. + {haȥ}, _sm._ hate, hatred, enmity; indignation, anger, wrath, 19. + {haȥlīch}, _aj._ full of hate, hostile. + {haȥȥen}, _wv._ hate. + {heben} ({heven}), _sv._ VI, raise, 30, 86; + {sich (an) heben}, betake oneself, begin. + {hei}, _interj._ an exclamation of joy, grief, or wonder. + {heide}, _sf._, heath, uncultivated land; meadow. + {heiden}, _sm._ heathen, 9.2. + {heil}, _sn._ happiness, welfare, good fortune. + {heilant}, _sm._ Saviour, 8. + {heilic} ({-ec}), holy, 7, 8, 55. + {heiliggeist}, _sm._ holy ghost. + {heim}, _smn._ home; + {heime}, _av._ at home. + {heimlīch} ({-lich}), _aj._ homely, familiar. + {heimsuochen}, _wv._ visit; attack with evil intent. + {heimsuochunge}, _sf._ disturbance of domestic peace and security. + {heimvart}, _sf._ homeward journey. + {heiȥ}, _aj._ hot, 31.3. + {heiȥen}, _sv._ VII, call, be called, named; bid, 11, 17, 23.1, 87. + {hël} ({-lles}), _aj._ resounding. + {hëlfe}, _sf._ help. + {hëlfen}, _sv._ III, help, 3, 11, 12, 14.2, 15, 23.2, 81. + {helle}, _sf._ hell. + {hellemōr}, _sm._ devil. + {hellenōt}, _sf._ necessity of hell. + {helm}, _sm._ helm, helmet, 11. + {helme}, _wm._ warrior. + {hëln} (with double _acc._), _sv._ IV, hide, conceal. + {helt} (_gen._ {heldes}, {heledes}), _sm._ hero, protector, brave + warrior. + {hemede}, {hemde}, _sn._ shirt. + {hendelinc} ({-ges}), _sm._ glove, 8. + {hengen}, _wv._ hang, 30. + {henne}, _swf._ hen, 31.3. + {hēr}, {hēre}, _aj._ and _av._ high, proud, haughty, agreeable, 55. + {her}, _sn._ army, host. + {hër(e)}, _av._ hither, this way. + {herbërge}, _sf._ lodging. + {hērlīch}, _aj._ agreeable, distinguished; + _av._ {hērlīchen}. + {hērre}, {hërre}, {hër}, _wm._ master, lord, 9.3, 9.6. + {hërren}, _wv._ to make as master. + {hērsen}, {hërsen}, _wv._ rule, govern, 9.2. + {herte} ({hart}), _aj._ hard, difficult, 60; + _av._ {harte} ({herte}), 60. + {hërze}, _wn._ heart, 7, 19, 23.2, 50, 52. + {hërzeleit}, _sn._ heart-sore, grief. + {hërzelīch}, _aj._ dear, affectionate. + {hërzeliep}, _sn._ heart’s joy. + {Hërzeloyde}, _pn._ the name of Parzival’s mother. + {hërzenlīch}, _aj._ hearty, dear, affectionate; + _av._ {hërzenlīchen}. + {hërzeriuwe}, _sf._ great grief, sadness of heart, pain. + {hërzesēre}, _sf._ great sorrow, grief. + {heven}, see {heben}. + {hey}, _interj._, hey! + {hie}, {hier}, _av._ here, 5, 11, 39; + {hie bī}, herewith, hereby; + {hie vor(e)}, formerly, in former times. + {hierunder}, _av._ hereunder, 39. + {himel}, _sm._ heaven, sky. + {himelisch}, _aj._ heavenly, 8. + {himelkrōne}, _sf._ heavenly crown. + {himelrīch}, _sn._ kingdom of heaven. + {hin}, {hinnen}, _av._ from here, hence, away; + {hin für}, without, out of doors; + {hin heim}, away home. + {hinder}, _aj._ hinder; + _prep._ behind, 59. + {hindernisse}, _snf._ hindrance, 8. + {hinderste}, _aj._ hindmost, 59. + {hīnte}, {hīnt}, {hīnaht}, _av._ to-night, 34. + {hīrāt}, _sm._ marrying, marriage. + {hirte}, _sm._ shepherd, 3, 43. + {hirtelōs}, _aj._ shepherdless. + {hirȥ} (OHG. {hiruȥ}) beside {hirz} (OHG. {hirz}), _sm._ stag. + {hitze}, _sf._ heat, warmth, 31.3. + {hiute}, _av._ to-day; + {hiute morgen}, this morning. + {hōch} (_comp._ {hœher}, _superl._ {hœhst}, {hōhst}), _aj._ high, + 5, 10, 11, 19, 34, 57, 60. + {hōchgeborn}, _aj._ of gentle birth; noble. + {hōchgemuot}, _aj._ noble, high-minded; lofty, proud; + joyful, in high spirits. + {hōchgezīt}, _sfn._ festival, feast, highest joy. + {hōchmuot}, _sm._ consciousness, pride, well-being. + {hōchvart}, _sf._ pride, haughtiness. + {hœne}, _aj._ haughty; contemptible. + {hœnen}, _wv._ dishonour, calumniate. + {hœren}, _wv._ hear; be requisite, be necessary, require; listen; + belong to, 5, 10, 11, 90. + {hof} ({-ves}), _sm._ court, 19, 30, 33, 42. + {hogen}, _wv._ think, consider. + {hōhe}, {hō}, _av._ highly, 60. + {hōhgemüete}, _sn._ joyousness, joyfulness. + {hol}, _aj._ hollow, 55. + {holn}, _wv._ fetch; + {tiefen siuft holn}, sigh deeply. + {holt} ({-des}), _aj._ kind, affectionate, well-disposed. + {holz}, _sn._ wood, 19. + {honic}, {honec} ({-ges}), _smn._ honey, 29. + {hornunc} ({-ges}), _sm._ February; frost; chilblain. + {houbet}, _sn._ head, 5, 10. + {houwen}, _sv._ VII, hew, 36, 87. + {hovelīch}, _aj._ courtly, court-like. + {hovelīchen}, _av._ courtly, in the manner of the court. + {hübesch}, _aj._ noble, courtly, chivalrous, 30. + {hüeten}, _wv._ protect, shield, hold, keep, guard. + {huge}, _sm._ thought, 43. + {hügen}, _wv._ consider, 15. + {hulde}, _sf._ grace, favour, kindness, permission, 10 note 1. + {hundertste}, _num._ hundredth, 62. + {hundertstunt}, _num._ hundred times. + {hunger}, _sm._ hunger. + {hunt}, {hundert}, _num._ hundred, 62, 64. + {huobe}, _sf._ a piece (hide) of land. + {huofslac} (_dat. pl._ {huofslegen}), _sm._ horseshoe. + {huon} (_pl._ {hüener}), _sn._ hen, 47. + {huote}, _sf._ care, guardianship. + {hupfen}, {hüpfen}, _wv._ hop, 10 note 3. + {hūs} (_pl._ {hiuser}), _sn._ house, 3, 5, 10, 11, 33. + {hūt} (_dat. pl._ {hiuten}), _sf._ skin, hide. + + + I + + {ich}, _pr._ I, 23, 65. + {ie}, _av._ ever. + {iedoch}, _av._ however. + {iegelīch}, {iegeslīch} ({ieglīch}, {ieslīch}), _pr._ each, 71. + {ieman}, {iemen}, _pr._ anyone, no one, someone, somebody, 71. + {iemer}, {immer}, _av._ ever, always, at any time, never. + {ietwëder}, _pr. aj._ each of two, 71. + {iewëder}, _pr._ each, 71. + {iewelī̆ch}, _pr._ each, 71. + {iewiht}, _pr._ anything, 71. + {iezuo}, _av._ now, directly. + {iht}, _pr._ anything; + _av._ not, 71. + {īlen}, _wv._ hasten. + {Imāne}, _fpn._ + {in}, _prep._ in, into. + {in}, _pr. acc._ him. + {īn}, {in}, _av._ in, into, from out here. + {in}, {ine} = {ich ne}, I not. + {i’n} = {ich in}. + {ingesinde}, _sn._ household, family; followers. + {inme}, {imme} = {in dëme}. + {inneclīch}, _aj._ inward; + _av._ {inneclīchen}, at heart. + {innen}, {inne}, _av._ within, inwardly; + {inne bringen}, observe, let understand, convince; + {inne wërden}, hear of, learn of. + {ir}, _pr._ her, their, ye, 71. + {irdenisch}, _aj._ earthly. + {irdīn}, _aj._ earthen, 14.2. + {irdisch}, _aj._ earthly, 8. + {irre}, _aj._ astray; + {dës rīches irre}, astray in regard to the kingdom. + {irren}, _wv._ put out, confound, hinder, interrupt, stop. + {irs} = {ir ës}. + {īser}, _sn._ iron, iron weapon, armour. + {iuwer} ({iwer}), _pr._ your, 67. + {iȥ} = {ëȥ}, 65 note 1. + + + J + + {jā}, _interj._ forsooth. + {jæmerlīch}, _aj._ pitiable, sad, sorrowful; + _av._ {jæmerlīche(n)}. + {jagen}, _wv._ pursue, follow, hunt. + {jāmer}, _sm._ grief, pain; + {jāmers balt}, courageous in grief. + {jāmerhaft}, _aj._ painful, sorrowful. + {jār}, _sn._ year; age, 19. + {jëhen}, _sv._ V, say, speak; assure, grant, concede, 35, 83. + {jener}, _pr._ that, 68. + {jenhalp}, _av._ on that side, the other side. + {jësen}, _sv._ V, ferment, 35, 83. + {jëten}, _sv._ V, weed, 35. + {joch}, _av._ and _conj._ also, even, yet. + {jude}, _wm._ Jew. + {jugent}, _sf._ youth, 49. + {junc} ({-ges}), _aj._ young, 19, 57. + {juncfrouwe}, _wf._ maiden. + {junchērre}, _wm._ young sir. + {junger}, _sm._ disciple. + + + K + + {kal} ({-wes}), _aj._ bald, 55. + {kāle}, see {quāle}, 36. + {kalp} (_pl._ {kälber}), _sn._ calf, 47. + {kalt}, _aj._ cold. + {kälte}, _sf._ coldness, 11. + {kamerære}, _sm._ chamberlain, guard of the treasure, _or_ bed-room. + {kampflīch}, _aj._ warlike. + {kapfen}, _wv._ stare, gape, look on with astonishment. + {Karnahkarnanz}, {Karnachkarnanz}, _pn._ Count of Unterlec. + {kastelān}, _sn._ Castilian horse. + {këc}, see {quëc}. + {kein}, _pr._ no, none, 71. + {keiser}, _sm._ emperor. + {keiserlīch}, _aj._ imperial. + {kelberīn}, _aj._ of a calf. + {kemenāte}, _sf._ room, bed-room. + {kennen}, _wv._ know, 90. + {kēren}, _wv._ turn, go, 90; + {sich kēren}, turn; + {ze gote kēren}, apply to God’s service. + {kerze}, {kërze}, _wf._ candle. + {kiesen}, _sv._ II, test, try, choose, elect, 5, 11, 18, 30, 33, 78. + {kil}, _sm._ quill, 9.1, 42. + {kindelīn}, _sn._ little child, 8. + {kindisch}, _aj._ childish, 8. + {kinne}, _sn._ chin. + {kint} ({-des}), _sn._ child, 33. + {kintlīch}, _aj._ childish. + {kirchhof}, _sm._ churchyard. + {kīt} = {quīt}, 36. + {kiusch(e)}, _aj._ chaste, modest, pure, spotless; maidenly. + {kiuwen}, _sv._ II, chew, 16 note, 36, 79. + {klage}, _sf._ complaint, lamentation. + {klagen}, _wv._ complain, bewail, 92; + {klagedeȥ hërze}, mournful heart. + {klār}, _aj._ clear, bright, beautiful, pure. + {klē} ({-wes}), _sm._ clover, trefoil. + {klëben}, _wv._ stick, 92. + {kleiden}, _wv._ clothe, dress. + {klein(e)}, _aj._ little, neat, insignificant; + _av._ {kleine}. + {kleit} (_pl._ {kleit} or {kleider}), _sn._ dress. + {klieben}, _sv._ II, cleave, 18, 78. + {klingen}, _sv._ III, ring, toll. + {klōsenære}, _sm._ hermit, recluse. + {klōster}, _sn._ cloister, monastery. + {klūs}, _sf._ cell, hermitage. + {knabe}, _wm._ boy, youth, 31.1. + {knappe}, _wm._ a youth who has not yet become a knight, 31.1. + {knëht}, _sm._ boy, candidate for knighthood, attendant; warrior. + {knëten}, _sv._ V, knead, 83. + {knie} (_gen._ {kniewes}), _sn._ knee, 3, 23.2, 36, 46. + {komen}, _sv._ IV (_pres._ {kume}, {kum}; _pret._ {quam}, {kom}; + _pret. subj._ {quæme}, _pp._ {komen}), come, 36, 82. + {kopf}, _sm._ head. + {kōr}, _sm._ choir. + {korder}, {körder}, see {quërder}, 36. + {korn}, _sn._ corn, 23.2. + {korp} ({-bes}), _sm._ basket. + {koufen}, {köufen}, _wv._ buy, acquire; earn, 10, 90. + {krā}, {krāwe}, _sf._ crow. + {kraft}, _sf._ strength, might; multitude. + {kranc}, _sm._ weakness. + {kranc}, _aj._ impotent, weak; little; worthless. + {kranz}, _sm._ garland, wreath. + {krēatiure}, {krēatūr(e)}, _sf._ creature. + {kreftic}, _aj._ strong, powerful. + {kriec} ({-ges}), _sm._ resistance, strife, quarrel. + {kriechen}, _sv._ II, creep, crawl, 78. + {Kriemhilt}, _pn._ 54. + {krippe} ({kribbe}), _swf._, manger (cradle), crib, 26. + {Krist}, _sm._ Christ. + {kristen}, _aj._ and _sb._ christian. + {kristenheit}, _sf._ christianity, christian faith. + {kriuze}, _sn._ cross. + {krœnen}, _wv._ crown, adorn. + {krōne}, _swf._ crown. + {kuchen}, {küchen}, _sf._ kitchen, 10 note 3. + {küele}, _aj._ cool. + {küen(e)}, _aj._ bold, warlike. + {kumber}, _sm._ grief, trouble. + {kumberlīche}, _av._ with grief, with oppression. + {kumbersal}, _sn._ distress, 8. + {kūme}, _av._ scarcely, hardly. + {künde}, _sf._ acquaintance, knowledge; + {kunde haben} (with _gen._), know. + {kunde}, see {künnen}. + {künden}, _wv._ announce, promise. + {kündic}, _aj._ known. + {küneclīch}, _aj._ kingly, royal. + {künic} ({-ec}), _sm._ king, 7, 8, 29. + {künne}, race, generation; relationship, 7, 10, 46. + {kün(n)egin(ne)}, {künegīn}, _sf._ queen, king’s daughter, 8, 48. + {künnen}, {kunnen} (_pret._ {kunde}, {konde}), _pret. pres._ know, + understand, can, 93. + {kunst}, _sf._ art, skill, 19. + {kunt} ({-des}), _aj_. known. + {kuo} (_pl._ {küeje}, {küewe}), _sf._ cow, 49. + {kupfer}, _sn._ copper, 31.2. + {kurz}, _aj._ short, small; + {vor kurzer stunt}, recently. + {kurzewīle}, _sf._ pastime, entertainment. + {kus} ({-sses}), _smn._ kiss, 32.1. + {küssen}, _wv._ kiss, 20, 32.2, 90. + + + L + + {lā}, _imperative_ of {lāȥen}, q.v. + {lachen}, _wv._ laugh, laugh at; + also _sn._ + {laden}, _sv._ VI, load, 85. + {laden}, _wv._ invite, 92. + {lære}, _aj._ empty, 3, 5, 10, 11, 55. + {Lähelīn}, _mpn._ + {lam}, _aj._ lame, weak in the limbs. + {lamp} (_pl._ {lember}), lamb, 5, 10, 11, 33, 47. + {lān}, see {lāȥen}. + {lanc}, _aj._ long, 10, 60; + _av._ {lange}, 60. + {lanclëben}, _sn._ long life. + {lanclīp}, _sm._ long life. + {lant} ({-des}), _sn._ land, country. + {lantliut}, _sn._ country folk, vassalage; + _pl._ inhabitants. + {lantrëhtbuoch}, _sn._ book of common _or_ land laws. + {lantsæȥe}, _wm._ freeholder. + {last}, _sm._ burden. + {laster}, _sn._ ignominy, disgrace. + {laȥ} ({-ȥȥes}), _aj._ feeble, languid, faint, exhausted; weary. + {lāȥen}, {lān}, _sv._ VII, let, leave, give up; stop, avoid, 87, 99; + {lān niht ze wē sīn}, not to worry too much; + {lāȥen sīn}, cease, stop; + {lā stān}, cease! stop! + {lëben}, _wv._ live, cause to live, 92. + {lëben}, _sn._ life. + {lëbendic} ({-ec}), _aj._ living, alive. + {legen} ({leggen}, {lecken}), _wv._ lay, place, put, 31.3, 92; + {arbeit dar an legen}, expend much trouble on a thing. + {leh} (= {le} or {li}) {cons}, Count. + {lēhen}, _sn._ feudal tenure, loan, fee, feod. + {leich}, _sm._ song consisting of strophes of unequal length. + {leide}, _av._ painfully, sorrowfully; + _comp._ {leider}, greater pain, grief, trouble. + {leiden}, _wv._ be repugnant, odious, _or_ offensive; + render disagreeable, do harm; + {mir leidet ëȥ}, it is repugnant to me. + {leider}, _av._ and _interj._ unfortunately, alas! + {leie}, _wm._ layman. + {leischieren}, _wv._ give a horse its head. + {leisten} (_pret. subj._ {leiste} = {leistete}), _wv._ follow the + trace of, follow, perceive; + {leisten geselleschaft}, accompany. + {leit} ({-des}), _aj._ sorrowful, bitter, painful, disagreeable; + hateful, vexatious. + {leit} ({-des}), _sn._ grief, pain. + {leit} = {leget}, 37. + {leiten} (_pret._ {leite}), _wv._ to lead, 5, 11, 30, 32.4, 90. + {leitestërne}, _wm._ loadstar. + {lenge}, _sf._ length, 10. + {lēre}, _sf._ teaching, instruction, precept, guidance, advice; + saying. + {lēren} ({lērn}), _wv._ teach, 5, 11, 17. + {lërnen}, _wv._ learn. + {leschen}, _sv._ IV, be extinguished, go out, 11, 82. + {leschen}, _wv._ extinguish, put out. + {lësen}, _sv._ V, gather, read, 33, 83. + {leste}, _aj._ last, 9.5, 23.1. + {lesterlīch}, _aj._ disgraceful, ignominious. + {letzen}, _wv._ injure, prejudice; forsake. + {leȥȥeste}, {leste}, _aj._ last, 59. + {līden}, _sv._ I, suffer, endure, 30, 76. + {liebe}, _sf._ love, joy. + {lieben}, _wv._ give pleasure, gladden; present with. + {liegen}, _sv._ II, lie, tell a lie, 5, 78. + {lieht}, _sn._ light, 16. + {lieht}, _aj._ bright; + _av._ liehte. + {liep} ({-bes}), _aj._ dear, pleasant, friendly, 5, 11; + _sn._ what is lovable; dearest joy; lover. + {liet} ({-des}), _sn._ song, poem. + {ligen} ({liggen}, {licken}), _sv._ V, lie, lie down, 14.2, 31.3, 84. + {līhen}, _sv._ I, lend, 12, 76. + {līhte}, _aj._ light, easy, worthless; + _av._ easily, perhaps; + {līhte noch}, still now-a-days. + {lin}, {line}, _swf._ window with balcony. + {linde}, _wf._ linden-tree. + {līp} ({-bes}), _sm._ life, body, person, 33. + {list}, _sm._ prudence, wisdom, advice; means, art; + artfulness, cunning. + {līst} = {liges(t)}, 37. + {lit} ({-des}), _sn._ limb, member. + {līt} = {liget}, 37. + {liuhten}, _wv._ light, shine, shed lustre, 16. + {liut}, _sn._ folk, people, army, 5, 11. + {liuten}, _wv._ ring. + {liuterlīch}, _av._ expressly, quite, entirely. + {Liutpolt}, _pn._ Leopold of Austria. + {lobelīch}, _aj._ praiseworthy. + {loben}, _wv._ praise, 92. + {lobesam}, _aj._ praiseworthy, glorious. + {loch} (_pl._ {löcher}), _sn._ hole, 5, 10, 31.3. + {lœsen}, _wv._ loose, 33, 90. + {lōn}, _sm._ pay, reward. + {lōnen}, _wv._ reward. + {lop} ({-bes}), _smn._ praise, glorification; price. + {lōsen}, _wv._ be rid, released of; + {hin ze einem lōsen}, flatter. + {lōt}, _sn._ weight. + {löufel}, _sm._ runner, 5, 10. + {loufen}, _sv._ VII, run, 5, 11, 87. + {lougen}, _sn._ a denying, denial; + {āne lougen}, truly. + {loup} (_pl._ {löuber}), _sn._ foliage, leaf, 5, 10, 11. + {lūchen}, _sv._ II, shut, 80. + {lücke}, _swf._ gap, hole, 31.3. + {luft}, _smf._ air, firmament. + {luoder}, _sn._ bait, 46. + {lūt}, _aj._ loud; + {lūt wërden} (_c. gen._), give to understand, mention, be heard. + {lūte}, _av._ aloud, loudly. + {lūter}, _aj._ clear, bright, 9.2; + _av._ {lūterlīche}. + {lützel}, _aj._ and _av._ little, small, 31.2, 58; + {lützel ieman}, nobody, no one; + as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._, little. + + + M + + {mac}, see {mügen}. + {māc} ({-ges}), _sm._ relation. + {machen}, _wv._ make. + {mære}, _sn._ story, tidings, report. + {mære}, _aj._ known, renowned, 10. + {magedīn}, _sn._ maid, maiden, 8. + {magen}, {megen}, see {mugen}. + {maget} (_pl._ {mägede}, {megde}), _sf._ girl, maiden, 5, 10, 37, 49. + {maht} (_pl._ {mähte}), _sf._ strength, power, might, 5, 11. + {mahtu} = {maht dū}. + {mālen}, _wv._ paint, draw. + {maln}, _sv._ VI, grind, 85. + {man}, _sm._ man, 3, 32.1, 45; + _pr._ one, 71. + {manbære}, _aj._ marriageable. + {māne}, _wm._ moon. + {manen}, _wv._ urge on, remind, admonish. + {manic}, {manec} ({manc}), _aj._ many, much, 8; + _pr._ many a, 71; + {maneger hande}, {slahte}, _or_ {leie}, in many ways, manifoldly; + {maneger vil}, very many. + {manicvalt}, _aj._ manifold, variegated. + {manlīch}, _aj._ manly, brave, 5, 10. + {mantel}, _sm._ mantle, 42. + {manunge}, _sf._ exhortation, admonition. + {marc}, _sf._ half pound of gold _or_ silver. + {marder}, _sm._ marten; skin of a marten. + {market}, _sm._ market, 9.2. + {marter}, _sf._ martyr; torture. + {māȥe}, _sf._ measure, manner; moderation, propriety, fitness; + {ze einer māȥe}, little, moderate; + {ze māȥe}, fairly, sufficiently; + {ze rëhter māȥe}, to the right length. + {mē}, {mēre}, _aj._ and _av._ more, further, 5, 17, 39, 61; + as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ more. + {meie}, _wm._ May; spring of the year, 35. + {meien}, _wv._ become May; be joyful, make merry. + {meier} ({meiger}), _sm._ farmer. + {meierin}, _sf._ farmer’s wife. + {meinen}, _wv._ mean, mean well, have in view; cause. + {meist}, {meiste}, _aj._ and _av._ most, greatest, 58, 61. + {meister}, _sm._ master. + {meisterschaft}, _sf._ skill in an art, mastery, order. + {meit} = {maget}, 37. + {meiȥen}, _sv._ VII, cut, 87. + {mël} ({-wes}), _sn._ meal, 36, 46. + {mëlden}, _wv._ announce, make known; betray. + {mëldunge}, _sf._ announcement, 8. + {Meljahkanz}, _pn._ + {mëlken}, _sv._ III, milk. + {mensch(e)}, _wsmn._ man (’homo’). + {menschenbluot}, _sn._ human blood. + {menschlich}, _aj._ human. + {mer}, _sn._ sea. + {mēre}, see {mē}. + {mēren}, _wv._ increase. + {mērer}, {mēr(r)e}, _aj._ more, 58. + {merken} (_pret._ {markte}), _wv._ observe, perceive, understand. + {merze}, _wm._ March. + {mësse}, _sf._ mass; + {mëssezīt}, _sf._ time for mass. + {mëte}, _sm._ mead, 43. + {mettīne}, _sf._ matins, primes. + {mëȥȥen}, _sv._ V, measure, 32.1, 32.4, 83. + {mëȥȥer}, _sn._ knife. + {michel}, _aj._ great; + {michels}, _av._ by far, 55, 58. + {mīden}, _sv._ I, avoid, shun, do without, 30, 76. + {miete}, _sf._ pay, reward, present, 5, 11. + {milch}, _sf._ milk, 9.1. + {milt} ({-des}), _aj._ generous; + _av._ {miltlīche}, {milteclīche}. + {milte}, _aj._ generous, bounteous. + {milte}, _sf._ liberality, generosity; grace, favour. + {min}, _av._ less, 61. + {mīn}, _pr._ my, 67. + {minne}, _sf._ love; loving memory, remembrance. + {minneclīch}, _aj._ dear, lovely, loving, kind. + {minnen}, _wv._ love, value, 92. + {minner}, {minre}, {min}, _aj._ and _av._ less, 9.3, 57, 58; + as _indecl. sb._ with _gen._ less. + {minnest}, {min(ne)ste}, _aj._ and _av._ least, 9.5, 57, 58, 61. + {mirs} = {mir ës}. + {miselsuht}, _sf._ leprosy. + {mislīch}, _aj._ sundry, uneven, different. + {misselingen}, _sv._ III, not to succeed. + {missesagen}, _wv._ deceive, lie. + {missetāt}, _sf._ misdeed, offence. + {missewende}, _sf._ mistake, fault, blot. + {mist}, _sm._ dung, dirt. + {mit}, {mite}, _prep._ and _av._ with, by, through, 9.6; + {mit sorgen}, sorrowfully; + {mit triuwen}, faithful, faithfully; + {mit willen}, gladly, willingly; + {mit witze}, reasonably, sensibly, cleverly, prudently, wisely; + {mit zühten}, politely. + {mitte}, _aj._ middle; + _av._ {mitten}. + {morgen} ({morne}), _sm._ morning, 42; + {dës morgens}, in the morning. + {mortlīch}, _aj._ murderous; + _av._ {mortlīche}. + {mortmeile}, _aj._ blood-stained, blood-guilty. + {motte}, _swf._ moth, 24. + {müedinc}, _sm._ unhappy man, 8. + {müelīch}, _aj._ and _av._ painful, troublesome. + {müen} ({müejen}, {müewen}), _wv._ torment, trouble, distress, + grieve, 35, 90. + {müeterlīch}, _aj._ motherly. + {müeterlīn}, _sn._ little mother, 10. + {müeȥen}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres. sing._ {muoȥ}, _pret._ {muoste}, + {muose}), must, 28, 93. + {müeȥic}, _aj._ idle, at leisure. + {müg(e)lich}, _aj._ possible. + {mügen}, {mugen}, {magen}, {megen} (_pres. sing._ {mac}, _pret._ + {mohte}, _pret. subj._ {möhte}), _pret.-pres._ may, can, + 10, 11, 28, 93. + {mugge}, {mügge} ({mucke}, {mücke}), _wf._ midge, fly, 10 note 3, 20. + {mül}, _sf._ mill. + {mūl}, _sn._ mule. + {münich}, _sm._ monk. + {münster}, _sn._ minster. + {munt} ({-des}), _sm._ mouth. + {muot}, _sm._ sense, mind, spirits, mood, feeling, courage, + disposition, sentiment; + {rīches muotes wërden}, be in good spirits. + {muoten}, _wv. c. gen._ desire, long for. + {muoter}, _sf._ mother, 10, 11, 49. + + + N + + {nac} ({-ckes}), _sm._ back part of the head. + {nāch}, _prep._ after, according to, on account of, at, for, to, 34; + {nach dëm guote}, about wealth _or_ money; + {nāch ēren}, honourably; + {nāch sīnen beinen}, made to fit his legs; + {nāch wünsche}, to perfection, all that one could wish for; + {vil nāch}, nearly. + {nacket}, _aj._ naked. + {nagel}, _sm._ nail, 9.2, 44. + {nagen}, _sv._ VI, gnaw, 85. + {nāhe} ({nāch}), _av._ near, nigh, 34; + {nāhe tragen}, take to heart; + {nāhe gān}, go closely, touch; + {nāhen}, near by. + {nāhen}, _wv._ draw near, come near, approach, be near. + {nāhgebūre}, _wm._ neighbour. + {naht}, _sf._ night, 19, 49; + _av._ {nahtes}, by night. + {nahtigale}, {nahtegal(e)}, _sf._ nightingale. + {nam(e)}, _wm._ name, position, 3, 9.1, 9.4. + {namen}, _wv._ name, 92. + {napf}, _sm._ basin, 31. + {nar}, _sf._ food, 48. + {nāt}, _sf._ seam. + {naȥ} ({-ȥȥes}), _aj._ wet, 31.3. + {ne}, {n’}, _neg. particle_, generally used before the verb with + and without {niht}, _not_, 108. + {nëbel}, _sm._ fog, mist, + {nehein}, _pr._ no, none, 71. + {neigen}, _wv._ bow, bend down. + {neiȥwër}, _pr._ anyone, 70. + {nëmen}, _sv._ IV, take; + _c. dat. pers._ take away, rob, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14.2, 74, 82. + {nennen}, _wv._ name, mention the name of, 32.2, 40, 90. + {nern} ({nerigen}, {nerjen}), _wv._ nourish, rescue, keep alive, + _refl._ subsist on, 9.1, 30, 35, 90. + {nest}, {nëst}, _sn._ nest, 11. + {netze}, _sn._ net, 46. + {netzen}, _wv._ make wet, 31.3. + {nëve}, _wm._ nephew, 33. + {nīden}, _sv._ I, hate, envy, 76. + {nider}, _av._ down; + {sich nider laȥen}, settle, establish oneself. + {nīdetāt}, _sf._ spiteful action. + {nie}, _av._ never. + {nieman}, {niemen}, _pr._ nobody, no one, 71. + {niemēr} ({niemer}, {nimer}, {nimmer}), _av._ never. + {niender}, _av._ by no means. + {niene}, _av._ not, not at all. + {niesen}, _sv._ II, sneeze, 78. + {nieten} (_refl._ with _gen._), _wv._ be eager _or_ zealous for. + {nieȥen} = {genieȥen}. + {niftel}, _sf._ niece, 33. + {niht}, {nieht}, {niet}, _av._ not; + _pr._ nothing, 71; + _indecl. sb. c. gen._ nothing. + {nine} = {niene}, not at all. + {nīt} ({-des}), _sm._ hatred, anger, hostility. + {niun}, _num._ nine, 62. + {niunte} ({-de}), _num._ ninth, 62. + {niunzëhen}, _num._ nineteen, 62. + {niunzëhende}, _num._ nineteenth, 62. + {niunzic} ({-ec}), _num._ ninety, 62. + {niunzigeste}, ninetieth, 62. + {niuwan} ({niwan}, {niuwen}), _av._ nothing but, only; + _cj._ except, except that. + {niuwe}, _aj._ new, 16 note, 55. + {niuwet}, _av._ not. + {noch}, _av._ still; + {noch en noch}, neither--nor. + {Norgāls}, _pn._ the country belonging to Herzeloyde. + {nōt}, _sf._ need, danger, trouble, distress. + {nōthaft}, _aj._ needy, poor, + {nōtic}, _aj._ in distress, hasty. + {nōtnunft}, _sf._ abduction by violence. + {nū} ({nu}), _av._ now; + {nu wol dan}, well then be off there! + {nutz} ({nuz}), _sm._ use, advantage. + {nütze}, _aj._ useful. + {nutzen}, {nützen}, _wv._ to use, 10 note 3. + + + O + + {ob}, {obe}, {op}, _prep._ and _av._ over, above; + _conj._ if, in case that, whether, 9.6. + {oben} ({e}), _av._ from above, above. + {ober}, _aj._ upper, 59. + {oberste}, {oberist}, {oberest}, _aj._ highest, uppermost, 8, 59. + {oder}, {ode}, _conj._ or. + {offen}, _aj._ and _av._ open, 23.1. + {offenbāre}, _av._ openly. + {ofte}, _av._ often. + {ohse}, _wm._ ox. + {opfer}, _sn._ offering. + {orden}, _sm._ order, rule; rank; + {rīters orden}, knightly order. + {ordenunge}, _sf._ order, rule. + {ōre}, _wn._ ear, 5, 11, 50. + {op} = {ob}. + {Ōsterrīch}, _pn._ Austria. + {ot}, see {ëht}. + {ouch}, {ō̆ch}, _av._ also; henceforward. + {ouge}, _wn._ eye, 3, 5, 11, 50. + {ougen}, _wv._ show, 10, 90. + {ougenweide}, _sf._ delight of the eyes, sight, appearance. + {ouwē}, _sf._ water; meadow, 10. + {owē}, {ouwē}, {ō̆wī}, _interj._ woe! alas! ah!; + {owē mir mīnes leides!} alas! for my grief; + {ōwī wan}, used to express a wish: would that; + {owē dës}, alas for that! + {ōwol}, _interj._ well! + + + P + + {palas}, _sn._ hall. + {paradys}, _sn._ paradise. + {pfaffe}, _wm._ priest. + {pfeller}, {pfellel}, _sm._ carpet, silk cloth. + {pfennic}, {pfenninc} ({-ges}), _sm._ penny, 29. + {pfert} ({-des}), _sn._ horse. + {pflëge}, _sf._ care, fostering. + {pflëgen} ({phlëgen}), _sv._ V, be accustomed, use, practise, + care for, 83. + {pfluoc}, {phluoc} ({-ges}), _sm._ plough; ploughman. + {pfunt}, _sn._ pound, 23.2. + {phat} ({-des}), _smn._ path, footway. + {phel} ({phelle}) = {pfeller}. + {Philip}, {Philippes} (_dat._ {Philippe}), _pn._ Philip. + {phlëger}, _sm._ guardian, protector. + {pin} = {bin}. + {pīnen} (with {sich} and {ūf}), _wv._ exert oneself for. + {plān}, _smf._, {plāne}, _sf._ plain, open space, meadow. + {planēte}, _wm._ planet. + {porte}, _sf._ door, gate. + {portenære}, _sm._ porter, door-keeper. + {prëdige}, _wf._ sermon. + {prīs}, _sm._ praise, renown, reputation; price. + {prīsen}, _wv._ value, praise, extol. + {prophēte}, _wm._ prophet. + {prüstelīn}, _sn._ breast, chest. + + + Q + + {quāle} ({kāle}), _sf._ torture, 36. + {quëc} ({këc}), _aj._ quick, alive, 19, 36. + {quëden}, _sv._ V, say, 19, 36. + {quërder} ({korder}, {körder}), _smn._ bait, 36. + {quicken} ({kücken}), _wv._ enliven, 36. + {quīst} = {quides(t)}, 37. + + + R + + {rabe}, _wm._ raven, 31.1. + {rāche}, _sf._ revenge, punishment. + {ragen}, _wv._ strike, knock, hit. + {rappe}, _wm._ raven, 31.1. + {rasch} ({rasche}), _aj._ quick, 55. + {rat} ({-des}), _sn._ wheel, 47. + {rāt}, _sm._ (_pl._ {ræte}), advice, care, resolution; + {rāt wërden}, be helped. + {rāten}, _sv._ VII, advise, devise, 87. + {rē} ({-wes}), _smn._ corpse; bier, hearse, 42, 46. + {rëchen}, _sv._ IV, avenge, punish. + {rëde}, _sf._ speech, answer, story, saying. + {rëgen}, _sm._ rain, 42. + {rëht}, _aj._ and _sn._ right, proper, just; right, duty, law. + {rëhte}, _av._ rightly, properly; very. + {reine}, {rein}, _aj._ pure, spotless, perfect, 55. + {reise}, _sf._ journey, march. + {reiȥen}, _wv._ irritate; entice, allure. + {rennen}, _wv._ run, 90. + {ribbalīn}, _sn._ foot-covering, shoe. + {rīben}, _sv._ I, rub, 76. + {rīch}, {rīche}, _aj._ powerful, mighty, noble, great, fine, rich, + free, 55. + {rīche}, _sn._ kingdom. + {rīcheit}, _sf._ wealth, power. + {rīchen}, _wv._ make rich, enrich, present with. + {rīchsen}, _wv._ rule, 9.2. + {riechen}, _sv._ II, smell, 78. + {rīfe}, _wm._ hoar-frost. + {rigel}, _sm._ bolt, bar. + {rihten}, _wv._ put right, confirm, judge; + _refl._ get up. + {rinc} ({-ges}), _sm._ ring. + {ringe}, _aj._ easy, light, small; consumed. + {ringen}, _sv._ III, strive, struggle; busy oneself, wrestle; + {ringen nāch}, strive for _or_ after. + {rinnen}, _sv._ III, run, 20, 31, 32.1, 81. + {rint} (_pl._ {rinder}), _sn._ cow, heifer. + {rīsen}, _sv._ I, fall, 30, 76. + {rīten}, _sv._ I, ride, 76. + {rīter}, {ritter}, _sm._ rider; knight, the name of knight. + {rīterlīch}, _aj._ knightly. + {rīterschaft}, _sf._ knighthood, customs and manners of knights. + {ritterlīchen}, _av._ in knightly manner. + {riuschen}, _wv._ rush, move noisily. + {riuten}, _wv._ root out, clear the land, bring the land into + cultivation. + {riuwe}, _sf._ sadness, grief, pity, regret, 16 note. + {riuwen}, _wv._ grieve, grieve for, regret. + {riuwen}, _sv._ II, pain, grieve, regret, 16 note, 78. + {riuwic}, _aj._ sorrowful, repentant. + {rivier}, _sm._ brook, stream. + {rocke}, {rogge}, _wm._ rye, 31.1. + {Rōme}, _pn._ Rome. + {rōr}, _sn._ reed. + {ros}, _sn._ horse. + {rōt}, _aj._ red, 19. + {rouben}, _wv._ rob. + {rouch}, _sm._ smoke. + {roufen}, _wv._ pluck, pull up, pull at, lug; + _refl._ tear _or_ pull out one’s hair. + {roup} ({-bes}), _sm._ robbery; + {roubes}, _av._ by robbery. + {rūch}, _aj._ raw; coarse. + {rucke}, {rügge}, _swm._ back. + {ruejen}, _wv._ row, 90. + {rüemen}, _wv._ praise, commend. + {rueren} (_pret._ {ruorte}), _wv._ drive, urge on; + with {ros} understood: run. + {rūm}, _sm._ room, 11. + {rūmen}, _wv._ make room, 10, 40. + {ruochen}, _wv._ trouble oneself about a thing, observe; + with _gen._ deign, will, wish. + {ruofen}, _sv._ VII, call, 5, 11, 87. + + + S + + {sā}, {sān}, _av._ presently, at once, forthwith, immediately, + quickly. + {sache}, _sf._ thing. + {sactuoch}, _sn._ sacking, sackcloth. + {sæjen}, {sæwen}, {sæn}, sow, 10, 35, 90. + {sælde}, _sf._ happiness, good fortune, excellence, blessedness, 9.2. + {sælic}, {sælec} ({-ges}), _aj._ blessed, happy, 7, 8. + {sælikeit}, _sf._ blessedness. + {sage}, _sf._ saying, statement, report; + {nāch sage}, by hear-say. + {sagen}, _wv._ say, tell, 37, 92; + {sagen mære}, relate what has happened. + {sal}, _sm._ room, hall; house. + {salben}, _wv._ anoint. + {Salomōn}, _sm._ Solomon. + {salz}, _sn._ salt, 23.2. + {salzen}, _sv._ VII, salt, 87. + {same}, {sam}, _av._ so, as, like, just as, even as, 69. + {samīt}, _sm._ velvet. + {samt}, _av._ together. + {sān}, see {sā}. + {sanc} ({-ges}), _sm._ song, singing. + {sanfte}, _av._ softly, slowly, pleasantly, 60. + {sant} ({-des}), _sm._ sand, 42. + {sant(e)}, _aj._ holy; holy one. + {sarc}, _sm._ coffin. + {sarken}, {serken}, _wv._ put into the coffin. + {sāt}, _sf._ seed, 5, 11. + {satzt(e)}, _pret._ of {setzen}. + {sāȥe}, _sf._ ambush, trap, snare. + {sazte}, _pret._ of {setzen}. + {schāchære}, _sm._ robber. + {schade}, _wm._ injury, loss. + {schaden} (_pret._ {schadete}, {schāte}), _wv._ injure, harm. + {schāf}, _sn._ sheep. + {schaffen}, _sv._ VI, create, exercise, institute, 85. + {schaffen}, _wv._ do, perform, provide. + {schal} ({-lles}), _sm._ sound, noise, loud tone; singing. + {schalchaft}, _aj._ malicious, mischievous. + {schallen}, _wv._ be noisy; bluster; exult, boast, swagger. + {schame}, _wf._ shame. + {schämelich}, _aj._ shameful, 10. + {schamen}, _wv._ shame; + _c. gen._ be ashamed, 9.4. + {schande}, _sf._ disgrace, disgracefulness, shamefulness, shameful + _or_ disgraceful act. + {schapel}, _sn._ garland, 46. + {schar}, _sf._ crowd, flock, 48. + {scharpf}, _aj._ sharp. + {schart}, _aj._ jagged, hacked, hewn, battered. + {schate} (_gen._ {schat(e)wes}), _sm._ shade, shadow, 36, 43. + {schaz} (_gen._ {schatzes}), _sm._ treasure, 19, 23.2. + {schedelīche}, _av._ injuriously. + {scheiden}, _sv._ VII, sever, separate, deprive; go away, 87; + {sich scheiden}, come to an end, be decided. + {schëlch} (_gen._ {schëlhes}), _aj._ askew, 34. + {schelle}, _wf._ little bell. + {schëlten}, _sv._ III, abuse, revile, mock, 81; + also as _sn._ + {schemelīch}, _aj._ disgraceful. + {schepfen} (_pret._ {schuof}, _pp._ {geschaffen}), _sv._ VI, create, + 23.2, 28, 31.3. + {schepfære}, {schepfer}, _sm._ creator, 8. + {schërn}, _sv._ IV, shear, 82. + {schicken} (with _acc._), _wv._ become, suit, fit. + {schieben}, _sv._ II, shove, 78. + {schiere}, _av._ quickly, soon. + {schieȥen}, _sv._ II, shoot; + _sn._ shooting, 10 note 3, 78. + {schif} ({-ffes}), _sn._ ship, 19, 32.1. + {schilt} ({-des}), _sm._ shield, protection; + {schildes ambet}, knight-service, chivalry. + {schimpfen}, _wv._ make fun of, jest; + also as _sn._ + {schīn}, _aj._ visible, clear; + {schīn tuon}, make clear, show; + _sm._ splendour. + {schīnen}, _sv._ I, shine, become evident or manifest, 76. + {schirmen}, _wv. c. dat._ protect. + {schiuhen}, _wv._ fear, shun. + {schœnde}, _sf._ beauty. + {schœne}, _aj._ beautiful, fine, 3, 5, 9.2, 55, 60. + {schœne}, _sf._ beauty, 3, 48. + {schœnen}, _wv._ make beautiful. + {schōne}, _av._ beautifully, 60. + {schouwen}, _wv._ see, behold, look, inspect, survey. + {schrëcken}, _sv._ IV, frighten, 82. + {schrībære}, _sm._ scribe, 8. + {schrīben}, _sv._ I, write, 5, 76. + {schrīen} ({scrīen}), _sv._ I, cry, cry out, scream; croak, 77; + also as _sn._ + {schrift}, _sf._ writing (Bible). + {schrīn}, _sm._ box. + {schrinden}, _sv._ III, split, 81. + {schrit}, _sm._ step, 44. + {schrunde}, _wf._ scratch, tear, slit. + {schūften}, _wv._ gallop, canter. + {schulde}, _sf._ reason, cause; + {von welhen schulden}, wherefore. + {schuldic} ({-ec}), _aj._ guilty, 10 note 1; + {schuldic sīn}, owe. + {schuoch} (_gen._ {schuohes}), _sm._ shoe, 34. + {schupfen}, {schüpfen}, _wv._ push, 10 note 3. + {schuz} ({-tzes}), _sm._ protection. + {se} = {sie}. + {sē} ({-wes}), _sm._ sea, lake, 3, 42. + {sëgenen}, _wv._ bless, 90. + {sëhen}, _sv._ V, see, look, 9.4 note, 34, 74 note, 83. + {sëhs}, _num._ six, 62. + {sëhste}, _num._ sixth, 62. + {sëh(s)zëhen}, _num._ sixteen, 62. + {sëh(s)zehënde}, _num._ sixteenth, 62. + {sëh(s)zic} ({-ec}), _num._ sixty, 62. + {sëh(s)zigeste}, _num._ sixtieth, 62. + {seist} = {sages(t)}, 37. + {seit} = {saget}, 37. + {seite}, _wm._ string. + {seite} = {sagete}. + {seitenspil}, _sn._ playing of stringed instrument. + {sele}, _sf._ soul, 5, 11, 17, 48. + {seln}, _wv._ hand over, 90. + {sëlp} ({-bes}), _pr._ self. + {sëlten}, _av._ seldom. + {sëltsæne}, _aj._ rare, strange. + {senden} (_pret._ {sante}), _wv._ send, 32.3, 40, 90. + {senede}, {sende}, _pp._ of {senen}, painfully longing, yearning, + love-sick, 29. + {senen}, _wv. refl._ fret oneself, be sick at heart. + {senfte}, _sf._ softening. + {senfte}, _aj._ soft, gentle, tender, mild, easy; quiet, 55, 60. + {senften}, _wv._ appease, soften. + {senken}, _wv._ sink, 19, 90. + {sēr}, _snm._ pain; grief, trouble; sore. + {sēre}, _av._ sorely, violently; very. + {setzen} (_pret._ {satzte}), _wv._ put, set, place, appoint, 19, + 23.1, 31.3, 90. + {si}, {sī}, {siu}, {sie}, _pr._ she, 65. + {siben}, _num._ seven, 62. + {sibende}, _num._ seventh, 62. + {sibenzëhen}, _num._ seventeen, 62. + {sibenzëhende}, _num._ seventeenth, 62. + {sibenzic} ({-ec}), seventy, 62. + {sibenzigste}, seventieth, 62. + {sich}, _refl. pr._ himself, themselves, 66. + {sicherheit}, _sf._ assurance. + {sicherlīch(e)}, _av._ certainly, surely, assuredly, 8. + {sīde}, _sf._ silk. + {sider}, _av._ since, afterwards. + {siech}, _aj._ sick, ill, 5. + {siecheit}, _sf._, {siechtuom}, _sm._ sickness. + {sieden}, _sv._ II, seethe, 12, 18, 78. + {Sīfrit}, _pn._, 54. + {sige} ({sic}), _sm._ victory, 43. + {sīgen}, _sv._ I, sink, 76. + {sigenunft}, _sf._ victory. + {sīhte}, _aj._ shallow. + {silber}, _sn._ silver. + {sim} = {si im}. + {sin}, _sm._ sense, mind, feeling; courage. + {sīn}, _pr._ his; + {sīn sëlbes}, of himself, 5, 11, 67. + {sīn}, _anom. v._ be, 97. + {sin} = {si in}. + {sincwīse}, _sf._ song. + {singen}, _sv._ III, sing; + also as _sn._ song, lay, 10 note 2, 33, 81. + {sinken}, _sv._ III, sink, 23.2, 81. + {sinne}, _sf._ sense, mind; + {ze sinne wider komen}, recover consciousness, become conscious + again. + {sinneclīch}, _aj._ sensible, reasonable. + {sinnelōs}, _aj._ unconscious. + {sinnen}, _sv._ III, reflect, 81. + {sint} = {sīt}. + {sippe} ({sibbe}), _sf._ consanguinity, relationship, 26, 31.3. + {sīt} ({sīd}, {sint}), _av._ and _conj._ afterwards, since, because. + {site}, _sm._ custom, habit; bearing, demeanour, behaviour, 43. + {sīte}, _swf._ side. + {sitzen} (_pret._ {saȥ}, _pp._ {gesëȥȥen}), sit, 14.2, 23.2, 31.3, 84. + {siȥ} = {sī ëȥ}. + {slac} ({-ges}), _sm._ blow; misfortune, 44. + {slāf}, _sm._ sleep. + {slāfen}, _sv._ VII, sleep, 5, 11, 19, 23.1, 74 note, 87. + {slahen}, _sv._ VI, beat, strike, slay, 10, 30, 85. + {slahte}, _sf._ manner; race. + {slëht}, _aj._ straight; straight-forward, honest. + {slieȥen}, _sv._ II, close, shut. + {smac} ({-ckes}), _sm._ taste, smell. + {smācheit}, _sf._ shameful treatment. + {smæhe}, _aj._ little, despicable, disgusting. + {smal}, _aj._ small, little. + {smecken}, _wv._ taste, 90. + {smër} ({-wes}), _smn._ fat, 36, 47. + {smërze}, _wm._ pain, 19. + {smiegen}, _sv._ II, bend, incline; press close. + {smielen}, _wv._ smile. + {smirwen}, _wv._ smear, 36. + {smit} ({-des}), _sm._ smith, metal worker, goldsmith. + {smitte}, _swf._ smithy, 24. + {snē} ({-wes}), _sm._ snow, 17, 36, 42. + {snël} ({-lles}), _aj._ quick, eager, alert; blithe. + {snëlheit}, _sf._ haste, quickness. + {snīden}, _sv._ I, cut, injure, wound, 11, 12, 17, 30, 76. + {snit}, _sm._ cut, slice, 44. + {snuor} (_pl._ {snüere}), _sf._ string. + {sō}, {so}, _av._ and _conj._ as, so, if, whereas, on the other hand, + thus, as it was, 69. + {solch}, {sölch} ({solich}), _pr._ such, of such a nature, 71. + {soldenære}, _sm._ hired soldier, mercenary. + {solt} ({-des}), _sm._ pay. + {Soltāne}, _pn._ + {soltu} = {solt dū}. + {son} = {so ne}. + {sorge}, _swf._ care, grief, sorrow. + {sorgelōs}, _aj._ free from cares. + {sorgen}, _wv._ be anxious, fear, dread. + {spāhe}, _av._ elegantly, neatly. + {spalten}, _sv._ VII, split, 87. + {spān}, _sm._ chip, shaving; notched stick, tally; + degree of relationship. + {spanen}, _sv._ VI, entice, 85. + {spange}, _swf._ clasp, buckle. + {spannen}, _sv._ VII, span, 87. + {sparn}, _wv._ spare, forbear. + {spëhen}, _wv._ look at, observe. + {spër}, _sn._ spear, lance. + {spiegel}, _sm._ mirror, looking-glass; model, pattern. + {spiegelglas}, _sn._ lovely image, picture. + {spil}, _sn._ game, play; joke, fun; pleasure, delight. + {spiln} (_pres. part._ {spilende}, {spilede}), _wv._ play; + glitter, glisten, 90. + {spinnen}, _sv._ III, spin, 81. + {spīse}, _sf._ food. + {spīwen}, _sv._ I, vomit, 17, 77. + {spore}, {spor}, _wm._ spur. + {spot}, _sm._ scoff, scorn, mockery; joke, fun; + {āne spot}, sincerely, candidly. + {spotten}, _wv._ (with _gen._), mock, scoff at, scorn. + {sprëchen}, _sv._ IV, speak, say, talk, 9.4 note, 19, 23.1, 82. + {spreiten}, _wv._ spread. + {springen}, _sv._ III, spring, leap. + {stæte}, _sf._ duration, continuance, constancy, steadfastness. + {stæte}, _aj._ constant, firm, steadfast; + _av._ {stæteclīchen}. + {stætekeit}, {stætikeit}, _sf._ firmness, constancy. + {stahel}, _sm._ steel. + {stam} ({-mmes}), _sm._ stem; prop, model. + {stān}, {stēn}, _sv._ VI, stand; befit, become, suit, 11, 86, 96. + {stap} ({-bes}), _sm._ stick, staff. + {starc}, _aj._ strong, heavy, hard, severe; + _av._ {starke}. + {stat}, _sf._ abode, place, spot; opportunity. + {state}, _sf._ suitable _or_ comfortable place; opportunity; + {ze staten komen}, help. + {stëchen}, _sv._ IV, prick, 9.4 note, 82. + {stëgreif}, _sm._ stirrup. + {stein}, _sm._ stone, precious stone, grindstone, millstone, 3, 17. + {stëln}, _sv._ IV, steal, 9.1, 11, 74 note, 82. + {stellen}, _wv._ place, 90. + {stërben}, _sv._ III, die, 10 note 1, 81; + _sn._ dying, death. + {sterke}, _sf._ strength, bravery. + {stërne}, _wm._ star. + {stīc} ({-ges}), _sm._ path, way. + {stich}, _sm._ stab, thrust. + {stīgen}, _sv._ I, rise, mount, + {stille}, _aj._ still, quiet, secret. + {stimme}, _sf._ voice. + {stinken} (_pret._ {stanc}), _sv._ III, stink, exhale a disagreeable + odour. + {stiure}, _sf._ gift, tax. + {stœren}, _wv._ hinder, overthrow, destroy. + {stōle}, _sf._ stole, surplice. + {stolz}, _aj._ stately. + {stoup} ({-bes}), _sm._ dust. + {stōȥen}, _sv._ VII, push, shove, thrust, 5, 11, 87. + {strāfen}, _wv._ blame, set right. + {strāȥe}, _swf._ way, road, + {strëben}, _sv._ V, exert oneself, strive. + {strenge}, _aj._ strict, unfriendly. + {strīchen}, _sv._ I, strike, stroke, rub. + {strīt}, _sm._ strife, quarrel, fight. + {strīteclīchen}, _av._ eagerly, zealously. + {strīten}, _sv._ I, quarrel, fight, strive, 76. + {strō} ({-wes}), _sn._ straw; blade, stalk, 36, 46. + {strouwen}, {ströuwen}, _wv._ strew, 10, 36. + {stücke}, _sn._ piece. + {stum}, _aj._ dumb, 32.1. + {stunde}, _sf._ hour, time. + {stunt}, _indecl. fem._ time. + {stuol}, _sm._ seat of a judge, papal power; throne. + {sturm}, _sm._ fight, battle. + {sū}, _sf._ sow, pig, 49. + {süeȥe}, _aj._ sweet, lovely, 60. + {süeȥe}, _sf._ loveliness, alluring enticement. + {süeȥen}, _wv._ sweeten, 90. + {sūfen}, _sv._ II, gulp down liquids, 80. + {sūft}, _sm._ sigh, groan. + {sūgen}, _sv._ II, suck, 80. + {suln}, {süln}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {sol},_pret._ {solte}, should, +ought), shall, 40, 93. + {sum}, _pr._ any one at all; + _pl._ some, 71. + {sumelīch}, _pr._ many a, whoever; + _pl._ some, 71. + {sūmen}, _wv._ tarry, 10. + {sumer}, _sm._ summer, 42. + {sumerlīch}, _aj._ summerlike. + {sumerzīt}, _sf._ summer time. + {sun}, _sm._ son, 5, 9.4, 10, 19, 44. + {sünde}, _sf._ sin. + {sunder}, _prep._ without, against; + {sunder spot}, seriously, in earnest; + _av._ {sunderlīche(n)}, especially, separately. + {sunne}, _wmf._ sun. + {suochen}, _wv._ seek, 90. + {suone}, _sf._ atonement. + {suon(e)tac} ({-ges}), _sm._ day of judgement. + {suoȥe}, _av._ sweetly, 60. + {sus} ({sust}), _av._ so, thus, in such a way. + {swā}, {swar}, _av._ wherever, 69. + {swach(e)}, _aj._ worthless, bad. + {swacheit}, _sf._ dishonour, disgrace. + {swachen}, _wv._ weaken. + {swachlīch}, _aj._ weak. + {swǣre}, _aj._ painful, sad, unpleasant, burdensome; + weighty, heavy, 60; + {daȥ swære}, such a weight. + {swære}, _sf._ burden, trouble, grief, sadness. + {swanc} ({-ges}, {-kes}), _sm._ swinging movement, hurling, throwing. + {swannen}, {swanne}, _av._ and _conj._ whenever, 69. + {swar}, see {swā}. + {swār} ({swære}), _aj._ heavy, 55; + _av._ {swāre}, 60. + {swarz}, _aj._ black. + {swëben}, _wv._ hover, move to and fro. + {swëder}, _pr._ who of two, 69. + {swëher}, _sm._ father-in-law, 30. + {sweifen}, _sv._ VII, rove, 87. + {swelch} ({swel}), _pr._ each who, whoever, what sort, whatever, + 69, 71. + {swëllen}, _sv._ III, swell, 81. + {swenne} (see {swannen}), _conj._ whenever, if, whilst, 69. + {swër}, _pr._ who, whoever, whosoever; + _neut._ {swaȥ}, 69, 70, 71. + {swern} ({swerigen}, {swerjen}), _sv._ VI, swear, 35, 86. + {swërt}, _sn._ sword. + {swërtslac} (_pl._ {-slege}), _sm._ sword-cut. + {swester}, {swëster}, _sf._ sister, 11, 48. + {swie}, _av._ and _conj._, as, how, however, howsoever; though, 69. + {swīgen}, _sv._ I, be silent, keep silent, 76. + {swiger}, _sf._ mother-in-law, 30. + {swimmen}, _sv._ III, swim, 31, 81. + {swinde}, _aj._ powerful, strong, angry; + _av._ quickly. + {swinden}, _sv._ III, vanish, disappear. + {swingen}, _sv._ III, swing. + + + T + + {tac} ({-ges}), _sm._ day, 5, 11, 33, 42; + _av._ {tages}, by day. + {tägelīch}, _aj._ daily, 5, 10. + {tagen}, _wv._ become day, dawn. + {tagezīt}, _sf._ space of a day. + {tal} (_pl._ {teler}), _sn._ dale, 47. + {tanz}, _sm._ dance. + {tanzen}, _wv._ dance. + {tanzwīse}, _sf._ a song which is sung to the accompaniment of + dancing. + {teil}, _smn._ portion; + {ein teil}, something, a little. + {teilen}, _wv._ divide, distribute. + {tief}, _aj._ deep, 15, 19. + {tier}, _sn._ animal. + {tisch}, _sm._ table. + {tiure}, {tiuwer}, _aj._ and _av._ dear, precious; + noble, excellent, 9.3, 57. + {tiuren}, {tiuwern}, _wv._ esteem highly, honour, confer honour. + {tiutsch}, {tiusch}, _aj._ German; + {tiuschiu zunge}, German language, Germany. + {tiuvel}, _sm._ devil. + {tœrisch}, {tœrsch}, _aj._ foolish, silly. + {tœtlīch}, _aj._ deadly. + {tohter}, _sf._ daughter, 10, 25, 49. + {töhterlīn}, _sn._ little daughter, 10. + {tor}, _sn._ gate, door. + {tōre}, {tōr}, _wm._ fool. + {törperheit}, _sf._ impoliteness, vulgarity. + {tōt}, _aj._ dead, 3, 25, 30. + {tōt} ({-des}), _sm._ death, 5, 11, 30, 33; + {in dëm tōde swëben}, be on the peril of losing one’s life. + {tou} ({-wes}), _sn._ dew, 46. + {toufen}, _wv._ baptize, 10. + {tougen}, _sfn._ secret, wonder; + _aj._ dark, secret; + _av._ secretly, 55. + {tougenlīch}, _aj._ secret; + _av._ {tougenlīche}. + {træge}, _aj._ slow, weary, lazy; + _av._ {trāge}. + {tragen}, _sv._ VI, bear, carry; wear; have, 85. + {trahen} (_pl._ {trehene}), _sm._ drop, tear. + {trahten}, _wv._ think, strive, 92. + {trëffen}, _sv._ IV, hit, 32, 82. + {treit} = {traget}. + {trëten}, _sv._ V, tread, step, enter, 83; + {trëten hinder sich}, step back. + {tretten}, _wv._ tread, 31.3. + {trīben}, _sv._ I, drive; play, carry on, 76. + {triefen}, _sv._ II, drop, drip, 31.1, 78. + {triegen}, _sv._ II, deceive, plot, intrigue. + {trinken}, _sv._ III, drink, 19, 81. + {triuten}, _wv._ caress, like, love; greet. + {triuwe}, _aj._ true, 16 note; + _sf._ fidelity, faithfulness; + {mit triuwen} ({triwen}), faithfully. + {triuwen}, {trūwen}, _wv._ believe, trust, hope, 16 note. + {trœstelīn}, _sn._ consolation, hope. + {trœsten}, _wv._ console, comfort; help. + {tropfe}, _wm._ drop, 31.3. + {trōst}, _sm._ consolation, hope. + {troum}, _sm._ dream. + {troumen}, _wv._ dream, 10. + {trüebe}, _aj._ gloomy. + {trüebsal}, _sn._ gloom, 8. + {trūrec}, _aj._ sad; + _av._ {trūreclīche}. + {trūren}, _wv._ mourn, be sad, downcast; + also _sn._ + {trūt}, _aj._ dear, beloved. + {trūtgemahele}, _sf._ bride. + {tugen}, {tügen}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {touc}, _pret._ {tohte}), + be fit for, good for, of use, 93. + {tugenhaft}, _aj._ fit, hearty, noble. + {tugent}, {tugende}, _sf._ virtue, good qualities, strength, power, + valour, 49. + {tugentlīchen}, _av._ with noble demeanour. + {tump} ({-bes}), _aj._ inexperienced, silly, young. + {tumpheit}, _sf._ folly, foolish action; inexperience; + {tumpheit walten}, show or have great inexperience. + {tunkel}, _aj._ dark. + {tuon}, _anom. v._ do, make, form, shape; cause, 94; + {tuon enblecken}, cause to become visible; + {ze leide tuon}, cause grief, pain, _or_ injury to; + {wër hāt dir getān?} who has done anything to you?; + {als ein got getān}, like a god. + {tür}, _sf._ door. + {Turkentāls}, _pn._ one of Parzival’s princes. + {turren}, {türren}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {tar}, _pret._ {torste}), + dare, venture, 10, 93. + {tūsenste}, _num._ thousandth, 62. + {tūsent}, _num._ thousand, 5, 62, 64. + {twahen} (_pret._ {twuoc}), _sv._ VI, wash, 85. + {twërch} (_gen._ {twërhes}), askew, 34. + {twingen}, _sv._ III, compel, force, subdue, overcome; + {sich twingen lāȥen}, let oneself be compelled. + + + U + + {übel}, _aj._ evil, bad, 55, 58, 60; + _av._ {übele}. + {über}, _prep._ over, because of, for. + {übergrōȥ}, _aj._ very great. + {übergülde}, _sn._ gilding, raising of value. + {übergulde}, _sf._ that which surpasses something else in value. + {übermæȥlīchen}, _av._ beyond measure. + {übermüete}, _sf._ insolence, haughtiness. + {übermuot}, _sm._ haughtiness, insolence. + {übern} = {über dën}, 68 note 2. + {übersëhen}, _sv._ V, overlook, not observe. + {überstrīten}, _sv._ I, gain the victory over, conquer. + {übertragen}, _sv._ VI, spare, discharge something. + {überwinden}, _sv._ III, overcome, get over. + {ūf}, {ūfe}, _prep._ and _av._ up, up to, on, to, upwards, 23.1; + {ūf genāde}, in firm confidence; + {ūf die triwe mīn}, upon my faith _or_ troth; + {ūf slieȥen}, open. + {ūfem}, {ūfme} = {ūf dëm}, 68 note 2. + {ūfen} = {ūf dën}, 68 note 2. + {Ulterlec}, _pn._ + {umbe}, {ümbe}, {umb}, {um}, _prep._ and _av._ about, around, upon, + for, 10 note 2; + {dar umbe}, therefore; + {umbe sust}, for nothing; + {um waȥ}, why, for what reason; + {umbe daȥ}, on account of that, for that, therefore; + {umbe gān}, turn _or_ go round. + {umbeslieȥen}, _sv._ II, embrace, surround. + {umbevāhen}, _sv._ VII, embrace. + {unbewollen}, _part. aj._ unspotted. + {und}, {unde}, {unt}, _cj._ and _av._ and; + again, on the other hand, 9.6, 69. + {unden}, _av._ below, beneath. + {under} ({undr}), _prep._ under, beneath, between, among; + {under in}, among themselves; + {under wëgen lān}, omit; + {under stunden}, at times, now and then, sometimes; + {under wīlen}, from time to time, at times, sometimes. + {underlāȥ}, _sm._ interruption. + {underscheiden}, _sv._ VII, relate; explain fully. + {undersnīden}, _sv._ I, interrupt, intermingle. + {understān}, _sv._ VI, step in between, hinder. + {undertænic}, _aj._ humble, subject, submissive. + {undertān}, _part. aj._ humble, submissive. + {underwinden}, _sv._ III, _refl._ undertake. + {unfuoge} (also used as a proper noun), _sf._ unseemliness, + indecorum, misconduct; coarseness. + {unfuore}, _wf._ badness, roughness; wicked mode of life. + {ungebære}, _sf._ despairing lamentation. + {ungebant}, _aj._ unbeaten, untrodden. + {ungebatten}, _aj._ useless, worthless. + {ungeborn}, _part. aj._ unborn. + {ungeburt}, _sf._ low birth. + {ungefüege}, _aj._ very great, powerful; + bad, unbecoming, coarse, uncouth, rude; + _av._ {ungefuoge}. + {ungehabe}, _sf._ sorrow, grief. + {ungelīche}, _av._ immeasurably, incomparably. + {ungelōnet}, _aj._ unrewarded. + {ungelouplich}, _aj._ incredible. + {ungelücke}, _sn._ misfortune. + {ungemach}, _sn._ misfortune, discomfort, sorrow. + {ungemüete}, _snf._ mourning, grief, sorrow. + {ungenāde}, _sf._ disfavour, hatred, harm. + {ungenæme}, _aj._ unpleasant. + {ungenësen}, _aj._ unhealed, uncured. + {ungerihte}, _sn._ fault, crime. + {ungërne}, _av._ unwillingly. + {ungesammet}, _aj._ not united, not unanimous. + {ungeschriben}, _part. aj._ that which cannot be written. + {ungestaltheit}, _sf._ deformity. + {ungesunt}, ({-des}), _sm._ sickness, illness. + {unhövesch}, _aj._ uncourtly, coarse, low, vulgar. + {unkraft}, _sf._ fainting fit, swoon. + {unkunt} ({unkuntlīch}), _aj._ unknown. + {unlange}, _av._ in a short time. + {unmære}, _aj._ not worth mentioning, little observed, worthless, + disgusting; undervalued. + {unmæȥlīch}, _aj._ immoderate, excessive. + {unmāȥen}, _av._ immeasurably. + {unminnen}, _wv._ treat in an unloving manner. + {unmueȥekeit}, _sf._ work, trouble. + {unmugelīch}, _aj._ impossible. + {unmuoȥe}, _sf._ occupation, restlessness. + {unnāch}, _av._ by no means. + {unnōt}, _sf._ without danger _or_ need. + {unrewert} = {unerwert}, _part. aj._ unprohibited. + {unriuweclīche}, _av._ without trouble _or_ care. + {unsælekeit}, _sf._ unhappiness; misfortune. + {unsælic} ({-ec}), _aj._ unhappy, cursed. + {unschulde}, _sf._ innocence. + {unschuldigen}, _wv._ proclaim one’s innocence. + {unsegelīch}, _aj._ unspeakable. + {unsenfte}, _aj._ painful, hard. + {unser}, _pr._ our, 7, 67. + {unstæte}, _aj._ inconstant, fickle. + {unstæte}, _sf._ inconstancy, fickleness. + {untriuwe}, _sf._ faithlessness, deceit. + {untrœsten}, _wv._ dishearten, discourage. + {untrōst}, _sm._ despondency, discouragement. + {untugent}, _sf._ lack of good training. + {unversunnen}, _pp._ unconscious. + {unvrō}, {unfrō}, _aj._ unhappy, sad, mournful. + {unwandelbære}, _aj._ steadfast, unchangeable. + {unwendic} ({-ec}), _aj._ unchangeable. + {unwërt}, _sm._ unworthiness, contempt for, scorn. + {unwīp}, ({-bes}), _sn._ bad woman; unwomanly creature; + unworthy the name of Weib. + {unwīse}, _sf._ false tone _or_ sound; bad style. + {unze}, {unz}, _prep._ and _conj._ till, until, up to, down to, to; + {unz her}, hitherto; + {unz enmitten an}, right down to. + {unzerworht}, _aj._ undivided, undissected, not cut up. + {Uote}, _pn._ 54. + {üppic}, _aj._ unnecessary, superfluous; proud. + {ūȥ}, _prep._ and _av._ out, out of, of, from; + {ūȥen}, _av._; + {ūȥerwelt}, select, chosen. + {ūȥer}, _prep._ out of, from. + {ūȥreise}, _sf._ marching, going out _or_ off; departure; + song sung by knights on the march. + +V (F) + {vadem}, _sm._ thread, 9.2, 42. + {vāhen}, {fāhen} ({vān}), _sv._ VII, catch, seize, take, 29, 30, + 38, 87. + {val} ({-wes}), _aj._ yellow, 36. + {vallen}, _sv._ VII, fall, fall down, fall to one’s lot, 32.4, 87. + {valsch}, _aj._ false, deceitful. + {valsch}, _sm._ fault, spot, impurity, deceit; + {valsches laȥ}, free from deceit _or_ falseness. + {valten}, _sv._ VII, fold, 87. + {vancnüsse}, _sf._ captivity, 8. + {var}, {vare} ({-wes}), _aj._ coloured; formed, looking. + {vāren}, _wv._ place behind, watch, lie in wait. + {varn}, _sv._ VI, go, fare, betake oneself, 5, 10, 74 note, 85; + {varndeȥ guot}, movable property. + {vart}, _sf._ way, march, journey. + {varwe}, _sf._ colour, form, appearance. + {vaste}, _av._ fast, quickly, strongly, firmly; very. + {vater}, _sm._ (_pl._ {veter}, {väter}), father, 11, 19, 45. + {väterlīch}, _aj._ fatherly, 10. + {väterlīn}, _dim._ of {vater}, 5, 10. + {vaȥȥen}, _wv._ seize, take, gather. + {vëhten}, _sv._ IV, fight, 82. + {veile}, _aj._ cheap, purchasable. + {vël} ({-lles}), _sn._ hide, skin, 32.1. + {vellen}, _wv._ fell, kill, 90. + {vels}, _swm._ rock, 11. + {velschen}, _wv._ falsify; make faithless. + {vëlt} ({-des}), _sn._ field. + {venster}, _sn._ window, 46. + {verbërgen}, _sv._ III, hide, conceal. + {verbërn}, _sv._ IV, spare, abstain from, forbear, avoid, keep from, + give up. + {verbieten}, _sv._ II, forbid, hinder, prevent, obstruct; ward off. + {verdagen}, _wv._ keep secret, conceal. + {verdërben}, perish, spoil, destroy, 81. + {verdërbnisse}, _sfn._ destruction, 8. + {verdienen}, _wv._ deserve, earn. + {verdrieȥen} (_impers. c. gen._), _sv._ III, grieve, fret, vex. + {verdringen}, _sv._ III, crowd out, suppress, displace, + push on one side. + {vereinen}, _wv. refl._ unite. + {verenden}, _wv._ end. + {vergëben}, _sv._ V, poison, infect. + {vergëlten}, _sv._ III, repay, requite. + {vergëȥȥen}, _sv._ V, forget, 83. + {vergieȥen}, _sv._ II, pour over, sprinkle with water. + {verhëln}, _sv._ IV, conceal. + {verhouwen} (_pret._ {-hiu} and {-hie}, also weak {-houte}), + _sv._ VII, hew in pieces, cut asunder. + {verjëhen}, _sv._ V, say, tell, relate; give to understand, assure. + {verkēren}, _wv._ change, turn round; destroy. + {verkiesen}, _sv._ II, give up, forgo, forget. + {verklagen}, _wv._ cease to mourn, bear with patience. + {verkrenken}, _wv._ destroy. + {verlāȥen} ({verlān}), _sv._ VII, leave off, forsake. + {verleiten}, _wv._ lead astray. + {verleschen}, _sv._ IV, become extinguished, extinguish. + {verliesen} ({vliesen}), _sv._ II, lose, 78. + {verligen}, _sv._ V, miss through sleeping too long, over-sleep. + {verlust}, _sm._ loss. + {vermīden}, (_pp._ {vermiten}), _sv._ I, avoid, omit, not to take + place, keep aloof from. + {vermischen}, _wv._ mix, mingle. + {vernëmen}, _sv._ IV, perceive, observe, get to know. + {vërre}, _aj._ and _av._ far, far away, distant, 31. + {verrihten}, _wv._ settle, pass sentence upon. + {versagen}, _wv._ refuse, deny. + {verschaffen}, _sv._ VI, do _or_ act in a bad manner, spoil, destroy. + {verschulden}, _wv._ pay back. + {versëhen}, _sv._ V, observe, recognize; + _refl._ hope, dread. + {versinnen} ({sich}), _sv._ III, arrive at years of discretion; + _c. gen._ become conscious of. + {versmæhelīch}, _aj._ disgraceful, ignominious. + {versmæhen}, _wv._ despise, mock. + {versperren} (_pret._ {versparte}), _wv._ shut, close. + {versprëchen}, _sv._ IV, decline, spurn. + {verstān} ({-stēn}), _sv._ VI, perceive, understand. + {verstōȥen}, _sv._ VII, drive away. + {versūmen}, _wv._ neglect, let slip, spoil. + {versuochen}, _wv._ try, test. + {verswern}, _sv._ VI, abjure, deny by an oath. + {verswīgen}, _sv._ I, forbear talking. + {verswinden}, _sv._ III, disappear, flee. + {vertragen}, _sv._ VI, endure, bear. + {vertrīben}, _sv._ I, drive away, make to pass. + {vervāhen}, {verfāhen}, _sv._ VII, reach, bring to pass; + {mich vervæhet}, it is of use _or_ advantage to me. + {vervluochen}, {-fluochen}, _wv._ curse. + {verwāȥen}, _sv._ VII, ruin; imprecate, curse. + {verwëgen}, _sv._ V, resolve. + {verweinen}, _wv._ exhaust by weeping. + {verwunden}, _wv._ wound. + {verwürken} (_pret._ {-worhte}), _wv._ lose, forfeit, commit. + {verzagen}, _wv._ lose courage, withdraw, despair, despond. + {verzern}, _wv._ consume; destroy. + {veste}, _sf._ firmness, constancy. + {vīant}, {vīent}, {vīnt}, _sm._ enemy, fiend, 8, 42. + {vier}, _num._ four, 62. + {vier}, {fier}, _aj._ proud, stately, majestic, beautiful; + _av._ {viere}. + {vierde}, _num._ fourth, 62. + {vierzëhen}, _num._ fourteen, 62. + {vierzëhende}, _num._ fourteenth, 62. + {vierzic} ({-ec}), _num._ forty, 62. + {vierzigeste}, _num._ fortieth. + {vihe}, _sn._ cattle, 46. + {vil}, _aj._ much, many; + _av._ very; + _indecl. sb. c. gen._ much, many; + {vil wēnic ganz} _c. gen._ not at all complete _or_ whole. + {vinden}, {finden}, _sv._ III, find, 9.4 note, 81. + {vinger}, _sm._ finger. + {vingerlīn}, {vingerīn}, _sn._ ring, 8. + {vingerlinc}, _sm._ ring. + {vinster}, _sf._ darkness, 48. + {vinster}, _aj._ dark, gloomy, 55. + {vinsternisse}, _sfn._ darkness, 8. + {vint} = {vindet}, 74 note. + {vīnt}, see {vīant}. + {vīol}, _sm._ violet. + {virren}, _wv._ keep away from. + {visch}, _sm._ fish, 11, 19. + {viur}, {fiuwer}, _sn._ fire; lightning. + {vlēhen}, {flēhen} ({vlēn}), _wv._ beseech, implore, 38. + {vlëhten}, _sv._ IV, plait, 82. + {fleisch}, _sn._ flesh. + {vliegen}, {fliegen}, _sv._ II, fly, 10 note 3, 25, 78. + {vliehen}, {fliehen}, _sv._ II, flee, 18, 19, 78. + {vliesen} = {verliesen}. + {vlieȥen}, {flieȥen}, _sv._ II, flow, swim; + ruin, destroy, 10 note 3, 78. + {vlīȥ}, {flīȥ}, _sm._ assiduity, zeal, eagerness, care; + {ze flīȥe}, diligently, carefully. + {vlīȥec}, _aj._ diligent, 60.3. + {vlīȥeclīche(n)}, _av._ diligently, 60.3. + {vluht}, _sf._ refuge. + {flühtesal}, _sf._ flight, escape; security. + {vluoch} (_pl._ {vlüeche}), _sm._ curse. + {vogel}, _sm._ bird, 9.2, 42. + {vogelīn}, {vogel(l)īn}, _sn._ little bird, 8. + {vogelsanc}, _sm._ song of birds. + {vol} ({-lles}), _aj._ full, 15, 31. + {volc}, _sn._ folk, people. + {volenden}, _wv._ bring to an end. + {volgen}, _wv._ follow, accompany. + {volgesagen}, _wv._ tell fully. + {volle}, _wm._ abundance, completeness. + {vollebringen} (_pret._ {-brāhte}), _wv._ perfect, carry out. + {volleclīchen}, _av._ fully, entirely. + {volleist}, _sm._ assistance, succour. + {von}, _prep._ from, away from, with, about, through, by; + {von schulden}, rightly, properly. + {vonme}, {vomme} = {von dëme}. + {vor}, _prep._ before, for. + {vorbilde}, _sn._ pattern, model. + {vorder}, _aj._ former, front, 59. + {vordern}, _wv._ further, 90. + {vorderste}, _aj._ foremost, 59. + {vorht}, _sf._ fear, dread. + {vrāge}, _sf._ question. + {vrāgen}, _wv._ ask, 9.2, 92. + {frävele}, _aj._ bold, 10. + {frëch}, _aj._ courageous, daring, bold, brave; saucy, impudent. + {freischen}, _sv._ VII, come to know, learn, be told. + {vreise}, {freise}, _swf._ horror, what is dreadful _or_ horrible. + {vremde}, {fremde} ({vrömde}), _aj._ strange, wonderful; unknown. + {vremen}, _wv._ perform, 31.3. + {vreude}, {vröude}, {fröide}, {freude}, {fröude}, _swf._ joy, + gladness; + {fröuden} (_gen. pl._) {lam}, bereft of joys, pleasures. + {vreudelōs}, _aj._ joyless. + {freuderīche}, _aj._ rich in joy, very gratifying. + {vreuwen}, {vrewen}, {vreun}, {freuwen}, {frewen}, {freun}, + _wv._ cause to rejoice, rejoice, gladden, give pleasure to, + be glad. + See {vröuwen}. + {vrevel}, _sf._ audacity, insolence. + {frevellīchen}, _av._ insolently, boldly, with impudence. + {vrëȥȥen}, _sv._ V, devour, 83. + {vrī}, _aj._ free, unrestrained, unmarried. + {vride}, {fride}, _sm._ peace, truce; protection, safety, 3, 19, 43. + {vrid(e)lich}, _aj._ peaceful. + {vrīe}, _sf._ freedom. + {vrīe}, _wm._ freeman. + {frīen}, {frījen}, {frīgen}, _wv._ free, 35. + {vriesen}, _sv._ II, freeze, 78. + {vrisch}, {frisch}, _aj._ fresh, new. + {vrist}, _sf._ time. + {vristen}, _wv._ keep alive, protect, rescue. + {vriundinne}, _sf._ female friend, 8, 48. + {vriunt}, {friunt}, _sm._ friend, 42. + {vrō}, {frō}, _aj._ and _av._ glad, joyful. + {vrœlīch}, _aj._ joyful; + _av._ {vrœlīchen}. + {vrömde} = {vremde}. + {vrömede}, _sf._ absence. + {frosch}, _sm._ frog. + {vröuen}, {vröuwen}, {fröwen}, _wv._ gladden, give pleasure to; + be glad, 10. + See {vreuwen}. + {vrouwe}, {frouwe}, {frowe} ({vrou}, {frou}, {frō}, before proper + names), _wf._ lady, madam, 9.6, 10; + {ze frowen}, as wife. + {vröuwelīn}, {frouwelīn}, _sn._ little girl, maid, miss. + {vruht}, _sf._ fruit. + {vrum}, _aj._ brave, active, excellent, useful. + {vrumen}, {frumen}, _wv._ benefit, be of use _or_ advantage. + {vruo}, _av._ early. + {vüegen}, {füegen}, _wv._ procure, bring to pass; grant. + {vüeren}, {füeren} (_pret._ {fuorte}), _wv._ lead, carry, remove. + {fuhs}, _sm._ fox, 19. + {vūl}, _aj._ bad, rotten. + {vülle}, _sf._ fulness, 15. + {füllen}, _wv._ fill, 90. + {funden}, _pp._ of {finden}. + {vünf}, {fünf}, {finf}, _num._ five, 19, 62. + {fünfte}, {finfte}, _num._ fifth, 62. + {vuoge}, _sf._ becomingness, decency. + {fuore}, _sf._ manner of life; way of acting. + {vuoȥ}, {fuoȥ} (_pl._ {vüeȥe}), _sm._ foot, 10, 44. + {vür}, {für}, _prep._ and _av._ for, before, over, against; + {für guot haben}, be content with, put up with; + {für iuch}, past you; + {für sie}, past them; + {für tōren kleit}, as fool’s clothing; + {vür wār}, in truth, truly. + {vürbaȥ}, {fürbaȥ}, _av._ further. + {vürhten}, {fürhten} (_pret._ {vorhte}), _wv._ fear, dread, 15, 90. + {vürnames}, _av._ in the full sense of the word. + {vürste}, {fürste}, _wm._ prince; + {ein dīn fürste}, one of thy princes. + {vurt}, {furt} (_pl._ {fürte}), _sm._ ford, bed of a river. + + + W + + {wā}, _av._ where, whither, 39. + {wāc} ({-ges}), _sn._ moving water, flood. + {wacker}, _aj._ watchful, 31.2. + {wæjen} ({wæn}), _wv._ blow, 90. + {wæenen} (_pret._ {wānde}), _wv._ think, fancy, 90. + {wærlīchen}, _av._ in truth, truly. + {wætlīch}, _aj._ beautiful. + {wætlīche}, _sf._ beauty. + {wāfen}, _sn._ weapon, sword. + {wāfenen}, {wāpenen}, _wv._ arm, equip, array. + See {wāpen}. + {wage}, _wf._ cradle. + {wāge}, _sf._ balance, scale. + {wagen}, _sm._ wagon, 49. + {wahsen}, _sv._ VI, grow, 10, 85. + {wal}, _sf._ choice, 48. + {walden}, _sv._ VII, have power over. + See {walten}. + {Wāleis}, _pn._ Valois in France, inhabitant of Valois. + {wallen} (_pret._ {wiel}), _sv._ VII, boil, bubble, 87. + {walt} ({-des}), _sm._ wood, forest. + {walten} (with _gen._), _sv._ VII, have power. + {wan}, _aj._ empty, bereft of. + {wan}, _av._ besides, but only; + {niht wan}, only, nothing but; + {wan daȥ}, only that, if--not; + {wan unz}, whilst, as long as; + {wan dëm einen}, except for the one. + {wan} ({wande}, {want}), _conj._ for, if, because, then, 9.6. + {wān}, _sm._ faith, hope, mood. + {wanc} ({-kes}), _sm._ inconstancy, disloyalty, unfaithfulness, + changeableness. + {wandel}, _smn._ change, fickleness; fault, defect, failing. + {wandeln}, _wv._ wander, 9.2, 90. + {wange}, _wn._ cheek, 50. + {wängelīn}, _sn._ little cheek. + {want}, _sf._ wall. + {wāpen} (with {sich}), _wv._ arm oneself. + See {wāfenen}. + {wāpen}, _sn._ weapon, 46. + {wāpenen}, see {wāfenen}. + {wāpenroc}, _sm._ upper-garment drawn over the coat of mail. + {war}, _av._ where, whither; + {war umbe}, wherefore, why; + {war zuo}, for what purpose. + {war}, _sf._ attention, observation; + {war nëmen}, give attention. + {wār}, _sn._ truth; right; + {wār haben}, be right. + {wār}, _aj._ true, right, real. + {wārheit}, _sf._ truth. + {wārinne}, _av._ wherein, 39. + {wärmen}, _wv._ to warm, 5, 10. + {warnen}, _wv._ equip, prepare. + {warten} (_pret._ {warte}), _wv._ wait; look, view, 9.2. + {was}, {wasse}, _aj._ sharp, 55. + {waschen} ({weschen}), _sv._ VI, wash, 85. + {waste}, _sf._ desert. + {wāt}, _sf._ clothing, dress. + {waten}, _sv._ VI, wade, 85. + {waȥ}, _pr._ what, 19, 23.1, 70; + _av._ why, wherefore. + {wē} (_gen._ {wēwes}), _sn._ woe, pain; + {wē tuon}, hurt, 17, 46; + _interj._ {wehe}, {wē}, woe! alas!; + {mir ist wē}, I am sad. + {wëben}, _sv._ V, weave, 28, 83. + {wëc} ({-ges}), _sm._ way; homeward journey, 5, 11. + {wecken} (_pret._ {wacte}, {wahte}), _wv._ awake. + {wëder}, _pr._ who of two, which of two, 70, 71; + {wëder--noch}, neither--nor. + {wegen}, _wv._ move, swing. + {wëgen}, _sv._ V, weigh, poise; put in motion, 83. + {wëhsal} ({-el}), _smn._ change, 8. + {weich}, _aj._ weak. + {weideganc} ({-ges}), _sm._ hunting way _or_ path. + {weinen} (_pres. part._ {weinde} for {weinende}), _wv._ weep, bewail; + also _sn._ + {weise}, _wm._ orphan; precious stone in the royal crown. + {weiȥgot}, _interj._ verily. + {welīch}, {welch}, _pr._ which, what kind of, 11, 70, 71. + {wellen} (_pres. sing._ {wil}, _pret._ {wolte}), _anom. v._ will, + wish, 98; + {got dës niht enwelle}, may God forbid it. + {weln}, {welen}, {wellen}, _wv._ choose, 90. + {wenden} (_pp._ {gewant}), _wv._ with _gen._ turn, prevent, hinder, + turn away, 32.3. + {wēnic}, _aj._ little, small; + _indecl. sb. c. gen._ little. + {wenke}, _sf._ turning, turn, change. + {wenken}, _wv._ totter, stagger, waver. + {wer}, _sf._ defence; protection; battle. + {wër}, _neut._ {waȥ}, _pr._ who, what; + {wës}, _av._ wherefore, 9.6, 70. + {wërben}, _sv._ III, turn, go to and fro, strive, work, be active, 33. + {wërde}, _aj._ worthy, noble. + {wërdekeit}, {wërdikeit}, _sf._ worthiness, respect, honour, + excellence. + {wërden}, _sv._ III, become, be, be born, 9.4 note, 38, 81; + {wërden wol innen}, perceive clearly; + {wërden buoȥ}, with _dat._ of pers. and _gen._ of thing: + {dëm wirt kumbers buoȥ}, he has compensation for his grief; + {wërden rāt}, _c. gen._ be a remedy. + {wërdiclīchen}, _av._ worthily. + {wërfen}, _sv._ III, throw, set in quick motion, 10 note, 23.2, 81. + {wërlt}, {wërelt}, {wëlt}, _sf._ world, people; + {dër wërelde riuwe}, great sadness _or_ grief, lit. sadness of the + world. + {wërltlīch}, _aj._ worldly, earthly. + {wërlttōre}, _wm._ one befooled by the world. + {wërltzage}, _wm._ arrant coward. + {wern} ({weren}), _wv._ check, ward off from, restrain, hinder, 90; + _c. gen._ and _sich_, protect _or_ defend oneself against. + {wern}, _wv._ last, hold out, continue. + {wërren} (with _dat._), _sv._ III, perplex, confuse, trouble, + disturb, be a hindrance, 81. + {wërt} ({-des}), _aj._ worthy, noble; + _snm._ respect, good fortune; + _av._ {wërde}. + {wës} (_gen._ of {waȥ}), _av._ why, wherefore. + {wësen}, _sv._ V, be, 19, 83; + {wësen gāch}, _c. gen._ of person: hasten, exert oneself, eagerly. + {wëter}, _sn._ weather, 46. + {wetzen}, _wv._ whet, sharpen. + {wider} ({widere}), _sm._ wether, 9.2. + {wider}, _prep._ against, to; + _av._ again, back. + {widersagen}, _wv._ renounce; proclaim war; contradict. + {widerstān}, _sv._ VI, resist, withstand, be opposed to. + {widervarn}, _sv._ VI, fall to the lot of. + {widerzæme}, _aj._ revolting, hateful, disgusting. + {wie}, _av._ and _conj._ how, as, that. + {wīgant} ({-des}), _sm._ warrior, 8. + {wīhen}, _wv._ consecrate, bless. + {wilde}, _aj._ untamed, wild, 55. + {wīle}, {wīl}, _sf._ time, while; + {die wīle}, meanwhile, in the meantime. + {wīlen(t)}, _av._ formerly, once upon a time. + {wille}, _wm._ will, wish, desire. + {willeclīch}, _aj._ willing, wishing; + _av._ {willeclīchen}. + {willekomen}, _aj._ and _av._ welcome. + {wilt} ({-des}), _sn._ wild animals, game. + {wīn}, _sm._ wine, 3, 19. + {winden}, _sv._ III, wind, bind up, 81. + {wine}, _sm._ friend. + {wint} ({-des}), _sm._ wind, 14.1. + {winter}, _sm._ winter. + {wīp} ({-bes}), _sn._ woman, wife, 5, 11. + {wīpheit}, _sf._ womanliness. + {wīplīch}, _aj._ womanly. + {wirde}, _sf._ worthiness, dignity, honour, honourableness. + {wirden}, _wv._ make valuable. + {wirs}, _av._ worse, 61. + {wirser}, _aj._ worse, 58. + {wirsest}, {wir(se)ste}, _aj._ and _av._ worst, 9.5, 58, 60, 61. + {wirt}, _sm._ head of a house, landlord; + {dër helle wirt}, devil. + {wirtinne}, _sf._ mistress, hostess, 8. + {wīse}, {wīs}, _aj._ wise, sensible, experienced, 28. + {wīse}, {wīs}, _sf._ manner, melody, song. + {wīsen}, _wv._ guide, direct. + {wīsheit}, _sf._ wisdom. + {wīslīch}, _aj._ wisely, 8; + _av._ {wīslīchen}. + {wīt}, _aj._ far, wide. + {witze}, _sf._ understanding, sense; reflection. + {wīȥ}, _aj._ white. + {wīȥen} (with _dat._), _sv._ I, reproach, blame. + {wiȥȥen}, _pret.-pres._ (_pres._ {weiȥ}, _pret._ {weste}, {wiste}, + {wesse}, {wisse}), know, 5, 11, 28, 92. + {wol}, {wole}, _av._ well, 5, 9.1, 61; + {wolgezogen}, well-mannered; + {wol getān}, beautiful; + {wol im}, happy _or_ lucky is he!; + {wol dir}, hail to thee; + {wol mich}, happy am I!; + {wol tuon}, _c. dat._ do good, please; + {wol ir dës}, good luck to her for that! + {wolf}, _sm._ wolf, 15. + {wolken}, _sn._ cloud. + {wolle}, _wf._ wool, 15. + {wollust}, _smf._ joy, bliss, happiness. + {wonen}, _wv._ dwell, live, 9.4; + {mir wont bī}, I possess. + {wort}, _sn._ word, speech, 46. + {wüllīn}, {wullīn}, _aj._ woollen, 15. + {wülpinne}, _sf._ she-wolf, 15. + {wunde}, _wf._ wound. + {wunder}, _sn._ wonder, marvel; a great amount _or_ number, abundance; + {bluomen wunder}, a great quantity of flowers. + {wunderalt}, _aj._ very old. + {wundern}, _wv._ wonder, wonder at, admire, 9.2. + {wünne}, {wunne}, _sf._ joy, pleasure, 10 note 2. + {wünneclīch}, {wunneclīch}, _aj._ joyful, delightful, beautiful, + pleasant; + _av._ {wünneclīche(n)}. + {wunsch}, _sm._ wish, ideal, perfection, highest perfection. + {wünschen} (with _gen._), _wv._ wish, desire, 90. + {wunschleben}, _sn._ such a life as one could wish for. + {wunt} ({-des}), _aj._ wounded. + {wuof}, _sm._ cry of woe. + {wuofen}, _sv._ VII, bewail, 87. + {würgen}, _wv._ take by the throat, choke, throttle. + {würken}, {wurken} (_pret._ {worhte}), _wv._ work, 28, 91. + {wurm}, _sm._ worm, snake, 5. + {wurze}, _wf._ root, plant. + {wurzel}, _swf._ root. + + + + Z + + {zageheit}, _sf._ cowardice. + {zaher}, _sm._ tear, 5, 10. + {zal}, _sf._ number, 9.1, 31.3, 48. + {zant}, {zan} (_gen._ {zandes}), _sm._ tooth, 43. + {ze} ({zuo}), _prep._ at, in, to, as much as, (undergoes contraction + with the def. art.); + {ze bruoder}, as brother; + {ze rëhte}, rightly, properly; + {ze handen haben}, possess; + _av._ too: {ze sēre}, too much. + {zebrëchen}, {zerbrëchen}, _sv._ IV, break, break in pieces. + {zehant}, _av._ at once, on the spot. + {zēhe}, _wf._ toe. + {zëhen}, _num._ ten, 5, 62. + {zëhente} ({-de}), _num._ tenth, 62. + {zëhenzic} ({-ec}), hundred, 62. + {zëhenzigeste}, _num._ hundredth, 62. + {zeichen}, _sn._ sign, mark, token, 23, 1. + {zeigen}, _wv._ show, 33. + {zeim} = {ze einem(e)}. + {zeln}, _wv._ reckon, count, 31.3, 90. + {zëme}, {zëm} = {ze dëme}, 68 note 2. + {zëmen}, _sv._ IV, suit, be becoming _or_ fitting, 82. + {zën} = {ze dën}, 68 note 2. + {zër} = {ze dër}, 68 note 2. + {zergān}, {-gēn}, _sv._ VII, vanish, stop, perish. + {zerren} (_pret._ {zarte}), _wv._ pull, tug, tear. + {zerwirken} (_pp._ {zerworht}), _wv._ cut up, dissect. + {zesamene}, _av._ together. + {zëse} ({-wes}), _aj._ right. + {zestunt}, _av._ on the spot. + {zeswëllen}, _sv._ III, swell to the utmost. + {zewāre}, {zwār}, _av._ in truth, truly. + {ziehen}, _sv._ II, draw; + _refl._ withdraw, 10, 23.1, 30, 78. + {zierde}, _sf._ adornment, 9.2. + {zieren}, _wv._ adorn, decorate. + {zīhen}, _sv._ I, accuse, 76. + {zil}, _sn._ aim, object. + {zimieren}, _wv._ furnish with knightly accoutrements. + {zinsen}, _wv._ give as interest, give away. + {zir} = {ze ir}. + {zirke}, _wm._ garland, circle, prince’s crown. + {zirkel}, _sm._ prince’s crown. + {zīt}, _sf._ time, 19. + {zobel}, _sm._ robe furred with sable. + {zorn}, _sm._ anger. + {zorneclīche}, _av._ angrily, violently. + {zücken} (_pret._ {zuhte}), _wv._ pull quickly, tear. + {zuht}, _sf._ bringing up, education; + good manners, politeness, demeanour; chastisement, punishment; + {mit zühten}, becomingly, gracefully, politely. + {zühtelōs}, _aj._ ill-bred, rude, insolent. + {zunft}, _sf._ propriety, dignity, good breeding. + {zunge}, _wf._ tongue, 3, 7, 23.2, 53 + {zuo}, _av._ to, toward; to it; + {zuo zwein}, into two. + See {ze}. + {zuome} = {zuo dëme}. + {zürnen}, {zurnen}, _wv._ be angry. + {zwei}, _num._ two, 35, 62, 63. + {zweien} with {sich}, _wv._ fall out, quarrel; pair. + {zweinzic} ({-ec}), _num._ twenty, 62. + {zweinzigeste}, _num._ twentieth, 62. + {zwelf}, _num._ twelve, 62. + {zwelfte}, _num._ twelfth, 62. + {zwene}, {zwei}, {zwō} (_gen._ {zweier}, {zweiger}, _dat._ {zwein}), + two, 35, 63. + {zwī}, {zwic} (_gen._ {zwīges}, {zwīes}), _smn._ twig, bough, 35. + {zwīfeln}, _wv._ doubt, 9.2. + {zwischen}, _prep._ between. + {zwīvel}, {zwīfel}, _sm._ doubt, uncertainty; + _aj._ doubtful, 55. + {zwīvellīch}, _aj._ doubtful, uncertain, dejected. + {zwīvellop} ({-bes}), doubtful _or_ ambiguous praise. + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +Substitute Letters + + If some of the special characters will not display in your text + reader, open the document in a word processor or text editor and + try these substitutions. + + ā ē ī ō ū (a e i o u with macron) + >> â ê î ô û (a e i o u with circumflex accent) + ẹ (e with under-dot) + >> plain “e” (the under-dot is not explained in the primer) + ȥ (z with hook at end of bottom line) + >> z̧ (z with cedilla) + >> z (plain z: read §19 carefully before taking this step) + + +Errors and Inconsistencies + +_Primer_ + + §3. {ū} „ „ „ f_oo_l {hūs}, _house_. [“l” italicized] + §19. {f} ... {f} = Germanic {p} (§23, 1) [§22, 1] + +_Readings_ + + III. Hartman von Ouwe + l. 417 er wirfẹt diu ougen abe mir [“ẹ” may be flyspeck] + l. 841 wan mir mac daȥ nieman erwern [“erwerṇ” or flyspeck] + l. 956 der d e von dir nemen wolte [“der d e von” with space] + + IV.17 Walther von der Vogelweide + l. 435 zergāt eȥ so ist dīn freude tōt [possibly “zergān”] + + VIII. Wolfram von Eschenbach + l. 266 daȥ si unversunnen vor im lac [“sị” or flyspeck] + + +_Glossary_ + + {lërnen}, _wv._ learn. [ambiguous umlaut may be “lernen”] + {schate} (_gen._ {schat(e)wes}) [“gen.” not italicized] + {tugen}, {tügen} [“tugen, tugen” without umlaut] + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMER *** + +***** This file should be named 22636-0.txt or 22636-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/6/3/22636/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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